00001
11/Feb/2006
mamalintsi:n ma:malintsi:n mamalintsi:n mali:ntsi:n mali:ntsi:n N N-tsi:n Rdp-s Am N1 type of edible cloth-eating insect (<kamoa>kiteki tlake:ntli</kamoa>) still unidentified, the majority of consultants (at least those of Oapan) classify this as a type of grasshopper (see <kbam>chapolin</kbam>) that looks like the <kboa>to:topo</kboa>. tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (<kamoa>kiteki tlake:ntli</kamoa>) pero todavía no identificado plenamente, la mayoría de los aesores (por lo menos los de Oapan) lo clasifican como un tipo de chapulin (véase <kbam>chapolin</kbam>) que se parece al <kboa>to:topo</kboa> Am, Oa Un chapolin mama:lintsi:n no: ihkón onotla:lia, cho ki... ke:itlah kipapalotok pero dya: kasi ikwalaktsi:n, san yewa ika yo:kitetek un tlake:ntli. Am 00001_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 3:00 That grasshopper called <kam>mamalintsi:n</kam> it alights [on clothes] like that, it really, like it licks it but then a little of its spittle gets on it, just with that it has cut through the cloth. El chapolin llamado <kam>mamalintsi:n</kam> se pone así[sobre la ropa], se la pasa como si fuera lamiéndola, pero cuando le alcanza su baba, nada más con eso ya cortóla tela. animal insect Several Oapan consultants stated that this insect was similar to the <kboa>to:topo</kboa>. According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) this is a type of grasshopper, <kloa>chapolin</kloa>. It eats herbaceous plants such as the <kboa>temá:kohtsí:n</kboa>, where it is mostly found. The grasshopper is somewhat shiny and blue, with black stripes on its body. The male, according to Roberto Mauricio, is <koa>tsi:ntetepontik</koa>, the female is <koa>tsi:nkó:lawáh</koa>. According to Cristino Flores (Am) this grasshopper is not edible. It appears in October and disappears, dying of thirst, shortly after the end of the rainy season. The"saliva"of this insect is harmful to cloth, it eats it away like acid. Even though it has wings, it flies only a short distance. The vowel length of the Ameyaltepec term is not clear. From Cristino Flores's pronunciation it appears that the first /a/ is short as well as the second, though it is slightly longer. However, Chen Díaz had a definite long first vowel and a short second /a/. In both cases the /i/ of the /lin/ syllable was apparently (though not definitely) short. In Oapan, however, the length is more clearly <koa>mali:ntsi:n</koa>. Probably this entry should be split into two, one for each village (and x-listed). Check classification of the /ma:malintsi:n/, i.e., whether it is indeed a type of 'chapulin.' In regards to the etymology, check to see if it is related to /mali:na/ and whether this has something to do with a characteristic of the animal. Ask reason for name. 15/07/05 00002 This word is not used in Ameyeltepec, which instead has /tla:lto:ntsi:n/. tla:ltepiso:lin tla:ltepiso:lin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-in Stem 4 <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l> Baill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae Oa plant komekatl tla:l te po:so:l For a further discussion of this plant, see the Ameyaltepec entry for <klam>tla:lto:ntsi:n</klam>. The etymology of <kam>tla:ltepiso:lin</kam> is uncertain. 8/28/04 tla:lto:ntsi:n natural Am tla:ltepo:so:lin confer Am 00003 kemech kemech kámách kamach kámách
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-b yes recently; just a short time or moment ago apenas; hace un rato o poco tiempo Am, Oa Kemech o:yah, xkonasi! Am He just left a moment ago, go catch up to him! ¡Se fue apenas hace un momento se, ve a alcanzarlo! Kemech ompa o:tiwa:le:hkeh. We just recently came from there. Apenas vinimos de allá. Kemech o:pe:w timonono:tsan, kemech o:pe:w titlatlatowan. Am 00003_02_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 5:30 We just started to converse, we just started to speak. Apenas empezamos a placticar, apenas empezamos a hablar. Un a:man kemech nowepa:wan, yewameh xkimatin. Am 00003_03_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 9:55 Those that now are just growing up, they don't know it [the word <klam>teposmiktia:ni</klam> for 'knife']. Ellos que ahora apenas están creciendo, ellos no lo saber [la palabra <klam>teposmiktia:ni</klam> para 'cuchillo']. (~ <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa>) (~ <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa>) Am, Oa something from just recently; something or someone not very old algo recién hecho; algo o alguien no muy antiguo Am, Oa Kemech kayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko. Am It's a recent thing (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday. Es algo reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació. (<kamoa>ma:s san ~</kamoa>) more recently (<kamoa>ma:s san ~</kamoa>) más recientemente Am Yewa ma:s san kemech. Am That is more recent. Ese es más reciente. kemech 16/07/05 The Ameyaltepec <kam>kemech</kam> is is not to be confused with <klam>ke:mechih</klam> , from the same dialect. In the phrase above (/yewa ma:s san kemech/) I have used /san/ although in one version I had recorded /sa:/. This should be checked, i.e., whether the phrase is /sa: kimich/ or /san kimich/. Make sure that etymology and historical basis of the two forms is identical. If not, give Oapan and Ameyaltepec separate entries. It might be that the Oapan form is similar or cognate to Ameyaltepec /ke:mech/. sanki confer Am 00004 tlapeya:wa tlapeya:wa This word is not documented in Oapan.
11/Feb/2006
N V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-wi (place that is) slippery and with an earthy surface that causes one to slide down (referring to a downward sloping area particularly one that is wet) (lugar, en referencia a una cuesta o inclinación) resbaloso y con una superficie que hace que uno se resbala o se desliza hacia abajo Am Kea:man para newa nocha:n, a:mantsi:n kiawi, tiá:s pa mo:nteh, pos nowiá:n tlapeya:wa. Am 00004_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 6:00 For example, there were I live, now it is raining, when you go into the hills, well everywhere it is slippery. Por ejemplo, allápor donde vivo, ahora estálloviendo, vas al monte, pues en todos lados es resbaloso. Tlapeya:wa ipan tlakaltech. Am It is slippery on the slope (e.g., because it is smooth, or muddy and wet, etc.). Es resbaloso por la cuesta inclinada (p. ej., por estar un lugar muy liso, o por estar mojado y tener algo de lodo). Tlapa:stika:n, ke:n tlapeya:wa. Am It is a wet place, it is really slippery. Es un lugar mojado, es muy resbaloso. Ma:ka tipano:s ompú:n! Tlapeya:wa. Am Cristino Flores (p.c. junio 2002) Don't go over there! It's slippery. ¡No vayas por allá! Es resbaloso. peya: tla:la:wa; tlaxola:wa; tlapeya:wa The word <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> refers to a place that is slippery particularly from it having rained. It may be compared to <klam>tlaxola:wa</klam> which is more often used to refer to an incline on which ones feet may go out from under perhaps because the ground is covered with small pebbles. The derivational process and the morphology of <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> are not entirely clear. To some extent it parallels, both semantically and morphologically, <klam>tla:la:la:wa</klam> : a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) with a valency-reducing prefix or nominal incorporation to. However, Ameyaltepec <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> might also derive from a lost intransitive form <kam>peya:wa</kam> , forming an impersonal passive to indicate a state of nature. The second interpretation and analysis, which seems more likely, suggests that the literal meaning of <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> would be something like 'slipping down occurs.' /tla-/; The derivational process and the morphology of <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> are not entirely clear. To some extent it parallels <klam>tla:la:la:wa</klam> in that what seems to be a transitive verb (at least in modern Ameyaltepec Nahuatl) takes the nonspecific object prefix to form a word that indicates the state of a particular section of land. However, it might also be that the <kam>peya:wa</kam> in <kam>tlapeya:wa</kam> reflects the historical intransitive form and that the resultant compound is an impersonal passive, here functioning as an indication of a state of nature. Add ompun to the dictionary for Am 8/28/04 tlapeya:ska:n synonym Am tlatexilahka:n synonym Oa 00005 ixwi:wmontli ixwi:wmontli ixwi:hmontli ixwi:hmontli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) husband of a granddaughter esposo de una nieta Am, Oa Nikpia noxwi:w se: suwa:tl, pwes yo:nona:miktih. Dya: a:man te:h un, iwe:wentsi:n, noxwi:wmon. Am 00005_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 7:39 I have a granddaughter, well, she's already gotten married. And now then, her, her husband, he's my <kam>ixwi:wmontli</kam>. Tengo una nieta, pues ya se casó. Y ahora pues, su esposo, es mi <kam>ixwi:wmontli</kam>. kin xwi:w mon Although this word was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, several other individuals from Oapan denied this as an acceptable form. Roberto Mauricio gave the form <koa>ya: o:hpa montli</koa>, e.g., <koa>ya: o:hpa nomon</koa>. However, <kam>ixwi:wmontli</kam> is definitely documented in Ameyaltepec. Determine whether other extended ties also enter into this paradigm. 8/28/04 00006 ma:xi:kole:wi ma:xi:kole:wi ma:xi:kole:wi ma:xi:kole:wi
11/Feb/2006
ma:texi:kole:wi Am, Oa V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to scrape or abrade ones arm or hand (e.g., from choppping wood with an axe) rasparse o excoriarse el brazo o la mano (p. ej., al leñar con una hacha) Pending ma: xi:kol The insertion of the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> immediately before the verbal stem (e.g., <kn>ma:texi:kole:wi</kn>) indicates an intensified event, i.e., a greater degree of scraping. Determine any other use or possible meanings. Check /xi:koliwi/ as possibility. 16/07/05 00007 kechkoto:na kikechkoto:na kechkoto:na kikechkoto:na kechtekoto:na Am, Oa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni ~Compl class-3a to snap or break the neck of (a person or animal, particularly a chicken) romper el cuello de (una persona o animal, particularmente una gallina) Am, Oa Kikechkoto:nas un pió. Am He will snap the neck of that chicken. Le va a romper el cuello a esa gallina. to cut or slit the throat of (e.g., a cow or pig in killing it); to behead degollar (p. ej., una vaca o marrano al matarlo) Pending kwa:tsonteki confer Am, Oa kextsonteki confer Am, Oa kech koto: According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this verb is used solely in cases where the neck is pulled and snapped and pulled off (as it is in slaughtering a chicken), not broken. This verb can be applied to almost any small animal (such as a grassphopper), or even a person (e.g., with a machete). It is also applied, according to Cristino Flores (Am) to cutting the throat of an animal in slaughtering it (e.g., a cow or pig) although perhaps other forms, such as <klamoa>kextsonteki</klamoa>are more appropriate. Check for other meanings and uses, as well as for the existence and use of possible intransitive forms. Check for possibility of using -te- before verbal stem. 8/28/04 00008 iye:wilia kiye:wilia é:wiliá yé:wiliá é:wilia ké:wiliá
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap rdp-s/h class-2a yes-rdp to store, save, or put aside for (i.e., in benefit of) guardar para; recoger (cosas de; esto es, en beneficio de) Am, Oa Kea:man tewa, kwa:' tiá:s ne: nocha:n, tli:n tlasoti, tikito:s"Noba:leh, na:n, na:n ma n´ka:wa i:n, xne:chiye:wili, newa niá:s ne:, tepe:k. Am 00008_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 11:07 For example, you, when you go there to my home, [of] things that are dear, you'll say,"My friend, here, here let me leave this, keep it for me, I'm going into the mountains." Por ejemplo, tú, cuando vas alláa mi casa, [de] las cosas que son preciosas, vas a decir,"Amigo mío, aquí, aquídéjame dejarlas, guárdamelas, voy al monte. Kikwa o:me itlaxkal dya: kika:wte:wa, ona:tli. Kwa:' yeko xokitlah ipla:toh. Yo:kekwanelikeh, yo:kiye:wilikeh itlaxkal. Noka:wa niún xok tlakwa. Xok ixwi. Am 00008_02_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 12:20 He eats two tortillas and then he leaves them behind, he goes over to drink some water. When he gets back his plate is gone. They've taken away his plate on him, they've put away his tortillas. He's left without eating any more. He won't get full. Se come dos tortillas y después las deja atrás al ir a tomar agua. Cuando regresa ya no estásu plato. Se lo quitaron, guardaron sus tortillas. Queda sin comer más. Ya no se llena. Ke:tlah ne:chiye:wilian un a:tl. Am It's like they save some of that water for me. Es como me guardan algo de esa agua. X'tlá:ye:wili yo i yaw. Oa Put away his things for him, he's about to leave! ¡Recógele las cosas, ya se va. ye:wa iye:wa The applicative <kam>iye:wilia</kam> (Am) / <koa>é:wilia</koa> can be both a benefactive or a malefactice (e.g., in the case that a visitor's tortillas are removed from in front of him). In Oapan one usually finds the form <koa>é:wiliá</koa> although occasionally it is found with an epenthetic /y/: <koa>kiyé:wiliá</koa>. The various forms of this lexeme in different dialects all manifest reduplication or the reflex of reduplication. Thus Ameyaltepec has <kam>iye:wilia</kam> in which the first /i/ is from the reduplicated syllable. Oapan manifests the expected pitch accent pattern, and San Juan Tetelcingo short vowel reduplication with code /h/: <ktet>yehyewilia</ktet>. Reduplication; epenthetic /y/: Note that with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ the reduplicant fall on the prefix, given that the maintenance of the epenthetic /y/ makes this act like a consonant-initial verb. 8/28/04 iye:wa verb_base Am 00009 te:nkoya:wak te:nkoya:wak te:nkoya:wak te:nkoya:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-k to be wide-mouthed; to have a wide mouth or opening (pots, bottles or jugs, sacks, etc.) tener la boca, o una apertura, ancha (ollas, botellas o garrafones, costales, etc.) Am, Oa Kihli:s topi:pih,"Xne:che:kchi:wili se: na:ko:n,¡ma te:nkoya:wak! Am 00009_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:16 He will say to an elder woman,"Make a water jug for me, let it have a wide mouth! Le va a decir a la señora,"Hazme un cántaro,¡Quétenga una boca ancha! Kineki ma te:nkoya:wak. Am 00009_02_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:24 He wants it to have a wide mouth. Quiere que tenga una boca ancha. Seki ko:ntli te:nkoya:wak. Am Some pots are wide-mouthed. Algunas ollas tienen la boca grande. te:n koya: ko:ntli a:kontli 8/28/04 This can be applied to a wide-mouthed pot or <klamoa>a:tekomatl</klamoa>, a house with a wide door, a well or hole, a sack or bag. This term is also applied to cliffs that have a cave. It is not applied to people who are gossipy. Optative; adjectives: Note that the optative can be used with an adjective to communicate the speakers desire that a certain object have the quality expressed by the adjective: /Kihli:s topi:pih,"Xne:che:kchi:wili se: na:ko:n,¡ma te:nkoya:wak!/ Optative; adjectives; complements. Note Kineki ma te:nkoya:wak in which the complement of the verb of desire /neki/ is expressed in the optative. 00010 yekxo:ltia kiyekxo:ltia yexo:ltia kiyexo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make or cause to sneeze hacer estornudar Am, Oa ekxo The subject of this verb is usually not a person but a material object such as <klamoa>tla:hli</klamoa>, <kloa>tla:ltemolohtli</kloa>(Oa) / <klam>tla:ltektli</klam>, <klamoa>chi:hli</klamoa>, <klamoa>sa:yo:lin</klamoa>. Cristino Flores also mentioned that the wasp called <klam>chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani</klam> may cause one to sneeze from the strong smell released when it stings. 9/7/04 yekxowa verb_base Am 00011 notekwixtok notekwixtok notékwixtók notekwixtok notékwixtók
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat-refl te- Am, Oa Durative yes-lex to be wrapped up (e.g., a person in a blanket) estar envuelto (p. ej., una persona en una cobija) Am, Oa Yewa un ye tlakwalispan isa, dya: asta i tlakwalispan notekwixtok ka un ipilisa:l. Xnokwiste:wa. Am 00011_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:00 Ones who wake up when it is already noon, up to noon they are wrapped up in their blanket. They don't get up. Él que cuando ya es mediodía se despierta, hasta cuando ya es mediodía estáenvuelto en su cobija. No se levanta. Koxtok, notekwixtok. Am He is sleeping, he is wrapped up (e.g., in a blanket, because of the cold) Estádurmiendo, está envuelto (p. ej., en una cobija, a causa del frío) (with long vowel reduplication) to be coiled up (e.g., a snake, rope) (con reduplicación larga) estar enroscado (p. ej., una culebra, laso) Am, Oa 7/28/04 tekwixtok confer Am tékwixtók confer Oa hkwiya According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up in a blanket or similar object; the nonreflexive <kam>tékwixtók</kam> is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up. Other consultants later agreed with this assessment. The form with long vowel reduplication can be used for snakes and rope that is coiled, but also for people. However, it can also be used for individuals, as in Oapan <koa>kamach note:tekwixtia:ya</koa> 'he was just wrapping himself up (in a blanket, e.g., in getting ready to sleep).' In a conversation with Cristino Flores (Am) he gave the following sentence: <kam>"Un toba:leh o:h'ne:xti:to, tlakwalispan san ke:nkah tekwixtok</kam> 'I went and found our friend, it's noon and as always he's just wrapped up (in a blanket, i.e., he has woken up yet).' However, later he said that although acceptable it is more common (or preferable) to use the reflexive <kam>notekwixtok</kam>. As to snakes he said that both the reflexive <kam>notekwixtok</kam> and the resultative <kam>tekwixtok</kam> can be used. The difference is unclear, but it appears to have to do with the volitionality ascribed to the subject. Note that the prefixes change according to person (e.g., <kam>nimotekwixtok</kam>). The initial <kn>te-</kn> has been analyzed as related to the intensifier with the same form. Determine how to enter reflexive statives. There are few of these and perhaps with /no-/ is the best. Statives and progressives; reflexive: Statives and progressives seem to fall into several groups. Most important is the distinction between unaccusative and unergative intransitives. As a basic rule of thumb, the /-tok/ suffix on unergative verbs conveys a progressive sense (this is in accord with the agentive nature of these verbs). Indeed, one might consider that one of the diagnostics of unergativity is precisely the fact that /-tok/ added to a verb is progressive for intransitives only if these intransitives are unergative. If the meaning is stative, then the diagnostic has failed and the intransitive is unaccusative. Yet whereas unergatives cannot acquire a stative meaning with /-tok/, unaccusatives can acquire a progressive meaning. One way is through the adverbial modifier /ye/. Thus /koto:ntok/ is a resultative 'it is snapped'; however, /ye koto:ntok/ indicates a more ongoing event, and this is given a progressive interpretation. Another way to give a progressive meaning is thr ough /-tiw / in a temporal sense.The is an example of such a use in this corpus. The second parameter is the use of /-tok/ with transitive verbs. Some of these are the transitive form of nondirected alternation. In such cases, perhaps, one may assume that an intransitive form did at one time exist, and the stative is actually built on this. Or one may consider the /-tok/ ending as a detransitivizer. This might be the case with /a:ntok/, /kweptok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. All these have been coded as Stat-x. There is then the problem of transitives and statives vs. progressives. In general in most cases a transitive verb will form a progressive with /-tok/ if there is full saturation of the argument slots. Thus with the transitive /kwepa/ one has /tlakweptok/ 'he is turning (sth) over.' In other cases of verbs that seem to manifest nondirected alternation, /-tok/ has a stative interpretation either because: 1) it is built on an intransitive that has been lost in all but the stative; or 2) t h e /-tok/ en ding effectively detransitivizesthetransitiveverb. However, this leaves aside one important class of verbs: reflexives that indicate actions performed on oneself, and how to express the state of being in the result of this event (having done XVerb to oneself). A verb such as /mela:wa/ has two statives: /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/, the difference between the two is not entirely clear and needs to be explored. However, other statives (and adjectivals, such as those ending in -kayoh) seem to not accept a detransitivized or intransitive source. One example seems to be /notekwixtok/ 'to be wrapped up.' Thus the example in this sense above /koxtok, notekwixtok/ manifests a stative with a reflexive object. On the other hand, another sentence with /pa:ntalonkwixtok/ does not have the reflexive. These forms should be investigated and discussed. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up in a blanket or simila r o bj ect; the nonreflexive <kam>tékwixtók</kam> is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up. Other consultants later agreed with this assessment. The form with long vowel reduplication can be used for snakes and rope that is coiled, but also for people. However, it can also be used for individuals, as in Oapan <koa>kamach note:tekwixtia:ya</koa> 'he was just wrapping himself up (in a blanket, e.g., in getting ready to sleep).' In a conversation with Cristino Flores (Am) he gave the following sentence: <kam>Un toba:leh o:h'ne:xti:to, tlakwalispan san ke:nkah tekwixtok</kam> 'I went and found our friend, it's noon and as always he's just wrapped up (in a blanket, i.e., he has woken up yet).' However, later he said that although acceptable it is more common (or preferable) to use the reflexive <kam>notekwixtok</kam>. As to snakes he said that both the reflexive <kam>notekwixtok</kam> and the resultative <kam>tekwixtok</kam> can be used. The difference is unclear, but it a ppe a rs to have to do with the volitionality ascribed to the subject. 9/7/04 00012 tlanne:nepantik tlanne:nepantik tlanne:nepantik tlanne:nepantik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik rdp-l Am, Oa to have doubled teeth (i.e., when a baby tooth does not fall out, leaving two teeth, one behind the other) tener dos dientes doblados, uno atrás del otro (esto es, cuando un diente de niño no se cae causando que el otro salga adelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro) Am, Oa 7/28/04 tlan nepan Both Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena (Am) clearly articulated a double /nn/ in careful, slow pronunciation. Cristino Flores confirmed that there is a difference between <kam>tlanne:nepantik</kam> and <klam>tlane:nepantik</klam> , which means 'to be stacked, one thing on top of another."Measurements of three tokens of <kam>tlanne:nepantik</kam> yielded an average lenght of 107 ms. Measurements of eight tokens of <kam>tlane:nepantik</kam> or related forms yielded an average length of 84 ms. In addition, there appears to be some devoicing of the double nasal. Nevertheless, this double nasal sequence is difficult to note in normal speech. This follows the general pattern whereby geminate nasals are reduced. Oapan consultants all wrote the entry form with a double /nn/ and at first suggested that the initial /a/ was long. However, it might be that the nasal itself is prolonged, not the vowel. The double nasal needs to be studied acoustically. Check for nonreduplicated form ?/tlanepantik/ or ?/tlanenepantik/. In Oapan I did not note this double nasal. Check the tokens from 4076. These are interesting in regards to vowel length as the female as ratios of 127:72 and 120:66 (for nee:ne of tlaneenepantik) while the male as ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. Check to determine whether in Oapan Nahuatl there is also a difference between /tlanne:nepantik/ and /tlane:nepantik/. The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes. There are four additional tokens for this word at the now deleted entry of 4076. Link to the dictionary from these four additional tokens (i.e., c and d for each speaker. Vowel length: the tokens of /tlane:nepantik/ from entry 4076 (c and d for each speaker, which I also saved separately) are interesting because of the differnt lengths. Florencia Marcelino has 127:72 and 120:66 as the ratio of the two /e/'s (tlane:nepantik) whereas Inocencio Jiménez has ratios of 74:51 and 77:54. This demonstrates quite clearly that the important determination of length is not absolute but rather relative duration, i.e., the duration in relationship to surrounding sounds. 13/7/04 00013 tlayo:ltleko:ltia tlayo:ltleko:ltia tlayó:ltlakó:ltia tlayo:ltláko:ltiá tlayó:ltlekó:ltia tlayo:ltléko:ltiá tlayo:ltlako:ltia tlayó:ltlekó:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to store maize by taking sacks up a ladder and emptying the maize into a granary almacenar maíz al subirlo para meter en una troje (esto es, subir costales del grano por una escala para echarlo a una troje) Am, Oa Yo:wekaw kwa:' milá: tito:kayan, miahka:n, tiaweh skie:rah na:hka:n ma:kwi:lka:n. Tontlapale:wian, titlayo:ltleko:ltian. Am 00013_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 22:57 A long time ago, when we really used to plant, in many places, we would go to some four, five places. We go to help people, we take maize up to put in the graneries. Hace mucho, cuando de a de veras sembrabamos, en muchos lugares, vamos quizás a cuatro, cinco lugares. Vamos a ayudar, subimos maíz en la troje. Nitlayó:ltlakó:lti:s i:pan kweskomatl. Oa I am going to take my maize up to store in the granary. Voy a subir maíz a la troja. to load maize (onto a high surface for storage or transport, such as a truck bed, used when a lot of maize is placed on the truck bed) cargar maíz (para almacenar o transportar, p. ej., sobre una troca o algo así, pero solamente cuando mucho maíz se sube) Pending o:ya tlehko General drawing Although this term can be used for placing maize on a truck bed for transport, it is not used for loading maize onto a beast of burden. 7/28/04 00014 This was a duplicate entry for /ye:ilia/, which has been deleted.
29/Dec/2004
 00015 tlakaltech tlakaltech yzzno
11/Feb/2006
N tla-loc S-loc-1 N1(loc) steep upward slope; place or section of land that is steep (generally used for an upward slope) subida; lugar o sección de tierra muy inclinada (generalmente utilizado para cuestas hacia arriba) Am Kanah pan tlakaltech, te:h ma:ski ma tlakaltech tikito:s deke yo:li:k tiwa:hlaweh. Bah, tiwa:ltsi:tsikwintiweh keitlah tikmatin tikito:s pan tlawe:i tle:ika pa:mpa de momo:stla hkon tikateh nomatin i:n tokxi. Nomati *tocuerpo* xte:chsiawi:tia un tlakaltech 00015_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 25:15 Xwel nipanwetsi. Yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech. Am I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill). I'm tired, it is a long steep slope. No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro). Ya me canseé, es una larga y muy inclinada subida. Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n. Am It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline. No estámuy empinado, hay solamente una leve inclinación hacia arriba. Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. Am It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It neither has rocks nor is steeply inclined. Sería mejor pedir esa tierra alládonde hay campo. Ni tiene piedras, ni estáinclinada. Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech. Am It is there, halfway up the steep slope. Alláestá, a la mitad de la cuesta muy inclinada. 7/28/04 topography kal -tech tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n; (ka:n) pilkatok In Ameyaltepec this term is used in reference to a slope that is upward. For a downward slope <klam>temowa:ya:n</klam> is used (e.g., <spn>bajada</spn>. In Oapan <koa>tla:ltech</koa> is used to indicate something low to the ground as well as a downward slope, for which <kloa>tlapelkaya:h</kloa>is also used. In Ameyaltepec there are two words: <kam>tlakaltech</kam> to indicate a steep slope and <klam>tla:ltech</klam> to indicate closeness to the ground. Oapan also has <koa>tla:ltechioh</koa> the precise meaning of which still needs to be determined. Cristino Flores indicóque la traducción de esta palabra es <spn>vereda</spn>. Determine precise grammatical category of this lexeme. Check in San Juan for tlakaltech or tlahkaltech Originally the /lxo entry was /tla:ltech/, but this has been given a different entry. 13/7/04 tlekowa:ya:n synonym Am tla:ltech synonym Oa kekowa:ya:n synonym Oa tlapowetska:n synonym Oa 00016 xtekitl xtekitl xtekitl xtekitl
11/Feb/2006
Modal easy; to not be difficult fácil Am, Oa ¡Oh, a:mantsi:n niá:s, yewa xtekitl nihkukwis! ¿Tle:ka? Pa:mpa h'mastok ka wel nikukuwi. Pues niaw, xtekitl nikukuwtiwetsi. Xtekitl nikchi:wa 00016_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 26:07 Am Oh, I'll go right away, that no problem for me to get! Why? Because I know I can chop wood. Well I'll go, it's a breeze for me to get some firewood right away! It's a breeze for me to do it! Oh, ahorita voy, ese no problema para que lo consiga. ¿Por qué? Porque sé que puedo leñar. Pues voy, no es difícil que consiga leña rápido. No es difícil que lo haga. Xtekitl wa:hla:s. Oa It's no problem for him to come. No le es difícil venir. 7/28/04 tekitl confer Am, Oa 00017 one:wi:ltilia kone:wi:ltilia one:wi:ltilia kone:wi:ltilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 Dir-V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to start taking or carrying (something) for (sb) empezar a cargar o llevar (algo) para (algn) pending Tikitos, "¡Ah! ¡Newa ma nike:wi:lti! Newa ma nimitsone:wi:ltili." Xto:pa tewa tikma:mas. Tine:chmakas ne:yhka ka:n yo:tisiaw. Iwa:n deke san ne:yhka o:tine:chna:mik, un san tine:chpa:tlak, xtewa tike:witih nika:n, ka:n katka. 00017_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 33 You say, "Ah! Let me start it! Let me start it out on its way for you.!" You carry it on your back first. You'll give it to me there, where you've gotten tired. But if you just meet up with me there, then you just take my place, you didn't start out with it here, where it was. Dices, "¡Ah! ¡Déjame empezarlo! Déjame empezarlo para tí!" Tú primero lo cargas. Me lo vas a dar allí, donde ya te cansaste. Y si allí nada más te topas conmigo, entonces nada más me relevas, tú no lo empezaste aquí, donde estaba. Nochipa nikone:wi:ltilia Pablo i:tskwin. Oa I always send Pablo's dog away (e.g., after he has followed Pablo here). Siempre le corro a Pablo su perro (p.ej., después de que lo ha seguido aquí) to take (sth) there for llevar (algo) allá para (algn) Am, Oa motion 7/28/04 one:wi:ltia verb_base Am, Oa e:wa onti:tlanilia; one:wi:ltilia The most common meaning of <kamoa>one:wi:ltilia</kamoa> is as the applicative (with a benefactive meaning) of <klamoa>one:wi:ltia</klamoa>, which is used to for the action of "starting" or "starting (sth) on its way." Thus, if two people are together and are trying to move something heavy, one may say to the other, <kam>¡Ma nimitsone:wi:ltili:s¡</kam> 'Let me start it on its way for you!' Some Am speakers have suggested that <kam>one:wi:ltilia</kam> may be used as the equivalent of <kam>onka:wilia</kam>, e.g., <kam>timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal</kam> would be equivalent to <kam>Timitsonka:wili:s motlaxkal</kam>. Nevertheless, this appears to be an unusual interpretation. Rather, one would use <klam>wi:kilia</klam> for the action of taking something to someone or <klam>ti:tlanilia</klam> for the action of sending something to someone. Finally, for the action of sending someone off to meet up with another (e.g, a worker being sent off to work with someone else), it is more usual to use <kam>to:tokilia</kam>; see <klamoa>tokilia</klamoa>. Check for /wa:le:wi:ltilia/. Check <kam>Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n</kam> meaning. Previously I had these meaning and phrases., which appear to be wrong, and the result of elicitation. Meaning 1: to send (sb) on the way there for (or 'against' as a malefactive); e.g., phrase Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s, saniman nikonixiti:s. / I'll send him on for you right away (in this case making sure that a hired worker goes to the field), I'll go wake him up right away. Meaning 2: to take (sth) there for; phrase: I will take your tortillas to you right away. 00018 7/28/04 -ma:k ima:k -ma:k i:ma:k
24/Oct/2005
Loc N-loc-poss-k(o) in the hand of en la mano de Am, Oa O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. Am I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes ixkopi:nahlo! Am Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! I:mima:k tlatlas beli:tah. Am Candles will burn in their hands (said of the bride and bridegroom who hold candles during a wedding ceremony). Velas se van a prender en sus manos (dicho del novio y novia, quienes sostienen velitas durante la ceremonia matrimonial). in the possession of en la posesión de Oa Nawa noma:k o:noka:w, xo:kihtik yo i:teko. Oa It stayed in my possession, its owner did not take it away. Se quedó en mi poder, su dueño no se lo llevó. I:ma:k o:nkah motla:l. Oa Your land is in his hands (e.g., in reference to pawned land). Tu tierra está en sus manos (p. ej., en referencia a una parcela empeñada). ma: -ko Check with /makpal/ Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this term, although it was previously recorded in Ameyaltepec. It appears to be no longer used in this village although it is utilized in Oapan. Copula: /Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo!/ 'Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!' Note the use of the future copula /yes/ with /nemi/, which in this case has a more auxiliary or adverbial function. A separate entry for /nemi/ as is created on this basis. 00019 tepachowa kitepachowa tepachowa kitepachowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to press down by placing underneath the weight of a rock (e.g., palm that will be used for thatching) prensar bajo el peso de una piedra (p. ej., palma en preparación para utilizarla para techar) Am, Oa O:kitepacho:to so:ya:tl, ke:kchi:was ikal. Am He went to place rocks on top of cut palm, he's going to fix up (or construct) his house. Fue a colocar piedras sobre palma cortada, va a arreglar (o construir) su casa. to cover with rocks (e.g., so it does not appear, such as a dead snake so that it does not frighten others) cubrir o tapar con piedras (p. ej., para esconder algo como una culebra muerta) Am, Oa Ikwa:k nipitentsi:n katka nihtepachowa:ya i:te:nko tsi:katl. Oa When I was little I used to cover up ant holes with rocks. Cuando era pequeña tapada los hormigueros con piedras. to throw a heavy rock on or at (e.g., an animal to kill it or chase it away) aventar piedras a (p. ej., a un animal para matarlo o ahuyentarlo) Am Skontila:na tetl para tiktepacho:s un kuwatl! Am Reach over and grab a rock to crush that snake (with a rock)! ¡Agárrale una piedra para aplastar esa culebra! to smash a rock against; to hit hard with a rock golpear con una piedra Am, Oa Xtepacho un kuwtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! Am Smash a rock against that stump (by throwing it) to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is planted in the ground! ¡Golpéale fuerte a ese tocón con una piedra para que se desarraigue de donde estámetido en la tierra! Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl, itlampa pakah michin. Am You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). 7/28/04 contact te pach In the action indicated by <kam>kitepachowa so:ya:tl</kam> the palm is cut and then placed on the ground, flattening out each group of leaves and putting another set of fronds on top, slightly lower, like cards partially laid one over the other in a line. The stones are placed on top of the palm so that it dries flat and wide, perfect for the thatching of a house. In Oapan the term <koa>tepachowa</koa> is used to indicate the action of covering something with stones, as it is in Ameyaltepec. However in Ameyaltepec it can also be used to refer to the action of throwing a heavy stone on something. Note that if one hits something repeatedly with a stone the form <klamoa>tetso:tsona</klamoa>is used. tlamixtsontemo:tla confer Oa 00020 tlai:tlani tlai:tlani tláitláni tlaitlani tláitláni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V1-b class-3a yes-lex to formally request a bride with a representative who knows the formal, ritualized discourse used on this occasion pedir formalmente a una novia con un representante quien conoce el discurso formal y ritualizado para estos eventos Am, Oa htlani tlatlani 7/28/04 communicate <kam>Tlai:tlani</kam> refers to the action whereby the suitor's father and a representative (<klam>we:weh</klam> (Am) / <kloa>wé:wetlí</kloa>(Oa)) go to the house of the potential bride with drink and cigarettes, thus beginning the long process of asking for a young girl's hand in marriage. Apparently the long vowel in Ameyaltepec results from the lenition of *h. However, there is also the possibility that it is related to a folk etymology that relates this word to drinking, <klamoa>tlai</klamoa>, with an underlyingly long final /i:/. tlaitlanke:tl confer Am tlai:tlanilia val_add_applic Am tláitlánilia val_add_applic Oa 00021 kiki:ski kiki:ski kíkí:ski kiki:ski kíkí:ski
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ki rdp-s/h Am, Oa N1/2; Aln(ag) yes-rdp person who is always out on the town, visiting friends or social spots parrandero, paseador Am, Oa Melá: tikiki:ski, san tikiki:stinemi. Am You're a real party-goer, you just go around about on the town. De veras eres un parrandero, nada más andas de paranda. ki:sa 7/28/04 Check meaning of this word, and of /kiki:ske:tl/ since I have different glosses. I have thus changed them from synonyms to cfa. The agentive noun <kam>kiki:ski</kam> does not refer to a vagrant but rather to a person who goes out a lot, wandering around the village not doing anything in particular, just visiting friends and stopping in the <spn>cantinas</spn> for a drink of soda or beer. Although <kam>kiki:ske:tl</kam> is stated to be correct in Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used; <kam>kiki:ski</kam> is much more common. tsi:npaxia:l confer Am, Oa kiki:ske:tl confer Am 00022 tlami:nahli tlami:nahli tlami:nahli tlami:nahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 type of witchcraft that involves"food poisoning,"the placement of small animals or insects in the victim's intestines through the imbibing or eating of contaminated drink or food tipo de hechicería que involucra el envenonamiento de comida, la colocación de un animalito o insecto pequeño en los intestinos de la víctima quien ingiere una bebida o comida contaminada Am, Oa bow arco (para usar con flecha) Am, Oa mi:na mi:na brujería 7/28/04 Bows in Oapan used to be made <kboa>tepe:ixkihli</kboa>, the best wood for this purpose. Check to make sure that this refers to the action of bewitching and not to the person so bewitched. Note that the nominalized form has only been documented for <klam>tlami:nahli</klam> , which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. One might check whether <kam>tlami:nahli</kam> would indicate 'person bewitched with food poisoning,' much as in Classical <kn>tlamachtilli</kn> indicates 'alumni' or 'student.' 00023 kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of cockroach, still not identified tipo de cucaracha, todavía no identificada Am animal insect kala:ch piya mah tlapal Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that there are two types of <koa>kala:chih</koa> including a small one that has wings. However, the Ameyaltepec complex lexeme for this type of cockroach is not used in Oapan. In one conversation Cristino Flores referred to a type of cockroach called <kam>kala:chin kipia :ma:stla:kapal</kam> , apparently the same as the one named in this entry. This type of cockroach can not fly very far. Apparently there are two types of cockroach. One is large while the other is small. It is this small one that forms wings. kala:chin mátlapáleh synonym Oa 00024 pestia pestia pestia pestia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become smooth (e.g., a <spn>molcajete</spn> after much use) quedarse o ponerse liso (p. ej., un molcajete después de mucho uso) Am, Oa to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. <klamoa>petsiwi</klamoa>) quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. <klamoa>petsiwi</klamoa>) Pending pets pestia; petsiwi 8/5/2004 Oapan, this verb is used to describe the smoothing that happens with age to various objects: <kloa>metlatl</kloa>, <kloa>metlapihli</kloa>, the surface of a table or floor etc. In can be applied to body parts that have gotten smooth, for example after a rash or case of pimples; cf. <kloa>xa:yakapestia</kloa>. Although the verbalizer <kn>-tia</kn> is generally a means of creatinig a denominal verb (e.g., <kam>sowa:tia</kam>) in this case the Balsas dialects have no noun * <kn>pestli</kn> corresponding to a potential nominal stem for the verbalized headword entry <kn>pestia</kn>. Nevertheless, such a nominal form is found in Classical as Molina has <kn>petztli</kn> 'piedra de espejos' and RS has <kn>petztli</kn> 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' Both dictionaries have <kn>petztia</kn> as in M 'pararse muy liso, o luzio, lo acecalado o bruñido.' Check difference between /petsiwi/ and /pestia/ if there is any. Verbalization; /-tia/: Note that in general /-tia/ seems to be a means of verbalizing noun (e.g., /sowa:tia/). However, in this case there is no noun */pestli/ in Ameyaltepec though there is in Classical. Thus RS has /petztli 'pirita, mineral que los mexicanos utilizaban para hacer espejos.' RS also has /petztia/ 'ponerse muy brillante, un objeto que se bruñe.' The sense is of polished smooth to the point of shining. 00025 kuwpitso kuwpitso kohpitso kohpitso
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-ap N1 wild boar or pig jabalí Am, Oa animal mammal kow pitso 00026 tlanchikohlo itlanchikohlo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N2; Intrin(head) small crosspiece tied onto a rod, used to hook and pull things (such as fruit plucked from a tree) pequeño travesaño atado a una caña o vara que se utiliza para enganchar y jalar cosas (como la fruta jalada de unárbol) Am Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol! Am Put the crosspiece on my <spn>chikol</spn>! ¡Ponle su travesaño a mi chikol! Ye kipia itlanchikol. Am It (a <klam>chikohli</klam>) already has its crosspiece in place. Ya tiene (un chikol) su pequeño travesaño. tool-cultivate 5/08/04 tlan chihkol Although obligatorily possessed, both the form with the part/whole possessed marker <kam>-yo</kam> (as the headword) and without the possessed marker <kam>-yo</kam> (p. ej., <kam>i:tlanchikol</kam>) have been documented although the form with the possessed marker is far more common. Check the vowel length of the final /o/. Note that since the Oapan cognate has pitch-accent, this suggests the possibility of /chihko:l/ as the stem. Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard. Possession: In the case of /tlanchikol/ or /tlanchikohlo/, both types of possession have been documented, i.e. with and without /-yo/. The reference is to the crosspiece on a rod used to pull down fruits from up high on trees. The two cases I have are: /Xtla:li itlanchikohlo nochikol!/ and /Ye kipia itlanchikol/. 'chikóhlo synonym Oa 00027 ka:wa kika:wa ka:wa kika:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to abandon (e.g., a spouse in leaving a household) abandonar (p. ej., un esposo en dejar de vivir conél o ella) Am, Oa O:kika:w isuwa:w. Am He left his wife. Dejóa su esposa. (refl.) to lag behind (in performing a task, in movement toward a given destination, in a given state or condition, etc.); to stay behind; to remain (behind in a given place) (refl.) quedarse atrás (en hacer una tarea, mover hacia algún destino, estar en un estado o condición en particular, etc.) Am, Oa On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w. Am That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind. Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedóatrás. O:wa:lnoka:w, xwel nenemi. Am He got left behind, he can't walk well. Se quedóatrás, no camina bien. (refl.) to acquire a certain permanent or semi-permanent state (refl.) adquirir o estar en un cierto estado permanente o semi-permanente Am, Oa Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik. Am I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun). Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol). (generally with a directional) to (go or come and) leave off; to drop off (here or there) (generalmente con un direccional) (ir o venir a) dejar Am, Oa Nikominka:was te:cha:n. Am I'm going to go drop (leave) them off at someones house. Los voy a ir a dejar en una casa ajena. Xo:nikwa:kik, o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s te:chan, nihkwitiki:sas kwa:k oksepa niá:s. Am I didn't bring it with me, I left it off at somone's house on the way here. I'll pick it up on the way when I go again. No me lo traje, camino hacia acálo paséa dejar en casa ajena. Lo voy a recoger cuando vaya otra vez. (refl. with <kam>i:wa:n</kam>) to head a different way from; to part ways (forever) (refl. con <kam>i:wa:n</kam>) tomar rumbos distintos; despedirse de (para siempre) Am, Oa Nika:n timoka:wan. Am Here we will take leave of each other (part ways). Aquínos despedimos (al ser que cada quien va por su lado) Iwa:n nimoka:was, xok kwahli ke:n kichi:wa. Am CF Nakas 1:25 I'm going to go a separate way from him, what he does is no longer any good. Me voy a despedir deél (esto es, tomo otro camino), ya no estábien lo que hace. A:man ke:mah, kas timoka:waskeh. Am Now indeed, it seems that we will part ways. Ahora sí, parece que nos vamos a dejar. A:man i:pan agosto milá: noka:ka:wah tohni:wa:n. Oa Now in August our fellow citizens each go their own way. Ahora en agosto nuestros paisanos va cada quien por su propio rumbo. (recipr.) to get divorced; to split up (a couple relationship) (recipr.) divorciarse; dejarse (en una relación de pareja) Am, Oa O:noka:hkeh. Am They got divorced. Se divorciaron. (with short vowel reduplication) to desist from doing (sth such as a task) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desistir de, dejar de (p. ej., hablar, de llevar a cabo una tarea, de hacer algo como tocar una canción) Am, Oa Yo:nkaka:w ika nitlai:xma:tokak. Am I stopped using my hand to smooth over a surface. Dejéesto de correr mi mano (sobre algo) para alisarlo. Tí:hká:was. Oa You're going to stop it (e.g., doing a chore). Vas a dejar de hacerlo (p. ej., de hacer una tarea). (with short vowel reduplication) to leave alone (a person, such as sb being approach for a job, a girlfriend or boyfriend who had been pursued for a long time) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dejar en paz (p. ej., a algn solicitado para un trabajo, o a un novio o novia después de mucho tiempo juntos) Am, Oa A:man yo:ne:chkaka:w, xok itlah ne:chihlia, xok ne:chiyo:le:wa. Am Now he's left me alone (in this case said by a girl who had been courted 2 or 3 years), he doesn't say anything to me anymore, he doesn't court me anymore. Ahora me ha dejado en paz (dicho por una joven que había recibido las atenciones de un muchacho), ya no me dice nada, ya no me corteja. (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to keep quiet; to stop (e.g., carrying out a task) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) mantenerse tranquilo o quieto (p. ej., de llevar a cabo un trabajo o tarea) Am, Oa Nimokaka:was, xok itlah nikito:s. Am I'm going to be quiet, I'm not going to say anything anymore. Voy a mantenerme quieto, ya no voy a decir nada. Xmokaka:wa! Ma:ka san xtsatsito! Am Be quiet! Don't just be shouting! ¡Tranquilízate!¡No estés gritando! Xmokaka:wa! Xtelti un tekitl! Am Leave of! Stop doing that job (task)! ¡Tranquilo!¡Deja de hacer ese trabajo!. (with long vowel reduplication) to leave off at various locations (e.g., in distributing food among relatives; syn. Oa with short vowel reduplication) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir a dejar uno tras otro en varios lugares (p. ej., al dejar comida a las casas de parientes; sin. Oa con reduplicación de vocal corta) Am Kinka:ka:was un da:nsas. Am She (in this case the dancemaster) will drop off each dancer at her respective home. Ella (en este caso la maestra de danza) va a dejar a cada danzante en su propia casa. Tikonka:ka:was i:n. Am You're going to go leave this in various places. Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. (<kamoa>¡Xi Diós mitska:wa</kamoa> !) God has not abandoned you! (<kamoa>¡Xi Diós mitska:wa</kamoa> !)¡Diós todavía no te abandona! Am, Oa motion In <kam>nikominka:was</kam> note the metathesis from {kim+on+ka:was} to <kam>kominka:was</kam>. ka:wa A form such as <kam>timitskaka:wa</kam> is not used in the sense of 'I shut you up' or 'I make you quiet' although the reflexive has this sense, i.e. of 'to quiet oneself.' However, the causative <kam>ka:waltia</kam> with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> as an indefinite null complement is used transitively in this sense of 'to quiet down': <kam>timistlaka:waltia</kam> 'I quiet you down.' As to the form <kam>(on)tlaka:wa</kam> , note that the complementary meaning 'to go a bring in animals left to graze' is <kam>(on)tlaa:na</kam>. One example of the use of <kam>kaka:wa</kam> refers to courting: if one has a novia and for 2 or 3 years she doesn't want to get married, finally one may say <kam>a:man timitskaka:was</kam> 'I will now leave you alone,' i.e., I will stop saying things to you about marriage. However, <kam>kaka:wa</kam> may also be used to refer to stopping or stopping saying other things not connected to courting. In the expression <kamoa>Xi Diós mitska:wa</kamoa>, which may also be pron ounced <kamoa>X Diós mitska:wa</kamoa> as well as use other objects such as <kamoa>Xi Diós te:chka:wa</kamoa> (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic <kamoa>x-</kamoa> is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form <kamoa>xi</kamoa>, which might derive from <kamoa>ye</kamoa> or <kamoa>i</kamoa> ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form <kamoa>xe</kamoa> is not acceptable here. Finally, note that <kamoa>x-</kamoa> may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in <kamoa>XJuan te:chpale:wi:s</kamoa> 'It is not Juan who will help us!' Nevertheless, despite the fact that /kaka:wa/ seems to have a different meaning with a reflexive as opposed to a transitive object, check the possible meaning and use of /timitskaka:wa/, etc. Check if /nitlaka:wtok/ is a possible word. Check the difference between /timitska:wa/ and /timitskaka:wa/ said by a boy to his girlfriend. Negative/optative: In the expression <kamoa>Xi Diós mitska:wa</kamoa>, which may also be pronounced <kamoa>X Diós mitska:wa</kamoa> as well as use other objects such as <kamoa>Xi Diós te:chka:wa</kamoa> (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic <kamoa>x-</kamoa> is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form <kamoa>xi</kamoa>, which might derive from <kamoa>ye</kamoa> or <kamoa>i</kamoa> ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form <kamoa>xe</kamoa> is not acceptable here. Finally, note that <kamoa>x-</kamoa> may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in <kamoa>XJuan te:chpale:wi:s</kamoa> 'It is not Juan who will help us!' 5/08/04 ka:wte:wa confer Am ka:hte:wa confer Oa xka:wa confer Am ka:wte:wa confer Am tlakaka:wa val_reduce1 Am tlá:ká:wa val_reduce1 Oa tlaka:wa val_reduce1 Am, Oa ka:wilia val_add_applic Am ka:waltia val_add_caus Am 00028 tiske:tl tiske:tl tiske:tl tiske:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 woman or adolescent girl hired to grind maize for tortillas and, by extension, to prepare food for a man, group, or household molendera, mujer o muchacha contratada para moler maíz y hacer tortillas y, por extensión, preparar comida para un hombre o grupo de gente Am, Oa cook tisi 5/08/04 00029 pe:lowa kipe:lowa pe:lowa kipe:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-2b to slice or split open lengthwise; to slit open (a slaughtered animal such as fish, pigs, cattle, chicken, etc.) cortar o abrir a lo largo; abrir en canal (un animal como pescado, marrano, ganado, pollo, etc.) Am, Oa Kipe:lotokeh pitso. Am They are slitting open the pig. Le están abriendo el marrano en canal. to pull the sides apart and open wide (e.g., a box, plastic basin, a ceramic bowl of wet clay, etc.) extender o abrir los lados para dejar abierto (p. ej., un cartón, caso de plástico, un plato hondo de barro fresco) Am, Oa distort-fissure pe:l The verb <kamoa>pitso</kamoa> wa:kax michin pió Probably /pe:liwi/ exists, although I have not yet documented this use without NI. tlaxikipe:lowa confer Oa tlape:lowa val_reduce1 Am 00030 i:xte:nkoya:wi i:xte:nkoya:wi i:xte:nkoya:wi i:xte:nkoya:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become stretched out or widened (a small opening, such as a buttonhole) ensancharse (una abertura en forma de ojo, como un ojal) Am, Oa Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n. Am My clothes become unbuttoned (lit., my buttons snap out of place), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out. Se desbotona mi ropa (lit., se descolocan mis botoncitos), los ojales de mi ropa se han ensanchado. distort-fissure i:x te:n koya: reso:rteh kweri:toh Cf. definition for /i:xte:nkoya:wa/ and determine whether /te-/ can be used with the intransitive. I have no examples, but probably it can be. Also determine whether a similar meaning is found, i.e., refering to the sockets of a person or animals eyes to be without the eyeball. 00031 mama:yo:tia nomama:yo:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia[refl] rdp-s/h Am class-2a (refl.) to fill out with a lot of branches (a tree) (refl.) llenarse con muchas ramas (unárbol) Am Nomama:yo:ti:s, kwaltsi:n noka:was. Am It will fill out with a lot of branches, it will wind up looking nice. Se le van a salir muchas ramas, al final quedarábonito. ma: The example I had from conversation is with the transitive verb in reflexive. Check to see if intransitive ending in /-yowa/ exists and whether there is a difference between the intransitive use of the form and the reflexive use. ma:tia synonym Oa 00032 This entry /yowa/ was eliminated as a duplicate of 3258.
29/Dec/2004
 00033 ikxipil we:i i:kxipil we:i ixipil we:i i:xipil we:i
24/Oct/2005
N N-complex i-loss; N2; Aln big toe dedo gordo del pie Am, Oa Toma:wak mokxipil we:i. Am Your big toe is fat. Tu dedo gordo del pie estágrueso. body human kxi pil we:i Check whether one can state /nixipilwe:i/. If this is correct then it should be given a separate entry as a single adjectival lexeme /ixipilwe:i/ in which the nominal incorporation is like possessor raising (i.e., equal to /we:i noxipil/. Check for /lxoc form to insure that the initial sound is a long /i:/ of the possessor and not the stem vowel. I would imagine that in pronouncing this word without an absolutive. Note that added tokens of this word are at 3469. ikxipil bie:joh synonym Am 00034 kwala:nia kikwala:nia kwala:nia kikwala:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to anger; to make angry hacer enojar Am, Oa Timokwala:nian, xwel timowi:kan. Am We get angry with each other, we don't get along. Nos hacemos enojar, no nos llevamos bien. (refl. plus <kn>-wa:n</kn>) to get angry with (refl. con <kn>-wa:n</kn>) hacerse enojar o enojarse con Pending Xkaman te:wa:n nimokwala:nia. Am I never get angry with anyone. Nunca me enojo con nadie. to cause to foam (a liquid such as beer or soda) hacer espumar o salir espuma (a una bebida como cerveza o refresco) Am, Oa emotions kwala: The sense of 'to cause to foam' is based on the intransitive use of <klam>kwala:ni</klam> to mean 'to foam up.' 00035 kana:wak kana:wak kana:wak kana:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-k to be thin (in the sense of objects with extended surfaces, such as ceramics, wooden boards, cloth, tortillas, etc., that are not thick) ser o estar delgado, de poco grosor (objetos con superficies extendidas, como cerámica, tablas de madera, ropa o tela, tortillas, etc.) Am, Oa Achi kana:wak. Am It's somewhat thin. Es algo delgado. Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n. Am Your ceramic bowls are thin (i.e., with thin walls). Tus platos hondos de barro son delgados (esto es, sus paredes son de poco grosor). Kakana:wak notlaxkal. Am Your tortilla is thin in places. Tu tortilla estádelgado en algunos lugares. kana: tlaxkahli Check translation of /a:chi kana:wak/, i.e. whether it is used to compare. At the same time, investigate comparisons. Check or recheck difference between /kakana:hkeh/ and /kakana:wak/. Note the difference in pluralization: /Kakana:wak notlaxkal/ your tortilla (sg) is thin in places (pl). Compare this to /Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n/ your bowls are thin in places' in which the plural of the object is indicated by the plural ending /-keh/, whereas the reduplication indicates plurality of place (on one specific item). 00036 yzzz yexoxo:hki yexoxo:hki
11/Feb/2006
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki N1 type of food made with <kloa>pi:pitiketl</kloa> tipo de comida hecha con <kloa>pi:pitiketl</kloa> Oa food-maize e xo: yexoxo:hka:tsi:n equivalent Am 00037 xoko:ya xoko:ya xoko:ya xoko:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to go bad; to spoil (turning acidic and sour, as cooked beans do after time) acedarse; echarse a perder (quedando agrio y acídico, como frijoles cocidos después de un tiempo) Am, Oa Wel xoko:ya deke xtiktoto:nia. Am It can go bad if you don't heat it up (in this case beans). Se puede acedar si no los calientas (en este caso frijoles). xoko mo:hli yetl <kn>Xoko:ya</kn> refers to a process whereby food spoils and turns bad, forming a foam on its surface. Most typically, this occurs with beans. 00038 pa:tsiwi pa:tsiwi pa:tsiwi pa:tsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to get wet or soaked mojarse; empaparse Am, Oa O:pa:tsiwilo:k. Am People got wet. Se mojóla gente. Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih. Am Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor). Todo se mojóbien parejo, le echéagua bien (en este caso sobre un piso de tierra). pa:ts Impersonal passive: Note the following phrase: /Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih/ 'Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor).' The first thing to note is how /kwahli/ is a predicate modifier and refers to the evenness of the 'becoming wet.' However, note that despite the fact that the first phrase is an impersonal, with no specific referent, the second clause has a specific object, obviously that which 'became wet.' 00039 petskuwi:xin petskuwi:xin
11/Feb/2006
N N-S-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of small lizard, still no definitively identified tipo de lagarto pequeño, todavía no identificado plenamente Am animal lizard pets kowi:x I have entries that give simply /petskowi:xin/. Perhaps the two (with and without initial /a:/) are the same and I have simply misrecorded one of the entries; this should be checked. I don't have /apetskowi:xin/ listed either under /kowi:xin/ or under the animals that are described as crawling: /noma:tila:na/. If /apetskowi:xin/ is confirmed as a type of animal (either different from /petskowi:xin/, or the correct form), then the entries under /noma:tila:na/ and /kowi:xin/ should be corrected. Cristino Flores corrected this to /petskowi:xin/. If /a:petskowi:xin/ is correct then this should be noted as a possible type of combination in the grammar. Indeed, plant and animal names often have the most interesting and unusual morphologies. 00040 po:kyowa po:kyowa po:hyowa po:hyowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia[x] class-4a to get sooty from smoke cubrirse de hollín a causa de humo Am, Oa Po:kyowas, tli:liwis. Am It will get sooty from smoke, it will turn black. Se va a cubrir de hollín por el humo, se va a enegrecer. po:k kahli This word can refer to anything that gets covered with soot, i.e., things hung near smokey fires. po:kyowa; po:che:wi; po:ktia Determine whether there is a transitive form /po:kio:tia/? 00041 chichi:ka:tl chichi:ka:tl chi:chi:katl chi:chi:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex rdp-l Stem 2 bile hiel Am, Oa gall bladder vesícula bilial; hiel Am, Oa body chichi: Although consultants generally translated forms such as <kam>i:chichi:kaw</kam> (Am) as 'su hiel,' from verbal descriptions it appears that this lexeme can also refer to an organ, the gall bladder. The following animals have <kam>i:chi:chi:kaw</kam> according to Cristino Flores: <kam>michin</kam> , <kam>pitso</kam> , <kam>masa:tl</kam> , <kam>te:jon</kam>. Check meaning as"gall bladder."Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. I have an entry on one of the original file cards as /ichichicaw pio/, probably the same lexeme as here. Check vl for both dialect. Check. Perhaps this is an example of a word with 'incorporation' possessive; RS has /chichicatl/ as"hiel."Cf. entry under /ikniwtli/. Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. 00042 tewistik tewistik tewistik tewistik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> to be bumpy; to be uneven (with bulging or protruding sections, such as the bark of the <kbam>po:cho:tl</kbam>or <kbam>chalalatli</kbam>, the skin of an alligator or horned toad, the surface of a pineapple, etc.) tener topes (una superficie con protuberancias, como la cáscara del <kbam>po:cho:tl</kbam>o <kbam>chalalatli</kbam>, la piel de un lagarto o <klam>tepaxin</klam> , la superficie de una piña, etc.) Am, Oa Tewistik itla:l. Un tlakomohli, nepantlah tewistik. Am His land is bumpy. That small open space, it has a small mound in the middle. Su terreno tiene topes. Ese llanito, tiene una protuberancia en medio. Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson. O:kixi:nkeh kanah uwekatlan, kanah wekapan. Am His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long. Su cabello estátrasquilado, estádisparejo. En algunos lugares le cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares se lo dejaron largo. texture tewits tepa:xin po:cho:tl tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik The etymology of <kam>tewistik</kam> is not entirely clear, but it may be related to <klam>wistli</klam> , in which case the underlying final root consonant is /ts/. The initial syllable <kn>te</kn> might be part of the stem or an independent element (such as <kn>te</kn> 'stone' or <kn>te-</kn>, an intensifier). This term, and related verbal forms, refer to a surface that has protruding bumps, often pointed or, at least, with a steep edge. The reduplicated form <kam>tetewistik</kam> is often used in reference to surfaces with a lot of sharply defined bumps (for example, the surface of the <klam>po:cho:tl</klam> tree). Get a list of all potential subjects. 00043 zzz Was /Ipan Patla:wsakayoh/, switched to Toponym database.
25/Jan/2002
 00044 kechposteki kechposteki kechposteki kechposteki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to get a broken neck romperse el cuello Am, Oa to break its neck (a bottle, <kam>a:tekomatl</kam> , etc.) romperse el cuello (una botella, <kam>a:tekomatl</kam> , etc.) Am, Oa kech posteki Make sure that it can be used transitively and intranstively. Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. There is an additional female token at 5772. It is the one that should be linked. 00045 tlake:ntekoch tlake:ntekoch
11/Feb/2006
N/Adj N-N(ap) N-ap N2/Adj (poss. as noun) plaid or checkered shirt or clothes (pos. como sustantivo) ropa o camisa de cuadritos Am (unposs. as adjectival) to be clothed in a checkered or plaid outfit or shirt (no pos. como adjectival) estar vestido con ropa de cuadritos Am ke:m tekoch tekoch <klam>Tekoch</klam> refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be checkered or variegated. <kam>Tlake:ntekoch</kam> can function in two manners. In the first, the one-place predicate <kam>nitlake:ntekoch</kam> 'I am"checkered-shirted,"' the paradigm is that of"possessor raising"in that the subject represents the possessor of the incorporated noun (i.e., <kam>nitlake:ntekoch</kam> is semantically similar to <kam>tekoch notlake:n</kam> or <kam>nikpia notlake:n tekoch</kam>). This one-place predicate functions as an adjectival (syntactically equivalent, for example, to 'I am long-haired'). In the second, the two-place predicate <kam>notlake:ntekoch</kam> 'it is my checkered shirt,' the possessor is overtly expressed by the appropriate pronominal prefix, the subject is coreferent with the incorporated noun that is modified by the final attributive noun <kam>tekoch</kam>. tekoxtik confer Oa 00046 teltilia kiteltilia teltilia kiteltilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to stop (e.g., the movement of an animal, the functioning of a machine, etc.) for parar (p. ej., el movimiento de un animal, el funcionamiento de una máquina, etc.) para Am, Oa to mitigate, calm, or sooth the pain of ([O] is the place or body part that hurts, not the pain itself) calmar o apaciguar el dolor a ([O] es el lugar o parte del cuerpo que duele, no el dolor mismo) Am, Oa Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa. Am It doesn't stop the pain where it hurts me. No le quita el dolor donde me duele. to lower the sound of (e.g., a radio) bajarle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio) Am, Oa Xteltili a:chitsi:n, ma:ka a:sta ihkón chika:wak ma tlatsotsona. Am Lower the volume on it (a radio) a little, don't have it playing like that so loud! Bájale el volumen (al radio) un poquito,¡quéno estésonando asíde fuerte! motion tel teltia; teketsa The applicative <kam>teltilia</kam> changes the nature of the argument structure from that of <kam>teltia</kam>. In regard to pain, for example, while the object of <kam>kiteltia</kam> is the pain itself that is felt, with <kam>kiteltilia</kam> the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in <kam>Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa</kam> the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (<kam>ka:n ne:chkukwa</kam>). The covert secondary object is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio: <kam>Xteltili achitsi:n</kam> literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected object. In Spanish this would be <spn>Bájale el sonido al radio</spn>, instead of <spn>Baja el sonido</spn>. Applicative: The applicative <kam>teltilia</kam> changes the nature of the argument structure from that of <kam>teltia</kam>. In regard to pain, for example, while the object of <kam>kiteltia</kam> is the pain itself that is felt, with <kam>kiteltilia</kam> the primary object is the place at which the pain is located. Thus in <kam>Xkiteltilia ka:n ne:chkukwa</kam> the implication is that the medicine doesn't stop the pain from affecting the area that is suffering (<kam>ka:n ne:chkukwa</kam>). The covert secondary object is the pain itself, i.e., 'it doesn't stop the pain [secondary object] from affecting the location [primary object].' Note a similar construction with lowering the sound on a radio: <kam>Xteltili achitsi:n</kam> literally means 'Lower it (the sound) on the radio' in which 'the radio' is the affected object. In Spanish this would be <spn>Bájale el sonido al radio</spn>, instead of <spn>Baja el sonido</spn>. teltilia val_add_applic Am 00047 chipa:wa kichipa:wa chipa:wa kichipa:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to clean (material objects such as clothes, a wall, particularly sth that needs to be cleaned with soap) limpiar (objetos materiales como ropa, una pared, particularmente algo que se necesita limpiar bien con jabón) Am, Oa On suwa:tl, wel tlachipa:wa, kwahli tlapa:ka. Am That woman gets things clean, she can wash clothes well. Esa mujer sabe hacer que las cosas queden limpias, lava bien la ropa. Mlátlachipa:wa mojabó:n. Am Your sopa really gets things clean. De veras limpia bien tu jabón. (refl.) to bathe and clean oneself thoroughly (refl.) bañarse y limpiarse bien Pending Kwahli o:timochipa:w. Am You cleaned (bathed) yourself really well. Te limpiaste (lavaste) bien. chipa: tlachipa:wa confer Am 00048 tlaxoxo:hka:n tlaxoxo:hka:n tlaxoxo:hka:n tlaxoxo:hka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N-tla) place or area green with budding plants and trees lugar oárea cubierto en verde por plantas yárboles que están floreciendo Pending Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n Am It has gotten green all over. Everywhere it is green from budding plants. Ya se puso todo verde. En todos lados estáverde por los retoños de las plantas. weather xo: -ka:n <kam>Tlaxoxo:wia</kam> and <kam>tlaxoxo:hka:n</kam> may refer not only to land surfaces but also to water that becomes green from algae. For Oapan FM did not accept *tla:xo:hka:h. Oapan phonology and reduplication: Note that Florencia Marcelino of Oapan did not accept *tla:xo:hka:n, indicating that reduction of reduplicated forms does not occur with lexicalized forms such as /xoxo:hki/. 00049 pipi:nia pipi:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x] rdp-s/ Am class-4b(ya-x) to become resistent, tough, stretchy, or sinewy and fibrous ponerse resistente, difícil de partir o destrozar Am Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:ski tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl. Am When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the stalks, for even if you pull hard on them, they don't easily come off the stalk. El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secóy llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso. Ya no puedes zacatear, aunque jalas fuerte, no se desprenden del tallo luego luego. pi:n pipi:nki tla:hli kwa:k xok kiawi tlaxkahli kwa:k ye wa:ktok Neither Inocencio Jímenez nor Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <kam>pipi:nia</kam> as an intransitive verb, though they did both accept <kam>pipi:nki</kam> , which they said was applied mostl commonly to wood that is fibery and hard to split. Cristino Flores mentioned that when zacate starts to dry and then is rained upon, <klam>pipichiwi</klam>. Inocencio Días mentioned that he had not heard this verb, and that <klam>pipichiwi</klam> is used instead. Probably this verb should be removed from the lexicon. Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb. 00050 kwa:xsosohli kwa:xsosohli kwa:xté:sohlí kwa:xté:sohli kwa:xté:sohlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-suf[sosohli] Reduced rdp-s(lex) Stem 3 yes-lex old <kam>cuaxtle</kam> , i.e. palm matting for beasts of burden, that is pulled apart and rolled into a ball for shotgun ammunition cuaxtle viejo que se despedaza y se hace una bolita para usar en una escopeta (tal vez 'taco' o 'postas' en español) Am, Oa kwa:ch hsol Check how this item is used in shotguns. Also, perhaps follow Tom's suggestion and have a separate field for morphemes. Check relation of /sosol/ to /hsol/. 00051 tsopi:nia kitsopi:nia tsopi:nia kitsopi:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a)[x] class-2a to prick; to pierce picar (una superficie al agujerearla) Am, Oa Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas. Am The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you. Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acáy por allá, te van a causar picor. to inject (e.g., with a syringe and medicine) inyectar (p. ej., con una jeringa y medicina) Am, Oa Tikwalo, mistsopini:skeh. Am You are ill, you are going to get an injection. Estás enfermo, te van a inyectar. to stab acuchillar; apuñalar Am, Oa to peck at (e.g., a chicken of its food) picotear; dar picotazos a (p. ej., una gallina a su comida) Pending Xkita in mópio! Yo:pe:w kitsotsopi:nia itlakwal, tli:n yo:tike:kchi:hka. Am Take a look at your chicken! It's started to peck at its food, that which you made. ¡Ve a tu gallina! Ya empezóa picotear a la comida, la que tu hiciste. distort-fissure tsopi: This word may be used in a vulgar sense by men in reference to a male (human or animal) penetrating a female during sexual intercourse. tsotsopitsa frequent Am, Oa 00052 a:ichwia a:wichwia ka:ichwia á:wichwía á:wichwia ká:wichwía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a Reduced rdp-s yes-rdp to sprinkle with water (e.g., flowers or other plants, an earthen floor to harden it or keep it from becoming overly dusty) rociar con agua (p. ej., flores u otra plantas, un piso de tierra para amacizarlo o evitar que se levente el polvo) Am, Oa CF Am 901/02:05 Dya kwa:k kona:te:kian tikito:s,"Xka:ichwi!" Kó:n tiktsi:ntepolketsas motso:tsokol noso mokube:tah dya un na:nkah moma 'ki xchi:wilito. Para ma:ka... ma tsikwi:ni a:tl, tikito:s tika:ichwia. Am 00052_01_am And when they (flowers) are watered, you'd say,"Sprinkle water on them!"You turn your water jug or bucket upside down like this and with that arm you do like this to it, so that it doesn't... so that the water skips out, you'll that that your are sprinkling them Y cuando se rocian vas a decir,"Rociales agua!"Asípones tu cántaro o cubeta boca abajo asíy con este mano asíle haces. Para que no... para que le brinque el agua, vas a decir que le rociaste agua. Iú:n sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis. Am That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up. Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque. Xka:ichwi para ma:ka tla:ltekwtlan yes! Am Sprinkle water on it (in this case on the floor) so that the dust and dirt doesn't get all over the place! ¡Rocíale agua (en este caso sobre el piso) para que no se levante el polvo! Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl! Am Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off! ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco! Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi. Am I am sprinkling water so that the ground (the dirt floor) gets hard. Estoy rociando agua para que se ponga duro el suelo. a: ich so:ya:tl tla:hli The process of sprinkling water is commonly accomplished by pouring water from a container held and tilted with one arm. The other hand is moved rapidly back and forth under the water as it pours out, creating a sprinkling effect. Note that both <kam>a:ichwia</kam> and <kam>a:wichwia</kam> are utilized, though the former seems much more common in Ameyaltepec. The Oapan form manifests a high-pitched initial /a:/. Given that no underlying {h} has been documented for this word, it may be that the Oapan pitch-accent on the initial /a:/ derives from reduplication, given that the action referred to is usually carried out repeatedly. Actual tape of one example has the pronunciation <kam>a:wichwia:</kam>. However, this has been changed, in this dictionary entry, to the more common /a:ichwia:/. Recheck. Add entry from above phrase under /tlasese:hlo:tl/. 00053 zzz Was /A:chichi:ka:n/, switched to Toponym database.
27/Jan/2005
 00054 o:kpa ixwi:wtli ika o:kpa ixwi:wtli o:kpaixwi:htli o:kpaixwi:htli
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(w) great-grandchild (male or female) bisnieto o bisnieta Am, Oa Yewa noo:kpaixwiw. Am He/she is my great-grandson/daughter. El/ella es mi bisnieto (o bisnieta). kin o:k ixwi:w -pa The expressions <kam>noo:kpaixwiw</kam> and <kam>i:ka o:kpa noxwiw</kam> are equivalent. The term <kam>o:kpaixwiwtli</kam> (Am) and <koa>o:kpaixwihtli</koa> are rarely found in unpossessed form. Cristino Flores stated that the form used in Ameyaltepec is <kam>ika o:kpa noxwiw</kam> and not ? <kam>noo:kpaixwiw</kam> As with other terms including <klam>ixwiwtli</klam> , the possessed marker has been grammaticalized as part of the nominal stem. o:kpa confer Am 00055 tijeri:tas tijeri:tas
22/Oct/2005
tijeritas N N-loan N1 type of small black and yellow insect found in maize plants tijeritas, tipo de pequeño insecto negro y amarillo que se halla en las plantas de maíz Am animal insect yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh de mi:hli natural Am a:ma:xtlatsi:n natural Oa 00056 Tre:s Pote:nsias Tre:s Pote:nsias Tre:s Pote:nsiah Tre:s Pote:nsiah
22/Oct/2005
tres potencias N N-loan N1 religious dance performed by young and adult men in San Francisco Ozomatlán (and perhaps other neighboring villages) danza religiosa presentada por hombres jóvenes y adultos en san Francisco Ozomatlán (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos) Am, Oa dance For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Differentiate from /Sie:teh Bi:sios/. Sie:teh Bi:sios equivalent Am 00057 so:wtok so:wtok so:htok so:htok
22/Oct/2005
Stat *V1-Stat Stat Durative to be extended or spread out over a large flat surface estar tendido o extendido sobre una superficie larga y plana Am, Oa Tepetlayoh. O:kine:xtih a:tl, kiawtli. San so:wtok. Am There is exposed limestone all over. The water, the rain, made it appear (by washing away the surface cover). It extends over a large flat area. Hay tepetate por todos lados. El agua, la lluvia lo hizo aparecer (al llevarse la tapa de tierra). Extiende por una granárea plana. to have a gentle incline or slight upward slope (an area or piece of land) tener una leve inclinación hacia arriba (unaárea o pedazo de tierra) Am, Oa Xtlakaltech, san so:wtoktsi:n. Am It isn't steep, there is just a gentle upward incline. No estámuy empinado, hay nada más una leve inclinación hacia arriba. Tla:lkwe:hli, xso:wtok itla:l. Am The surface is undulating and uneven, his land is not flat and extended. La superficie es algo ondulante, su tierra no estáplana y extendida. so:wa Check vowel length in /tla:lkwe:hli/. Also check /w/ and /h/ in Am and Oa dialects, respectively. /So:wtok/ is a good example of the process by which /-tok/ seems to create resultatives/statives out of transitive verbs. 00058 tsi:nto:ne:wa kitsi:nto:ne:wa tsi:nto:ne:wa kitsi:nto:ne:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to cause a burning pain in the anus, rectum, or rear end of hacer arder el ano, recto o nalgas a Am, Oa Mistsi:nto:ne:was chi:hli. Am Chile will make your rectum burn (e.g., when defecating). Chile te va a hacer arder el recto (p. ej., al defecar). tsi:nto:ne:wi tsi:n to:n 00059 tsi:nkomol i:tsi:nkomol tsi:nkomol tsi:nkomol
24/Oct/2005
N N-Adj(ap) Adj-b N2 part of the rear end between the small of the back and the crack parte de las nalgas entre donde termina la columna vertebral y las nalgas mismas Am big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result) nalgas grandes (en referencia a nalgas tan grandes que crean una superficie algo plana y concava en sus partes superiores) Am, Oa tsi:n komol Check to see if this can be used both as an obligatorily possessed noun (notsi:nkomol 'my big butt') and as a possessor-raising, adjectival, construction (nitsi:nkomol 'I am big-butted'). For now I have it only as a noun 'big butt.' 00060 a:palwah a:palwah a:palwah a:palwah
09/Feb/2006
N N-posr-wah N1 type of black, or brown and black, snake with a red throat; it often inhabits the water tipo de culebra negra, o negra y color café, con una garganta roja; a menudo se halla en el agua Am, Oa animal sn a: pal -wah According to Luis Lucena, this snake is brown and black with red on its throat. Determine whether to classify /-wah/ here as a suffix. If there were to be a possessed form, determine its nature (i.e., does it have a -ka:w suffix as would be the case with -wah nominals?). 00061 kwa:uwasoma kikwa:uwasoma kwá:wasóma kwá:wasoma kikwá:wasóma
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b rdp-s/h Am, Oa class-3a(m) yes to scratch the head of rasguñarle o rascarle la cabeza a Am, Oa O:ne:chkwa:teuwason. Am He scratched my head. Me rascóla cabeza. distort-surface kwa: wasoma uwasoma; uwana; motsowa; komolowa (e.g., /tla:lkomolowa/) Apparently this refers to a hard scratch. Check. Check for /uwasoma/ with no IN. 00062 pa:tska kipa:tska pa:tska kipa:tska
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4a to squeeze (particularly to get water or other liquid out of, e.g., of wet clothes, fruits, etc.) exprimir (particularmente para sacarle agua u otro líquido a, p. ej, a ropa mojada, frutas, etc.) Am, Oa Nikpa:tska notlake:n para ma ki:sa a:tl. Am I squeeze my clothes so that the water comes out. Exprimo mi ropa para que salga el agua. to milk (e.g, a cow) ordeñar (p. ej., una vaca) Pending pa:tska ba:kah momapil para ma yeski:stiwetsi RS and FK (perhaps taken from RS) give a causative form <kn>pa:tzcaltia</kn> ; however, this has not been located in Molina and the original citation for this form is not given in either of the two secondary sources. tlapa:tska val_reduce1 Am, Oa pa:tskilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00063 ko:chin ko:chin ko:cheh ko:cheh
22/Oct/2005
coche N N-loan Stem 4 car coche Am, Oa 00064 pa:xiwi pa:xiwi pa:xiwi pa:xiwi Yes Am, Oa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> Compl class-3a(w) to implode; to collapse upon itself (e.g., sth hollow such as a plastic container that gets softened by heat and whose sides collapse toward the center); to collapse or sink down (soft land that forms a depression); to get or become crushed or squashed (e.g., soft fruit or sth soft yet solid) implosionar; apachurarse (p. ej., algo hueco como un recipiente de plástico que se calienta y cuyos lados implosionan hacia adentro); sumirse (tierra blanda, el suelo al formarse una depresión en la superficie de la tierra); aplastarse o apachurarse (p. ej., fruta o algo blando y sólido) Am, Oa O:pa:xiw na:tekon. Am My (plastic) water bottle got crushed. Mi botella de agua (de plástico) implosionó. O:tepapa:xiw -o:tepa:xiw- fle:chah. Am The bus got smashed (e.g., in an accident). El camión se aplastó(p. ej., en un accidente). O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh. Am Your banana got crushed. Se aplastó tu plátano. O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos. Am Your bananas got crushed. Se aplastaron tus plátanos. Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi. Am The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses. Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume. to deflate; to become flat (e.g., a tire that becomes flat) desinflar; ponchar (p. ej., una llanta que quede ponchada) Am, Oa O:pa:xiw ya:ntah. Am The tire got flat. Se ponchóla llanta. pa:x According to Luis Lucena in the phrase <kam>o:pa:xiw ya:ntah</kam> the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> cannot be used (i.e., * <kam>o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah</kam>). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. According to Luis Lucena in the phrase <kam>o:pa:xiw ya:ntah</kam> the intensifier <kam>te</kam> cannot be used (i.e., * <kam>o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah</kam>). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. Check with other cases of this same verb and others. Reduplication; pluralization. The use of reduplication of a verb or adjective to indicate plurality is clear in the following: /O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh/ 'Your banana got crushed.' vs. /O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos/ 'Your bananas got crushed.' The preceding were taken from conversation. One certain question is whether /o:pa:xihkeh moplá:ntanos/ is also correct. If so, check the difference between the plural marker and the reduplication to indicate pluralization/distribution. It seems to me that the reduplication indicates pluralization of many different points on one object, or very many tokens of one type. The plural suffix, on the other hand, seems to indicate greater separation and more specificity. Thus a hotel with all its rooms filled is /tete:ntok/, but many hotels filled is described by /te:ntokeh/. 00065 kwa:tese:bolió:n kwa:tese:bolió:n kwa:tese:bolió:n
11/Feb/2006
sebo; -ión N N-N N1 practical joke vacilada o broma Am Ka:chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:bolió:n! Am It's not true! It's only a joke! ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada! It's on you! ¡Te caiste (en una vacilada)! Am Kwa:tese:bolió:n, san o:timitskakaya:w. Am It's on you! I just fooled you (e.g., it isn't true what I said). ¡Te caiste!¡Nada más te vacilé(p. ej., no era verdad lo que dije). kwa: This term apparently refers to a practical joke or to the victim. The ending <kam>-ió:n</kam> is interesting and enters into some words used with children or joking. The noun form borrows from Spanish <kam>sebo</kam> 'grease or fat' and the saying <kam>hacer sebo</kam> with the sense of 'to fool around or goof off.' Check to make sure /ka:chikatsi:n/ is correctly written and in the dictionary. Note how again the incorporation of /kwa:-/ is followed by /te-/. This seems very common and it might be well simply to note that the incorporation of /kwa:-/ often involves this"intensifying"element. 00066 masa:teroh masa:teroh masa:teroh masa:teroh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <klamoa>masa:tl</klamoa> N N-loan N1 dear hunter cazador de venado Am, Oa Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. Am I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light (as he walks through the hills). Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado estáiluminando con una luz (al caminar en el bosque). masa: Check Perhaps determine a new category code for this type of word: Nahuatl root plus a Spanish ending (e.g. /mejikane:roh/, /tlatole:roh/, etc.). For /tlatole:roh/ check the length of the /o/ and /e:/, if the /o/ is actually short this would indicate reassignment of length in the root based on Spanish- influenced lengthening. Cf. also /ma:pocheroh/, etc. 00067 chi:maliwi chi:maliwi chi:maliwi chi:maliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) to spread out in a circle (e.g., a liquid spilled on a flat surface, a dress that billows out as a woman swirls, the outer edge of a village as it expands equally in all directions, a fishing net properly thrown, etc.) extenderse en forma de círculo (un líquido que se derrama sobre una superficie plana, una falda que se vuela al dar giros la que la tiene puesta, la orilla de un pueblito que se va creciendo igual en todas direcciones, una terraya aventada bien, etc.) Am, Oa Asta chi:maliwi ikwe. Am Her dress even flies out in a wide open circle (e.g., when she twirls while dancing). Hasta se le vuela la falda en un círculo (p. ej., cuando gira al bailar). Nitotitinemi un suwa:tl, techi:maliwi ikwe. Am That woman is going along dancing, her dress is billowing out in a large circle. Esa mujer va bailando, su falda se vuela a su alrededor en un gran cículo. Chi:maliwis un tlapahli Am That (spilled) paint will spread out in an ever-widening circle. Esa pintura (derramada) se va a extenderse hacia afuera en un círculo. Techi:maliwi kohsa:wananakatl kwa:k yo:topo:n. Am The fungus mushroom called <klam>kuhsa:wananakatl</klam> spreads out in a wide circle when it has burst open. El hongo llamado <klam>kuhsa:wananakatl</klam> forma un gran círculo cuando ya se reventó. chi:mal kohsa:wananakatl i:kow burroh 00068 ye:lo:tlaxkahli ye:lo:tlaxkahli ye:lo:tlaxkahli ye:lo:tlaxkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 tortilla made with ripe, green corn (<klam>ye:lo:tl</klam>), called <spn>tlascales</spn> in local Spanish tortilla hecha con elote, llamado tlascales en el español regional Am, Oa food-maize ye:lo: xka Besides <kam>ye:lo:tl</kam> maize that is <klam>kama:wak</klam> can also be used for making <kam>ye:lo:tlaxkahli</kam>. 00069 tlankwi:tsowa tlankwi:tsowa tlankwi:tsowa tlankwi:tsowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-wi class-2b to bare ones teeth (e.g., an animal in anger); to snarl enseñar los dientes (p. ej., un animal enojado); gruñir Am, Oa Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa. Am He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him. No lo obedece (en este caso un hijo a su padre), nada más le echa gruñe. (with short vowel reduplication) to open up (a weave) (con reduplication de vocal corta) abrirse (el tejido de una tela) Am Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa. Am Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break). Tu ropa estábien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos). tlan kwi:ts chichi kwa:k mitskwa:snekis FM did not accept meaning of for a weave to open up. Directional: /Xwel kitla:kamati, san wa:ltlankwi:tsowa/ 'He does not obey him (in this case a son of his father), he just snarls back at him.' Note the use of the directional prefix /wa:l-/. In this case it signifies the look that the son gives his father, a look back in anger. The deixis has a reference point which is the location of the experiencer (the father) who sees the snarl. Note how the focus therefore is not on the act of snarling carried out by the son, but by the experience/perception of snarling sensed by the father. 00070 tlapo:postektli tlapo:postektli tlapo:postehtli tlapo:postehtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Lex. rdp-l Stem 1(k) something repeatedly folded over (e.g., paper made into a fan, or folded over itself once and again; clothes with pintucks, etc.); pleats algo doblado una y otra vez (p. ej., paper hecho en un abanico o doblado repetidas veces sobre si mismo, o tela con alforzas, etc.); pliegues Pending posteki Reduplication with long vowel: /tlapo:postektli/ is a good example of long vowel reduplication in a lexical nominalization. The word refers to something that has been folded over once and once again (a paper fan, an item of clothing with pintucks, etc.) 00071 elna:miki kelna:miki ilna:miki kilna:miki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 ih-initial; i-epen S-V2 V2-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) i>0 (plus NP or complement) to remember (más frase nominal o complemento) recordarse de Pending Xnikelna:miki tli:no:n o:kitoh. Am I don't remember what he said. No me acuerdo lo que dijo. Xnikelna:miki notah katka. Am I don't remember my deceased father. No me acuerdo de mi papáque falleció. el na:miki <kam>Elna:miki</kam> often takes a complement clause, referencing what was remembered, although it may also take a simple nominal phrase or pronominal argument (e.g., <kam>timitselna:miki</kam>). In Oapan, with a 3rd-person object and a 1st- or 2nd-person subject the overt marker is absent, e.g., <kam>nilna:mikis</kam> 'I will remember (it),' which in the orthography used is <koa>n'ilna:miki</koa>. Check correctness of /timitselna:miki/. Vowel length check in Oa /ni:lna:miki/. Record and place on internet. elna:miktia val_add_caus Am ilna:mihtia val_add_caus Oa 00072 mela:hka:n mela:hka:n tiaweh melahka:n melahka:n
24/Oct/2005
N Loc-? N1(loc) direct route camino directo Pending Ma:s sa: mela:hka:n tiaweh. Am The way we are going is more direct. Es más derecho por donde vamos. mela: -ka:n Check to see if this correct as written. Perhaps it should be /ma:s sa: mela:hka:n/ or /ma:s san mela:k/. Also recheck long vowel for final /a/. Apparently this is an apocopated form of /melaktik/. Check both. Check for Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms: length of /a/. 00073 mache:teh mache:teh machi:teh machi:teh
11/Feb/2006
machete N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) machete machete Pending tool There are two types of machetes, a curved machete <kam>mache:teh araba:toh</kam> and a straight machete, called <klam>mache:teh la:rgoh</klam> in Ameyaltepec and <kloa>machi:teh peya:stli</kloa>in Oapan. 00074 te:mpo:poxowa note:mpo:poxowa te:mpo:poxowa kite:mpo:poxowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. rdp-l class-2b to rub or push ones lips or mouth around, or back and forth, on frotar los labios en o sobre, de un lado a otro Pending San note:mpo:poxowa ipan ina:n, chi:chisneki Am It just pushes and rubs its mouth around its mother (i.e., her breast, e.g., a young calf), it wants to suckle. Solamente empuja y frota los labios de lado a lado sobre (el ubre de su mamá) quiere amamantar. te:m pox <kam>Te:mpo:poxowa</kam> is particularly used to refer to the action of an animal, such as a calf or other nursing animal, that rubs its lips forcefully against its mother's breast, trying to get milk when there is none. I have reanalyzed this as having a short vowel reduplicant and no {h}. All this should be checked. Originally I had /Timiste:mpopoxo:s i:pan tla:hli!/ 'I'm going to rub your face into the ground!' but Cristino Flores stated that this was in error. Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. 00075 tlama:chia tlama:chia tlama:chia tlama:chia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-3c(chia) see <klam>ma:chia</klam> véase <klam>ma:chia</klam> Pending 00076 kwe:tlan kwe:tlah kwe:tlan kwe:tla kwe:tlan
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1 type of fat worm, often green though sometimes black or yellow tipo de gusano gordo, a menudo verde aunque a veces negro o amarillo Am, Oa Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wan wa:ki. Am Worms or <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. Gusanos o <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. (fig.) glutton (fig.) glutón; comelón Pending Tikwe:tlan, ke:n titlakwa:ni, san titlakwatok kada rati:toh ke:n kwe:tlan. Am You are a <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> , you are a real glutton, you are eating all the time like a <kam>kwe:tlan</kam>. Eres un <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> , eres un comelón, te la pasas comiendo como un <kam>kwe:tlan</kam>. animal worm kwe:tlan Whether or not the <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> is actually a type of worm in native classificatory schemes still needs to be determined. The ethmology of this word is uncertain (and thus it has been preliminarily classified as an apocopated and nonderived noun). This worm is constantly eating and therefore used metaphorically to refer to a glutton, someone who is constantly eating. The pronunciation of this word varies. Polin Claudio definitely pronounced the word [kwe:tlan] with a final velarized nasal, while Aurora Beiza (originally from Chilapa 60 years ago) pronounced it with a final [h]. Yet despite her having been speaking Nahuatl for over half a century, she still does not mark vowel length and glottal stops accurately. Pánfilo Lorenzo, on the other hand, on the tape DT #8, 513, pronounces this word with a final glottal stop. Perhaps all forms are common and reflect a generalized shift among [n], [h] and [?]. The etymology of <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> is not certain. Although I had documented this word with a final /n/ and /h/ (as well as nothing, but not a glottal stop) Cristino Flores indicated that the correct form was <kam>kwe:tlah</kam>. In Oapan Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounces this with a final glottal stop. Of the <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> , Pánfilo Lorenzo [Source: DT #8, 513] stated that it lives in the <kam>komo:chitl</kam> or <kam>a:matl</kam> tree, whereas others have stated that it lives on the ground. Some have said that it is fuzzy, whereas others have not. Check vowel length and ending of /kada/ and correct as necessary. 00077 kwe:liwi kwe:liwi kwe:liwi kwe:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to become curved and twisted (e.g., a piece of wood or a branch that, once cut, starts to dry and twist and bend) encorvarse y torcerse (p. ej., un pedazo de madera, o rama, que después de cortarse y al secarse se empieza a torcer y doblar) Am O:kwe:liw, xok peya:stik. Am It got twisted, it's no longer straight (e.g., a piece of wood starting to dry). Se torció, ya no estáderecho (p. ej., un pedazo de madera que se empieza a secar). kwe:l kwe:liwi; no:liwi Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave <koa>no:liwi</koa> as carrying the meaning of <kam>kwe:liwi</kam>. Ameyaltpeec has both verb forms, <kam>kwe:liwi</kam> and <klam>no:liwi</klam>. Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had /kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that"cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T."Vowel length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. Recheck with other Oapan speakers for /kwe:liwi/. There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7182. These should be tagged as 00077 and two linked (one male and one female) to the headword here at 00077. kwe:ltik confer Am 00078 tlapaloh tlapaloh
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1 hillside ladera Am Asta ne: yaweh ipan un tlapaloh, tlanakastlan. Am They are already going over there, on the hillside, at the side (of the hill). Hasta allávan, por la ladera, por el lado (del cerro). San ne: ipan ne:nkah tlapaloh pakah se: tla:ltemesi:tah. Pa o:nikpanawih, pa westok. Am Just over there on that side of the slope there is a small flat area. There I passed by it (i.e., an animal that was being sought), it is there lying on the ground. Allápor la ladera de ese cerrito hay una pequeña mesita. Allílo pasé(p. ej., una animal acostado que se estaba buscando), alláestáechado sobre la tierra. topography tlapal tlapalo:tl; tlanakastlan The etymology of <kam>tlapalo:tl</kam> is not clear although there are several words that contain <kn>tlapalo:</kn>, as in <klam>tlapalo:ma:ma</klam>. It might be the same root found in <klam>matlapahli</klam> and it might also be related to part of the root of <klam>napalowa</klam>. Several consultants indicated that <kam>tlapalo:tl</kam> is synonymous to <klam>tlanakastlan</klam>. I had the following meaning, removed. It is apparently in error. \ (poss.) back (of a person) /Xne:chontlakalili i:pan notlapaloh para nikma:matia:s! I:pan noma xwel nikwi:kas, ke:n nima:kohtia:s./ 'Toss it up on my back so that I can go along carrying it! I can't take it in my arms because they'll gradually get sore.' tlanakastlan confer Am tlanakastlah confer Oa 00079 oli:ni oli:ni oli:ni oli:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a to tremble; to move back and forth (as the Earth does during an earthquake); to swing from one side to another (like a pendulum or a hammock) temblar; mover en una forma oscilante (como la tierra durante un terremoto); mecerse; columpiarse (como el movimiento de una hamaca) Am, Oa O:li:nis tla:hli. Am There will be an earthquake (lit., the earth will move back and forth). Va a haber un tremor (lit., se va a mover la tierra de un lado a otro). to flare up (e.g., a pain or disease) recrudecer (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad) Pending Wa:le:wa o:li:ni. Am At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation, or other injury). De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.). Kwa:k selik me:stli, pe:wa o:li:ni, oksepa pe:was mitskoko:s. Am When the moon is young it begins to flare up (in this case an old injury), it will start to hurt you once again. Cuando la luna estácreciento, empieza a recrudecer (una vieja herida), te va a empezar a doler otra vez. oli: I seem to remember a use of /o:li:ni/, or perhaps a transitive form, indicating movement of a person, a departure, etc. Check. RS gives as a meaning of /olini/: seguir su camino. Check. Note the discussion here of /o:nipitsahka:noli:ni/, etc. Check vowel length. All consultants have indicated a short vowel. 00080 olo:chowa kolo:chowa olo:chowa kolo:chowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to scoop up with both ones hands (e.g., earth, or small scattered objects such as beans, maize, etc.) juntar en puñadas con las dos manos (p. ej., la tierra o objetos esparcidos sobre el suelo, tales como frijoles, maíz, etc.) Am, Oa olo:ch tla:hli tlasohli sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa Apparently <kam>olo:chowa</kam> is equivalent or nearly equivalent to <kam>ma:olo:chowa</kam>. Both verbs refer to the action of scooping up something such as grains, earth, pebbles, etc. with both ones hands in order to place these things someplace else (e.g., in a sack or bucket). Zacapoaxtla has an apparent cognate in <kn>olo:chtli</kn> meaning 'juntos,' <kn>olo:chtatzotzona:nij</kn> meaning 'grupo de músicos,' and <kn>olo:chtli</kn> meaning 'grupo, unidos.' Check for intransitive. 00081 manga:nah manga:nah
22/Oct/2005
mangana N N-loan N1 lasso or rope used for lassoing the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) and causing it to fall mangana, un lazo que se arroja a las manos de un caballo o toro para sujetarlo Am Chapa:ni norria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. Am My lasso falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it's no longer stiff but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. Mi riata se cae flojo sobre el suelo (ya no estárecia, pero más como una soga floja). Ya no sirve para mangana. Check to see whether possessed form exists, e.g., /xkekchi:wa momanga:nah/. I imagine it does but I have not coded it. 00082 po:te:tia po:te:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) to get a large, round belly or midsection; to have a bloated belly llegar a tener una barriga hinchada, grande y redonda Am Melák kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak. Am He has really gotten full (after eating a lot), he's even gotten a bloated belly. De veras se llenóbien (después de comer mucho), hasta se le hinchóla barriga. po:te: The denominal verb <kam>po:te:tia</kam> is obviously derived from the fish <klam>po:te:tl</klam> , probably given the enlarged belly of this guppy-like fish. Cf. vowel length of first vowel in /po:te:tia/ and /poti:xah/. ítia:po:té:tia synonym Oa 00083 yo:ltok yo:ltok yo:ltok yo:ltok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Stat Durative to be alive estar vivo Am, Oa Yo:ltok, xe miki. Am It is alive, it still hasn't died. Estávivo, todavía no se muere. San ke:nkah yo:ltok Am He's alive, just like always. Como siempre, estávivo. Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah. Am It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive. No murió(un animal que estaba sacrificado), se iba (p. ej., al ser transportado) vivo. Xo:mik kwahli, o:yo:ltitiah. Am It didn't completely die, it went along barely alive. No se murióbien, iba todavía con vida. yo:l Note that <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> is an aspectually marked form of <kam>yo:ltok</kam> ; however * <kam>yo:ltitok</kam> is not acceptable. The form <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> or, in the past <kam>o:yo:ltitiah</kam> is derived from the stative <kam>yo:ltok</kam> much as <kam>westitiw</kam> is related to <kam>westok</kam>. <kn>Yo:ltitiw</kn> does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <klam>yo:ltia</klam>. On one file card I have written /melá:k tiyo:ltitok pampa tikpia, ke:n ticha:ntitok/ 'You're really alive because you are rich, oh how you live! (i.e., you're doing really well). Check whether this is correct. Check whether /yo:li/ as a verb exists in Ameyaltepec. Note that <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> is an aspectually marked form of <kam>yo:ltok</kam> ; however * <kam>yo:ltitok</kam> is not acceptable. The form <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> or, in the past <kam>o:yo:ltitiah</kam> seems to be related to the stative <kam>yo:ltok</kam> much as <kam>westitiw</kam> is related to <kam>westok</kam>. It does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <klam>yo:ltia</klam> , where one would expect ? <kam>yo:ltixtiw</kam>. This, however, should be checked. Pluperfect: Note that following use: /Xo:mihka, o:yo:ltitiah/ 'It didn't die (an animal that had ostensibly been slaughtered), it went along (e.g., being carried) alive.' The reason for the pluperfect is not clear. Certainly any negative perfective is a counterfactual, so this could not be the only reason. Here it seems to be that the animal was actually alive, and thus the pluperfect perhaps indicates a relation to this future state whereas the simple perfective /xo:mik/ would be the end. Another example of the pluperfect is: /Xkonta un kowatl! Yo:hmiktika iwa:n oksepa o:noyo:ltilih, oksepa o:tlachi:x/ 'Look at that snake! I had (thought I had) killed it and it's come back to life, once again its come to.' Apparently the same reason holds. It is interesting that two example phrases with /yo:ltia/ or a similar verb and the verb for 'to kill' would used the pluperfect. This suggests that this verb (/miki/) might be prone to occur in the pluperfect when the"death"is not permanent. Aspect /-tiw/ with statives: Note that <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> is an aspectually marked form of <kam>yo:ltok</kam> ; however * <kam>yo:ltitok</kam> is not acceptable. The form <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> or, in the past <kam>o:yo:ltitiah</kam> is derived from the stative <kam>yo:ltok</kam> much as <kam>westitiw</kam> is related to <kam>westok</kam>. <kn>Yo:ltitiw</kn> does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <klam>yo:ltia</klam>. 00084 tekichi:wa tekichi:wa tekichi:wa tekichi:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(w) to do work trabajar; ponerse a trabajar Am, Oa Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. Am I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. teki chi:wa tekichi:wa; tekiti; tekipanowa tekichi:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00085 kamachalko i:kamachalko kamacha:lko kamachalko i:kamacha:lko
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-N N-loc-k(o) N2 little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet bolsilla que se forma donde las mandíbulas superiores e inferiores se juntan en la parte interior y posterior de la boca Am, Oa body human kama chal The /a/ of the third syllable of <kam>kamachalko</kam> is definitely short in Ameyaltepec. Note that I had recorded it long from Inocencio Jimenez but Florencia Marcelino apparently has it long. The recordings should be checked. Determine whether this must be obligatorily possessed as the cod N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] is presently defined as either being able to or not taking a possessive prefix. If the prefix is obligatory, then the coding should be changed. My original definition for this word was"inside pocket of ones cheek". However, given the explanation of Florencia and Inocencio I have changed it. See /kamaxikipilko/. Check length in Oapan and Am. Check with other forms of /chal/ or /cha:l/. kamachaleh confer Am 00086 tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 man (or woman) who works a hillside parcel (<klam>tlako:lo:hli</klam>) with a digging stick hombre (o mujer) que trabaja un terreno en una cuesta o cerrito (<klam>tlako:lo:hli</klam>) sembrado con coa Am, Oa tlako:l tla:hli <kn>Tlako:lo:lto:kake:tl</kn> is rarely used; much more common is the hispanized <kam>tlako:lo:le:roh</kam>. Check vowel length, as noted under /tlako:lo:hli/. Note use of /kinoto:kilia/ in C. Flores discussion here. tlako:lo:le:roh synonym Am 00087 te:kwa:ni te:kwa:ni te:kwa:ni te:kwa:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni N1 animal that bites (e.g., a dog); ferocious; one that attackes (e.g., a wild animal) mordiente (p. ej., un perro); bravo; uno que ataca (p. ej., un animal silvestre) Pending Notskwin te:kwa:ni katka. Am My dog used to bite (implying that the dog no longer bites, although it is possible that he is dead) Mi perro mordía (implicando que ya no muerde, aunque también puede significar que ya no vive). Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni. Am The <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> , it attacks, but they say it is tame with people. Only the <kam>te:kwa:ni</kam> can fight with it. El <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> , ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el <klam>te:kwa:ni</klam> puede vérselas conél. animal that stings (e.g., certain insects) animal que pica (p. ej., ciertos insectos) Pending Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ika itsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki. Am It stings (in this case the bee), it will sting you with its stinger. It (the stinger) remains there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes of (the bee), and then it dies right away. Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Alláse queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere. type of large, ferocious animal called <kam>ti:greh</kam> or, if female, <kam>ti:grah</kam> , in local Spanish tipo de animal grande y bravo, llamado <kam>ti:greh</kam> o, si una hembra, <kam>ti:grah</kam> , en el español local Pending animal mammal kwa Check length of /so:lo/ as well as final vowel. Nonspecific objects; /te:-/: /Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni/ 'The <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> , it attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the <kam>te:kwa:ni</kam> can fight with it.' Note the use of /te:-/ in the first form. The animal known as the /tla:lakato:chin/ is said to be /te:kwa:ni/ but, at the same time, is said to be /mansi:toh para je:nteh/ 'tame with people.' This demonstrates that the use of /te:-/ in /te:kwa:ni/ (as an attributive noun), does not refer to people, but rather to animates in general. Thus /te:kwani/ as an attributive noun should be translated simply as 'ferocious.' This analysis should be compared to other analyses in which /tla-/ is used in a context that signifies a human, as in /tlakwa:te:kia/. Note also the case in which /te:-/ signifies inanimates as in /te:wan tlapowtok/ 'it is counted with the rest' in reference to a bundle of firewood set slightly apart that, nevert he less, is counted with that which is together. Returning to /te:kwa:ni/: the fact that a phrase such as /te:kwa:ni pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh/ is possible suggests that the animal name /te:kwa:ni/, while it might refer to 'people-eating capacity' of the animalmay refer to general ferociousness with all animates. 00088 katlih katlih katlih katlih
11/Feb/2006
Pr(int) Pr-b where is it? (in reference to the location of some immobile object) ¿dónde está? (en cuanto a la ubicación física de algo material y no móvil) Pending Katlih mosombre:roh? Am Where is your hat? ¿Dónde estátu sombrero? katlih From the same root as in <kam>katlewa</kam>. <kam>Katlih</kam> is used only to inquire about the location of an object and not the destination of a person (viz., <klam>/ka:non</klam>). Do a recheck of the meaning and use of /katli/ and the difference from /ka:non/. Note that /katli/ this may well be related to /ka:n/ but vowel is definitely short. Check vowel length in Oa and Am. Recheck with /katlewa/ or Oa /kátlewá/. Emphatic pronouns: Note good example of use here wiht the discussion of this word by C. Flores. 00089 zzz This entry has been removed. It was originally /tete:mowilia/ with a pointer to /te:mowilia/. However, since the applicative /te:mowilia/ 'to miss (a person) for' does not exist (I think), this entry has been deleted (entry 00089) and the entry 00975, which used to be /te:mowilia/ has been changed to /tete:mowilia/.
24/Oct/2005
 00090 yzzz á:tsilwía á:tsilwia ká:tsilwía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-wia rdp-s/h Oa class-2a yes see <klam>a:tsetselwia</klam> véase <klam>a:tsetselwia</klam> Am, Oa a: tsel a:tsetselwia synonym Am 00091 yo:yotli yo:yotli yó:yotlí yó:yotli yó:yotlí yo:yohtle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 1(h) yes-lex generic name for a type of tree of which there are two major varieties: <kam>yo:yotli</kam> and <kam>okichyo:yotli</kam> (this latter itself has two genders, male and female) nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol del cual hay dos tipos principales, <kam>yo:yotli</kam>) y <kam>okichyo:yotli</kam> (esteúltimo tiene de por sídos variedades, una hembra y la otra macho) Am, Oa one of the two major types of types of <kam>yo:yotli</kam> , which is itself considered female uno de los dos tipos principales de <kam>yo:yotli</kam> , lo cual se considera hembra Am, Oa Yo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio, awiá:k. No: bwe:noh para tiktetemas motlai:xpan noso tikonka:was tio:pan. Ikuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k. Am <kam>Yo:yotli</kam> : It has a fragrant flower. It is good if you are going to lay down a bed of flowers at your altar, or if you are going to leave them at the church. Its wood is for firewood if it has dried. <kam>Yo:yotli</kam> : Tiene una flor fragante. Es bueno si vas a poner una capa de flores en tu altar, o si vas a dejarlas en la iglesa. Su madera is para leña si ya se secó. plant kohtli (pending) yoh Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>yoyote</spn>, a tree of the family <l>Apocynaceae</l>and the genus/species <l>Thevetia thevetioides</l>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:172) give this same tree as <spn>venenillo</spn> in Spanish. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote states:"(<i>Thevetia</i>, spp., e.g., <i>T. peruviana</i>) 'yellow oleander,' 'luckynut.' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yello, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called <spn>codo de fraile</spn>. Sap and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat sores and ulvers. Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca." The flowers of the female are sweet smelling unlike those of the male. The former are used as in the church, placed on the altar, any day when one has the desire to place an offering in the church. The seeds of the female are ground up and then used as chewing gum. The wood of both yoyotes is used as firewood. The wood of the female tree is used for slingshots because it has many branching arms; the wood of the male is used only for firewood. If the wood of the male has thick branches they can be used as estantes. The wood of the female is too small for this, but it is also very good for firewood. 00092 nakastlantepalka nakastlantepalka
22/Oct/2005
Adj(ap) N-N(At) N-ap to be hard of hearing tener dificultades en oir Am to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise) ser una persona que duerme profundamente (a quien el ruido no despierta fácilmente) Am Tinakastlantepalka. Tila:wak nonakas. Am You are a heavy sleeper. You have thick ears. Duermes profundamente (esto es, nada te despierta). Tienes los oidos gruesos. nakas tepalka -tlan Confirm that /nakastepalka/ Oapan and /nakastlantepalka/ Ameyaltepec are synonyms. If needed create two entries. nakastepalka synonym Am, Oa 00093 a:mapa:pa:lo:tl a:mapa:pa:lo:tl a:mapa:pa:lo:tl a:mapa:pa:lo:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 2 paper kite papalote de papel Oa a:ma pa:lo: 00094 matsi matsi
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Irregular: suppletive stem for <klamoa>mati</klamoa> see <klam>mati</klam> véase <klam>mati</klam> Pending <kam>Matsi</kam> is a suppletive stem of <klam>mati</klam> , found in such words as the durative <kn>mastok</kn> (with /ts/>/s/) and, palatalized, in <kn>maxtia</kn> (with /ch/>/x/). 00095 to:toltekakawatl to:toltekakawatl to:tolte:kawatl to:tolte:kawatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 eggshell (of an egg from any type of animal) cáscara de huevo (de un huevo de cualquier animal) Pending to:tol te kakawa Check vowel length of Oapan form which does not have reduplication. The form might be /to:tolte:kawatl/. Check for possessed form. I would imagine it exists as Intrinsic. 00096 kalmichin kalmichin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 small piece of carved wood (perhaps some 18 inches in length) that is hung from the <klam>neko:xtli</klam> in a thatched-roof huts, below the area called <klam>kaltsonko</klam> or <klam>kaltsontekomatl</klam>. It is often a simple ornament. pequeña (como medio metro de largo) pieza de madera colgada del <klam>neko:xtli</klam> en una casa con techo de zacate o palma, abajo de una zona llamada <klam>kaltsonko</klam> o <klam>kaltsontekomatl</klam>. A menudo es simplemente un ornamento. Am construct-part kal mich house; kahli, etc. Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. The <kam>kalmichin</kam> is no longer used, and many Ameyaltepequeños do not know what it is. However, from what people have said, it appears that this piece was decorational and served no particular function. Check for possessed form. 00097 nokwa to:nahli nokwa to:nahli
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>to:nahli</klam> véase <klam>to:nahli</klam> Am tlami to:nahli synonym Oa 00098 tlanwetsi tlanwetsi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(ts) to have a tooth fall out caersele un diente a Am, Oa O:nitlanwets, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. Am I had a tooth fall out, a rock hit me. Se me cayóun diente, me alcanzóuna piedra. tlan wetsi tlankope:wi synonym Oa 00099 okixtli okixtli okixtli okixtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) male (as opposed to female animal) macho (opuesto a hembra) Am, Oa Xne:chmaka se: motskwintsi:n, pero newa nikneki okixtli! Am Give me one of your puppies, but I want a male! ¡Dame uno de tus cachorritos, pero quiero un macho! (alienable possession) husband (posesión enajenable) esposo Pending Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iyokich! Am Don't say anything to her (in terms of courting), she has a husband! ¡No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene su esposo! In the Ameyaltepec compound <klam>kichkone:tl</klam> , the root <kroot>okich</kroot>(missing the initial /o/) is used as a modifier, indicating the sex of the nominal head. In contrasts with the use of <kroot>sowa:</kroot>, as in <klam>sowa:kone:tl</klam>. okich 00100 yo:ltamalteh yo:ltamalteh yo:ltamaltih yo:ltamaltih
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N1/2; Aln: <kamoa>noyo:ltamalwa:n</kamoa> dolls of boiled ground <klam>nextamahli</klam> (i.e., of <klam>tixtli</klam>) in various forms (of men and women and certain animals: snakes for when a snake has caused the <spn>susto</spn>, water animals for offerings in the river, etc.) that are left on top of a bed of leaves (<klam>xo:chia:pantli</klam>) as an offering to the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam> muñecas de masa de nixtamal (i.e., of <klam>tixtli</klam>) en varias formas (de hombres, mujeres y ciertos animales: culebras cuando una serpiente causóel susto, o animales del agua para ofrendas al río, etc.) que se dejan sobre una colcha de hojas (<klam>xo:chia:pantli</klam>) como una ofrenda a los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> durante la ceremonia de 'levantamiento de sombra' conocida en náhuatl como <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam> Pending yo:l tamal tlakaka:walistli The documented references to these objects has always been in the plural although the singular is grammatically correct. munye:kos. synonym Am, Oa 00101 tekoch tekoch tekoch tekoch
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1 type of woodpecker, family Picidae; the genus or species is still not identified, but perhaps <l>Centurus hypopolius</l>or a closely related species pájaro carpintero, familia Picidae; el género todavía no se identifica, pero quizáel <l>Centurus hypopolius</l>o una especie cercana Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 35, p. 251 lineated or checkered (e.g., cloth) lineado; de cuadros; de cuadros escoceses (p. ej., una tela) Pending Cho tekoxtsi:n nokoto:n. Am My shirt is checkerish. Mi camisa es de cuadritos. animal bird color tekoch The color or pattern signified by <kn>tekoch</kn> is derived from the woodpecker's appearance. When looking through a field guide to Mexican birds, Florencia Marcelino stated that the color pattern indicated by <kam>tekoch</kam> is found on birds such as the spotted owl. The lineated woodpecker was described by the term <koa>ye:lpantekoch</koa>. The <kam>tekoch</kam> is a bird commonly found on the <spn>órgano</spn> cactus, which it pecks at and perforates. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pájaro carpintero de cabeza roja.' <kn>Tekoch</kn> may be used as a nominal term or it may be used attributively to describe a particular color and pattern. It is often combined with a preceding nominal stem, which it modifies: <klam>tlake:ntekoch</klam> , <klam>koto:ntekoch</klam> , etc. tlake:ntekoch confer Am koto:ntekoch confer Am 00102 tlatlako:ltia kitlatlako:ltia tlátlakó:ltia tlátlakó:ltia kí:tlakó:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:tlakó:ltia</koa> class-2a yes-lex to blame; to accuse (unfairly, of something [O] didn't do or didn't intend to do) echar la culpa a; acusar (sin justificación, de algo que [O] no hizo o que no hizo a propósito) Pending to charge or entrust with a (not specified) task encargar (algo no especificado) a Pending Mistlatlako:ltian para xikchi:wa ma:ski xtiweli. Am They entrust you with something to do, even though you can't do it. Te encargan algo para hacer aunque no puedes. (refl.) to give (it, an unspecified task or similar action) a good try (refl.) entregarse o esforzarse (para hacer algo no especificado, como una tarea o trabajo); hacerle la lucha (para hacer algo) Pending Xmlák niweli, san nika:n nimotlatlako:ltitok. Am I can't really do it, I'm just here giving it a try. De veras no lo puedo hacer, solamente estoy aquíhaciéndole la lucha. Timotlatlako:lti:s para tiwelis. Am You will make a strong effort to learn (e.g., a language, a skill, etc.). Vas a hacer un gran esfuerzo para poder (p. ej., hablar una lengua, fabricar algo, adquirir una habilidad, etc.). Nimotlatlako:ltia para ma niweli espanyó:l kwa:k te:wan nimonono:tsa. Am I make a concerted effort to learn Spanish when I talk to people. Me esfuerzo para aprender español cuando plactico con la gente. htlak Recheck meaning and get further examples. In one filecard I mention that /tlatlako:ltia/ (in regards to the second sense) does not mean simply 'to charge or entrust with a task' but 'to charge or entrust (sb) with a task he or she cannot do.' This should be checked. 00103 patio:tia kipatio:tia patio:tia kipatio:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia Compl class-2a to raise the price of encarecer; subir el precio de Am, Oa Kipatio:tia tli:n kinamaka. Am He raises the price on what he sells. Encarece lo que vende. pati Molina has <kn>patiotia. nitla</kn> 'pagar, o dar el precio delo que se compra.' patio:tilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00104 te:lpokatsi:n te:lpokatsi:n te:lpakatsi:n te:lpa:tsi:n te:lpakatsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Irregular: <kamoa>note:lpoch</kamoa> ; pl. <kam>te:lpokatsitsi:nteh</kam> ; <koa>te:lpakatsitsi:ntih</koa> very young boy, between about 8 and 13 years old un muy joven muchacho, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad Pending age te:lpo:ch youth After about 13 years of age <kam>note:lpo:ch</kam> is used instead of <kam>note:lpokatsi:n</kam>. In terms of the range of ages to which <kam>te:lpokatsi:n</kam> is applicable, some consultants mention 8 to 13 (as noted in the definition), others mention 7 to 14. Apparently the upper limit is the marriageable age of a young boy. Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/ The relationship between /te:lpokawa/, /te:lpokatsi:n/, /te:lpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed. 00105 zzz Was /A:wa:xtitlan/ switched to Toponym database.
27/Jan/2005
 00106 te:lpo:xtli te:lpo:xtli te:lpo:xtli te:lpo:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old jovencito o muchacho de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad Pending (possessed) son (generally speaking, from some 15 years on, including after marriage) (poseído) hijo (en general, desde más o menos los 15 años hasta muy grande, incluyendo después de casarse) Pending age te:lpo:ch youth Although several consultants have suggested that <kam>te:lpo:xtli</kam> is the semantic equivalent of <kam>te:lpokawah</kam> , others have suggested a difference (which, if found to be true, would probably hold as well for <klam>ichpo:xtli</klam> and <klam>ichpokawah</klam>). Thus Pánfilo Lorenzo suggested that <kam>te:lpo:xtli</kam> is a"friendlier"term than <kam>te:lpokawah</kam> ; others have said that <kam>te:lpo:xtli</kam> refers to a boy at the beginning of the marrriage cycle (i.e., close to 15 years of age) whereas <klam>te:lpokawah</klam> is used at a slightly older age. te:lpokawah synonym Am te:lpakawah synonym Oa 00107 mexkalte:koh mexkalte:koh mexkalte:koh mexkalte:koh
22/Oct/2005
N N-gen Gender; N1 person from Mezcala persona de Mezcala Pending mexkal -te:koh Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilicios (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. 00108 xa:hloh xa:hloh xa:hloh xa:hloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be full of or covered with sand (an area) estar lleno o cubierto de arena (unaárea) Am, Oa (<kn>i:pan</kn> ~) sandy place (e.g., the bank of a river, the beach, etc.) (<kn>i:pan</kn> ~) lugar arenoso (p. ej., la orilla de un río, la playa, etc.) Am, Oa xa:l Elicit a phrase for the"locative"use of /xa:hloh/; check whether the sequence /i:pan xa:hloh/ is correct. I have removed the following as unconfirmed: /Xaxa:hloh nokaltso:n./ 'My <kam>calzones</kam> are covered with sand.' 00109 yzzz tlase:wi:hlo:tl tlase:wi:hlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 shade sombra (un lugar sin sol) Oa shadow sombra (proyección que falta luz) Oa reflection reflejo Oa se:wi Oapan <koa>tlase:wihlo:tl</koa> has a meaning of 'reflection' that is apparently not included in the Ameyaltepec cognate <klam>tlase:wahlo:tl</klam>. Although the two words <koa>tlase:wihlo:tl</koa> and <kam>tlase:wahlo:tl</kam> are very close cognates they perhpas have somewhat distinct etymologies. The Oapan word might be related to the verb <kloa>se:wiya</kloa>with senses such as 'turn off (a fire, light, etc.),' 'relax,' etc. The Ameyaltepec word might be related to the impersonal verb <klam>se:wa</klam> , referring to 'coldness.' Check for possessed form. Probably one exists. tlase:wahlo:tl equivalent Am se:wahlo:tl equivalent Am 00110 metolin metolin metolih metolin metolih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 type of worm-like animal (<kam>yo:lka:tsi:n</kam> , perhaps maggots) tipo de animal como gusano (<kam>yo:lka:tsi:n</kam>) Am, Oa animal worm metol RS gives <kn>metolin</kn> 'piojo blanco que ataca el cuerpo humano; especie de tiña'; Molins has for <kn>metolloa</kn> 'apolillarse la ropa.' metohlowa confer Am 00111 tsono:kilia kitsono:kilia tsono:kilia kitsono:kilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to pour a stream (of a liquid) on; to bathe by pouring (a liquid) on (e.g., a person, plant, etc., by tilting or turning some liquid-filled container upside down and rapidly dumping the a great quantity of liquid contents on) verter o echar un chorro de (un líquido) sobre; bañar (con un líquido, p. ej., a una persona, planta, etc., al inclinar o invertir algún recipiente boca abajo y derramar una gran cantidad de líquido sobre) Am, Oa DT #1: 557 Pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. Am because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground. porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. tson no:ki tsono:kia verb_base Am tsono:kiya verb_base Oa 00112 yema:nka:toto:nki yema:nka:toto:nki yema:nka:toto:nki yema:nka:toto:nki
09/Feb/2006
Adj Part-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia[v] Lex. rdp-s to be lukewarm (food, water, etc.) estar tibio (comida, agua, etc.) Am, Oa temperature yema:n to:n Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that with Oapan /yema:nkatoto:nki/ there is no reduction of the reduplicated pattern, probably given the lexicalized nature of this word and meaning. Check vowel length of /ka:/ syllab.e 00113 mayeti:ya mayeti:ya máyetí:ya mayeti:ya máyetí:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] class-4b(ya-x) yes for ones arms to feel heavy sentir los brazos pesados y cansados Am, Oa O:nimayeti:yak. Yo:nisiaw, xok nike:wa noma. Am My arms felt heavy. I got tired, I can't hold up my arms anymore. Sentílos brazos pesados. Ya me cansé, ya no puedo alzar los brazos. mah e <kam>Ma:yeti:ya</kam> refers to the process whereby ones arms get to feel heavy, particularly when they tire after bearing a weight or repeating a specific action or movement. The pitch-accent in the Oapan form suggests an underlying {mah + yeti:ya} with {h} in the suppletive stem for 'arm' or 'hand' being a source of the pitch-accent. However, the vowel length of the incorporated noun might be underlying long (/ma:-/) and the pitch-accent the result of reduced reduplication of the verbal stem. There are other such cases of reduplication and the simple assignment of pitch-accent to a preceding long vowel (usually with body-part incorporation). If this were the case the initial vowel in Oapan might be long (check). Check vowel lenght in Am form. mayetiya Check for both Oapan and Ameyaltepec cognate. I have analyzed /yeti.ya/ here as derived from /ye/. This should be kept consistent throughout the dictionary. Check. Also standardize whether root should be /ye/ or simply /e/. 00114 xama:nia kixama:nia xama:nia kixama:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to break up or crumble (sth brittle and hard, for example by pounding) desmoronar; quebrar o romper (algo duro y quebradizo, p. ej., al golpearlo) Am, Oa Xikxaxama:ni un tenextli ika tetl, yo:tepi:tsiw! Am Break up that piece of lime (by pounding it) with a stone, it has already hardened! ¡Rompe ese pedazo de cal (al golpearlo) con una piedra, ya se puso duro! Kixama:ni:s un to:toltetl. Am He's going to smash that egg (shattering its shell). Va a aplastar ese huevo (rompiendo su cáscara). Xikxa:xama:ni toomitew ika a:chah! Am Break up that soup bone with an axe! ¡Hazle pedazos con una hacha a ese hueso para sopa! Xikxaxamani notlikuw! Am Chop up my firewood (i.e., split it up into many pieces)! ¡Házle añicos a mi leña (esto es, rómpela en muchos pedazos)! xama: omitl de wa:kax tlikuwtli kwa:k deke de melá:k o:wa:k In Oapan, the most common form of this verb is the reduplicated derivative, <koa>kí:xama:nia</koa>. xama:nilia val_add_applic Am 00115 kapi:res kapi:res kapi:res kapi:res kapi:res Tetel
11/Feb/2006
capires N N-loan N1 fruit of the tree called <spn>capire</spn> in Spanish fruta delárbol llamado capires Am, Oa by extension the tree that bears the above-mentioned fruit; see <klam>kapi:reskohtli</klam> por extensión elárbol que da la fruta susodicha; véase <klam>kapi:reskuhtli</klam> Am, Oa plant kohtli Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the <spn>capire</spn> as of the family <i>Sapotaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list <spn>capire</spn>, nor the genus/species <i>Sideroxylon capiri</i>. A shade tree, it always has its leaves. Its fruit is edible; it is small, like the /kowi:skitl/. It is a large, tall and thick tree. Its wood is used in San Juan for for /timon/ and /manse:rah/ of a plow; however, in Ameyaltepec it is only used for firewood. There, as in Oapan, the /i:skixo:chitl/ is used for plow /timon/ and /manse:rah/. Recheck vowel length as in botanical notes I have a long /a:/ with the note that this should be the form recorded in the lexicon. kapi:rekohtli natural Am kapi:reskohtli natural Oa 00116 tsi:nokwihloh tsi:nokwihloh tsi:nkwikwihloh tsi:nkwikwihloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh Lex. rdp-s (Oa) to be uneasy estar inquieto Pending tsi:n okwil The Oapan form <koa>tsi:nkwkwihloh</koa> has a reduplicated adjectival (which modifies the head noun) that is absent in Ameyaltepec. Check precise meaning and use; context when a person is described as /tsi:nokihloh/. Make sure there is a final /h/. Check for absence of reduplication in the Ameyaltepec form. 00117 tsi:na:yakachowa notsi:na:yakachowa tsi:na:yakachowa notsi:na:yakachowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[x][refl] class-2b (refl.) to shake ones hips or rear end (e.g., while dancing) (refl.) menearse las caderas o nalgas (p. ej., al bailar) Am, Oa motion-nontranslational tsi:n a:yakach Check for intransitive forms (e.g., /a:yakachiwi/ and /tsi:na:yakachiwi/); and check for non-reflexive use of transitive. Check vowel length length of /a:/. 00118 Temonextsi:n Temonextsi:n Témonéxtsi:n Temonextsi:n Témonéxtsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex slightly fuzzy"star,"probably the galaxy in Andromeda "estrella"algo borroso, probablemente la galaxia de Andromeda Am, Oa heavens te- mohnex My notes are inconclusive on the identification of this heavenly body, but my recollection is that it is a greyish and poorly defined"star."This characteristic would seem to identify it with a galaxy visible to the naked eye, the most prominent of which is that in Andromeda. The pitch-accent present in <koa>témonéxtsi:n</koa> suggests an underlying {h}. However, the location of this element is not clear, nor is the etymology of <koa>témonéxtsi:n</koa> and cognate forms. No similar word has been found in outside lexical sources, although simple <kn>nextik</kn> is quite common accross dialects. temonextik (for location of underlying /h/, if there is one. Note that the pitch-accent is present in /mónextík/ or similar Oapan terms, which suggests that if there is an underlying {h} it is in the syllable /moh/. Check both dialects. si:tlalin 00119 tsakwa:nia tsakwa:nia tsakwa:nia tsakwa:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x) to become thick (a liquid like atole in cooking, natural paint when resin is added, etc.) hacerse espeso (un líquido como el atole al cocerse, pintura natural al agregarsele resina, etc.) Am, Oa Yo:tsakwa:niak, xok a:tki, yo:a:tetso:liw. Am It's thickened, it's no longer watery, the water has evaporated (or been boiled) out of it. Ya se hizo espeso, ya no estáaguado, el agua lo ha dejado (p. ej., al evaporarse, al hervirse el líquido, etc.). to become muddied (and for this reason"thick,"e.g., a river during the rainy season) quedar enturbiado (y por eso,"espeso,"como un río crecido y lodoso durante la temporada de lluvias) Pending Yo:tsakwa:niak un a:te:ntli, yo:moya:w a:tl. Am That river has become thick (with mud), the water has gotten stirred up (from the torrential rains). Ese río se espesó(con lodo), el agua se agitó(de las aguas torrenciales). consistency tsakwa:n a:to:hli kwa:k xkite:kilian a:tl Check for transitive; check for Classical cognate to /tetsa:wa/. Check, given that the Classical /tetsa:wa/ has a long /a:/ that might be the basis for /tsakwa:nia/. tsakwa:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00120 ma:yeyeka ma:yeyeka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b rdp-s/h Am class-4a to be fast with ones hands (e.g., in working, in doing a task or chore) ser rápido con las manos (p. ej., en trabajar, en hacer una tarea, etc.) Am Xma:yeyeka! Am Hurry up with what you are doing with your hands! ¡Apúrate con lo que estás hacienda con las manos! Melá:k tima:yeyeka, wel titlakwilowa. Am You are really fast with your hands, you know how to write. De veras eres muy rápido con las manos, sabes bien como escribir. ma: e:ka Ameyaltepec <kam>ma:yeyeka</kam> is virtually equivalent to <kam>ma:isiwi</kam> ; the antonym of both is <kam>ma:yo:li:k</kam>. ma:isiwi The word /ma:yeyeka/ is apparently equivalent to /ma:isiwi/: but check. Check vowel length in Oapan cognate /máisíwi/ for long initial /a/. It has not so been recorded but this should be checked. Perhaps /yeyeka/ should be considered as lexicalized reduplication. má:isíwi synonym Oa 00121 tlapi:tske:tl tlapi:tske:tl tlapi:tske:tl tlapi:tske:tl
11/Feb/2006
N Stem 2 N-ag-ke:tl musician who plays a wind instrument, particularly a brass instrument músico que toca un instrumento de viento, particularmento uno de metal Pending pi:tsa The agentive form <kn>tlapi:tske:tl</kn> is acceptable, though much less common than the generalized <klam>tlapi:tski</klam>. Four additional tokens of this word are at 3871. tlapi:tski equivalent Am 00122 mento:narowa nomento:narowa
11/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>mentar</spn> No V2 V2-alt-wi[refl] class-2b (refl.) to shoot off at the mouth; to talk like a big shot (refl.) engreirse; hablar con presunción y vanidad; fanfarronear Am Yo:pe:w nomento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan. Am They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint. Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse. Yo:pe:w nomento:narowa, o:tla:wa:n. Am He's started to talk like a big shot, he's drunk. Ya empezóa fanfarronear, se emborrachó. The meaning of <kam>ento:narowa</kam> is probably derived from a figurative meaning of <spn>entonar</spn>. Thus the <tit>Diccionario de la lengua española</tit>of the Real Academia Española gives under <spn>entonar</spn> 'fig. Desvanecerse, engreírse.' Check meaning and etymology. 00123 kwalaktli kwalaktli kwalahtli kwelahtli kwalahtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-ni-k Stem 1(:) drool; saliva baba; saliva Am, Oa Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. Am Saliva is coming out of its mouth, it probably has <klam>kamaye:rbah</klam> (a type of mouth infection or fungus). Se le estásaliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene <klam>kamaye:rbah</klam> (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). body-internal kwala: <kam>Kwalaktli</kam> Note derivation process leading to /kwalaktli/ 'saliva' and derivation from /kwala:ni/. 00124 itiko:tsi:liwi itiko:tsi:liwi ítiko:tsi:líwi itiko:tsi:liwi ítiko:tsi:líwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi[x] class-3a(w) yes-lex to have stomach cramps or a stomach ache (related to the sense that ones intestines are twisting in knots, e.g., when one has diarrhea) tener calambres, retorcijones o fuertes dolores en el estómago (relacionado con el sentido de que se le entuercen los intestinos, p. ej., cuando a uno le da diarea) Am, Oa body-disease hti ko:tsi:l koltotsiwi; ko:tsi:liwi; makakachiwi; pa:lakachiwi Check to see if a transitive form exists. Check length of /i:/ of /-tsi:liwi/ as I have it recorded both long and short in different examples. For onomasiological section include those words relating to twisting and shrinking, etc. /ko:tsi:liwi/, /koltotsiwi/, /malakachiwi/, /palachachiwi/, etc. itikoltotsiwi confer Am 00125 a:tekonyo:hli a:tekonyo:hli a:tekonyo:hli a:tekonyo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 seeds of the <klam>a:tekomatl</klam> gourd semillas del <klam>a:tekomatl</klam> Pending plant part a: tekoma yo:l 00126 tsi:ntli:ltik tsi:ntli:ltik tsi:ntli:ltik tsi:ntli:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a black bottom or base; to have a black rear end tener la base o la parte inferior negra; tener las nalgas negras Am, Oa to have black roots (e.g., hair) tener las raices negras (p. ej., el cabello) Pending I:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh. Am The type of eyelashes known as <klam>i:xte:nka:la:tl</klam> have little black roots. El tipo de pestañas llamadas <klam>i:xte:nka:la:tl</klam> tienen las raices negritas. tsi:n tli:l ko:ntli nexko:ntli 00127 tlachialtia kitlachialtia tlachialtia kitlachialtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make conscious; to bring to; to resuscitate (e.g., sb who has fainted) hacer conciente; resuscitar (p. ej., algn que se había desmayado) Pending to bring to health (e.g., a person or animal that has suffered a disease, a plant suffering from blight or a lack of water) hacer recuperar la salud (p. ej., una persona o animal que estaba enfermo, una planta que sufría por una enfermedad o falta de agua) Pending Tle:ka tia:s? Xok tiktlachialti:s motah! Am Why are you going (said by an irate husband to his wife who was going to see her sick father)? You won't bring your father back to health! ¿Por quévas a ir (dicho por un esposo enojado a su esposa que iba a ver a su padre)?¡Ya no vas a hacer que tu papárecupere la salud! to make sober; to sober up (a person who is drunk) despejar; hacer sobrio a (una persona que se había emborrachado) Pending Xkoni refre:skoh para mitstlachialti:s! Am Drink a soda so that it sobers you up! ¡Bebe un refresco para que te despeje! to make (sb) look around; to show (not by holding up an object for a person to see, but by making that person see, perhaps by taking him or her to a specific location) hacer (a algn) mirar o observar; hacer ver; hacer observar (p. ej., al llevar la persona a algún lugar) Pending Papa:kin ikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kakeh, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:no:n u:nkah mi:hli. Tla:ki. Am His children are happy, he took them with him, he took them so that they could see how the maize plants are doing. They are coming to fruit. Sus niños están felices, ya se los llevaron, ya los llevópara ver como estála milpa. Están rindiendo. (with locational adverb or directional prefix) to point the gaze of; to make (sb) face and look at; to turn (sb) to (the direction indicated by the adverb or directional) (con adverbio de lugar o un prefijo direccional) encarar hacia; hacer mirar o orientar (a algn) para ver; apuntar (a algn o algo hacia el lugar indicado por el adverbio o direccional) Pending O:tine:xtlachialtih para ne:yhka, ka:n niá:s. Am You made me face over there (a place out of eyesight), where I will go. Me encaraste hacia allá(un lugar fuera de vista) donde voy a ir. Na:nika o:kwa:ltlachialtih para na:nika wa:hla:s. Am He turned it (in this case a car) to face in this direction so that it would come in this direction. Lo orientó(en este caso un coche) hacia acápara que viniera en esta dirección. Xkwa:ltlachialti moxwi:tsi:n! Am Make your grandchild look over in this direction! ¡Haz mirar hacia acáa tu nieto! chia <kn>Tlachialtia</kn> is a transitive verb the object of which may be a person or object that is resuscitated, made sober, etc. However, in the sense of 'to point the gaze of' or 'to make face and look' this verb takes an adverbial clause indicating the direction or location that is the focus of the action. This may be a directional prefix (as in <kn>xkwa:ltlachialti moxwitsi:n</kn>) or it may be an adverbial clause. The literal meaning in these cases is more to 'to make (sb) visibly aware of (complement).' Although apparently this very is only transitive and thus would only one object (and not an additional complement), it does appear to always occur with some sort of adjunct, as in the phrase <kam>Yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli</kam> 'he took them to see how the maize was.' The literal meaning seems to have more the sense of <kam>he made them visibly aware</kam>. Yet the syntactic status of <kam>ke:non unkah mi:hli</kam> is unclear. tlachia verb_base Am, Oa 00128 yeyekana:miki yeyekana:miki yéye:kana:míki yeye:kana:miki yéye:kana:míki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b Lex rdp-s yes-rdp class-3a(k)(Am:long) to meet the wind head on (e.g, as one rides a fast horse, is sitting on top of a moving bus, etc.); to have the wind blow hard in ones face as one moves quickly tener el viento el la cara al moverse rápidamente; tener el viento en contra, pegándole (p. ej., al correr montado en un caballo rápido, al estar sentado por el techo de un camión corriendo, etc.) Pending e:ka na:miki 00129 tlawe:lse:wi tlawe:lse:wi tlawe:ltse:wi tlawe:ltse:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi(a) class-3a(w) to have ones anger or bad mood subside; to calm down (from being mad) calmarsele el mal humor o genio a; calmarse (de haberse enojado) Am, Oa Yo:nitlawe:lse:w. Am I've already calmed down. Ya me calmé emotions tlawe:l se: Check for transitive ?tlawe:lse:wia, which I imagine does exist. 00130 ikxiteki kikxiteki ixiteki kixiteki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to cut on the leg cortarle la pierna a Pending to amputate the leg of amputarle la pierna a Pending kxi teki Check whether /ikxitsonteki/ is also acceptable. 00131 pitsotik pitsotik pitsotik pitsotik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be dirty; to be slovenly (particularly in eating habits) estar desaseado; estar sucio (particularmente en la manera de comer) Pending San pitsotik, san ke:n ihki tlakwa. Am He's slovenly, he just eats in whatever way (he likes). Es sucio, come como quiera. pitso 00132 nochiwiá:n nochiwiá:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-pl everywhere; in all parts or places por todos lados; por todas partes Am Kwa:k ye u:nkah, nochiwiá:n u:nkah. Am When there finally is some (e.g., a fruit during its season), there is some everywhere. Cuando por fin hay, hay en todos lados. nochi -ya:n The origin of <kam>wi</kam> in words such as <kn>nochiwiá:n</kn>, <kn>no:wiá:n</kn>, or <kn>towiá:n</kn> is not entirely clear. Check vowel length here and in /nowiá:n/. C The origin of <kam>wi</kam> in words such as <kn>nochiwiá:n</kn>, <kn>no:wiá:n</kn>, or <kn>towiá:n</kn> is not entirely clear. It might be epenthetic or it might represent some morpheme, either diachronically or synchronically relevant. All such words should be isolated and compared, however, it seems to occur only before /-yá:n/ as a final, accented morpheme. nowiá:n equivalent Am nowiya:n equivalent Oa 00133 tla:lchi:wahli tla:lchi:wahli tla:lchi:wahli tla:lchi:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-V2)-Ag N-dvb-pas Stem 3 land that has been cleared, broken in, worked, and planted (even though at this precise moment it may be fallow) tierra que ha sido limpiada, trabajada y sembrada (aunque en el momento de hablar estédescansando) Pending tla:l chi:wa tla:hli <kam>Tla:lchi:wahli</kam> refers to land that has been prepared and planted in the past, even though it may be lying fallow. That is, it refers to land that has been used but not to land that is necessarily in use. Check for possessed form. 00134 te:nistekwi kite:nistekwi te:nistekwi kite:nistekwi
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(kw) to pinch the chin of pellizcar el mentón de Am, Oa Tle:ka note:ntlapachotok? Yes pa:mpa o:kite:niistehkeh. Am Why does he have his mouth covered (e.g., with a paliacate)? It must be because someone (e.g., his girlfriend) pinched him on the chin (leaving an embarrassing mark). ¿Por quétiene la boca tapada (p. ej., con un paliacate)? Debe ser porque alguien (p. ej., su novia) le pellizóel mentón (dejándole una marca embarasoza). Although in other lexemes the nominal root <kroot>istitl</kroot>appears, in <kam>te:nistekwi</kam> the alternative <kn>istetl</kn> is found. Nevertheless, for cross-referencing purposes the root has been standardized to <kroot>sti</kroot>. te:n sti kwi 00135 tlatla:kihlo:tl tlatla:kihlo:tl tlatla:kihlo:tl tlatla:kihlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 see <klam>tla:kihlo:tl</klam> véase <klam>tla:kihlo:tl</klam> Pending Check difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /tlatlakihlo:tl/. Apparently the latter is not reduplicated but rather has the /tla-/ prefix. Check. Check and make sure of possessed form Check length of /i/ in the penultimate syllable. I have changed this several times. 00136 yzzz tlakwaltsi:nko tlakwaltsi:nko
22/Oct/2005
Loc N-loc-tla-tsi:n place that is well-arranged or manicured; place that is pretty lugar que estábien arreglado; lugar bien bonito Oa kwal -ko tlakwaltsi:n synonym Am 00137 tsontekonyamana kitsontekonamana kitsontekonyamana tsontekonyámaná tsontekonyamana kitsontekonyámaná
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a yes-lex to give a headache to; to bother darle un dolor de cabeza a; molestar; desagradar Am, Oa (refl.) to feel under pressure; to feel bothered or tense; to be upset; to become frustrated or bothered (refl.) sentirse bajo presión; sentirse tenso; molestarse; desagradarse Am, Oa emotions tson tekoma ahmana tsontekonyamana; tsontekontlapa:na; kwa:tlapa:na Determine the contexts under which one might use this reflexively, i.e., what type of emotions are involved. Check and cf to kwáyamána Oapan pitch-accent; stress shift: Note that for /kwá:yamána/ the pitch-accent shifts left onto the long vowel of teh incorporated noun. In /tsontekonyámaná/ there is no such left shift. The question is why and this is not certain. One reason might be syllable weight. This would make sense although more evidence from other cases would need to be studied. kwa:yamana synonym Am kwá:yamána synonym Oa 00138 zzz I originally had /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ here but Cristino Flores indicated that this is in error. The correct form is /ni:xkwi:ti:hli/.
30/Jul/2005
 00139 -tiw cho:katiw -tiw cho:katiw
11/Feb/2006
Associated motion ending Irregular/associated motion: imperf. <kam>-tia:ya</kam> ; perfective. <kam>-tiah</kam> ; future. <kam>-tiá:s</kam> ; conditional. <kam>-tia:skia</kam> , imperative/optative and present <kam>-tiw</kam> aspectual ending terminación aspectual Am, Oa yaw 00140 -teko cho:kateko -'tekó -teko cho:kátekó
11/Feb/2006
Associated motion ending class-4a/associated motion yes-lex to occur (with intransitive verbs) or do (with transitive verbs) upon arriving here (at a particular location located toward a deictic reference point) occurir (con verbos intransitivos) o hacer (con verbos transitivos) al llegar allá(a un lugar en una dirección intraversa de un punto de referencia deíctica) Pending Nitlakwatekos tio:tlak, yeniaw. Am I will eat when I get back here in the afternoon (i.e., I will eat upon arriving here), I'm on my way now. Voy a comer al regresar aquíen la tarde (esto es, voy a comer al llegar acá), ya me voy. (with intransitive verbs) to occur in hitting the ground (here, toward a particular deictic reference point, usually speaker location) (con verbos intransitivos) ocurrir en llegar a tocar tierra (acá, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica, usualmente la ubicación del hablante) Pending O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok. Am You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a thud. Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo. O:tlapa:ntekok nopla:toh. Am My plate fell and broke as it hit the ground. Se cayómi plato y se rompióal estrellar contra el suelo. ehko The aspectual marker <kam>-teko</kam> is the antonym of <klam>-tasi</klam>. It signifies that an action takes place over a horizontal or vertical plane, with the action signalled by the verb occuring at a location toward a deictic reference point. Often the present is used even with a future event. In a phrase such as <kam>nitlakwatekos</kam> the fact that a"return"is involved is implied by the deictic nature of the action. Given that it occurs upon"arriving here"and the speaker is the one who will perform the action, the implication is that the speaker will first leave"here"(a reference point usually associated with the speaker, particularly when a 1st-person subject is both actor and speaker) and then return, carrying out the action signified by the verb upon arrival. yeko confer Am 00141 ixwi:wtli ixwi:wtli ixwi:htli ixwi:htli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) grandchild (male or female) nieto(a) Pending Newa umpa nixwi:wtli, newa ne:chmakas. Am I am the grandchild there (i.e., in respect to a member of the household in question), it will be to me whom he gives it (in this case sth requested in loan). Allíyo soy el nieto (esto es, en un hogar), es a mía quien lo va a dar (en este caso algo pedido prestado). Tewa mitsixwi:w mokoko:l. Am You are the grandchild of your grandfather. Tu eres el nieto de tu abuelo. kin xwi:w The stem-final /w/ is lost in the diminutive form <kn>noxwi:tsi:n</kn> (in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec), which suggests that historically it might not be part of the underlying stem. Indeed, historically it might derive from the possessed marker <kn>-w</kn> that has fused to the original root. Note that the poss. retains /w/ in the non-diminutive but with the diminutive, which is commonly used, /w/ deletes: /noxwi:tsi:n/ 'my little grandchild'. Cf. Dakin's comment that final /w/ might be related to possessive marker. Diminutive <kn>noxwi:tsi:n</kn> 00142 chikna:wtipan chikna:wtipan chikna:htipah chikna:htipan chikna:htipah
11/Feb/2006
N Num-N(rel) N-loc-1-tipan N1 literally 'place of nine,' this is the residence of the <kam>yeyeka:meh</kam> , or evil spirits, that cause people harm, illness, and soul-loss literalmente 'lugar de nueve', este es la residencia de los <kam>yeyeka:meh</kam> , aires o espíritus malos que causan daños, enfermedades, y susto a la gente Pending In Ruiz de Alarcón there are references to <kam>chicnauhtopan</kam> , literally"nine above us,"a place toward which, apparently, many of the chants are directed. Clearly the present-day <kam>chikna:wtipan</kam> represents an identical concept, perhaps simply through a reinterpretation of <kam>-topan</kam>. chik na:wi -tipan 00143 kochka:yoh xkochka:yoh kochka:yoh xkochka:yoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg (<kn>x</kn> ~) to not be sleepy (e.g., a person up late and not working but rather watching over others, e.g, in a vigil); to be unable to sleep (<kn>x</kn> ~) estar sin sueño (p. ej., una persona que queda despierta toda la noche, no trabajando pero cuidando a otros); no poder dormir Pending Xtikochka:yoh, tewa xtikochis. Am You are not sleepy, you will be the one not to fall asleep. No tienes sueño, túvas a ser el que no se duerme. kochi 00144 se:ka:nowa kise:ka:nowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-2b to sling or place across ones chest (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that crosses diagonally in front and back of ones torso) colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa diagonalmente por el pecho y la espalda) Am se:ka:n ma:se:ka:titlan <kam>Se:ka:nowa</kam> might well be an apocopated form of <klam>ma:se:ka:nowa</klam> , which itselft seems related to several other lexical items such as <klam>ma:se:ka:titlan</klam>. Check to make sure <kam>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</kam> is the equivalent of <kam>se:ka:no:ltia</kam>. Check to see if /sekatitlan/ is a word. Apparently /se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc. Check! Since in Tetelcingo one finds the equivalent of /se:yekatitla/ the vowel length should be checked here in /se:ka:nowa/ and similar words. se:ka:no:ltia val_add_caus Am ma:se:ka:nowa synonym Am ma:se:ka:na synonym Oa 00145 zzz This used to be an entry for /sentetl/. It has since been removed as a duplicate. Tag speech tokens fro there with number 2766.
09/Aug/2005
The speech tokens here should be tagged as 2766, however, given that they are early with a lot of echo, they should not be linked to the dictionary. 00146 tlatsatsakwilia kitlatsatsakwilia tlá:tsakwília tlá:tsakwilia kitlá:tsakwília
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-2a yes-rdp to fill in colors within outlined shapes (e.g., of an amate or other drawing) for rellenar los espacios con colores (de un dibujo de blanco y negro) para Pending A:kinon tiktlatsatsakwilitok? Am Who are you filling things (drawings) in for? ¿Para quién estás rellenando (algo como amates)? tsakwa tsakwilia minus_tla Am, Oa 00147 tlana:miktia tlana:miktia tlana:mihtia tlana:mihtia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to conduct a marriage ceremony (e.g., a priest or judge) casar en una ceremonia (p. ej., un sacerdote o juez) Am, Oa tatli wa:n na:ntli na:miki na:miktia minus_tla Am na:mihtia minus_tla Oa 00148 xo:mah i:xo:mah
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 lips (of people and certain animals) labios (de humanos y ciertos animales) Am snout (of an animal, particularly mammals) hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias) Am body xo:mah pitso burroh Florencia Marcelino did not accept <koa>xo:mah</koa> but rather <kloa>te:nxo:mah</kloa>. Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.) te:nxo:mah synonym Am te:nxo:mah synonym Oa 00149 yzzz i:xtéme:tsowília i:xtéme:tsowilia ki:xtéme:tsowília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.) ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que estábien medido) Pending i:x tehme:ts The etymology of <kam>i:xteme:tsowilia</kam> is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is <kroot>i:x</kroot>and, perhaps, <kroot>te</kroot>. No other dialects have been found with any words resembling either <kn>teme:tsowa</kn> or <kn>me:tsowa</kn>. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl <koa>i:xtéme:tsowilia</koa> would be helpful. As with other words, it is unclear whether the <kn>te-</kn> element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., <kam>i:xtetl</kam>), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'. i:xteme:tsowilia Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect. Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct. i:xte:nteme:tsowilia synonym Am 00150 tio:tlaki:ltih tio:tlaki:ltih
11/Feb/2006
Interj pl. <kam>tio:tlakiki:ltikeh</kam> Good afternoon (from noon to vespers; reverential) Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración; reverencial) Am Ma tio:tlaki:ltih! Am Have a very good afternoon (reverential)! ¡Quétenga unas muy buenas tardes (reverencial)! tio: -tlak The afternoon greeting <kam>tio:tlaki:ltih</kam> (cf. <klam>tio:tlakih</klam>) is the only reverential form that has been noted among all greetings. It seems to be used only toward individuals (e.g., godparents) to whom one owes a certain amount of respect, though more often, even in such situations, the unmarked <klam>tio:tlakih</klam> is used. The reverential form was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino as correct for Oapan. Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Check for long vowel before causative. tlapoya:wilih confer Am tio:tlakih synonym Am tio:tlakeh synonym Oa 00151 tla:wa:nke:tl tla:wa:nke:tl tla:wa:nke:tl tla:wa:nke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 drunkhard; alcoholic borracho; alcohólico Pending Niman tla:wa:nke:tl ki:sa ke:n itah. Am Right away (at an early age) he's turned out to be a drunkard like his father. Luego luego (a una edad temprana) sale borracho como su papá. drunk borracho (en el sentido adjectival) Pending Ya:lwa nitla:wa:nke:tl katka. Oa I was drunk yesterday. Ayer estaba yo borracho. tla:wa: In Oapan (and probably in Ameyaltepec as well) the nominal <kamoa>tla:wa:nke:tl</kamoa> is used to indicate a state of drunkeness. To reference a drunkhard it is much more common to use the partial borrowing <kamoa>tlawanke:roh</kamoa>. /-ki/ is not acceptable. Check vowel length. Check whether possession is possible. If so add Aln(ag) 00152 tlakwi:lia kitlakwi:lia tlá:kwí:lia tlá:kwi:lia kitlá:kwí:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V2-d-ap class-2a yes-rdp (Oa: with short vowel reduplication of verbal stem) to run off with the girlfriend or boyfriend, or even wife or husband, of (Oa: con reduplicación de vocal corta de la raíz verbal) bajarsele la novia o novio, o hasta el esposo o la esposa, a Am, Oa O:kitlakwi:likeh. Am His girlfriend was taken away from him. Se le bajaron su querida. kwi Apparently <kam>tlakwi:lia</kam> can also be used with an object that references either a man or a woman; however it seems to be much more commonly used in reference to men having their partners taken away by another suitor. Cristino Flores stated that this word is used to refer to taking anything away form someone; if one wishes to refer to a woman, one uses <klam>sowakwi:lia</klam>. kwi:lia minus_tla Am, Oa 00153 kakahli kakahli kákahlí kakahli kákahlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>í:kál</koa> Stem 3 yes-rdp awning; canopy (e.g., like those supported on four poles and sustained over a saint during a procession) toldo; dosel; baldaquín; pabellón (p. ej., la tela que se porta con cuatro estandartes arriba de un santo durante una procesión) Am, Oa blind (such as that used by a hunter to hide from prey) escondite (de los que utilizan los cazadores para que no se vean) Pending shell (of a snail) cáscara (de un caracol) Pending kal The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers <kn>i-</kn> and <kn>in-</kn>. Thus one finds for <koa>kákahlí</koa> the following possessed forms: <koa>nó:kál</koa>, <koa>mó:kál</koa>, <koa>íkakál</koa>, <koa>tó:kál</koa>, <koa>nimó:kál</koa>, and <koa>ínkakál</koa>. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker <koa>imin</koa> was used: <koa>imí:nkál</koa>. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave <koa>íkakál</koa> as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated <koa>kákahlí</koa> except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave <koa>í:kál</koa> even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form <koa>í:kakál</koa>. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted <koa>í:kál</koa> as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singul ar possessed. The general absence of <koa>í:kál</koa> in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with <koa>kókó:hli</koa> 'grandfather' and <koa>kókoné:tl</koa> 'doll.' Thus one finds <koa>nó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>mó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>í:kó:l</koa>, <koa>tó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>nimó:kó:l</koa>, and <koa>i:nkó:l</koa> as well as <koa>nó:koné:w</koa>, <koa>mókoné:w</koa>, <koa>í:koné:w</koa>, <koa>tó:koné:w</koa>, <koa>nimó:koné:w</koa>, and <koa>í:nkoné:w</koa>. One difference with <koa>kákahlí</koa> is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it does not explain why, with <koa>kákahlí</koa> one finds reduction with <koa>nó:kál</koa>, <koa>mó:kál</koa>, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oa pan Nahuatl a consonant onset has so m e bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. Oapan phonology; reduplication; reduction: The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers <kn>i-</kn> and <kn>in-</kn>. Thus one finds for <koa>kákahlí</koa> the following possessed forms: <koa>nó:kál</koa>, <koa>mó:kál</koa>, <koa>íkakál</koa>, <koa>tó:kál</koa>, <koa>nimó:kál</koa>, and <koa>ínkakál</koa>. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker <koa>imin</koa> was used: <koa>imí:nkál</koa>. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave <koa>íkakál</koa> as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated <koa>kákahlí</koa> except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave <koa>í:kál</koa> even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form <koa>íkakál</koa>. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted <koa>í:kál</koa> as a rarely used alte rnative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general absence of <koa>í:kál</koa> in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with <koa>kókó:hli</koa> 'grandfather' and <koa>kókoné:tl</koa> 'doll.' Thus one finds <koa>nó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>mó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>í:kó:l</koa>, <koa>tó:kó:l</koa>, <koa>nimó:kó:l</koa>, and <koa>i:nkó:l</koa> as well as <koa>nó:koné:w</koa>, <koa>mókoné:w</koa>, <koa>í:koné:w</koa>, <koa>tó:koné:w</koa>, <koa>nimó:koné:w</koa>, and <koa>í:nkoné:w</koa>. One difference with <koa>kákahlí</koa> is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it doe s not explain why, with <koa>kákahlí</koa> one finds reduction with <koa>nó:kál</koa>, <koa>mó:kál</koa>, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oapan N a h uatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. kahli confer Am 00154 zzz This used to be /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ but was rejected by Cristino Flores. I originally had this as meaning 'horsefly.'
11/Feb/2006
Note that this entry was originally given as /xaxayakatsi:n/ with the note under /lxo 'see /xa:xa:yakatl/. I have assumed that /xa:xa:yakatsi:n/ in Ameyaltepec is used for the horsefly and thus have changed the entry. However, when going over this dictionary check with Am speaker what /xaxayakatsi:n/ might mean. 00155 tsi:ntlatsi:nia kitsi:ntlatsi:nia tsi:ntlatsi:nia kitsi:ntlatsi:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to give (sb) a pat or slap on the rear darle una palmada por las nalgas a Pending O:kitsi:ntlatsi:nih un suwa:tl Am He gave that woman a pat on the rear. Le dio a esa mujer una palmada en la trasera. (with short vowel reduplication) to spank (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar nalgadas a Am, Oa Kitsi:ntlatlatsi:ni:s ikone:w. Ke:n cho:kani, ipan notlawe:lki:sti:s. Am He's going to give his child a spanking. He really cries a lot, he's going to take out his anger on him. Le va a dar unas nalgadas a su hijo. Es un llorón, se va a descargar (el padre) su ira enél. tsi:n tlatsi: Note that in Oapan * <kn>tsi:ntlaxkalowa</kn> is not used, as it is in Ameyaltepec. According to Florencia Marcelino, in Oapan <koa>tsi:ntlatsi:nia</koa> refers to a spanking on the rear of a person not wearing anything there whereas <kloa>tsi:ntekapa:nia</kloa>refers to a slap on the butt of a clothed person. tsi:ntlatsi:nia; tsi:ntlaxkalowa; tsi:ntekapa:nia tsi:ntekapa:nia synonym Oa 00156 yo:ltia yo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 class-4d(tia) to resuscitate; to come to resuscitar; volver a ser conciente Am Oksepa o:yo:ltiak. Am It came back to life. Resucitóotra vez. yo:l chichi deke o:sotla:w tlitl <kam>Yo:ltia</kam> may be used for any animate being that has fainted and then come to. It can also refer to a fire that springs up after one had thought it had been put out. yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/. The form <kam>yo:ltitiw</kam> or, in the past <kam>o:yo:ltitiah</kam> seems to be related to the stative <kam>yo:ltok</kam> much as <kam>westitiw</kam> is related to <kam>westok</kam>. It does not appear to be an aspectual form of the intransitive <klam>yo:ltia</klam> , where one would expect ? <kam>yo:ltixtiw</kam>. This, however, should be checked. Check also whether /yo:ltixtiw/ is correct. Also, /yo:ltitok/ as a progressive of /yo:ltia/. Finally, check whether /yo:ltitiw/ means 'se va estando vivo' or 'se va resuscitando.' Obviously the meanings are close, the important thing to note or determine is whether /o:yo:ltitiah/ is related to /yo:ltok/ or to /yo:ltia/ and whether /yo:ltixtiw/ exists as an alternative. Florencia Marcelino gave <kloa>yo:li</kloa>here and did not accept <koa>yo:ltia</koa> as a correct form in Oapan. yo:ltilia val_add_applic Am yo:li synonym Oa 00157 kwa:pasole:wi kwa:pasole:wi kwá:pasolé:wi kwa:pasole:wi kwá:pasolé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Op. <kn>-te-</kn> : <klam>kwa:tepasole:wi</klam> class-3a(w) yes-lex see <klam>kwa:tepasole:wi</klam> véase <klam>kwa:tepasole:wi</klam> Pending kwa: pahsol kahli pani ka:n nona:miki sakatl Check pitch-accent in Oapan form. My original notes had not p-a here, but given my understanding of the morphology of this word, I have added it. Check. According to my notes this has been recorded and thus it should be possible to check. Note that it should also be checked whether or not this form can occur without /te-/ as ?/kwa:pasole:wi/. If not, then this entry should be eliminated and only /kwa:tepasole:wi/ should be maintained. 00158 tlamiktia tlamiktia tlamihtia tlamihtia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to lose (a child) accidentally to death (used only in reference to female subjects, animals or humans, whose newborn child dies shortly after birth, perhaps within some 3 to 6 months; antonym <klam>nemi:tia</klam>) perder (a un niño o a algn cercano que estábajo el cuidado de uno) accidentalmente a la muerte (utilizado solamente con sujetos femininos, humanos o animales, cuyos niños recién nacidos se mueren poco después de haber nacido, quizádentro de 3 a 6 meses; antónimo <klam>nemi:tia</klam>) Am, Oa O:tlamiktih, xok nemi ikone:w. Am Her child died on her, he isn't alive anymore. Se le muriósu niño, ya no vive. Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. Am She is caring for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't lost him (through a fault of her own). Cuida a su niño, no se muere, no lo ha dejado morir (por culpa suya). to be impotent (a male) because of an inability to get an erection (antonym <klam>tlaxitia</klam>) ser impotente (un hombre) por no poder tener una erección (antonym <klam>tlaxitia</klam>) Pending O:tlamiktih un tla:katl, xok tlaxitia. Am That man has become important, he can't get it up anymore. Ese hombre es impotente, ya no se le para. to slaughter (an animal such as a pig or ox) sacrificar (un animal como un marrano o buey) Pending Tlamikti:lo:s. Am An animal will be slaughtered. Se va a sacrificar un animal. miki The first two senses given in this entry are generally found only with the nonspecific prefix <kn>tla-</kn> whereas the final sense, that of slaughtering an animal, can also be found with a specific object prefix: <kam>kimikti:s i:pitso</kam> 'he will slaughter his pig.' Similar senses to those given above are found in RS under <kn>mictia</kn> <kn>Nitla-</kn> 'ser impotente, improprio para la generación, hacer sacrificios a losídolos, inmolar algún animal.' Perhaps remove the 'slaughter' definition. Causative; reduplicative; transitivity: Note the lowering of transitivity with /tla-/. Thus /tlamiktia/ indicates"having sth, a child, die on one"but one can say that /o:tlamiktih, pero ka, xo:kimiktih i:kone:w/. NB. miktia minus_tla Am mihtia minus_tla Am, Oa 00159 tsonwe:weyakia tsonwe:weyakia tsonwe:weyakia tsonwe:weyakia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Lex rpd-l; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <koa>tsontewe:weyakiya</koa> class-4b(ya-x) for ones hair to grow long crecersele el cabello muy largo a Am, Oa kwa: weya In Oapan the verbal form with infixed <koa>te-</koa> is used to indicate the long hair of a man; the form without <koa>te-</koa> is used to indicate that of a woman; see <kloa>tsonwe:wiyak</kloa>for a more extensive discussion of this distinctioni in meaning, which does not seem to exist In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak. Check length of /weweyak/ here and in all similar forms. Check all recordings for the length of the reduplicant. I was so confused in my original notes that it is not worth relying on them. Check vowel length of reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with the reduplicated: /we:weyak/ or similar forms. kwa:we:weyakia synonym Am 00160 zzz This used to be an entry for /kwe:tlah/.
04/Jun/2002
 00161 tlama:ma tlama:ma tlama:ma tlama:ma
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-1 to be suffering under or bearing a heavy weight estar cargado y sufriendo bajo un peso Pending to serve as a support for other objects or a heavy weight (e.g., as a cross-beam holding that holds up other vertical beams that rest upon it; [O] expressed obliquely with <kam>i:ka</kam>) servir como un soporte o sosten (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, [o] se expresa como oblicua con <kam>i:ka</kam>) Pending San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh. Am Just one furrow has a lot of <kam>cornejales</kam> bearing down on it. Solamente un surco estácargado con una cantidad de cornejales. (fig.) to be suffering under or bearing a heavy responsibility (a person [S]; [O] expressed obliquely with <kam>i:ka</kam>) (fig.) estar cargado con una obligación o responsabilidad pesada (una persona n [S]; [O] se expresa como oblicua con <kam>i:ka</kam>) Pending ma:ma I have had difficultly in determing the argument structure of /tlama:maltia/. Certainly one can state that one is loading up ones donkey: /niktlama:maltia noburroh/. One question is how the second object is expressed: /niktlama:matlia noburroh tlikuhtli/ or /niktlama:maltia noburroh ika tlikuhtli/. The former would seem to be more correct from a strictly grammatical point of view. Another question concerns two nonspecific nonhuman objects. Can one state /nitlatlama:maltia/ 'I am loading up (animals with burdens)' (and cf. to /tlatlakukwaltia/). If so, give an entry for /tlama:maltia/ 'to load up (an animal)' with at least one example of /tlatlama:maltia/. However, it will be necessary to make a determination about separate entries for words with two indefinite null complements For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the <kam>cornejales</kam> cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. Illustrate. ma:ma minus_tla Am, Oa 00162 -pan ipan -pan i:pan
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-sim N2(rel) on; on top of (i.e., directly on top of, mounted on an animal, etc.) sobre; encima de (esto es, directamente sobre o encima de, montado sobre un animal, etc.) Pending Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli! Am Place it on a rock, not just on the ground! ¡Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra! Ipan xkontla:li! Am Place it on top of it (e.g., a table, rock, etc.)! ¡Pónlo encima deél (p. ej., una mesa, una piedra, etc.)! Ipan tleko:s un burroh. Am He'll get on that donkey. Va a subir a ese burro. Ipan xiya! Am Go on it (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.)! ¡Vaya sobreél (un burro, caballo, etc.)! O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. Am I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente). (~ <kam>yeko</kam> or ~ <kam>asi</kam>) to arrive (here or there) where (sb) is (<kam>~ yeko</kam> o <kam>~ asi</kam>) llegar (aquío allá) donde (estáalgn) Pending Xyatiw! Mopan nasis. Am Get going! I'll catch up with you there (i.e., arrive there where you'll be). ¡Vete yendo! Voy a alcanzarte allídonde estarás. (~ <kam>nochi:wa</kam> or <kam>wetsi</kam>) to happen to; to affect (sb) (~ <kam>nochi:wa</kam> o <kam>wetsi</kam>) sucederle; pasarle (a algn); caer sobre o encima de (algn, p. ej., una desgracia) Pending Nopan o:wets kokolistli. Am A disease hit me. Me cayóuna enfermedad encima. (~ <kam>one:wa</kam> or <kam>wa:le:wa</kam>) to head toward; to go in the direction of (e.g., a blow) (~ <kam>one:wa</kam> o <kam>wa:le:wa</kam>) ir hacia; ir para (p. ej., un golpe) Pending Xpia kwida:doh, tla:mo mopan one:was -wa:le:was-! Am Take care (in this case of what you say to him), if you don't it (e.g., a blow) will be coming your way! ¡Ten cuidado (en este caso. de lo que le dices), si no, te va a caer (p. ej., un golpe) encima! (~ [+ verb]) to [verb] on top of, in relation to, etc. (~ [+ verbo]) [verbo] encima de, en relación a, etc. Pending Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. Am You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <kam>taravía</kam> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. (<kam>i:pan</kam> [number + time period]) on; in [number + time period] (<kam>i:pan</kam> [número + periodo de tiempo]) en [número + periodo de tiempo] Pending Ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s. Am I'll come, then, on the day after tomorrow. Vengo, pues, pasado mañana. ([number] <kam>i:pan</kam> [number]) after (in telling time, e.g., five after five) ([número] <kam>i:pan</kam> [número]) después de (en términos de la hora, p. ej., cinco después de las cinco) Pending Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh? Am How many minutes after five is it? ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos? -pan In <kam>ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s</kam> the counting system used in Nahuatl is that of Spanish where <spn>en tres días</spn> indicates 'the day after tomorrow.' The forms <kam>-pan yeko</kam> and <kam>-pan asi</kam> indicate that one person (the possessor of the relational noun) moves to a destination where the second person (the subject of the verb of movment) will later arrive. The difference between the length the intial <kn>i:-</kn> possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form <kn>ipan</kn> and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of <kloa>ilakastik</kloa>demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. In Ameyaltepec the difference between <kam>mopan nasi</kam> and <kam>mopan asi</kam> is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of <kam>mopan</kam> is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun <koa>-pan</koa> is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of <koa>-pan</koa> deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí]. Note that in the phrase /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?/ the hour is expressed before /ipan/. Determine if this is always true, i.e., ask how one says"ten after five": /si:nkoh ipan die:s/ or /die:s ipan si:nkoh/. Note the relevance of which one is correct for the interpretation of /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch?/. Check with phonetician on the status of the two /i/'s. Get acoustic analysis of patterns. Directionals; relational nouns/locatives: /O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w/ 'I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).' Note how although /ipan/ often gives the significance of 'on' here the state of being 'on' the wall is the state or position from which the action began. Thus note the difference /o:nitsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped onto the wall' and /o:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped from off the wall.' Oapan phonology: In Ameyaltepec the difference between <kam>mopan nasi</kam> and <kam>mopan asi</kam> is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of <kam>mopan</kam> is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun <koa>-pan</koa> is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of <koa>-pan</koa> deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopáasí]. Oapan phonology: The difference between the length the intial <kn>i:-</kn> possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form <kn>ipan</kn> and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of <kloa>ilakastik</kloa>demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. 00163 koxo:naltia kikoxo:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] class-2a to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (such as a water jug or a gourd, as when one is cleaning out its inside) zangolotear o agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiarlo) Am koxo: This transitive form <kam>koxo:naltia</kam> is often used to describe actions such as swirling water inside a container to clean it, or doing the same with small stones inside a gourd in order to loosen the"entrails"and prepare it for being used to carry water. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) only accepted the transitive <kloa>koxo:nia</kloa>and not the more marked causative <koa>koxo:naltia</koa>. Apparently <kam>nihkoxo:ni:s</kam> can be used in the same sexual sense as <kam>nihkoxo:nalti:s</kam>. However, recheck the semantics of both forms. Confirm that Am has both /koxo:nia/ and /koxo:naltia/ and, if so, check possible differences in the two forms. koxo:ni verb_base Am koxo:nia synonym Am, Oa 00164 tokatl de un totomioh tokatl de un totomioh
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex N1 tarantula or similar type of spider still not definitively identified tarantula o tipo de araña parecida todavía no identificado definitivamente Am animal insect toka tohmi tokatl de un tsi:ntotomioh natural Am komo:n synonym Oa 00165 kia:wak kia:wak kia:wak kia:wak
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-1 outside; in the open air a fuera; al aire libre Am, Oa Kia:wak kochi, xkipia ikal. Am He sleeps outside, he doesn't have a house. Duerme al aire libre, no tiene una casa. Kia:wak onkah. Am There is (are) some outside. Afuera hay algunos. Noka:was kia:wak. Am It will stay outside. Se va a quedar afuera. (<kamoa>para</kamoa> ~) toward the outside (of an organized group of people, e.g., a circle of children, etc.; antonym <klam>kali</klam>) (<kamoa>para</kamoa> ~) hacia afuera (de un grupo organizado de gente, como un círculo de niños, etc.; antónimo <klam>kali</klam>) Am, Oa Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak. Am They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside and then go back (to the end of the line). Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). kia:wa -ko Whether or not two entries for <kn>kia:wak</kn> should be established is not entirely clear. Definitely the reference to 'patio' may be considered nominal in that it is possessed (and indeed must be possessed to signify a 'house patio'). Unpossessed <kn>kia:wak</kn> functions as a locative in much the same way as <klam>nika:n</klam> , <klam>kali</klam> , etc. Thus in the phrase <kam>nokwepo:nian para kia:wak</kam> one cannot mark the reference point for the deixis with a possessive prefix * <kam>i:kia:wak</kam>. Nor does one find a form such as * <kam>tlakia:wak</kam>. Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical. kali confer Am, Oa 00166 kexsolo:ni kexsolo:ni kexsolo:ni kexsolo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a to make rumbling sounds in ones throat; to make wheezing sounds in the throat (e.g., sb near death) hacer sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn al punto de morir) Am, Oa kech solo: Not in filecards to date; this verb should be rechecked. Compare to other words for 'snore' and make noises in ones throat. Also check for transitive form, is it /-solo:nia/ or /solo:naltia/? kexsosolka frequent Am, Oa 00167 popo:naltia kipopo:naltia pópo:náltia popo:naltia kí:po:náltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:po:náltia</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to open up or cause to open up (e.g., a flower by a hummingbird) abrir o hacer brotar (p. ej., una flor por un colibrí) Pending DT#8:759 Wi:tsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan in xo:chitl, na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl, ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia. Am The hummingbird, it alights on this flower, then here it sticks its small little beak into the flower, that's the way it opens things up, it loosens it up. El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor, ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor por aquí, asíED hace abrir, la afloja. to tie up braids (of a young adolescent girl) in a loop to that the tips pop upward slightly (like little horns) from the back of the head amarrar las trenzas (de una joven adolescente) en una lazada o pequeño círculo con los cabos asomándose hacia arriba (como cuernitos) por la parte posterior de la cabeza Pending Xpopo:nalti itson, ma popo:nto! Am Place her braids so that they pop up slightly on the back of her head, they should be pointed up! ¡Amarra sus trenzas para que los cabos se asomen hacia arriba por la parte posterior de su cabeza, que estén paraditos hacia arriba! po: Create illustration for hair entry. Determine use and meaning of unreduplicated form if it exists.Perhaps for words that manifest two transitive forms (as with /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/) a clear exposition of the differences should be made. However, this should probably be dealt with in the grammar. po:ni verb_base Am 00168 me:kotlako:tl me:kotlako:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of plant still unidentified, whose branches may be used for switches tipo de planta todavía no identificada, cuyas ramas se pueden utlizar como varas Am Me:kotlako:tl | Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl. Am <kam>Me:kotlako:tl</kam> : When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again. The rod is not visible. <kam>Me:kotlako:tl</kam> : Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no estávisible. plant xiwtli me:ko tlako: None of the three consultants (from Ameyaltepec, San Juan, and Oapan) knew of this plant. Check for presence of {h}. Also, inquire as to reason that it is named /me:kotlako:tl/. 00169 i:xte:nkweri:toh i:xte:nkweri:toh
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>cuero</spn> N N-N N-loan N2 eyelids párpados Am body human i:x te:n Check possessed form for final /h/, etc. i:xté:nkwetóhli synonym Oa 00170 popo:ka si:tlalin popo:ka si:tlalin popo:ka si:tlalin popo:ka si:talin popo:ka si:tlalin
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s Stem 4 comet cometa Am, Oa heavens po:ka si:tlal Although this might be analyzed as a single word, here <kam>popo:ka si:tlalin</kam> has been considered to be two. This seems to be one of the only, perhaps only, word that is formed by a verb plus noun incorporation sequence. Check, but it appears that the fact that plural is not marked on the verb indicates clearly that this is not juxtaposition, but one word. Check in a dialect in which {h} would be apparent, e.g., Oapan Nahuatl for unusual stress. 00171 sole:rah sole:rah sole:rah sole:rah
11/Feb/2006
solera N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest solera Am, Oa Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas. Am The <kam>sole:rah</kam> : it is on it that the <kam>kabe:sas</kam> (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright. La solera: es sobre ella que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate). kahli The <kn>sole:ras</kn> are the bottom beams of a thatched roof house (of palm or grass) upon which the <spn>horcones</spn> rest. The <kn>sole:rah</kn> thus supports the main weight of the house. Possessed form shows no change from the unpossessed Spanish loan: <kamoa>nosole:rah</kamoa>. Determine full range of house parts. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 for a list of words used in reference to a thatched house. Check possessed form. Add drawing of house, parts, construction sequence, etc. under <kam>kahli</kam>. See illustration with original 3x5 card. kaltepa:ntli synonym Oa 00172 tamalayutli de peye:joh tamalayutli de peye:joh
11/Feb/2006
pellejo N N-complex N1/2; Aln (<kam>notamalayoh de peye:joh</kam>) variety of small, thin-skinned type of squash (generically called <klam>tamalayotli</klam>) that is called <kam>peye:joh</kam> because it has a fleshy, tasty interior calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada (de las llamadas genericamente <klam>tamalayutli</klam>) que se llama <kam>peye:joh</kam> por su carnoso interior Am plant domesticated tamal ayoh tamalayutli The skin of this squash is extremely thin and delicate; one can scratch it with ones fingernails. Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase <kam>de peye:joh</kam> but refers to these types of squash in general as <kloa>tamaláyotlí</kloa>. Oapan apparently does not use the adjectival phrase <kam>de peye:joh</kam>. Etymology of /peye:joh/ is not clear; also check to determine whether this is actually /peye:joh/. Perhaps a loan word. Check throughout the length of /a/ in /ayotli/. 00173 kineki kineki kineki kineki
11/Feb/2006
Modal (~ [Noun Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject] (~ [Frase nominal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto] Am, Oa Kineki tla:katl. Am A man is needed. Falta un hombre (esto es, se necesita un hombre). (~ [Verb Phrase]) to be necessary [Noun, as subject] (~ [Frase verbal]]) ser necesario [sustantivo, como sujeto] Am, Oa Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n! Kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik. Am Don't sew my clothes with open stiches! You need to (it is necessary that you) sew it with the stitches close together. ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas! Es necesario que la coses (tienes que coserla) con las puntadas apretadas. Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. Am You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning). No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). neki <kam>Kineki</kam> has been given a separate entry as a modal compound that is used to indicate the speaker's evaluation of the necessity of a given situation occurring, of a particular noun being present, etc. neki confer Am 00174 nenemi:tia kinenemi:tia nénemí:tia nenemi:tia kí:nemí:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:nemí:tia</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to help or make walk (especially a young child just learning); to speed up (e.g., a beast of burden, so that it walks quicker) ayudar a o hacer caminar (especialmente un niño que apenas estáaprendiendo a caminar); apurar (p. ej., una bestia, para que camine más rápido) Am, Oa Xnenemi:ti mokone:w. Am Help your child walk (e.g., by leading him by the hand). Ayuda a tu hijo a caminar (p. ej., al agarrarlo por la mano). Xkita! Kinenemi:tia ikone:w, xkima:ma. Am Look! She makes her child walk, she doesn't carry him. ¡Ve! Hace caminar a su niño, no lo carga. Kinenemi:tia chika:wak iburroh. Am He makes his donkey walk fast. Hace caminar rápido a su burro. to keep going (a process such as litigation, official paperwork, etc.) mantener en pie a o dar seguirmiento a (un asunto como un trámite, un litigio, etc.) Am, Oa to hurry up (e.g., a task) apurrar (p. ej., una tarea al hacerla) Pending to help send onto death (e.g., a sick person, particularly through prayer, so that he doesn't suffer) ayudar a encaminar hacia la muerte (p. ej., un enfermo, particularmente por medio de la oración, para que no sufra) Pending Xnenemi:ti nokokoxka:w! Ke:n yo:tlayo:wih. Am Pray so that my sick family member goes on his way! He has suffered greatly. ¡Reza para que se encamine mi pariente enfermo! Ha sufrido tanto. nemi Note the metaphoric use of <kam>nenemi:tia</kam> to mean 'to pray for someone's recovery [from an illness].' Check the phrase /O:tlanenemi:tih/ 'It gave a good birth (said of an animal that has not aborted).' and determine whether one can say /o:tlanemi:tih/. If both are correct, check for the difference between /o:tlanemi:tih/ and /o:tlanenemi:tih/. Also, perhaps assign a separate entry to the /tla-/ form. nenemi verb_base Am 00175 skie:rah kie:rah skie:rah ke:ra kie:ra kie:ra
22/Oct/2005
siquiera Modal at least por lo menos; siquiera Am, Oa O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa! Am Your hair got disheveled, why don't you at least arrange it (e.g., brush it and perhaps braid it)! ¡Te quedaste despeinada, por lo menos arréglatelo (p. ej., cepillándolo y, quizá, poniéndolo en trenzas)! Ke:ra se: xne:chmaka! Oa Give me at least one! ¡Por lo menos dáme uno! Check /cat classification; perhaps a modal. Check vowel length and final /h/ or absence thereof. 00176 wiyo:tia kwiyo:tia kiwiyo:tia yówiyó:tia yowiyo:tia kiyówiyó:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a yes-lex to place a feather or feathers in (e.g., for a headdress used in religious dances) colocar o meter plumas en (p. ej., para una corona utilizada en danzas religiosas) Am, Oa Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s. Am She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others (in the Danza de Corona). Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás (en la Danza de Corona). Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s. Am If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back. Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando te mueras vas a reponerle las plumas. hwi Check vowel length and p-a in Oapan form. If there is an underlying {h} this should have pitch-accent. My entry here originally had /kiyowiyo:tia/ but I have changed this to /kiyówiyó:tia/ based on analogy from /yówítl/. This needs to be rechecked. The transitive should be /kwiyo:tia/ not ?/kiwiyo:tia/. iwitl confer Am 00177 yetl yetl yetl yetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic term for beans término genérico para frijoles Pending ¿Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo? Oa Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)? ¿Vas a comer los frijoles (de un caldo) o el caldo (mismo)? ye In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of <kamoa>yetl</kamoa> is long. Thus one finds both <kamoa>yetl</kamoa> and <kamoa>yetsi:ntli</kamoa> but <kamoa>noye:w</kamoa> and <kamoa>noye:tsi:n</kamoa>. The reason for this alternation is not clear. Like <kam>o:kikwah chi:lpan</kam> and <klam>i:xkwa:tili:ntok</klam> , <kam>o:kikwah yetl</kam> is a metaphoric reference to the enlarged belly accompanying pregnancy and is considered insulting, taunting, and somewhat vulgar (although all these forms might at times be shouted within earshot of a pregnant woman, particularly a young adolescent girls who are having a child out of wedlock. The following types of beans are grown in Ameyaltepec: <kam>ista:kyetl</kam> , <klam>pi:pitik yetl</klam> , <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam> , and <klam>mi:lyetl</klam>. /-yo/; possession: note the use of /-yo/ in the following from Oapan Nahuatl /Tihkwa:s i:yeyo noso i:a:yo?/ 'Are you going to eat the beans (of a caldo) or the caldo (itself)?' Vowel lengthening: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the possessed form of both the diminutive and the unmodified from of <kamoa>yetl</kamoa> is long. Thus one finds both <kamoa>yetl</kamoa> and <kamoa>yetsi:ntli</kamoa> but <kamoa>noye:w</kamoa> and <kamoa>noye:tsi:n</kamoa>. The reason for this alternation is not clear. 00178 -peti ompeti -peti ompeti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3d(ti) Given that this verb is always found with a directional, the perfective and pluperfective will take a directional suffix. (with directional prefix or suffix) to transverse; to pass through (from one side to the other of a material and solid object, such as liquid that soaks through and penetrates a piece of paper, a nail that goes completely through a piece of wood, a bite that breaks the skin, etc.) (con prefijo o sufijo direccional) atravesar o penetrar (de un lado al otro de un objeto sólido, por ejemplo, un líquido que empapa y filtra de un lado al otro de un papel, un clavo que penetra y sale al otro lado de una table de madera, una mordida que rompe la piel, etc.) Pending O:petiko. Am It penetrated through to this side. Atravesóhacia este lado. peti cf. /o:ki:sako/ with /o:petiko/. The verb <kam>peti</kam> always takes a directional. It differs, therefore, from a verb such as <klam>ki:sa</klam> , which may or may not take a directional depending on the circumstances and semantics. Thus, whereas <kam>o:petiko</kam> refers to something, such as a nail, that penetrates and goes through some object, just slightly emerging, <kam>o:ki:sako</kam> refers to situations in which something emerges from an area (such as a woods, a house, a cave, etc.) or terminates a task or performance (such as a story). Note also that <kam>peti</kam> differs from the intransitive form of <kam>e:wa</kam> , which has been lexicalized with fused directional prefixes (<kam>one:wa</kam> and <kam>wa:le:wa</kam>) that do not vary with tense/aspect inflection. Thus whereas one finds <kam>wa:lpetis</kam> and <kam>o:petiko</kam> (prefix and suffix alternate in different tense/aspects) the <kn>wa:l-</kn> of <kn>wa:le:wa</kn> never varies (one finds, therefore, <kam>wa:le:was</kam> and <kam>o:wa:le:w</kam> , but never, for instance, * <kam>o:e:wako</kam>). 00179 ma:toto:nki ma:toto:nki ma:toto:nki ma:toto:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Intrans; ~Trans Lex. rdp-s* to have a"hot"hand (i.e., so that if one cuts a plant, it dries up) tener la mano"caliente"(asíque si cortas una planta, luego luego se seca) Pending ma: to:n A person noted to be <kam>ma:toto:nki</kam> is valued for certain tasks, such as grinding chocolate for a drink, but not for others, such as cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants so that they sprout again. Determine, with /ma:sesé:k/, the entire range of activities that are propitious for one or the other"hand type." Cf. entry under /ma:sesé:k/ and Flk 1984-05-25.1 ma:sesé:k confer Am ma:sese:k confer Oa 00180 a:tekonxo:chitl a:tekonxo:chitl a:tekonxo:chitl a:tekonxo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 flower of the <klam>a:tekomatl</klam> flor del <klam>a:tekomatl</klam> Pending plant fl a: tekoma xo:chi Check how possession occurs. 00181 patilowa kipatilowa patilowa kipatilowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b Compl to push over to one side (making sth, usually standing vertically, become crooked or out of line) empujar hacia un lado (haciendo que algo, generalmente parado o en posición vertical, quede inclinado o chueco) Pending Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa! Am Make it lean over to one side! Push it! ¡Empújale hacia un lado!¡Empújalo! O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl. Am The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course. La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujóa un lado. to twist (making sth that should be straight not straight); to make crooked hacer chueco (algo que debe estar derecho) Pending Yo:tikpatiloh mosurkoh. Am You've laid down your furrows crookedly (that is, you've plowed poorly and lelt the furrows crooked as a result). Dejaste chuecos tus surcos (esto es, al trabajar el arado no surcaste el terreno bien sino que ibas en parte por un lado, dejando el surco chueco). patil patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. patiliwi Check to see if /te-/ can be used here. Note that in words with /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation, apparently there is only one transitive, in /-owa/. This should be checked. 00182 yewameh yewameh yó:méh yo:meh yó:méh
11/Feb/2006
Pr(ind) yes-lex they ellos Pending yehwa Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [yowameh]; see <klam>newa</klam>. 00183 patiliwtok patiliwtok patilihtok patilihtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat V1-Stat Stat Durative see <kam>patile:wtok</kam> véase <kam>patile:wtok</kam> Am, Oa patil 00184 mihka:tete:ka nomihka:tete:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans Lex. rdp-s class-4a (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto Am Ma:ka xmomihka:tete:ka! Am Don't lie down like you were dead! ¡No te vayas a acostar como si estuvieras muerto! miki te:ka This word is used often to refer to what a wild head of cattle does that is being chased, in order to avoid being caught. It lies down on the ground and pretends to be dead. Check whether nonreflexive use is correct. mihká:chichí:wa synonym Oa 00185 ixonak kuwatl ixonak kuwatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 type of weed that grows on cliffs, <kam>osto:xiwtli</kam> tipo de maleza que crece en los riscos, <kam>osto:xiwtli</kam> Am plant xiwtli xonak kowa According to Gabriel de la Cruz, this plant is a <kam>xiwtli, osto:xiwtli</kam>. xóxonakátsi:n synonym Oa 00186 ne:neltia none:neltia ne:neltia none:neltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia[refl] Lex. rdp-l class-2a (refl.) to sigh (refl.) suspirar Pending None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya. Am He is sighing, he's feeling somewhat melancholy. Suspira, se siente algo melancólico. nel According to Cristino Flores (Am) this refers to a sound made when one is starting to go to sleep and tries to talk but can't. He also said that this verb may be used as an intransitive: <kam>ne:neltia</kam> , with the same meaning. Given that no cognates have been found in other dialects, the meaning and use of /ne:neltia/ should be checked. Can it be used non-reflexively? Without reduplication? etc. And what animals can be subjects? 00187 saka saka o:me pe:soh sayá: sayá:n sayá: sayá:
11/Feb/2006
Subord Subord yes (~ [subord. predicate] just because [predicate as cause or reason] (~ [predicado subord.] solamente porque; solamente con esto de que [predicado como razón o causa] Am, Oa A:man xkita! Melákwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli. Am Take a look at her! Her belly is really swollen up! It's not what you think, it is just that she's pregnant. ¡Véla!¡Su barriga estábien hinchada! No es lo que piensas, simplemente es porque estáembarazada. Saka tewa tikpia tomi:n, tine:chpipi:na:wtia. Am Just because you have money, you make fun of me. Solamente con esto de que tienes dinero, te burlas de mi. (~ [subord. temporal clause]) just or only during [time indicated by clause] (~ [claúsula subord. de tiempo]) solamente en o durante [periodo de tiempo indicado por la claúsula] Am, Oa Saka tio:tlak tiksasa:lo:s. Am You will sew it only in the afternoon (i.e., at no other time during the day). Lo vas a coser nada más en la tarde (esto es, durante ningúna otra parte del día) (~ [subord. nominal predicate) just with [noun] (~ [cláusula nominal subord.]) solamente con [sustantivo] Am, Oa Saka se: notlaxkal niá:s. Am I will go (e.g., on a trip) with just one tortilla. Voy a ir (p. ej., en un viaje) con solamente una tortilla. Saka se: burroh niáw. Am I go (e.g., to chop wood) with just one donkey. Voy (p. ej., para cortar leña) con solamente un burro. Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. Am You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). Saka motlatska:yo o:tike:kchi:w. Xkwahli. Am You fixed it without any effort (lit., 'with your laziness'). It's no good. Lo arreglaste sin ganas (lit., 'con tu flojera'). No estábien. ya sa -ka Ameyaltepec <kam>saka</kam> seems to derive from <kam>san ika</kam> with the loss of the possessive prefix <kn>i-</kn>. It appears from this and other cases that <kn>sa</kn> is a variant form of <klam>san</klam> meaning 'only' and should not be confused with <klam>sa:</klam> having a long vowel. There is a different word <klam>sa:ka</klam> (Am) / <kloa>sa:yá:</kloa>. As expected in Oapan Nahuatl, intervocalic /k/ is often lost. This is particularly true in the case of <koa>ya</koa>, which derives from <koa>i:ka</koa>. Note that on one card I had this recorded as /sa:ka/, with a long initial /a:/. However, this should be checked. According to one speaker, this is the same as /saika/. My etymological analysis has /san/ + /ika/ although the derivation might well be /sa:/ + /ika/. Check derivation as well as the full range of meanings and uses.Note that although some speakers accepted /saika/ as an alternative pronunciation, none accepted /san ika/. Check. Ask Launey. Add discussion under /ya/ for /lxo. Relative clauses. Note the following: /Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl i:tlampa pakah michin./ 'You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish.' It would appear here that the adpositional phrase /i:tlampa pakah michin/ is a relative clause with the external nominal head /tetl/ and that the translation is 'a stone under which there is a fish.' More research should be done on these types of adpositional relatives (on which there is..., under which there is..., above which there is..., etc.). san ika synonym Am 00188 ikxikextlan ikxikextlan ixikextlah i:xikextlah
22/Oct/2005
N N-N-N(rel) N-loc-tlan i-loss; N2 ankle; joint where ones foot meets ones leg tobillo; coyuntura donde el pie se junta con la pierna Pending body ikxikextlan; kakayol kxi kech -tlan 00189 yzzz tlama:ni tlama:ne tlama:ni tlama:ne
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 hunter cazador Oa ma tlama tlama:ke:tl synonym Am 00190 mela:wi mela:wi mela:wi mela:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become straight (e.g., a long rod, <spn>chicol</spn>, hanging up for straightening, etc.) enderezarse (p. ej., un chicol colgado para enderezarse) Pending O:ko:ko:tsi:liw nola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. Am Your rope has gotten twisted up in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. mela: 00191 kiawi:lo kiawi:lo kiawi:lo kiawi:lo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pas class-4a(pass) (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) to get rained upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm) (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) tener la lluvia caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia) Pending I:pan o:kiawi:lo:k. Am It was rained hard upon (e.g., a milpa during a particularly heavy storm). Recibiómucha lluvia (p. ej., la milpa durante el transcurso del verano). ki yawi At least in Ameyaltepec, the verb <kam>kiawi:lo</kam> seems to always be preceded by the relational noun <kn>-pan</kn>. The presence of a long /i:/ before the impersonal/passive is noteworthy and perhaps suggests a passive formation of an 'intermediate' transitive form (cf. /to:nalwi:lo:/, /yeyekawi:lo:/, etc.). Probably /kiawi:lo:/ is derived from *?kiawia. Perhaps a better or more accurate translation of /kiawi:lo:/ is 'it was (adversely) affected by much rain (e.g. a planted crop after a season of much rain). Cf. /ipan o:tlapayawi:lo:k/ 'it drizzled on it'. Note that /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/ indicates that it rained 'hard' (and, check, probably destructively) upon it, not simply that it rained on it. Check the difference between -pan kiawi:lo and simply kiawi:lo. In fact, it seems almost incorrect to say /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/, and I would think that simply /o:kiawi:lo:k/ would be correct. This should be checked, along with /ipan o:to:nalwi:lo:k/, /ipan o:yeyekawi:lo:k/, etc. Perhaps the /ipan/ is ungrammatical (would one say /nopan o:nikiawi:lo:k/?). Note that there are several extra tokens of this word in tape 14_1 at 3578; these should be properly tagged here, with 191. Discuss teh form /i:pan o:kiawi:lo:k/. 00192 ke: ke: ke: ke:
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-man see <klam>ke:tla</klam> véase <klam>ke:tla</klam> Am, Oa see <klam>kea:man</klam> véase <klam>kea:man</klam> Am, Oa ke: Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ra l recordings I seem tohear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. keh confer Am 00193 xokó:k xokó:k xoko:k xoko:k
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Compl to be sour (e.g., lemons, wild plums, grapefruit, etc.) ser agrio (p. ej., limones, ciruelas, toronjas, etc.) Am, Oa xoko xokotl limo:n 00194 a:solo:ntok a:solo:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat [N-V1]-Stat Stat Durative (place in a stream or river where) a rushing sound is made in the water (e.g., by eddies or rapids) (lugar en un arroyo o río donde) un sonido de gorgoteo se hace en el agua (a causa de rápidos o remolinos) Am a: solo: All documented uses of this term are preceded by an adverbial of place, relative pronoun, etc. that indicates where the verbal event occurs (e.g., <kam>nika:n a:solo:ntok</kam> 'there is the sound of rushing water here,' i.e., 'there are rapids here'; <kam>niá:s ka:n a:solo:ntok</kam>). Thus one cannot say * <kam>niá:s a:solo:ntok</kam>. The Oapan cognate as the verbal locative suffix <kn>-ka:n</kn> in the word itself and thus no additional locative lexeme is required. Note that the intransitive verbal * <kam>a:solo:ni</kam> does not occur (cf., the somewhat parallel construction of <kam>tla:loli:ni</kam> in which the intransitive verbal form exists and the <kn>-tok</kn> construction is a progressive (<kn>tla:loli:ntok</kn>) 'an earthquake is occurring.' Syntactical use should be checked, i.e. the possibility of /ne: a:solo:ntok/ or /nenkah a:solo:ntok/, etc. Check also to see if the verbal form /a:solo:ni/ exists. a:solo:nka:n confer Oa 00195 moxpachiwi moxpachiwi moxpachiwi moxpachiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to become covered by clouds (e.g., the sun or stars) taparse por las nubes (p. ej., el sol o las estrellas) Am, Oa mox pach to:nahli To date the corpus only has this verb with an aspectual ending: <kam>-tok</kam>. I have entered <kam>moxpachiwi</kam> as an entry simply in anticipation of what I think will be confirmation of this form. Check for this intransitive form (as opposed to the documented stative) and adjust entry accordingly. 00196 amantli amantli ámantlí amantli ámantlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(n) yes-lex (often preceded by <kam>kipia</kam>) anger, ire, or rage (in particular the anger of parents toward each other that affects and harms their children with <spn>cólico</spn>) (a menudo con <kam>kipia</kam>) enfado o ira; cólico (particularmente en referencia al enojo que un esposo se siente con su pareja, afectando y dañando sus hijos con cólico) Am, Oa Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak. Am He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like. El estáenfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció. Pero un kone:tsi:ntli, kipia san amantli ika kwalo, san nokwala:nitokeh un tatli wa:n na:ntli, a:man itech o:yah tlawe:hli. Am But that little kid, his illness is simply from anger (of others that has spread to him), his father and mother pass the time fighting and now their rage has affected him (the child). Pero ese niño chiquito, estáenfermo nada más con cólico, su papáy mamáse la pasan discutiendo, ahora su ira se le fue al niño. ahmana Check and correction all references to /pero/ and /para/ for final /h/. Check for possession ?noamanyo?? 00197 axi:ltia kaxi:ltia áxí:ltia axi:ltia káxí:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to complete a measured task (e.g., collecting enough of a given material for sth such as a load of firewood, sand, etc.) completar una tarea o cargo (p. ej., juntando lo necesario para una carga de leña, unos costales de arena, etc.) Pending Xtikaxi:ltis, poliwi miák tlikuwtli. Am Your are not going to complete it (a load of firewood), a lot of firewood is still needed. No lo vas a completar (una carga de leña), falta mucha leña. to successfully take or carry to a destination (e.g., a load being carried on ones back, etc.) lograr a llevar a una meta o destinación (p. ej., una carga llevada a cuestas, etc.) Pending Xtikaxi:lti:s. Yetí:k. Am You are not going to get it to its destination. It is heavy. No vas a poder hacerlo llegar. Es pesado. ahsi Cf. /axi:tia:/ with apparently similar if not same meaning; check for differences. axi:ltilia val_add_applic Am asi verb_base Am ásí verb_base Oa 00198 te:ntsonkukwa:ch te:ntsonkukwa:ch
11/Feb/2006
N/Adj N-N(At) N-ap Lex. rdp-s (nickname) to have a long, very thick and full beard (apodo) con una barba larga y muy llena Am Tite:ntsonkukwa:ch pa:mpa xtikxi:ma mote:ntson. Am You have a very full, thick beard because you do not shave. Tienes una barba muy amplia y llena porque no te rasuras. te:n tson kwa:ch The reference is to a beard that is thick and long, the word deriving from the metaphoric similarity of such a beard to a <klam>kwa:xtli</klam> , the padding made of woven palm placed under the saddles of donkeys and mules. This should probably be removed since according to C. Flores it was only a nickname of sb from Ameyaltepec. DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH NICKNAMES. 00199 ma:tlapa:na kima:tlapa:na ma:tlapa:na kima:tlapa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni ~Intrans class-3a to break with ones hands quebrar, romper con las manos Am, Oa to shell (e.g., beans) with ones hands desvainar (p. ej., frijoles) con las manos Pending Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. Am I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. ma: tlapa: In Oapan verb stem reduplication is often used for actions such as shelling beans: <koa>má:tlatlapá:na</koa> Check for intransitive Note that if the intransitive means to break ones hand and the transitive 'to break with ones hands' then this should be presented as a good example of how the function of INs changes with transitivity, and how it is impossible to select a single entry (e.g., intransitive) to cover all related forms. ma:wia confer Am ma:wiya confer Oa 00200 aiwextli aiwextli áyowáxtli áyewáxtli ayowaxtli áyowáxtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(ch) yes-lex squash seeds that have been dried and toasted on <spn>comal</spn> for eating pepitas secas de calabaza para comer Am, Oa plant domesticated ayoh wech In Ameyaltepec the Spanish borrowing <kam>semi:yah</kam> is much more commonly used than <kam>a:yowextli</kam> , which is, nevertheless, understood and occasionally used. The phrase <kam>semi:yah de a:yowextli</kam> is also heard in Ameyaltepec. Apparently the squash from which such seeds come is <spn>pipiana</spn>. Check possession. /noa:yowech/?? etc. Check phonetics of this word. Check vowel length and measure. Apparently in this as well as several other words, the sequence /ah/ has gone to /a:/, at least in Ameyaltepec (but still, recheck). In Oapan it appears that the vowel is also long, but this should be checked given that it would make sense for only the pitch-accent to surface (given that {h} motivates p-a) 00201 tsatsintsi:n tsatsintsi:n tsátsintsí:n tsatsintsi:n tsátsintsí:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni-tsi:n yes-lex N1 person who is continually shouting gritón; persona que siempre grita Pending Melák titsatsintsi:n, ke:n tikwa:texi:kal. Am You are really a shouter, you have a very loud voice. Eres un gritón, tienes la voz muy fuerte. tsahtsi 00202 itso:mia nitso:mia ítso:mía itso:mia nítso:mía
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl/dom) V2-refl +Refl/+Nonspec class-2a yes-lex to blow the nose of sonar las narices de Pending htso:mi Used reflexively <kam>itso:mia</kam> refers to action of blowing one's nose by holding it between one's fingers and blowing the mucous out, letting it drip to the ground. At least in Oapan the transitive form is acceptable (e.g., <koa>kítsomíya</koa>), as when one blows the nose of ones child (in the manner indicated by this verb). The reflexive form maintains the initial /i/: <kam>timitso:mia</kam> (Am); the /i/ is lost, however, after the nonspecific marker <kn>tla-</kn> : <kam>tlatso:mia</kam>. The maintenance of the initial /i/ after the /o/-final reflexive markers suggests that the /i/ is not epenthetic, though an initial /hC/ sequence is usually preceded by an epenthetic /i/. However, the loss of /i/ before the nonnspecific complement <kn>tla-</kn> is consistent with epenthesis (cf., <klam>tlatso:mia</klam>). The ambiguity of the status of the initial /i/ is also noted by FK. itsomiya; check for /h/. Note sequence /htso(:)/ and cf. to word for nose: /yekahtsol/ although the similarity is undoubtedly coincidental (but the presence of /h/ in /yekahtsol/ is problematic. tlatso:mia val_reduce1 Am tlátso:mía val_reduce1 Oa 00203 tekiwah tekiwah tekiwah tekiwah
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-wah N1 town mayor comisario; alcalde Am, Oa lieutenant of the town mayor suplente al comisario Am, Oa govern Literally 'one who has work,' the term <kam>tekiwah</kam> is used only to refer to the two top secular officials; it is in Ameyaltepec, also called <klam>komisa:rioh</klam> and <klam>segundoh</klam>. The root <kroot>teki</kroot>might well refer to communal, village-wide labor and monetary contributions, which the secular officials 'have' (hence the ending <kn>-wah</kn>). Note that <kam>tekiwah</kam> is not used to refer to the <klam>fiská:l</klam> even though he has a"cargo"(<kn>tekitl</kn>) in the general sense. Finally, although in Oapan <koa>tekiwah</koa> is understood and used, it appears to be less common there than in Ameyaltepec. It is not clear whether <kn>tekiwah</kn> is used in other neighboring villages. teki Make sure this term is used with the same meaning in Oapan. 00204 kwarti:yah kwarti:yah
22/Oct/2005
cuartilla N N-loan N1 3 centavos (old monetary division) 3 centavos (división monetaria antigua) Am Nikpia kwarti:yah. Am I have three centavos. Tengo tres centavos. measure measurements The Oapan speakers I have consulted were young and might not have ever heard this form, which is perhaps known by older individuals. Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan. rreá:l confer Am 00205 tlaxtla:wilia kitlaxtla:wilia tlaxtla:wilia kitlaxtla:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to pay (sb [PO]) for (e.g., a debt, work done for wages, the cost of sth destroyed or damaged, etc. [SO]) pagarle a (algn [OP]) para (p. ej., trabajo hecho por un sueldo, el costo de algo destruído o dañado, etc. [OS]) Pending Xene:xtlaxtla:wilian. We:i ne:chwi:kilian. Am They still haven't paid me (e.g. for work, for sth sold, etc.). They owe me a lot. Todavía no me lo han pagado (p. ej., por un trabajo, una venta, etc.). Me deben mucho. xtla: tlaxtla:wa; tlaxtla:wilia Check vowel length. tlaxtla:wa verb_base Am 00206 a:moxkwitlatl a:moxkwitlatl á:moxkwítlatl a:moxkwitlatl á:moxkwítlatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 yes algae or any similar type of small green water plants that inhabit a large area of water algas o cualquier otro tipo de planta acuática que pulula por unaárea extendida de agua Am, Oa plant xiwtli a: mox kwitla The basis for pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear, unless it is related to reduplication reduction on a vowel-initial stem. Note that at least one consultant, Silvestre Pantaleón, seemed to pronounce <koa>a:moxkwitlatl</koa> without pitch-accent, as expected. Check pronounciation of Oapan; in session Silvestra Pantaleón seemed to pronounce this without pitch accent. a:moxkwitlatl 00207 yzzz kó:skayá:ntsi:n kó:skayá:ntsi:n kwi:saltsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito Oa type of edible grasshopper, still not identified tipo de chapulin comestible, todavía no identificado Oa plant fl animal insect ko:ska -ya:n This same Oapan word is used as the name of a flower and for a type of grasshopper. In Oapan this flower is used to make garlands of flowers that are placed on the laso of the the bulls that are danced in San Lucas. The etymology of <koa>kó:skayá:ntsi:n</koa> is uncertain, though it is perhaps related to <kroot>ko:ska</kroot>'necklace' and the locative formation <kn>-ya:n</kn> in reference to the fact that it is most commonly used in garlands. Check for possessed form. Check vowel length and, rethink etymology. ko:saltsi:n synonym Am 00208 techiki kitechiki 'techíki techiki kítechíki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(k) yes (often reduplicated with short vowel) to rub (sth hard) against; to scrape (one object [O] with another hard object); to scrub (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rozar; frotar; fregar; restregar; raspar; tallar Am, Oa Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Am Rub youself hard (e.g., with a rough stone, a hard cloth, <spn>estropajo</spn>, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, una tela burda, un estropajo, etc.), estás muy sucio! Xtetechiki mokone:w! Am Rub your child hard (i.e., with a stone while bathing him, to get the dirt off)! ¡Talla bien a tu hijo (p. ej., con una piedra al bañarlo, para que se le quite la tierra)! Kitechiktiw tlikuwtli. Am The firewood goes along scraping against it (in this case because it was poorly placed and tied onto a donkey, allowing it to go rubbing along against the animal's front legs). La leña le va raspando (en este caso leña mal colocada y atada a un burro, que le iba raspando las piernas delanteras). Ma mistetechiki mosuwa:w! Am Have your wife scrub you (e.g., while bathing, with a stone, <spn>estropajo</spn>, etc.)! ¡Quéte restriega tu esposa (p. ej., al bañarte, con una piedra, estropajo, etc.)! Notetechiki un pitso itech tetl. Am That pig is rubbing itself (scraping or scratching itself) against the rock (e.g, to aliviate an itch). Ese marrano se estáraspando contra la piedra (p. ej., donde tiene comezón para que se le quite). O:kitechiktiki:s ipan ixi:k. Am It scraped him on the belly button in passing. Le raspópor el ombligo al pasar. Kitechiktiw, kaxiliatiw ipan ima. Am It goes along rubbing against it (in this case a sack not properly tied against a mule's front leg); as it goes along (a mule on a path) it hits against its front leg. Le va rozando (en este caso un costal no bien atado contra una pierna de una mula); le va pegando una de sus piernas delanteras. Xtetechiki ika li:jah para ma petsiwi! Am Rub it hard with sandpaper so that it becomes smooth! ¡Frótalo duro con papel lija para que se alise! to sharpen by scraping (e.g., a machete, with a stone or similar material) sacarle filo al raspar con una piedra (p. ej., un machete) Pending Kitechiki imache:teh. Am He sharpens his machete (with a stone). Le saca filo a su machete (con una piedra). distort-shape te- hchiki Although the form <kam>chiki</kam> , without the intensifier, is accepted in elicitation in Ameyaltepec, all documented uses are of <kam>techiki</kam>. In Oapan, the consultants Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did not accept the form without initial <kn>te-</kn>. However, the form <klam>chiki</klam> (and <klam>chikilia</klam> might well be"overcorrections"that were the result of the elicitation process. The fact that the basic verb even in Ameyaltepec, might be <kam>techiki</kam> is suggested by the fact that Ameyaltepec reduplication affects the first"prefixed"syllable <kn>te-</kn>, not the stem itself. Thus one finds <kam>tetechiki</kam> and not * <kam>techichiki</kam>. The Ameyaltepec verb <kam>tlantetechiki</kam> has only been documented with the reduplication of the <kn>te-</kn> intensifier, i.e., ? <kam>tlantechiki</kam> has not been accepted by consultants. Oapan Nahuatl manifests what appears to be a non-reduplicative pattern. There are other Oapan words that have the same stem and all manifest pitch accent. These comprise the applicative <kloa>téchikília</kloa>, three words with an incorporated noun (<kloa>tsí:ntechíki</kloa>, <kloa>tlantéchikí</kloa>, and <kloa>tlayó:ltechíki</kloa>) and a derived nominal <kloa>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</kloa>. The location of the underlying {h} is not immediately apparent, but it has tentatively been placed in an initial position, <kroot>hchiki</kroot>. This may have to be changed with further comparative analysis from neighboring dialects and historical documentation. Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the"intensifier"or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check meaning of /kitechiki ika pla:nchah/. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and ?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3. Reduplication: there are some examples in C. Flores' discussion of the difference between /tetechiki/ and /te:techiki/. Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Restudy the Oapan vs. Ameyaltepec (and S. Juan) forms of reduplication (stem or /te-/ intensifier) and discuss. Note that in Oapan one has the reduplicated form /tlaó:yá/ whereas in Ameyaltepec one has /tlatlao:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' techikilia val_add_applic Am téchikília val_add_applic Oa 00209 ma:ka:wtok ma:ka:wtok ma:ka:htok ma:ka:htok
22/Oct/2005
Stat [N-*V1]-Stat Stat Durative to be left out to roam and graze (an animal such as a donkey, mule, cow, etc.) estar dejado suelto para apacentar (un animal como burro, mula, vaca, etc.) Am, Oa I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok. Am There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze. Hay un animal por la parte abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para apacentar. to be lose (an animal such as a dog that is not tied up) estar suelto (un animal como un perro que no estáamarrado) Pending ma: ka:wa burroh pió chichi 00210 yzzz tláto:lmáti tlato:lmati tláto:lmáti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> yes-lex to know how to speak (in the sense of offering a discourse or speech); to be a good speaker or orator; to be persuasive with words (able to put together a good argument) saber hablar (en el sentido de exponer); ser un buen orador; ser persuasivo con las palabras Oa According to Cristino Flores <klam>tlato:lmatki</klam> is used in Ameyaltepec; the verbal form <kam>tlato:lmati</kam> is not an Ameyaltepec word (even though it was in my original list of words). hto mati 00211 mi:na kimi:na mi:ni kimi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body; see <kloa>tla:tla:ilia</kloa>) darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn; véase <kloa>tla:tla:ilia</kloa>) Am, Oa Wel te:mi:na. Am He knows how to bewitch people's food. Sabe embrujarle la comida de la gente. Mitsmi:nas wan ki:sas kwilin. Am He will bewitch you (i.e., your food or drink) and worms will spring up inside of you. Te va a embrujar (la comida o bebida) y te van a salir gusanitos adentro. (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get only partially cooked (one type of bean when mixed with another; Ameyaltepec synonym <klam>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</klam>) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) cocinarse parcialmente y quedar algo duro (un tipo de frijol cuando se mezcla y hierve con otro; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: <klam>tlatlaka:mihka:ti</klam>) Am (refl.) to cross-pollinate (strains of plants such as maize that show visible effects from such cross-pollination) (refl.) cruzarse (variantes de plantas como el maíz que dejan huellas visibles de tal proceso) Oa (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get a disease that is apparently chicken pox (small, purplish pimples that appear on a child's body, arms, and face and then quickly disappear) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) enfermarse con una enfermedad que aparentemente es varicela (que se manifiesta con granitos púrpuras que aparecen sobre el cuerpo, brazos, y cara de los niños para después desaparecer rápido) Oa (with short vowel reduplication) to throw cooked grains of boiled maize and white beans that have been threaded onto a small piece of brush at (in order to cure chicken pox) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) flechar a (algn) con maíz hervido (como de pozole) y frijol blanco que ha sido ensartado en un pedacito de tlasole Oa mi:na In the acceptation referring to food poisoning, the animals that spring forth inside of one may be <kam>kwilin, kalwa:wtli, chapolin, sa:poh,</kam> and <kam>wi:laka</kam> , or just plain 'whooping cough' (i.e., <kam>tlatlaxixtli</kam>). The targeted person accepts something to eat or drink from another, who has the ability to alter a beverage (or food, though most often beverages are the means of transmission) so that it has the desired effect. In the Oapan acceptation of 'to cross-pollinate' the verb indicates a situation in which two varieties of a plant cross. The example given to me was of maize plants (<koa>nomini tlayo:hli</koa>): one person might plant white maize in his field and another might plant blue maize in an adjoining field. The resultant fruit will show blue kernels interspersed with white ones (and vice versa). Note, finally, that with the sense of 'to hunt' (see <klam>tlami:na</klam>) the verb is often reduplicated: <kam>tontlatlami:naskeh</kam>. Although the phrase <kam>kontemi:n tok to :nahli</kam> was documented in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that the proper term is <kam>konwi:tektok to:nahli</kam>. However, he added the definition of 'to be pointing and pressed up against (e.g., a finger against an object, a knife, etc.). In Oapan to say that one has chicken pox one says <koa>nó:mí:ni</koa>. This word is also used (in the reflexive and with an object) to indicate the cure for this disease, which consists in threading a boiled kernel of corn and a white bean on a small piece of brush and throwing it at the sick person. To do this a bunch of neighbors contribute the corn and beans and then come to the sick person's house where they thread the two grains (one each) on small pieces of brush and then throw the"arrows"at the sick person. The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (<kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn>) with <kam>mi:na</kam> illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form <kam>mi:na</kam> accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to <kn>te:miktia</kn> and <kn>tlamiktia</kn>): <kam>te:mi:na</kam> refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; <kam>tlami:na</kam> refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for <klam>tlami:nahli</klam> , which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of <kam>mi:na</kam> , the nominalized for m with <kn>tla-</kn> is sema ntically related to the verbal form with <kn>te:-</kn> ; there is no nominal form * <kam>te:mi:nahli</kam>. The variation in final vowel between the two dialects (<kam>mi:na</kam> vs. <koa>mi:ni</koa>) is not regular. Check to determine which is more usual, reduplicated or not, for the meaning of 'to hunt with a bow and arrow.' Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/ and /kitla:tla:ilia/. /te:-/, /tla-/, nominalization: The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (<kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn>) with <kam>mi:na</kam> illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form <kam>mi:na</kam> accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to <kn>te:miktia</kn> and <kn>tlamiktia</kn>): <kam>te:mi:na</kam> refers to the action of"bewitching"a human through food poisoning; <kam>tlami:na</kam> refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for <klam>tlami:nahli</klam> , which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of <kam>mi:na</kam> , the nom inal ized form with <kn>tla-</kn> is semantically related to the verbal form with <kn>te:-</kn> ; there is no nominal form * <kam>te:mi:nahli</kam>. tla:tla:ilia confer Oa tlami:na val_reduce1 Am tlami:ni val_reduce1 Oa 00212 pochi:na kipochi:na pochi:na kipochi:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni class-3a to card (e.g., cotton or similar fibrous materials by pulling apart and fluffing up the fibers and, in the case of cotton, first picking out the seeds); to beat cotton with a small stick to fluff up cardar (p. ej., algodón u otros materiales parecidos, desgarrando las fibras y, en el caso del algodón, quitándole las semillas); agitar algodón con un palito para que quede esponjado Pending Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. Am Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.). ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacándole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.). pochi: mexkahli ichkatl Although some consultants have stated that <kamoa>pochi:na</kamoa> is used to refer to the carding of cotton, Roberto Mauricio (Oa) mentioned that this verb is used to refer to the pulling apart of the strands of maguey fiber before it is twisted into rope or cord. The verb <koa>kí:moló:nia</koa> is used to refer to the fluffing up of cotton before it is spun. The precise use of <kamoa>pochi:na</kamoa> needs to be checked. Finally, although I have only heard <kamoa>pochi:na</kamoa> as the transitive verb, Inocencio Díaz (Am) said that <kam>pochi:naltia</kam> is also correct. This needs to be checked. At one point I had a xref to /tlapo:china/, but no entry. Check whether this is a null obj. complement verb with culturally determined meaning. Note that 00213 sinkorrá:l *sinkorrá:l
11/Feb/2006
corral N N-loan N1 constellation of stars (lit. ' <spn>mazorca</spn> fence') in the shape of a circle of stars located between <klam>tolkopetli</klam> and <klam>miák</klam> constelación de estrellas (lit. 'corral para mazorca') en la forma de un círculo ubicado entre <klam>tolkopetli</klam> and <kloa>miák</kloa> Am heavens sin Cristino Flores was not familiar with this group of stars although it is documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec. Make sure that both /tolkopetli/ and /miák/ link to the proper entries, referring to constellations. 00214 no:ntia no:ntia no:ntia no:ntia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become unable to speak or mute (from a fright, illness, etc.) quedarse mudo; perder la facultad de hablar (por un susto, enfermedad, etc.) Am, Oa O:no:ntiak, xok wel tlatowa, ye tlanawi. Am He's gotten so that he can't speak, he can't talk anymore, he's in a grave state. Quedósin poder hablar, ya no puede decir nada, ya estágrave. Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok. Am If you see a <klam>sowa:teyowah</klam> (type of evil female supernatural being, all dressed in black), you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy. Si ves a una <klam>sowa:teyowah</klam> (tipo de ser supernatural feminino, vestido siempre de negro) te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud. no:n Classical Nahuatl (see Molina) has the form <kn>no:nti</kn> with the same meaning. Check for other uses of this root. Check to see if /no:ntli/ exists. I only remember hearing an"adjectival"form, /no:ntik/. Molina does list /nontli/ 'mudo.' Check for use of /te-/, which I think is possible. If I remember correctly /no:ntia/ refers to a temporary state and /teno:ntia/ to sth more permanent. But check (as well as with nominal forms). no:ntilia val_add_applic Am tlato:lka:wa synonym Am tláto:lká:wa synonym Oa 00215 tekomo:ni tekomo:ni tekomo:ni tekomo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni class-3a see <klam>komo:ni</klam> véase <klam>komo:ni</klam> Am, Oa 00216 kwalakchipi:ni kwalakchipi:ni kwalahchipi:ni kwelahchipi:ni kwalahchipi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a)[x] class-3a to drool; to have or let saliva drip from ones mouth (e.g., when one has sores, <klam>tso:tso:tl</klam> in ones mouth) babear; dejar escurrir baba o saliva de la boca (cuando uno tiene <klam>tso:tso:tl i:kamak</klam>) Pending Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl. Am He is drooling, a scorpion bit him. Estábabeando, le picóun alacrán. kwala: chipi: Word order: /Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl/ 'He is drooling, a scorpion bit him' Note the order V-A, This seems be related to the fact that the discourse topic is the subject of the first progressive verb and already introduced. But when two bits of new information are introduced as in /Juan o:kitek i:xo:chiw/ 'Juan cut his flower' (A-V-P or S-V-O) the V-S order is not common ?/i:xo:chiw o:kitek Juan/. 00217 pelo:tawia kipelo:tawia
11/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>pelota</spn> No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to give an enema with a ball of cotton to (a person or animal) darle unaénema con una bolita de algodón a (una persona o animal) Am O:tsi:ntepi:tsiw iburroh, kipelo:tawi:s ika untoh. Am His donkey has become constipated, he will give it an enema with ointment. Su burro estáestreñido, le va a dar una enema con ungüento. <kam>Pelo:tawia</kam> refers to the action of giving an enema of ointment to release constipation. The verb derives from the fact that with humans a ball of cotton is used to apply the ointment. With animals, however, the ointment is applied to ones fingers, which are then inserted inside the animal's rectum. Determine what type of ointment is used, and if this is only used to relieve constipation. Finally, check vowel length (i.e., the /o/ might be short and the /a/ long). tsi:npachowa synonym Oa 00218 temowa:ya:n temowa:ya:n temowa:ya:n temowa:ya:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-dvb[imp] N1 topography downward slope (e.g., of a hill) inclinación hacia abajo (en una cuesta); bajada Am, Oa temo: -ya:n 00219 tlama:se:wa tlama:se:wa tlámasé:wa tlamase:wa tlámasé:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-3a(w) yes-lex to do what one is able (in terms of prayer or penance, particularly to help aliviate a distressing situation) hacer lo que uno puede (en cuanto a rezar o hacer penitencia, particularmente para aliviar una situación penosa) Pending Xok niweli, yo:nitlamase:w a:chitsi:n. Am I can't do anything anymore, I did the little I could (in this case trying to help keep a child from dying). Ya no puedo hacer más, hice lo que pude para ayudar (en este caso para que no se muriera un niño enfermo). mahse: The meaning of <kam>tlamase:wa</kam> is not entirely clear. The one documented use refers to the effort of someone to deter the death of a child battling an illness. Molina has <kn>maceua. nic</kn> 'conseguir, o merecerlo deseado' and <kn>maceua. nitla</kn> 'idem. o hazer penitencia.' For nominalized <kn>tlamaceualiztli</kn> he has 'penitencia, o merecimiento, o el acto de dar sacomano.' The term <spn>sacomano</spn> is not in the dictionaries consulted, but it undoubtedly refers to 'lending a helping hand' or some equivalent expression. This is in accord with the definition proportioned by consultants in Ameyaltepec. Cristino Flores did not know this word, <kam>tlamase:wa</kam> in Ameyaltepec, but rather he stated that a word was <klam>ma:se:wia</klam> , which was taken to mean, literally, 'to rest the arms of (e.g., someone doing a heavy task). FM gave the translation of <koa>tlámasé:wa</koa> as 'se encargo.' Check vowel length given that this entry was obtained from a file card that did not have vowel length recorded. Also, obtain further examples and explanation. Check vowel length in all dialects. 00220 ma:ski ma:ski ma:si ma:si
22/Oct/2005
Subord Subord (~ [verb]) even though [verb] (~ [verbo]) aunque [verbo] Am, Oa Ma:ski de milá:k tekipanowa:ntsi:n, de milá:k tlayo:wia. Am 00220_01_am Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:22 Even though he is a real hard worker, he really suffers from want. Aunque es muy trabajador, es muy pobre. Ma:ski tikwalo, xtimitspati:s. Am Even though you are sick, I won't cure you. Aunque estés enfermo, no te voy a curar. ma: so iw 00221 zzz Was /Ia:pan Wi:lo:tl/ switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 00222 komo:nteko komo:nteko komó:ntekó komo:nteko komó:ntekó
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-Asp Asp class-4a yes-lex to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud caer fuertemente al suelo con un ruido sordo Pending O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok. Am You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a resounding thud. Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayócon estrépito al suelo. komo:n ehko With the relevant change in deictic reference, <kam>komo:ntasi</kam> has the same meaning as <kam>komo:nteko</kam>. Note use of /nochpa:na/ in ref. to mules here in C. Flores discussion. 00223 ichkakuwtli ichkakuwtli ichkakohtli ichkakohtli ichkakohtli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l>L., cotton tree of the Malvaceae family; in Oapan two types of <koa>ichkakohtli</koa> are recognized <l>Gossypium hirsutum</l>L.,árbol de algodón de la familia Malvaceae; en Oapan se reconocen dos tipos de <koa>ichkakohtli</koa> Am, Oa Ichkakuwtli | Xkuwtli pa:mpa xwe:i. Kipia ichkayo. Am <kam>Ichkakuwtli</kam> : It isn't a tree because it isn't big. It has its cotton. <kam>Ichkakuwtli</kam> : No es unárbol porque no es grande. Tiene su algodón. plant kohtli chka kow Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as"árbol de algodón." In Oapan there are two types of <koa>ichkakohtli</koa>. One grows in the village and has white flowers. Its cotton was previously used for spinning thread with a malacate (<koa>para kitsa:wa</koa>). There is another type that grows wild in the hill with purplish flowers. Check to determine if this is a tree or bush, i.e., if it is the cotton plant itself or simply a tree (like the /po:cho:tl/) with cotton pods. Description mentioned: /kipia ichkayo/. In another file card I had /kipia ichkaw/ which would seem to be in error. But check whether both are OK. Check for possibility of possessed form. ichkaxo:chitl confer Am, Oa 00224 to:ka:yo:mati kito:ka:yo:mati to:ka:yo:mati kito:ka:yo:mati
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to know the name of (a person or an object) saber el nombre de (una persona o un objeto) Am, Oa Xma:s nikto:ka:yo:mati. Am I don't really know what his name is. No sébien cúal es su nombre. to:ka: mati <kam>To:ka:yo:mati</kam> is only used in reference to a personal name. Thus <kam>xnikto:ka:yo:mati</kam> means 'I don't know his (or her) name.' To express a similar concept in regard to names of objects, one would say <kam>xnikmati ke:n ito:ka</kam> 'I don't know what it is called.' Incorporation. Note that although name is not found normally with the -yo abstract suffix, in this compound form it is. 00225 tilikixtik tilikixtik tilikixtik tilikixtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be scarred estar cicatrizado; tener un cicatriz Am, Oa to have a rough, poorly joined, and highly visible seam (e.g., cloth sewn together) con una costura mal hecha y visible (p. ej., tela cosida) Am, Oa Tilikixtik, xkwahli o:nosasa:loh. Am It is poorly joined together (a seam), it wasn't sewn well. Estámal cosida (una costura), no se cosióbien. tilikich <kam>Tilikixtik</kam> refers to a seam or seam-like area that is rough and raised, such as occurs with a scar left after a bad cut or with a seam that is poorly sewn together. 00226 ke:chka:n ke:chka:n ke:chka:n ke:chka:n
22/Oct/2005
Pr(int) Pr(int)-Loc N-loc-1-ka:n N(loc) how many places? ¿cuántos lugares? Am, Oa Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe? Am How many tiers does your skirt have? ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales en tu falda? kech -ka:n Check vowel length; my original filecard had a short vowel recorded but I have entered this as long given the data from other occurrences of /ke:ch/. 00227 kwa:k ikwa:k kwa:' ikwa:' ikwa:k íkwá:k ikwa:k kwa:k íkwá:k
11/Feb/2006
Subord Subord-b yes-lex when cuando Am, Oa Kwa:k nekos, nikekchi:was. Am When I arrive here, I will fix it. Cuando llegue acá, lo voy a arreglar. hkwa:k <kam>Kwa:k</kam> (or <kam>ikwa:k</kam>) is never used as an interrogative; see <klamoa>kamanon</klamoa>. In Ameyaltepec the initial syllable (cf., underlying {ihkwa:k}) is seldom pronounced; the same change has occurred in Tetelcingo, Morelos. In Oapan it is quite often pronounced, with a high pitch reflective of the underlying {h} as the coda of the first syllable. Check etymology. Perhaps /k/ should not be included. kamanon confer Am 00228 poposoka poposoka poposoka poposoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to boil heavily; to come to a heavy boil hervirse fuertemente Am, Oa Poposokatok ma:w. Am Your water is boiling heavily. Se estáhirviendo fuertemente tu agua. poso: Recheck difference between /poso:ni/ and /poposoka/. poso:ni ni_base Am, Oa 00229 kwa:xikipi:hli kwa:xikipi:hli kwa:xikipi:hli kwa:xikipi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo de semana santa en oapan Am bonnet (e.g., of little children and babies) gorrita (p. ej., de niños pequeños o bebés) Pending kwa: xikipi:l Pending I heard this used only once in reference to a baby's bonnet, perhaps jokingly and as an idiosyncratic metaphor; see <kam>kwa:po:xah</kam>. The general acceptation of <kam>kwa:xikipihli</kam> is the white, sack-like head-covering worn by Judas during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan (a synonym is the obligatorily possessed <kam>kwa:po:xah</kam>). This covering consists of a white cloth placed like a sack over Judas's entire head with two holes made for the eyes and two wrapped-up balls of cloth that are like ears (or horns?) at the top. In Oapan <koa>kwa:xikipi:hli</koa> is used (though it is not that common) for a child's bonnet. For Judas's headdress the word <koa>kwa:koweh</koa> because he has his <koa>kwa:kuh</koa>. In one entry from the original Am filecards I had a long stem-final /i:/; the others had a short /i/. However, my impression from Oapan was that the /i:/ is long and this has been entered for both dialects. But check! Nevertheless, under Am /xikipi:hli/ I have written"Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long." Check 00230 tla:hli tla:hli tla:hli tla:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 ground; earthen floor tierra; piso o suelo de tierra Am, Oa Nikochi ipan tla:hli. Am I sleep on the ground Duermo sobre la tierra. earth; dust or dirt tierra; mugre o polvo de tierra Am, Oa (often poss.) land (a menudo pos.) terreno Pending Xkipia itla:l. Am He doesn't have any land (e.g., to plant). No tiene terreno (p. ej., para siembra). (poss. with <kn>-yo</kn>) body dirt or grime (pos. con <kn>-yo</kn>) mugre del cuerpo Pending Melá:k o:ki:s notla:hlo. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:weka:w xnima:ltia:ya. Am The grime really came off me. I've bathed, it had been a long time since I had bathed. Salióel mugre de mi cuerpo. Me bañé, ya había pasado mucho tiempo desde que me había bañado. tla:l Note that in general a distinction is made between <kam>tla:hli</kam> , which means earthen floor, and the borrowing <kam>pi:soh</kam> , which is used to refer to floors of cement or tile. Similarly, the possessed <kn>i:tla:l</kn> refers most often (though not exclusively) to land for planting; land for housesites is more often referred to with the borrowed <kam>si:tioh</kam>. 00231 sakilia kisakilia sakilia kisakilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a (often with long vowel reduplication) to truck for; to remove by transporting or carrying for (a material object, usually referenced by a mass noun--such as water, fodder, stone--from a given location) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) acarrear para; sacar para (un objeto material, usualmente no contable--como zacate, agua, piedra--de un lugar donde se encuentra) Pending Ne:chsa:sakilia a:tl. Am He transports water for me (in repeated trips). Me acarrea agua (en viajes repetidos). saka Note that an utterance such as <kam>Ne:chsasakilia a:tl</kam> would be used in reference to a large quantity of water, such as that needed in house construction. If one is simply drawing one or two trips of water for household use the applicative <kam>a:tlakwi:lia</kam> would be used. Check vowel lenght of reduplication in /ne:chsasakilia a:tl/. Determine whether there exist forms with long and short vowel reduplication. saka verb_base Am, Oa 00232 ara:doh de po:lkoh ara:doh de po:lkoh
11/Feb/2006
arado; polco (?) N N-complex N1/2; Aln(1=2) type of plow yet not definitively identified, it has replaced the plow made of wood tipo de arado todavía no identificado definitivamente Am tool-cultivate tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de kuhtli/ This type of plow is apparently the one used nowadays, having replaced the <kam>ara:doh de kuhtli</kam>. As with most Spanish borrowings, the possessed form of the headword manifests no change on the complex noun, e.g, <kam>ara:doh de po:lkoh</kam>. ara:doh de kohtli confer Am 00233 i:xkochi i:xko:kochi i:xkochi i:xko:kochi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-l class-3a(ch)(Am:long) to have ones eyes closed from sleep tener los ojos cerrados por el cansacio o sueño Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to have ones eyelids slowly and repeatedly close from droziness; to drop of or nod off to sleep, with ones eyes slowly opening and closing (and perhaps ones head bobbing as one is overcome by sleep) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrarle a uno los párpados, despacio y repetidamente, por sentir un fuerte sueño; estar abrumado por el sueño con los párpados abriéndose y cerrándose (y tal vez cabeceando por el sueño) Am, Oa I:xko:koxtok. Am He's dropping off to sleep and his eyes are starting to close. Le estáagarrando el sueño y se le están cerrando los ojos. to dim or start dying out (light, such as a flashlight losing energy that is weak or dimmed) atenuarse o bajarse la luz (p. ej., de una luz eléctrica que tiene la pila baja y estáperdiendo energía) Pending i:x kochi At one point I had a note here"Check to see if the non-reduplicated form occurs."However, in my original (unchecked) file cards I did have a sentence /ti:xkochi pampa tikochisneki/"se te cierran los ojos porque estás soñoliente."I also had /ti:xkoxtia:snekis/, although this seems to definitely be the result of elicitation or direct questioning. There is no evidence of /i:xkochi/ in the Classical texts. Check for other possible subjects. 00234 chipi:nia kichipi:nia chipi:nia kichipi:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to let drops fall (e.g., of medicine into a wound) dejar caer gotas (p. ej., de un remedio a una herida) Am, Oa Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. Am If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. Si has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de tus orejas. chipi: chipi:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00235 tetsotsoltsi:n tetsotsoltsi:n tsotsoltsi:n tsotsoltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tetsotsoltsi:n</kam> to have little or no hair or feathers (animals) tener poco o nada de pelo o plumaje (animales) Am, Oa Tetsotsoltsi:n mopio. Am Your chicken is missing a lot of feathers. Tu gallina tiene pocas plumas. to be bare or without covering (e.g., prickly pears, corn that has been husked, etc.) estar pelón (p. ej., una tuna sin ahuates, mazorca sin cáscara) Pending (often with <kn>te-</kn> prefix) to be nude (e.g., a young child) (a menudo con prefijo <kn>te-</kn>) estar desnudo (p. ej., un niño pequeño) Oa Tsotsoltsi:n mokone:w. Oa Your little child is nude. Estádesnudo tu niño. tsol Given the lexicalized nature of the reduplication here, Oapan Nahuatl does not permit reduction: * <koa>ti:tsoltsi:n</koa> Usually endings in /-tsi:n/ are related to endings in /-tik/. Thus check whether /tsotsoltik/ and /tsotsohli/ exist. Make sure that reduplication reduction is not acceptable in Oapan. Check difference between form with and without /te-/. 00236 kamasasa:l kamasasa:l
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>kamatesasa:l</kam> to be a slow-eater ser lento en comer Am kama sa:l Apparently may be used with or without the <kn>te-</kn>, as either <kam>kamasasa:l</kam> or <kam>kamatesasa:l</kam>. It is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to eat or drink and is particularly said when others are impatiently waiting while one, derogatorily called <kam>kamasasa:l</kam> takes his or her time. kamayo:li:k synonym Oa 00237 -neki tlakwa:sneki -neki cho:kasneki
22/Oct/2005
Suf suffix added to future single verbs to indicate want or desire sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar deseo Am, Oa Nitlakwa:sneki, yo:wekaw xnitlakwa. Am I want to eat, it's been a long time since I've eaten. Quiero comer, ya se hace mucho tiempo que no como. suffix added to future singular verbs to indicate that the verbal action is about to occur sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar que la acción verbal estáa punto de ocurrir Am, Oa Kiawisneki. Xkalakti motlake:n! Am It's about to rain. Put your clothes inside! Quiere llover (o, estáa punto de llover).¡Mete tu ropa! neki 00238 zzz Was /Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/ switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 00239 kuwpitsiwi kuwpitsiwi kohpitsiwi kohpitsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to harden; to become brittle; to stiffen or become stiff (sth originally soft and bland, that by nature shouldn't harden, like tortillas, or sth that is hard when it shouldn't be, such as cooked beans) endurecerse; quedarse quebradizo; ponerse tieso (algo originalmente suave y blando que de por si no debe ser duro, como las tortillas, o algo que es duro cuando no debe ser, como frijoles cocidos) Am, Oa Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. Am The tortillas have started to stiffen, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become stiff and brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse poniéndose tiesas, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). Yo:pe:w kukuwpitsiwi motlaxkal, yaw para kukuwtia. Am Your tortillas have started to get stiff, they're on their way to becoming hard. Se empezaron a ponerse tieso tus tortillas, ya están para endurecerse. Yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi ke:soh, yo:pe:w wa:ki. Am The cheese has started to harden, it has started to dry. Ya empezóa endurecerse el queso, ya empezóa secarse. to have rigor mortis set in on [S] empezar a quedarse rígido (un cuerpo o persona) por rigidez cadavérica Pending San weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kohpitsiw. Am He's just stretched out, he's just lying flat out straight (in this case a sick person on a bed), you'd think that rigor mortis has set in on him. Estáacostado todo estirado, estátodo como recto (en este caso una persona enferma sobre una cama), dirías que se quedótieso por la rigidez cadavérica. Kwa:k timikis, tikuwpitsiwis. Am When you die, you will get stiff (from rigor mortis). Cuando te mueras, te vas a poner tieso (por la rigidez cadavérica). kow pits tlake:ntli ika mito:nil tlaxkahli kwak ye wa:ktok wa:kax deke o:mik ka:n to:na, kohpitsiwi ikweroh tepi:tsiwi The verb <kam>kuhpitsiwi</kam> is used to refer to the stiffening of tortillas, meat, bread, cheese (because it is getting old, or has been overdone on a fire). It can also be used to refer to the stiffening of a body at death (rigor mortis). Thus it seems clear that <kam>kuhpitsiwi</kam> refers to something that should be soft, but that hardens or stiffens. In this sense it differs from <kam>tepi:tsiwi</kam> , which indicates the hardening that affects materials that should be so: ice, mortar, clay, etc. With a human subject <kam>kuhpitsiwi</kam> can refer to rigor mortis. But it can also be used to refer to a person who is metaphorically"stiff"from clothes that have become covered with dirt. Thus <kam>o:nikuhpitsiw</kam> , 'I have become stiff,' can refer to the fact that the clothes I am wearing have become covered with dirt from not having been washed for a long time and as a result have stiffened. In Oapan <kloa>tepi:tsiwi</kloa>is used for mud that hardens, whereas the hardening of a cerami c bowl is r eferred to by <kloa>kohtia</kloa>or <kloa>kohpitsiwi</kloa>. Note that in general it seems that <koa>tepi:tsiwi</koa> is used for things that should become hard: mortar, cement, mud, etc., whereas <koa>kohpitsiwi</koa> is used for tortillas, dirty clothes, hair with soap left in it, etc. <koa>Kuhtia</koa> can also be used for these same situations. The vowel length of <kln>kohpitsiwi</kln>has been checked several times and been found as indicated. However, <klam>tepi:tsiwi</klam> , which would seem to have the same root as its head is marked in all contexts with a long vowel. It would appear that the two forms, <kam>kohpitsiwi</kam> and <kam>tepi:tsiwi</kam> are related despite the vowel length discrepancy which should, nevertheless, be rechecked. Check respective vowel lengths of /kuhpitsiwi/ and /tepitsi:wi/, although my recording agrees with the information in Karttunen. Check for transitive form. Check to see if reduplicated form /kukuhpitsiwi/ is more common than non-reduplicated form. The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Cf. and check the correctness of /kukuhpitsiwi/ in entry under /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/; here it refers to things that stayed hard. Note use of /kel a:tl/ here. In one example phrase I had /peya:tsiwtok/, but this has been changed here to /peya:siwtok/, which is probably correct. 00240 ka:miliwi ka:miliwi ka:miliwi ka:miliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to get bruised and turn purple; for welts to form on ([S], e.g., skin after a hard blow) magullarse y ponerse morado (p. ej., la piel a causa de un golpe); salir verdugones en el cuerpo de ([S], p. ej., como resultado de una fuerte caída) Pending O:ka:miliw moma ika o:tikukuw. Am Your hand got bruised (showed welts and dark spots) from you having chopped wood. Se te magullóla mano (salindo ronchas y moretones) por haber cortado leña. O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw, o:noyeskwep, xo:topo:n. Am It hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple, it got a blood blister but it didn't burst. Me golpeéla mano con una piedra y se puso moradita, se le salióuna ampolla llena de sangre, pero no se reventó. Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo, kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi. Am His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark. Su torso ya empezóa ponerse morenito. Estáenfermo, ya se le empezóa poner la piel más negro. to get or become darkened (e.g., rocks from smoke, or ceramics from being poorly fired) ennegrecerse o ponerse más oscuro (p. ej., piedras por el humo, o cerámica al ser ennegrecerse por mal cocida) Pending O:ka:miliw, xo:iksik kwahli. Am It got blackened (in this case a clay pot), it didn't fire well. Se ennegreció(en este caso cerámica), no se cocióbien. ka:mil xi:tomatl noso chi:lxoxo:hki ipan koma:hli ka:miliwi; tli:liwi In Oapan <koa>ka:miliwi</koa> is used mostly in the adjectival <kloa>ka:miltik</kloa>to indicate a darkened color of ceramics that are poorly and incompletely fired. If fired well the material (barro) becomes paler. However, although there is a transitive form <klam>ka:milowa</klam> in Ameyaltepec (at least according to my original documentation), Florencia Marcelino denied that such a form was used in Oapan, where she accepted only the intransitive <koa>ka:miliwi</koa> of the present entry. RS has the definition for <kn>camiliui</kn> as 'empezar a madurar, tomar color, referente a frutos'; as common with words that indicate changes in surface color there is a synonymous intransitive form <kn>camileua</kn>. He also gives the adjectival <kn>camilectic</kn>. Molina has only <kn>camileua</kn> 'pitantar las cerezas, o la fruta, o pararse moreno' and <kn>camilectic</kn> 'cosa morena, o fruta que pinta'. To date in the Balsas region I have not documented any use of this word with a fruit as subject, but obviously there is a common meaning in the Guerrero and Classical forms, a meaning referring to the darkening of a skin or surface. Check for /ka:mile:wi/. Check to see if this verb can be used in reference to fruit. The semantic relation with the root in /kamotli/ appears likely, but vowel length is different. 00241 yzzz tlikonextamahli tlikonextamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N1 type of tamal made from corn dough (i.e., <kloa>tixtli</kloa>made from <kloa>nextamahli</kloa>) that is mixed with <kloa>tenextli</kloa>and <kloa>tlikonextli</kloa>as it is boiled tipo de tamal que se hace con masa hecho de nixtamal que se cocióen la olla con <kloa>tenextli</kloa>y <kloa>tlikonextli</kloa> Oa food tli nex tamal tamahli <kam>Tamahli de kuhnextli</kam> is eaten in all villages of the Balsas region except, apparently, San Miguel Tecuiciapan and San Agustín Oapan. In this latter village tamales are made of simple <kam>tixtli</kam> and for this reason the tamales harden much quicker. They are also wrapped in <klam>to:tomo:xtli</klam> and not corn leaves, <klam>iswatamahli</klam> or <kloa>tamaliswatl</kloa>, as are other tamals such as <kloa>tamahli de telolotsi:n</kloa>. Nevertheless, Oapan does have a word for what in Ameyaltepec is called <kam>tamahli de kuhnextli</kam>. Make sure that /tlikonextamahli/ is a word in Oapan and refers to what is indicated in this entry. Also, if the information on the fact that this type of tamal is not made in Oapan, check why a name for it exists. tamahli de kuwnextli synonym Am 00242 ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia yo:ichpo:chlamatsi:ntiak ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia yo:ichpo:chlámatsí:ntiak
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 i-epen V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) yes-lex to grow old (a woman) as a spinster by passing the common or proper age for marriage (e.g., by exceeding approximately 22 or 23 years of age) llegar (una mujer) a ser solterona por rebasar la edad más apropriada para casarse (al rebasar los 22 o 23 años de edad) Pending age chpo:ch lamah lamah Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /ichpo:chlamatsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly Check for /h/.. 00243 komo:ntasi komo:ntasi komó:ntasí komo:ntasi komó:ntasí
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-Asp Asp class-4a yes-lex see <klam>komo:nteko</klam> (Am) / <kloa>komó:ntasí</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>komo:nteko</klam> (Am) / <kloa>komó:ntasí</kloa>(Oa) Am, Oa komo:n ehko 00244 nakapachiwi nakapachiwi nakapachiwi nakapachiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to get covered with flesh (e.g., a wound as it is healing) taparse con piel (p.ej., una herida mientras que se compone y se alivia) Pending to get more than ones fill of meat llenarse de carne hasta estar bien satiado Pending to get (ones eye) covered with a thin film (in Sp., the condition called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) taparsele (el ojo) con una delgada capa blanca (en la condición llamada"carnosidad") Pending O:nakapachiw i:xtew. Am His eye got covered with a thin film. Tiene carnosidad en el ojo. disease naka pach Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb, and whether it, or the intransitive, can refer to anything other than this eye condition. 00245 zzz
30/Jul/2005
This entry was originally /texopilowa/ but has been removed; only /xopilowa/ is listed now. 00246 chichí:k to:motli chichí:k to:motli
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 1(h) type of cactus, <klam>to:motli</klam> as yet unidentified tipo de cactus, <klam>to:motli</klam> , hasta ahora no identificado Am plant cactus chichi: to:moh It is not clear whether this is actually a type of <kam>to:motli</kam> or whether it simply a descriptive term for certain types of prickly pears (cactus fruit). None of the consultants during the field botany project of 2001 were familar with this form. Check whether /chichí:k to:mohtli/ is actually a type of cactus. I only have it recorded in one place, under a list of /to:motli/ on the filecard entry for this word. 00247 tlakwi:xwia tlakwi:xwia tlakwi:xwia [tla kwi:x 'wi ya] tlakwi:xwia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-2a to make a hissing or rushing sound hacer un sonido como de soplido o silbido Am, Oa Tlakwi:xwia kwi:xin kwa:k patla:ni. Am The hawk makes a rushing sound when it flys. El gavilán hace un sonido de soplido cuando vuela. Tlakwi:xwia kowatl kwa:k kwala:ni. Am A snake makes a hissing sound when it is mad. Una culebra hace un sonido como de silbido cuando se enoja. kwi:x tekolo:tl masa:tl kowatl <kam>Tlakwi:xwia</kam> indicates a hissing or rushing of air sound, such as that made when one tightens ones lips and exhales air through the narrow opening. It is also documented as referring to the sounds made by snakes and other animals or lizards, particularly when mad, or to the sound of gas escaping from a leak. It is unclear whether the name of the"gavilán"(<klam>kwi:xin</klam>) is related to this verb. According to Cristino Flores the animal that most commonly makes this sound is the owl. I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn> ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Cf. query with /kwi:xwia/. Check whether /kwi:xwia/ is derived from any other lexical form. tlakwi:xwilia val_add_applic Am, Oa kwi:xwia verb_base Am, Oa 00248 mailia makilia kimailia makilia kimakilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to thrash; to hit or strike; to give a beating or thrashing to (with a fist or hard object; particularly used in this sense with a human or animate object) dar una paliza a; golpear (con el puño o algo duro; particularmente utilizado con este significado cuando el objeto es humano o animado) Am, Oa Ma:ka tiá:s! Mitsmaili:skeh. Am Don't go! They'll give you a beating. ¡No te vayas! Te van a dar una paliza. to strike (often metaphorically) and cause harm (e.g., the sun beating down on sth, a shadow hitting a planted field, always with the sense of causing harm of having a negative effect) pegar o golpear (a menudo metaforicamente) causando daño (p. ej., el sol que le pega a algo, una sombra que le pega un sembradío, siempre con el sentido de hacer daño, de tener un efecto negativo) Pending Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n! Am Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful and"hot"to the growth of maize)! Cut its top branches down! ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina y calorosa) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más altas! O:kima:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, kimailia mi:hli. Am They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat (from its shadow, which is considered"hot") on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize). Le podaron las ramas a eseárbol, estaba echándole su calor (de su sombra, que se considera"caliente") a la milpa (dañando el maíz). Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. Am Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. Tu milpa ya se estáponiendo amarilla, ya le empezóa hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). to go at (e.g., a task) aplicarse a; darle a (p. ej., una tarea) Pending We:i o:tikmailikeh. Am We've gotten a lot of it accomplished (e.g., in planting a large section of a field in a day). Le dimos mucho (p. ej., en sembrar una buena parte de una milpa). (~ <kam>bwe:ltah</kam>) to go the long way around (an area, an object, etc.) (~ <kam>bwe:ltah</kam>) darle mucha vuelta a (unaárea, objeto, etc.) Pending We:i bwe:ltah o:kimailia. Am They go around it the long way. Le dan mucha vuelta (p. ej., al caminar alrededor de algo). contact maka Apparently this is an alternate form of <kam>makilia</kam> , which is seldom heard. Like many applicative verbs that involve contact or insertion this is also occasionally used by men in a sexual sense. Check to determine whether /mailia/ and /makilia/ are the same in meaning. If so, set up in /syn field.ry. Check meaning of /we:i bwe:ltah kimailia/. If /mailia/ and /makilia/ are synonyms in Am, check whether the same is true in Oapan. 00249 tlatlapo:wtok tlatlapo:wtok tlatlapo:htok tlatlapo:htok
11/Feb/2006
Stat [tla-V1]-Stat Stat Durative to be open (a building, store, house, etc.) estar abierto (un edificio, tienda, casa, etc.) Am, Oa Tlatlapo:wtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw. Am My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close up. Mi casa estáabierta. Se me olvidó, no cerré. Ye tlatlapo:wtok, ma titlakowatin. Am It is already open (e.g., a store), let's go shopping. Ya estáabierto (p. ej., una tienda), vamos a ir de compras. tlapo The first <kn>tla-</kn> in the above forms is not a reduplicated stem, but rather the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix such as that used in impersonal passives (i.e., with intransitive verbs). Check vowel length; check also re: /tlapo:wtok/ 'he is counting' and /tlapowtok/ 'it is open.' Cf. /tlapowtok/. Apparently they are the same in vowel quantity. This entry needs to be corrected. See discussion under /tlapo:htok/. tlatsakwtok confer Am tlapo:wtok minus_tla Am tlapo:htok minus_tla Oa 00250 akomi:na nakomi:na akomi:ni nakomi:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv-V V2-b class-3a (refl.) to jump forward (and generally over sth) (refl.) saltar adelante (y generalmente sobre algo) Pending Xmakomi:na! Ma:ka tipolakis itik un sokitl! Am Take a leap over it! Don't sink into that mud! ¡Sáltale!¡No te vayas a hundir en el lodo! (refl.) to leap or spring up in the air (e.g., fish that try to jump out of a terraya) (refl.) saltar o brincar hacia arriba (p. ej., peces que tratar de salir de una terraya) Pending Xma:komi:na para tasis! Am Jump up high so that you can reach it! ¡Brinca arriba para que alcanzes! Xma:komi:na! Xkontila:na! Am Jump up! Reach up and take it down (sth hanging)! ¡Bríncale!¡Estírate para bajarlo (algo colgado)! Xmakomi:na! Xtleko ipan burroh! Am Leap up! Get on the burro! ¡Bríncale!¡Súbete al burro! Asta nakomi:ntokeh! Miák michin. Am The water is jumping (with fish)! There are a lot of fish. ¡Hasta están brincando! Hay muchos peces. O:nakomi:nte:w. O:nomamuwtih. Am It suddenly jumped up. It got startled (in this case an animal). De repente saltó. Se asustó(en este caso un animal). Yo:isak. O:pe:w nakomi:na. Xkonta, ma:ka wa:lwetsis! Am He's woken up (e.g., a child in a hammock). He's started to move up and down a lot. Take a look at him, make sure he doesn't fall to the ground! Ya despertó(p. ej., un niño en una hamaca). Empezóa brincar.¡Vélo para que no se vaya a caer al suelo! to push up and against (e.g., a stick or post against a roof or covering) empujar hacia arriba y contra (algo, p. ej., una vara o poste contra algo como un techo) Oa ahko mi:na In Ameyaltepec this word has only been documented in the reflexive form to indicate the jumping up or forward of an animate being. A transitive use with a specific object has only been documented in Oapan, as indicated in the final sense given above, referring to a stick or post pushing up against a covering or roof. In a final check for Ameyaltepec I have determined that the initial vowel is definitely long, /a:/; it has so been recorded But the use in Oapan should be rechked. Check to see if non-reflexive use occurs and if so change the /cat code. Check vl of first /a/ particularly in Am form. Check for p-a; it should be here. 00251 tsi:nkuwtli itsi:nkuwyo tsi:nkohtli i:tsi:nkohyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) stem (of certain fruits such as chile, tomato, plum, etc.) tallo (de ciertas frutas como el chile, jitomate, ciruela, etc.) Am, Oa I:tsi:nkuwyo chi:hli. Am It is the stem of the chile. Es el tallo del chile. stand; base (of certain material objects such as lamps, fans, etc.) pie; base (de ciertos objetos como ventiladores, lámparas, etc.) Am, Oa O:postek itsi:nkuwyo bentiladó:r. Am The stand of the fan broke. Se rompióla base del ventilador. tsi:n kow Particularly in reference to plants the diminutive is often used: <kam>i:tsi:nkuhiotsi:n chi:hli</kam>. The unpossessed form is rarely used, though grammatically acceptable and henceforth here used as the headword. 00252 tlanawi tlanawi tlanawi tlanawi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(w) to be extremely, even terminally, ill (to the extent of being bed-ridden and virtually unable to move, or an animal that is old and near death) estar gravamente, hasta mortalmente, enfermo (hasta estar postrado en la cama casi dsin poder moverse, o un animal a punto de morir) Pending to be on the verge of breaking (e.g., an axe with a handle about to break) estar a punto de romperse o estropearse (p. ej., una hacha con una manga a punto de romper) Pending tlana Vowel length has been checked and a note on one filecard dated Aug. 1986 states that"short vowels should be recorded in all entries." tlanawi:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00253 pachiwtok pachiwtok pachihtok pachihtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat V1-Stat Stat Durative to be pressed down; to be dobled over (an object that has been knocked down or over) estar apachurado; estar doblado (un objeto que ha sido derribado) Pending O:yeyekawi:lo:k, sa: pachiwtok mi:hli. Am The corn plants got knocked over by the wind, the maize plants are just pressed down against the ground. La milpa se derribóa causa del viento, ya queda nada más bien apachurada contra el suelo. pach 00254 tsonakawetsi tsonakawetsi tsonakawetsi tsonakawetsi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-b class-3a(ts) to fall over sideways; to fall over on the side (e.g, a large sack of maize was not vertically balanced) caerse a un lado (p. ej., un costal grande de maíz que no estaba bien balanceado verticalmente) Pending tsonaka wetsi <kam>Tsonakawetsi</kam> is the virtual synonym of <klam>tsonakayaw</klam>. Any possible or potential semantic differences have not yet been documented though it seems that <kam>tsonakawetsi</kam> is used more to indicate the event of actually falling over into a set horizontal position whereas <kam>tsonakayaw</kam> is more likely to indicate the simple leaning or tilting of an object to its side. In Oapan the subject prefix always precedes <koa>tsonaka</koa> ; this may not be the case in Ameyaltepec. Cf. Gram 1986-08-20.1 00255 ikxinetechowa nokxinetechowa ixinetechowa noxinetechowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-alt-wi[refl] class-2b (refl.) to put ones legs close together (refl.) cerrar las piernas o ponerlas muy cerca, la una a la otra Pending Xmokxinetecho. Am Put your legs together (in this case said to a woman sitting with her legs apart)! ¡Cierra las piernas (en este caso dicho a una mujer sentada con las piernas abiertas)! kxi netech Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. 00256 poxa:wa *kipoxa:wa poxa:wa kipoxa:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as <klam>tla:la:mo:hli</klam> , a hardened, green clay) desmigajar; deshacer; desmoronar (p. ej., una piedra quebradiza, como <klam>tla:la:mo:hli</klam> , un piedra verde y arcillosa) Am, Oa to loosen (e.g., a tightly twined rope or cord) aflojar (p. ej., una soga o cuerda que tenía los hilos muy apretados) Pending (with short vowel reduplication) to soften, loosen up or unstiffen (e.g., material such as clothes that have dried with soap and become brittle, by moving the cloth rapidly back and forth, cracking the stiffened earth) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer menos tieso (p. ej., ropa tiesa que se quedócon jabón seco al restregarla o agitarla de un lado a otro para quebrar el jabón) Pending Kipopoxa:wa, kiyema:nilia. Am He loosens it up (e.g., a shirt that dried with soap in it), he softens it up. Lo hace menos tieso (p. ej., una camisa lleno de jabón resecado), lo suaviza. poxa: According to Cristino Flores the transitive verb form <kam>kipoxa:wa</kam> is not used in Ameyaltepec. Obtain intransitive form; also note other things that may be objects of this transitive verb, such as braids? Determine whether intensifier /te-/ can be used and difference in meaning. 00257 ga:chopi:nes a:chopi:nes ga:chopi:nes ka:chopi:meh ka:chopi:meh
11/Feb/2006
gachupines N N-loan N1 type of religious line dance with masks made in the stereotyped image of Spaniards tipo de danza religiosa en línea con máscaras hechas como la imagen estereotipificada de los españoles Am, Oa Kito:ka:yo:tian"achopi:nes." Am They call it (the dance) <kam>a:chopi:nes</kam>. Ellos la llaman (a la danza) <kam>a:chopi:nes</kam>. danzas <kam>A:chopi:nes</kam> is almost always employed in the plural, the singular is <kam>a:chopí:n</kam>. The /i/ in the plural apparently varies between long and short, depending upon the speaker. 00258 a:yo:to:chin *a:yo:to:chin a:yo:to:chin a:yo:to:chin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) armadillo (el especie <i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>) Am, Oa a:yo: to:ch <klam>A:yo:to:chin</klam> is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring villages. The common term in Ameyaltepec is <klam>tla:lpitso</klam>. Cristino Flores was not familiar with the term <kam>a:yo:to:chin</kam>. tla:lpitso synonym Am 00259 tla:lse:wi:hli tla:lse:wi:hli tla:ltse:wi:hli tla:ltse:wi:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 land in fallow terreno que estáen barbecho Pending Tla:lse:wi:hli de o:me tie:mpoh katka. Am It is land that was left fallow for two planting seasons. Es un terreno que estaba en barbecho por dos temporadas. tla:l se: tla:hli Check for possessed form. Oapan phonology: Note the ts-to-s /l ____. This is a common phonological change in Oapan. 00260 to:moichkatl to:moichkatl tó:moichkatétsi:n tó:moixkatétsi:n tó:moichkatétsi:n, tó:moixkatétsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex type of cactus with edible fruit, as yet unidentified tipo de cactus con fruta comestible, hasta ahora no identificado Am, Oa plant cactus to:moh chka Although the etymology of the Oapan name differs slightly from that of Ameyaltepec, given the closeness of the forms a single entry has been used for both. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. Apparently the <kam>to:moichkatl</kam> is the same as <kam>ichkato:motli</kam> although the former name is much more common. Neither Asención Marcelo of San Juan nor Inocencio Díaz of Ameyaltepec knew of this plant. Silvestre Pantaleón called this cactus <koa>tó:motli kwa:ichkatetsi:n</koa> and stated that he was not familiar with the name <koa>tó:moichkatétsi:n</koa>. ichkato:motli synonym Oa tó:motlíkwa:ichkatetsi:n synonym Oa 00261 sa:na sa:na sa:na sa:na
22/Oct/2005
sanate N N-loan N1 type of bird, apparently called the <spn>sanate</spn> in Spanish, still not definitively identified (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb, 1995) tipo de pájaro, aparentemente llamado sanate en español, todavía no identificado definitivamente (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) Am, Oa animal bird Check that Oapan word also refers to the bird. 00262 sa:watik sa:watik sa:watik sa:watik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tiki to have a rash, pox, pimples, or skin eruptions (a person, in a condition generally the result of a lack of cleanliness) tener la piel con sarpullido, roñas, granitos (una persona, generalmente esta condición es resultado de una falta de higiene) Am, Oa to be mangy (an animal such as a dog) estar sarnoso (un animal como el perro) Am, Oa disease sa:wa sa:watl In Oapan one also commonly finds the reduplicated forms <koa>sása:wátik</koa> and <koa>té:sa:wátik</koa>. Check; apparently this is not a word from Ameyaltepec. Remove the link. However, one can say /sa:wati/ or /tesasa:watik/. 00263 komalako:tsi:n komalako:tsi:n komálakó:tsi:n komalako:tsi:n komálakó:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 yes whirlwind; dust devil remolino Am, Oa generic name for certain <kam>aires</kam> or <kam>yeyekameh</kam> nombre genérico para ciertos <kam>aires</kam> o <kam>yeyekameh</kam> Pending ko malaka The etymology of <kam>komalako:tsi:n</kam> is uncertain, particularly problematical is the initial <kn>ko</kn>. Molina has <kn>ecamalacotl</kn> as 'remolino de viento'; Tetelcingo has <kn>yejcamalacutl</kn> and Tlaxpanaloya has <kn>yehyecamalacatl</kn> a variant form that is perhaps closest to the underlying morphology of {yehye:ka + malakatl}. The pitch-accent of Oapan <koa>komálakó:tsi:n</koa> suggests an underlying {h}, consistent with the reduplicated root <kn>yehye:ka</kn> even though the pitch-accent does not fall on the initial syllable, as expected. In sum, the initial /ko/ would seem to be related to <kn>ehka</kn> and the final sequence <kn>malako:</kn> related to <kn>malaka</kn>. As to the initial /k/, note that in Oapan an initial /k/ does sometimes occur where other dialects have a vowel (<koa>komitetl</koa> for a type of bone, <kam>omitetl</kam>). Perhaps a list should be made of all nouns ending in /o:tl/ or /o:tsi:n/. komalako:tsi:n The /mal/ of words like /malakatl/, /mali:na/, and /komalaka/ should probably be cross-referenced in the root dictionary. This is a general problem. 00264 i:xte:nkwepo:nia ki:xte:nkwepo:nia i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia ki:xte:nchi:kopo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl Lex. <kn>-chi:-</kn> (Oa) class-2a to turn up or inside out the top eyelid of voltear al revés el párpado superior de Am, Oa Xmi:xte:nkwepo:ni! Am Turn up your eyelid! ¡Pon tu párpado superior al revés! i:x te:n kwepo: Whereas the infixation of the intensifier <kn>chi:-</kn> is optional in Ameyaltepec, it apparently is always present in the Oapan cognate of this word. Determine whether for /i:xte:nchi:kwepo:nia/ only the reflexive is used. If this is the case, then add [refl] to der field. Also, recheck that forms with and without intensifier <kam>chi:</kam> are both acceptable. 00265 tlato:lmatki tlato:lmatki tláto:lmátki tlato:lmatki tláto:lmátki
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ki N1 yes-lex orator; person who is good at speaking in public and commands an elegant and extensive vocabularly orador; persona que sabe exponer en público y que tiene facilidad con las palabras, particularmente las que son elegantes Pending hto mati <kam>Tlato:lmatki</kam> is considered a noun although it has many adjectival qualities, both morphological and semantic (in that it singles out one property of the subject). Thus it could be translated either nominally or adjectivally (as a predicate, for example), depending on the context. The agentive form * <kam>tlato:lmatke:tl</kam> is not acceptable in either dialect. Check for possessed form. Agentives in /-ki/ and /-ke:tl/. Note that according to my understanding (and this needs to be checked), /tlato:lmatki/ exists, but ?/tlato:lmatke:tl/ does not. Although both have been identified as"agentives"in general it seems that it is /-ke:tl/ that most often indicates a true agentive and that /-ki/ often indicates a less time-stable state, rather than an agentive a characteristic of the subject in question. 00266 chapa:nilia kichapa:nilia chapa:nilia kichapa:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to throw onto (e.g., thorn bushes onto a fence) echar o tirar sobre (p. ej., espinas sobre una cerca) Pending to sprinkle on; to spread on rociar sobre; untar sobre Am, Oa O:kikwe:choh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n. Am They ground up the <kbam>nekaxa:ni:hli,</kbam>vine, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. Molieron la enredadera <kbam>nekaxa:ni:hli</kbam>, se le van a rociar por la parte posterior de su cintura. Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para nokwaltla:lia. Am They spread it (in this case <kbam>postekpatli</kbam>) where you have broken a bone and then they wrap it up in cloth so that it gets better. Le untan (en este caso <kbam>postekpatli</kbam>) donde tienes un hueso quebrado y lo envuelven en tela para que se componga. chapa: Check for other meanings and uses of this applicative. Check whether it can mean both sprinke and spread or only one of the two. chapa:nia verb_base Am, Oa 00267 yekaposteki kiyekaposteki yekaposteki kiyekaposteki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, pointed stick, etc.) romperle la punta a (p. ej., una lápiz, un palo puntiagudo, etc.) Pending yeka posteki te:mposteki confer Am 00268 tsi:ntetepon tsi:ntetepon tsi:ntetepon tsi:ntetepon
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s* to be bare-assed; to have ones rear end showing and with little covering it estar con las nalgas desnudas o expuestas Am, Oa Tiá:s tsi:ntetepon. Am You will go bare-assed (because, for example, you forgot your pants). Vas a ir con las nalgas expuestas (p. ej., porque se te olvidaron tus pantalones). to be mini-skirted; to be dressed in a short skirt estar vestida con minifalda (o una falda muy corta) Am, Oa tsi:n tepon tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon <kam>Tsi:ntetepon</kam> can refer to someone who goes around in such a state of nudity that the persons rear end is exposed, such as might occur with a bikini or very short pants. <kam>Tsi:ntetepon</kam> can also be used to refer to a woman wearing a very short dress or similar item of clothing, although <klam>kwe:tetepon</klam> may also be used in such circumstances. 00269 techichikile:wi techichikile:wi téchichikilé:wi techichikile:wi téchichikilé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e][x] Lex. rdp-s- class-3a(w) yes-rdp see <klam>techichikiliwi</klam> véase <klam>techichikiliwi</klam> Pending Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. 00270 kwech i:kwech wech i:wech
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 see <klam>i:kwech kowatl</klam> véase <klam>i:kwech kowatl</klam> Am, Oa kwech Molina gives <kn>cuechtli</kn> as 'cierto caracol largo'; it seems clear that the physical similarity of a snail or snail shell to the rattle of a rattlesnake accounts for the meaning of <kn>kwech</kn> in the Balsas Region where <kam>i:kwech</kam> has been documented only in the collocation <kam>i:kwech kowatl</kam>. I have only heard /kwextli/ in possessed form referring to a snake's rattle. Other meanings should be checked. 00271 pepechowilia kipepechowilia pepechowilia kipepechowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Lex. rdp-s- class-2a to patch or close up (sth) for parchar o cerrar una hendedura (de algo) para Pending Xne:chpepechowili noa:maw! Am Patch up my amate for me (by gluing small pieces of amate to the back, where the original is torn or thin)! ¡Ponle parches a mi amate (pegándole pedacitos de amate atrás de donde el original estémaltratado)! pech Besides the definition given above, this applicative in general has all the meanings of the base verb <kam>pepechowa</kam> , with the added object (either a human benefactive or a material object to which sth is glued or similarly attached) that the applicative form establishes. The absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a preceding light syllable: * <koa>kí:pechowília</koa>, indicating that the reduplication is fully lexicalized. Oapan reduplication: Note that /pepechowilia/ does not manifest pitch-accent. Also, the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan signals the lack of a"saltillo"as the coda of the reduplicated syllable. Likewise, note that in Oapan the reduplication cannot be reduced on a preceding light syllable: * <koa>kí:pechowília</koa>, indicating that the reduplication is fully lexicalized. This is apparently because the reduplicated form has been lexicalized and there is no equivalent *kipechowa. pepechowa verb_base Am 00272 ye:watok ye:watok ya:watok ya:watikah ya:watitok ya:watitikah ya:watok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Stat Durative see <klam>e:watok</klam> (Am) / <kloa>a:watok</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>e:watok</klam> (Am) / <kloa>a:watok</kloa>(Oa) Pending The epenthetic /y/ is found only in word-initial position but is lost after pronominal prefixes: <kam>ne:watok</kam>. As with other statives, the form with <kn>-titiw</kn> is used for the associated motion construction. However, with the stative/durative <kn>-tok</kn> (or in Oapan, <koa>-tikah</koa> as well), the use of <kn>-ti-</kn> is optional. This is the case with <koa>westotok</koa> (= <kloa>westok</kloa>) and <koa>westotiw</koa> ; <koa>tlákaltók</koa> (= <koa>tlákaltótok</koa>) and <koa>tlákaltótiw</koa> ; <koa>íkatók</koa> (= <koa>íkatítok</koa>) and <koa>íkatítiw</koa>). Statives; duratives; double stative: As with other statives, the form with <kn>-titiw</kn> is used for the associated motion construction (ya:watitiw). However, with the stative/durative <kn>-tok</kn> (or in Oapan, <koa>-tikah</koa> as well), the use of <kn>-ti-</kn> is optional (e.g., /ya:watok/, /ya:watitok) This is the case with <koa>westotok</koa> (= <kloa>westok</kloa>) and <koa>westotiw</koa> ; <koa>tlákaltók</koa> (= <koa>tlákaltótok</koa>) and <koa>tlákaltótiw</koa> ; <koa>íkatók</koa> (= <koa>íkatítok</koa>) and <koa>íkatítiw</koa>). 00273 tlatskapa:naltia kitlatskapa:naltia tlatskapa:naltia tlatskopo:naltia kitlatskapa:naltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-c-ca(ni/ltia) class-2a to make (sth) give off a slapping, wet sound hacer (algo) emitir un sonido como de palmada sobre algo mojado Pending Kitlatskapa:naltia sokitl. Am He makes the clay (used for ceramics) give off a wet, slapping sound (in slapping it down hard against a flat stone or wooden table to knead it). Hace que el barro emita un fuerte sonido como de palmada (al amasarlo, azotándolo duramente contra una piedra plana o tabla de madera). O:htlatsi:nih, o:tiktlatskapa:naltih. Am You slapped him with your palm, you made (his skin emit) a loud slapping sound. Le diste una palmada, haciéndola sonar fuerte. tlatskapa:ni tlats-2- kapa: kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia The meaning of making a hard, wet slapping sound is the basis of its use in the speech of some men to connote sexual relations, in reference to the sound two bodies make as skin slaps against skin during intercourse. Thus this verb implies an energetic and, from the male perspective at least, positive or desirable sexual event. kapa:naltia confer Am, Oa tlatskapa:ni verb_base Am, Oa 00274 koltotse:wtok koltotse:wtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire) enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama) Am koltots tli:n kiwi:teki to:nahli In Oapan no form of this verb or its derivatives with /e:/ is accepted neither * <koa>koltotse:wi</koa> * <koa>koltotse:wtok</koa> but only those with /i/: <kloa>koltotsiwi</kloa>. In Ameyaltepec it is used to refer to things that become curled and twisted, e.g., a cable, something that is struck by the sun, etc. In this and other cases check for which verbs accept /e:wi/ endings in alternation (or instead of) /-iwi/ endings: /chichi:le:wi/, /chichi:liwi/, etc. Besides checking for which verbs this alternation exists, check for semantic or functional difference in usage. I originally had this phrase, but it is probably the result of elicitation and has been removed: /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak. I:xmonkokoltostik./´He has curved eyelashes, they are curled upward. He has curly eyelashes.' koltotsiwtok synonym Am koltotsiwtok synonym Oa 00275 tlayeka:na tlayeka:na tlayeka:na tlayeka:na
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-3a to walk as a guide in front of a team of oxen being trained to follow the furrows of a field being plowed caminar como guía enfrente de una yunta de bueyes siendo adiestrados para seguir los surcos de un terreno que están arando Pending yeka a:na yeka:na minus_tla Am, Oa 00276 so kiso so kiso
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b zIrregular: fut. <kam>kisos</kam> ; perfective <kam>o:kisok</kam> ; imperfective <kam>kisoya</kam> to prick (skin, with a needle, thorn, a splinter, etc.) picar; pinchar (la piel, con una aguja, espina, astilla de madera, etc.) Am, Oa O:nimosok ika wistli, xne:chki:xtili! Am I got pierced with a thorn, take it out for me! Me piquécon una,¡quítamelo! (with short vowel reduplication) to string (as beads on a thread, flowers on a string, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hilar; ensartar (como cuentitas o flores en un hilo, etc.) Am, Oa Niksosowa, a:man xok. Am I used to string them, (but) now I no longer do. Antes los ensartaba, (pero) ahora ya no. Ma niksoso! Am Let me string them! ¡Deja que yo los ensarte. (with long vowel reduplication) to baste (in stiching or sewing) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hilvanar (al coser con hilo) Pending Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos! Am Sew it finely for me, don't just baste it! ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada,¡no lo vayas a hilvanar nada más! so Although some Ameyaltepequeño consultants mentioned that the imperfective of this form was <kam>kisowa:ya</kam> others gave <kam>kisoya</kam>. Cristino Flores confirmed (or agreed with) this last piece of data. Check inflection for imperfective, particularly the semivowel /w/. Perhaps the form should be /kisowaya/ or /kisoya/? Also check the imperfective for /yeko/, which might represent the same"problem." Reduplication: Here note the excellent example of the difference between long and short vowel reduplication in the discussion of this word by C. Flores. solia val_add_applic Am 00277 na:nkah na:nkah na:nkah na:nkah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv(loc)=V1 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>kah</klamoa>: <kam>na:n nunkah</kam> , <kam>na:n tunkah</kam> , <kam>na:nkah</kam> , <kam>na:n tikateh</kam> , <kam>na:n nankateh</kam> , <kam>na:n kateh</kam> to be here estar aquí Am, Oa Na:nkah! Xkwi:ka! Am Here it is! Take it away! ¡Aquíestá!¡Llévatelo! (<kam>i:n</kam> ~) this one here; the one that is here (<kam>i:n</kam> ~)éste que estáaquí; este mismo Pending In na:nkah a:matl, na:nkah a:chi kana:wak de iwa:n in na:nkah oksé, na:nkah ma:s tila:wak. Am This piece of paper here, it is a little thinner here in comparison with this other one here, which is a little thicker. Este papel aquí, estáalgo delgado en comparasión con este otro, que estámás grueso. In na:nkah kinene:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón. Am This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it. Este que estáaquíes similar al otro allí, es parecido aél (es de la misma manera). na:n ka Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: <kam>na:n tunkah</kam> 'you are here.' Note also that <kamoa>na:nkah</kamoa> may be used in a relative clause, <kam>nihkwis in na:nkah</kam> 'I'll take this one here' ('I'll take the one that is here'). Certainly the distribution, use, and function of <kamoa>na:nkah</kamoa> needs to be further researched. But for now it appears that <kamoa>na:nkah</kamoa> can be 'It is here' (i.e., in showing something) or, with <kamoa>in</kamoa> it can mean 'the one that is here.' I have treated this as one word. In the example phrase /in na:nkah a:matl.../ the use of /na:nka/ as in /na:nka a:chi kana:wak/ should be checked, as should the use of /de iwa:n/. This phrase is recorded on DT #1, 048. Check length of /i:n/ and check and correct in all entries and texts. Copula: Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: <kam>na:n tunkah</kam> 'you are here.' This suggests that the copula is at times to be considered a proclitic bound tightly to other parts of speech. Cf. Oapan's use of the future /yes/ in forms such as /tí:sowa:tíhyes/. na:n; ne:nkah confer Am, Oa 00278 melo:nxiwtli melo:nxiwtli melo:nxihtli melo:nxihtli
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>melón</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) vine of the rmelon plant tallo rastrero y hojas del melón Am, Oa plant part xiw Make sure that Oapan form is not /melo:xihtli/. 00279 tlatlako:la:tl tlatlako:la:tl tlátlakó:la:tl tlatlako:la:tl tlátlakó:la:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>nó:tlakó:la:w</koa> Stem 2 yes-lex (ritual) hard liquor; spirits (usually mezcal) (ritual) aguardiente; bebida alcohólica fuerte (particularmente mezcal) Pending Ma tikomatika:n i:n, totlatlako:la:tsi:n! Am Let us try a little bit of this, our spirits! ¡Vamos a probar un poquito de este, nuestra bebida! Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! Am Together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! ¡Juntos sólo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! htlak a: <kam>Tlatlako:la:tl</kam> is understood by the entire populace though it is rarely used except in the ritual speech of bride petitions or counseling. More common in everyday use is the Spanish loan <kam>tra:goh</kam>. Check to determine that reduced reduplication can occur in Oapan. 00280 kochia:n i:kochia:n kochiya:n i:kochiya:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 in ones sleep; while sleeping mientras que uno duerma Am, Oa I:kochia:n o:nikasik, nochipa xa:k. Am I caught him (at home) while he was asleep, he is never there (i.e., during the day). Lo agarré(en casa) cuando dormía, nunca está(esto es, durante el día). Nokochia:n o:tine:chasik. Am You caught me while I was sleeping. Me agarraste cuando estaba durmiendo. (~ <kam>kakalaki</kam>) to take advantage of a woman (sexually) while she is sleeping (~ <kam>kakalaki</kam> aprovecharse de una mujer (sexualmente) mientras que estédurmiendo Am kochi -ya:n Check difference between /kochipan/ and /kóchia:n/; also reconfirm that the /ó/ is stressed (as I had it marked and the orthography suggests) or, perhaps, the /í/. Check for the animal called /kochiantsin/. 00281 yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl yema:nka toto:nka yeyekatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 one of the <kam>yeyekameh</kam> (Am) uno de los <kam>yeyekameh</kam> (Am) Am, Oa ritual yema:n to:na e:ka This <kam>yeyekatl</kam> was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not described. Check vowel length of /ka/ elements in the two modifiers; also check how these sequences should be written, i.e., perhaps the final element /toto:nka/ should be fused or compounded to /yeyekatl/ For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. yeyekatl confer Am 00282 tlakukuwilia notlakukuwilia tla:kowilia notla:kowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap Reduced rdp-s* (prev-s) class-2a (refl.) to hurt oneself again where one is already sore or hurt (refl.) lastimarse o volverse a lastimar por donde ya estáadolorido o lastimado Am, Oa O:nimotlakukuwilih san newa. Am I hurt myself again (where I has already hurt, sore, or injured) all by myself. Me volvía lastimar (donde ya estaba lastimado o adolorido) yo solo. kowa Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to this entry. Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it was already sore or hurt). There seems to be a mistake in the elicitation. Both Florencia and Inocencio Jiménez give /notlá:kowília/; my understanding is that this is the reduplicated form of /kowilia/. Thus the tokens here should be tagged with ref. 1858 but they should not be linked. I will need to check with speakers whether /notlá:kowília/ is indeed the reduplicated form of /kowilia/ with nonspecific secondary object The elicited forms here are in error. The pronunciation is /notlá:kowília/, with pitch accented 2nd and 4th syllables. 00283 tlatlastale:wi tlatlastale:wi tlatlastale:wi tlatlastale:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans class-3a(w) to become pale ponerse o quedarse pálido Am, Oa Yo:tlatlastale:w, xok ma:s kipia iyesio. Am He's already become pale, he doesn't have any color (complexion) left. Ya se puso pálido, ya no tiene tez. Tlatlastale:wi, o:kwalo:k. Am He's palid, he got sick. Estápálido (se pone pálido), se enfermó. color sta The etymology of <kam>tlatlastale:wi</kam> is uncertain. Molina gives <kn>tlaztaleualli</kn> 'color encarnado o rosado' along with <kn>tlaztalia. ni</kn> 'dar lustre blanco, o emblanquecer alguo, o hazerse cano o encanecer.' Though the two forms seem etymologically related, their definitions are very disparate. A similar difference is apparent in Molina's <kn>tlaztalilli</kn> 'cosa emblanquecida assi' and <kn>tlaztallotl</kn> 'resplandor de claridad o del alva.' It would seem that the common element in all these definitions is that of 'to lighten' or 'to become pale.' In the morning this 'becoming pale' translates into the dawn, and hence perhaps the glossing of <kn>tlaztaleualli</kn> as 'color encarnado o rosado.' The signification of 'paleness' is appropriate to this term in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus it seems quite likely that etymologically <kam>tlastale:wi</kam> is related to <kam>istatl</kam> 'salt' in a way similar to <kam>istá:k</kam> 'white.' This interpretation is further evidenced by Molina's <kn>tlaztauiliztli</kn>'el acto de salar alguna cosa' and <kn>tlaztauilli</kn> 'cosa salada aposta.' Whether or not the stem is reduplicated or not is not entirely clear; the absence of pitch-accent in Oapan, however, strongly suggests that there is no {h} in the underlying form (i.e., *{tlahtlastale:wi}), though it is not clear if the first <kn>tla-</kn> syllable is a reduplicant or a prefixed <kn>tla-</kn>, which is occasionally used to indicate that a verbal event affects an entire body (e.g., <klam>tlatlata</klam> , <klam>tlawi:teki</klam> , and a few other similar forms). Finally, note that the form * <kn>tlastale:wi</kn> has not been documented; the same is true of * <kn>tlatlastaliwi</kn>. Check to determine whether unreduplicated form exists: ?/tlastale:wi/. Also check for other derivations. Check also for ?/tlatlastaliwi/. tlatlastale:wi 00284 chi:wa kichi:wa chi:wa kichi:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to do (in the sense of fulfill an obligation, complete a task, etc.) hacer (en el sentido de cumplir con una obligación, llevar a cabo una tarea, etc.) Am, Oa Nikchi:was un tekitl. Am I will do that job. Voy a hacer ese trabajo. I:tekiw nochi:was. Am It's bound to get done. De por síse va a hacer (o, llevar a cabo). (refl.) to act dumb; to play the fool; to pretend or feign ignorance; to put on an act (in order to deceive, not have to do a job, etc.) (refl.) hacerse (el tonto; esto es, una persona que finge ignorancia, que no sabe algo, etc.); fingir Am, Oa San timochi:wa. Xmilá:k! Am You are just putting on an act. It's not true! Solamente te estás haciendo.¡No es verdad! O:nimochi:w para ma pipi:na:wi. Am I acted dumb (in this case pretending not to hear sb's calls to me) so that he would be embarrassed. Me hice el tonto (en este caso no contestando a una persona cuando llamaba) para que tuviera vergüenza. (<kn>-pan</kn> with refl.) to happen to (a person [Poss. of <kn>-pan</kn>]) (<kn>-pan</kn> con refl.) sucederle a; acaecerle a (una persona [Pos. de <kn>-pan</kn>]) Am, Oa Xo:nikwelitak tli:n mopan o:nochi:w. Am I didn't like what happened to you (i.e. something bad). No me gustólo que te pasó(algo malo). ([adj. or noun] with refl.) to become; to convert into ([adjective or noun]) ([adj. o sustantivo con refl.) hacerse; llegar a ser; convertirse en ([adjectivo o sustantivo]) Pending We:i wa:lnochi:was motomi:n. Am Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here. Tu dinero se va a valer más (hacerse"grande") acá. (~ <kn>wa:xin</kn>) to made a fool out of (~ <kn>wa:xin</kn>) hacerle guaje a; hacerle parecer tonto a (algn) Am, Oa O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih. Am You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me. Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste. (with short vowel reduplication) to make; to produce; to fabricate (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (un producto); producir; fabricar Am, Oa Nikchichi:was a:to:hli -=na:to:lchi:was-. Am I will make atole. Voy a hacer atole. Kí:chí:was semi:tah. Oa He is going to make <spn>semita</spn>(a type of bread made in Oapan). Va a hacer semita (un tipo de pan hecho en Oapan). chi:wa The reflexive and idiomatic use of <kam>nochi:wa</kam> is probably a borrowed calque from Spanish, e.g. 'no te hagas'. Likewise the idiomatic expression <spn>hacerle guaje a alguien</spn> 'to make a fool of somone' is also found in Spanish, though the direction of borrowing is not entirely clear. Often <kam>chichi:wa</kam> seems to be a virtual equivalent of <kam>e:kchi:wa</kam>. However, there may be a slight but important difference: <kam>Chichi:wa</kam> is used more to refer to household or petty production whereas <kam>e:kchi:wa</kam> to a village industry: <kam>I:pan un kahli kichichi:wan ke:soh</kam> 'In that house they make cheese'; cf. <kam>Ne: San Jua:n ke:kchi:wan ke:soh</kam> , 'There in San Juan they produce cheese.' In addition <kam>chichi:wa</kam> refers to rather small items that are fashioned with ones hands, whereas <kam>e:kchi:wa</kam> refers more to larger objects that are assembled or put together, e.g., <kam>ke:kchi:was i:kal</kam> 'he will make (build) his house.' However, the distinc tion between the tw o verb forms needs further research. e:kchi:wa; chichi:wa Check the correctness of /nikchi:was a:to:hli/ vs. /nikchichi:was a:to:hli/. Also, cf. these to /na:to:lchi:was/. In general determine whether /chi:wa/ can be used in the sense of the manufacture or make, or whether the reduplicated form is necessary for that. Check a phrase (for predication) such as nimochi:was tiopixki; cf. Classical, e.g., RS: nimochiua Note the following use of a directional and the reference point in the future: /We:i wa:lnochi:was motomin/ 'Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here.' kichi:was confer Am chi:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa chi:waltia val_add_caus Am, Oa tlachi:wa val_reduce1 Am tlá:chí:wa val_reduce1 Oa 00285 pipitska pipitska pipitska pipitska
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s* class-4a to squeak lightly (sth new and not broken in such as shoes, or a lasso rubbing against leather, a door hinge that needs oil, etc.) rechinar (algo nuevo como zapatos, o una riata que se frota contra cuero, un bisnagra a que le falta aciete, etc.) Pending Wa:lpipitskatiw un la:soh. Ye:nkwik. Am That rope is making a squeaking sound as it comes along (in this case a rope tied tight around a load of firewood). It is new. Esa soga viene rechinando, haciendo un ruido agudo (en este caso un laso atado a una carga de leña). Es nueva. Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki. Am Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose. Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, estáalgo flojo. to make a low-pitched whining sound (a child); to make small, squeaking sounds (e.g., people playing, such as newlyweds touching and tickling each other) gemir ligeramente (un niño); hacer ruidos ligeros (personas jugando, como novios recién casados que se dan cosquillas jugando) Am, Oa Xkonta un mokone:tsi:n, yo:isak! Yo:pe:w pipitska, yo:pe:w cho:cho:ka. Am Take a look over at your little baby, he's woken up! He's started to make a low whining sound (as if complaining), he's started to cry lightly. ¡Ve alláa tu hijito, ya se despertó! Ya empezóa gemir (como quejándose), ya empezóa llorar esporádicamente. to squeak; to squeal (e.g., a mouse, a <spn>tejon,</spn>or other similar small animals) chillar (p. ej., un ratoncito, tejón u otros animales asíde pequeños) Pending to hiss (a snake) sisear (una culebra) Pending pits tlapextli ko:chin kwa:k xok yenkwik ireso:rtes kowatl kimichin <kam>Pipitska</kam> refers to the shrill and high-pitched sounds made by certain animals, including humans. Many frequentative words (e.g., <klam>tsotsomoka</klam> , <klam>tsitsilka</klam> , etc.) refer to sounds are are transparently derived from verbs ending in a long vowel followed by <kn>-ni</kn> (e.g., <klam>tsomo:ni</klam> , <klam>tsili:ni</klam> , etc.). <kn>Pipitska</kn> (like <klam>nanalka</klam>) does not obviously have such a derivation though it might be related to <klam>pitsi:ni</klam> and other word with the root <kroot>pits</kroot>that seems to indicate small, thin, objects. The verb <klam>pitsi:ni</klam> refers to a very fine crack, fissure, or small opening in something such as an eggshell, and might be related to <kn>pipitska</kn>. Moreover, the fact that the transitive is <klam>pipitski:tia</klam> and not * <kn>pipistsa</kn>suggests that <kam>pipitska</kam> is not the result of the same derivational process as <kam>tsotsomoka</kam> , <kam>tsitsilka</kam> , etc. Recheck whether"hiss"is also adequate, i.e., whether snakes too can be subjects of /pipitska/. Check all potential subjects. pipitski:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00286 tlalowa notlalowa tlalowa notlalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1(refl/only) V2-refl[ca] class-2b (refl.) to run (an animate [S]) (refl.) correr (un ser animado [S]) Am, Oa Timotlatlalo:s. Am You are going to run (stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.). Vas a correr (parándose ocasionalmente para descansar, o corriendo para después caminar un rato, etc.) Timotla:tlalo:s. Am You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.). Vas a correr de un lado a otro (p. ej., al estar persiguiendo algo, como un animal que uno estátratando de agarrar, o al estar jugando un deporte como el basketbol, etc.). O:wa:lnotlalote:w. Am He headed out and started running this way. Salióy vino corriendo hacia acá. to flow (e.g., water in a stream); to flow down (a liquid on a surface, often indicated obliquely with <kn>i:pan</kn>) fluir (p. ej., el agua de un arroyo); escurrir (un líquido por una superficie, indicado a menudo como oblicua con <kn>i:pan</kn>) Pending Notlalotok a:tl. Am The water is flowing (i.e., not stagnant). El agua estácorriendo (esto es, no estáestancada). O:pe:w notlatlaowa. O:poso:n. Am It's started to run down (in this case water down the side of a pot). It came to a boil. Ya empezóa escurrir (en este caso agua por el exterior de una olla). Ya hirvió. Nika:n kalaki a:tl, o:tlapa:n te:jah. O:pe:w notlatlalowa ipan mori:yoh. Am Water gets in here, some <spn>tejas</spn> have broken. It (water) has started to run down along the beams. Entra el agua, algunas tejas se rompieron. El agua ha empezado a esucrrir sobre los morillos. (refl.) to run or mess around (particularly a young girl [S], in the sense of having a lot of boyfriends or having sex) (refl.) andar con adolescentes del sexo contrario (particularmente una muchacha [S] que tiene varios novios o tener relaciones sexuales) Pending Yo:pe:w notlalowa ichpokawah. Am The young girl has started to mess around. La muchacha ya empezóa andar con chavos. Kwa:kon, pe:wa notlalowan. Am It's at that time (that age) that they start to mess around (in this case in reference to adolescent boys who begin to run after girls). Es cuando (es la edad cuando) empiezan a andar (en referencia a muchachos que empiezan a andar con muchachas). (refl.) to take off (i.e., to start out on a particular path or activity) (refl.) agarrar el camino (esto es, en el sentido de empezar a"correr"con una actividad en particular) Pending Yo:pe:w kone:wati. Yo:pe:w notlalowa, yo:xo:tlak. Am She has started to have children (in this case after ten years of not giving birth). She has taken off, she has gotten on a roll. Ya empezóa tener niños (en este caso después de diez años de no haber concebido). Ya agarrósu camino (con tener niños), ya va a toda máquina. (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to run quickly (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) correr rápido Pending San xmotla:tlalo! Am Just run (there) fast (and hurry back)! ¡Córrele rápido (y regresa rápido)! (as a transitive with a specific object) to run down on (a liquid on a surface) (como verbo transitivo con un prefijo específico) escurrir sobre (un líquido sobre una superficie) Pending O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n. Am It's started to run down it (e.g., the side of a bucket), it got filled to the brim. Empezóa escurrirle (p. ej., al lado exterior de una cubeta), se llenóhasta el tope. (refl. with first long and then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal) (refl. con reduplicación primera de vocal larga y después de vocal corta) correr por todos lados, sin seguir un solo camino (particularmente un niño o un animal) Oa Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh! Oa Don't go running all over the place my child! ¡No vayas corriendo por todos lados mi hijo! motion tlal In the sense of 'to mess around' (i.e., to have many sexual partners of the opposite sex) it is used figuratively, most often with adolescent girls as the subject although also, as one example shows, with boys. Finally, note that although almost all documented used of <kam>tlalowa</kam> are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use <kam>O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, yo:pexo:n</kam> in which the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use; it is not elsewhere documented. The etymology of <kam>tlalowa</kam> is not clear; it is one of the few underived intransitive verbs ending in <kam>-owa</kam> (cf. <klam>cholowa</klam>). Note that although almost all documented used of <kam>tlalowa</kam> are reflexive, one case was noted of a transitive use <kam>O:pe:w kitlatlalowa, o:pexo:n</kam> in which the object references the surface over which a liquid flowed. This might well have been a very idiosyncratic use and should be checked. Reduplication: note that the simple /notlalowa/ means 'he runs.' With reduplication the sense changes, cf. the example sentences: /Timotlatlalo:s/ 'You are going to run (stopping occasionally and resting, or walking and then running, etc.)' vs. /Timotla:tlalo:s/ 'You are going to run back and forth (e.g., when chasing or following sth, such as an animal that one is trying to catch, or when playing a sport such as basketball, etc.).' Also note a triple reduplication with the following sense: (refl. with first long and then short vowel reduplication) to run all over the place (particularly a young active child, or an animal), e.g., Ma:ka san xmó:tla:tlálotíw i:joh! Don't go running all over the place my child! Directional; aspectual: Note /O:wa:lnotlalote:w/ 'He headed out and started running toward here' or in Spanish 'Salióy vino corriendo.' tlalo:xtia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00287 ye:wa ye:wa ya:wa ya:wa
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm (often used in the diminutive) a little while ago (a menudo en el diminutivo) hace poco rato Am, Oa Ye:wa kwalka:n o:yah. Am He left a little while ago, in the morning. Se fue hace poco rato, en la mañana. ye:wa The diminutive <kam>ye:watsi:n</kam> indicates that a slightly shorter period of time has passed since the point of temporal reference. The reduplicated form has not been documented. Get better examples of the use of this word and more precisely determine its meaning and part of speech. 00288 tetamahli tetamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of small, round tamal made of one piece of <klam>tixtli</klam> and wrapped in a corn husk, <klam>to:tomoxtli</klam> , as opposed to corn leaves (<klam>iswatamahli</klam>), as are other types of tamals tipo de tamal pequeño y redondo, de una sola bola de masa, envuelto en un <klam>to:tomoxtli</klam> y no en hojas de maíz (<klam>iswatamahli</klam>) como los demás tamales Am Tetamahli, san bobo:lah, kitla:lian ika to:tomo:xtli. Am The <kam>tetamahli</kam> , it is just a big ball (of <klam>tixtli</klam>), they place it (in the pot to cook) in a corn husk. El <kam>tetamahli</kam> , es nada más una bola (de <klam>tixtli</klam>), la ponen (en una olla, envuelto) con totomoxtle. food te tamal hypo tamahli See entry under /tamahli/. Check to make sure possessed form is OK. tatamahli synonym Am 00289 kixtia:noh kixtia:noh
11/Feb/2006
cristiano N N-loan N1 foreigner; gringo; person who speaks a non-indigenous language extraño; gringo; persona que habla una lengua no indígena; güero Am This borrowing from the Spanish <kam>cristiano</kam> was lexicalized at an early stage, not only acquiring the phonology of Nahuatl at that time (hence the loss of /r/), but also the meaning of <spn>cristiano</spn> as a foreigner, i.e., the Spanish invaders, who were the only Christians at the time. A subsequent borrowing, <kam>kristia:noh</kam> , was closer to the Spanish not only in phonology, but in meaning, as 'human,' i.e., non-pagan. Oapan only has the borrowing <kloa>kri:stia:noh</kloa>. kristia:noh confer Am 00290 nakastila:na kinakastila:na nakastila:na kinakastila:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a to pull on the ears of (a person or animal) jalarle las orejas a (una persona o animal) Pending Ma:ka a:sta ihkón xne:chnakastitila:na! Am Don't pull my ears like that (e.g., said by a child, complaining to a mother scolding him)! ¡No me jales asílas orejas (p. ej., dicho por un niño quejándose a su mamáquien le estaba regañando)! nakas tila:na As in other cases, determine if short vowel reduplication is a reflection of either repetitive action or multiple places (i.e., both ears). Can this occur with long vowel reduplication? If so, check for Oapan reduplication reduction. nakasmomotsowa confer Am nakaste:motsowa confer Oa 00291 wetski:tia kwetski:tia wetski:tia kiwetski:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make or cause to laugh (e.g., with a story or joke, by tickling, etc.) hacer reir (con una broma o cuento, con cosquillas, etc.) Am, Oa Ne:chwetski:tia, weli sa:sa:ne:hli. Am He makes me laugh, he knows riddles. Me hace reir, sabe adivinanzas. wetska 00292 moxpachiwtok moxpachiwtok moxpachihtok moxpachihtok
22/Oct/2005
N-Stat Stat Stat Durative to be covered by clouds (the sun, moon, stars, etc.) estar tapado por las nubes (el sol, la luna, las estrellas, etc.) Am, Oa Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli. A:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak. Am The sun was covered by clouds. Now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone. El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol. Moxpachiwtoya me:stli. Am The moon was covered by clouds. La luna estaba tapada por las nubes. mox pach Check to determine whether the intransitive actually does exist (if not, remove the entry for it), and whether the transitive also exists. moxte:ntok confer Am 00293 we:i we:i we:i we:i
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-b Compl pl. <kam>we:imeh</kam> big (in size) grande (en tamaño) Am, Oa Kwe:xtik xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i! Am Write it in small letters, not big ones! ¡Escríbelo en letra chiquita, no grande! to be a lot of; to be much (with mass nouns) haber mucho; ser mucho (con sustantivos no contables) Am, Oa We:i a:tl, chika:wak o:kiaw. Am The river is swollen (lit., 'there is much water'), it rained hard. El río estácrecido (lit., 'hay mucha agua'), lloviófuerte. We:i xa:hli. Am There is a lot of sand. Hay mucha arena. Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli Am Your anus will be burning, you ate a lot of chile. Tu ano va a estar ardiendo, comiste mucho chile. many muchos Pending Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa ikone:wa:n. Am That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.). She bears a lot of children. Esa mera es la mamá(p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.). Le salen muchos niños. (<kam>san se:</kam> ~) all at once (<kam>san se:</kam> ~) todo junto; todo de una vez Pending pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, deke tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. Am because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat along the ground. porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. tepostli chichi The use of <kam>we:i</kam> with nouns needs to be further investigated. Although <kam>we:i xahli</kam> is documented in the corpus from Ameyaltepec, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, corrected me once when I was referring to the amount of sand needed in house construction, from <koa>we:i xahli</koa> to <koa>miék xahli</koa>, commenting in effect that the grains of sand are countable. Note also that the corpus contains the phrase <kam>Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:sa i:kone:wa:n</kam> although this might well be an idiosyncratic use, with <kam>miák</kam> in this context much more likely. According to Cristino Flores, the plural of <kam>we:i chichi</kam> could be either <kam>tiuwe:i chichimeh</kam> or <kam>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</kam>. This suggests that the subject prefix (in this case <kn>ti-</kn>) is perhaps best analyzed as a clitic. Predication: According to Cristino Flores, the plural of <kam>we:i chichi</kam> could be either <kam>tiuwe:i chichimeh</kam> or <kam>tiuwe:imeh chichimeh</kam>. Pitch accent; Note that the diminutive in Oapan is pitch accented: wéitsí:n. This suggests an underlying /h/. The /h/ is heard in Ahuelicán /tlawé:ihtsí:n/ and in Totolcintla: we:ihtsi:n, and cf. also se:ntehtsi:n. On DT 1:039 I have /achi we:i/, which I translate as 'It's a little bigger.' Check this. I also have as a similar phrase and interpretation under /weka/ as /achi weka/ 'It is a little further away.' This has been given as an illustrative phrase and should also be checked. Establish when one uses /uwe:i/ and when /we:imeh/. 00294 komisaria:doh komisaria:doh komisaria:doh komisaria:doh
11/Feb/2006
comisariado N N-loan N1 the principal ejido or communal land authority el comisariado ejidal o comunal Am, Oa the ejido or communal land commission in its entirety la comisión ejidal o comunal entero Am, Oa officials Depending on the land structure of the village, the term <kn>komisaria:doh</kn> can refer either to the president of the <spn>comisariado ejidal</spn> or to the <spn>representante de bienes comunales</spn>. In an extended usage it may refer to the entire <spn>comisariado</spn>(effectively a board of officials) and not just the president. In Ameyaltepec in total there are 12 members of the <spn>comisariado ejidal.</spn>. Give all officials of a village and their responsibilities. Check vowel length of /sar/. 00295 tla:ltekwi:lo tla:ltekwi:lo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pas class-4a(pass) to get covered with dust (e.g., clothes, blankets, a table surface, etc.) cubrirse de polvo (p. ej., ropa, cobijas, la superficie de una mesa, etc.) Am Mlá:k yo:tla:ltekwi:lo:k, yo:weka:w xnotsetselowa. Am It really got covered with dust, it hasn't been shaken out for a long time. Se cubrióde mucho polvo, ya hace mucho que no se sacude. O:nokwiste:w tla:ltekwtli. Xkalakti motlake:n, tla:mo tla:ltekwi:lo:s! Am The dust has become stirred up (e.g., with the wind). Take your clothes in (to the house), if you don't they'll get covered with dust! El polvo se ha empezado a levantar (p. ej., con el viento).¡Mete tu ropa (en la casa), si no (lo haces) se van a cubrir de polvo! tla:l tekw Apparently <kam>tla:ltekwi:lo</kam> is the same as, or the virtual equivalent of, <kam>tla:ltekwyowa</kam>. However, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez rejected the former as used in Oapan. Another similarly constructed word, <klam>a:skawi:lo</klam> was spontaneously uttered by an Ameyaltepec speaker (Inocencio Díaz) in reference to a petate and cactus-rod bed that were being covered by ants. Here too Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both refused to accept the passive formation and instead gave <koa>a:skayowa</koa> as haing the same meaning. Check spelling/pronuncation of /tla:ltekwyowa/; perhpas it should be /tla:ltekyowa/, as I had it in my original notes. tla:ltekwyowa synonym Am tla:ltehyowa synonym Oa 00296 petsowa kipetsowa petsowa kipetsowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[e] class-2b to polish (e.g., ceramics, or other material objects that initially have a rough surface) pulir (p. ej., cerámica, u otros objetos que inicialmente tienen una superficieáspera) Am, Oa to smooth over; to level (e.g., a surface that has bumps on it, such as a portion of a dirt floor) alisar; nivelar (p. ej., una superficie no plana, como parte de un piso de tierra con mucho topes) Am, Oa O:kipetsokeh a:wilkorral, ye tla:wilti:lo:s. Am They leveled the ground of the bullring, there will be a rodeo soon. Nivelaron la tierra de la rueda de toros, pronto va a haber un jaripeo. to plane (wood) cepillar (madera) Pending to iron (clothes) planchar (ropa) Pending pets petsowilia val_add_applic Am 00297 neko:xtli neko:xtli neko:xtli neko:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) crossbeam placed under heavy objects, such as large logs, two or more of which are used to enable several people to jointly carry the object travesano colocado abajo de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grande; dos o más de estos <kam>neko:xtli</kam> se utilizan para facilitar que varias personas puedan cargar el objeto Am, Oa rivet used to join the <kam>kabe:sas</kam> Am / <kloa>kaltlama:stli</kloa>Oa of a thatched roof hut together (also called a <klam>kalneko:xtli</klam>) remache utilizado para rematar y juntar las <kam>kabe:sas</kam> Am / <kloa>kaltlama:stli</kloa>Oa de una casa de palma (también llamado <klam>kalneko:xtli</klam>) Pending neko:ch Thos who hold each end of a <kam>neko:xtli</kam> are called <kam>tlama:makeh</kam> , even though they might not necessarily carry the weight on their backs or shoulders. Check both possession possibilities: /noneko:ch/ and /i:neko:chyo/. See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. Check vowel length. kalneko:xtli confer Am 00298 se:xtli se:xtli se:xtli se:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N Adv(tm) Num-N N-b one year from (from a particular deictic reference point, either in the past or present as determined by the absence or presence of <klam>ye</klam> or by the tense/aspect of the verb) un año desde (un punto de referencia en particular, determinado por la ausencia o presencia de <klam>ye</klam> o por el tiempo/aspecto verbal) Am, Oa Yo:kitlako:loh itla:l, se:xtli kito:kas. Am He's already cleared his land, next year he will plant it. Ya desmontósu terreno, el año que viene lo va a sembrar. I se:xtli o:nikitak. Am I saw him a year ago. Lo vi hace un año. Ye se:xtli xo:ki:s. Am It didn't yield (i.e., a poor harvest) last year. Hace un año no rindió(p. ej., un cosecha pobre). se: xiw As with <klam>wi:ptla</klam> (cf. <kam>wi:ptla</kam> and <kam>ye wi:ptla</kam>), <kn>se:xtli</kn> can indicate a time either in the past or in the future, often simply depending on the verb tense (though the adverbial <kn>ye</kn> or <kn>i</kn> can also change the deixis involved). Thus one may find both <kam>se:xtli niá:s</kam> 'I will go in a year' and <kam>se:xtli o:niah</kam> 'I went last year.' Note that unlike <klam>xihpan</klam> , <kam>se:xtli</kam> indicates temporal distance from a particular point, not duration. Apparently <kam>se:xtli</kam> is a shortened form of <kam>se: xiwtli</kam> , with a particular, lexicalized meaning. Syntactically it functions as a predicate modifier, indicating the time that something will get done. Determine how to categorize this word, as noun or adverb. Note same with /mo:stla/, etc. Adverbs of time: Note that in many cases the same adverb is use for both a future and past reference from the present. In many cases the difference is indicated by the adverbial /ye/. Thus /wi:ptla/ is 'the day after tomorrow' and /ye wi:ptla/ is 'the day before yesterday.' However, /ye/ is only one manner of indicating a forward or backward looking time frame from a present point of reference. The tense/aspect of the predicate verb is also a mechanism for shifting deixis. Thus note: /Se:xtli xo:ki:s/ 'it didn't yield last year (i.e., last year was a poor harvest)' whereas /Se:xtli ki:sas/ indicates 'next year there will be a good harvest.' se:se:xpan confer Am 00299 i:xpapa:ya:tl i:xpapa:ya:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 2 see <klam>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</klam> véase <klam>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</klam> Am i:x paya: 00300 zzz This used to be /elpo:tsaltia/ as an alternate pronunciation of /ilpo:tsaltia/.
30/Jul/2005
 00301 wa:le:wi:tia kwa:le:wi:tia wa:le:wi:tia kwa:le:wi:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Dir-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to accompany or bring here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point) acompañar o traer hacia acá(esto es, hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) Am, Oa motion e:wa wa:le:wi:tia; wa:le:wiltia (check vowel length). Check to make sure this is correct and compare to meaning of the other form /wa:le:wiltia/. If the same enter as synonym. wa:le:wi:ltia equivalent Am wa:le:wa verb_base Am 00302 tsi:npa:chichi:na kitsi:npa:chichi:na tsi:npa:chi:na kitsi:npa:chi:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s- class-3a to suck the liquid from the bottom of (e.g., a plucked sweet flower) chupar el líquido de la parte inferior de (p. ej., una flor) Am, Oa Kitsi:npa:chichi:nan mi:hli. Am They chew and suck the juice from the bottom of the maize flowers. Mastican y chupan el jugo de las partes inferiores de las flores de maíz. Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wa:n wa:ki. Am Worms or <klam>kwe:tlan</klam> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. Gusanos o <klam>kwe:tlan</klam> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. tsi:n pa: chi:na Molina has <kn>pachichina. nitla</kn> 'chupar alguna cosa' but no compounded form; Tetelcingo has the <kn>pa:lchichi:na</kn> as 'chupar.' Check whether in the example sentence the reference is from the bottom of the maize plant or the maize flower. 00303 sahki saihki sahki sahki sahki
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-Adv Adv-man without reason (i.e., without wanting to elaborate further) asínada más; sin ninguna razón en particular Am, Oa A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:niknekilih. Am A: Why do you do (i.e., fix or make) it that way? B: No reason in particular, it's just because that's the way I wanted it. A:¿Por quélo haces (esto es, fabricas) así? B: Asínomás, solamente porque asíle quise hacer. A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli, notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki. Am Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony), it will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just simply that way (i.e., without any trimmings). Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente así(sencillo sin mucho alarde). san iw <kam>Sahki</kam> is often used almost as an interjection, indicating that the speaker is not inclined to give further reasons for a particular attitude or action. For example, if asked for his reason in doing something in particular a man might respond simply <kam>Sahki!</kam> meaning, 'That's just the way it is!' 'For no good reason!' etc. Thus a conversation might be: A: <kam>Tle:ka xtiá:s</kam> ; B: <kam>Sahki!</kam> , i.e., 'Why aren't you going to go? B: Just because! The term <kam>sahki</kam> should be distinguished from <klam>sa:hki</klam>. The former is used when speaker wishes to end the conversation and give no further reason. It is equivalent to 'That's the way it is!' or, in Spanish, '¡Asínada más!' The term <kam>sa:hki</kam> indicates a reduced state of wealth, health, etc. Thus one may say, <kam>Sa:hki o:noka:w, xokitlah weli</kam> 'He just wound up like that (i.e., impoverished or of poor health), he can't do anything anymore.' <kam>Sayhki</kam> is apparently derived from <klam>san</klam> + <klam>ihki</klam> (and not <klam>sa:</klam> + <klam>ihki</klam>). Check to determine whether the pronunciation ?/sahki/ is also correct. I believe that I may have annotated it wrong in my original filecards. sa:hki confer Am, Oa 00304 kwa:mama:choh kwa:mama:choh
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>macho</spn> Adj N-Adj Adj-loan Lex. rdp-s; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>kwa:temama:choh</kam> to be long-haired (in reference to men only) ser mechudo; ser greñudo; tener el pelo largo (en referencia solamente a hombres) Am kwa: The etymology of this is uncertain, though it is apparently a loan. Apparently it only applied to men, not women. This should be checked. Thus, check to see if gender can or is marked. Also check change in meaning with intensifier. Finally, determine whether a special category should be made for partial loans. Also, cf. this to other things like /kwa:we:weyak/, etc. 00305 poye:ya poye:ya poye:ya poye:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to become salty (a food or drink) ponerse o quedarse salado (una comida o bebida) Am, Oa poye: Check vowel length. I have in my notes recorded it once with a short and once with a long vowel. 00306 we:wentsi:n we:wentsi:n we:wentsi:n we:wentsi:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-tsi:n N1/2; Aln old man anciano; hombre viejo Pending Ye tiwe:wentsi:n. Am You're already an old man. Ya eres un hombre viejo. (poss.) husband (pos.) esposo Pending Mo:stla yekos nowe:wentsi:n. Am My husband will arrive here tomorrow. Mañana aquíllega mi esposo. we:we Note that I originally had the vowel lf the second syllable marked short. I had changed this but after an acoustic analysis of Oa Nahuatl have changed back. CHeck with all entries. 00307 zzz This used to be the entry for /ye:skah/ but it appears that this was incorrect and the correct term is /ye:skatl/
30/Jul/2005
 00308 kwa:tetepoloti kwa:tetepoloti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti Lex. rdp-s class-3d(ti) to become barren on the top branches or stem (a plant or tree) quedarse desprovisto de ramas en la copa o parte superior (una planta oárbol) Am kwa:tetepolowa kwa: tepol Unfortunately in revising this dictionary I found only a headword here; there was no definition or example sentences. I added what I thought would be corrected based on cognate forms, but this should be checked. Perhaps this entry should be removed. Check the discussion with CF 00309 tlawe:ltia notlawe:ltia tlawe:ltia notlawe:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia[refl] class-2a (refl.) to work oneself up into a fit; to get furious (refl.) hacer berrinche; encolerizarse; agitarse mucho Am, Oa San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih. Am He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit. Nada más se estárevolcando en el suelo, estáhaciendo berrinche. tlawe:l 00310 pa:lakatechó:n pa:lakatechó:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-uncl N1 ring of of children who spin around rueda de niños que dan vuelta fuerte y rápidamente Am Ma tiktla:li:ka:n pa:lakatechón! Am Let's form a ring that spins around and around! ¡Vamos a hacer una rueda que da vueltas y vueltas! pa:lakach <kam>Pa:lakatechon</kam> refers to the ring that playing children form, each child holding the hands of the two others on each side, with the entire group spinning around as in"ring-around-the-rosy." <kam>Pa:lakatechon</kam> is clearly related to the verbal stem <kroot>pa:lakach</kroot>, which has a clear sense of circling around or spinning (e.g., <klam>i:xpa:lakachiwi</klam> and <klam>kwa:pa:lakaxtli</klam>). Yet the derivational process is not clear since the relationship between a root <kroot>pa:lakach</kroot>and the entry form <kam>pa:lakatechon</kam> is not clear (e.g., whether <kam>-chon</kam> is some sort of suffix or whether, perhaps, <kam>-te-</kam> has somehow become infixed into the root. It might also be the case that the root is in effect simply <kn>pa:laka</kn> and the /ch/ of forms such as <kn>pa:lakachiwi</kn> related to some other element. If this were true, then the entire sequence <kam>-techon</kam> of <kam>palakatechon</kam> might be a semantic unit of some sort. The word or stem <kam>palaka(ch)</kam> might relate to <kam>malaka</kam> as in <kam>malakatl</kam>. Note that my original filecard entry has a short vowel /palakatechon/ but I have changed the first /a:/ to a long vowel given the probable etymology. This should be checked. Check also stress pattern. Check first and final vowels of /pa:lakatechón/. 00311 ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>diablo</spn> N N-complex N1 type of vine used in tying sesame, still not yet identified tipo de bejucco utilizado para atar ajonjolí, pero todavía no identificado Am plant xiwtli kwitlaxkol The identity of the vine called <kam>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</kam> has not yet been determined. However, several consultants (Feb. 2001) mentioned that it grows on trees, hanging straight down from trees: <kam>nopilowa i:pan kuhtli</kam>. Cristino Flores mentioned that this vine is used for tying bundles of cut sesame. Marcelo Venancio was not familiar with the name <kam>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</kam> but did know of the vine, which he said was called simply <kam>komekatl</kam>. None of the three consultants in the first botany fieldwork session were familiar with this term. 00312 te:i:xpantia kite:i:xpantia te:i:xpantia kite:i:xpantia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to tell on; to complain about (informally, generally before the family of the accused or perhaps even before other members of the community, but not before the judicial authorities) quejarse de (informalmente, generalmente a la familia del acusado o tal vez hasta con otros miembros de la comunidad presente, pero no frente a las autoridades judiciales) Am, Oa Timiste:i:xpanti:s, nikno:tsas motah. Am I'm going to tell on you (e.g., on what you did), I'm going to speak to your father. Me voy a quejar de tí(p. ej., acerca de algo que hiciste), voy a hablar con tu papá. Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan. Am I am going to tell (your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), be sure of that because we are related. Me voy a quejar (a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), te das cuenta, porque somos parientes. Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan. Am Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has been stolen). ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal dejado suelto en el campo)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo). Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia. Am Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (i.e., in going to tell her parents). ¡No le vayas a hacer llorar (en este caso dicho a un hombre acerca de su esposa), luego luego se queja (p. ej., al decirselo a sus papás). (refl.) to come clean; to confess (publically) (refl.) confesar (publicamente) Pending Note:i:xpantia san no: yewa. Am He came clean all by himself (i.e., voluntarily confessed sth that he had done, e.g., that he had broken sth, he had killed sb else's pig, etc.). Confesóde su propia cuenta (esto es, voluntariamente confesóalgo que había hecho, p. ej., haber roto algo, matado un marrano ajeno, etc.). communicate i:x -pan te:ilwia; te:i:xpantia Whereas <klam>te:ilwia</klam> refers to a formal, judicial complaint, <kam>te:i:xpantia</kam> is more of a family or personal complaint. Negative imperative: /Ma:ka xcho:kti, yewa niman note:i:xpantia/ 'Don't make her cry (in this case said to a man about his wife), right away she complains (e.g., in telling her parents).' Note sequence /ma:ka x[VERB]. 00313 tla:tlawtia kitla:tlawtia tla:tlahtia kitla:tlahtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-l- class-2a to pity; to show mercy toward sentir lástima para; tener piedad de Pending Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki, xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. Am You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? he doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente).¿Por quéno le des una paliza? no te obedece, te es insolente. Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki! Am Don't show him mercy, really give him a thrashing! ¡No le vayas a tener piedad, dále una paliza! to beg; to implorar (sb to do sth [ <kam>para ma</kam> + verb]); to beg (for mercy, foregiveness, etc.) rogarle a; implorar a; suplicar a (algn que haga algo [ <kam>para ma</kam> + verbo]); rogar (por piedad, perdón, etc.) Pending Kitla:tlawtia para ma kipale:wi. Am He begs him to help him. Le ruega a ayudarlo. Timistla:tlawtia, Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti! Am I implore you, child of God, lend it to me! ¡Te suplico, hijo de Diós, préstamelo! (refl.) to beg foregiveness (e.g., for an evil deed); to plea (for pity, foregiveness, mercy, etc.) (refl.) suplicar; rogar; pedir perdón (p. ej., por un mal hecho) Am, Oa O:notla:tlawti:ko notech iwa:n o:niktlapopolwih. Am He came to beg forgiveness from me and I forgave him. Vino a pedirme perdón y lo perdoné. (with a directional prefix) to send ones regards to; to send words of concern about to (e.g., the health of sb) (con un prefijo direccional) ofrecerle saludos a; mandar a inquirir sobre (algo, p. ej., la saludo de algn) a Pending Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia! Am Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards! ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos! Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia! Am Tell Juan that I send him my regards! ¡Díle a Juan que le mando mis saludos! Mitsa:ltla:tlawtia deke xtikwalo. Am He sends words of concern here to inquire whether you are sick. Manda saludos aquípara inquirir si estás enfermo. tlaw tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa <kam>Tla:tlawtia</kam> is used to signal a very respectful greeting that is sent over a distance. The direction of the sending is indicated by a directional prefix (never a suffix). Note that a word such as <kam>timitsontlapalowa</kam> is used only when the subject is going to greet at the physical location of the addressee [O]. <kam>Timitsontla:tlawtia</kam> is used when the subject is not going to extend a greeting but instead simply sends his regards through someone, or by sending a letter, etc. In two filecards I had a long second /a/. This should be checked. The two phrases were: /Ma:ka tiktla:tlawti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/, i.e., the original text had /Ma:ka tiktla:tla:wti:s, melá:k xkwi:teki!/ and /Timistla:tla:wtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/. I have changed the length to short here given that the meaning of these phrases seems to coincide with those of others where I have a definite short vowel. Both phrases should, however, be checked to make sure that there is indeed no long vowel. Vocative; relative clauses; subordination: Note the following sentence: /Timistla:tlawtia Dió:s ikone:w, xne:xtlane:wti!/ 'I implore you child of God, lend it to me!' What this phrase shows is a predication with a null subject. One might suspect that in Classical one would find /timitstla:tlawtia ti-ikone:w Dió:s 'I implore you, you are the child of God.' Or perhaps some other syntax would be used. However, what is significant in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is the absence of the subject marker before the second phrase, that relativizes the pronoun marked on the verb, /mits-/. Thus /mits-/ functions as the subject of /Dió:s ikone:w/ or perhpas as the head, i.e.,"you, who are the child of God."Check this syntactical interpretation with Michel. Complementation: Note /Xkihli Juan nikontla:tlawtia!/ 'Tell Juan that I send him my regards!' Here the verb /ihlia/ takes two objects; the secondary object is a sentential complement; note that there is a zero complementizer here, simply a VP. 00314 to:nalki:xtia kito:nalki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to scare the wits out of or to greatly frighten (sb, so as to cause <spn>susto</spn> and the loss of ones <klam>to:nahli</klam>) espantar muchísimo hasta causar susto a (algn, y la pérdida de su <klam>to:nahli</klam>) Am to:na ki:sa The literal meaning of <kam>to:nalki:xtia</kam> is to remove to spirit or soul (i.e., <kam>to:nahli</kam>) from. It causes a case of <spn>susto</spn> that requires that the victim be cured in a ceremony to obtain the return or release of his or her <kn>to:nahli</kn>. According to Cristino Flores the term <kam>to:nalka:waltia</kam> is much more common. Check for intransitive form ?/to:nalki:sa/. REMOVE THIS FROM THE DICTIONARY. to:nalka:waltia synonym Am to:nalma:mohtia synonym Oa 00315 nochipa nochipa nochipa nochipa
09/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm always; all the time siempre; todo el tiempo Am, Oa Nochipa mitspale:wia. Am He always helps you. Siempre te ayuda. nochi -pa 00316 i:ya:ntok i:ya:ntok i:ya:ntok i:ya:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be hidden estar escondido Am, Oa i:ya:na Oapan also accepts <koa>iya:ntikah</koa> Initial analysis is that the initial vowel in Oapan is long; at any rate no pitch-accent was noted although this would be expected if the underlying form was {ihya:na}. The length of the initial /i:/ in the Ameyaltepec cognate remains uncertain. Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo would clearly indicate if there is an underlying {h} as in this dialect this phoneme is maintained. It appears that the present entry form refers to a stative whereas the reflexive refers to a progressive construction. As with /antok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. this is a stative which should, apparently, derive from *iya:ni. However, only the transitive /iya:na/ exists as a verb. Refers to something hidden, an object, by an agent/other: money, etc. Cf. entry under pti field in /iya:na/. Apparently the reflexive refers to a progressive. Durative: Note the discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between the reflexive and nonreflexive durative. 00317 sí:jateh sí:jateh sí:jateh sí:jateh
11/Feb/2006
(?) Interj Interj back! (said to a ox or team of oxen while planting) ¡atrás! (dicho a un buey o par de bueyes de una yunta durante el trabajo de campo) Pending Sí:jateh, xtsi:nki:sa! Am Back! Back off! ¡Atrás! The origin of <kam>sí:jateh</kam> is probably a loan from Spanish, though the precise origin is open to question. It is used as an interjection or command only with oxen. The transitive verb, <klam>sija:rowa</klam> or <klam>seja:rowa</klam> is apparently only used with oxen as well. seja:rowa confer Am, Oa 00318 no:ntik no:ntik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be mute (by nature, from illness, etc.) ser mudo (de por si, a causa de una enfermedad, etc.) Am no:n Apparently whereas <kam>no:ntik</kam> refers to muteness that is the result of a congenital problem or disease, the reduplicated <klam>tenono:ntik</klam> refers to muteness that is the result of a reluctance to speak. This should, however, be confirmed. Finally, note that according to Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, * <koa>no:ntik</koa> is not used in this speech community although <kloa>ténonó:ntik</kloa>(or <koa>té:nó:ntik</koa>) is. Recheck reasons for which one might be /no:ntik/. Although in my original notes here I had stated that /no:ntik/ can be used to refer to someone who is mute simply from not wishing to speak (a veces solamente por no querer hablar). Recheck the Oapan data tenono:ntik confer Am ténonó:ntik confer Oa 00319 lamah i:lamah lamah i:lamah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N2 (poss.) old woman (in the sense of 'wife') (pos.) vieja (en el sentido de 'esposa') Am, Oa Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah. Am My"old woman"will feed you. Mi"vieja"te va a dar de comer. lamah In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <koa>lamah</koa> as in <kam>Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah</kam> indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be <koa>nolámatsí:n</koa>. Check p-a pattern in <koa>nolámatsí:n</koa>, perhaps it should be <koa>nólamátsi:n</koa>. Reverential: In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <koa>lamah</koa> as in <kam>Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah</kam> indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be <koa>nolámatsí:n</koa>. lamatsi:n confer Am lámatsí:n confer Oa 00320 Tona:n To:naka:yow Tona:n To:naka:yow Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl Tona:n To:naka:yo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 Our Mother Maize Nuestra Madre el Maíz Am, Oa Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow. Am Here I have come to leave off for your (in talking to <kam>yeyekameh</kam> who are being appeased in a soul-raising ceremony) Our Mother Maize. Aquíte he venido a dejar (al hablar a los <kam>yeyekameh</kam> que estaban siendo suplicados en una ceremonia de levantamiento de sombra) Nuestra Madre el Maíz. na:n to:na Check form. I had originally recorded in my notes /tona:n to:naka:yow/, but this might be in error. The presence of final /-w/ suggests perhaps a reinterpretation. Check with several speakers. 00321 ma:kelo:ni ma:kelo:ni ma:kelo:ni ma:kelo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a to severely sprain a joint in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or shoulder; see <kloa>ma:peto:ni</kloa>); to have ones arm or hand get severely sprained (but not dislocated) torcerse y lastimarse un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; véase <kloa>ma:peto:ni</kloa>); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no hasta luxarse) Am, Oa ma: kelo: In Oapan according to Florencia Marcelino <koa>ma:kelo:ni</koa> is used when one is hit hard on the wrist. The bone doesn't break or get dislocated; in her words, <koa>san xa:kwaliwi</koa> 'it just gets badly bruised.' Many other speakers when describing the meaning of this word will place the outside of their hand down on a hard surface and push against it, forcing the palm into the wrist. It often happens to the front legs (called 'arms' in Nahuatl) of a donkey. Check for transitive form. 00322 a:pistli a:pistli a:pistli a:pistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(s) hunger hambre Am, Oa O:mik de a:pistli. Am He died of hunger. El se murióde hambre. O:mik ika a:pistli. Am He died from starvation. Se murióde hambre. Nimikis de a:pistli, umpa xtlakwalo. Am I will be hungry all the time, over there (i.e., in a given village or town) no one eats well. Voy a andar siempre con hambre, allá(esto es, en un pueblo o ciudad) nadie come bien. Yo:ne:chasik a:pistli -=yo:pe:w na:pismiki- Am I feel pangs of hunger (lit., 'I've been seized by hunger'). Me agarróel hambre. a:pis Compare <kam>o:mik de a:pistli</kam> in which the subject really died, to <kam>ye miktok de a:pistli</kam> 'he's dying of hunger,' 'he's really hungry,' 'he's starving,' etc. The sense of <kam>miki de a:pistli</kam> may be either literal or metaphoric, depending upon the context and the verb tense. For example, the perfective tends to orient a literal interpretation, the present or future is more metaphoric. Check for possibility of possessed form. 00323 tlatsmoli:nahli tlatsmoli:nahli tlatsmoli:nahli tlatsmoli:nahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 shoot (of a plant [marked as possessor]) retoño (de una planta [señalada como poseedora]) Pending Konkwin itlatsmoli:nahlo, nokwa. Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Am They go gather its shoots (of the <kbam>yepakihli</kbam>tree), they are edible. It (the tree) is used for firewood. Van a traer sus retoños (delárbol <kbam>yepakihli</kbam>), se comen. Es (elárbol) bueno para leña. tsmoli: This noun is almost always found in possessed form, with the possessed suffix <kn>-yo</kn>. Nominalizations: Note the following deverbal noun: /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. There is no transitive form documented yet ?/itsmoli:na/. Classical Nahuatl has /itzmolinaltia/ as in RS /nitlatzmolinaltia/ 'hacer reverdecer.' The question, therefore, is the derivational process that lead to /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. Perhaps it involves a form, /itsmoli:na/ that is reflected only in this nominal form. Check that /tlatsmoli:nahlo/ is indeed correct. This should be changed to /tlatsmoli:nahlo:tl/ or perhaps an additional entry made. YES. 00324 Da:nsah de Bo:lah Da:nsah de Bo:lah
11/Feb/2006
Danza de Bola N N-complex N1 religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa Am dance da:nsah For this and <kam>Da:nsah de Bo:lah</kam> check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. kwa:tepáil synonym Oa 00325 ikiti *kikiti
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b zIrregular: Perfective <kam>o:kikit</kam> / <kam>o:kikitik</kam> to weave on a loom (standing or backstrap) tejer en telar (parado o de cintura) Am hkiti This word is now almost never used, and at the time of original fieldwork was known only by the eldest Ameyaltepequeños. There is some variation for inflected forms, undoubtedly related to the rarity of use of this word. I have recorded the perfective as both <kam>o:kikit</kam> (don Luis Lucena) and <kam>o:kikitik</kam> (others). Historically this is an intransitive although in Ameyaltepec it is used with a 3rd-person object marker. Cristino Flores was not familiar with this term Since I have recorded this as a transitive in Ameyaltepec although historically it is intransitive, this should be checked. Perhaps Oapan speakers will need to be consulted for for possible transitive/intransitive alternation. It may also be that this verb, like /to:ka/, is not used with /tla-/. This too should be checked. kikiti tlako:hikiti confer Oa 00326 mahka:miki mahka:miki mahka:miki mahka:miki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to be overcome by fright morirse de miedo (figuritivamente) Am, Oa maw miki Although several consultants when asked remarked that <kn>mahka:miki</kn> refers to a real death from fright, this is not the common use. Recheck meaning and obtain example sentences. 00327 kwe:chiwtok kwe:chiwtok kwe:chihtok kwe:chihtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be finely ground estar molido muy fino Am, Oa to have aches over ones whole body (a person) tener dolores por todo el cuerpo (lit. 'estar molido') Pending kwe:ch The meaning of <kam>kwe:chiwtok</kam> referring to body pain might be a calque from Spanish 'estar molido.' To date it has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. 00328 sempwalxo:chitl sampwalxo:chitl sempwalxo:chitl sampwelxo:chitl sempwelxo:chitl sampwelxo:chitl sampwalxo:chitl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 marigold (including several types of this flower) cempasúchil o zempoalsúchil, tambíen flor de muerto Am, Oa plant fl sem powa xo:ch This is classified by consultants as both a <klam>xo:chitl</klam> and <klam>xiwtli</klam>. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de muerto states, in part:"1. (<i>Tagetes erecta</i>) 'marigold,' 'African marigold.' Since ancient times, marigolds have been associated with religious rites. They are currently used in the Day of the Dead observances [All Saints holidays]. A widely cultivated plant; it is common in cemeteries as well as gardens. Also called caléndula azteca, cempasúchil, cempaxúchil, clavel de oro, zempoalxóchitl."All consultants mentioned that there is both a male and female variety, the former being smaller and with fewer Check whether C. Flores starts with /sampw.../ or /sempw.../. flower 00329 señó:r señó:r
11/Feb/2006
señor N N-loan N0/2; Aln(0=2) (vocative) compadre (vocativo) compadre Am Pano:lti señó:r! Am Good morning, compadre! ¡Buenos días, compadre! (poss.) compadre (male possessor and male subject) (pos.) compadre (poseedor masculino y sujeto masculino) Am Mitspale:wi:s moseñó:r kwa:k nona:mikti:s mokone:w. Am Your compadre will help you (male addressee) when your son gets married. Tu compadre te va a ayudar (dirigiéndose a un hombre) cuando se casa tu hijo. kin This borrowing from the Spanish is used as an address term by male speakers to their male <spn>compadres</spn>; it may also be used as a two-place nominal predicate, e.g., <kam>yewa moseñó:r</kam> 'he is your <spn>compadre</spn>,' but only when the possessor is male. It is also used in the Spanish sense of 'sir.' Apparently <kam>señó:r</kam> is only used in reference to a relationship among males. Check to determine whether <kam>seño:rah</kam> is similarly used in reference to females. ko:mpáretsí:n confer Oa 00330 xokwi:chiwi xokwi:chiwi xokwi:chiwi xokwi:chiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to wrinkle up (as one may do to ones nose or mouth in certain circumstances) fruncir (como en varias circunstancias uno puede hacer con la nariz o boca) Am, Oa to bunch up or become bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place) fruncirse (p. ej., una falda mal colocada por la cintura) Am, Oa xokwi:ch No cognate forms have been found in other dialects studied to date. 00331 zzz This entry has been eliminated as it duplicates 6699.
30/Jul/2005
Assign the speech tokens here to #6699. However, remember that the links should generally be the later files, which are cleaner. 00332 tsetselowilia kitsetselowilia tsétselowília tsetselowilia kí:tselowília
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:tselowília</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to shake out for (e.g., a blanket to remove dust) sacudir para (p. ej., una cobija para sacarle el polvo) Pending Xne:xsetselowili nopetl! Am Shake out my petate for me! ¡Sacúdeme mi petate! tsel a:njoli:n tlake:ntli tale:gah kitsetselowilia Note that in my database before revision I had no pitch-accent in the headword for Oapan /tsetselowilia/ but pitch-accent in the elicitation form /kí:tselowília/. FK has this reduplicated form without /h/, so the Oapan form should be rechecked on tape and the entry corrected as needed. SJ will indicate if there is indeed an underlying /h/. For now I have standardized the Oapan forms to pitch accent, but the tape should reveal the correct orthography. tsetselowa verb_base Am tsétselówa verb_base Oa 00333 te:nana:nkilia:ni te:nana:nkilia:ni
09/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni Lex. rdp-s N1 person who talks back and argues with people respondón; persona que contesta mal a la gente, enfrentándose a y discutiendo con los demás Am Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni. Am He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people. Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente. na:nki te:í:xna:mikíni synonym Oa 00334 tlakwalka:waltia kitlakwalka:waltia tlakwalka:waltia kitlakwalka:waltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to make (sb) lose his appetite (e.g., an illness [S]) hacer perder el apetito a (p. ej., una enfermedad [S]) Am, Oa DT#7: 596 Xok tihkwa:s ni: un tli:n, yo:mitstlakwalka:waltih tsompi:hli. Am You won't (want to) eat anything at all, a cold has made you lose your appetite. Ya no vas que querer comer ni nada, la gripa te ha quitado el apetito. kwa ka:wa tlakwalkoto:na; tlakwalki:xtilia; tlakwalka:waltia Although the difference between <kam>tlakwalka:waltia</kam> , <klam>tlakwalkoto:na</klam> , and <klam>tlakwalki:xtilia</klam> needs to be further researched, it appears that the first word in this list is used only when something adverse, such as a disease or illness, causes a person to lose his appetite. Although the latter two verbs apparently can also refer to this type of situation, they are often used when something or someone (e.g., a sudden visitor at dinner time) interrupts a meal. Apparently <klam>ka:waltia</klam> is a ditransitive verb that always has its valency reduced by either a nonspecific object such as <kn>tla-</kn> or an incorporated noun such as <kn>tlakwahli</kn> ; see <klam>tlaka:waltia</klam>. Valency; applicative; noun incorporation: Note the following three words: <kam>tlakwalka:waltia</kam> , <klam>tlakwalkoto:na</klam> , and <klam>tlakwalki:xtilia</klam> What is interesting is the similarity of meaning but the difference in valency structure between the noun and the verb. Thus, /ka:wa/ is a transitive verb, and /ka:waltia/ would be a ditransitive. Similarly, /ki:xtia/ is a transitive and /ki:xtilia/ would be a ditransitive (though the first is a causative and the second is an applicative). However, /koto:na/ is a transitive. Since all three verbs with the incorporation of /tlakwal/ are transitives, the first two undergo valency reduction with incorporation while the third does not. The basis for this difference is not clear, i.e., why does one not encounter */tlakwalkoto:nilia/. One might, in addition, compare /tlakwalkoto:na/ to /koto:na/ used reflexively, e.g., /nokoto:na noburroh/ 'my donkey snapped lose (of its tether).' Perhaps one could say that there are two /koto:na/ ver bs. The first takes an inanimate object as patient; the second takes an animate object as benefactive/malefactive. This should be explored. tlakwalkoto:na equivalent Am, Oa tlakwalki:xtilia equivalent Am 00335 ma:totomioh ma:totomioh má:tomíyoh má:tomíyoh
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-yoh Lex. rdp-s (Am) yes-lex to have hairy arms tener los brazos peludos Am, Oa ma: tohmi Check whether nonreduplicated form is used. Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that whereas Am has reduplication, Oa has a reduced form even though the preceding vowel is long: Am: /ma:totomioh/ and Oa: /má:tomíyoh/. It may be the case in this instance, however, that the p-a on /ma:/ in Oapan is simply the result of the underlying /h/ in /tohmi/. 00336 tlatska:westok tlatska:westok tlatska:westok tlatska:westok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Part-Stat Stat Durative to be lying down from a sheer feeling of laziness estar acostado por sentir o estar con flojera Am, Oa Nitlatska:westok, nikwalo. Am I'm lying down from sheer laziness, I'm feeling ill. Estoy acostado por pura flojera, no me siento bien. tlats wetsi In general <kn>tlatska:westok</kn> refers to being in a lying down position because of laziness, although apparently the cause may also be something such as weakness brought on by feeling slightly under the weather or exhausted. It definitely does not refer to individuals who are in lying in bed because of a severe illness or other physical problems. Participle: Note that the participial form of /-iwi/ verbs seems always to be without the final /w/ or /h/: thus /tlatska:/ instead of /tlatsihka:/. But check this. 00337 te:ne:wa kite:ne:wa te:ne:wa kite:ne:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to mention; to talk about (an event, a situation, a person, etc.) mencionar; hablar acerca de (un evento, una situación, una persona, etc.) Am, Oa Xkita nochi tlato:hli tli:n yo:tikte:te:ne:hkeh! Am Look at all the words that we have already mentioned (pronouncing one after the other)! ¡Mira todas las palabras que ya mencionamos (una tras otra)! to speak highly of; to praise (a person) hablar bien de; ensalzar (una persona) Am, Oa (with short vowel reduplication) to gossip about; to bad-mouth; to speak poorly of (see <klam>te:tete:ne:wani</klam>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chismear sobre; hablar maliciosamente o mal de (véase <klam>te:tete:ne:wani</klam>) Am, Oa Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. I:wa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. Am He bad-mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about what he had seen). Habla mal de mítras mi espalda (lit.,"por ahí"). Vivía conél, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivía, quécomía, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). (refl. with <kam>i:ka</kam> [verb phrase]) to be highly regarded; to be recognized (in [verb phrase]) (refl. con <kam>i:ka</kam> [frase verbal]) ser estimado; tener reconocimiento (en [frase verbal]) Pending Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti. Am You are known to be a good worker. Se te conoce como un buen trabajador. (refl. with <kam>i:pan</kam> [noun]) to make a name for oneself (doing an activity associated with [noun]) (refl. con <kam>i:pan</kam> [sustantivo]) hacer un nombre para si (llevando a cabo una actividad asociada con [sustantivo]) Pending O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl. Am I heard that you made a name for yourself working in stripping corn leaves from the stalks before harvest (i.e., in the <klam>iswate:kilistli</klam>) Oíque tenías buena fama para trabajar en el zacateo. te:n e:wa Passive; reflexive: Note the phrases with the reflexive use of /te:ne:wa/. In these the meaning is not 'to speak highly of oneself' but, more precisely, 'to be highly regarded.' powa confer Am 00338 sokiyowa sokiyowa sokiyowa sokiyowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia class-4a (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become covered with mud (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) cubrirse o llenarse de lodo; enlodarse Am, Oa O:nisosokiyowak. Am I got covered in mud. Me enlodé. soki Cf. /sokioh/; for /sokiyowa/ also the only example in the corpus is with reduplicated stem. Check this. 00339 te:malki:sa te:malki:sa te:malki:sa te:malki:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a for pus to come or ooze out (of an infection) salir pus (de una infección) Am, Oa te:mal ki:sa Make sure that this refers only to pus oozing out of a wound, and not simply to pus forming in a wound. Also, clarify what the subject is of this verb compound, i.e., can one have a form such as /nite:malki:sa/, or is it the would that is the subject. 00340 yzzz tepi:tka:tla:katl tepi:tka:tla:katl
11/Feb/2006
N Part-N N-b Stem 2 healthy man; stout and sturdy man (of body and health, who does not easily become sick) hombre sano; hombre fuerte y duro (de cuerpo, de salud, quien no se enferma facilmente) Am, Oa tepi:ts tla:ka <kam>Tepi:tska:tla:katl</kam> is used, for example, in talking about an old man who is still strong, sturdy, and able to work hard, or who never gets ill despite his age. Check into Oapan and the use of /tepi:tka:/ instead of /tepi:tska:/. Apparently the latter is not acceptable in these contexts; cf. the Yale tape, which I believe might have a discussion somewhere on this point. Check for possessed form. tepi:tska:tla:katl equivalent Am kaxa:nka:tla:katl confer Am, Oa tepi:tka:siwa:tl confer Oa 00341 kwa:i:xiwintia kikwa:i:xiwintia kwa:i:xiwintia kwa:i:xwintia kikwa:i:xiwintia, kikwa:i:xwintia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-tia[x] Op. <kn>-te-</kn> : <kam>kwa:tei:xiwintia</kam> class-2a to make the head of spin; to make dizzy marear; hacer girar la cabeza a; hacer sentir mareos a Am, Oa Yo:pe:w ne:ckkwa:tei:xiwintia. Am It (e.g., a drink) has started to make my head spin. Me ha empezado a hacer girar la cabeza (p. ej., una bebida). O:ne:chkwa:tei:xiwintih toroh. Am The bull (I rode) made me dizzy. El toro (que monté) me hizo sentir mareos. kwa: i:x iwin Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Apparently there is no reason to consider the initial /i/ not part of the root. Apparently Inocencio lacks the /i/ of Florencia in the 3rd syllable. Check. 00342 kwihlo:tia kikwihlo:tia kwihlo:tia kikwihlo:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to put and lay down <klam>kwi:hlo:tl</klam> (wattle of rods made of <klam>tlapextli</klam>) in constructing the frame for the roof of a thatched house poner y colocar <klam>kwi:hlo:tl</klam> (cañas o varas hechas de <klam>tlapextli</klam>) en construir el techo de una casa de zacate o palma Am, Oa build kwihlo:tl kwi Obtain all terms possible for house construction. 00343 uwatl uwatl owatl owatl owatl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 sugarcane caña dulce Pending Owatl | Ke:n me:roh mi:hlli, bwe:noh para pane:lah. Am <kam>Owatl</kam> : It's just like the maize plant, it is good for making panela. <kam>Owatl</kam> : Es casi como la milpa, es bueno para hacer panela. owa Check for possessed form. I am almost certain at least alienable possession exists, hence I have coded N1/2. If intrinsic (e.g., /i:owayo/) then change as appropriate. 00344 poti:xa poti:xa
11/Feb/2006
botija (?) Adj Adj-loan Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tepoti:xah</kam> to be pot-bellied; to have a bloated belly (a human or animal) ser barrigón; ser panzón (una persona o animal) Am San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t. Am He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child with a recently born sibling), he has sibling rivalry. Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño con un hermano recién nacido), tiene chípil. to have a big, round bulbous base (e.g, a pot, jug, etc.) tener una base redondo y muy grande (p. ej., una olla, cántaro, etc.) Am Poti:xah motso:tsokol. Am Your water jug has a big, round base. Tu cántaro tiene una base muy grande y redonda. Although it is suggested above that <kam>poti:xah</kam> and related words may be related to Spanish <spn>botija</spn>, this might not be the case. Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl has the root <kam>po:x</kam> meaning 'belly' and this same root could perhaps be that of <kam>poti:xah</kam>. According to Cristino Flores <kam>poti:xa</kam> is used only to refer to the swollen belly of the <kam>po:tetl</kam> or certain children with <spn>chipil</spn>. However, for bowls and other ceramics the word <klam>itipoti:xa</klam> is used. Recheck to see if intensifier is used: /tepoti:xah/. I had a note saying that this was acceptable, but no example. It might be in error. Also reconfirm final /h/; my card entry has simply /poti:xa/, but under /itipoti:xah/ the final /h/ was recorded. Cf. meaning of /poti:xah/ and /itipoti:xah/. Recheck vowel length in /poti:xatsi:n/; given that this is probably a loan word, length might shift to the penultimate syllabe. Make illustration. ítipo:xá:tik synonym Oa 00345 yeskwepa noyeskwepa yeskopa noyeskopa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a (refl.) to turn into or form a blood blister (refl.) volverse una ampolla con sangre Am, Oa (refl.) to have an embryo form in (e.g., a chicken's egg) (refl.) formarsele un embrión en (p. ej., el huevo de una gallina) Am, Oa Yo:noyeskwep un to:toltetl. I yaw para nochi:was de pio:tsi:n, xok bwe:noh para tihkwa:s. Am That egg has already formed an embryo. It's on its way to becoming a chick, it's no longer good for you to eat. Ese huevo ya formósu embrión. Estáen camino para llegar a ser un pollito, ya no estábien para que te lo comes. body-injury yeskwepa, yestia, yeste:mi es kwepa yestia 00346 one:stok one:stok one:stok one:stok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Dir-Stat Stat Durative (with <kn>-pan</kn>) to be reflected on (con <kn>-pan</kn>) estar reflejado sobre Am, Oa Tone:stok ne:, ipan te:skatl. Am You are reflected there, in the mirror. Estás reflejado allí, en el espejo. ne:si Recheck correctness of this. The phrase is taken from my memory of a conversation with Florencia Marcelino on this verb. 00347 kechpachka:yo *i:kechpachka:yo kechpachka:yo i:kechpachka:yo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-wi-ki N2 collar or folded and sewn hem around the neck of a man's or woman's shirt cuello o dobladillo cosido alrededor del cuello de una camisa de hombre o mujer Am, Oa kech pach tlake:ntli The etymology of <kn>kechpachka:yo</kn> is uncertain, though perhaps in reference to the flatness of the collar it is related to same stem as that in <klam>pachiwi</klam>. Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with this word although it was documented in my notes from his village. Determine whether the possessor of this word is the shirt, or the man: /ikechpachka:yo nokoton/, or /nokechpachka:yo/? Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc. There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6322. They should be tagged as 00347. Moreover, the two linked words should be taken from among the 4 tokens originally recorded at 6322. te:mpachka:yo confer Oa 00348 sasa:l sasa:l
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-ap Lex. rdp-s-; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tesasa:l</kam> pl. <kam>sasa:lmeh</kam> to be a slowpoke; to be very slow in what he does (e.g., walking, working, performing a task, etc.) ser lentón; ser muy lenta en hacer lo que sea (p. ej., en caminar, trabajar, hacer algo, etc.) Am Ke:n titesasa:l. Am You're a real slowpoke. Eres un lentón. Melá:k tesasa:lmeh. Am They are real slowpokes. Son muy lentos. sa:l <kam>Sasa:l</kam> is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to do something, particularly when someone else is waiting. The same element <kam>sasa:l</kam> appears with <kam>ma:</kam> and <kam>kama</kam> , as in <klam>ma:sasa:l</klam> and <klam>kamasasa:l</klam>. Determine any other incorporated forms; check to see if /masasa:l/ and /kamasasa:l/ can take the /te-/ intensifier. In one entry I have mentioned specifically that vowel length has been checked and found to be long on the final /a:/. téyo:lítik synonym Oa 00349 kwitlanexiwi kwitlanexiwi kwitlanexiwi kwitlanexiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to lose luster or sheen; to acquire a faded look deslucir o perder el lustro y vista; ajarse Am, Oa O:kwitlanex motepos. Am Your rifle lost its sheen. Perdiólustro tu rifle. O:nikwitlanexiw ipan fle:chah de miák tla:ltekwtli. Am I (i.e., my clothes) came to looked faded when riding on the bus from all the dust (that was stirred up). En el camión (mi ropa) tomóuna apariencia de deslucida por todo el polvo (que se levantó). kwitla nex a:tl i:xtetl Although <kam>kwitlanexiwi</kam> and similar forms are often related to the act of becoming covered with dust, it appears that the primary sense is for some colored object to lose its sheen and brilliance. Thus <klam>kwitlanextik</klam> is applied to colors that are faded or dark (such as the green of certain pine trees) rather than bright and light (such as the green of most leaves). According to Cristino Flores (Am) this word can be used to refer to water that starts to get muddied, or to ones eye if it has been hit by a branch or other similar object. Check whether /kwitlamonexiwi/ or /kwitlatenexiwi/ is correct. Check whether 'to fade' or 'desteñirse' (clothes) is acceptable as a translation of /kwitlanexiwi/ and related words. Check whether /kwitlanexe:wi/ is acceptable. It probably is but has not yet been documented. 00350 sosolka sosolka sosolka sosolka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final-vowel loss][freq.] class-4a sound to make a rushing sound, or that of whirring, whizzing, etc. (such as that caused by a hard wind, a piece of ceramic or clay as it breaks off a pot and flies into the air, a radio with poor reception, an insect like a cicada, etc.) hacer un sonido como una ráfaga de aire, un zumbido, runrún, soplido, etc. (como el sonido de un viento fuerte, de un pedazo de cerámica que se bota de una olla y vuela rápido por el aire, de un radio con mala recepción, de un insecto como la cigarra, etc.) Am, Oa Yeyeka wa:n tlasosolka. Am There is wind and a rushing sound all over. Hay viento y un sonido como de soplido por todos lados. San sosolka morra:dioh. Am Your radio is just giving off a buzzing sound (from poor reception). Tu radio nada más produce un sonido como de zumbido (de mala recepción). Sosolkatiw yeyekatl. Am The wind is coming along making a rushing sound. Viene bramando el viento. Kakayo:tl sosolkatok kwa:k ye kiawis. Am The <klam>kakayo:tl</klam> makes a whirring sound when it is about to rain. El <klam>kakayo:tl</klam> hace un zumbido cuando estápor llover. Wa:lsosolkatiw un ka:rroh. Am That car is coming whirring along. Ese coche viene zumbando. solo: In Classical Nahuatl the cognate is <kam>sosoloka</kam> , the expected and untruncated form (though Zacapoaxtla Nahuatl also has <kn>zozolca</kn> 'roncar'). Yet truncated frequentatives are not uncommon, as witness derivations such as <kn>tsitsilka</kn>. Check whether correct is /san sosolka morra:dioh/ or whether it should be /sa: sosolka morra:dioh/. Check also the difference between /solo:ni/ and /sosolka/. solo:ni verb_base Am, Oa 00351 tsontekomawistli *tsontekomawistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of plant not yet identified tipo de planta todavía no identificada Am tson tekoma wits My notes for this entry were not entirely clear. I list /witsapo:lin/ and simply have a mark"=tsontekomawistli."There is no other mention of this latter plant. Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this plant. Asunción Marcelo and Silvestre Pantaleón suggested this might be the plant known as <kloa>tsi:yatsontekomatl</kloa>but where not sure of this. Cristino Flores said he had never heard of this but thta he was familiar with an archaic word, never used now, which means 'man of respect.' He equated this to /mawistla:katl/ (although this latter I have documented in the corpus). Perhaps this entry should be removed. 00352 tlakwaltia kitlakwaltia tlakwaltia kitlakwaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to serve a meal to (a person); to feed (an animal) servir una comida a (una persona); alimentar (un animal) Am, Oa Te:tlakwalti:s. Am She will serve a meal. Va a servir una comida. Nikontlakwalti:s nobese:rrah. Am I'm going to feed my calf (giving it food directly, but not by letting it out to graze). Voy a ir a alimentar a mi becerra (alimentándola directamente y no simplemente dejándola apacentar). to give a beating or thrashing to (see <klam>a:pismiki</klam>) dar una golpiza o paliza a (véase <klam>a:pismiki</klam>) Am, Oa Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw! Kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s. Am Take care, he's coming for you! It must be that you have problems with him, now he's going to give you a thrashing. ¡Ten cuidado, viene por tí! Debes tener algún problema conél, ahora viene a darte una paliza. tlakwaltia; tlamaka (an animal); tlakukwaltia kwa a:pismiki confer Am, Oa kwaltia [03308] minus_tla Am, Oa 00353 xoloxtik xoloxtik xoloxtik xoloxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to be bunched up (e.g., curtains that are pulled open); to be pleated or taken in leaving pleats (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) estar fruncido (en el sentido de algo como tela que ha sido empujado, como cortinas abiertas); tener tablitas Am, Oa xoloch <kam>Xoloxtik</kam> is most often used to refer to the appearance of cloth with small uneven pleats, as might occur where a large cuff is sewn to a shirt, or when a curtain is pulled open. It is almost always, though not necessarily, found in reduplicated form. Note that in my original notes I had written /xoloxtok/. Perhaps this is correct and /xoloxtik/ should be changed, or perhaps both are correct. Nevertheless other occurrences of this word and my general understanding of Nahuatl suggests that /xoloxtik/ is also (if not exclusively) correct. Check. Check the general patter of vl for the reduplicant. 00354 axi:ltilia kaxi:ltilia áxi:ltília axi:ltilia káxi:ltília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a yes-lex to make up the difference for (e.g., sb, for example by giving money needed to complete a given amount) completarle (algo a alguien); cubrirle la diferencia a (p. ej., a algn con dinero que le hace falta para hacer algo) Am, Oa Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n. Xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. Am Here is some (money), just in case it (sth to be bought) is more expensive. Pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (e.g., when you get back). Aquíhay (dinero), en caso de que salga más caro. Complétale túy aquíte pago la diferencia (p. ej., cuando regreses). to complete (a task, load, etc.) for completar (una tarea, carga, etc.) para Pending ahsi Check correctness of /axi:ltilia/ meaning"to complete (a task, load, etc.) for. Check /dya/ or /dyah/. asi verb_base Am ásí verb_base Oa 00355 sempoliwi sempoliwi sempoliwi sempoliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to disappear without a trace; to be destroyed, demolished, or lost forever (e.g., a construction or building) desaparecer sin dejar huella; perderse, derribarse o destruirse para siempre (p. ej., una construcción o edificio) Am, Oa to die forever (e.g., a plant or tree that will never again sprout) morir para siempre (p. ej., una planta que jamás va a retoñar o reverdecer) Am, Oa O:sempoliw un kuwtli, xok itsmoli:nis. Am That tree has died for good, it won't ever sprout again. Ese arból se muriópara siempre, ya no va a brotar jamás. to die out (a person's [S] lineage and last name) acabarse (el linaje y apellido de una persona [S]) Pending Deke timikis, tisempoliwis. Am If you die, you (your lineage and last name) will be gone forever (said of someone who was an only son). Si te mueres, te perderás (tu linaje y apellido) para siempre (dicho de algn que era hijoúnico). sem pol When used with a plant as a subject, <kn>sempoliwi</kn> refers to the fact that it will never sprout again, that it has died for good and forever. With a human subject <kam>sempoliwi</kam> indicates the end of a family line, something that could potentially be reborn or reinitiated. 00356 no:xtli no:xtli no:xtli no:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) inside fibers of the <klam>ó:rganoh</klam> cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away fibras interiores del cactus conocido como <klam>ó:rganoh</klam> que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca Am, Oa no:ch teo:no:xtli Recheck length of first /o/ in /teono:xtli/. Check possible types of possession; ?nono:ch?, i:no:chyo? etc. teono:xtli synonym Am 00357 itikoltotsiwi itikoltotsiwi ítikoltotsíwi itikoltotsiwi ítikoltotsíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi[x] class-3a(w) yes-lex to have stomach cramps (particularly a feeling of ones stomach shrinking and tightening as one is unable to straighten up) tener calambres por el estómago (particularmente el sentido de que el estómago se le encoge a uno que queda doblado por el dolor) Am, Oa disease hti koltots stomach ailments; disease Both <kam>itikoltotsiwi</kam> and <kam>itiko:tsi:liwi</kam> refer to stomach cramps, but their senses are slightly different. The former relates to the verb <kam>koltotsiwi</kam> and inidcates a motion of coming together, shrinking, and tightening. The latter, related to the verb <kam>ko:tsi:liwi</kam> a twisting motion, in this case of the intestines. Check for transitive. Determine whether /koltots/ should be further divided. Offer extended commentary on meaning of /koltotsiwi/ in general. 00358 ma:choh ma:choh ma:choh ma:choh
11/Feb/2006
macho N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <kam>ma:chos</kam> male mule macho Pending animal domes 00359 tlayo:lkimichin tlayo:lkimichin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of white maize planted almost exclusively in Ameyaltepec, along with <klam>tlayo:lyewahli</klam> , which has slightly larger kernels tipo de maíz blanco que se siembra casi exclusivamente en Ameyaltepec, aunque también se siembra <klam>tlayo:lyewahli</klam> , que tiene los granos un poquito más grandes Am food-maize plant domesticated o:ya kimich tlayo:hli <kam>Tlayo:lkimichin</kam> is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <klam>istá:k tlayo:hli</klam>. Check for possessed form. 00360 toli:na toli:na toli:na toli:na
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a to desire or crave good things to eat (particularly said of sb recovering from an illness who starts eating well and desires delicacies that are not always immediately available such as fruit, meat, cheese, etc.) antojarse o desear buenas cosas para comer (dicho particularmente de algn recuperándose de una enfermedad que empieza a comer bien y antoja cosas buenas que no siempre están a la mano como fruta, carne, queso, etc.) Am, Oa San tli:no:n yo:tikelna:mik tihkwa:s, titoli:na. Am You just remembered something that you want to eat, you have a craving for something delicious. Te acordaste que algo que querías comer, estás de antojo (para algo bueno de comer). toli: I had an illustrative phrase /Nitoli:na nakatl/ 'I desire to eat meat' but this might be in error for /nihtoli:na/. The Classical use of this word is unclear. It is morphologically an intransitive /nitoli:na/ but translated by RS as transitive: 'tener ganas de comer una cosa sin poder procurársele 00361 isa isa ísá isa ísá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4a yes-lex to awaken; to wake up despertarse Am, Oa O:isate:w Am He woke up unexpectedly. Despertórepentinamente. Ma:ka isas! Am Don't let him wake up! ¡No lo dejes despertar! hsa The metaphor of being asleep and away is often used in reference to a male erection. Thus an erect penis may be said to be awake (<kam>isatok</kam>) and the nonerect penis to be asleep (<kam>koxtok</kam>). Note that the common way to refer to getting an erection is through the causative form of <kam>isa</kam> along with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> ; see <klam>tlaxitia</klam>. It is difficult to establish the precise difference between /isa/ and /isate:wa/. Most likely the first refers simply to awakening while the second to awakening while something else is happening, and realizing this immediately; or to awake and immediately head out somewhere. This word may be used in a vulgar to indicate a male getting an erection. ixitia val_add_caus Am 00362 xa:yakapipilichiwi xa:yakapipilichiwi xa:yaká:pilichíwi xa:yakapípilichíwi xa:yá:pilichíwi xa:yakapipilichiwi xa:yá:pilichiwi xa:yaká:pilichíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) class-3a(w) yes-red-rdp to get a wrinkled face (from old age in particular) arrugarse la cara (de la vejez en particular) Am, Oa xa:yaka pilich The reduplicated form is used as the main entry given that this verb is usually found reduplicated as the process affects both cheeks simultaneously. Note that in Oapan there are several variations of this word. The base form would be <koa>xa:yakapípilichíwi</koa>, with the short vowel reduplication of the verbal stem and the unaltered incorporated noun. However, the reduplicant may be reduced onto the final short vowel of the incorporated noun, yielding <koa>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</koa>. In addition, the intervocalic /k/ may be lost yielding <koa>xa:yá:pilichíwi</koa>. Occasionally, the /ya/ syllable is lost, yielding <koa>xa:ká:pilichíwi</koa>. 00363 zzz This is a duplicate entry for /kopalkihli/, #1543.
30/Jul/2005
The tokens here should be tagged as 1543 since this present entry is a duplicate of later entries. 00364 texixiwtli texixiwtli té:xihtlí té:xihtlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) Stem 1(w) yes type of rod-like plant, still not identified tipo de planta como de varas, todavía no identificada Am, Oa Texixiwtli | Xtlah kihlian. Am <kam>Texixiwtli</kam> : They don't use it for anything. <kam>Texixiwtli</kam> : No lo utilizan para nada. plant tlako:tl te xiw 00365 kakapaka kakapaka kakapaka kakapaka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to make a clattering or drumming sound (such as that of fingers being tapped quickly and lightly on a table, or that made by a typewriter, a sewing machine, etc.) hacer un sonido de traqueteo (como el sonido que se hace a golpear los dedos de la mano rápida y ligeramente sobre una mesa, o el sonido hecho por una máquina de escribir, de coser, etc.) Pending Kakapakatok imá:kinah. Am His"machine"(i.e., typewritter, sewing machine, etc.) is making a clattering sound. Su máquina (de escribir, de coser, etc.) estáhaciendo un sonido como de traqueteo. Sa: tlakakapakatok ika moma:kinas. Am There is nothing but clattering from your machines (e.g., sewing machines or typewriters, etc.). Se oye nada más el sonido de traqueteo con tus máquinas (de coser, de escribir, etc.). kapa: má:kinah kwa:k tlasasa:lo:lo deke xkitla:lilian ase:iteh kapa:ni ni_base Am, Oa 00366 teketsa kiteketsa teketsa kiteketsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-3a(ts) to place or stand upright; to place or hold in a vertical position parar (un objeto); poner o sostener en posición vertical Am, Oa Xteketsa motso:tsokol! O:tsonakayah. Am Stand your water jug upright! It fell over on its side. ¡Pon tu cántaro parado! Se fue de lado. Yo:kiteteketskeh kasti:yoh. Am They've set up the <spn>castillo</spn>(i.e., raised it up and placed it vertically). Ya pusieron (parado) el castillo. Ma:ka xteketsa, xte:ka -=xpexte:ka- mowitso:k! Am Don't hold your <klam>witso:ktli</klam> upright, incline it horizontally (e.g., when weeding, so that the blade enters the ground at a low angle)! ¡No mantengas tu espátula (<klam>witso:ktli</klam>) en posición vertical, inclínalo horizontalmente (p. ej., para limpiar la milpa de hierba, colocando laéspatula para que la hoja entre la tierra a unángulo muy cerrado)! O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sahkó:n nomatis. Am Your hat (i.e., its brim) has drooped down, it got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way. (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo, se le cayóla lluvia encima. Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar. Kiteteketsa ka:n to:na ite:ko pa:mpa itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl, ma xo:tla ikxiwa:n. Am Because a scorpion's sting has affected it (in this case a chicken), its owner stands it up in the sun, so that it's legs get hot (and in this was the chicken is cured). Dado que se le trabóel piquete de un alacrán (en este caso a una gallina), su dueño la para en el sol, para que se calienten bien sus piernas (y asíse alivia). Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak. Am The sea is swooshing up against a cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks). Subiendo y bajando, el mar se golpea contra un risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras). O:notekestekok. Am It landed standing up (e.g., a cat falling from a height). Cayóparado sobre sus pies (p. ej., un gato que se cayóde lo alto). to bring to a stop (an animate being or that is walking or otherwise moving linearly, or a vehicle, etc.) parar (un ser animado que estácaminando o moviendo en forma linear, un vehículo en movimiento, etc.) Am, Oa Segi:doh kiteteketsa ino:biah ipan otli. Am He continually (in the morning, afternoon, etc.) stops his girlfriend on the path (i.e., he waits and steps in front of her, stopping her to court her). Seguido (en la mañana, tarde, etc.) detiene a su novia en el camino (esto es, la espera y le corta el paso para enamorarla). Yo:mitsno:tskeh para xmoteketsa. Am They called to you to come to a stop. Te llamaron para que te detuvieras. Xmoteketsa! Timitsno:tsasneki. Am Stop! I want to talk to you. ¡Párate! Te quiero hablar. (refl.) to stand up (i.e., from a sitting or lying position); to come to a stop or maintain oneself in a stationary position; to stay still (refl.) incorporarse (esto es, al estar sentado, acostado, etc.); pararse o mantenerse en una posición inmóbil Am, Oa Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat. Am Your little donkey has stood up (on its four legs), it is an infant, it was just born. Tu burrito se paró(sobre sus cuatro piernas), es un infante, apenas nació. to stop (doing a task) parar (en hacer algo que se estaba haciendo) Pending O:niktekets notekiw, tli:n nihchi:waya. Am I stopped work, what I was doing. Parémi trabajo, lo que estaba haciendo. (refl.) to stop working (sth that moves or has moving parts, such as a watch) (refl.) pararse; dejar de funcionar (algo que se mueve o que tiene partes que se mueven, como un reloj) Am, Oa O:notekets, xok tekipanowa. Am It's stopped, it no longer works (a machine, watch, etc. that had been running). Se paró, ya no trabaja (una máquina, un reloj, etc. que había estado funcionando). (refl.) to show up; to suddenly appear (refl.) aparecer de repente Pending Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika. Am If two rainbows show up, the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky). Si de repente aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá(apuntando) y uno acá(apuntando al otro lado del cielo). (<kam>noteketsa a:tl</kam>) for the rain to stop or pause (particularly after a storm, but also after the end of the rainy season; see <klam>ki:sa</klam>) (<kam>noteketsa a:tl</kam>) pararse o detenerse el agua (esto es, la lluvia, particularmente después de una tempestad, pero también al fin de la temporada de lluvias) Am, Oa Yo:notekets a:tl. Xoh kiawi, ye tlapili:ni. Am The rains have already stopped. It doesn't rain anymore, everything (in this case all the corn fields) have started to wither. Ya se pararon las aguas. Ya no cae la lluvia, todo (en este caso las milpas) ha empezado a ponerse mustío. (refl., reduplication with short vowel, and <kn>-tiw</kn>) to arrive (refl., reduplicación de vocal corta, y <kn>-tiw</kn>) venir, llegar Am, Oa Xsan yemameh wa:lnotetekestia:skeh. Am It is not just them who are going to arrive (but instead, their family). No nomás ellos van a venir (sino con su familia). Xsan nawa mpa niwa:hnó:tekéstiw. Oa I don´t arrive there by myself. No voy a llegar allínada más yo solo. motion te ketsa teltia The reason for the <kn>te-</kn> element at the beginning of this word is unclear; in other many other dialects outside the Balsas region (e.g., Classical) the simple form <kam>ketsa</kam> is used instead. However, in the Balsas region <kn>ketsa</kn> has the vulgar meaning of 'to screw (in terms of sexual intercourse).' Given this meaning the <kn>te-</kn> element might simply be something like a"dummy"morpheme, added simply to avoid a vulgarity. The relationship between /ketsa/ and /teketsa/ should be examined. Note that in the Ameyaltepec-Oapan region /ketsa/ means 'to fuck' whereas /teketsa/ means 'to place or stand upright'. Perhaps the 'intensifier/dummy' morpheme /te/ is here used to avoid a sexual pun or meaning. Check with /noteketsa a:tl/ whether this refers to only the end of the rainy season, or to rain in general. It might even refer more to the end of a particular rain than the rain of the rainy season. With the reflexive meaning of 'to appear' check what other subjects can occur. Can it refer to a person? Is the sense that of 'to suddenly appear,' 'to show up,' etc. Distinguish /teltia/ from /teketsa/, though often these seem to have equal meanings. Cf. Gram 1985 10-05.2 tlatetekestiw val_reduce1 Am 00367 xi:lo:tl xi:lo:tl xi:lo:tl xi:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 young, tender green ear of maize (before it becomes edible as a <klam>ye:lo:tl</klam>) jilote (la etapa del maíz antes de que se vuelva comestible como elote) Pending Ye kipia ixi:lo:w. Am It (the maize plant) already has its young green ears of corn. Ya tiene (el maíz) sus jilotes. xi:lo: Although plant parts, apparently both <kamoa>xi:lo:tl</kamoa> and <klamoa>ye:lo:tl</klamoa>are only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of which it is a part. mi:hli stages and parts of Check possibility of /-yo/ possession. Possession: The reason for the possessed form as /i:xi:lo:w/ and not /i:xi:lo:yo/ is not clear. Cf. /i:xo:chiyo/ which is used with plants having flowers, in reference to this flower. Check to see if /i:xi:lo:yo/ is also correct. 00368 ma:temonex ma:temonex ma:témonéx ma:témonéx
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap yes-lex to have dusty or dirty hands tener las manos sucias de polvo o tierra Am, Oa Melá:k tima:temonex. Am You really have dirty hands. Tienes las manos muy sucias. ma: te- mohnex Check to determine whether one can also say /ma:monex(tik)/ or /ma:nex(tik)/; also /ma:temonextik/. Check to determine whether this can be used as a vocative. It is not clear how to consider the relation between /nex-/, /tenex-/ and /temonex-/ as roots or stems. Obviously /nex/ should be considered a root. The word /monex/ is also used, but the meaning of the /mo-/ element is unclear. Similarly one finds /tenextli/ for 'lime,' which would seem to include both /te/ 'stone' and /nex/ 'grey.' Thus it becomes an interesting question whether /te-/ should be considered the intensifier, and how /mo/ should be analyzed. I have noted in my original card that the use of /temonex/ withough the adjectival ending /-tik/ is quite common and appears to indicate more of a quality than a temporary state. 00369 ye:kma:te:roh ye:kma:te:roh ye:hma:te:roh ye:hma:te:roh
11/Feb/2006
ye:kma: Spz Adj N-Adj Gender: <kam>ye:kma:te:rah</kam> to be right-handed ser diestro, utilizando la mano derecha Pending ye:k ma: 00370 tlane:spahlo:tl tlane:spahlo:tl tlane:spahlo:tl tlane:spahlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 light, including sunlight, that illuminates an area; clarity from a light source (that enables one to see) luz, incluyendo luz del sol, que ilumina; claridad (que permite ver a uno) Am, Oa A:man o:kalak tlane:spahlo:tl. Am Illuminating light has now entered (e.g., through a window). Ahora algo de luz que ilumina ha entrado (p. ej., por una ventana) ne:si -pan Apparently <kn>tlane:xpahlo:tl</kn> is derived from <klam>tlane:span</klam> , with final consonant change. The noun refers not to light in general, but to a light that illuminates an area that would otherwise be dark, as occurs with an opening through a window or door, or with light that streams in through a hole in a roof or wall. Check for possessed form. 00371 kechposteki kikechposteki kechposteki kikechposteki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to break the neck of (a person or animate being, or of a material object with a"neck,"such as a bottle) romperle el cuello a (una persona o ser animado, o de un objeto material con"cuello", como una botella) Pending kech posteki According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used to decribed the action of breaking an chicken's neck is <kloa>kechkoto:na</kloa>because it is long and can be streched (or snapped). Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. Perhaps change format of dictionary so that verbs with varying valency have two entries. This should perhaps also be the case of interrogatives, relativizers, etc. that may function is various manners. 00372 tlai:xpoya:wi tlai:xpoya:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-N-V1 V0-tla class-3a(w) to become dark from nightfall oscurecer por entrada la noche Am i:x poya: Check to determine if non-impersonal form exists, i.e., /i:xpoya:wi/. If it does enter it and also add /xbtl field here. tlapoya:wi equivalent Oa i:xtlapoya:wi equivalent Oa 00373 wapa:wa kwapa:wa opa:wa kopa:wa kiopa:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to raise (as a parent its offspring) criar (como un padre o madre a su hijo) Am, Oa Ne:nkah, yewa o:ne:chwapa:w. O:mik notah kwa:ko:n nitsoyo:tl. Am That person over there, he raised me as a child. My father died when I was a little pipsqueak. Esa persona allá, me crióde niño. Se muriómi papácuando era un escuincle. (refl.-anticaus.) to grow up (a child, young animal, that is still growing older); to grow (e.g., hair, shoots of a plant, etc., apparently things that grow upward or outward) (refl.-anticaus.) crecer (un niño, un animal joven, en general cualquier cosa que todavía estáhaciéndose más viejo); crecer (pelo, retoños, plantas, etc., aparentemente cosas que crecen hacia arriba o afuera) Am, Oa Oksepa nowapa:was mote:ntson. Am Your beard will grow out again. Se te va a crecer otra vez la barba. Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. Am When you get your hair cut (said to sb with curly hair) your head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left behind is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But when it starts to grow back, once again it starts (to get curly). Cuando te cortas el pelo (dicho a algn con pelo chino) se te pone lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los rizos). to build up (a construction that is raised off the ground, such as a wall) levantar (al construir algo que se va haciendo más alto, como una pared) Pending wapa: In Oapan one occasionally finds <koa>kopa:wa</koa> after a vowel-final prefix: <koa>nokopa:wa</koa> although even here the form without /k/ is more common: <koa>noopa:wa</koa>. Classical Nahuatl in this word and others in which this root is found has <kn>wapa:</kn> instead of <kn>wepa:</kn>. Oapan phonology: Note /we/>/o>in initial position. 00374 yekaposteki yekaposteki yekaposteki yekaposteki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to have the point break off (e.g., a knife, a machete, a pointed stick, pencil, etc.) rompersele la punta a (p. ej., un cuchillo, machete, palo puntiagudo, lapiz, etc.) Am, Oa Te:ntetepon momache:teh, o:yekapostek. Am Your machete has a short edge to its blade, its end broke off. Tu machete es rabón, se le rompióla punta. O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s. Am The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off. Se rompieron las puntas de (la paja de) mi escoba. yeka posteki Reduplication with short vowel: Note /O:yekapopostek notlachpa:nwa:s/ 'The ends of (the bottom of) my broom broke off.' As expected it is the verb stem that reduplicates, not the IN. 00375 i:xte:nkekexkia i:xte:nkekexkia i:xte:nkekexia i:xte:nkekexia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-4b(ya-x) for ones eyes to itch escocerle los ojos a Pending i:x te:n kex Check inflection for future, imperfective, perfective, etc. Make sure that root of /kekexkia/ here is the same as with the main entry for this word. 00376 a:toktli a:toktli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-k-pret Stem 1(k) sth carried away by a river, usually because of heavy rains (often <kam>a:toktli</kam> refers too wood that has been swept away by a rushing torrent and that may be collected along riverbanks and used for firewood, but can refer to anything carried away by the current) algo llevado por un río crecido a causa de las lluvias (por lo común <kam>a:toktli</kam> refiere a madera que ha sido llevada por una fuerte corriente, y que la gente junta para leña, pero también puede significar cualquier otra cosa asíllevada) Am a: toka 00377 yzzz kwi:xwia [kwi:x 'wi ya] kikwi:xwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to make a hissing sound at (e.g., a chicken to scare it away) hacer un sonido como soplido a (p. ej., una gallina para ahuyentarla) Pending kwi:x I was only able to obtain this verb with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn> ; but I have a definition as a transitive. This is unclear. Check. Perhpas this reference should be removed. I was only able to obtain it with the /tla-/ prefix as an intransitive: /tlakwi:xwia/. When there is an object (e.g., a chicken being hissed at) the form /kitlakwi:xwilia/ is used. tlakwi:xwia val_reduce1 Am, Oa 00378 i:xkwa:tili:ntok i:xkwa:tili:ntok i:xkwa:tili:ntok i:xkwa:tili:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat N-Stat *V1-Stat Durative to have a headband or bandanna wrapped tightly around the forehead tener la frente amarrada por una tela o pañuelo (p. ej., un danzante en la <spn>danza de corona</spn>) Am, Oa to have a swollen forehead (e.g., from being hit with a rock, in reference to the tightening of the skin on a swelling) tener la frente hinchada (p. ej., por haber sido alcanzado con una piedra, en referencia a la piel que queda algo"apretada") Am i:x kwa: tili: yetl In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, <kn>i:xkwa:tili:ntok</kn> is not used in the vulgar sense used in the first definition but rather to refer to a state in which the subject has a"tight"(<kn>tili:ntok</kn>) forehead, in reference to the cloth or cloth-like material tightly tied. It can even be used to refer to a person (e.g., dancer) wearing a tight crown (e.g, in the <spn>danza de corona</spn>). The meaning of /i:xkwa:tili:ni/ should be checked. Note that /tili:ni/, however, is often used to indicate swelling, such as that of a tightening that leaves the skin taught. I originally had this vulgar definition: '(vulg.) to have a full and swollen belly (i.e., to be pregnant)' that Cristino Flores denied was correct. 00379 ye:ixiwtilia kiye:ixiwtilia ye:ixihtilia kiye:ixihtilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Num-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a see <klam>-xiwtilia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>-xihtilia</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>-xiwtilia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>-xihtilia</kloa>(Oa) Am, Oa ye:i xiw 00380 a:molo:nki a:molo:nki a:molo:nki a:molo:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to have a bad smell from to have been left soaking too long in water tener un mal olor por haber sido dejado demasiado tiempo en agua estancada Pending to be foul-smelling (water from having mud) tener un mal olor (agua, por tener lodo) Pending a: molo: nextamahli <kn>A:molo:nki</kn> is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as <spn>nixtamal</spn>, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated <kn>a:-</kn> to <kn>molo:nki</kn> is quite distinct from that between <kn>a:-</kn> and <kn>poso:nki</kn> in <klam>a:poso:nki</klam> , 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. Check to determine whether this adjective refers to items that smell bad from being too long in water, or to the water itself. See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/. <kn>A:molo:nki</kn> is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as <spn>nixtamal</spn>, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated <kn>a:-</kn> to <kn>molo:nki</kn> is quite distinct from that between <kn>a:-</kn> and <kn>poso:nki</kn> in <klam>a:poso:nki</klam> , 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. 00381 kwi:tia kikwi:tia kwi:tia kikwi:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a (~ [SC]) to think (that sth or a certain situation exists that is not the case) (~ [CS]) pensar (que algo o algn situación impera que resulta no ser cierto) Am Kikwi:tia na:nkah ikone:w pero xa:k. Am He thinks that his child is here but he isn't. Piensa que aquíanda su hijo pero no está. (refl.) to come clean (e.g., confessing an action or admitting a crime, etc.); to tell the truth (refl.) confesar (no en el sentido religioso sino en admitir una falla, etc.); decir la verdad (en el sentido de admisión) Am Xnokwi:ti:s, xte:chihli:s a:kino:n o:kichi:w. Am He will not come clean, he will not tell us who did it. No va a confesar, no nos va a decir quien lo hizo. (with short vowel reduplication) to accidentally stain or leave a mark on (e.g., a person while painting gets distracted and strikes sth accidentally with a paintbrush; usually with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) manchar; dejar una mancha o marca sobre (p. ej., una persona se distrae al pintar y por casualidad alcanza algo con un pincel y pintura; usualmente con el objeto no específico <kn>tla-</kn>) Oa O:tlá:kwí:tih, o:kitoya:wilih i:tlakwal. Oa He stained things, he spilled his food out on it. Dejótodo manchado, le tirósu comida sobre ello. kwi Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive meaning of <kam>kwi:tia</kam> as 'to think' but did accept the meaning given for Oapan above (to accidentally leave a mark on). She also accepted a trivalent form (e.g., <koa>kinokwi:tia i:kone:w</koa>, which has been given a distinct entry for a V3 verb. The transitive use of <kam>kwi:tia</kam> as in <kam>Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k</kam> is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has <kn>cuitia. nicno.</kn> 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (<klam>kwi</klam>) <kam>kwi:tia</kam> should be trivalent. Yet given that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object (e.g., <kam>nokowilia</kam> for <kam>kinokowilia</kam> 'he buys it for himself') this might explain the form <kam>kikwi:tia</kam>. Note also that in any case the Ameyaltepec reflexive use of <kn>kwi:tia</kn> is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, <kn>nokwi:tia</kn>, about something). Check correctness of /kikwi:tia/ as the sentence with the transitive use was taken from an early file card. Check vowel length of /akinon/ in one sentence above. I believe that I originally had it recorded as a short vowel but changed it to a long one based on evidence from Oapan tapes (which might be in error and I have changed it to short). The transitive use of <kam>kwi:tia</kam> as in <kam>Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k</kam> is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has <kn>cuitia. nicno.</kn> 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (<klam>kwi</klam>) <kam>kwi:tia</kam> should be trivalent. Yet Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object; this might explain the form <kam>kikwi:tia</kam>. Note also that in both cases, the transitive and the reflexive uses of <kn>kwi:tia</kn>, the terms is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, <kn>nokwi:tia</kn>, about something; or one thinks, <kn>kikwi:tia</kn>, about something). This suggests that causativization does not always increase the morphological valency of the verb, but may independently change the semantic roles of the participants. yo:lkwi:tia confer Am, Oa kwi verb_base Am, Oa 00382 zzz Here the word /kuhsombre:roh/ has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 00383 fiská:l fiská:l fi:skal fi:skal; bi:skal
22/Oct/2005
fiscal N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) the highest officer of the village church, elected every year from among the adult men el oficial de más algo rango en la iglesia del pueblo, elegido cada uno de entre los hombres adultos Am, Oa govern give list of village officials; church separate from secular 00384 tekiwtia kitekiwtia tekihtia kitekihtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to entrust or assign (a certain task) to encargarle o asignarle (una tarea o trabajo) a; importunar Am, Oa I:n na:nkah yewa tikchi:was, xok tli:n ya:lwa o:timistekiwtih. A:man okse: timistekiwtia. Am You will do <i>this</i>(thing, task) here, not what I had assigned you to do yesterday. Now I'm entrusting you with something different. Vas a hacer <i>este</i>(cosa, tarea), no lo que te había encargado ayer. Ahora es una cosa diferente lo que te encargo. Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s. Am He is easily angered if you give him a job to do. Se enoja fácilmente si le encargas alguna tarea. (refl.) to take responsibility for (refl.) tomar la responsabilidad de Am Nimotekiwtia, san newa para nitlamis, xekah ne:xtekiwtia. Am I take responsibility for it, it's just me who will finish, no one has has forced it on me. Yo me encargo de ello, solamente yo estoy para terminarlo, nadie me ha insistido. tekiwia teki <kam>Tekiwtia</kam> seems to be a causative form of <klam>tekiwia</klam> , a denominal transitive verb that means 'to apply oneself to (a task).' Rather, <kn>tequiuia</kn> is a transitive verb with one object, the person who is"imposed upon' or 'charged with' a task. Thus the object of the transitive <kam>tekiwia</kam> becomes the secondary object of the causative <kam>tekiwtia</kam> and the new primary object is the person who applies himself to this task. Note that given that Ameyaltepec tends to delete the overt expression of a specific object with a reflexive, a form such as <kam>nimotekiwtia</kam> is perhaps best considered a ditransitive, underlying {nikmotekiwtia}. It is for this reason that the form <kam>tlatekiwtia</kam> remains a transitive. A comparison with a cognate Oapan reflexive might confirm this analysis. Molina has for <kn>tequiuia. nite</kn> 'importunar algo a otro' and for <kn>tequiuhtia. nicno</kn> 'tomar algo a su cargo, o encargarse de algún negocio.' The other dictionary that <kn>tequiutia</kn> is that of Northern Puebla: <kn>tequiutiya</kn> as a reflexive (p. 96) is glossed as 'dedicarse, aplicarse' whereas the fully transitive form (p. 166) is listed with three senses: '1: mandar, gobernar, obligar, forzar; 2: invertir; 3: utilizar.' Further determine the meaning of both /tekiwia/ and /tekiwtia/. The meaning and the derivation of each is somewhat obscure. 00385 tlake:ntia kitlake:ntia tlake:ntia kitlake:ntia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to put clothes on; to dress (from a state of lesser to more clothes) vestir (de un estado de menos a más ropa) Am, Oa O:notlake:nti:to. Am He went to put on some (different) clothes. Fue a vestirse (esto es, a ponerse ropa diferente) to buy an outfit of clothes for (usually in reference to godparents clothing their godchild) comprar un juego de ropa para (generalmente en referencia a los padrinos comprándole un juego de ropa para su ahijado) Am, Oa On toba:leh o:tlakowato para te:tlake:nti:s. Am Our friend there went to shop, he went to fulfill his obligation as a godfather (to cloth his godchild). Nuestro amigo fue a comprar ropa, fue para cumplir con su responsabilidad como padrino (para vestir a su ahijado). (refl. with a directional affix) to buy clothes for oneself (refl. con un afijo direccional) adquirir o comprar ropa para si mismo Pending (fig.) (refl.) to get covered with folliage (a tree or landscape) (fig.) (refl.) cubrirse de foliaje (unárbol o paisaje) Pending ke:m compadrazgo Get a list of obligations of godparents vis-a-vis their godchildren, in regards to clothing. tlá:kiá synonym Oa 00386 tlikoyo:tl tlikoyo:tl tlikoyo:tl tlikoyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 type of tortilla of salted <klam>tixtli</klam> patted into a thick tortilla shape and then cooked directly on embers tipo de tortilla gruesa de masa salada que se cuece directamente sobre las brasas Pending food-maize Check for possessed form. tli -ko 00387 tlape:wia tlape:wia tlape:wia [tla pe: 'wi ya] tlape:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-wi(a)[x] class-2a to drive along (an animal such as a mule, donkey, etc., by a person who is either riding or walking alongside) arrear (un animal como una mula, burro, etc., por una persona que estámontado o caminando al lado) Am, Oa Tlape:witiw. Am He goes along driving animals (e.g., as he takes them to sell). Va arreando (esto es, animales, como los que se llevan a vender). Xtlape:wi! Am Hurry it up (an animal being ridden or driven)! ¡Arréale (un animal montado o que se estáarreando a pie)! pe:wi Check if an oblique can be used: /xtlape:wi i:ka moburroh/... or can one even say, /xtlape:wi moburro/ (perhaps /xtlasiwi:ti moburroh/). Check. The intransitive verb <kam>pe:wia</kam> differs in meaning and use from the intransitive <kam>tlape:wia</kam>. The former is used to indicate the chasing away of an animal, for example one that it trying to enter into a kitchen, irrigated garden, etc. <kam>Tlape:wia</kam> , on the other hand, is used to indicate the action of hurrying up an animal. The referent may be evident from context (e.g., when one person shouts to another, both riding on their respective animals, ' <kn>Xtlape:wi!</kn>, it is evident that the animal to be hurried along is the one being riden by the addressee). pe:wia minus_tla Am, Oa 00388 kwa:tesonek kwa:tesonek kwa:tesonek kwa:tesonek
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap to have uncombed hair that stands up on end tener el pelo sin peinar y parado Pending kwa: teson The etymology of the Oapan form here <koa>kwa:tesonek</koa> is unclear, specifically in reference to the final /ek/ sequence. The word here should be /kwa:teson/ for Oapan. Note that /kwa:tesonek/ is used for someone who has hair that stands straight up, not just when recently cut. Even though the hair is wet, and that someone tries to comb it down, if when it gets longer, it still goes straight up. Thus this should be changed. Check recording and if the form /kwa:teson/ is there, then change. Otherwise perhaps create a new entry for /kwa:tesonek/, but determine the source of the /-ek/ ending. kwa:teteson confer Am kwa:tetesontik confer Am 00389 tepotskuwtli tepotskuwtli teposkohtli teposkohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: <koa>teposkohtli tli:ltik</koa> and <koa>teposkohtli tekwitlanextik</koa> generic name for a type of tree of which there are two types: <koa>teposkohtli tli:ltik</koa> and <koa>teposkohtli tekwitlanextik</koa> Pending plant kohtli (pending) tepos kow This tree grows on lands of Oapan, where the information about two types was gathered (Silvestre Pantaleón, consultant). The name of the tree was known in Ameyaltepec, but the tree identification not made. Note, moreover, that neither of the two species were collected. It might be that this is an erroneous entry for <kamoa>tepotskohtli</kamoa>. This needs to be checked. 00390 xa:lite:koh xa:lite:koh xa:li:te:koh xa:li:te:koh
11/Feb/2006
N N-gen N1(gender: <kamoa>xa:li:te:kah</kamoa>) person from Xalitla persona de Xalitla Am, Oa xa:l -te:koh Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilico's (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. 00391 i:xte:nxoxok i:xte:nxoxok i:xte:nxoxok i:xte:nxoxok
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap to have green eyes tener los ojos verdes Pending to have ones eyes painted green with mascara estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje Am, Oa to have a black eye tener un moretón por el ojo Oa i:x te:n xo In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form <koa>i:xte:ntexó:xók</koa> can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say <kam>o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak</kam>. Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check. Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: <koa>i:xte:ntexó:xók</koa> whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular. i:xtexoxok confer Am 00392 zzz Was /A:tlikpak/ switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 00393 pe:peto pe:peto pe:peto pe:peto
11/Feb/2006
pepita N N-loan Lex. rdp-s N1 squash seeds cooked in water semilla de calabaza cocida en agua Am, Oa Apparently <kam>pepe:toh</kam> is derived from the Spanish <spn>pepita</spn>. 00394 tekoncho:ka tekoncho:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-4a to make a loud hollow, resonant sound (sth hollow, such as a gourd or earthen water jug, or ground that is hollow below the surface) emitir un sonido fuerte, hueco y resonante (algo como un calabazo o tinaja, o unaárea de tierra con un hueco abajo) Am Tekoncho:ka a:tlawtli, kukuwilo. Am The ravine resounds with a deep, hollow sound (in this case from the blows of an axe against a tree), someone is chopping wood. La barranca resuena con un sonido fuerte y hueco (en este caso de los golpes de una hacha contra unárbol), alguien estáleñando. sound-material tekoma cho:ka Check length of /i/ in /kukowilo/. My notes had a long /i/ (/kukowi:lo/) but here I have changed it to a short /i/, as I would expect. This should be checked. Check vowel length. tekoncho:ktia val_add_caus Am 00395 kuwtlatlapa:nani kuwtlatlapa:nani kohtlatlapa:nani kohtlatlapa:nani
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni Lex. rdp-s N1 person who is particularly adept at splitting wood persona buena para partir leña Am, Oa (fig:) person who boisterous and has a loud laugh (fig.) vocinglero y que hace mucho ruido cuando se rie Am Kuwtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. Am That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she has a loud voice. Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña su voz muy fuerte. kow tlapa: The figurative use of <kam>kuwtlatlapana:ni</kam> is documented from Ameyaltepec, but might well have been an idiosyncratic and personal use. Cristino Flores, a consultant, has recently (2001) stated that he was unfamiliar with such a meaning. 00396 kuwnextli kuwnextli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(x) corn dough (<klam>tixtli</klam>) that is made by mixing the dough with <klam>tenextli</klam> and <klam>tlikonextli</klam> ; <kam>kuwnextli</kam> is used in making the tamals called <klam>tamahli de kuwnextli</klam> masa de maíz que se hace mezclándola con <klam>tenextli</klam> y <klam>tlikonextli</klam> ; <kam>kuhnextli</kam> se usa para hacer <klam>tamahli de kuhnextli</klam> Am kow nex Check to make sure that /tenextli/ is mixed with the masa, or simply ashes, /tlikonextli/. Check for possessed forms, both Aln and Intrin Apparently /nex/ no longer occurs as an isolated nominal root (*nextli) although it is so found in classical nahuatl. tamahli de kuwnextli confer Am 00397 tepepechyo:tia kitepepechyo:tia té:pechyó:tia kité:pechyó:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-tia rdp-s/h Am, Oa class-2a to lay flagstones (on the ground, e.g., in a yard to keep it from getting muddy); to cobblestone (a street) colocar losa sobre la tierra (p. ej., en un patio para evitar un lodazal durante la temporada de lluvias); poner adoquines (en una calle) Pending Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli. Am Here they have already laid down flagstones, there flagstones (or cobblestones) still have to be laid down. Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allátodavía falta la losa (o adoquín). te pech tepepechowa; tepepechyo:tia; tepepextia /-yo/; verbalization: Note the use of /-yo/ in forms that mean to apply something or make something. In another example of Oapan Nahuatl I had /i:xteyo:tia/ (or ?/i:xte:nyo:tia/) referring to adding eyes to the moon in a drawing. It seems that the /yo/ is often used become the noun that is added is part and parcel of a larger entity. In this sense it will be very important to determine the difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and /tepepextia/. The reason for the /-yo/ is not clear, since the nominal is /tepepextli/. Check the possessed construction, i.e., /itepepechyo/? Check difference between /tepepechyo:tia/ and /tepepextia/. tepepextia synonym Am 00398 tla:ltikpaktli tla:ltikpaktli tla:ltehpahtli tla:ltehpahtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-2 Stem 1(l) Earth la Tierra; el mundo Am, Oa Ilwikak wa:n tla:ltikpaktli. Am the Heavens and the Earth. los Cielos y la Tierra. xi:ktli xi:hli tla:l -ikpak This noun is never possessed; it is used to refer to the Earth as an entity and not to any specific section or region of the Earth. 00399 tla:lko:nwia notla:lko:nwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to trip over a large hole in the ground (refl.) tropezar y caerse a causa de un hoyo grande en la tierra Am O:notla:lko:nwih, o:ikxipostek. Am He tripped over a large hole in the ground, he broke his leg. Tropezóy se cayóa causa de un gran hoyo en la tierra, se rompióla pierna. tla:l ko:m Check whether transitive form exists, or if only the reflexive is possible. Reflexive; -wia Note that the reflexive here indicates an event that happens to someone, but without any sort of volition. Note also the combination of reflexive with -wia, which often means 'to act with noun on' However, as this form shows, the N should be considered an instrument in all cases. tla:lko:nchi:wilia confer Oa 00400 tlawe:i tlawe:i tlawe:i tlawe:i
11/Feb/2006
Adj tla-Adj Adj-b to be open or having a large, flat, clear and open area (e.g., an area of land that is flat and relatively free of stones, bushes, and trees) haber mucho campo; tener un espacio plano y abierto (p. ej., una sección de terreno plano y relativamente libre de piedras, arbustos yárboles) Am, Oa Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. Am It would be better to ask for that there land where it's flat and open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined. Sería mejor pedir esa tierra alládonde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni estáinclinada. to be roomy (an interior space that is large and open); to be spatious (in general any area in which there is open space that can be occupied) ser un lugar amplio o espacioso (un espacio interior grande, p. ej., una sala); ser unaárea donde hay lugar (para poner o colocar cosas, en general cualquier espacio donde cabe algo, p. ej., una persona, mueble, etc.) Am, Oa Nika:n tlawe:i, nika:n wel titlamoya:wa. Am Here there's a lot of room, here you can spread out your goods. Hay campo aquí, aquípuedes poner (extender) tus cosas. Na:nika tlawe:i. Na:nika xkwa:hki! Am Over here there is a lot of room (in this case to store sth). Bring it over here! Por acáhay mucho espacio (en este caso para guardar algo),¡Tráelo para acá! (<koa>sa:</koa> ~) all in one place; all together (<koa>sa:</koa> ~) todo en un lugar; todo junto Oa Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen, i niatok nóntlapí:li:s. Oa My <spn>mazorcas</spn> are all just spread out in a single area (in this case that has been cleared for the purpose, i.e., <koa>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</koa>), I'm going to go keep an eye on it. Mi mazorca estátodo extendido junto en un lugar (limpiado para tal fin, esto es, <koa>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</koa>), ya me voy a ir a vigilarla. we:i Whereas <klam>we:i</klam> , one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at times social status) of a particular person or thing, <kam>tlawe:i</kam> is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because the utilization of <kam>tlawe:i</kam> depends on the purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus an area of land might be described as <kam>tlawe:i</kam> to someone wishing to park his car there, but as <kam>xtlawe:i</kam> to someone wishing to build a house. Determine difference (and cf. first illustrative sentence) between /ni:/ and /ni:n/. tla- Note the use of /tla-/ with the adjective /we:i/. Whereas <klam>we:i</klam> , one of the few underived adjectives in Nahuatl, is used to describe the physical size (or at times social status) of a particular person or thing, <kam>tlawe:i</kam> is used to describe an aspect of space: its relative"openness."This is described as relative because the utilization of <kam>tlawe:i</kam> depends on the purpose to which the space might be put, essentially whether it is large and open enough for the matter at hand. Thus an area of land might be described as <kln>tlawe:i</kln>to someone wishing to park his car there, but as <kam>xtlawe:i</kam> to someone wishing to build a house. Note also the use of /tla-/ with words (nouns?) that describe places. 00401 kwepo:naltia kikwepo:naltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) class-2a to fold up and back (particularly sth that folds back upon itself, such as earth being plowed, spouting water, etc.) hacer doblar o plegar (particularmente algo que se dobla sobre si mismo, como tierra al ser arada, agua que brota, etc.) Am O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak. Am The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. Al pasar el viento levantósu falda, hubo una fuerte ráfaga de viento. Tihkwepo:naltitia:s tla:hli. Am You will go along (while plowing) folding the earth back upon itself. Vas a ir (al arar) haciendo que la tierra se vaya doblando sobre si misma. kwepo: Cf. entries under /kwepo:ni/ and /kwepo:nia/. Note and check the difference between /-kwepo:nia/ and /kwepo:naltia/. Get possible objects of each, and can each be used in reflexive? Word order: /O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl i:kwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak/ 'The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. Note the word order: VSO. i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia; kopo:nia confer Oa kwepo:ni verb_base Am 00402 ma:kextlan ima:kextlan ma:kextlah i:ma:kextlah
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-loc-tlan N2 wrist muñeca (de la mano) Am, Oa cuff (of a sleeve) puño (de la manga de una camisa) Pending Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kextlan. Am The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff. Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños. body ma: kech -tlan Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with the use of <kam>ma:kextlan</kam> to indicate the cuff of a shirt. However, this acceptation has been retained pending further study. Perhaps create separate field for locative and pospositions, e.g. /- tlan/. In terms of category field, it is not clear whether this word should be N-lopo or N-rel. 00403 i:xa:mia ki:xa:mia i:xa:mia ki:xa:mia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-mi(a) ~Intrans class-2a to lightly wash the face of lavar ligeramente la cara de Am, Oa O:ki:xa:mih ikone:w. Am She lightly washed off the face of her child (with water). Limpióligeramente la cara de su niño (con agua). Xmi:xa:mi:ti pa:mpa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon! Am Go and rinse your face off because soap got in your eyes! ¡Ve a enjuagarse la cara porque se te metióagua a los ojos! to paint (with a solid color); to varnish pintar (con un solo color); barnizar Pending Yo:ki:xa:mikeh isiye:tas ika tlapahli. Am They have already painted their chairs (with a solid color, not drawn figures). Ya pintaron sus sillas (con un solo color, no figuritas). Yo:ki:xa:mikeh intepalkawa:n ika barní:s. Am They've already varished their ceramic bowls. Ya barnizaron sus platos de cerámica. to plaster; to whitewash (a wall) revocar; blanquear; enjalbergar; encalar (una pared) Pending Ki:xa:mi:skeh un tepantli. Am They are going to plaster (or whitewash) that wall. Van a revocar (o blanquear) esa pared. i:x a: The etymology of <kam>i:xa:mia</kam> is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo (p. 217), which has many cognates with Balsas valley Nahuatl, has <kn>i:xa:mia</kn> 'le lava la cara' (although FK has this listed as <kn>xa:mia</kn> the initial /i:/ is long in Tetelcingo and thus clearly part of the verbal stem; the same mistake is made with ? <kn>xa:huia</kn>). Molina has <kn>ixamia. nite.</kn> 'lavar a otro la cara.' These two definitions fit in well with the initial senses of <kam>i:xa:mia</kam> in the Balsas area. However, the other sense, of painting or plastering, is covered by Molina <kn>ixauia. nitla.</kn> 'embarrar o enxalvegar pared' and perhaps Tetelcingo (p. 217) <kn>i:xa:bia</kn> 'enjuagar.' Balsas Nahuatl also have <klam>i:xa:wia</klam> with the meaning of 'to rinse.' At any rate the difference between <kam>i:xa:mia</kam> and <kam>i:xa:wia</kam> , both with the sense of 'to rinse,' needs to be further investigated. Check etymology. Note that Molina has /i:xa:uia/ with virtually the same meaning; here the etymology seems to be {i:x + a: + wia}, meaning 'to act with Noun Stem.' Thus the change would be /i:xa:mia/ from /i:xa:wia/. This seems plausible. Thus check for /i:xa:mia/, /i:xa:wia/, /xa:mia/ and /xa:wia/. Word order: /Xmi:xa:mi:ti pampa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon/. Note the word order of V-Loc-S. This seems quite usual from my feeling for the language. Discuss the possibility that this is related to the roots /i:x/ and /a:/ at some level. 00404 -ikpak
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N-loc-poss-k(o) N2(rel) see <klam>tlakpak</klam> véase <klam>tlakpak</klam> Am kpa This relational ending is found only with <kn>tla-</kn> as a nonspecific possessor. -ihpahtlah synonym Oa 00405 no: ihkón no:hkón no: ihkón no: kió:n no: kió:n
09/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man in that way too también de esa manera Am, Oa No: ihkón niweli. Am I can also do it that way. Así(de esa manera) también lo puedo hacer. No: ihkón nikchi:wa. Am I also do it that way. También lo hago así. no: iw on Check whether this should be /no:hkón/. 00406 tla:lxopo:nia tla:lxopo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to work the land trabajar la tierra Am agriculture tla:l xopo: This entry needs to be checked; even though it was in the original corpus it has not been confirmed as a word. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <koa>tlaxopo:nia</koa> but not * <koa>tla:lxopo:nia</koa> ; see the transitive verb <klam>xopo:nia</klam>. Check the correctness of this entry. Perhaps it is /tlaxopo:nia/ which perhaps since it always refers to land should receive a separate entry. xopo:nia synonym Oa 00407 mesto:pi:hli mesto:pi:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 (rare) thigh (raro) muslo Am body mets to:pi:l This term is rarely used, but has been noted once in speech (though it may be a borrowing from a neighboring village or region). Check to see if this rarely used term refers to the thigh itself or to the thighbone, or even the lower leg, etc. 00408 yekatla:ni kiyekatla:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a to gain the lead on; to get to a destination before ganarle la delantera a; llegar a un destino antes de Am O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh. Am He got there (to a given point or destination) before us, he's faster than us. Nos ganóa la meta, es más rápido que nosotros. yeka tla:ni Check for applicative. Check correctness of -O:te:chyekatla:n, yewa ma:s tlaksa ma:ka tewameh/ the last part of which was added by me. yekapanawiya synonym Oa 00409 awiá:k awiá:k áwiá:k awia:k áwiá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia yes-lex to be fragrant or sweet-smelling (e.g., flowers, etc.); to be perfumed ser fragante o con un buen oler (p. ej., flores, etc.); estar perfumado Am, Oa to be flavorful (not bland, e.g., food with spices) estar o ser sabroso; tener un buen sabor (p. ej., una comida tenerdimentada, que no estádesabrida) Pending Xawiá:k, xnihkwa:sneki. Am It is bland (doesn't taste good or doesn't smell good), I don't want to eat it. Estádesabrida (no sabe bien o no huele bien), no lo quiero comer. ahwi hya: tli:n iksitok: yetl, tlaxkahli, nakatl nana:ntsi:n xo:chitl The etymology of this word is unclear. Comparative evidence suggests that there is a coda {h} at the end of the first syllable. However, it also appears, semantically and in terms of the morphology of derivative forms, that the root {hya:}, which appears in many words that indicate smells, is also in this word. However, if it is the {h} of this root is lost. However, it might well be that there are words indicating smells of the form {root + ya:}. This would suggest that a better analysis of all these words would be {(i)h + ya:}, {xoh + ya:}, and, in the current case, {ahwi + ya:}. If this analysis is correct then perhaps <kam>awiá:k</kam> is one of the few that does not have a final /h/ in the root. Check for position of {h}. 00410 kweskomatl de munye:koh kweskomatl de munye:koh
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>muñeco</spn> N N-complex stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln type of grain storage bin made with coils of mud and straw tipo de troje hecha con manojos de zacate y adobe Am kweskoma granary; agriculture kweskomatl confer Oa tlásolkweskómatl synonym Oa 00411 a:pi:tsahli a:pi:tsahli a:pi:tsahli a:pi:tsahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 runny excrement; diarrea; the runs excremento aguado; diarrea; chorro Am, Oa Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh, ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. Am That steer has diarrea, runny excrement comes out. Aquel novillo tiene diarrea, su excremento sale aguado. Check for possessed form. a: pi:tsa 00412 tenexkuwsa:watl tenexkuwsa:watl tenexkohsa:watl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> tree, still not identified tipo deárbol de los que se llaman <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> , todavía no identificado Am Tenexkuwsa:watl | Kwitlanextik itla:kayo, ixiwyo titila:wak. San para ika timopo:ktla:lili:s kwa:k yo:wa:k. San no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik. Am <kam>Tenexkuwsa:watl</kam> : Its trunk is greyish, its leaves are thick. When it is dry it's just good for smoking the area around you. It's just like the <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> , it also gets large fungus on its surface, the <klam>tekuhsa:wananakatl</klam> , it is tasty. <kam>Tenexkuwsa:watl</kam> : Su tronco es algo gris, sus hojas son gruesas. Solamente sirve para que te eches humo cuando ya se secó. Es lo mismo que el <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> , también se le salen hongos grandes, el <klam>tekuhsa:wananakatl</klam> , son sabrosos. plant kohtli (pending) te nex kow sa:wa This tree is considered a type of <kam>kuhsa:watl</kam>. Its wood is not good for anything except to produce smoke <kam>deke timopo:ktla:lili:s</kam> ,"if you surround yourself with smoke"(in order to fend off biting insects). Note that neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz were familiar with this tree. However, Asunción Marcelo of San Juan described it as a male variety of the /kuhsa:watl/ given that it does not flower. It is found around Zapotitlan. kohsa:watl confer Oa 00413 wepe:wi wepe:wi kope:wi kope:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tewepe:wi</kam> class-3a(w) to come loose; to become detached desprenderse Am, Oa O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka. Am It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on. Se desprendióde donde lo había pegado. Wepe:wis un tetl iwa:n xiti:nis tekorrá:l. Am That rock will come popping out (from its place in the wall) and the stone fence will tumble down. Esa piedra se va a desprender (de su lugar donde estámetido) y la cerca de piedra se va a derrumbar. to become uprooted desarraigarse Pending Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! Am Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) there from where it's in the ground! ¡Golpéa fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de alládonde estámetido en la tierra! wepe: wepe:wi; kopi:ni The difference between <kam>wepe:wi</kam> and <klam>kopi:ni</klam> is not altogether clear. <kam>Kopi:ni</kam> can refer to something coming out of a socket, and <kam>wepe:wi</kam> can refer to becoming uprooted. However, it seems that in general <kam>wepe:wi</kam> refers to things become loose from where they are attached, such as plaster coming off a wall, or a bandaid coming loose from the skin, whereas <kn>kopi:ni</kn> is used more to refer to things coming out of sockets or openings. Pluperfect: Note the use of the pluscamperfect: /O:wepe:w ka:n o:nikpepechoka/ 'It came loose from where I had stuck it (or glued it) on.' This is the typical case of the pluperfect in which it references a state that is no longer found. In this case, by coming loose the state of being attached had come to an end. NOTE: it will be important to document all uses of this tense. Oapan phonology: Note that the verb /kope:wi/ represents two phonological changes. The first is we>o. This is also found in other words such as /opa:wa/ for /wepa:wa/. The other is a 0>k insertation rule in word-initial position. This is found in /komitetl/ for /omitetl/. 00414 i:xtlapachowa ki:xtlapachowa i:xtlapachowa ki:xtlapachowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-2b to blindfold; to cover the eyes of vendar; cubrir los ojos de Pending Newa nimi:xtlapachowa, ke:n ne:chi:xkwi:lia tla:wi:hli. Am I cover my eyes, the light really makes it difficult for me to see. Me tapo los ojos, la luz me quita la vista. to cuckhold; to fool by having a secret lover on ponerle los cuernos a (un hombre o mujer al tener un amante en secreto) Pending (fig.) to cover the surface of (fig.) cubrir la superficie de Am, Oa O:popoyo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl. Am It got rotten. It (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize. Su pudrió. Cubrió(la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz. i:x tlapach To refer to the action of covering the surface of an object, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used <kloa>i:xtepoya</kloa>, reserving <koa>i:xtlapachowa</koa> for the act of blindfolding. Check for other senses of /i:xtlapachowa/. Relate /tlapach/ as a root to /pach/. 00415 kwa:wawa:tsa kwa:uwa:tsa kikwa:wawa:tsa kwá:wawá:tsa kikwá:wawá:tsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ki/tsa ~Intrans Lex. rdp-s class-3a(ts) (often in refl.) to dry the hair of (a menudo en refl.) secar el cabello de Am, Oa kwa: wa: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with <kn>w-</kn>initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with <kn>h-</kn>-final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. Check how etymologies have been recorded for -ki/-tsa words. An alternative form /-kwa:wawa:tsa/ also occurs. Note that I have only heard this reduplicated and in the transitive. Check for unreduplicated and intransitive forms. Although after Yale I had written /kikwa:wáwa:tsá/ during the first workshop this was corrected to /kikwá:wawá:tsa/. Recheck the Yale tape. Phonology: Note that the two words /kwa:uwatsa/ from Am and /kwá:wawátsa/ from Oa here illustrate well different patterns in reduplication of the two dialects.: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with <i>w-</i>initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with <i>h-</i>-final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. 00416 tla:ltipan tla:ltipan tla:ltipan tla:ltipan
11/Feb/2006
N(loc) N-N(rel) N-loc-1-tipan N1(loc) on the ground; on the floor; on the surface of the Earth sobre la tierra; sobre el piso o suelo Am, Oa tla:l -tipan The plural of <kam>tla:ltipan kristia:noh</kam> is <kam>tla:ltipan kristia:nos</kam>. Check for how /tla:ltipan/ can be used in context; do the same for /tla:ltipan kristia:noh/. Check coding for /ps field. 00417 temonexe:wi temonexe:wi témonexé:wi temonexe:wi témonexé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) yes-lex see <klam>monexe:wi</klam> véase <klam>monexe:wi</klam> Am, Oa mohnex temonexe:wi; determine the basis for the pitch-accent, which is apparently part of the sequence /monexe:wi/. Perhaps it comes from /moh/??? Make sure that /temonexe:wi/ is synonymous with /monexe:wi/, with perhaps the /te-/ being an intensifier. 00418 kwilowilia kikwilowilia 'ikwilowília ikwilowilia kíkwilowília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to write (sth) for escribir (algo) para Am, Oa Xne:xtlakwilowili, newa xniweli! Am Write for me, I can't (write)! ¡Escribe para mí, yo no puedo! kwilowa verb_base Am hkwil 00419 zzz This used to be tlato:tolopochka:n but was eliminated as the correct form seems to be /tla:lto:tolopochka:n/.
30/Jul/2005
 00420 pestik pestik pestik pestik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be smooth (surfaces such as that of planed and sanded wood, ironed clothes, etc.); to be polished (e.g., ceramics) ser liso (superficies como la de madera cepillada y lijada, ropa planchada, etc.); ser pulido (p. ej., la cerámica) Am, Oa Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik Am The type of dress called <kam>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</kam> (i.e., a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down) isn't smooth. El tipo de falda llamada <kam>kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli</kam> (una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela) no es lisa. Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon. Am He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair (lit., 'a smooth head').. Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello lacio (lit., 'con la cabeza lisa'). to be straight (e.g., furrows in a cornfield) ser derecho (p. ej., surcos arados en un terreno) Pending Pepestik mosurkos. Am Your furrows (of a field you plowed) are straight. Tus surcos (de un terreno que trabajaste) se van derechitos. to be plain or simple (a pattern, such as that on a dress) ser simple o liso (el diseño o los colores de una tela) Pending San pestik tlake:ntli. Am The cloth is just plain (i.e., with no print or design). La tela es simple (esto es, sin diseños ni una mezcla de colores). texture pets Check the meaning of 'straight' in regards to furrows. If /pestik/ has the meaning of 'straight,' determine what other objects it can be used to refer to. Adjectives plural: /Pepestik surkos/ 'The furrows (of a plowed field) are straight.' Note the way in which reduplication works here. Apparently plural is marked by reduplication and not a suffix because they furrows are all within a covertly expressed unit, they are not individuated. 00421 ma:temolo i:ma:temolo ma:temoloh i:ma:temoloh
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N2 (unusual) elbow (poco común) codo Pending body ma: temolo The etymology of this seldom used form is quite uncertain. Given the rarity of its use in Ameyaltepec, it might be a borrowing from another village. Also note the definition of <klam>temolo</klam>. Given that /temolo/ refers to the flat part of a leg, recheck the definition of /ma:temolo/ (and /tsi:ntemolo/). Check for final /h/ in Ameyaltepec. Recheck Oapan final form and vowel length. temolo confer Am 00422 tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa tsi:ntlá:ka:lowa tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-tla-V1 V2-alt-wi[x] Irregular reduplication pattern (see below) class-2b yes to walk slowly with ones legs very stiff and slightly spread apart caminar lentamente con las piernas muy tiesas y al mismo tiempo algo abiertas Am, Oa San titsi:ntla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw. Am You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open, you will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired. Nada más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas, vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste. tsi:n ka:l Oapan speakers during a literacy workshop rejected * <koa>tsi:ntlaka:lowa</koa> and would only accept the headword form, with a lengthened /a:/ and pitch-accent. The basis for this is not clear. The cognate form in Ameyaltepec appears to be <kam>tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa</kam> ; if this involves long vowel reduplication of <kam>tlaka:lowa</kam> , with an incorporated <kn>tla-</kn> prefix to the transitive verb <kam>ka:lowa</kam>. In Oapan the pitch-accent and vowel length pattern would seem to indicate an"underlying"form of {tla + kah + ka:lowa}. If this is the case then the two dialects, Ameyaltepec and Oapan, would manifest a different reduplication pattern. Ameyaltepec, as is clear from the surface form, shows long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> ; Oapan would show the reduced reduplication of the verbal root <kn>ka:l</kn>. Yet whereas the reduplicant of Ameyaltepec is bimoraic, that of Oapan is monomoraic. There is, however, evidence from other words that reduplication in the t wo dialects does vary in terms of stem vs. prefix. Thus in Ameyaltepec and Oapan the transitive verb <kn>o:ya</kn> means 'to shell maize (i.e., taking the kernels off the dried ear).' The unreduplicated form refers to carrying out this action with an <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> (or, in Oapan, <koa>teo:lo:tl</koa>). The reduplicated form refers to this action done with ones hands. However, whereas Ameyaltepec has <kam>tlatlao:ya</kam> (reduplication of the nonspecific object of the verbal root) Oapan has <koa>tlaó:yá</koa>, which involves reduced reduplication on a vowel-initial root (equivalente to {tla + oh + o:ya}). During the workshop speakers corrected /tsi:ntla:ka:lowa/ to /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ and rejected the form without pitch accent as correct. Recheck Yale tape. Note also that for Ameyaltepec I had two different entries, that have since been combined. One entry was for /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/ and the other for /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/. The second was that in the example sentence and therefore these two headwords have been combined to /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/. Recheck Yale tape for length and p-a. /tla-/ and indefinite null complement; valency descrease Note the form /tsi:ntlaka:lowa/. Apparently this involves the presence of the object prefix /tla-/ in non-initial position. However, here as in other similar cases it seems best to treat /tla-/ as a detransitivizing morpheme (an indefinite null complement) and the resultant form as an intransitive. Thus /tsi:ntlakalowa/ should not be considered as having /tla-/ in non-initial position but rather as having /tlaka:lowa/ as a new lexical item with an incorporated noun (/tsi:n/). tlaka:lowa synonym Am tlá:ka:lówa synonym Oa 00423 se: se: kone:tl se: se:n se:
11/Feb/2006
Num Num-b (~ [noun]) one [noun] (~ [sustantivo]) un(a) Am, Oa Nihkwa:s se: tlaxkahli. Am I'll eat one tortilla. Voy a comer una tortilla. (~ [verb]) one (of sth already mentioned in discourse) (~ [verbo]) uno (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso) Am, Oa Se: nihneki. Oa I want one (of them). Quiero uno (de ellos). Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s. Am He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go. Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas. (<kn>san</kn> ~) same; single (<kn>san</kn> ~) un solo; el mismo Am, Oa San se: totlamachilis tikpian. Am We have the same ideas (i.e., we are of one or a single mind). Tenemos las mismas ideas (esto es, somos de un solo parecer). (<kam>san se: yewa</kam> ; <koa>san sé: yawá</koa>) to be just the same (sin. <kam>san no: yewa</kam> ; <koa>san nó: yawá</koa>) (<kam>san se: yewa</kam> ; <koa>san sé: yawá</koa>) ser lo mismo (sin. <kam>san no: yewa</kam> ; <koa>san nó: yawá</koa>) Am, Oa se: bi:dah se: In composition the stem is <kam>sen</kam> : <klam>sempoliwi</klam> , <klam>sentetsi:n</klam> , etc. The phrase <kam>se: bi:dah</kam> meaning the afterlife might well be a shortened form of <kam>o:kse: bi:dah</kam> , although I have no documentation of the form with <kam>o:kse:</kam>. Make sure that /san se: yewa/ and /san no: yewa/ are the same, i.e., synonyms, and that this is true for both dialects. The /nae field in one numeral should have an explanation of the adjectival/attributive and pronominal use of numerals; hence their conflation in one entry (much as higher numerals are expressed in Websters). Difference between /sa:/ and /san/. se:meh confer Am 00424 xo:pantlah xo:pantlan xo:pantlah xo:pantlah xo:pantlah
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-tlah N1 summer; rainy season (from June to September, when things are green) temporada de lluvias (de junio hasta septiembre, cuando todo es verde) Pending xo: -pan -tlah A few Ameyaltepec speakers pronounce <kam>xo:pantlah</kam> with a final /n/, though the final /h/ appears to be more common. Apparently as predicates <kam>xo:pan</kam> and <kam>xo:pantlah</kam> are synonyms (at least in Ameyaltepec), thoiugh in this function the latter is more common. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) <koa>xo:pan</koa> is not so used, as a predicate, but only attributively. It appears then, that when an attributive is needed <kn>xo:pan</kn> is more common (in fact it may be the only allowable form in Oapan). The question then is whether so used <kn>xo:pan</kn> should be fused orthographically to the head noun. Thus the choice is writing <kam>xo:panotli</kam> vs. <kam>xo:pan otli</kam> , and between <kam>xo:panpo:cho:tl</kam> and <kam>xo:pan po:cho:tl</kam> ; see <klam>xo:pan otli</klam>. xo:pan synonym Am 00425 sitli sitli sítlí sítlí
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex hare, probably a species of white-sided jackrabbit, the <i>Lepus callotis</i> liebre, probablemente la especie <i>Lepus callotis</i> Pending animal mammal sih Species name has been taken from Leopold (1959). Check for possessed form. 00426 ye:kchi:wa ye:hchi:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) y-epenthesis see <klam>e:kchi:wa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>e:hchi:wa</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>e:kchi:wa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>e:hchi:wa</kloa>(Oa) Am, Oa e:k chi:wa An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> : <kam>tlaye:kchi:wa</kam> , which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing, fixing, etc. However, this word has been entered under <klam>ye:kchi:wa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>ye:kchi:wa</kloa>(Oa) Tag the Oapan tokens here with 5035. However, do not link them since the recordings actually made at 5035 are much better. 00427 ma:kwitlapan ima:kwitlapan ma:kwitlapan ma:kwitlapah ma:kwitlapan i:ma:kwitlapah
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-poss-kwitlapan back of the hand el revés de la mano Am, Oa body human ma: -kwitlapan 00428 tlatski tlatski tlatski tlatski
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-ki to be lazy ser flojo Am, Oa Titekipanowa:ni, xtitlatski. Am You are a good worker, you are not lazy. Eres un buen trabajador, no eres flojo. Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. Am Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere. ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado. to take a long time to come to fruit (<kam>tla:ki</kam> , e.g., beans, squash, watermelon) tomar mucho tiempo en rendir (<kam>tla:ki</kam> , p. ej., frijoles, calabaza, sandía, etc.) Pending tlats Beans that come to maturity late may be referred to as <kam>tlatski yetl</kam> ; those that come to fruit right away are called <kam>kware:nte:nyoh</kam>. Participle: Note that verbs in /-iwi/ have a participial form without the"final"vowel. tlatsihki synonym Am 00429 tekitki tekitki tekitki tekitki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be hard-working ser trabajador Am, Oa Tekitki katka! Am He was hard-working, Era trabajador. teki tekitki, tekipanowa:ni, tekipanoke:tl Although <kn>tekitki</kn> has the form of an agentive such as <klam>tio:pixki</klam> and could be translated as a modified noun ('hard worker'), it has been considered adjectival here. Since <kn>tekitki</kn> cannot be possessed or modified by a quantifier it has been considered an adjectival (though often used predicatively). Check for possessive form and modifier by quantifier. Agentive; adjectivals; compounds: Take care to differentiate between agentives and adjectival constructions based on participial formations with a final /-ki/ (e.g., molo:nki vs. kiki:ski). The adjectival form is perhaps less common than the nominal agentive. Also important is the question of compounding of an attributive adjective and a noun. For animates my information to date suggests that the participal precedes the noun: /toma:hka:tla:katl/, /kaxa:nka:sowatl/, etc. The participial form also precedes verbs that are the principal predicate: /ne:chkwala:nka:no:tsa/ 'he speaks to me in anger/angrily'. However, with inanimates the order is different. Thus one gets /a:molo:nki/, /chi:lposo:nki/ etc. for 'foul-smelling water,' 'boiled chile,' etc. All similar forms should be checked. Another thing to check is the difference between stative/resultatives in /-ki/ and those in /-tok/. Thus the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. It does not appear that the difference is (or must be) one of stative vs.resultative. One way to distinguish between nouns and adjectives should be tests, such as the ability to be possessed (notio:pixka:w) and the ability to be numerically modified (o:me tio:pixka:meh). 00430 we:wekatik we:wekatik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tik-adv Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tewe:wekatik</kam> to be far apart (stiches of sth sewn, rods placed to form the roof of a house) estar abierto (las puntadas a coser, varas colocadas para un techo) Am Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik! Am Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch! ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta! wehka The only documented use of <kam>we:wekatik</kam> was with long-vowel reduplication of the stem and it is not clear whether a nonreduplicated form ? <kam>wekatik</kam> would also be correct even though the predicate modifier <kam>weka</kam> is correct. Note that the entry was formed on the basis of the example sentence /pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik/. It should be checked whether /wekatik/ by itself exists, whether it can occur with /te-/ without reduplication, etc. Since the meaning of /wekatik/ seems to indicate that the items are"far apart"it differs from /weka/, meaning simply"far away." Adjectivals: Note that it will be important to have a large/long discussion of the way in which adjectives may be formed from other adjective/adverbs (i.e., modifiers): /a:yotik/, /wekatik/, we:itik?? 00431 tlawe:lxa:yak i:tlawe:lxa:yak tlawe:lxa:yak i:tlawe:lxa:yak
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b N2 angry face cara de enojo Am, Oa Te:mposa:wtok, o:kitla:lih itlawe:lxa:yak. San te:nkwala:ntok, xkineki tekichi:wa. Am He is pouting, he put on his angry face. He just has a mad look, he doesn't want to do any work. Tiene cara de berrinche, se puso su cara de enojo. Nada más se le ve un rostro de enojo, no quiere ponerse a trabajar. tlawe:l xa:yak 00432 tewia kitewia tewia [te 'wi ya] kitewia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to gore (a bull [S] with its horns) cornear (un toro [S] con sus cuernos) Am, Oa O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli. Am It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a <kbam>kuhxiwtli</kbam>shrub with its horns. Empezó(en este caso un joven toro, al jugar) a atacar un arbusto con sus cuernos. to forcefully bang against (with a sudden and quick movement) golpear con fuerza y repetinamente (con un movimiento rápido y directo) Pending Mitsa:ltetewitia:s pa:mpa kaxa:nki o:tsa:loh. Am It will come along banging against you (in this case a sack one a beast of burden) because you tied it loosely. Te va a venir golpeando (en este caso un costal sobre un animal de carga) porque lo dejaste flojo al atarlo. te For Classical Nahuatl Molina glosses <kn>teuia. nitla.</kn> 'dar golpes con piedra, pisar con pison, o bruñir mantas, papel o cosa asi.' This is the meaning one would expect from the etymology, the nominal root <kn>te</kn> 'stone' plus the verbalizer <kn>-wia</kn> 'to act with [noun] on.' However, in Ameyaltepec and Oapan <kam>tewia</kam> is most commonly used to indicate the action in which a bull gores a person or animal, or attacks other objects with his horns. In Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan, the verb <kam>tewia</kam> is also used to indicate blows against a body part, which is incorporated. Thus one has, for example, <klam>ikxipi:ltewia</klam> , used reflexively to mean 'to stub ones toe.' In Oapan this meaning of <koa>tewiya</koa> is not found and it is not so employed with incorporated nouns. Rather <koa>techakwania</koa> is used for the same action, e.g., <kloa>ixipiltechakwa:nia</kloa>. 00433 weyakilia kweyakilia weyakilia kiweyakilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-2a to lengthen (e.g., by pulling and streching sth) hacer más largo (p. ej., un laso que se estira) Am, Oa (refl.) to wind up stretch along the ground in an extended position (e.g., a person or animal who has died) (refl.) quedarse en el suelo estirado a lo largo Pending O:noweyakilih ne:. O:mik. Am It would up stretched out there on the ground. It died. Se quedóestirado a lo largo allápor el suelo. Se murió. (recipr.) to stretch out in a line (e.g, people waiting for a popular movie) (recipr.) alargarse en una cola (p. ej., gente esperando para entrar a ver una película popular) Pending Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh. Am They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous. Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregómucha gente. weya 00434 n- n-
11/Feb/2006
Pre-sub first person subject prefix (<i>I</i>) prefijo de sujeto de primera persona (<i>yo</i>) Pending The prefix <kn>n-</kn> occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (its allomorph <kn>ni-</kn> may also occur in this context, but is less common) and before consonant-initial transitive verb stems with 3rd-person singular objects in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., <kn>o:ntek</kn> for <kn>o:niktek</kn>, although the latter too occurs in more careful speech). Before predicate nouns and adjectives the personal prefix <kam>ni-</kam> is apparently commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g. <kam>nia:tlakwintsi:n</kam> instead of <kam>na:tlakwintsi:n</kam> , at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., <kam>na:tlakwintsi:n</kam> 'my water boy.' Before consonant-initiatial predicates of any word class <kn>ni-</kn> is used: <kn>nitisi</kn> 'I grind corn' or <kam>nisowa:tl</kam> 'I am a woman.' In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as <kam>timits-</kam> , although one does also hear <kam>nimits-</kam>. 00435 zzz This entry was originally for Oapan Nahuatl /ixipil komich/. However, this duplicates another entry, hence it has been deleted.
30/Jul/2005
Tag the 4 tokens here as 6621, but do not link them. Rather use the 6621 tokens as links. 00436 i:skixo:chitl i:skixo:chitl i:skixo:chitl i:skixo:chitl kowi:skixo:chitl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of tree with large groups of white flowers, apparently <spn>cueramo</spn> in Spanish tipo deárbol con grandes grupos de flores blancas, aparentemente cueramo en el español regional Am, Oa I:skixo:chitl | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, manse:rah de ara:doh, bwe:noh para kinxixi:nan masa:tsitsi:ntih To:nala:pan, bwe:noh para tlikohtli. Am <kam>I:skixo:chitl</kam> : It is good for beams, for the handle of a plow, it is good for them to carve small figures of deer in Tonalapa, it is good for firewood. <kam>I:skixo:chitl</kam> : Es bueno para morillos, para la mancera de los arados; es bueno para que hagan (de ello) venaditos tallados en Tonalapa, es bueno para leña. plant kohtli (pending) i:ski xo:chi In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo", an identification confirmed by many consultants in Ameyaltepec (Feb. 2001). cf. also Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Cueramo is not found in Schoenhals. The wood is good for"horcones."and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>cuéramo</spn>, a tree not in Schoenhals, and have a short initial vowel. Karttunen (1992) has a long vowel and mentions:"a tree that produces fragrant white flowers (Bourreria huanita) or any of a number of plants and trees that produce clusters of white flowers."In northern Guerrero this is called"cueramo"; cf. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. Note that in one entry I had /i:xkixo:chitl/. This is probably in error, but should be checked. I also have a long initial /i/ recorded here and in many entries, although in others I have a short vowel. This should be checked. 00437 xi:hla:nkalaki xi:hla:nkalaki xi:hla:nkalaki xi:hla:nkalaki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to have ones belly or flank become sunken in (e.g., a person or animal that hasn't eaten well for a long time) sumirsele el vientre, costado o flanco a (p. ej., una persona o animal con bastante tiempo sin comer) Am, Oa Xnakokwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa. Am The belly (in this case of my ox) is not bulging, its flank is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat. La panza (en este caso de mi buey) no estácombada, su costado estáhundido. No se llena (de comer), no come. xi:lla:n kalak See note under /xi:hlan/ 00438 pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:ntli Lex. rdp-l Stem 1(:) moth palomilla o mariposa de la luz Am, Oa term used generically for any very small flying insect not specifically named término utilizado genericamente para referirse a cualquier insecto que vuela que no tiene nombre propio Am, Oa pa:lo: The diminutive <kam>pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli</kam> has been given a separate entry from <klam>pa:pa:lo:tl</klam> based on semantic considerations: it is used to denote small flying insects such as moths or other bugs and not small butterflies per se. In particular, it is used to refer to small unnamed insects that fly around things, such as those that get into corn, or which fly around lights at night. Make sure that an account of pluralization of /tsi:n/ and /tsi:ntli/ nouns is in the grammar. 00439 kalnepantlah kalnepantlah kalnepantlah kalnepantlah
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-N(rel) N-loc-1-nepantlah[poss] in the middle of a house en medio de la casa Am, Oa kal -nepantlah According to my Ameyaltepec notes, in <kn>kalnepantlah</kn> ; <kroot>kal</kroot>is in essence"plural"; the meaning of the compound is 'in the center of the houses' (i.e., the village) and not 'in the center of the house.' However, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, only accepted <kn>kalnepantlah</kn> as meaning 'en medio de la casa,' referring to a specific house and not the houses of the village as a collective unit. This discrepancy should be clarified. Recheck meaning: village plaza or single house. Also check for possibility of possessing, e.g., <kam>kalnepantlah</kam> , which might mean, 'in the center of my house.' 00440 pipilixtik pipilixtik pípilíxtik pípilíxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Reduced rdp-s(pref) yes-rdp to be wrinked (e.g., the skin of an old person) estar arrugado (p. ej., la piel de una persona de edad avanzada) Am, Oa to be shriveled (e.g., a fruit that has started to go bad) estar resecado (p. ej., una fruta como melón que empieza a pudrir) Am, Oa Sa: pipilixtik nomeló:n. Am My cantaloupe has been reduced to a shriveled-up fruit. Mi melón quedóresecado nomás. pipilichiwi pilich Although the reduplication of the Oapan form has the potential to reduce, lengthening a preceding light syllable of a prefix, this seldom occurs given that <koa>pípilíxtik</koa> rarely takes a 1st- or 2nd-person prefix. Rather, when a person has wrinkled skin the point of the body at which this skin is wrinkled is often incorporated in"possessor raising"(e.g., <koa>xa:yaká:pilíxtik</koa>). It is for this reason that no specific example is given above of a reduced reduplicated form. See query under /pipilichiwi/ re: presence of unreduplicated form. 00441 Mo:ros Chi:nos Mo:ros Chi:nos Mo:rostih Mo:rostih
11/Feb/2006
Moros chinos N N-loan N1 religious dance in the past performed by young and adult men in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps other neighboring villages) danza religiosa presentada anteriormente por hombres (jóvenes y adultos) en Ameyaltepec (y quizáotros pueblos circumvecinos) Pending dance dance For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Apparently there are two types of Moros, one is called /Mo:ros Chi:nos/ and the other /Re:yes Mo:ros/, at least this is what I have heard. The former uses teh /tsonkahli/. But the precise name of these dances should be checked. 00442 kamachikipe:lowa kikamachikipe:lowa kamachikipe:lowa kikamachikipe:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-PM-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to pull or spread wide open the mouth of (a person or animal, e.g., a fish to take out <kam>i:chichi:kaw</kam>) abrirle mucho la boca a (una persona o animal, p. ej., un pez para quitarle <kam>i:chichi:kaw</kam>) Am, Oa Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n. Am Samson is pulling the lion's mouth wide open. Sansón le estájalando la boca bien abierto al león. kama chiki pe:l Cf. the possible relationship of /chiki/ as an intensifier to /chi:/. Cf. examples of both. However, perhaps /chiki/ is related to another root. Determine other uses of /chiki/ and /chi:/. Word Order: /Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n/ A-V-O, note the word order in this phrase. 00443 zzz This entry has been removed as a duplicate.
07/Aug/2002
 00444 oni koni oni koni
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Dir-V2 V2-b class-4a(oni) to drink beber Am, Oa Nikoni:s se: refre:skoh. Am I'm going to drink a soda. Voy a beber un refresco. Ma tikoni:kan. Am Let's drink it (the Nahuatl equivalent of 'To your health!,' 'Cheers!,' etc.)! ¡Vamos a beberlo! (en náhuatl equivalente a '¡Salud!', etc.) Tlaoni:tok. Am He is drinking (a liquid other than water or an alcoholic beverage). Estábebiendo (un líquido que no sea agua o una bebida alcohólica). (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to absorb or soak up (a liquid by a porous material, such as certain paper [S]) (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) absorber o chupar (un líquido por algo espongoso o absorbente, como ciertos papeles [S]) Pending Kooni tlapahli, pochi:nki. Am It absorbs paint (in this case an amate), it has a fuzzy surface. Chupa pintura (en este caso un amate), su superficie es velluda. on- i: tlai The verb <kn>i</kn> never appears without the directional prefix <kamoa>on-</kamoa> except in the lexicalized form <klamoa>tlai</klamoa>. With a specific object prefix the verb <kamoa>oni</kamoa> can refer to the act of imbibing any liquid at all: water, soda, beer, etc. However, when referring to the act of drinking an alcoholic beverage in general, the nonspecific prefix <kn>tla-</kn> is used without the directional prefix: <klamoa>tlai</klamoa>. For example, if someone says about another, <kamoa>o:pe:w tlai</kamoa> the meaning is 'he's started to drink' in the same sense as 'drink' would here have in English: to drink an alcoholic drink. Thus the following conversation could occur: A: <kamoa>Xkoni!</kamoa> B: <kamoa>Ka, xkaman nitlai!</kamoa> A: Drink it! B: No, I never drink! Or, often the impersonal passive <kamoa>tlai:lo</kamoa> is used to refer to the drinking that takes place during parties and fiestas; a coming wedding party may be referred to as <kamoa>Mo:stla tlai:lo:s</kamoa> 'There will be drinking tomorrow.' H owever, the <kn>tla-</kn>prefix can be used with <kamoa>oni</kamoa>. In this case <kamoa>tlaoni</kamoa> also has a specific meaning in that it refers to drinking a non-alcoholic beverage. Moreover, given that the specific term <kn>a:tli</kn> exists to refer to drinking water, <kamoa>tlaoni</kamoa> seldom refers to drinking water. For example, after eating if one wants to take a drink of water from the water jug, one would say <kamoa>Ma na:tli</kamoa> and not ? <kamoa>Ma nitlaoni</kamoa>. Determine difference, if any, between /oni:tia/ and /oni:ltia/. oni:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa oni:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa oni:lia val_add_applic Am 00445 chikna:wi chikna:wi chikna:wi chikna:wi
22/Oct/2005
Num S-Num N-b nine (as numerical modifier) nueve (como modificador numérico) Am, Oa nine (of them) nueve (de ellos) Am, Oa chik na:w 00446 ayuyo:hli ayuyo:hli áyoyó:hli ayoyo:hli áyoyó:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex squash seeds pepitas Am, Oa plant domesticated ayoh yo:l <kam>A:yoyo:hli</kam> is rarely used in Ameyaltepec; it is more common in San Juan although understood throughout the valley. Ameyaltepequeños generally use the Spanish loan <kam>semi:yas</kam>. Check difference between /a:yowextli/ and /a:yoyo:hli/; in general check for all types of squash. Check for possessive contruction, in Oapan particularly, where this term is more common. 00447 xoya:wa kixoya:wa choya:wa kichoya:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to reduce the swelling of; to disinflame (e.g., an injury, severe bruise, etc.) desinflamar; deshinchar o aliviar (p. ej., la piel hinchada por cualquier razón) Am, Oa to make a dent in (a task or obligation); to lessen; to diminish (the quantity of sth, particularly sth that literally or figuratively can be piled up, like sth swollen) aliviar (una obligación o tarea al terminar con una buena parte); reducir (la cantidad de algo, particularmente algo que puede ser, literal o figurativaamente amontonado, como algo hinchado) Pending O:nikxoya:w nosin. Am I've diminished the amount of my dried corn on the cob (i.e., the amount I still have to shell). Disminuíla cantidad de mi mazorca (que queda por desgranar). Yo:pe:w nikxoya:wa, xok ma:s niweka:wis. Am I've started to make a dent in it (in this case a task being undertaken), I won't be much longer. Ya empecéa disminuirla (en este caso una tarea emprendida), ya no me tardo mucho. Nikxoya:wtok, ye nitlantok tli:n nikchi:wa. Am I'm lessening it, I'm finishing what I'm doing. Lo estoy reduciendo, estoy terminando lo que estoy haciendo. xoya: Classical Nahuatl has <kn>xoyaui</kn> referring to the darkening of wheat or, in its participial form <kn>xoyauhqui</kn> to something rancid. The relationship of this signification to the modern one in Balsas Nahuatl is not clear. The alternation of /x/ and /ch/ in initial position in Oapan Nahuatl is not predictable in this case though such a change is not uncommon in certain phonological contexts. Interestingly Classical Nahuatl shows an <kn>i-</kn>final intransitive: Molina has <kn>xoyaui</kn> 'añublarse el trigo o cosa semejante' (along with <kn>xoyauhqui</kn> 'cosa ranciosa'). In most cases of intransitive/transitive verbs with similar morphology there is no final vowel alternation (e.g., <kn>tomaua</kn>, with variation in inflectional patterns is both intransitive and transitive; * <kn>tomaui</kn> is not found in Classical). Oapan phonology: Note the change ch-to=x in initial position. The motivation for this is not clear, although often in certain contexts (e.g., after the imperative /x-/) such an alternation is found. However, recheck this form (e.g., in reflexive /nochaya:wa/). 00448 tsi:nkoltotsiwi tsi:nkoltotsiwi tsi:nkoltotsiwi tsi:nkoltotsiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to twist and turn ones rear end from pain (e.g., from cramps in ones intestines, from eating too much chile, etc.) retorcerse las nalgas por el dolor (p. ej., por tener calambres en los intestinos, por haber comido mucho chile, etc.) Am, Oa O:titsi:nkoltotsiw pa:mpa o:tkwah chi:hli. Am Your rear-end is twisting in pain because you ate chile. Se te tuerce el trasero del dolor porque comiste chile. tsi:n koltots 00449 kwalo:tla kikwalo:tla kwalo:tla kikwalo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tla class-4a to make ill (a disease [S] that affects a person or animal) hacer enfermar (una enfermedad [S] que afecta a una persona o animal) Pending kwa Check to make sure that this verb is not used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. recheck possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. Check validity of /kikwalo:tla/ and meaning difference with /tlakwalo:tla/ Indefinite object deletion: Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/. The forms /kwalo:tla/ as a transitive verb and /tlakwalo:tla/ as a an example of indefinite object deletion. There is an interesting change in meaning. The transitive verb /kwalo:tla/ apparently refers to a disease that causes illness. Whether /-tla/ is used as a transitivizing element elsewhere is not clear, although obviously it does alternate with /-ti/ intransitive in forms such as /tlasohti/ and /tlasohtla/ (and these may be analyzed as denominal verbs, as would be /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ from the archaic /pa:/ for 'water'. Note, however, that in /kwalo:tla/ the /-tla/ is added onto a passive verb formation. The question of whether passives have /-tla/ is not clear, but I do not recall such a construction. So, then, there is first the problem of derivational morphology. Then there is the problem of meaning of the /tla-/ prefix. /tlakwalo:tla/ means 'to have a member of ones family ill.' This should be commented on in the grammar. However, in my original notes I stated that /kwalo:tla/ could not be used with a specific object prefix *kikwalo:tla. Thus the validity of the entry /kwalo:tla/ should be checked though it appears to be acceptable. kwalo confer Am, Oa tlakwalo:tla val_reduce1 Am, Oa 00450 chi:chiwalpipixtik chi:chiwalpipixtik chi:chiwalpipixtik chi:chiwalpipixtik
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s to have an udder that is rubbery and resistant tener un ubre resistente, como hule Pending Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh. Am The cow's udder is rubbery. It has a tough udder, it has a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Tiene el ubre duro, tiene un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. body-descript chi:chi pich 00451 tlanwepe:wa kitlanwepe:wa tlankope:wa kitlankope:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to loosen the tooth of, making it fall out aflojarle el diente a, hasta que se caiga Am, Oa O:ne:xtlanuwepe:w, o:ne:chkamawi:sok. Am He knocked out several of my teeth, he hit me in the mouth. Me tumbóvarios dientes, me golpeóla boca. tlan wepe: Given the fact that the verbal root <koa>kope:wa</koa> is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun) would be <koa>kitlá:nkopé:wa</koa>. The plural from Oapan would be <koa>kitlá:nkopéwa</koa>. Reduplication; noun incorporation; number: /o:tlanuwepe:w/ 'several of his teeth fell out.' Note the use of reduplication of the verbal stem to indicate plurality within a single event/environment. In Oapan given the fact that the verbal root <koa>kope:wa</koa> is preceded by an incorporated noun with a light final syllable, the pluralized form in Oapan (plural of incorporated noun) would be <koa>kitlá:nkopé:wa</koa>. However, note that the plurality of the patient is manifested by verbal reduplication. Definitely quantity modification on the IN is reduced to simple singular vs. plural. But it will be important to note in the grammar in the section on NI that such reduced number modification is possible. 00452 kwa:tenextli kwa:tenextli kwa:tenextli kwa:tenextli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(x) ringworm (Oapan synonym: <kloa>kwa:tsónawátl</kloa>; Ameyaltepec synonym <klam>kwa:tsonawatl</klam>) tiña (sinónimo de Oapan: <kloa>kwa:tsónawátl</kloa>; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: <klam>kwa:tsonawatl</klam>) Am O:kasik kwa:tenextli. Inakastlan tsotsoliwi, itson xi:ntiw. Am He's gotten ringworm. The side (of his head) is getting some bald spots on it, his hair is falling out little by little (in a widening circle, as occurs with ringworm). Se le pególa tiña. Se le estáponiendo calvo el lado (de su cabeza), poco a poco se va cayendo su pelo (en un círculo más y más grande, como ocurre con la tiña). dandruff (syn. <kloa>kwa:popolokatl</kloa>) caspa (sin. <kloa>kwa:popolokatl</kloa>) Oa kwa: te nex Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted <koa>kwa:tenextli</koa> only in the sense of 'dandruff' and as synonymous in this sense with <kloa>kwa:popolokatl</kloa>. For ringworm she gave <kloa>kwa:tsónawátl</kloa>. Make sure that /kwa:tsonawatl/ and /kwa:tenextli/ are synonyms. Compare directly. Here as elsewhere, the problem of etymology of /tenextli/, which obviously contains the root /nex/. The /te/ might be an intensifier or related to the root /te/ of /tetl/. Also, note here as in other cases the problem of determining whether the verbal /nexewi/, etc. is basic and the noun the result of a process of nominalization, or whether the noun root /nex/ is verbalized with /ewi/ or /iwi/. 00453 so:lkuwatl so:lkuwatl so:lkowatl so:lkowatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of snake, said to have wings and to fly tipo de culebra, que se dice tiene alas y vuela Pending so:l kowa animal sn snakes A <kn>çolcouatl</kn> is mentioned in a primordial title published by Lockhart. The fact that the snake is said to have wings and fly is probably related to (or reflected in) the word's etymology: 'quail' + 'snake.' For speakers it appears that this type of snake is categorized with all others, without any suggestion that it might be a mythical or somehow"less real"creature. suggests flying, which is a characteristic of this snake (although in a language- or culturally-internal sense it is difficult to determine a means of distinguishing"real"from"mythical"creatures and events (e.g., <kam>a:lamatsi:n</kam>). 00454 kukuwilia kokowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Lex. rdp-s* class-2a see <klam>tlakukuwilia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tla:kowilia</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>tlakukuwilia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tla:kowilia</kloa>(Oa) Am, Oa kowa Qry from #282: Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to this entry. 00455 saka saka se: nixwi sayá: sayá:n sayá:
11/Feb/2006
Subord Subord (~ [noun] or [number]) just with [noun or number]; with nothing more than [noun or number] (~ [sustantivo] o [número]) solamente con [sustantivo o número]; con [sustantivo o número] nada más Am, Oa Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. Am You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). Saka se: nixwi. Am I just get filled up with one (e.g., tortilla). Me lleno nada más con uno (p. ej., tortilla). (~ [verb]) just because [verb] (~ [verbo]) solamente porque Am, Oa O:tisiahkeh pero saka xo:titlakwakeh. Am We got tired, but it was just because we didn't eat. Nos cansamos, pero solamente porque no comimos. san -ka <kam>Saka</kam> is a function word that introduces subordinate clauses As with several other words it is unclear whether the etymological analysis is based on the lexeme <klamoa>san</klamoa>, with loss of final /n/ in compounds, or on the lexeme <klamoa>sa:</klamoa>, with vowel shortening. The meaning of these compounds, such as <klam>saka</klam> , suggests an etymological derivation from <kamoa>san</kamoa> 'only.' For Oapan Nahuatl it is still uncertain what conditions (phonological, morphological, lexical/semantic) might motivate a final /n/ in words such as <koa>sayá:n</koa> and <koa>ya</koa> or <koa>yan</koa>. That it, it is still unclear whether or not the headword in this entry, <koa>sayá:n</koa> is a variant of <koa>sayá</koa> or not. It appeears that it might be, in which case the headword entry might well be <koa>sayá</koa> with the notation of an alternate form <koa>sayá:n</koa>. Note and discuss difference between /sayá/ and /sayá:n/. 00456 kalaktilia kikalaktilia kalahtilia kikalahtilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to stick or place into for (or in reference to; often a sexual pun) meterle a (o en referencia a; a menudo es un albúr sexual) Am, Oa Nihkalaktili:s in kuchi:yoh. Am I'm going to stick this knife into it. Voy a meterle este cuchillo. to score on (in a game that involves shooting a ball into a goal or net) anotarle a (en un juego, anotar un punto o gol en contra de) Am, Oa O:mitskalaktilih! Xo:mitskokoh? Am He put it into you (i.e., scored on you in basketball, though often said as a double entendre)! Did it hurt? ¡Te lo metió(en este caso una canasta en el basquetbol, aunque a menudo dicho como albur)!¿No te dolió? kalak Often the applicative <kam>kalaktilia</kam> is used as a sexual <kam>albur</kam> , thus 'I'm going to score on you' (e.g., in basketball) literally means, 'I'm going to stick it into you"(te lo voy a meter),' which can be taken as a sexual pun. However, the applicative <kam>kalaktilia</kam> is often used in a very direct, and vulgar, sense to refer to sexual intercourse and penetration by a male. kalaki verb_base Am 00457 te:kwa:nyo:lki te:kwa:nyo:lki
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ki N1 fierce, attacking animal (such as the <kam>leó:n,</kam> <klam>kuwpitso</klam> , and <kam>lo:boh</kam>) animal bravo que ataca (como el <kam>leó:n,</kam> <klam>kuwpitso</klam> y <kam>lo:boh</kam>) Am kwa yo:li 00458 kwalo kwalo kwalo kwalo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pass class-4a(pass) to be sick or ill estar enfermo Am, Oa Kwalowa:ya. A:man xok kwalo, o:pat. Am He used to be sick. Now he is no longer ill, he got better. Antes estaba enfermo. Ahora ya no, se alivió. to be giving birth (apparently a calque from the Spanish <spn>estar enferma</spn>) estar de parto (aparentemente un calco del español <spn>estar enferma</spn>) Am, Oa O:pe:w kwalo isuwa:w. Am His wife has started to give birth. Su esposa empezóa dar a luz. (<kam>~ de me:stli</kam>) to have ones period; to menstruate (<kam>~ de me:stli</kam>) bajar la regla (a una mujer); menstruar Am, Oa O:kwalo:k de me:stli. Am She had her period. Le bajósu regla. (with short vowel reduplication) to be chronically ill or sick; to be sickly (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar siempre algo enfermo; estar enfermizo Pending San kukwalo:tinemi. Am He just goes around being sick. Nada más anda todo el tiempo enfermo. (with short vowel reduplication) to get eaten by bugs (maize or other grains, or wood by termites) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picarse (maíz u otros granos, o la madera por la polilla) Am, Oa O:kukwalo:k notlayo:l. Am My maize got eaten by bugs. Se picómi maíz. A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s. Am My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs. Mi maíz ya estátratado. Le echéun remedio para que no se picara. (with long vowel reduplication, often preceded by <kamoa>me:dioh</kamoa>) to feel under the weather; to be sick on and off; to be up and down in health, not really sick but under the weather and then fine for a short period (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo con <kamoa>me:dioh</kamoa> antepuesto) estar algo enfermo, de vez en cuando Pending Xtlah kichi:wa a:mantsi:n, me:dioh kwa:kwalo. Am He doesn't do much of anything now, he's sort of ill. Estos días ya no hace mucho de nada, se siente algo mal. Kwa:kwalo. Am He is under the weather. Anda medio enfermo (o mal). kwa <kamoa>Kwalo</kamoa> is one of the few examples of a lexicalized passive construction. It is clearly related to <kn>kwa</kn> a transitive verb meaning 'to eat,' as apparent from the meaning of the"passive" <kamoa>kwalo</kamoa> 'to be (bug-)eaten' or 'to be sick.' In Oapan short vowel reduplication of /kw/ does not reduce to /ku/ as in Ameyaltepec. Thus Ameyaltepec <kam>kukwalo</kam> is Oapan <koa>kwákwaló</koa>. kwa:lo; kokoliskwi; kokolisyowa; kokoxka:ti Check imperfect whether /kwaloa:ya/ or /kwalowa:ya/. Also, determine difference between /kwalo:tinemi/ and /kukwalo:tinemi/, etc. Check vowel length of /a/; passive would expectedly be ?/kwa:lo/. Check for p-a in Oapan form /kwákwaló/ and possibility of reduced reduplication. kwalo:tla confer Am 00459 iko:lah ko:lo:tl iko:lah ko:lo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 2 constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion estácerca del horizonte del sur Am heavens stars okichko:lo:tl equivalent Am ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l equivalent Oa okichko:lo:tl confer Am 00460 pitsi:ni pitsi:ni pitsi:ni pitsi:ni tepitsi:ni Am, Oa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tepitsi:ni</kn> class-3a to crack or break open, particularly in such a way that the inside part emerges (e.g., an egg, fruit such as tomatoes or avocados, etc.) rompersele a agrietarsele; estrellarse (en referencia a una superficie dura como la de un calabazo o el cascarón de un huevo; también en referencia a fruta) Am, Oa O:tepitsi:n na:tekon. Am My canteen (in this case of gourd) has gotten a light crack (or small pin-like opening) in it. Se rompió(o se agujereó) ligeramente ni cantimplora (en este caso de calabazo). distort-fissure pitsi: motsontekon deke yo:tlapa:n tso:tsokohli a:tekomatl to:toltetl motsi:ni; pitsi:ni; tsaya:ni; tlapa:ni; siyo:toni, etc. In Ameyaltepec I was told that this term may be used for hard items that break open, such as eggs, gourds, and similar items. In Oapan the term <koa>tepitsi:ni</koa> (and the equivalent transitive form <koa>tepitsi:nia</koa> is used to indicate the crushing or smashing open of things like tomatoes, bananas, and other fruits. When one opens an egg in order to fry it, the transitive <koa>tepitsi:nia</koa> is used, as in <koa>¡X'tepitsi:ni on to:to:ltetl!</koa> 'Crack open that egg!' Jeremías Cabrera mentioned that the intensified form <koa>tepitsi:ni</koa> (or the transitive equivalent <koa>tepitsi:nia</koa> is used when something is smashed or crushed. He added that the base form <koa>pitsi:ni</koa> is used in expressions such as <koa>Kwahli pitsi:ni pola:n</koa>, 'Bananas are easily crushed. 00461 ma:xtlatl ma:xtlatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 (rare) cotton pants (used of old) (raro) pantalones de manta (usadas antiguamente) Am ma:xtla The word <kam>ma:xtlatl</kam> is no longer used, and is remembered by only a few old men in Ameyaltepec, who are unsure of its meaning. Luis Lucena gave me the possessed form <kam>noma:xtlaw</kam> but the"correct"form, according to don Martín de la Cruz, is <kam>noma:xtli</kam> , which is that which I have entered above. However, Cristino Flores also repeatedly used the possessed form <kam>i:ma:xtlayo</kam>. One speaker said that this word refers to the material that is wrapped around ones waist and legs; cf. <klam>ma:xtlatia</klam>. Another person said that it is a"calzón", the type of pants that men used to wear. Recheck in Oapan. Also, not that while /maxtli/ and /maxaltik/ have short first vowels, /ma:xtlatl/ has a long /a:/. ma:xtlatia confer Am a:ma:xtlatia confer Oa 00462 maxak i:maxak maxak i:maxak
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-k(o) N2 inside of the thighs; crotch (just inside where the legs join the torso) entrepiernas (de una persona) Am, Oa O:tsomo:n noma:xtlayo imaxak. Am Cristino Flores The crotch of my cotton pants ripped. Se rompióla parte entrepiernas de mis calzones. inside the hind legs of an animal entre las patas traseras de un animal Am, Oa body maxa -ko Determine the precise location of /maxak/ with both humans and animals. Obviously related to /maxV/ with a meaning related to bifurcation. Determine whether root should be give as /max/ or /maxa/. 00463 ketsa kiketsa ketsa kiketsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(ts) to fuck ([S] can be man or woman) coger (a algn, sexualmente; [S] puede ser hombre o mujer) Pending Nite:ketsasneki. Am I'm horny. Tengo ganas de coger. Nokestokeh. Am They are fucking. Están cogiendo. ketsa Productivity /lo:ya:n/: Marcial Camilo told me the story of a man from Oapan (I forget his name) who when asked where he had been replied /te:ketsalo:ya:n/. I mention this here simply to note that the locative (deverbal) ending /-lo:ya:n/ is still productive in Oapan Nahuatl. teketsa confer Am 00464 a:ko:kopi:tsiwi a:ko:kopi:tsiwi a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi a:ko:kokopi:tsiwi a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) yes-lex to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema Pending a: ko:koh pi:ts Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/. There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for the link. ko:kopi:tsiwi equivalent Am a:kó:kokopitsíwi confer Oa 00465 techichikilxiw i:techichikilxiw téchichikílchiw techichilxiw i:téchichikílchiw
11/Feb/2006
N N-xiw Lex. rdp-s N2 yes-rdp one who is drawn and haggard like [possessor] uno que es demacrado y enclenque como [poseedor] Am, Oa Motechichikilxiw, ne:si no: kwalo. Am He is drawn and haggard like you, it appears he is ill. Es demacrado y enclenque como tú, parece que estáenfermo. te- chikil Although there is apparently no isolated nominal form ? <kam>techichikihli</kam> the <kam>-xiw</kam> construction is found, which basically signified 'for [S] to be [noun] like [Poss]'. The absence of a free-standing nominal form is not the case with other similar <kam>-xiw</kam> lexemes. Check pitch-accent in Oapan form /téchichíkil/ and related forms. I am very inconsistent on this matter. I am also very inconsistent on whether or not the /te-/ intensifier morpheme can take the reduced reduplication that is typical of this dialect. I do have some examples with /techichil/, so these should be checked and forms without reduction should also be checked. It may be that this word is partially lexicalized, hence the reluctance (though not error) to reduce. Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. Oapan phonology: Note x>ch after l in /i::téchichikílchiw/. Apparently the same occurs after /x/ as in xcha:xa:wawili. Check all phonological contexts that motivate this sound change. 00466 tlakotipan tlakotipan tlákotípan tlakotipan tlákotípan
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-tipan N1 yes-lex half (of sth previously mentioned in the discourse or obvious from context) mitad (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso u obvio del contexto) Am, Oa Tlakotipan xkoni! Am Drink half! ¡Bebe la mitad! Xiksepowa un kuwtli, san tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi! Am Chop through (the branches of) that tree, just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over! ¡Córtale (las ramas de) a eseárbol, córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar! Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan. Am Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone. ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien. tlahko tlako; tlakotipan The form <kam>tlakotipan</kam> is not used in an attributive, adjectival sense. For this <kam>tlako</kam> is used before an unpossessed or possessed noun, <kam>tlako otli tinemi</kam> 'We are halfway there.' The difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotipan/ is not clear. Check to see whether both can be nouns. 00467 po:poxowa kipo:poxowa popoxowa nopopoxowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. rdp-l class-2b to push into and roll around (on the ground) revolcar (sobre la tierra) Am, Oa O:kipo:poxokeh ipan tla:hli. Am They pushed him and rolled him around on the ground (for example, every time he tried to get up they pushed him right back down). Lo revolcaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., cada vez que intentóincorporarse, lo empujaron hacia el suelo). (refl.) to wallow or nestle around (such as a pig settling down in mud, or a hen creating a small depression in the soft earth in which to rest) (refl.) revolcarse o acurrucarse (como un marrano al acomodarse en el lodo, o una gallina que escarba una pequeña depresión en la tierra en que descansar) Am, Oa O:nopo:poxoh un pito itik sokitl. Am The pig wallowed around in the mud. Se revolcóese marrano en el lodo. Yo:pe:w nopo:poxowa mópio. Am Your hen has started to nestle itself into the ground (moving its lower body back and forth to accommodate itself). Tu gallina ya empezóa acurrucarse (meneándose la parte inferior del cuerpo de un lado a otro para acomodarse). pox pox Check for other uses and cf. to Classical. RS gives the reflexive as 'labrar la tierra por segunda vez, arrejacar' and the transitive as 'cavar, trabajar la tierra.' Note that the meaning of this root is discussed in the root dictionary. Check accent in /mópio/. Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. 00468 awayo:tia kawayo:tia áwayó:tia awayo:tia káwayó:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-yo:wa/yo:tia class-2a yes-lex to cover, fill, or cause to become covered with prickles (e.g., a person who might hit a plant with prickles, causing them to fly off and get on another person) hacer cubrir o llenar con aguates (p. ej., una persona a otra cuando la primera le tira a una planta con aguates) Am, Oa ahwa Note that I originally had Am /Yo:ne:cha:wayo:tih, o:nitleko:k i:pan a:waxokotl/ 'It filled me with prickles, I climbed up an <kam>a:waxokotl</kam> tree.' but Cristino Floresstated that the subject of this verb is a person. Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. 00469 kichi:was kichi:was kichi:was kichi:was
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal perhaps; possibly; there's a good chance that; just perhaps; just in case (in reference to the possibility that the predicate expression that follows might occur) a lo mejor; quizá; es posible; en caso de que (en referencia a la posibilidad de que el predicado que sigue no se lleve a cabo) Am, Oa Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. Am Don't toss in any more (in this case beans in a pot)! They'll probably go bad and get wasted (from being left over). ¡No le vayas a poner más (en este caso frijoles a cocinar)! A lo mejor se va a echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s Am It fine right where it's being kept (in this case a strap being requested in loan), (if I gave it to you) you might well snap it on me. Estámuy bien donde estáguardado (en este caso algo como un tirante de cuero pedido prestado), (si te lo de) a lo mejor me lo vayas a reventar. Kichi:was tine:chma:was. Xnikwalo:sneki. Am You might well infect me. I don't want to get sick. A lo mejor me vas a contagiar. No quiero enfermarme. Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patiotsi:n, xkaxi:ti, dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. Am Here it is (in this case money to buy sth in market), in case it is more expensive make up the difference and I will pay you back here (later). Aquíestá(en este caso para un encargo), en caso de que salga más caro, complétale lo que falta y aquí(de vuelta) te pago la diferencia. Kichi:was niá:s. Am I just might go. Puede ser que (a lo mejor) vaya. Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. Am I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. No voy a ir corriendo. Voy a ir despacio, no vaya a ser que me tropiece. chi:wa The transitive verb <kam>chi:wa</kam> in the 3rd-person singular future with a 3rd-person object is used in a modal function to express speakers expectation, but lack of certainty, that a given event will take place. Given this uncertainty <kn>kichi:was</kn> is often used after an admonitive-like phrase. Thus, for example, one might say, <kam>xtlakwate:wa, kichi:was ta:pismikis</kam> 'Eat before you leave! you might just get hungry (otherwise)! chi:wa confer Am 00470 tlikonexyowa tlikonexyowa tlikonexyowa tlikonexyowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia class-4a to get covered with ashes (e.g., a chick that rubs itself into ashes) cubrirse de ceniza (p. ej., un pollito que se frota en la ceniza) Pending O:tlikonexyowak, o:wetsiko tliko. Am It got covered with ashes, it fell into the hearth. Se cubrióde ceniza, se cayóal hogar. tli nex -ko 00471 kwiste:wa kwite:wa kikwiste:wa koste:wa kote:wa kikoste:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-asp Asp class-3a(w) to lift up (off a surface such as the ground, a table, etc.) levantar (de una superficie como el suelo, una mesa, etc.) Am, Oa Xkinkwiste:wa un pla:tos! Am Pick up the plates (i.e., 'clear the table')! ¡Levanta los platos (esto es, la mesa)! to raise up in the air (sth from a non-upright position to an upright one) levantar en el aire (algo que no estaba en una posición vertical) Am, Oa O:kikwiste:w yeyekatl. Am The wind picked it up in the air. El viento lo levantó. to stand upright (e.g., cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth and are cleared of earth and then uprighted by an agricultural worker; see <klam>tlakwiste:wa</klam>) colocar de pie (p. ej., plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas al ararse la tierra; un trabajador sacude las plantas de tierra y después las coloca en posición vertical) Am, Oa Kikwiste:wa mi:hli wa:n yetl. Am He (clears the earth off and) uprights the corn and beans (following behind the plow as it goes over a field and uprighting plants that have been covered by earth or stones). Endereza la milpa y los frijoles (siguiendo la yunta por la milpa y sacándoles tierra y piedras a las plantas para enderezarlas otra vez). Nikonkwi:kwiste:was nomi:ltsitsi:wa:n. Am I will go and upright my corn plants here and there (where they have been knocked down and covered by earth thrown by the plow). Voy a ir a enderezar algunas de mis plantitas de maíz que han sido tapadas (por la tierra echada por el arado). (refl.) to stand up (from a lying down position) (refl.) incorporarse; pararse (de una posición acostada) Am, Oa Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. Am It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. (refl.) to awaken (refl.) despertar Pending Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. Am He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away (early in the morning) and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). Le llega desde una hora temprana. se levanta temprano (en la mañana) y termina temprano (, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). (refl.) to recover (from an illness) (refl.) recuperar (de una enfermedad) Pending Kinekis nesawahli, xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w. Am It (a herbal remedy, in order to work) needs a person who is fasting. Undertake a fast so that the member of your household who is ill will recover! Necesita (un remedio, para que surta efectos) una persona en ayunas.¡Ponte en ayunas para que se recupere el miembro de tu familia que estáenfermo. (~ <kamoa>a:ktah</kamoa>) to draw up a legal document or certification (~ <kamoa>a:ktah</kamoa>) levantar un acta o documento legal Pending Nokwiste:was a:ktah. Am A certifying document act will be drawn up. Se va a levantar un acta. kwi e:wa The verb form <kam>kwiste:wa</kam> is apparently identical or nearly identical in meaning to <klam>kwiste:wa</klam> and both seem about equally common. In reference to drawing up an act, <kam>kwiste:wa</kam> may refer to a document drawn up at the end of a meeting, or to a birth certificate, a legal agreement, etc. The use of <kam>kwiste:wa</kam> in this sense is probably a calque from the Spanish"levantar un acta." This term has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following <koa>-te:wa</koa>, e.g., <koa>nokote:hte:wa</koa> 'he rises up and leaves.' Auxiliary; aspectuals; ti-ligature The term /kote:wa/ has been lexicalized and, in Oapan, has been documented with a following <koa>-te:wa</koa>, e.g., <koa>nokote:hte:wa</koa> 'he rises up and leaves.' kwiste:wilia val_add_applic Am tlakwiste:wa val_reduce1 Am tlakoste:wa val_reduce1 Oa 00472 yzzz pro:weh pro:weh
22/Oct/2005
pobre Adj Adj-loan to be poor ser o estar pobre Oa The diminutive /pró:wetsí:n/ from 5432 should be tagged with 472. It should not be linked, however. pro:beh equivalent Am 00473 cha:neka:w cha:neka:w chá:neká:w chá:niká:w cha:neka:w i:chá:neká:w
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-eh N2 see <klamoa>cha:neh</klamoa> véase <klamoa>cha:neh</klamoa> Am, Oa cha:n This word, at least in Ameyaltepec, it used to indicate a spouse, of either partner. 00474 tekiti tekiti tekiti tekiti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to work (in the most general sense) trabajar (en el sentido más general) Am, Oa Timote:ne:wa ika wel titekiti. Am You are known to be a good worker. Se te conoce como un buen trabajador. San tekiti kwa:k kineki, xtlah kipolowa. Am He only works when he wants to, he isn't lacking anything. Solamente trabaja cuando quiera, no le hace falta nada. teki tekiti; tekipanowa; tekichi:wa 00475 kokokihli kokokihli kó:kihlí kó:ihlí kó:kihlí kokokihli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N ST-N N-b Lex. rdp-s (Am) Stem 3 yes-rdp type of edible plant, in Spanish known as <spn>huazontle</spn>, that is grown in huertas tipo de planta comestible que se cultiva en huertas (huazontle) Pending plant domesticated koko kil The etymology of this term is unclear. In Ameyaltepec underlying {h} is lost word internally, thus one would not expect underlying {kohko-} to show up except as <kam>koko-</kam>. The Oapan Nahuatl term, however, suggests an initial underlying sequence of {kohko-} as the motivation for the pitch-accent noted. Nevertheless, preliminary indications (which should be checked) indicate that San Juan Tetelcingo (which retains underlying {h} in its surface forms, e.g., <ktet>tahtle</ktet>'father') does not have an <kn>h-</kn>final initial syllable. Thus the underlying form of the first two syllables might be either {kohko} or {koko}. In Oapan the long /o:/ in the first syllable seems to be the obvious result of a <kn>k-</kn>deletion rule resulting in an /oo/ sequence that reduces to /o:/. But still, the source of the pitch-accent is not clear. Finally, note that in this latter village the form <koa>kó:ihlí</koa> seems to be somewhat more common than <koa>kó:kihlí</koa>, but both are used. RS gives <kam>cocoquilitl</kam> as"ajedrea, mostacilla silvestre."There is no such plant listed in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>huazontle</spn>. FK identifies it as Chenopodium bonus henricus, Chenopodium nuttalli. Recheck vowel length. OK: Correct long for Oa. Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. kokokihli; check for /h/ in reduplicant. Perhaps the /h/ is at /kokohkihli/. Check. 00476 si:sikwiltik si:sikwiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-l striped rayado, meco Am spotted; having polk-a-dots salpicado de color; pinto Am color-pattern sikwil sa:ndiah a:yotli bese:rroh The etymology of <kam>si:sikwiltik</kam> its meaning in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl are still obscure. Molina has a series of words containing <kn>cicicuil</kn> and all relate to extreme thinness, e.g., <kn>cicicuiliui. ni.</kn> 'pararse flaco y seco.' The relationship to the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl acceptation, if there is one, is not clear. Cristino Flores translated this as"rayado."However, according to Inocencio Díaz this word is used to refer to cattle that is <spn>pinto</spn>. A boa constrictor is also called <kloa>si:sikwiltik</kloa>in reference to the pattern of its skin. This word is often found with an initial /te/: <kam>tesisikwiltik</kam>. Check this entry as it was recorded on a file card with no example of use. tesi:sikwil synonym Am 00477 tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 shedded skin (e.g., of a snake, lizard, etc.) piel mudado (p. ej., de una serpiente, lagartija, etc.) Am, Oa Xkonta itlaxi:kopi:nahlo. Am Look over there at its shedded skin. Ve allásu piel mudada. xi: kopi: Both <kamoa>tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl</kamoa> and <kam>tlaxi:kopi:nahli</kam> are documented in the fieldwork corpus, with identical meanings. Both are usually, though not obligatorily, possessed. Animals that to date have been documented to have <kamoa>i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo</kamoa> are snakes and grasshoppers. Animals that to date have been documented to have <kam>itlaxi:kopi:nahlo</kam> are snakes and grasshoppers. tlaxi:kopi:nahli synonym Am, Oa 00478 xiwi:teki kixiwi:teki xihwi:teki kixihwi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to cut down weeds for (with a machete, e. g., to use in things such as thatching) cortar maleza para (con un machete, p. ej., para usar como en un techo) Pending agriculture xiw wi:teki At least in Ameyaltepec, this verb is most often used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn>. As no example of this verb in context was obtained, it is not clear what the grammatical object would refer to. This should be clarified. Check. Also check length of /i/. It might be that this word does not come from /xiw-tli/ plus /wi:teki/ but rather from /xiwi/ plus /teki/. If I remember correctly Oapan speakers contrasted this form with /kixiwi:teki/ 'he beats him/her on the legs.' Check. Recheck Am form that it is not /xihwi:teki/. 00479 tlapestika:n tlapestika:n tlapestika:n tlapestika:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N-tla) area or place that is smooth área o lugar que es plano (y algo liso) Pending Sa: tlapestika:n u:nkah nocha:n, kwaltsi:n o:nitlai:xman. Am (The interior floor of) my house has gotten flat, I smoothed things out nicely. (El piso interior de) mi casa quedóplano, allanébien la superficie. pets -ka:n 00480 i:xiwintia ki:xiwintia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to make dizzy; to make the head of spin marear; hacer sentir mareos a; hacer girar la cabeza a Am i:x iwin Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. kwa:i:xiwintia synonym Oa 00481 selia kiselia selia kiselia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a to receive or accept (a gift) recibir; aceptar (un regalo) Am, Oa to admit; to accept (sb as a guest in ones house, a person as a worker in ones group, etc.) admitir; aceptar; recibir (algn como huéspeded en la casa, algn como trabajador en un grupo, etc.) Am, Oa seli selilia val_add_applic Am 00482 i:xakukwi ni:xakukwi í:xakókwi i:xakokwi ní:xakókwi
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-Mod-V2 V2-b[refl] class-3a(kw) yes-lex (refl.) to rise (bread or other similar items); to puff up (a tortilla) (refl.) leventarse (pan u otras substancias similares); alzarse o inflarse (la cara de la tortilla) Am, Oa Ni:xakukwi motlaxkal. Am Your tortillas puff up (as they cook on the griddle). Se alzan tus tortillas (al cocerse sobre el comal). i:x ahko kwi tlaxkahli kwa:k iksi Check to see if only used in reflexive or if it can take an object (definite or indefinite). Cf. to /a:posa:wa:/. Also Check to make sure first vowel, /a/, is short. a:posa:wa confer Am, Oa 00483 so:ya:tl so:ya:tl so:ya:tl so:ya:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 palm tree árbol de palma Am, Oa palm leaves (i.e., the dried palm leaves used for tying bundles, or for roofing, etc.) hojas de palma (esto es, las hojas secas que se usan para amarrar, o para techar, etc.) Pending plant xiwtli so:ya:tl; make a study of the way that this is used, etc. so:ya: During Holy Week palm is woven into several shapes. The following have been documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (no comparable list has yet been obtained from Oapan): <klam>kakalakatsi:n</klam> 'that makes a rattle' or 'que hace cascabeleo,' <klam>i:kamak kowatl</klam> 'serpent's mouth' or 'boca de serpiente,' <klam>i:kwech kowatl</klam> 'rattle of a rattlesnake' or 'cascabel de serpiente,' <klam>kanasti:tah</klam> 'little basket' or 'canastita,' <klam>i:kal chi:lpan</klam> 'wasp's nest' or 'panal de avispas,' and <klam>kokoloxtik</klam> 'curly' or 'chino.' Check for /-yo/ possession: e.g., /i:so:ya:yo/. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give one member of the <i>Palmae</i>family: <i>Brahea dulcis</i>, in Spanish called <spn>soyatl</spn> or <spn>palma maxclera</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) lists many types of palm. The <i>Brahea dulcis</i>is listed under <spn>palma de sombrero</spn> with the following comments:"'[type of] palmetto.' Bears yellow, cherry-size, edible fruit. The fronds are the raw material of the hat industry among the Mixtecs and are also used for brooms. Also called palma dulce, soyale, zoyate."Given that the villages to the east of the valley (Totolcintla particularly) weave palm for the hat industry in Chilapa, it would appear that the palm of the region is <i>Brahea dulcis</i>. However, it is not clear whether there are other types. Also, it appears that <kam>so:ya:tl</kam> refers to palm in general and perhaps various genera and species of trees. 00484 chikiwtli chikiwtli chikihtli chikihtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(w) generic name for woven handleless baskets nombre genérico para canastas sin astas Pending chikiw chikiwtli Add texts descriptions of how baskets are made, types of baskets, etc. 00485 tla:lte:milia kitla:lte:milia tla:lte:milia kitla:lte:milia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to get dirt or earth on (sth belonging) to echarle tierra a (algo) de Am, Oa Ma:ka xne:chtla:ltemili nopla:toh! Am Don't get dirt on my plate (e.g., in shoveling, be careful that dirt does not fly over where I am eating)! ¡No me vayas a echar tierra sobre mi plato (p. ej., al estar excavando, teniendo cuidado que la tierra no vaya a caer sobre mi plato)! tla:l te:m tla:lte:mia verb_base Am 00486 tlatlanilia kitlatlanilia tlátlanília tlatlanilia kí:tlanília
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>mí:stlanília</koa> class-2a yes-lex to make a request of (sb) for (particularly for objects [SO] that are lent or given such as a plow animal or beast of burden, a monetary loan or gift, alms for the church, etc.) pedir a (algn, particularmente por objetos [OS] que se prestan o se regalan tales como un animal de carga o uno para trabajar la tierra, donaciones como las que se le dan a la iglesia, etc.) Am, Oa Ne:chtlatlanilia notlayo:l. Am He is asking to borrow maize from me. Me estápidiendo maíz en préstamo. Ne:xtlatlanilia noi:joh para iwa:n tekitis. Am He asks me to lend him my son to work with him. Me pide me hijo para que pueda trabajar conél. to request of (a daughter [SO]) in marriage (see <klam>tlai:tlani</klam>) pedirle (su hija [OS]) en matrimonio a (véase <klam>tlai:tlani</klam>) Pending Kitlatlanili:skeh ichpo:ch. Am They will ask him for his daughter's hand in marriage. Le van a pedir a su hija en matrimonio. Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis. Oa I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family). Le pido (en este caso a un santo al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia) que le de fuerza (a un familiar enfermo). tlatlani htlani Check translation of Oa /Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis/ 'I ask him (in this case of a saint, in leaving an offering in the church) to give him health (an ill member of the family).' Make sure link in /xvb field is to /tlatlani/ as a transitive verb. tlatlani verb_base Am 00487 metsa:kayo i:metsa:kayo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-yo N2 thigh bone hueso del muslo Am body mets a:ka According to don Martín de la Curz, the term <kam>metsa:kayo</kam> refers to the part of the leg below the knee and above the ankle. However, Luis Lucena, who appeared somewhat unsure, stated that this word refers to the thigh bone. This word seems to be rarely used, and this might affect the Determine precise meaning (which might not be possible if this word is rarely used). metskomiteyo equivalent Oa 00488 kwa:pasol kwa:pasol kwá:pasól kwa:pasol kwá:pasól
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <klam>kwa:tepasol</klam> yes see <klam>kwa:tepasol</klam> véase <klam>kwa:tepasol</klam> Am, Oa pahsol 00489 tili:nia kitili:nia tili:nia kitili:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] class-2a to tighten (a bag by stuffing it, a screw by turning it all the way in, a post by packing earth around it, a knot by pulling it, etc.) apretar (un costal al atestarlo, un tornillo al meterlo lo más que se pueda, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor, un nudo al jalarlo, etc.) Am, Oa Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. Am You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <spn>taravía</spn> used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here, the threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they're getting wound up around each other. Dejaste aflojar el brazo.¡Apriétalo! Aquíya empezó(la soga) a torcer, ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando. Xtili:ni un komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis! Am Tighten up that <spn>horcón</spn>(by packing earth and stones around it) so that it doesn't fall over! ¡Apreta a ese horcón (al meter tierra y piedras a su alrededor) para que no se caiga! tili: Check difference between /tili:nia/ and /tili:naltia/. Note meaning of /notili:nia/ as in fasting, perhaps. 00490 ne:ntlamati ne:ntlamati ne:ntlamati ne:ntlamati
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1 Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to be distressed; to be worried estar angustiado; estar preocupado Am, Oa Nine:ntlamati. O:kelna:mik pero xnikmati deke wel nikchi:was. Am I am distressed. He remembered it (e.g., sth I was to do) but I don't know if I can do it. Estoy angustiado. El se acordó(p. ej., de algo que debía yo hacer) pero no sési lo puedo hacer. ne:n mati te:mati; ne:ntlamati The precise meaning of <kam>ne:ntlamati</kam> needs to be further investigated. One short comment in my original notes reported a consultant's gloss for <kamoa>nine:ntlamati</kamoa> as 'mis pensamientos están allá,' apparently with the sense of worrying about an event that is taking place. Molina gives <kn>nentlamati. ni.</kn> 'estar descontento y afligido, o hazer lo que es ensíen algún negocio.' Other derivations refer to 'angustia, descontento, aflicción, etc.' Get further examples of texts. 00491 zzz This entry was for /tlakiki:tskilia/ but has been removed as vulgar.
11/Feb/2006
Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn>, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my original notes I had the phrase <kam>Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka!</kam> , which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not uncommon). It can be used in the nonreduplicated form, at least in Ameyaltepec <kam>tlaki:tskilia</kam>. Reduplication; /tla-/ Apparently this verb, with a lexicalized nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn>, can occur with either short or long vowel reduplication. Thus in my original notes I had the phrase <kam>Ma timitstlaki:ki:tskili:to. Newa nowa:xka!</kam> , which I had translated as 'Let me go grab at your penis. It's mine!' The use of the verb 'grab at' is meant to conveny the idea that the grabbing takes place once and once again, repeatedly yet not with hurried and random repetitions. Hence the reduplication with long vowel. Note that it is the verb stem that is reduplicated in both cases, and not the nonspecific object prefix, here used in a"taboo"sense (as is not uncommon). Note, however, that it is important to discuss in the grammar that it is the verbal stem that is reduplicated, and that the /tla-/ for the nonspecific (and here 'taboo') object is not reduplicated. Note also how this reflects the degree to which lexicalization of the /tla-/ occurs. The same lack of redupication of the initial element is found in most cases of Noun Incorporation, where it is the predicate (verb or adjectival) that is reduplicated. 00492 yzzz i:te:nko tsi:katl [i: 'te:n kon 'tsi: katl] i:te:nko tsi:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 see <klamoa>te:ntli</klamoa> véase <klamoa>te:ntli</klamoa> Oa Note that although when pronounced separately <koa>i:te:nko</koa> does not have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence <koa>i:te:nkon tsi:katl</koa>. Oapan phonology: Insertion of /n/ after vowel-final collocation: For /i:te:nkon tsi:katl/ Note that although when pronounced separately <koa>i:te:nko</koa> does not have a final /n/, all consultants inserted a final /n/ in the sequence <koa>i:te:nkon tsi:katl</koa>. i:te:n tsi:katl synonym Am tsi:yate:nko synonym Oa tsi:yate:ntli synonym Oa 00493 i:xkwi:lia ki:xkwi:lia i:xkwi:lia ki:xkwi:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V3 V2-d-ap class-2a to make it hard for (sb) to see (e.g., a bright or blinding light, a sudden flash, the sun [S]) deslumbrar a (algn, una fuerte luz, un sol brillante [S]) Am, Oa Ne:chi:xkwi:lia to:nahli. Am The bright light of the sun interferes with my vision (making it hard for me to see). Me deslumbra el sol (por brillante). i:x kwi Check for use of /te-/. Incorporation; applicatives: With /i:xkwi:lia/ in general, note the way in which the valency of /kwi/ changes with different types of incorporation. 00494 teiksik teiksik teisik teisik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be hard-boiled (an egg) ser cocido duro (un huevo) Am, Oa Teiksik nihkwa:s. Am I'll eat it hard-boiled. Me lo voy a comer duro. te- ksi Although most consultants have indicated that <kam>teiksik</kam> refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that <kam>teiksik</kam> is used to refer to soft-boiled eggs. Although most consultants have indicated that <kam>teiksik</kam> refers to an egg that is hard-boiled, I have heard others state that <kam>teiksik</kam> is used to refer to soft-boiled eggs. Check. 00495 komekatl de ye:i kosti:yah komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex N1 type of vine as yet still unidentified tipo de bejuco todavía no identificada Am plant xiwtli ko me:ka ye:i 00496 westok westok westok westikah westotok westotikah westok
11/Feb/2006
Stat V1-Stat Durative to be lying down (particularly, on ones side) estar acostado (en particular, por el lado) Am, Oa The stative <kamoa>westok</kamoa> can be inflected with the aspectual marker <kn>-tiw</kn> in the complete range of tense, aspects, and modes. Interestingly, when this occurs the stative ending <kn>-tok</kn> is apparently maintained as <kn>-ti</kn> as in <kamoa>niwestitia:s</kamoa> 'I will go along (e.g., riding in a bus or train) lying down.' This is apparently related to the fact that whereas the <kn>-tiw</kn> marker indicates that a process or event is taking place over a space, the meaning of <kn>westitiw</kn> is that a particular state continues over a given space. The progressive form (which shows reduplication) means 'he goes along falling down': <kam>wewestiw</kam>. wetsi ya:watok confer Oa 00497 peya:stik peya:stik peya:stik peya:stik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be straight (sth long and thin such as a rod, tube, etc.) estar derecho; estar recto (algo largo y delgado como una vara, tubo, etc.) Pending peya:s To date the only documented use of this adjectival is in reference to wooden sticks, such as long rods or poles. 00498 xa:ltik xa:ltik xa:xa:ltik xa:xa:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik to have a mealy texture (e.g., watermelon) estar harinoso (como, p. ej., sandía) Am, Oa Sa:ndiah, xa:ltik. Am Watermelon, it is mealy in texture. Sandía, es harinosa al paladar. Bwe:noh un sándiah, melá:k xa:xa:ltik. Am That watermelon is good, it's really meaty (with a"sandy"texture). Esa sandía estámuy bien, estámuy carnosa (con una textura harinosa). xa:l sa:ndiah melo:n Several Ameyaltepec speakers mentioned that watermelon is the only object that can be described as <kam>xa:ltik</kam>. However, in Oapan several consultants mentioned that both <kloa>sá:ntiah</kloa>and <kloa>mante:kah</kloa>. Molina has <kn>xaxaltic</kn> 'cosa rala, asícomo manta, estera o cosa semejante,' a definition quite distinct from that of Balsas Nahuatl. Check other possible items that may be described as /xa:ltik/. Check final /h/ in /sa:ndiah/. Also, recheck why a watermelon that tastes /xaxa:ltik/ is considered good. Also determine whether the correct Am form is reduplicated or not. Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked. Note that in order to have /xa:ltik/ as a predicate in the phrase /sa:ndiah, xa:ltik/ a pause seemingly must be present. This should be checked. 00499 ite:ntson misto:n ite:ntson misto:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) type of plant, as yet not identified tipo de planta Am O:ne:chihlih deke ipan se: la:soh noso kordó:n te:mowan kimichin i:n umpa xiksa:lo ite:ntson misto:n para ma kisos. Am Costa Venancio; note that her husband, Marcelo Venancio, claimed to have never heard of this plant. I was told that if mice come down on a riata or rope (e.g., one hung from the thatch roof of a house to sustain things such as <klam>chitatli</klam>), you should tie a piece of <kam>i:te:ntson miston</kam> so that it will pierce it (i.e., the mice that comes down). Me dijeron de que si ratoncitos descienden sobre un laso o cordon, allíle debe atar <kam>i:te:ntson misto:n</kam> , para que le pique. plant xiwtli(pending) te:n tson mis -to:n Only one speaker in Ameyaltepec gave this plant name (her husband stated that he had never heard of it, and neither did other consultants who were asked although Inocencio Díaz mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant but that he couldn't identify it). Indeed, in Oapan <koa>i:te:ntson misto:n</koa> is used only to refer to the whiskers of a cat. Other Ameyaltepec consultants stated that this plant is referred to as <kam>i:sti miston</kam>. plant xiwtli 00500 nenepi:hli nenepi:hli nenepi:hli nenepi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 3 tongue (of an animal) lengua (de cualquier animal) Pending body nene pi:l The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan lexeme reflects the lack of an underlying {h}. There is apparently never any reduction of the"reduplicated"initial syllable of <kamoa>nenepi:hli</kamoa>. The /i:/ is definitely long as marked; this was checked with an acoustic analysis of the Oapan tapes. In root entry note that this is possible related to /pi:l/ as it occurs in other contexts. 00501 kwa:pa:ya:tik kwa:pa:ya:tik kwa:pa:ya:tik kwa:pa:ya:tik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik to be foolish; to be idiotic; to be like an imbecil; to be missing some marbles; to be fuzzy-brained ser idiota; ser tonto; ser como imbécil; estar mal de la cabeza Am, Oa kwa: pa:ya: kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n 00502 tlekuwa kitlekuwa 'tlakówa 'tlekówa tlakowa kítlekówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4c(pano) yes-lex to mount (animals mating; vulg. when used to refer to human sexual relations) montar (un animal a otro; vulg. cuando se emplea para referirse a las relaciones sexuales humans) Pending tlehko: As transitive /mitseko:s/ and /mistleko:s/> In Oapan, and perhaps as well in Ameyaltepec, some people might say <koa>kítlekówa</koa>, others say <koa>i:pan tlékowá</koa>. There is no evidence of <kam>tlekowa</kam> as a transitive verb in other Nahuatl sources: everywhere else it is given as an intransitive. Oapan pitch-accent; phonology: Note that my data shows that with the p-a marked verb /'tlekowa/ there are two forms of adjustment. In the first, with any of the object prefixes, stress shifts left as expected to the prefix /kítlekówa/. However, with a separate element, the relational noun /i:pan/ there is no leftward readjustment, perhaps in order to maximize input-output identity. Note that with a verb such as /yékó/ there is always shift. This is because the input is inherently unstable in that it has p-a on two adajent mora. This is not the case with /tlékowá/ in which there is"room"for the two p-a sequences within the single word; this might favor the retention of word-internal p-a in the face of a relational expression to the left. However, note that the shift does occur onto the prefix. Thus one has /kítlekówa/ and not */kitlékowá/. The first is more in accord with expected Nahuatl stress patterns in that it has penultimate stress both before the word boundary and before the un d erlying {h}. 00503 tlanne:nepan tlanne:nepan tlane:nepan tlane:nepan
24/Oct/2005
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap to have doubled teeth (i.e., perhaps a baby tooth did not fall out and the person has two teeth in the same"slot,"one behind the other) tener dos dientes, uno atrás del otro (esto es, quizácuando un persona era niño un diente no se le cayóy el otro salióadelante, dejando dos dientes, uno tras el otro) Am, Oa tlan nepan Two consultants from Ameyaltepec, Gabriel de la Cruz and Luis Lucena, when pronouncing this word slowly clearly articulated a double /nn/. This reflects careful pronunciation and the influence of an understanding of morphological forms on pronunciation. However, in all other contexts that I have heard this word and its cognates the underlying double nasal is reduced to /n/. The root /nepan/ could perhaps be further analyzed as /ne/ and /pan/. However, this should only be mentioned in the root notes. 00504 a:istaya a:istaya a:istaya a:istaya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x] class-4b(ya-s) to become white from being sumerged a long time in water (perhaps some 3 days; particularly used in reference to maize that is allowed to soak too long in lime water in making <klam>nextamahli</klam>) ponerse blanco por quedar mucho tiempo sumergido en agua (tal vez unos 3 días; empleado particularmente para referirse al nixtamal que se deja demasiado tiempo en el agua acalada) Am, Oa O:a:istayak monextamal. Am Your <klam>nextamahli</klam> has turned white from being in the water a long time. Tu nixtamal se volvióblanco por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua. a: sta nextamahli tixtli To date this <kam>a:istaya</kam> has been the only intransitive verb of this type (with final <kn>-ya</kn>) that shows /s/ for /x/ in the progressive based on harmony with the preceding /s/. Progressive with /s/ instead of /x/ is probably the result of consonant harmony. Recheck short /a/'s both penultimate and final. Phonology: Note /s/ for /x/ in the progressive of /ai:staya/>/a:istastok/. In all dialects noted so far this verb is irregular in that the final /y/ converts to /s/, not /x/, probably the result of harmonization with the preceding /s/. 00505 petlasa:kawi:teki kipetlasa:kawi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to beat real hard, particularly with a rope or similar object, such as to often making a loud sound upon striking the object golpear muy duro, particularmente con un lazo u otro objeto similar, a veces haciendo un sonido fuerte al conectar el golpe Am contact petla sa:ka wi:teki petlasa:kawi:teki; wisoki; wi:teki; telowa Apparently the meaning of <kam>petlasa:kawi:teki</kam> derives from the action of hitting something with the same strong blows applied to a petate that has been used to transport things in order to clean it. In Oapan a similar concept of beating is expressed through <kloa>petlá:solwíya</kloa>(here the nominal stem is <koa>petlá:sohlí</koa> 'old petate') or through the simple verbalization of <klamoa>petlatl</klamoa>. Note also that other words containing the nominal stem <kroot>petla</kroot>refer to hard, striking actions or events (e.g., <kam>wetsi ke:n</kam> <klam>mihka:petlatl</klam>). Recheck vowel length and possible relationship to /petlasa:kah/. Determine presence of {h} (e.g., {petlasa:kahwi:teki} by comparison to forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo. petlawiya synonym Oa petlá:solwíya synonym Oa 00506 tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik to have a tight-fitting dress tener una falda muy apretada Am tsi:n pi:tsa Consultants mentioned that this word derives from the resemblance of a woman wearing a tight-fitting dress to a musical instrument, i.e., it appears like a large bell that tapers down (like the shape of certain horns). A few individuals have stated that <kam>tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik</kam> can also refer to a man wearing tight pants, although this is certainly not agreed upon by all. One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, translated <kam>tsi:ntlapi:tsal</kam> as 'tacucado' [sic], a word that I have not been able to identify. Adjectivals: Note /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ 'having a tight-fitting dress.' Determine the manner in which this form of adjectivalization signifies. Apparently the form is used to indicate subjects that have some charatistic of the noun root. In the case of /tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik/ the reference is to a rear end that is shaped like a horn (/tlapi:tsahli/). Discuss the manner in which the metaphoric use of nouns occurs in adjectivalization: He is a lion, i.e., taking one characteristic. kwe:pi:stik synonym Oa 00507 ya:wtli ya:wtli ya:htli ya:htli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) dark maize with a deep purple or blue color maíz negro, o morado, con un color como morado o azúl oscuro Pending ya:w tlayo:hli food-maize plant domesticated tlayo:hli <kam>Ya:wtli</kam> apparently refers to the maize itself and not to the color; the stem <kroot>ya:w</kroot>is apparently the first element in Classical <kn>yappalli</kn> 'color negro,' with the expected /pp/ sequence from underlying {wp} (cf. <kn>nappa</kn> 'four times' from {na:w + pa}). However, in other forms that seem related (e.g., <kn>yapaleua. niten.</kn> 'tener lastimados o negros los beços' there is no double consonantl. <klam>tlayo:hli</klam>. Check to determine if a color form exists: /yayaktik/, or if /ya:wtli/ itself can refer to a color, e.g., /ya:wtli mokoto:n/. Check for possessed form ?/noya:w/. 00508 si:stli i:si:s si:stli i:si:s
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(s) grandmother abuela Am, Oa kin si:s As with the kin terms <klamoa>na:ntli</klamoa>and <klam>tatli</klam> , <kamoa>si:stli</kamoa> can be used, possessed in the 2nd person, as an interjection, often but not necessarily with a preceding <kam>a:rah</kam> , which should be consulted for this collocation. Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/. Check vowel lenght, as Xalitla has /si:s/. I had originally recorded a short vowel for Ameyaltepec, but with evidence of a long vowel in Oapan I have changed it. It should be rechecked! lo:latli equivalent Am si:s confer Am 00509 zzz This used to be the entry for /i:xtexoxok/ and has been removed as it was only used by don Luis Lucena.
30/Jul/2005
 00510 tsompi:hli tsompi:hli tsompi:hli tsompi:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 3 common cold; runny nose and cold gripa; catarro Am, Oa Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli. Am His cold makes him lose his appetite. La gripa le quita el apetito. tsompi:l I have several notes that the final vowel is definitely long and should be so recorded in all entries. Check for possessed form. 00511 yzzz malakawistli malakawistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of tree still not identified tipo deárbol todavía no identificado Oa malaka wis plant kohtli (pending) This is known as <koa>malakawistli</koa> because it has a thorn-like ending to its leaves. It is only found <koa>i:pan so:ya:yoh</koa> on the southern part of the Balsas River where there is a lot of palm. In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo remembered a tree that was brought to his village by those of San Francisco Ozomatlán and Totolcintla for morillos. It was known as <ktet>malakakuhtle</ktet>. Ameyaltepequeños know a tree by the name of <kbam>malakakuwtli</kbam>. It is not clear whether this is the same tree known in Oapan as <koa>malakakohtli</koa>. 00512 xokotik xokotik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be a big talker; to be a braggart; to be a liar (in the sense of falsely claiming to have sth) ser fanfarrón; ser mentiroso (en el sentido de aseverar tener algo que no tiene) Am kopaxokonono:tsa xoko Cf. Flk 1984 05-03.1 xokó:nó:tsa confer Oa 00513 tsoyo:nki tsoyo:nki tsoyo:nki tsoyo:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be fried (foods, in oil, lard, butter, etc.) estar frito (comida, en aceite, manteca, mantequilla, etc.) Pending tsoyo: 00514 kamana:lwia kikamana:lwia kamana:lwia [ka ma na:l 'wi ya] kikamana:lwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to joke around (with teasing words) at the expense of vacilarle (con palabras) a; chancearle a Am, Oa Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia. Am He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying. Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice. kamana:l a:wiltia confer Am 00515 te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 see <klam>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</klam> véase <klam>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</klam> Am e:ka no:tsa Make sure possessed form is correct. te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl synonym Oa 00516 kwe:kokoxoktik kwe:kokoxoktik
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik Lex. rdp-s to have a baggy or loose skirt tener una falda holgada y grande Am kwe: koxo: kwe:tekoyahtik synonym Oa 00517 ayakaxtsi:n ayakaxtsi:n ayekahtsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1/2; Aln(1=2) certain variety of the small, thin-skinned squash called <klam>tamala:yotli</klam> tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de las llamadas <klam>tamala:yutli</klam> Am plant domesticated tamala:yutli a:yakach a:yotli According to Luis Lucena this type of small squash is not planted in Ameyaltepec but rather in in San Juan Tetelcingo and the <spn>huertas</spn>, irrigated riverbank plots, of Xalitla. For a list of types of <klam>tamala:yotli</klam> see the list under this latter entry. Both <kam>a:yakaxtsi:n</kam> and <kam>a:yekaxtsi:n</kam> are accepted pronunciations, with perhaps the first more common. Check Add /ono ref. to /a:yotli/ under /tamala:yotli/ and transfer all the information under the latter to the ono reference work. 00518 manse:rah manse:rah manse:rah manse:rah
22/Oct/2005
mancera N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) plow handle mancera o esteva de arado Am, Oa tool-cultivate plow; cultivation tools; agriculture in general Illustrate a plow with the parts named. 00519 tlatsihki tlatsihki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki (rare) to be lazy (rare) ser flojo Am tlats Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have <kn>tlatsihki</kn> ; it is the only participial form of <kn>tlatsiwi</kn> documented in these dialects. Ameyaltepec has <kam>tlatsihki</kam> only as a rarely used form. Much more common is <klamoa>tlatski</klamoa>, which is the only form found in Oapan. Recheck whether this form is acceptable. It may be a"borrowing"from another dialect. The form * <kam>tlatsihke:tl</kam> is not acceptable. Agentives; Note that /tlatsihki/ is an adjectival and thus does not accept the agentive /ke:tl/. It is important to note that whereas /-ki/ is used in adjectival forms, /ke:tl/ is a true agentive that only refers to human agents habitually undertaking an action. In general review all /-ke:tl/ and /-ki/ agentives and see if any pattern emerges. Participles of /-iwi/ verbs: Classical, Northern Puebla, Tetelcingo all have <kn>tlatsihki</kn> ; it is the only participial form of <kn>tlatsiwi</kn> documented in these dialects. Ameyaltepec has <kam>tlatsihki</kam> only as a rarely used form. Much more common is <klamoa>tlatski</klamoa>, which is the only form found in Oapan. tlatski synonym Am tlatski synonym Oa 00520 tewa:hka:miki tewa:hka:miki tewa:hka:miki tewa:hka:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to waste away to nothing quedarse casi demacrado por pérdida de peso Am, Oa to waste away and die consumirse y morir Am, Oa Tewa:hkamiki, ke:n kwi:sokin. Am She (in this case a married woman) is wasting away, she really gets beaten up (by her husband). Ella (en este caso una mujer casada) se estáquedando demacrada, de veras es pegada (por su marido). tewa: tewa:hka:miki; techichikamiki tewa:hka:miktia val_add_caus Am tewa:hka:mihtia val_add_caus Oa 00521 yzzz mi:ltomatl mi:ltomatl mi:ltomatl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 tomatillo or green tomato tomate (de cáscara verde) Oa plant edible mi:l toma: tomatl Ramírez (1991) does not list the <kam>a:mi:ltomatl</kam> ; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states:"1. (<i>Physalis</i>spp. e.g., <i>P. pubescens</i>) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,' 'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo." Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries. Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and lengthening. a:mi:ltomatl synonym Am 00522 a:chi a:cho a:chi we:i kichi kichin kichin
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-b a little un poco Am, Oa somewhat (used particularly before adjectivals) poco o poquito; algo (utilizado particularmente antes de formas adjectivales) Am, Oa A:chi kana:wak. Am It is somewhat thin. Es algo delgado. A:chi we:i. Am It's somewhat big. Es algo grande. A:chi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili! Am Serve me a little more! ¡Sírveme un poquito más! Kichi we:i Oa It is somewhat big. Es algo grande. (~ [adjective]) a little less or more (according to the comparison) [adjective] (~ [adjectivo]) un poquito menos o más (según la comparación) [adjectivo] Am, Oa Kichi ma:s kana:wak xtla:litiw me:stlah! Oa Put the mortar on a little thinner! ¡Ponle la mezcla un poquito más delagado! a:chi The length of the first vowel is hard to determine (as is usual with word-initial vowels). However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) were quite clear in their observation that the first vowel of the stem <kroot>a:chi</kroot>was long. It has so been recorded here and in related entries and sentences. Oapan Nahuatl often manifests an alternation between final vowel and final /n/ the context of which is not clearly understood. Here, the documented headword for Oapan is <koa>kichin</koa>. Nevertheless, some other speakers seemed to pronounced <koa>kichi</koa>. This variation may be parallel to that found in <koa>se:</koa> ~ <koa>se:n</koa> or <koa>yo</koa> ~ <koa>yon</koa> in Oapan Nahuatl. 00523 wa:l- wa:lmo:stla wa:l- wa:h- @wa:hkwalka:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm (~ [noun indicating a particular time]) afterwards, come [the time] (~ [sustantivo indicando un tiempo en particular]) después, al llegar [el tiempo] Am, Oa Wa:lmo:stla o:yah ina:k ino:biah, ka:n montis. Am Come the next day he went to his bride's house, where he was going to do service as a son-in-law. Viene el día siguiente fue a la casa de su novia, donde iba a dar servicio como yerno. wa:l It is not clear whether forms such as <kam>wa:lmo:stla</kam> should be written as one or two words, and there seems no good way to make a nonarbitrary decision. For now the decision has been to write this as fused to nouns: <kam>wa:lmo:stla</kam> (Am) or <koa>wa:hmo:stla</koa> (Oa). The example recorded here is not good and should be change to /wa:l kwalka:n/ or some similar form. 00524 chi:tatli chi:tatli chí:tatlí chí:tatlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex cradle (for babies); household item used to store things on and made of a wooden rod bent and tied in a circle, with a slightly concave surface of woven palm strung through the center cuna (para bebés); utensilio casero empleado para guardar cosas; estáhecho de una vara doblada y atada en un círculo, con una superficie de palma tejida en en centro y que se emplea para guardar cosas dentro de la casa Am, Oa material-house chi:tah http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/chitatli.htm RS cites from Betancourt:"Redecilla para llevar comida en viaje o para pescar."However, note that in Ameyaltepec a <kam>chitlatli</kam> is instead solely found only in homes or <spn>ramadas</spn>. It is hung high from a beam and things (such tortillas, papers, remedies, money, etc.) are stored on top of it. Or it is used as a cradle. Often a small, prickly cactus is placed on the cord sustaining the <kam>chitatli</kam> to prevent mice from climbing down onto its surface. Illustrated; make link. 00525 yzzz xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n xo:chikohmekatl de tsatsakawa:stsi:n kohmekatl peinexo:chitl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of vine as yet unidentified, so named in reference to the shape of its flower tipo de bejucco todavía no identificada, asíllamado en referencia a la forma de su flor Oa plant xiwtli xo:chi ko me:ka tsaka Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>bejuco flor de pájaro</spn>. No Latin identification is given. Schoenhals (1988) under flor de pájaro states:"1. (<i>Brassica juncea, B. nigra</i>) 'mustard.' See mostaza. 2. (<i>Strelitzia reginae</i>) 'bird of paradise.' See ave del paraíso."Under mostaza:"Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as <spn>pájaro flor de bejuco</spn>. The Oapan form should be changed to /to:to:xo:chikomekatl/. Its flower is called /pepe:ni:tah/. In Ameyaltepec it is also called <kam>tsatsakawa:htsi:n</kam>. to:to:xo:chikomekatl natural Am tsatsakawa:htsi:n natural Am to:to:xo:chikohmekatl natural Oa 00526 me:yaltia kime:yaltia me:yaltia kime:yaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to cause to spring forth (a liquid) hacer manar o fluir (un líquido) Am, Oa to let or wait for water to accumulate in a riverbed spring (<kamoa>a:me:hli</kamoa>) dejar o esperar a que agua se acumule en un pozo por el rio (<kamoa>a:me:hli</kamoa>) Oa Ka, xnitlami. Nika:n ni: xnihmeyaltia <no>na:me:l</no>. Oa No, I'm not finished. Here I haven't even let water accumulate in my riverside well. No, no termino. Aquíni he esperado para que se llene mi pocito ribereño. to stimulate the production of milk in (a woman who has given birth) estimular la producción de leche en (una mujer que dio a luz) Pending Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl, kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh. Am Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out. Ve a agarrar pescado (cangrejos también funcionan) para esa mujer. Va a hacer que fluya su leche, Apenas dio a luz, (hazlo) para que caiga su leche. (fig.) to increase the sexual drive of (men, apparently by increasing their quantity of semen; besides the foods given in the illustrative sentence, goat meat is particularly good for this) (fig.) hacer aumentar el deseo sexual de (hombres, aparentemente al aumentar la producción de semen; aparte de las comidas mencionadas en la frase ilustrative, carne de chivo es particularmente bueno para esto) Pending Mitsmeme:yalti:s, segi:doh tikontila:nas suwa:tl. Am It will increase your sex drive, you will be reaching for a woman all the time. Te va a aumentar los deseos sexuales, seguido vas a estar buscando una mujer. Deke tikoni:s chikwasen to:toltetl, dya se: sardi:nah de michin, dya se: kopi:tah de asie:teh de kome:r noso de resi:nah, mitsmeme:yalti:s. We:i tikpias mokohia:yo. Am If you eat six raw eggs, and then a can of sardines, and then a cup of cooking oil or resin, it will make your sexual juices flow. You'll have a lot of semen. Si bebes seis huevos, y después una sardinera de pescado, y después una copita de aceite de comer o de resina, te va a aumentar el deseo sexual. Vas a tener mucho semen. me:ya Check to determine if the senses of 'to increase the milk output (of a woman)' and 'to increase the sexual desire of (a man)' are the only possible meaning of this word, or whether it can also be used in a non-sexual sense. Also determine whether nonreduplicated form can be used. Note also the use of /wa:lwetsis/ in the above example. First, this example should be used in a grammatical discussion of directionals. Also, note that the use of /wetsi/ here might well be a back formation from Spanish where 'caer' is used in this sense. Directional: /Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un sowa:tl, kimich o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh/ 'Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out.' Note the use of the directional /wa:l-/ with /wetsis/. Perhaps /wetsi/ here is a calque from Spanish, but what is interesting is the use of the directional, which here seems to indicate that the"falling"took place from one side of a boundary (in this case the woman's skin) to another. Cf. to /wa:lchichipi:ni/ to indicate dripping from one side of a roof to the other (inside). me:ya verb_base Am 00527 kamapo:tsakilia kikamapo:tsakilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 N-S-V3 V3-d-lia Op. <kn>-te-</kn> : <kam>kamatepo:tsakilia</kam> class-2a to stuff full the mouth of with (sth [SO], so that his cheeks bulge) atestarle la boca a con (algo [OS], hasta que se le hinchen las mejillas) Am Xihkamapo:tsakili, ma kikwa! Am Stuff it into his mouth (forcibly, causing his mouth to bulge) so that he eats it! ¡Metéselo bien a su boca (a fuerza, hasta que se hinche) para que se lo coma! Nokamapo:tsakilitiw itlakwal. Am He goes along stuffing his food into his mouth. Anda llenando hasta atestar su boca con comida. kama po:tsak Recheck as this might not be a"real"word but instead one said by young boys as a joke. Particularly problematical is the applicative form?! In general check for all verbs, roots, etc. with the (micro)morpheme /po:C/ as in /poti:xah/, /po:tetl/, /poxa:wi/, /posa:wi/, /poso:ni/, etc. all of which seem to have in common the meaning or sense of stuffed, bulging, puffy, spongy, etc. Cf. note with /kamapo:tsakia/ and the precise identification of the object of each. It would seem that with the applicative the primary object is the animate"eater." Note that there are several words that have to do with entering a space, that end in /-ak(i)/ but whose first element is not always identifiable in other contexts: /polaki/ and /kalaki/; cf. also /tla:laki/ and, simply, /aki/. There is no evidence of a morpheme /pol/ meaning 'water.' For /kalaki/ there is evidence of /kal/ 'house' or 'shelter' that might have a bearing on the meaning of /kalaki/. With /po:ts/ there is no direct evidence, but words such as Azcapotzalco suggest that the /po:ts/ element might be a separate morpheme. Likewise, /tla:laki/ seems clearly a compound of /tla:l + aki/, and has been so divided in the root analysis of this word. kamapo:tsiwi confer Oa kamapo:tsakia verb_base Am 00528 zzz This used to be an entry for Am and Oa /mi:te:katl/. It is repeated elsewhere and for this reason has been deleted here.
30/Jul/2005
 00529 tlaki:sa tlaki:sa tlaki:sa xitlaki:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-b class-3a for the rainy season to end terminar la temporada de lluvias Am, Oa O:tlaki:s, xoh kiawis. Am The rainy season has ended (usually early October), it won't rain anymore. La temporada de lluvias ha terminado (generalmente a principios de octubre), ya no va a llover. Ye tlaki:stiw, ye noteltia a:tl. Am The rainy season is already coming to an end, the rains are already stopping. La temporada de lluvias ya va terminando, ya se detiene el agua. ki:sa ki:sa minus_tla Am, Oa 00530 yo:lka:xiw i:yo:lka:xiw yo:lka:xiw i:yo:lka:xiw
11/Feb/2006
N N-xiw N2 animal that is like another [marked as possessor] animal que es como otro [señalado como poseedor] Pending Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w. Am It follows the one that is an animal like it is, its fellow animal (of the same species). Sigue al que es un animal comoél, a su compañero (de la misma especie). yo:l <kam>Yo:lka:xiw</kam> refers to an animal"companion"that a given animal is comfortable with, one with which it grazes, waters, etc. This second animal is the first's <kam>yo:lka:xiw</kam> or its <kam>yo:lka:ikniw</kam> , terms that are virtually synonymous. Often if one of the two is hard to catch the other, its <kam>yo:lka:ikniw</kam> will be brought to the same area and placed as close as possible to the problematic animal in the hope that they will come together and then both can be herded or driven back to the village or corral. /-xiw/ Note the use of /-xiw/ and not /-chiw/ in the Oapan form. This should be checked. yo:lki confer Am, Oa 00531 topih topih topih topih
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>-pih</klam> véase <klam>-pih</klam> Am, Oa 00532 xa:lmetlatl N N-N N-b Stem 2
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>xa:metlatl</klam> véase <klam>xa:metlatl</klam> Am Although <kam>xa:lmetlatl</kam> is documented in the Ameyaltepec data, so is <kam>xa:metlatl</kam> and it is not clear which is more common. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept * <koa>xa:lmetlatl</koa>, but only <kloa>xa:metlatl</kloa>. 00533 Here the word /tsi:nkoyak/ has been removed from the dictionary
29/Dec/2004
 00534 iso:tlaltia kiso:tlaltia íso:tláltia iso:tlaltia kíso:tláltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to make vomit hacer vomitar Am, Oa Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki. Am You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit. Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar. hso:tla iso:tla verb_base Am ísó:tla verb_base Oa 00535 kextoponwia kikextoponwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to cause swelling in the neck of hacer hinchar el cuello de Am tohpon kech tohpon Florencia Marcelino would not accept this incorporated form (verb <kloa>tópowíya</kloa>with <kn>kech-</kn>), stating that the swelling can surge anywhere and the causing agent has no control over this. Cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps this is the"causative"form (check meaning and possible other examples of"causative"with /-wia/. Also ask speakers for the transitive of /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps there is also a nominal form /kechtotopo:ntli/. Finally, after recording determine whether the beginning should be /kextoto-/ or /kechtoto-/. tópowíya synonym Oa 00536 se:wi se:wi se:wi se:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi(a) class-3a(w) to go out (a fire, an electric light, etc.); to stop working (an electric appliance) apagarse (un fuego, una luz eléctrica, etc.); dejar de funcionar (un aparato eléctrico) Am, Oa Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi. Am It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree). Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de unárbol de Navidad). O:se:w notliw. Am My lights went out. Se fue mi electricidad. to die down; to go away (an individual disease or ailment, a community-wide epidemic) calmarse; apaciguarse (una enfermedad o dolor particular); terminar (una epidemia) Pending Ke:no:n tikchi:waskeh para se:wis un kokolistli tli:n u:nkah nika:n? Am What can we do so that the disease that is going around here goes away? ¿Quévamos a hacer para que la enfermedad que anda por aquídesaparezca? (with <kn>tla-</kn>) for there to be a blackout; for all the lights to go out; for all the fires to go out (con <kn>tla-</kn>) haber un apagón; apagarse todas las luces; apagarse todos las fogatas Am, Oa O:tlase:w. Am There was a blackout. Hubo un apagón. Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis! Am Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out! ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague! se: Check why the form /tlasese:wis/ is used in one example phrase above, and not /tlase:wis/ or simply /se:wis/. Impersonal passive; reduplication: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem that */oksep a xtoki un tenexko:ntlipara ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:wi/ would be the topic, in this case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/ is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/. Impersonal passive; reduplication; /tla-/: /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/ 'Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out!' The reason for the impersonal passive and reduplication is not entirely clear. But perhaps some interpretation can be offered. First, it is not the topic of the discourse, the lime kiln, that goes out, but rather the fire around it. This may indicate one of the uses of /tla-/ with intransitive verbs: to indicate that an event or occurrence takes place around, or affecting, the topic of discourse (in this case cf. the phrase in reference to a path narrowing as a stone wall collapses). In this interpretation the use of /tla-/ indicates an event that occurs affecting the topic but without the topic being the subject of the verbal action. Note the options in /oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis!/. Here it would seem that */oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka (se)se:wis!/ would be infelicitous given that the subject of /se:w i/ would be the topic,inthis case /tenexko:ntli/, but that this might not be an acceptable (however, the possibility of using /se:wi/ with /tenexko:ntli/ should be checked. At any event, speakers should be consulted as to why /tlasese:wi/ is used here, and not /tlase:wi/ or simply /se:wi/. 00537 to:naya:nwia kito:naya:nwia to:naya:wia [to: na ya: 'wi ya] kito:naya:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to place in the direct sun; to place where the sun strikes directly (sth to dry, such as washed clothes, grains, chile, etc.) poner en el sol, donde pega directo el sol (algo para que se seque, como ropa lavada, granos, chile, etc.) Am, Oa Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-. Am When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron. Mo:stla tikto:naya:nwi:s motlake:n, wa:kis. Am Tomorrow you will put your clothes in the sun, they will dry. Mañana vas a poner tu ropa en el sol, se va a secar. to:na -ya:n Denominal verbs; verbalization; /-yan/: Note the following derivation: /kito:naya:nwia/. Note the use of /-wia/ with a locative nominalization. 00538 sokia:tl sokia:tl sokia:tl sokia:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 muddy puddle charco lodoso Am, Oa soki a: 00539 un u:n un tla:katl on o:n on on
11/Feb/2006
Reltzer Reltzer that which; what; the one that is lo que es; lo; el que es Am, Oa Deke tikasis wa:n tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. I:nakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke: itlah chi:hli. Am If you catch it (the <klam>koko:ktsi:n</klam>) and hold it between your teeth slowly you'll feel what tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were chile. Si lo agarras (al <klam>koko:ktsi:n</klam>) y lo sostienes entre los dientes poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. (<kn>de</kn> ~) of the one that is (<kn>de</kn> ~) del cual es Am Nihkwa:sneki kamotli de un kokostik. Am I want to eat yellow sweet potato. Quiero comer camote amarillo. on <kn>on</kn> has many functions in the Nahuatl of Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec (and check for Oapan, perhaps <koa>yon</koa> is used), <kam>on</kam> can function to introduce a headless relative clause (in Oapan, perhaps <koa>yon</koa> is also used in this function; this should be checked). Thus in Ameyaltepec one can say: <kam>Nikneki on we:i</kam> 'I want the big one' (or, more literally, 'I want that one which is big'). It seems that whereas <kamoa>on</kamoa> is used in headless relative clauses, Ameyaltepec <kam>yewa on</kam> and Oapan <koa>yo on</koa> are used in nominally headed relative clauses: <koa>Nihpale:wi:s noba:leh yo on ne:chpale:wia:ni</koa> (Oa) 'I'll help my friend who (the one who) helps me.' Determine use of /on/ in Oapan and separate all uses: demonstative adjective: /un tla:katl ne:chtlawelita/; demonstrative pronoun /nihkwa:s on/; relativizer: /nihneki un chi:chi:ltik/ 'I want that red one' (for headless clause). The difference needs to be determined between /un/ and /in/ (can they both function in all three categories) and between /on/ and /yon/ or /yewan/!!! Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/ and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence. In the future change the linked sound file to /un chi:chi:ltik/. yewan confer Am yon confer Oa 00540 nepaika nepaika napaika napayá:; napáya:; nepayá:; nepáya: napai:ka
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-N(rel) Adv-loc yes-irregular there (in a space cognitively separate from the space occupied by speaker); over there; over in that direction; over that way allá(en un espacio cognitivamente separado del espacio ocupado porél que habla); para allá; por allíen esa dirección Am, Oa Nepai:ka onkah. Am There are some over there. Hay algunos por allá. Niá:s nepai:ka. Am I'n going over there (in that direction). Voy allá(en esa dirección). ne: -pa; -ka Adverbs of place <kam>Nepa i:ka</kam> is used to indicate a distant place that is, cognitively, across a boundary. Thus it was used by Florencia Marcelino to indicate the other side of a divided highway. But at the same time she mentioned that it would be used to refer to the location of someone who has crossed the border from Mexico to the United States. Her usage seems to suggest that even if within eyesight <koa>nepayá</koa> (her most usual pronunciation, she also uses <koa>napa i:ka</koa> less often) may be used. In such cases it implies a boundary. However, it also seems that <kn>nepa i:ka</kn> would be used for things that are out of sight if visibility is the key element of discourse. In this sense it constrasts with <kam>nepa</kam> (cf. Oapan <koa>neyá</koa> or <koa>néya</koa>) that indicates a place within sight (unless the speaker choses to stress the existence of a boundary, such as occurs between two sides of a highway). Thus the locative used with verbs indicating a precise activity (such as <kam>chi:w a</kam>) would seem to be mostly <kam>nepa</kam>. Note that Oapan does not have the form * <koa>ne:yhka</koa>, which is found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Check difference between <kam>nepa</kam> and <kam>nepa ika</kam>. In subsequent version discussion reasons for writing this as two (or one) words. na:nika confer Am 00541 kwilin kwilin kwilin kwilin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 generic term for worms, caterpillers, and similar creatures término genérico para gusanos, orugas, y animales parecidos Am, Oa San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan. Am The worms wound up shriveling all up (having been left on a sidewalk after a rain), they were fat. Los gusanos acabaron todo secados (al quedarse por una banqueta después de una fuerte lluvia), estaban gorditos. Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne:, ka:n kipia kwilin. Am You'll stuff it deep into the place there, where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from <klam>kowi:skitl</klam> into a wound on the back of a mule). Le vas a meter bien apretado alládonde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de <klam>kowi:skitl</klam> en una herida en de una persona o animal). (<kamoa>kikwa</kamoa> ~ <klamoa>tsontli</klamoa>) to develop split ends (e.g., <kamoa>kikwa kwilin notson</kamoa> (<kamoa>kikwa</kamoa> ~ <klamoa>tsontli</klamoa>) quedarse los cabos del cabello rotos (p. ej., <kamoa>kikwa kwilin notson</kamoa> Am, Oa (<kamoa>kikwa</kamoa> ~ <klamoa>tlantli</klamoa>) to develop a tooth cavity (e.g., <kamoa>kikwa kwilin notlan</kamoa> (<kamoa>kikwa</kamoa> ~ <klamoa>tsontli</klamoa>) tener caries en el diente (p. ej., <kamoa>kikwa kwilin notlan</kamoa> Am, Oa animal xiwtli tlankwa okwil In most forms in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the initial /o/ is lost, as in <kam>kwilin</kam> , <klam>a:tonkwilin</klam> , <klam>a:kwilin</klam>. However, it is found in Ameyaltepec <klam>okwilxi:ni</klam> and <klam>tsi:nokwihloh</klam> and in the word and root for 'worm' found in many other dialects. Hence the root is given as <kroot>okwil</kroot>. Check for /-yoh/ form. 00542 te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl té:yeye:kano:chíliké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Lex. rdp-s (Am) Stem 2 yes-rdp person who invokes the <spn>aires</spn>(<kam>yeyekameh</kam>) to harm another, particularly to make the victim ill; witch persona que invoca los aires (<kam>yeyekameh</kam>) para dañar a otro, particularmente para hacer que se enferme; brujo Pending e:ka no:tsa More research needs to be done on the agentive forms involving the invocation of the <kam>yeyekameh</kam>. In Ameyaltepec (though perhaps not Oapan) it appears that the word is seldom used and that for this reason there seems to be a lot of variation among speakers. Thus I have documented the agentive forms <kam>te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl</kam> , <kam>te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl</kam> , <kam>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</kam> , <kam>te:tlaye:kano:chilike:tl</kam> , and <kam>te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl</kam> , as well as the verbal <kam>yeyekatlanono:chilia</kam>. There are three axes upon which the variation occurs: 1) if the incorporated noun the stand-alone <kam>yeyeka</kam> or the root <kam>ye:ka</kam> ; 2) is the verbal form reduplicated as <kam>nono:chilia</kam> or unreduplicated as <kam>no:chilia</kam> ; 4) is the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> included in the nominal agentive; and 5) if it is included is it prefixed to the verbal construction or does it appear between the incorporated noun and the verbal root <kam>no:chilia</kam>. Given that <kam>no:chilia</kam> is a trivalent verb we would expect two objects: a primary object as benefactive (in this case <kn>te:-</kn>) and a secondary object, the patient or that which is called (in this case <kam>ye:ka</kam> or <kam>yeyeka</kam>). Thus there would seem to be no grammatical motivation for <kn>tla-</kn> and the forms that have them might reflect the little use these terms are given. Note that in Oapan only one form has been documented: <koa>té:yeyekano:chíliké:tl</koa> and there is no <kn>tla-</kn> prefix. Determine which is more common: /te:ye:katlanono:chilike:tl/ or /te:ye:kanono:chilike:tl/. Note that in the form without /tla-/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ saturates one of the argument slots and reduces the valency of /nono:chilia/ by one argument. However, in /te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl/ the incorporated noun /yekatl/ is more like an instrumental. Check Oapan form to make sure that /ka/ syllable ending /yeyeka/ is not long and stressed from the reduced reduplicant. Note that the Ameyaltepec form has a reduplicated verbal root and the Oapan form does not. This might reflect a difference. It seems like the Oapan form is more likely since one 'calls' to the /yeyekameh/ and does not converse with them. There are 4 tokens for this word from ref. 04645. These should be tagged as 542. And note that the female and male tokens that will be linked to the lexical entry should be selected from these originally 4645 tokens, and not from the 542 ones (which have too much echo). te:yekatlanono:chilike:tl equivalent Am 00543 sokititlan sokititlan sokititlan sokititlan
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-titlan N1(loc) place full of mud; muddy (in reference to a place) lodal; lodero; lugar lleno de lodo o cieno Pending soki -titlan 00544 a:wilkorral a:wilkorral a:wilko:rral a:wilko:rral
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>corral</spn> N N-N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) (<kam>toa:wilkorral</kam> , <kam>ta:wilkorral</kam> > bull ring ruedo de toros Am, Oa a:wil In Oapan <kloa>tó:rokó:rral</kloa>is now the more common term, though <koa>a:wilko:rral</koa> is still understood and sometimes used. Check /r/ in Oapan pronunciation. I had written /a:wilko:rral/ but in my notes had"In Oapan the /rr/ is not used, only /r/."These conflicting statements should be remedied. Check vowel length in Am, final /o/ of /a:wilkorral/. tó:rokó:rral synonym Oa 00545 wetskistli wetskistli wetskistli wetskistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-is Stem 1(s) laughter risa Pending O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli. Am Laughter got the better of me. Me ganóla risa. person who laughs a lot persona que se ríe mucho; persona risueña Pending Melá:k wetskistli, ke:n wetskani. Am He laughs a lot, he is always laughing. Se ríe mucho, siempre estáriéndose. (often plural) young man who dresses up (often in women's clothes, as an old man, in tattered clothes, etc.) during the Carnival or a traditional marriage (a menudo plural) joven que se viste como mujer, como viejo, o en harapos durante la Carnaval o una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional Am, Oa wetska wetskistli; wetskani Wide variation has been documented in the meaning of <kamoa>wetskistli</kamoa>, from the expected 'laughter' to two agentive-like meanings: person who laughs a lot, and carnival/wedding performer who makes others laugh. The latter meaning is quite common in Oapan, and Ameylatepec use might be a borrowing since this custom (of young males dressing up during Carnival and weddings) is not practiced in the latter village. However, the meaning 'person who laughs a lot' might not stand up under further scrutiny and consultation with other speakers. Nevertheless, note that in Northern Puebla both definitions are found: '1. <kn>s</kn>risa... 2. <kn>adj</kn>risueño' (note that use of <kn>wetskistli</kn> with the second definition is considered adjectival by the authors). Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/. Check correctness of /wetskistli/ as a 'person who laughs a lot.' Cf. and differentiate from /wetskani/. On one file card I not that the two are the same. There is no mention of /wetskistli/ meaning laughter in most of the documented uses of this word. Check, though from the derivational point of view it seems a reasonable meaning. In another filecard I have /uwetskistli/ as 'payaso de Carnaval'. Check whether /uwetskistli/ is used, or only /wetskistli/. 00546 ista:hkwe:tli ista:hkwe:tli ista:hkwe:tli ista:hkwe:tli
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(:) light skirt that goes under a <klamoa>kwe:pani</klamoa> falda ligera que se pone abajo de un <klamoa>kwe:pani</klamoa> Pending sta kwe: tlake:ntli Check to determine if this an /ista:hkwe:tli/ is simply from the waist down, or whether it can be a full slip. I think, if I remember correctly, that the latter is called a /korpiñoh/. Check. Elicit all names for clothes and parts thereof. 00547 tlakwake:tl tlakwake:tl tlákwaké:tl tlakwake:tl tlákwaké:tl
24/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes guest who is being fed visita que estácomiendo Am, Oa Xne:xchia, nikpia tlakwake:tl! Am Wait for me, I have a guest who is eating! ¡Espérame, tengo una visita que estácomiendo! kwa Agentive: Note that the use of the agentive /-ke:tl/ is not necessary limited to habitual or repeated actions. In the present case it indicates a very temporary event: eating by a guest. Right after finishing the person is no longer a /tlakwake:tl/. Check for possessed form, /notlakwaka:w/. 00548 kuwkihli kuwkihli kohkihli kohkihli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of tree still not identified tipo deárbol todavía no identificado Am, Oa Kuwkihli | Bwe:noh para yugoh, para timó:n, para itlah tli:n sole:rah, tira:ntes ipan kahli. Am <kam>Kuwkihli</kam> : It is good for yokes, for plow beams, for whatever main beam or ridge beam used in a house. <kam>Kuwkihli</kam> : Es bueno para yugos, para timones de arado, para cualquier viga o tirante que se utiliza en las casas. kow kil 00549 yekxowa yekxowa yexowa yexowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-2b to sneeze estornudar Pending functions ekxo Classical Nahuatl has <kn>ecuxoa</kn>, in Molina listed under <kn>necuxoa</kn>. RS has the expected entry under <kn>ecuxoa</kn>. yekxo:ltia val_add_caus Am 00550 ma:sa:lowa kima:sa:lowa ma:sa:lowa kima:sa:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-2b to tie the hands together of (e.g., a prisoner, or in general of any person or animal) atarle las manos a (un preso o en general de cualquier persona o animal) Pending O:kima:sa:lokeh, kwi:kaskeh. Am They tied his hands together, they are going to take him away. Le ataron las manos, lo van a llevar. ma: sa:l 00551 tei:nia kitei:nia tei:nia kitei:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to shatter; to break apart or break into pieces; to crumble (sth brittle) hacer añicos de; desmenuzar (algo quebradizo) Am, Oa to break; to make change (money, i.e., changing a bill for coin, a larger denomination coin for a smaller one, or even money from one country for that from another) cambiar (dinero, cambiando un billete por monedas, una moneda de denominación grande por otras más pequeñas, o hasta dinero de un país por lo de otro) Am, Oa Xwel niktei:nia notomi:n, xtlah tei:nki. Am I can't change my money, there's no change. No puedo cambiar mi dinero, no hay cambio. (often reduplicated with short vowel) to shell (maize) (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) Pending Xiktetei:nitiwetsi un sintli! Am Shell that maize in a hurry! ¡Desgrana ese maíz rápido! tei: tei:nia (sintli); o:ya Determine, or rather make sure, that /tei:nia/ can refer not only to breaking a larger for smaller denomination of money, but to changing money from one country for that from other. tei:nilia val_add_applic Am 00552 o:mexiwtilia ko:mexiwtilia o:mexihtilia ko:mexihtilia
11/Feb/2006
13/Nov/2001
No V2 Num-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a see <klam>-xiwtilia</klam> véase <klam>-xiwtilia</klam> Am, Oa o:me 00553 i:xtaka i:xtakatsi:n te:no:tsa i:xtaka i:xtaka
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man secretly, in secret; surreptitiously a escondidas; secretamente, en secreto Am, Oa Ke:ch ika xakah a:k, i:xtaka titlakwa. Am In the meantime that no one is around, you eat in secret. Mientras no haya nadie, comes a escondidas. I:xtakatsi:n o:tiah. Am You secretly slipped away (without anyone knowing). Te escabulliste en secreto (sin que nadie se enterara). silently or softly (in making a sound) silenciosamente o despacito (en hacer un sonido) Pending I:xtakatsi:n tinenemi. Am You walk very quietly (making little noise, as if doing sth in secret). Caminas silenciosamente (como si fuera en secreto). I:xtakatsi:n titlatowa, ma:ka yekah kikakis. Am You speak softly (as if telling a secret) so that no one will hear it (what you say). Hablas despacito (como comunicando un secreto) para que nadie lo escuche (lo que dices). i:xtaka As an independent predicate modifier <kamoa>ixtaka</kamoa> most often occurs in the diminutive <kamoa>ixtakatsi:n</kamoa>. It also is found compounded with certain nouns and verbs: e.g., the nominal <klamoa>ixtakakone:tl</klamoa>, the intranstive verbs <klamoa>ixtakao:sti</klamoa>and <kloa>ixtakakoné:watí</kloa>, and the transitive verb <klamoa>ixtakakwa</klamoa>. Check other occurrences of /ixtaka/. Note placement of indefinite object /tla-/ in /ixtaka tlakwa/. However, one person at least gave /titlaixtakakwa/ as also correct. This should be checked. 00554 toto:nixtok toto:nixtok toto:nixtok toto:nixtok
09/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Lex. rdp-s Durative to be having a fever (from an illness) tener o estar con fiebre (de una enfermedad) Am, Oa to feel overheated (from exposure to the sun) sentirse calentado (por haber sido expuesto al sol) Pending to:n 00555 tlankechihli tlankechihli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 bite mark mordedura Am tlan kechi <kam>Tlankechihli</kam> refers to a single bite mark, apparently only when the teeth do not break the skin (e.g., a dog that has bit a person). The plural form <kam>tlatlankechihli</kam> refers to the fact that several teeth marks are visible in one location, as formed by a group of teeth in a single mouth. Molina has <kn>tlanquechia. nite.</kn> 'morder o dar dentellada sin sacar bocado' as well as <kn>quequetzoma</kn> o <kn>quequetzuma</kn> frec. de <kn>quetzoma. nite.</kn> 'mordisquear, despedazar a alguien, darle mordiscos.' Check plurality of /tlatlankechihli/ and cf. to possible /tlankechilteh/. (Note that my original file card had /tlatlankechihli/ simply stated to be 'plural.' Check for verbal form as in In my original notes for this entry I had under /lxo"see <kn>tlantetso:hli</kn> but have not found this entry in the dictionary. There might be an error in my annotation of the Oapan form, but I am not clear on this. However, I have added /tlanketso:hli/ which I assume is the form I intended, mistyping /t/ for /k/. Reduplication; plurality: Note the singular /tlankechihli/ and plural /tlatlankechihli/. The plural here seems to indicate (and this should be checked) that the plurality refers to repeated bite marks that are close together, i.e., the result of a single bite, yet with multiple teeth. Nevertheless, this should be checked. tlanketsowa confer Am, Oa tlanketso:hli synonym Oa 00556 pio pio pio
11/Feb/2006
pio Call Onom-loan (often repeated three times) sound used to call chicks and chickens to feed (a menudo repetido tres veces) sonido utilizado para llamar a comer a los pollitos y gallinas Oa pio kwa:naka The use of <kamoa>pio, pio, pio</kamoa> as a word to call chicks and chickens is borrowed from Spanish. Thus the <kn>Diccionario de la lengua española</kn>has, under <spn>pío</spn> 'Voz que forma el pollo de cualquier ave.ú. también de esta voz para llamarlos a comer.' According to Cristino Flores this call is not used in Ameyaltepec. However, it was documented and should be checked. 00557 kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh
11/Feb/2006
lomo N N-complex N1 type of saddle pad in which two <kam>kwa:xtli</kam> s are tied together with rope and thrown over a mule or donkey so that one hangs over each flank tipo de colcha que se coloca abajo de la silla de un burro o mula y que se cuelga en dos partes sobre cada lado del animal Am Kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh, san kisasa:lowan itech si:yah, san tlapo:wtok. Am A <kam>cuaxtle de lomillo</kam> (is so called because) it is just tied onto the saddle, it is open (on top). Un cuaxtle de lomillo (asíse llama porque) simplemente lo atan a la silla, estáabierto (por la parte de arriba). material kwa:ch Horse and animal tools See illustration on 3x5 card; make illustration 00558 mache:teh la:rgoh mache:teh la:rgoh machí:teh lá:rgoh machí:teh lá:rgoh
22/Oct/2005
machete; largo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) straight machete machete derecho Am, Oa tool-cultivate machete; agriculture mache:teh pia:stli equivalent Am machí:te peyá:stli equivalent Oa 00559 matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni malapalkwe:kwetla:ni mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans Lex. rdp-l class-3a yes-lex see <klamoa>ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni</klamoa> véase <klamoa>ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni</klamoa> Am, Oa mah tlapal kwetla: Check vowel p-a in Oapan form from Yale tape as in my original entry here I had no p-a 00560 pochi:nki pochi:nki pochi:nki pochi:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be fuzzy (the surface of certain items such as old bark paper or cloth, etc.) estar velloso o velludo (la superficie de cosas como papel de amate o tela vieja, etc.) Am, Oa to be unravelled (e.g., the edges of cloth) estar deshilachado o deshilado (p. ej., la orilla de una tela) Pending texture pochi: 00561 piomo:hli piomo:hli pio:mo:hli pio:mo:hli
24/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>pio</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 3 chicken dish with mole made from squash seeds guisado de pollo con mole hecho de semilla de calabaza Pending pio mo:l mo:hli; chicken (types and ages, terms, etc.) Note that this should perhaps be written as two words /pio mo:hli/, which seems to be underlyingly long and is perhaps shortened in /piomo:hli/ for being word final. Cf. entry under /kwa:naka/. Check vowel length of /piomo:hli/, particularly first /o/, which I have long in Oapan but had short in Ameyaltepec. 00562 ye:kte:ne:wa kiye:kte:ne:wa ye:hte:ne:wa kiye:hte:ne:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-[N-V2] V2-b class-3a(w) to speak well of; to praise hablar bien de; elogiar Am, Oa Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. Am That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. Ma:ka xye:kte:ne:wa, yewa no: a:wilnemi! Am Don't sing the praises of her, she also fools around! ¡No la vayas a elogiar, ella también anda de loca! ye:k te:n e:wa <kam>Ye:kte:ne:wa</kam> is most often used in reference to a young adolescent girl who maintains her virginity, who doesn't fool around with boys. According to Luis Lucena it is not used as a term to refer to the general praising of a person. Nevertheless, the full range of meaning of this term should be determined. Make sure that epenthetic /y/ is always maintained. 00563 popo:chkahli popo:chkahli
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 3 incense burner (the type consisting of a round pot that is held with <spn>alambre recocido</spn>) sahumerio (el tipo que se hace de una ollita que se sostiene con alambre recocido) Am material po:ch kal Make illustration. po:chko:ni; po:chkaxitl confer Oa popo:chko:ntli synonym Am 00564 tla:lpitsaktli tla:lpitsaktli tla:lpitsahli tla:lpitsahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-wi-k Stem 1(:) narrow piece of land pedazo de tierra angosta Am, Oa tla:l pitsa: Check to determine whether this refers to a field, i.e., planted or worked land, or to any piece of land. Check to make sure that Oapan form is /tla:lpitsahli/ and not /tla:lpitsahtli/. If it is the former, it should be given a new entry and the xrefs added. 00565 pano:ltia kipano:ltia pano:ltia kipano:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to take from one side to another (e.g., from one side of a river to another, across a street or highway, through a dangerous place, etc.) llevar de un lado a otro (p. ej., cruzando un río, de un lado de la calle a otro, atravesando un lugar peligroso como un bosque, etc.) Pending Xne:chompano:lti! Pakateh chichimeh, ke:n te:muwtikeh! Am Take me across (in this case your yard or patio)! There are dogs there, they are really fierce! ¡Llévame al otro lado (en este caso de tu patio)! Hay perros,¡son muy bravos! Nikimpano:lti:s nobaki:tas. A:man xnikaxilia, kichi:was te:tlakwali:skeh. Am I'm going to move my cattle to the other side (in this case placing them inside a fenced area). Today I don't have time, (and I'm worried that) they well might eat people's maize (in the fields). Voy a pasar mis vaquitas al otro lado (en este caso metiéndolas en un potrero). Hoy no me da tiempo (y estoy preocupado que) es posible que le van a comer la milpa a alguien. (reduplicated with short vowel) to continually pass over (e.g., lines in painting) (reduplicado con vocal corta) rebasar repetidas veces (p. ej., líneas en pintar) Pending Ma:ka tikpapano:lti:s, nikna:makasneki! Am Don't go over the lines (in this case painting an amate), I want to sell it! ¡No vayas a estar rebasando (en este caso líneas al pintar un amate), lo quiero vender! (refl.) to make ends meet (relf.) mantenerse Am, Oa Xwel panowa, tlatski, xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:n pano:s. Am He can't get by, he's lazy, he can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by. No puede arreglarselas, es flojo, no puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas. pano: panowa verb_base Am, Oa pano:ltilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00566 yzzz tsómakó:ltsi:n tsómakó:ltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, <l>Cathartes aura</l> tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el"Turkey Vulture," <l>Cathartes aura</l> Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 animal bird tsohma ko:l The etymology of <koa>tsómakó:ltsi:n</koa> clearly includes a word for buzzards (cf. San Juan Tetelcingo <ktet>tsohma</ktet>) and the element <kn>ko:l</kn>, perhaps related to the root for 'grandfather.' This is a redheaded buzzard. Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave this as the name for Ameyaltepec <kam>tsomakwi:xin</kam> but this might have been based on the identity of the first elements of each. Provisionally the Ameyaltepec bird seems to have been described as having a black head; some consultants translated <kam>tsomakwi:xin</kam> as 'gavilán negro.' In Oapan all consultants stated that <koa>tsómakó:ltsi:n</koa> was red-headed. If I remember correctly in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo the simple word <kam>tsohma</kam> is used to refer to a buzzard, although the precise arrangement of species is still quite uncertain. Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check. tsomakwi:xin equivalent Am ko:leh bie:joh equivalent Am tsópí:lo:tl equivalent Oa 00567 mimilo:hli mimilo:hli
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Lex. rdp-s Stem 3 something round and cylindrical (particularly firewood that has not been split) algo redondo y cilindrico (particularmente en referencia a lena) Am mil Despite the fact that the Ameyaltepec form is reduplicated and the Oapan form not, both have been included under this single entry. The Oapan entry here has been deleted and moved to entry 3564. Please tag all speech tokens here with ref # 3065. tla:lmimilo:hli confer Am tla:lmilo:hli confer Oa 00568 po:ni po:ni po:ni po:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] Compl; +Caus class-3a to bloom (flowers as they begin to open up) brotar (flores que empiezen a abrirse) Am, Oa to crumble, open up, or expand (rocks, such as lime rocks when water is poured on them, or certain crumbly rocks such as <klam>tla:la:mo:hli</klam> , which is used to harden dirt floors, when sprinkled with water) abrirse y expanderse (piedras, como de cal al mojarse, o ciertas piedras que se desmenuzan fácilmente como <klam>tla:la:mo:hli</klam> , que se emplea para endurecer pisos de tierra, al ser rociadas con agua) Pending Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis. Am That clay will crumble apart (as water thrown onto it), it will become broken upon into fine pieces. Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino. (fig.) to show up unexpectedly; to pop up (a person, particularly in showing up late for a task that is being avoided) (fig.) dejarse ver; aparecer de repente (una persona, particularmente al llegar tarde para hacer una tarea que trataba evitar) Pending Kemech a:man o:tipo:n, tewameh o:tlan tito:kan. Am You've just showed up now, now that <i>we've</i>finished planting. Apenas te dejaste ver, <i>nosotros</i>ya terminamos de sembrar. po: po:naltia val_add_caus Am 00569 to:nalisiwisioh to:nalisiwisioh tó:nalisiwísioh tó:nalisiwísioh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia[v] yes-lex to have heat rash (i.e., <klamoa>to:nalisiwistli</klamoa>) tener sarpullido a causa del calor (esto es, <klamoa>to:nalisiwistli</klamoa>) Am, Oa disease to:na hsi 00570 no:ntsi:n no:ntsi:n no:ntsi:n no:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 mute mudo Am, Oa physical no:n <kamoa>No:ntsi:n</kamoa> is one of very few nouns that are documented only with the diminutive/reverential ending <kn>-tsi:n</kn>. Recheck for possibility of ?no:ntli. 00571 pa:ya:wia kipa:ya:wia pápa:ya:wía ['pa pa: ya: 'wi ya] papa:ya:wia kí:pa:ya:wía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa): <koa>kí:pa:ya:wíya</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to confuse; to muddle (a person) confundir; aturdir (a algn) Pending pa:ya: The Ameyaltepec form has been documented without reduplication; this is not the case in Oapan. All these forms should be checked. Note that the Oa has rdp-s while Am does not. Check. Check p-a pattern in Oapan in light of comments in 3667. 00572 yzzz tomi:wah tomi:wah
22/Oct/2005
N N-posr-wah N1 rich person; person with a lot of money rico; persona con mucho dinero Oa tomi:n The Ameyaltepec cognate is a denominal adjectival. tomi:nyoh synonym Am 00573 tsonpachiwtok tsonpachiwtok tsonpachitok tsonpachihtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat *V1-Stat Durative hunched or bent over with ones head down (e.g, a person intently writing, painting, working, etc.) agachado; cabizbajo (p. ej., una persona que estáintentamente escribiendo, pintando, trabajando, o también triste o melancólica, etc.) Am, Oa tson pach Make illustration of this position. 00574 i:xakawa:ki i:xakawa:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ki class-3a(k) to start to dry off at the surface or along an outer area (e.g., bricks, <spn>tejamanil</spn>, cinderblocks, materials made of clay or other similar substances; heavy clothes; land after a rain; squash seeds taken out and left in lumps to partially dry before being spread out flat to complete the process) empezar a secarse por la superficie o partes exteriores (p. ej., ladrillo, tejamanil, blokes, material hecha de cerámica o barro o sustancias similares; ropa gruesa; la tierra después de una lluvia; semilla de calabaza al dejarse amontonado antes de extenderse plenamente para que se seque por completo) Am Yo:pe:w i:xakawa:ki motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki. Am The outermost part of your clothes have started to dry off, but they still haven't dried completely. Ya empezóa secarse la superficie de tu ropa, pero todavía no se seca bien. Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki. Am In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (in this case into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezarlo, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (en este caso de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. i:xaka wa: In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. The meaning of this word is unclear. Check. Also make sure that the first sequence is /i:xaka/, with no other possible derivation. Make sure there is no /h/ (e.g. i:xahka:wa:ki?). I doubt it, but check. It is unclear why /i:xaka-/, which usually refers to 'face down' here means 'superficie'; but it might be simply related to 'face' or 'surface' and the meaning of 'to dry on the face (i.e., surface). Check all pronuncations of /melá:k/ for vowel length of final /a:/. In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. Unclear whether /i:x/ should be considered in etymology of /i:xaka/. 00575 tla:kaneki tla:kaneki tla:kaneki tla:kaneki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(k) to want a man (as a sexual partner, usually in reference to a"loose woman"[S] but may also be used in reference to a man aleged to be homosexual); to be horney (for a man) estar caliente sexualmente; querer acostarse con un hombre (generalmente dicho en referencia a una mujer"fácil"[S], pero también se puede emplear en referencia a cualquier persona que desea sexualmente a un hombre) Am, Oa Gri:ngas melá:k mitsyo:kolian. Tla:kanekin. Am American women (<kam>gringas</kam>) really provoke you. They desire men (as sexual partners, i.e., they are sexually aggressive). Gringas de veras te provokan. Quieren a los hombres (como parejas sexuales, esto es, son agresivas sexualmente). tla:ka neki 00576 po:lkoh po:lkoh
11/Feb/2006
polco N N-loan N1 see <klam>ara:doh de po:lkoh</klam> see <klam>ara:doh de po:lkoh</klam> Am tool List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de kuhtli/ 00577 ikne:lia kikne:lia ihne:lia kihne:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b class-2a to pity; to feel sorry or have compassion for (sb poor, ill, etc.) tener o sentir lástima por (algn pobre o enfermo, etc.) Am, Oa Xte:iknelia. Am He doesn't pity anyone. No le tiene lástima a nadie. O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia. Am He lowered (the price) for you, he takes pity on you. Te bajó(el precio), te tiene compasión. kne:li Check to make sure that the initial vowel is epenthetic. 00578 tepitsi:n tepitsi:n tepitsi:n tepitsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 a little (of sth such as food or drink) un poco (de algo como comida o bebida) Am, Oa Achi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili! Am Serve me a little more! ¡Sírveme un poquito más! (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~) a moment (measure of time) (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~) un momento (medida de tiempo) Pending San tepitsi:n, xne:xchi:xtiwetsi! Am Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second! ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más! San te:tepitsi:n niá:s. Am In just a little bit I'll go. Voy en un rato más. (<kamoa>san te:tepitsi:n</kamoa>) in a very short time (<kamoa>san te:tepitsi:n</kamoa>) en muy poco tiempo Am, Oa San te:tepitsí:n yekós. Oa He will arrive in a very short time. Va a llegar en poco tiempo. tepi In terms of time, <kam>te:tepitsi:n</kam> indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by <kam>tepitsi:n</kam>. In Ameyaltepec the phrase <kam>san te:tepitsi:n</kam> is not common; it is also apparently also used with <klam>sa:</klam> as in <kam>sa: te:tepitsi:n</kam>. According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) the phrase <kam>san te:tepitsi:n</kam> indicates a very short period of time; it is similar in meaning to <koa>a:mantsi:n</koa> but indicates a shorter period than <kloa>ma:yatsi:n</kloa>. Check and determine the proper part of speech of this term and the phrase <kam>san tepitsi:n</kam> , which functions adverbially. Reduplication with long vowel: In terms of time, <kam>te:tepitsi:n</kam> indicates a period slightly longer than that indicated by <kam>tepitsi:n</kam>. Note that the previous is from my original notes. This should be checked and, once confirmed, entered into the grammar. weliá confer Oa 00579 -kwitlapan ikwitlapan -kwitlapan i:kwitlapan
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N-loc-poss-pan N2 in back of atrás de; a espaldas de Am, Oa Ikwitlapan mokal o:noka:w. Am It was left behind your house. Se dejóatrás de tu casa. Pakah nokwitlapan. Am It is there in back of me. Alláestá, atrás de mi. Ikwitlapan tlaxkahli. Am The bottom part of a tortilla (i.e., the thicker section of a tortilla that puffs up, opposed to <kamoa>i:xa:yak</kamoa>). La parte inferior de una tortilla (esto es, la capa más gruesa de una tortilla que se alza, opuesto a <kamoa>i:xa:yak</kamoa>). kwitla -pan Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. 00580 tsonakatlalo:xtia kitsonakatlalo:xtia tsonakatlalo:xtia kitsonakatlalo:xtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to push or move sideways empujar o conducir hacia un lado Pending Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s. Am The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you). El viento te va a estar empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento). tsonaka tlal 00581 kukuwke:tl kukuwke:tl kókohké:tl kókohké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:kohké:tl</koa> n Stem 2 yes-rdp woodcutter; one who chops wood and sells it as firewood leñador Am, Oa kow Derived from the verb <kam>kukowi</kam> or <koa>kókowí</koa> 'to chop wood.' Oapan reduplication reduction: <koa>Kókohké:tl</koa> is derived from the verb <koa>kókowí</koa> 'to chop wood.' In Oapan when the agentive noun is preceded by a prefix having a short vowel the reduplication is reduced: <koa>ní:kohké:tl</koa>. 00582 kókoneh kókoneh kú:kuneh kú:kuneh kókoneh kókoneh kókoneh kókoneh kókoneh kókoneh
11/Feb/2006
Call Onom Lex. rdp-s yes-rdp feeding call used (by women) for baby male turkeys palabra utilizada (por mujeres) para llamar a guajolotitos machos a comer Pending animal sounds This call is usually uttered in groups of two: <kam>kókuneh kokuneh</kam>. Perhaps it is related to the root <kam>kone:</kam> although it might simply be used for its sound. An alternative pronunciation is <kam>kókoneh kókoneh</kam>. There are four additional female tokens at 6087, which should be tagged as 00582. These probably have better sounds so two should be chosen for the final sound file, which should have two female sequences of /kókoneh kókoneh/, which is the utterance from 6087. Check to see if /kókuneh kókuneh/ is only used with baby male turkeys.Finally, more commonly this word is pronounced with /u/: /kúkoneh kúkoneh/. 00583 kopaxokotl kopaxokotl kopaxokotl kopaxokotl kopaxokotl kopaxokotl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of wild plum tree tipo de ciruelo silvestre Am, Oa braggart; liar; big-talker; person who misleads by words fanfarrón; engañoso; persona que engaña con palabras Pending Kopaxokotl pa:mpa kamantika xo:chiyowa wa:n xi:ni, xmelá:k tla:ki, istlakatki. Am He (a liar) is called a <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> because it (a <kamoa>kopaxokotl</kamoa>) sometimes flowers and then sheds its flowers, it doesn't really come to fruit, it"lies." El (un mentiroso) es un <kamoa>kopaxokotl</kamoa> porque a veces florea y después se caen, no da fruta de veras,"miente". Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k. Am You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true. Parloteas como un ciruelo (esto es, engañas), dices cosas aunque no son verdad. Tikopaxokotl pa:mpa xokotl titlatowa. Tistlakatki, tikitowa tlato:hli ma:ski xmelá:k. Am You're a big-talker because you speak like a plum tree. You lie, you say things even though they aren't true. Eres un mentiroso porque hablas como un ciruelo, dices cosas aun cuando no son ciertas. plant kohtli edible kopa xoko Apparently the <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> is one species of tree that has separate male and female. Both flower but the male does not come to fruition. Speakers are often able, given their experience and knowledge of the local ecosystem, to point out which <kamoa>kopaxokotl</kamoa> tree is male (i.e., hasn't ever and won't come to fruit). The metaphoric use of <kamoa>kopaxokotl</kamoa>, therefore, comes from the fact that the male trree (like the female) flowers and thus promises the fruit that flowers usually generate. But unlike most species the fruit never appears, the tree having promised what it did not deliver. The <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> is a type of <kam>xokotl</kam> that comes to fruit in late summer (<kam>tla:ki xo:pantlah</kam>), i.e., from August to September. The fruit is yellow when ripe. According to Cornelio Lucino, the wood from this tree may be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>ciruelo berraco</kam>. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the <kam>ciruelo copajocote</kam> , of the family <kam>Rosaceae</kam>. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called <kam>copalcojote</kam> of which she says:"(<kam>Cyrtocarpa procera</kam>) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro."And under this latter plant she states:"(<kam>Cyrtocarpa procera</kam>) '[family cashew].' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 154, 156) seem to have two species of the <i>Anacardiaceae</i>family that bear edible fruit. One is the <i>Spondias purpure a I</i>known in Span ish as <spn>ciruelo</spn> or <spn>ciruelita de cerro</spn>. Of this:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>known as <spn>coco de cerro</spn>. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales."Perhaps one of the two is the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> and the other is the <klam>kopaxokotl</klam>. At this point my guess is that of the two the <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> might well be <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>, while the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> would seem to be the <i>Spondias purpurea</i>. See <klam>masa:xokotl</klam>. In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo considers that there are two types, one that forms fruit and the other that doesn't. But both form flowers in April, its fruit is found in July and August. Note that in two entries I had recorded /kopalxokotl/ and /kopalxokonono:tsa/, probably the correct for is /kopaxoko.../ but possible presence of /l/ should be checked for. Note that I have checked and this is definitely /kopaxokotl/ and not *kopalxokotl. Any occurrences of the latter should be corrected. Check and correct if necessary: Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa. Perhaps /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. Note the following syntax and its importance for understanding the marking of subjects in phrases: /Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k/ 'You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true.' Here we see that the subject marker is placed at the left of the phrase, before a noun in a modifying function with a verb. There is no incorporation since the absolutive is still with the noun. Thus we have a predicate 'speak' with the adverbial function of a noun, though not incorporated. Another phrase indcates a problem of subject marking: /Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa/ Perhaps here there is simply a /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. This phrase should be checked and corrected if necessary. However, the major point is the sequence /tikopaxokotl tlatlatlowa/; cf. /tiwe:i chichi/. Other simiilar examples should be noted and discussed in the grammar. Additonal tokens will be tagged from #3794, which has been deleted. xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni equivalent Am kopaxokonono:tsa confer Am 00584 ye:i ye:i ye:i ye:i
11/Feb/2006
Num Num-b pl. for humans only: <kam>ye:imeh</kam> (~ [noun]) three [noun] (~ [sustantivo]) tres Am, Oa Ye:i nokone:wa:n. Am I have three children. Tengo tres hijos. O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl. Am He thrashed him three times with a switch. Le diótres latigazos. Ka:dah ye:i to:nahli tekipanoti:askeh. Am They will go along working every third día. Van a ir trabajando cada tres días (no cada tercer día en el sentido de un día si, otro día no, etc.). (~ [verb]) three (of sth already mentioned in discourse) (~ [verbo]) tres (de algo ya mencionado en el discurso) Am, Oa Ye:i mitsmakas, newa san se: o:ne:chtoka:roh. Am He will give you three (of them), I just got one. Te va a dar tres (de ellos), a míme tocónada más uno. (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~) the third time (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~) la tercera vez Pending I:pan ye:i to:kas. Am He will plant on the third time (his plow passes over the field). Va a sembrar la tercera vez (su arado pasa sobre el terreno). (with short vowel reduplication) three by threes; in threes (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tres por tres; en treces Am, Oa Yeye:i nikto:ka. Am I plant it (e.g., maize) three by three (i.e., with three seeds per hole). Lo siembro (p. ej., maíz) tres por tres (esto es, tres semillas cada pocito). (<kam>ka:dah</kam> ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every third (<kam>ka:dah</kam> ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada tres Pending Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl. Am I'll be coming to drop of water here every three days. Voy a estar viniendo para dejar agua aquícada tres días. e:i tla:hli; re: /i:pan ye:i to:ka/. One can plant either the third or fourth time the plow passes over the earth. Make sure that /ye:imeh/ is only for humans and not for other animates as well. Check whether /ka:dah ye:i/ means 'every other day' like it would in Spanish 'cada tercer día' or it means every three days; my feeling is that the latter is the case. Note that I have both /ka:dah yeye:i/ and /ka:dah ye:i/. However, /ka:dah ye:ye:i/ does not seem correct. Check. In general check long and short vowel reduplication with numbers and the meaning. Directionals; aspectuals: Note the following modification of an aspectual with a directional prefix: /wa:l-/ with /-tiw/: /Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl./ 'Ka:dah yeye:i to:nahli nikwa:lka:wtia:s a:tl' 00585 kwe:xtik kwe:xtik kwe:xtik kwe:xtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be finely ground (polvo de chile, sesame, etc.) estar finamente molido (chile powder, ajonjolí, etc.) Am, Oa to be very small; tiny; fine (in size) ser muy pequeño; chiquititos (en tamaño) Am, Oa Xo:chika:w, ti:roh kwe:xtik nosin. Am They didn't mature, my <kam>mazorcas</kam> are really small. No se maduraron, mis mazorcas quedaron muy pequeñas. Kwe:xtik -=pi:pitik- xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i. Am Write it in small letters, not large ones! ¡Escríbelo en letras chiquitas, no grandes! Kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh. Am They are really small (e.g., little baby chicks, turkeys). Son chiquititos (p. ej., pollitos, guajolititos). Asta ihkón patioh xnihkowas! Ti:roh kukwe:xtsitsi:ntih. Am At such an expensive price I won't buy them! They (in this case ceramics) are really small. ¡Asíde caro no me los voy a comprar! Son (en este caso cerámica) muy chiquititas. to be close together (e.g., a weave of thread or straw, a stitch in sewing, a painting in black ink with the lines close together, etc.) estar bien apretado (p. ej., un tejido de tela o palma); pegado o fino (p. ej., un dibujo en blanco y negro tener las líneas muy pegadas) Pending Ma:s kwe:xtik nosombre:roh. Am My hat is finer (i.e., with a finer weave of the palm). My sombrero es más fino (esto es, más finamente tejido). Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih. Am He painted it in fine detail. Lo pintóen fino detalle. Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. Am It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn. El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik. Am You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together. Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino. in great detail (an explanation); meticulously (a task performed) en gran detalle (una explicación); meticulosamente (una tarea llevada a cabo) Pending Kineki kwe:xtik xkimihli. Am It's necessary for you to explain it to them in great detail. Es necesario que se lo expliques en gran detalle. kwe:ch Note that only the reduplicated and plural form (<kam>kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh</kam>) is used in reference to small animals. Check /Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih/ or should it be /-tlapahlo:ltia/. Correct here and elsewhere. Recheck /teskaltik/ and give appropriate meaning here. 00586 mali:na kimali:na mali:na kimali:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni ~Intrans class-3a to spin into twine against a part of the body (e.g., in ones hand, or, as is often the case, against ones leg) torcer algún hilo o cosa parecida en la palma, contra la pierna, etc. aunque generalmente contra la pierna Am, Oa mali: <kam>Mali:na</kam> is used, for example, to describe the action of making hemp thread. The artisan pulls strands of maguey from a bunch of the dried fiber and rolls them together, into twine, against his shin. He is then able to use the twine to make things such as hemp bags (see <klamoa>tema:tlatl</klamoa>). According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) if one does not have hair on ones shin one can make twine on the shin, however, those who have hairy shins must make twine on the thigh of their pants leg. He also said that if one starts rolling the twine from the bottom of the thigh or shin toward the top and then down again, the cord is tightly wound. However, when starting from the top and going down and then back up, the twine is less tightly wound. This type is called, again according to Roberto Mauricio, <kloa>ma:pochmekatl</kloa>. 00587 tlakomo:ni tlakomo:ni tlakomo:ni tlakomo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a to thunder; for there to be thunder (the rolling thunder of a distant storm, or the thunder accompanying heat lightning) haber truenos (los truenos que acompañan una tempestad todavía distante o lo que en inglés se llama <i>heat lightning</i>) Am, Oa Tlakomo:ni, ye kiawis. Am There is thunder, it's going to rain. Hay truenos, va va a llover. weather komo: distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page. Encyclopedia of whether phenomenon: rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.). Also an account of the /a:wakeh/. tlatlatsi:ni confer Am komo:ni minus_tla Am, Oa 00588 xi:kole:wa kixi:kole:wa xi:kole:wa kixi:kole:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[e] Compl class-3a(w) to cause an abrasion or scrape on raspar o dejar un raspón a Am, Oa O:ne:chxi:kole:w tetl. Am The rock left a scrape on me. La piedra me dejóun raspón. (refl.) to mess up (in the sense of causing sb to have very bad luck, to get ruined in an endeavor, etc.) (refl.) arruinar; chingar (en el sentido de causar mala suerte, arruinar a algn en un negocio, etc.) Pending xi: kol No cognates of this word have been yet found in other dialects although the verbal ending <kn>-e:wa</kn> (or <kn>-e:wi</kn>) would seem to indicate an action that affects the surface or appearance of an object. Check meaning of /xi:kole:wa/ and /xi:kole:wi/ as"chingarse." 00589 chi:koyo:ni chi:koyo:ni chi:koyo:ni chi:koyo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a for a wide gaping hole to form in (cloth, the surface of some object) quedarse con un gran y ancho agujero (tela, una fruta comida por animales) Pending O:hne:xti:to o:chi:koyo:n tosándiah we:i. Xnikmati tli:n yo:lki o:kikwah. Am I went and found our watermelon with a wide gaping hole in it. I don't know what animal ate it. Fui a encontrar que nuestra sandía tenía un gran y ancho agujero. No séque animal lo había comido. chi:- koyo: As with other derivatives with <kam>chi:</kam> , this verb appears to have the sense of something that occurs in excess. Note possible relation of /chi:-/ to the intensifier /cho/, which, however, is an independent, not bound, morpheme. koyo:ni confer Am, Oa 00590 kuwxio:tl istá:k kuwxio:tl de un istá:k kuwxio:tl de un istá:k ista:h kohxio:tl ista:h kohxio:tl kohxio:tl ista:k Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 type of <spn>cuajiote</spn> tree tipo de cuajiote Am, Oa Istá:k kuwxio:tl | Xma:s kanah serbi:rowa, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pa:n. Am <kam>Istá:k kuwxio:tl</kam> : It can't be used for much, [but] it's good for baking bread. <kam>Istá:k kuwxio:tl</kam> : No sirve para mucho, [pero] es bueno para cocer pan. Istá:k kuwxio:tl | A:ntes nokwiyan ikopahlo, ia:xi:xmi:kiyo kohxio:tl de un istá:k para ika kipawia:yan michimeh. Kixi:nian itik a:tl, pe:wa kikoxo:nian ka:n wekatlan, pe:wa ki:san un michin ke:n papa:ya:tsitsi:nteh. Am <kam>Istá:k kuhxio:tl</kam> : In the past the resin, the sap of the <kam>istá:k kuhxio:tl</kam> was used to poison fish. They sprinkle it in the water, they begin to stir it around where the water is deep, the fish start to come up to the surface like they were reeling and dizzy. <kam>Istá:k kuhxio:tl</kam> : Antes la savia, la resina del <kam>istá:k kuhxio:tl</kam> se usaba para envenonar peces. Lo rocían en el agua, empiezan a batirla en un lugar profundo, empiezan a salir los peces a la superficie como atarantados. plant kohtli kow xi sta plant kohtli Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention a <i>Bursera</i>called <i>Bursera fagaroides</i>, which in Spanish is known as <spn>cuajiote blanco</spn>. This is perhaps the <kam>kuhxio:tl de un istá:k</kam>. See entry under <klam>kuhxio:tl</klam> for a more complete account. According to Asunción Marcelo there are two types of this tree. One has smooth bark; the other has sap that hardens into resinous balls. Both have white wood. They are found in a place called <kam>Tepe:kwa:tsotsoltsi:n</kam>. Recheck Yale tape. I originally had /istá:k kuhxio:tl/, which I have changed after the workshop to /ista:h kohxio:tl/, removing the final stress of the first word, changing /k/ to /h/, and changing /u/ to /o/. istá:k kohxio:tl synonym Am kohxio:tl ista:k synonym Oa 00591 tata:nah tata:nah tátá:nah tata:nah tátá:nah
09/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s yes-lex to be baggy (particularly pants) estar holgado (particularmente pantalones) Am, Oa ta:nah Check to determine whether Oapan rdp-s form can be reduced (e.g., to /ní:ta:nátik/). Most likely it can be. 00592 nakastepalka nakastepalka nakastepalka nakastepalka
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-N(ap) N-ap to be hard of hearing tener dificultades para oir Am, Oa to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise because of"thick ears,"like ceramic bowls) tener poca sensibilidad al ruido con tal de que duerme profundamente (el que no despierta fácilmente a pesar de mucho ruido porque tiene las orejas"gruesas"como tepalcates) Am, Oa nakas tepalka Given that <kamoa>nakastepalka</kamoa> lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as <kamoa>se:</kamoa>, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. In my notes I also had /nakastepalkah/; I entered /nakastepalka/ here because of my understanding of the nature of apocopated nouns, which simply lose the absolutive. This should be checked. Also, check with Launey if this should be categorized as an adjective. Adjectives; apocopated: Given that <kamoa>nakastepalka</kamoa> lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as <kamoa>se:</kamoa>, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. nakastlantepalka equivalent Am nakastekakanak confer Am 00593 tlane:wilia kitlane:wilia tlane:wilia kitlane:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to borrow from pedir prestado de Am, Oa Ne:xtlane:wili:sneki noara:doh. Am He wants to borrow my plow from me. Quiere pedirme prestado mi arado. tlane:wi Check if this can be used like /tlane:wia/ in Oapan. Check all forms of this verb: /tlane:wi/, /tlane:wtia/ and /tlane:wilia/. Also check for nominalizations. Check for /tlane:wia/, perhaps this exists in Oapan. Check the difference in Oapan between /kitlane:wilia/ and /kitlane:wiya/ or between /(ki)notlane:wilia/ and /(ki)notlane:wiya/. tlane:wi verb_base Am 00594 ma:ski ma:ski ma:si ma:si
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj That's the way it is! Never mind! Whatever! So be it! I don't care! (used to express resignation that a certain event has or will occur) ¡Ni modo!¡Asíes!¡Quéasísea!¡No me importa! (utilizado para expresar como resignación que algo pasóo va a pasar) Pending Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s. Am Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you. Aquívoy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar. Ma:ski, xya! Am OK then, go (I don't care)! ¡Ni modo, vete! A: Newa xok timitspale:wi:s! B: Ma:ski! Am A: I won't help you anymore! B: So be it! A:¡Ya no te voy a ayudar! B:¡No me importa! ma so iw The use of <kam>ma:ski</kam> as an interjection seems to follow from its function as a subordinator indicating 'even though (in Spanish <spn>aunque</spn>). Molina glosses what is apparently the cognate form from Classical <kn>maciuhqui</kn> as 'aunque sea tal, o tal qual es.' He also has <kn>maciui</kn> as 'aunque, o dado que, o puesto caso.' 00595 kwalne:ska i:kwalne:ska kwalne:ska i:kwalne:ska
24/Oct/2005
N N(at)-N N-dvb-ka N2 that which gives a pleasing appearance to lo que le da una buena apariencia o vista a Am, Oa Yewa ikwalne:ska. Am That's what makes it look good (e.g., a decoration on a house, a piece of jewlery on a young girl, etc.) Eso es lo que le da vista (p. ej., una decoración a una casa, algo de joyería a una muchacha, etc.) kwal ne:si This obligatorily possessed participal refers to something that is done or put on to give a good appearance. It may refer to a part of a whole object, or something that is placed on something else to better its appearance. Obtain a more illustrative use (phrase) of this word. Note that I had orriginally recorded ikwalne:xka but changed to ikwalne:ska after speaking to Florencia. Recheck. 00596 chia:wa kichia:wa chia:wa kichia:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to make greasy (e.g., a utensil, drinking water by contaminating it, etc.); to grease (e.g., a pot or cooking utensil) hacer grasoso (p. ej., un utensilio, agua potable al contaminarla, etc.); engrasar (p. ej., una olla o sartén) Am, Oa Yo:kichia:w iko:n Am He has made his pot greasy (e.g., by cooking something greasy in it). Ha dejado grasosa su olla (p. ej., al cocinar en ella algo grasoso). O:tchia:w ma:w. O:tpolaktih moma, xka:wa, chia:wak katka. Am You made your water get greasy. You stuck your hand in it and, you know what! it was greasy. Hiciste que tu agua quedara grasosa. Le metiste la mano y,¡sabes!, estaba grasosa. O:tine:xchiya:wilih tli:n o:timistlane:wtih. Xka:wa, niktlasotlaya, xnikchia:wa:ya. Am You got what I lent you greasy. Indeed, I really took loving care of it (I valued it), I didn't get it greasy (the time I had it). Cubriste de grasa lo que te presté. De veras, lo cuidaba mucho, no lo dejaba engrasar. chiya: Note the pronunciation for Oapan Nahuatl of <koa>kichiya:wa</koa> in which the first /i/ of the verb stem is virtually unnoticeable, <koa>kichya:wa</koa>. Check to see if use of intensifier /te-/ is acceptable. Also check form for 'to grease,' as in a pot to prevent sticking. Applicative used? chia:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00597 tewa:hki tewa:hki tewa:hki tewa:hki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be skinny; to be thin (from not eating well, from illness, or simply as a physical trait) estar delgado (por no comer bien, por enfermedad o simplemente como caracter físico) Am, Oa tewa: tewa:ki; kana:wi The diminutive form in Oapan is <koa>tewa:hka:tsi:n</koa>. Diminutive: The diminutive for Oapan <koa>tewa:hki</koa> is <koa>tewa:hka:tsi:n</koa>. Note the ki to ka: change. Check what it is in Ameyaltepec. Add token from 3427. 00598 tlakomolko tlakomolko tlakomolko tlakomolko
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-tla-k(o) place characterized by a <klam>tlakomohli</klam> , an extended flat area of land lugar characterizado por un <klam>tlakomohli</klam> , unaárea extendida y plana Am, Oa topography komol -ko 00599 i:xpetla:ni i:xpetla:ni i:xpetla:ni i:xpetla:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a to enjoy improvement in ones health (from a state of reduced consciousness) mejorar en cuanto a la salud (recuperando de un estado de debilitamiento) Am, Oa Ya:lwa sa: koxtoya. A:man ye i:xpetla:ni, kas medioh ye patitsi:n. Am Yesterday he was just sleeping (from illness). Today he's already started to become more aware (e.g., opening his eyes and talking, looking around), it seems that he's improving a little. Ayer no más estaba durmiendo (por estar enfermo). Hoy ya se le ve más lúcido (con los ojos abiertos y más alerto, atento a su alrededor), quizáya se estámejorando un poquito. to have flashes of lucidity or clear moments (e.g., after having gotten very drunk) tener momentos de lucidez (p.ej., después de haberse emborrachado) Pending I:xpetla:ntiw. Am He's having some clear moments. Estáteniendo algunos momentos de lucidez. to become cognizant or aware; (fig) to see things clearly; (fig) to see the light, (fig.) to open up ones eyes ver las cosas claras; (fig) abrir los ojos; tener conciencia (de algo) Pending Kemech a:man i:xpetla:ni. Kwa:k itie:mpoh katka xo:kinemilih para kichi:was -on tekitl-. Am He's just now starting to see things clearly. When he was in his prime he didn't think of doing it (e.g., a particular job or task). Apenas ahora estáviendo las cosas claras. Cuando estaba en plena juventud no pensóhacerlo (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en particular). i:x petla: The Classical definition for a transitive form of this word has little to do with the Balsas Nahuatl definition: Molina has <kn>ixpetlania. nitla.</kn> 'derramar algo de lo que estáen el vaso o copa, o escandalizar a otros.' Of modern dialects only Zacapoaxtla has this term with a similar acceptation to Ameyaltepec and Oapan: <kn>i:xpeta:ni</kn> 'vuelve, se le pasa la borrachera' and <kn>i:xpeta:ntoc</kn> 'en su juicio.' Check for transitive forms (with /-nia/ or /-naltia/) and code accordingly. 00600 a:xi:xtitlan a:xi:xtitlan
22/Oct/2005
N N-Rel-titlan N-loc-1-titlan N1 covered with urine or the smell of urine (a place or person) cubierto con o lleno de orina o con su olor (un lugar o persona) Am Nochipa a:xi:xtitlan onkah. Am She is always covered with (smelling of) urine (e.g., a woman with a baby who is always urinating on her). Estásiempre llena de (oliendo a) orina (p. ej. una mujer cuyo bebésiempre le orina). A:xi:xtitlan pa:mpa na:xi:xalo:tok. Am It is (a place) full of the smell of urine because people are constantly urinating there. Es (un lugar) lleno del olor de orines porque la gente estáorinando ahíconstantemente. a: xi:xa -titlan a:xi:xtesokwiyá:k synonym Oa 00601 zzz This used to be simply /ka:siah/ but this entry has been removed and changed to /flor de ka:siah/.
30/Jul/2005
 00602 to:pi:leh to:pi:leh to:pi:leh to:pi:leh
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-eh N1/2; Aln(ag) <spn>topile</spn>, a position in the village cargo system immediately under the <klam>fiská:l</klam> (of the church) or the <klamoa>komisa:rioh</klamoa>(in the secular, political sector) topile, una posición en el sistema de cargos comunicarios inmediatamente bajo el mando del <klam>fiská:l</klam> (de la iglesia) o el <klamoa>komisa:rioh</klamoa>(del juzgado y el sistema político y secular) Am, Oa govern to:pi:l government Even though the nominal root of <kam>to:pi:hli</kam> is archaic and virtually never used in spontaneous speech, the possessor form <kam>to:pi:leh</kam> is the commonly used form for a series of officials positions in the village. The village mayor (<kamoa>komisa:rioh</kamoa>) has his own set of <spn>topiles</spn> divided into two groups. They are generally at his service and are used most often to summon individuals to the <spn>juzgado</spn> in order that the <kamoa>komisa:rioh</kamoa> or <klam>segundoh</klam> may address them (e.g., in the event of a complaint or litigation, to inform them of fees or services due, etc.). The <kam>fiská:l</kam> of the church also has two sets of <spn>topiles</spn>(as in the <spn>juzgado</spn>, each under the direction of one of two <kam>to:pi:leh mayo:res</kam>) who are more involved in the day-to-day activities of the church (opening it in the morning, sweeping it, helping with the religious ceremonies associated with the church, etc.). There is one female token from 5181. But since there will be such a discrepancy in sound quality with the male token, perhaps it shouldn't actually be linked to the lexicon. Use your judgement. 00603 cho:ktia kicho:ktia cho:htia kicho:htia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make cry (particularly a human, though various animals as well) hacer llorar (particularmente a una persona, pero varios animales también) Am, Oa Kicho:ktia ika o:mik itah. Am It makes him cry that his father died. Le hace llorar que se muriósu papá. to irritate the eyes of irriatarle los ojos a Pending Ne:xcho:ktia po:ktli. Am The smoke irritates my eyes. El humo me irrita los ojos. to sound (e.g., a horn on a car) pitar; soñar (p. ej., el klaxon de un coche) Pending Kicho:ktitok ikarri:toh, i yaw. Am He is sounding the horn on his car, he is about to go. Estáhaciendo sonar el claxon de su coche, ya se va to cause to or make whistle (e.g., a rock by throwing it through the air) hacer silbar (p. ej., una piedra aventada fuertemente por el aire) Pending Xwel tikcho:ktia tetl? Am Can you make a rock whistle (throwing it hard in a certain way so that it whistles)? ¿Puedes hacer silbar una piedra? (al aventarla fuertemente para que se haga el sonido de silbido). cho:ka cho:ka verb_base Am 00604 komo:ni komo:ni komo:ni komo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl; +Caus Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tekomo:ni</kn> class-3a to make a thudding or banging sound tronar; hacer un sonido como de tronar Am, Oa Tekomo:ni. Am It resounds deeply. Resuena bien. Tekomo:ntok. Am It is booming (e.g., a bass drum). Estáresoñando fuertemente (p. ej., una tambora). (with <kn>te-</kn>) to send out (a tree top) ample branches and leaves in a wide circle (con <kn>te-</kn>) extender (la copa de unárbol) ramas llenas de hojas en un gran círculo Oa (with <kn>te-</kn>) to have a slightly hoarse yet reverberating voice (a human [S]) (con <kn>te-</kn>) tener la voz que es ligeramente ronca pero reverbera (un ser humano [S]) Oa sound komo: Perhaps given the nature of this verb, it usually occurs with the intensifying prefix <kam>te</kam>. The durative ending <kn>-tok</kn> with this verb indicates a progressive, not stative, aspect. komo:nteko confer Am komo:ntasi confer Am komo:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa tlakomo:ni val_reduce0 Am, Oa kokomoka frequent Am, Oa 00605 ikxitetlanwia kikxitetlanwia ixitlawia [ix i tla 'wi ya] kixitlawia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-d-wia Lex. <kn>te-</kn> (Am) class-2a to trip and cause to fall by placing ones leg in front of those of another, or by hitting the other's legs with ones own hacer tropezar al poner el de uno pie frente a los del otro, o al usar las piernas para hacer tropezar;; dar una zancadilla a Am, Oa (refl.) to trip or get tripped up (e.g., by getting ones feet tangled up, or by tripping, such as over a rock jutting out of the ground) (refl.) tropezar (p. ej., al enredarsele las piernas, o al tropezar sobre algo como una piedra empotrada que sale de la superficie de la tierra); darse una zancadilla Pending O:nimokxitetlanwih, o:niwets. Am I got my feet tangled up, I fell. Me tropecéal enredarme las piernas, me caí. Ma:ka mokxitetlanwi:s moburroh! Am Don't have your donkey get tripped up and fall! ¡Quéno se vaya a tropezar tu burro! contact kxi -tlan The Ameyaltepec version of this verb manifests the intensifying affix <kn>te-</kn> in a unique position: before the relational element <kn>-tlan</kn> and <kn>-wia</kn>, used to form denominalized verbs. Likewise, the use of <kn>-wia</kn> itself after a relational noun formation seems slightly unusual, though this derivational process has still not been completely studied. What appears to be the case in Ameyaltepec is that a denominal verb such as Classical <kn>icxitlanuia</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'çancadilla, dar a otro,' (note that this is taken from the Spanish to Nahuatl side, fol. 33v; the Nahuatl to Spanish section has <kn>icxitlauia</kn>, without the /n/) as been reinterpreted by Ameyaltepequeños so as to allow the inflixation of the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> before the relational noun <kn>-tlan</kn>. This is not the case in Oapan, nor Classical. Note also that Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan or Classical, has the additional form <klam>ma:tetlanwia</klam> which is used reflexively in reference to an imals th at t rip over their own front legs. /te-/ intensifier; /-wia/ verbalization: Note Ameyaltepec /ikxitetlanwia/ and Oapan /ixitlawia/. According to RS this is derived from /ikxitlan + wia/. This seems a valid observation that had escaped me given the presense of /te-/; yet there is no isolated verb */tetlanwia/. There are two points from this that need to be added to the grammar. The first is that /te-/ can obviously be affixed between a verbalizing element for denominals and the nominal/locative stem. The second is that /-wia/ can be used after a relational construction. Check etymology and grammatical categorization. Note that /nokxitetlanwia/ can refer to tripping over a rock or other object, because on catches ones sandal, tangles ones feet, etc. In the active form it refers to the action of tripping someone by sticking ones leg out so that the other will fall. Cf. to /ma:tetlanwia/. ma:tetlanwia confer Am 00606 a:kapilo:hli a:kapilo:hli a:kapilo:hli a:kapilo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 light beams that form part of a house; these run from the <spn>caballete</spn> down to the <klam>kontrasole:rah</klam> Am / <kloa>tlaxipacholo:ni</kloa> ciertas vigas que forman parte de una casa; corren desde el caballete a la <klam>kontrasole:rah</klam> Am / <kloa>tlaxipacholo:ni</kloa> Am, Oa a:ka pil kahli Make illustration of house frames; perhaps photograph The <kamoa>a:kapilo:hli</kamoa>, part of a thatched roof house (of grass, <klamoa>sakatl</klamoa>, or palm, <klamoa>so:ya:tl</klamoa>), are thin rods of wood that descend vertically along the roof of the house from the <spn>caballete</spn> to the <spn>solera</spn>. They are distinct, however, from the <spn>cabezas</spn>. The <kamoa>a:kapilo:hli</kamoa> along with the <klamoa>kwihlo:tl</klamoa>form the major part of the house frame. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there, and also diagram under"casa"on the Spanish-Nahuatl filecards. 00607 a:wakatl a:wakatl a:wakatl a:wakatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 2 avocado (the fruit) aguacate (la fruta) Am, Oa avocado tree (by extension) árbol de aguacate (por extensión) Am, Oa plant edible a:waka 00608 mana kimana mana kimana
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to lay down on a flat surface (e.g., placing tortillas on a <spn>comal</spn>) extender or acostar sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., tortillas sobre el comal) Am, Oa O:pe:w kimana tlaxkahli, ye titlakwa:skeh. Am She's started to make tortillas, we're about to eat. Empezóa echar tortillas, ya vamos a comer. Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni. Am They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the <klam>itakatl</klam> , (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces. Echaron las gorditas (<klam>itakatl</klam>) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose. to wear or put on ones head (a hat, cap, etc.) ponerse en la cabeza (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) Am, Oa Xkaman kimana sombre:roh. Am He never wears a hat. Nunce se pone un sombrero. (refl.) to sit or collect (as water in a puddle) (refl.) estancarse (como agua en el suelo) Pending Xtlapowili para ma: ki:sa ka:n o:nomanka a:tl! Am Open it up (in this case by digging a little drainage ditch) so that the water flows out from where it has collected on the ground! Abréle (en este caso abriendo una zanja pequeña) para que salga el agua de donde se ha estancado sobre el suelo. (refl.) to gather together on the ground (as people who sit themselves down in a small gathering to talk, watch an event, etc.) (refl.) juntarse sobre el suelo (como gente sentada para parlotear, para ver un evento, etc.) Pending Xmomanaka:n! Am Gather around (sitting on the ground)! ¡Júntense (sentados por el suelo)! (refl. + <kam>yewahli</kam>) for night to fall (refl. + <kam>yewahli</kam>) caerse la noche; anochecer Pending CF Nakas 1:10 Wa:lnomana yewahli, pe:wa tlatsotsonan ika gita:rrah. Am Come night, they begin to play their guitars. Viene la noche, empiezan a tocar sus guitarras. (with short vowel reduplication) to transplant (seedlings, particularly of chile) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) transplantar (plantas de semillero, particularmente chile) Pending O:kimamanato chi:hli. Am He went to replant the chile seedlings. Fue a transplantar las plantas de semillero del chile. Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas. Am (To make a <kam>tlapacho:hli</kam>) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them. (Para hacer un <kam>tlapacho:hli</kam>) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas. (with long vowel reduplication) to pass from one hand to the other (tortillas as they are being made) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasar de una mano a la otra (tortillas al hacerlas) Pending man In reference to seed gardens, <kam>mana</kam> describes an action performed in cultivating chile. First the seeds are sprinkled on the ground and lightly covered with earth. Later, the sprouted chile is uprooted when small and transplanted in holes dug with a <kam>wi:tsoktli</kam> , where they grow to full size. On a file card from the original series I have /kimamanas itla:lpan/ 'lo va a transplantar a su terreno.' Check whether this is OK. mani:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa manilia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlamana val_reduce1 Am, Oa tlá:maná; val_reduce1 Oa 00609 tlasema:nke:tl tlasema:nke:tl tlasema:nke:tl tlasema:nke:tl
24/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 storeowner; reseller; merchant tendero; rescatador; mercader; revendedor Am, Oa sem a:na In my original notes I had both /tlasema:nke:tl/ and /tlasema:nki/. However, I now think that the second entry or form might be incorrect, or at least very rare. Check and make the necessary adjustments. Perhpas in the future change N-ag-ke:tl to mark whether derived from a V1, V2, or V3. 00610 techikilia kitechikilia téchikília techikilia kitéchikília
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Lex. <kn>te-</kn> class-2a yes-lex to scrape for; to rub (sth) hard for frotar (algo) para; restregar (algo) para Am, Oa Ne:chipachowilia notlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi. Am She irons her clothes for me, she rubs an iron back and forth on them so that they get smooth. Le plancha la ropa para mí, le frota (la ropa) de un lado a otro con una plancha para que se alise. te- hchiki The most common use of <kamoa>techikilia</kamoa> is with a reduplicated stem, as in Oapan <koa>kité:chikília</koa>. The same perhaps applies to Classical Nahuatl. Molina has under <kn>chiqui. nitla.</kn> 'raspar, o rallar algo.' However, under <kn>chichiqui</kn> he has two entries <kn>chichiqui. nitla.</kn> 'extretexer agujero de manta, y raspar, o rallar algo' and <kn>chichiqui. nino.</kn> 'estregarse, o rascarse a la pared, o a otra cosa.' Both nominalize, as <kn>tlachiquiliztli</kn> and <kn>tlachichiquiliztli</kn>, respectively. Determine the nature of this verb. In Am does one have /kitechichiki/ or /kitetechiki/. Also determine again for Oa. And discuss why one or the other might be more common. 'techíki confer Oa techiki verb_base Am 00611 ma:kukwa kima:kukwa ma:kokowa kima:kokowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s Irregular, see <klam>kukwa</klam> (Am), <kloa>kokowa</kloa>(Oa): Am verb has an irregular lexical stem formation that inflects otherwise as a class-2b verb: <kam>o:kima:kokoh</kam> and <kam>kima:koko:s</kam> to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of doler o herir ligeramente el brazo (o, menos comunmente, la mano) de Am, Oa to hurt the forelegs of (an animal) herir o lastimar las patas delanteras de (un animal) Am, Oa ma: kowa Check etymology in entry for /kukwa/ and standardize with the present entry. Check for transitive form with definite direct objects. 00612 tsi:nto:ne:wi tsi:nto:ne:wi tsi:nto:ne:wi tsi:nto:ne:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to feel a burning pain or sensation in ones anus, rectum, or rear end sentir un arder en el ano, recto o nalgas Am, Oa Titsi:nto:ne:wtos, we:i o:tkwah chi:hli. Am Your will feel a burning sensation in your anus, you ate a lot of chile. Vas a sentir un arder en el ano, comiste mucho chile. O:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok. Am You scraped your bottom (e.g., while riding on a beast of burden), your rear end is smarting. Te raspaste las nalgas (p. ej., al andar en bestia), se te arden. tsi:n to:n <kam>Tsi:nto:ne:wi</kam> and its corresponding transitive form are most often employed to indicate the burning sensation that accompanies passing chile. However, this is not always the case, as the illustrative sentence <kam>o:titsi:nxakwaliw, titsi:nto:ne:wtok</kam> indicates. 00613 nakaskwitlatl nakaskwitlatl nakaskwitlatl nakaskwitlatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 ear wax cerilla Pending body human nakas kwitla 00614 ikxipihli ikxipihli ixipihli ixipihli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 body human toe (any one) dedo de pie (cualquier) Pending kxi pil Check vowel length of final /i/; cf. to /mapihli/. Also, elicit the names of all the fingers and toes. 00615 ni- nipa:ki ni- nipa:ki
11/Feb/2006
Pref(sub) Pre-sub see <kamoa>n-</kamoa> véase <kamoa>n-</kamoa> Pending 00616 xomiltlatlama xomiltlatlama
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-1 to catch <spn>jumiles</spn>(catching them in the rocky areas they inhabit and placing them in a"bottle"made of woven palm; see <klam>pi:tso:tl</klam>) juntar jumiles (agarrándolos con las manos y metiéndolos en un recipiente como botella, a menudo hecho de palma; véase <klam>pi:tso:tl</klam>) Am xomil ma tlama: different types of hunting and the way that hunting occurs tlama confer Am 00617 a:yawtli a:yawtli a:yahtli a:yehtli a:yahtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(w) mist; fog; haze neblina; bruma Am, Oa weather a:yawi Classical Nahuatl has <kn>ayauitl</kn>, as expected given the generalized alternation between <kn>-wtli</kn> and <kn>-witl</kn> in Balsas and Classical Nahuatl, respectively. 00618 tlakoteki kitlakoteki tlákotéki tlakoteki kitlákotéki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) yes-lex to cut in half (sth that can be cut such as cloth, paper, etc.); cortar en la mitad (algo que se puede cortar como tela, papel, etc.) Am, Oa O:kitlakotehkeh noa:mawa:n. Am They cut my paper in half. Cortar mi papel por la mitad. to divide in half (e.g, an area) dividir en la mitad (p. ej., unaárea) Am, Oa Kitlakotekis un pa:tioh. Am He will divide the patio in half. Va a dividir el patio en mitades. distort-break tlahko teki Remember to add /yeltsakwa/ to Oapan forms. 00619 tsonakaita kitsonakaita tsonakaita kitsonakaita
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b Irregular; see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> to observe or look at out of the corner of ones eyes mirar o observar de soslayo Am, Oa Mitsa:ltsonakaistokeh. Am They are looking over here at you out of the corner of their eyes. Te están echando una mirada de soslayo hacia acá. tsonaka ita 00620 tlateki tlateki tlateki tlateki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to be sharp (a knife, machete, etc.) tener filo; ser cortante (un cuchillo, machete, etc.) Am, Oa Xtlateki, xihkowas. Am It isn't sharp, I won't buy it. No tiene filo, no me lo voy a comprar. to be corrosive; to burn (lime, fertilizer, salt, etc., e.g., sth that causes pain or bleeding when in contact with the cut) ser corrosivo; quemar (cal, fertilizante, sal, etc., esto es, algo que causa dolor o que salga sangre cuando en contacto con una cortada) Am, Oa Tlateki istatl, kiyeski:xtia. Am Salt is corrosive, it causes it to bleed (e.g., a wound). La sal es corrosiva, lo hace sangrar (p. ej., una herida). teki Check for inflection /tlatekis/ and /tlatekíya/ or /tlateki yes/ and /tlateki katka/. tlatekitia confer Am, Oa tlateki:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa teki minus_tla Am, Oa 00621 pai:kú:n pai:kú:n payáon payáon pai:káon payáon
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-loc yes over there; over that way (with a specific place in mind) allí; por allí(con un lugar específico en mente) Am, Oa Ma:ka tiá:s pai:kú:n, pakah wi:wih! Am Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there! ¡No te vayas allí, alláhay un animalito! pa -ka; on Or, in grammar, a whole section on adverbs, locatives, etc. The difference between adverbs such as <klam>nepai:ka</klam> , <klam>pai:ka</klam> , and <kam>pai:kún</kam> is unclear. The deictic demonstrative <kam>un</kam> seems to indicate a more specific location. That is, whereas <kam>pai:ka</kam> and <kam>nepai:ka</kam> seem to indicate a general direction, <kam>pai:kún</kam> apparently is more specific, perhaps more like 'right over there.' Determine the difference of /pa ika/ and /pa ikún/. Recheck if /pa ika/ exists. The etymology of /pa ikún/ is uncertain, as is whether it should be written as one or two words. Here it would seem that the deictic /un/ is added, perhaps as an emphatic. Determine how these words should be written (as one or two) Check for this phonology of Am /na:ni:ka/. Check vowel length for all locatives/deictics ending in /-ika/ or /-i:ka/. 00622 sasa:lia sasa:lia sasa:lia sasa:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans Lex. rdp-s* class-4b(ya-x) to become sticky ponerse pegajoso Am, Oa sa:l sasa:liwi; sasa:lia Whereas <klam>sa:liwi</klam> refers to the event of 'getting stuck (as food on a griddle)' the secondary derivation <kam>sasa:lia</kam> refers to the acquisition by the subject of a quality, 'stickiness.' It has thus been classified as within the paradigm of variation represented by such sequences as <klam>yema:nki</klam> , <klam>yema:nia</klam> , and <klam>yema:nilia</klam>. It is not clear how common this variation between unaccusative verbs ending in <kn>-iwi</kn> and inchoative verbs ending in <kn>-ya</kn> are. Verbal contrasts: note that the root /sa:l/ enters into a verbal /iwi/ form and an inchoative form, /sasa:lia/. The distinction seems to be the following. /sasa:liwi/ means 'to become stuck (to sth)' whereas /sasa:lia/ means 'to become sticky.' That it, the first verbal form refers to an event with subject as thematic patient whereas the second refers to the acquisition of a characteristic, 'stickiness.' Other cases of this type of variation should be explored. 00623 se:me:sti se:me:sti se:me:m se:me:sti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Num-V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) see <klamoa>-me:sti</klamoa> véase <klamoa>-me:sti</klamoa> Am, Oa se: me:s 00624 a:wistli a:wistli a:wistli a:wistli a:wistli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of tree, identified by several consultants as <spn>chabuco</spn> tipo deárbol, identificado por varios asesores como 'chabuco' Am, Oa plant kohtli a: wits Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>chabuco</kam> as did one informant. Ramírez (1991) gives the same Spanish name, and identifies this of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>. The only trees of this family in Guizar and Sánchez (1991) are the <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, which they state to be <spn>atopol</spn> or <spn>atepule</spn> in Spanish (see <klam>a:to:po:lin</klam>), as well as the <i>Hintonia standleyana</i>(in Spanish <spn>quina</spn>) and <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>(in Spanish <spn>granjel</spn>). Schoenhals (1988) has nothing under <i>Hintonia standleyana</i>or <spn>quina</spn> but does have a listing for granjel:"(<i>Randia</i>spp., e.g., <i>R. echinocarpa, R. armata</i>) 'randia,' 'thorn tree,' 'ink tree.' Branches come out at right angles to the stems. Yellow flowers, edible fruit; tree is well supplied with thorns. The tree is a good source of firewood and is protected as a land stabilizing agent. Fruit juices are used as ink. Also called crucecito, escambrón, maluco de montaña, p apache, tintero, torolillo."This description of the <spn>granjel</spn> seems to correspond to that of the <spn>chabuco</spn> in Ramírez (1991). Although one consultant once said that this was good for <spn>morillos</spn> this is not the case. It is just used for firewood. Check homophony with /a:wistli/ meaning 'dew'. Determine variation /a:wistli/ 'dew' and /a:wistli/ 'chabuco'. There are 4 more tokens at #4451. These will be tagged with 624. Note that the final link should include the tokens originally at 4451, which have a much better sound quality. 00625 lo:lah lo:lah
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N0/1; Aln(0=2) (alienable possession) grandmother (posesión enajenable) abuela Am (vocative) grandmother! (vocativo)¡abuelita! Am lo:lah This kin term is mostly used as an address term (e.g., <kam>ka:n tiáw lo:lah</kam>) or in possessed form. However, it can also be used with the absolutive and for this reason the principal entry is under <klam>lo:latli</klam>. lo:lah lo:latli confer Am 00626 tlatsotsonalistli tlatsotsonalistli tla:tsonalistli tla:tsonalistli
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) Stem 1(s) music (from a radio, record player, or directly from musicians such as a violinist, <spn>música de viento</spn>, etc.) música (de un radio o tocadiscos, o directamente de músicos como un violinista, música de viento, etc.) Am, Oa tsona 00627 tlami:na tlami:na tlami:ni tlami:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-3a to hunt with a bow and arrow cazar con arco y flecha Am, Oa Tontlami:naskeh. Am We're going to go hunting with a bow and arrow. Vamos a ir de caza con arco y flecha. mi:na mi:na minus_tla Am mi:ni minus_tla Oa 00628 a:xi:xmi:skitl a:xi:xmi:skitl
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 2 balls of partially dried up resin or sap; resin bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas; resina Am Kipia ia:xi:xmi:skiyo. Am It (a tree) has balls of dried resin on it. Tiene (unárbol) sus bolitas de resina seca. A:xi:xmi:skitl, mi:skitl ka:n ki:sa ikopahlo. Am It is resin, it is (on) a mesquite tree where its resin comes out. Es resina, es (sobre) un mesquite donde sale su resina. plant part a: xi:x mi:ski barro; kuhtli The trees that have <kam>i:mi:skiyo</kam> are, according to Luis Lucena: <kbam>mi:skitl</kbam>, <kbam>tepe:mi:skitl</kbam>, <kbam>kopalkuhtli</kbam>, <kbam>tsina:kan kuhtli</kbam>, <kbam>kopalchinoh</kbam>, <kbam>xo:chikopahli</kbam>, <kbam>kuhsa:watl</kbam>, <kbam>kuhxio:tl</kbam>, and <kbam>tlakwa:mpets</kbam>. These were the ones he gave, though there might perhaps be some others. <kam>A:xi:xmiskitl</kam> is often collected by children and sold to potters, who use it to make natural color paints. Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree. Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given. mí:ska:xí:xtli equivalent Oa 00629 kochya:yatok kochya:yatok kochya:yáyatók kochya:yayatok kochya:yáyatók
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1-asp V1-b Lex. rdp-l yes-rdp Durative to be on the verge of involuntarily falling asleep; to nod off estar a punto de quedarse dormido sin querer Am, Oa Kochiya:yatok. Am He is falling asleep (but trying to stay awake). Estáquedándose dormido (pero tratando de mantenerse uedarse despierto). kochi yaw This verb is used to refer to a person who is falling asleep while trying to stay awake, e.g., a person who might be either sitting or standing and whose head periodically falls over to one side as he is overcome by sleep but who every once in a while suddenly wakes up and jerks his head back. To date this verb has only been documented with the <kam>-tok</kam> aspectual marker, which may occur in other tenses. Check length of final vowel in the imperfect. The verb may be /kochiya:yaw/ but I have only heard this with the progressive aspect. Perhaps try to elicit /xkochiya:yaw/, etc. or with other aspectual endings. Note that the long vowel reduplication seems to suggest the periodic repetition of the movement/action. Check for the positioning of the overt subject prefixes to reconfirm. Check, for example, if it is /kochiya:yatiw/ or /kochiya:yatitiw/, etc. Check 00630 mekayo:tilia kimekayo:tilia mekayo:tilia kimekayo:tilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to place a cord or string around (e.g., a gourd that will be carried as a canteen) for ponerle un mecate o cordón (a, p. ej., un tecomate que se va a llevar como cantimplora) para Am, Oa Ma mitsmekayo:tili ma:tekon! Weli. Am Let him weave cord around your canteen for you! He can do it. ¡Deja que te ponga un mecate a tu bule! El lo puede hacer. mekayo:tia me:ka mekayo:tia verb_base Am 00631 zzz This was an entry for /kuwchaltik/ 'lesbian' which has been removed as offensive.
30/Jul/2005
 00632 a:kwitlayá:k a:kwitlayá:k a:kwítlayá:k a:kwítlayá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj (N-N)-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia yes-lex to smell, giving off an odor typified by <klam>nextamahli</klam> that has gone bad from sitting too long in water ser hediondo, emitiendo un olor comoél del nixtamal que se ha echado a perder Am, Oa A:kwitlayá:k motlaxkal. Am Your tortillas are foul-smelling and foul-tasting (because the <kam>nextamahli</kam> had spoiled from sitting too long in water, i.e., <kam>o:a:kwitlaya:yak</kam>). Tus tortillas están mal de olor y saber (porque el nixtamal se había echado a perder en el agua, esto es, <kam>o:a:kwitlaya:yak</kam>). a: kwitla hya: <kam>A:kwitlayá:k</kam> is apparently used only to refer to <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>, masa, or tortillas. <klam>A:molo:nki</klam> (and the verb form <klam>a:molo:nia</klam>) can also be used to refer to the smell acquired by things that sit too long in water that then becomes rancid. Check for other possible subject of <kam>a:kwitlayá:k</kam> , such as clothes left too long sitting in water. Also check the difference between <kam>a:kwitlayá:k</kam> and <kam>a:molo:nki</kam>. 00633 tsi:npo:ni tsi:npo:ni tsi:npo:ni tsi:npo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b-(ni/ltia) class-3a to be bent over (standing or kneeling) with ones rear end jutting up (at times used to refer to a sexual position in which the woman assumes such a posture) agacharse (parada o sostenida por las manos y rodillas) con las nalgas alzadas (a veces empleada para referirse a una posición sexual tomada por una mujer) Am, Oa to be with the posterior part raised (e.g., a bucket or other type of container propped up in so its contents might flow out) estar con la parte posterior alzada (p. ej., una cubeta u otro tipo de recipiente apoyada asípara que salga un líquido que estaba adentro) Am, Oa tsi:n po: According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) <kamoa>tsi:npo:ni</kamoa> is used only in reference to people. For objects in this position <koa>notekestok</koa> is used; see also <kloa>tsi:ntepolkestok</kloa>. Get bodily positions: sitting, standing, on all fours, lying down /ixakamantok/, hands on hips Phonology: the sequence /np/ is definite and should be referred to in the section on phonology. There is no assimilation here, and in many other cases, of the nasal to the point of articulation of the following labial. tsi:npo:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00634 kwala:nka:miki kwala:nka:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to be or get boiling mad, really mad; to be or get in a foul mood ponerse o estar furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor Am O:tikwala:nka:mik pa:mpa o:toya:w ma:w. Am You got really mad because your water spilled out. Te pusiste furioso por que se tirótu agua. kwala: miki In one entry I note that /kwala:nka:miki/ refers to being annoyed, in a bad mood and snappy (literally, 'suffering from ire'), i.e. a person who is in a bad mood and snaps back to anything said. However, in another note I recorded that /kwala:nka:miki/ apparently refers to a greater anger than /kwala:ni/. The precise meaning of the verb should be checked. Check for causative. tlawe:lmiki synonym Oa 00635 a:sia:wi a:sia:wi a:sia:wi a:sia:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(w) to soak or be soaking in water (without soap) remojarse en agua (sin jabón) Am, Oa Xka:pacho! Ma a:sia:wi! Am Put it in water! Let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)! ¡Ponlo en agua!¡Que estéremojando (p. ej., palma que se va utilizar para atar, ropa para lavar, etc.). a: sia: According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this is used only in reference to materials such as mud on which water is poured and which, as a result, softens up. a:sia:wa confer Am, Oa 00636 pi:ntoh kakapaxtli pi:ntoh kakapaxtli pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli pí:ntoh te:kapáxtli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>pinto</spn> N N-complex Stem 1(x) yes type of <spn>pinto</spn>(a skin disease) that leaves one with rough skin that flakes away tipo de pinto que le deja a uno con la piel rasposa y pelándose Am, Oa disease kapax Even though {h} is lost in non-phrase final position, in the practical orthography used here it is written, along with the pitch-accent that it motivates to the left in Oapan Nahuatl. This orthographic convention (of writing /h/ in these circumstances) might be changed in the future. Note that in Oapan the underlying form is {pi:ntoh te:kapaxtli} with the pitch-accent of the surface construction deriving from the final /h/ of <koa>pi:ntoh</koa>. Check for other types of pinto. 00637 tlaxkaltsoyok tlaxkaltsoyok
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap (woman) to have ones tortillas disappear so quickly that those eating have to wait (i.e., slow at making tortillas, unable to make them fast enough to keep a supply at the table) (mujer) ser lenta en hacer tortillas con tal de que se le acaban las tortillas (porque es lenta para hacerlas, y por eso no puede mantener la mesa surtida) Am Titlaxkaltsoyok pa:mpa tlami motlaxkal. Am You are (called) <kam>tlaxkaltsoyok</kam> because your tortillas get finished up (i.e., people eat them faster than you can make them). Eres una persona de las que se llaman <kam>tlaxkaltsoyok</kam> porque se te acaban las tortillas (antes de que termine la gente de comer). xka tsoyo This apocopated adjectival refers to a woman who cannot make tortillas fast enough, with the result that those eating have to wait for them to cook. Aurora Baeza (Am) linked this word to the verb <kam>tsoyo:ni</kam> but did not elaborate on the connection between the verb and the adjectival form. Undoubtedly, however, it is based on the fact that like something fried, (<klamoa>tsoyo:ni</klamoa>) the tortillas seem to shrivel up and disappear before ones eyes. 00638 poxaktik poxaktik poxahtik poxahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tepoxaktik</kn> to be crumbly; to be loose (particularly in regard to the consistency of certain stones) ser de una consistencia que se desmigaja, se desmenuza, o se desmorona fácilmente; estar muy suelto (algunas piedras) Am, Oa to be loosely tied (e.g., a braided rope or hair, etc.) estar flojo; estar no apretado (p. ej., una soga, trenzas, etc.) Pending to be easily tired or exhausted; to easily become sick or weakened (particularly from work) agotars y cansarse fácilmente; ser débil; ser enfermizo (particularmente a causa de un sobrecargo de trabajo) Pending Yema:nki itla:kayo, san a:chitsi:n tekichi:wa, niman kwalo:sneki, poxaktik suwa:tl. Am Her body is not resistant, she works just a little, right away she's on the verge of becoming ill, she's a weak-bodied woman. Su cuerpo estáflojo, nada más hace un poquito de trabajo, luego luego quiere enfermarse, es una mujer débil. Poxaktik tla:katl, san kukwalo:tinemi, xtepi:stik. Am He's an easily weakened man, he goes around a little sick all the time, he's not strong. Es un hombre débil, solamente anda enfermándose, no estáfuerte. poxa: xiti:nki; poxaktik; poxawa:k Certain consultants greatly favored an incorporated form (e.g., <klam>poxa:hka:tla:katl</klam>) to the unincorporated (e.g., <kam>poxaktik tla:katl</kam>). Nevertheless, both have been documented in conversation. Apparently the former, incorporated form is used for new discourse topics whereas the unincorporated form is used to further specify an already identified topic of discourse. Note that here I have the /te'/ as optional. This should be checked. Also, the difference between /poxaktik/ and /poxa:wak/ should be discussed. Obtain plural of /poxaktik tla:katl/ to fully ascertain if the form is a compound (one word) or two. 00639 kwa:pa:ya:tilia kikwa:pa:ya:tilia kwa:pa:ya:tilia kikwa:pa:ya:tilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make woozy, dizzy, or light-headed; to fluster aturdir; dejar como mareado; aturullar Am, Oa O:kikwa:pa:ya:tilih tra:goh. Am The drink made him woozy. El trago lo hizo marear. kwa: pa:ya: At first Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that situations that might cause this would be a beating, or perhaps many children that are always crying, making trouble, etc. However, in reviewing this entry, FM stated that the word used in Oapan is <kloa>pa:ya:kwi:tia</kloa>, which is probably the more usual verb for this situation. Check meaning of this and whether it is used in Oapan; cf. to /pa:ya:kwi:tia/, etc. kwa:pa:ya:ti verb_base Am 00640 yeyekawi:lo yeyekawi:lo yéye:kawí:lo yeye:kawi:lo yéye:kawí:lo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pas Lex. rdp-s class-4a(pass) yes-rdp to get blown over by the wind (e.g., a field of maize, trees during a bad storm, etc.) arrastrarse por el viento (p. ej., la milpa,árboles durante una tempestad, etc.) Am, Oa O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak. Am My corn field got blown over in the wind, the winds started to blow hard. Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezóa soplar fuerte. to be a victim of the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> (<spn>aires</spn>); to lose ones <kam>to:nal</kam> to the <kam>yeyekameh</kam> ser víctima de los aires; perder el <kam>to:nal</kam> a los aires Am O:yeyekawi:lo:keh pa:mpa o:noma:muwtih. Am They lost their souls to the <spn>aires</spn> because they got frightened (i.e., the suffered from the condition known as <spn>susto</spn>) Perdieron sus <kam>to:nal</kam> a los aires porque se asustaron (esto es, sufrieron por la condición conocida como susto). O:yeyekawi:lo:k nokone:w. Kwalo. O:kasikeh yeyekameh. Am My child is a victim of the <spn>aires</spn>. He is sick. The <spn>aires</spn> got hold of him. Mi niño es una víctima de los <spn>aires</spn>. Estáenfermo. Los aires lo agarraron. weather e:ka According to Florencia Marcelino <koa>yéye:kawí:lo</koa> is used only in reference to fields (e.g., corn fields). The term <kloa>yéye:káyoh</kloa>is used to refer to a human who has been affected by the aires. 00641 ikxitilia kikxitilia ixitilia kixitilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to cook (food) for cocinar para Am, Oa to fire (ceramics) for cocer (cerámica) para Am, Oa Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawa:n! Am Go fire my ceramics for me! ¡Ve a cocer mi cerámica para mi! ksi Antipassive: /Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawan!/ 'Go fire my ceramics for me!' Again, note the antipassive construction here with a secondary object cross-referenced by /tla-/ and expressed obliquely. iksi verb_base Am 00642 ple:n ple:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N2 blanket cobija Am plen The etymology of <kam>plen</kam> is unclear, although it might be related to <klam>pilisa:l</klam>. No similar form has been documented in any other dialect. Check etymology and vowel length. Also check whether /e/ is simply nasalized, or whether there is a velarized nasal at the end. Check vowel length w/ recording. pilisa:l equivalent Am, Oa 00643 xiti:ni xiti:ni xiti:ni xiti:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>texiti:ni</kn> class-3a to crumble down; to come apart and fall down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff etc.) desmoronarse; derribarse; derrocarse (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco etc.) Pending Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki. Am The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth. La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta. to come apart at the seams (e.g., clothes); to become undone (braids or objects similarly made); to come apart (e.g., meat that may be overcooked or boiled too long) descoserse por la costura (p. ej., la ropa); desatarse; deshacerse (trenzas o algo de hechura similar); deshacerse (p. ej., carne que ha sido cocido o hervido demasiado) Pending O:xiti:n ikwe. Am Her skirt came apart at the seams. Su falda se descosiópor las costuras. xiti: xi:ni; xiti:ni; uweliwi; itlakawi Although <kamoa>xiti:ni</kamoa> is most commonly heard in reference to cliffs and walls that fall down, it appears that its most core meaning involves"coming apart."Thus the subject of the intransitive predicate may be clothes that come apart at the seam or braids that come apart and loose. Similarly when refering to a house that falls down <kamoa>xiti:ni</kamoa> refers not only to walls that crumble but, in the case of a house with a wooden frame, for things to come apart (such as one beam detaching from another). Thus when the transitive <kam>kixiti:ni:s i:kal</kam> is used, for example, it usually does not mean simply knocking a house down, but knocking down some parts and dismantling others. xi:ni confer Am xixitika frequent Am, Oa 00644 kiawtli kiawtli kiahtli kiahtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) rain lluvia Am, Oa Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli. Am I won't drink it because it is just rainwater. No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia. ki yawi It might be possible to analyze this as a deverbalized noun, given the verb <kn>kiawi</kn>. kiaha:tl synonym Oa tlakiahlo:tl synonym Oa 00645 po:cho:ichkatl po:cho:ichkatl po:cho:ichkatl po:cho:ichkatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 cotton fibers from the pods of the <klamoa>po:cho:tl</klamoa>tree las fibras como algodón de las vainas del pochote (<klamoa>po:cho:tl</klamoa>) Pending po:cho: chka ceramics These fibers are added to clay to strengthen it for ceramics. For this reason, and given the fact that <spn>pochotes</spn> grow in the higher areas around Ahuehuepan and Ahuelicán, villages without a strong ceramic tradition and that lack the necessary sources for clay, pochote cotton fibers are often sold in Oapan, in large gunnysacks and rather expensively. Check possibility of possessed form. 00646 moji:nteh *moji:nteh
11/Feb/2006
mojinete N N-loan N1 gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof (this beam is located between the <klamoa>tira:nteh</klamoa>and the <klam>tsopi:lo:te:rah</klam>) mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja (esta viga se coloca entre el <klamoa>tira:nteh</klamoa>y la <klam>tsopi:lo:te:rah</klam>) Am construct-part kahli Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is"parte de una casa de teja."Check /tsopi:lo:te:rah/, at this point I have two different spellings, one for Am and the other for Oa. Correct in the entry and then correct xrefs. Check for possessed form? Cristino Flores denied that this is a word from Ameyaltepec; he gave the Spanish loan /mojinete/. Illustrate, perhaps in a detailed study of a house. punta:l synonym Oa 00647 takache:wi takache:wi takache:wi tekache:wi takache:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans class-3a(w) to chip or get chipped; to have part of the surface split off (e.g., a stone that easily flakes, ceramics, etc.) desportillar; desconchar; descascararse (p. ej., una piedra que se desportilla fácilmente, una cerámica, etc.) Am, Oa O:tatakache:w un tepalkatl. Am The surface of that ceramic bowl got chipped off in places. Se desconchóese plato de cerámica en varios lugares. takach Although one consultant gave me the Spanish translation of <spn>desmoronarse</spn>, it appears from all examples that this refers to the chipping or flaking that affects certain hard objects, particularly stone. To illustrate the meaning of this verb one speaker mentioned what happens to a stone when it is struck by a hammer or chisel. The absence of a documented transitive form in the Nahuatl of both Ameyaltepec and Oapan seems to reflect the fact that this action is considered to occur accidentally, and that there is no immediate context in which the consultants asked could conceive of a person deliberately undertaking an action that would lead to this 'flaking off' occurring. Nevertheless, I imagine that in the future a transitive form will be documented. Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form. /-e:wi/ : Note that as often the case, verbs that end in /e:wi/ refer to changes in teh surface of an object. This is the case here. Check whether /iwi/ is an alternate form. takachwe:pe:wi equivalent Am 00648 me:stli me:stli me:stli me:stli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(s) moon luna Am, Oa month mes Am, Oa (<kam>kwalo de ~</kam>) to menstruate; to have ones period (<kam>kwalo de ~</kam>) menstuar; bajarsele la regla a Pending (<kam>nokwa</kam> ~ (Am); (<koa>tlami</koa> ~ (Oa)) for a lunar eclipse to occur (see <kloa>tlami</kloa> <koa>me:stli</koa>) (<kam>nokwa</kam> ~ (Am); (<koa>tlami</koa> ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse lunar (véase <kloa>tlami</kloa> <koa>me:stli</koa>) Am, Oa O:nokwah me:stli. Am There was a lunar eclipse. Hubo un eclipse lunar. me:ts to:nahli eclipses In the reflexively marked passive construction (<kam>nokwa me:stli</kam>), the Ameyaltepec collocation to indicate a lunar eclipse, it is said that the stars are the ones that"eat"the moon (or the sun, during a solar eclipse). te:nkwah confer Am 00649 a:tekomatl a:tekomatl a:tekomatl a:tekomatl a:tekomatl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N-N Stem 2 type of plant that bears gourds as fruit tipo de planta cuya fruta es un buleque se utiliza como cantimplora; tecomate Am, Oa type of gourd used as a canteen; (by extension) canteen bule, guaje o tecomate para llevar agua al campo; (por extensión) cantimplora Pending plant xiwtli a: tekoma The gourd of the <kam>a:tekomatl</kam> is used as a canteen, a cord woven around it and a corncob used as a stopper. Now these are seldom used since they can crack, instead plastic canteens or bottles are used (but still referred to by the term <kamoa>a:tekomatl</kamoa>); they don't break but heat up the water considerably. Determine whether the there is any difference between /a:tekomatl/ and /kuhtekomatl/, i.e.,, are they they same, is the /a:tekomatl/ indeed only the gourd when used as a canteen? Relate /tekoma/ to /ko:ntli/, and probable relation between {ko:m} and {koma}. 00650 muwi *muwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(w) to be frightened or scared sentir miedo o susto Am emotions mowi mowi; momowi Although <kam>mowi</kam> has been documented in the corpus of material from Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used. Much more common is the reduplicated <klam>momowi</klam>. However, one speaker mentioned that there was a difference between the two terms with the reduplicated form referring to a more specific cause and the unreduplicated form indicating a general state or character trait of a person. In Oapan only the reduplicated form, <kloa>mómowí</kloa>is used. Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. mómowí synonym Oa 00651 yekapitsiwi yekapitsiwi yekapitsiwi yekapitsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to get a sharp and pointed end; to become sharpened (a stake, pencil, etc.) quedar puntiagudo (una estaca, lapiz, etc.) Pending yeka pits Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this verb does not exist as an intransitive, since things that become pointed are always made so by someone. He only accepted the transitive <kam>yekapitsowa</kam>. Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. It may be that there are two verb forms here, <kam>yekapitsiwi</kam> 'to become pointed at the end' and <kam>yekapipi:tsiwi</kam> 'to get a stuffed-up nose.' My original notes indicate that <kam>yekapipi:tsiwi</kam> had a long vowel as indicated. However, I also had an entry with a short vowel, with the gloss 'to become pointed at the end.' The first spelling, with a long /i:/, would be consistent with the meaning of <klamoa>pi:tsowa</klamoa>as 'to narrow; to take in (a passageway, clothes too loose, etc.).' Check vowel length as indicated above; perhaps two words /yekapitsiwi/ and /yekapipi:tsiwi/!! 00652 sakapepextli sakapepextli saká:pextlí saká:pextlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-wi Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 1(ch) yes-rdp type of grass not yet identified; used as a bedding in pots in which tamals are steam-cooked tipo de zacate todavía no identificado; utilizado como colcha en las ollas donde se cuecen tamales Am, Oa grating-like bed of a particular type of grass placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (particularly used in cooking tamals; see <kloa>tlá:pextlí</kloa> rejilla de zacate colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales; véase <kloa>tlá:pextlí</kloa>) Am plant xiwtli saka pech cooking In both villages this word is used to refer to a type long, easily coiled up type of grass that is used in steam-cooking. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec this bedding for pots is called by the same name as the grass (i.e., <kam>sakapepextli</kam>) in Oapan the bedding receives the name of <kloa>tlá:pextlí</kloa>, which in Ameyaltepec would be <klam>tlapepextli</klam>). Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the <i>Gramineae</i>family, named in Spanish <spn>zacate acostado</spn>. Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. Originally I had this as an entry for Oapan (4394); however, in Oapan <koa>saká:pextlí</koa> refers only to the grass as it grows. Thus I have removed the entry of Oapan for this word here and substituted a cross-reference to the term used: There are 4 additional tokens for this word at 4394. One of these latter words, which has less echo, should be linked to the lexicon. 00653 pa:kilia kipa:kilia pa:kilia kipa:kilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to wash (particularly clothes) for lavar (ropa en particular) para Am, Oa Ne:chtlapa:kilia, wan newa nihkokowilia. Am She washes clothes for me, and I chop firewood for her. Ella lava para mí, y yo le corto leña. Timitsonpa:kili:s motlake:n, ma:ka xkwala:ni! Am I'm going to wash your clothes for you, don't get mad! Voy a ir a lavarte la ropa,¡no te vayas a enojar! (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops) for (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas) para Am, Oa Xwel ninotlá:pa:kília. Oa I can't wash (dishes) for myself. No puedo lavar (platos) por mi mismo. pa:ka Perhaps the /tla-/ forms of each of these verbs should be given a separate entry. Check for the form used in washing nixtamal. I can't remember if it is /papa:kilia/ or /pa:kilia/ (and the respective non-applicative forms). pa:ka verb_base Am, Oa 00654 mole:wa kimole:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-3a(w) to spread or smooth out (sth that is piled up on a flat surface) dispersar o extender (algo que estáamontonado o apilado sobre una superficie plana) Am Xmole:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok! Am Spread that earth around where it is piled up (i.e., smoothing it down so that there is no mound left)! ¡Esparce la tierra allídonde estáamontonada (esto es, aplanándola para que desaparezca el montículo)! Xmo:mole:wa tekohli para titlatoto:ni:skeh! Am Spread the coals out flat so that we can heat our food (tortillas) up on them! ¡Extienda las brasas para que podemos calentar la comida (tortillas) sobre ellas! Xmo:mole:wa xa:hli! Ma:ka ihkón ma xoto:nto, ye wa:hlaw seme:ntoh para iwa:n tiknelo:skeh. Am Spread the sand out! Don't leave it just piled up like that, the cement that we will mix with it (to make mortar) is on its way! ¡Extienda la arena!¡No deje que estétodo amontonada, ya viene el cemento con que la vamos a mezclar (para hacer mezcla)! mol e:wa All entries in Molina refer to the action of working the earth: <kn>moleua. nitla.</kn> 'amollentar la tierra.' On the Spanish to Nahuatl side he has 'amollentada tierra' <kn>tlamoleuhtli</kn> ; 'amollentadura de tierra' <kn>tlamoleualiztli</kn> ; and 'amollentador así' <kn>tlamoleuani</kn>. As RJC notes, the same root is found in <kn>ixcamuleua</kn> 'pintar las cerezas o las ciruelas'; a list of lexemes with this root is found on p. 192. Zacapoaxtla has <kn>tamole:ua</kn> 'hocicar' (i.e., 'to push up things with ones snout'). The Ameyaltepec signification of <kam>mole:wa</kam> is related, it seems, to the meaning of pushing or moving around, or softening up (land) by moving it around. "FK changes the first vowel to a long /o:/, apparently based on an etymological interpretation that links the verb to the nominal stem <kn>mo:l</kn>, but there is no evidence for this."This was originally in my /nde field. Check length. Check for other meanings and also for possible use/existence of intransitive. moya:wa confer Oa 00655 te:ntsonpochik te:ntsonpochik te:ntsonpochik te:ntsonpochik
22/Oct/2005
Adj(ap) (N-N)-Adj Adj-ap to have a fuzzy beard tener la barba velosa Am, Oa Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik! Am You fuzzy-beared slime! ¡Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa! te:n tson pochi: Check here as elsewhere the length of /miktlan/. It should be long by historical data. 00656 kwaltia kwaltia kwaltia kwaltia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to get fixed (sth that was broken such as a machine and starts working); to get better (e.g., a prepared dish food that at one time had tasted bad and that had become better tasting) componerse; ponerse bien; restaurarse (una maquina que se había descompuesto, una comida que en un momento sabía mal, etc.) Am, Oa to recover (e.g., a field that had been affected by drought) recuperarse (p. ej., una milpa que había sido afectada por una sequía, peste, etc.) Am, Oa kwal Recheck to certify that this verb can have a human subject. For all class 4c and class 4b verbs, check for progressive /-itok/ or /-ixtok/? 00657 ikpatl ikpatl ihpatl ihpatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 thread hilo Am, Oa kpa In regard to vowel length, Lockhart (2001:219) notes:"Some evidence points to the <kn>i</kn>being long, but since it is seen elided in some sources, for at least some spaekers it must have been short, which fits better with the structure of the word, for initial <kn>i:</kn>in a simple root was rare and before two consonants much rarer.' The documentation on a long vowel, however, has apparently been misinterpreted. FK reports a long vowel on the basis of Tetelcingo evidence. However, in Tetelcingo, as a perusal of the entries from pages 127 to 128, initial /i/ is almost always reported as long (in Tetelcingo an unmarked /i/ is the reflex of the long vowel, an underlined /i/ is the reflex of a short vowel), even before the reflex of the 'saltillo' as in <kn>i:jcatica</kn> and <kn>i:jyöya</kn>. Check epenthetic quality of /i/ and that both possessive constructions exist. Check vowel length; FK has a long first vowel. 00658 ma:pasol ma:pasol
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap to be a kleptomaniac ser cleptómano Am ma pahsol The etymology of <kam>ma:pasol</kam> includes the root <kroot>pahsol</kroot>, which is used to indicate tangling and things tangled. <kam>Ma:pasol</kam> seems to refer to someone who is always sticking his hands in something and getting them"tangled up"in material objects that are then removed. Check length of first /a:/ as this word is taken from a file card in the first series without vowel length. mátlayéhli synonym Oa 00659 kwitlanexowa kikwitlanexowa kwitlanexowa kikwitlanexowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to remove the luster or sheen of; to make (sth) look faded hacer perder el lustro y vista; ajar; deslucir; Am, Oa O:te:chkwitlanexoh tla:ltektli kwa:k o:te:chpanawih fle:chah. Am The dust made us (i.e., our clothes) look faded when (it swirled up as) the bus passed us. El polvo hiciera que nosotros (esto es, nuestra ropa) perdieramos su lustro cuando (se levantócuando) nos rebasóel camión. kwitla nex kwitlanexiwi 00660 a:tsetselwia ka:tsetselwia á:tsilwía á:tsilwia ká:tsilwía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-wia rdp-s/h Am, Oa class-2a yes to finely sprinkle water on (e.g., a plant to water it lightly; a floor to settle the dust; the action indicated by <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> is often accomplished by pouring water out of a bucket held in one arm while moving the other hand rapidly under the stream of water to make it sprinkle) rociarle agua muy fina a o sobre (una planta para regarle ligeramente, un piso para que no se levente polvo; la acción indicada por <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> se realiza al verter agua de una cubeta sostenida con un brazo, mientras que la otra mano se menea rápidamente dentro del chorro de agua para que se rocie) Am, Oa Xka:tsetselwi para tika:te:ki:s. Am Sprinkle water on it to water it (e.g., flowers, plants, etc.). Rocíale agua para regarle (p. ej., flores, plantas, etc.). Nika:tsetselwi:s para ma:ka nokwite:was tlaltekwtli. Am I'm going to sprinkle water on it (a dirt floor) so that dust doesn't come up. Voy a rociarle agua (al piso de tierra) para que no se levante el polvo. Ka:tsetselwitiw. Am He goes along sprinkling water on it. Va rociándole agua. a: tsel Check if any different from /a:ichwia/. In Ameyaltepec <kam>a:tsitsilwia</kam> is an alternative pronunciation of <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam>. For example, both Gabriel de la Cruz and his mother Aurora use <kam>a:tsitsilwia</kam> although many others say, <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam>. It is not clear which pronunciation is more common. In Oapan I have only documented <kloa>á:tsilwíya</kloa>, not * <koa>á:tselwíya</koa>. Apparently because of the type of action referred to <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as <kam>a:po:poxowa</kam>. However, the usual development with Oapan <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> concerns the application of pitch-accent on the <koa>a:-</koa>, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has <koa>naká:skayá:wa</koa> for what in other dialects is <kn>nakaskahkaya:wa</kn>, or <koa>ní:kí:ski</koa> from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be <koa>kíkí:ski</koa>. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., <koa>a:polaki</koa> redupilcates as <koa>á:poláki</koa>). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> appears to be a vo wel-initial stem that, because of certain semantic consider ations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb <koa>kákayá:wa</koa>). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ? <koa>a:tsilwiya</koa> that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as <koa>a:polaki</koa> and <koa>á:poláki</koa>) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. <koa>má:kwaló</koa> along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> is one of those few words in which the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an inc orporated noun. However, a f u rther complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for <kn>atzelhuia</kn>, each with a different prefixation pattern: <kn>nin.</kn> 'rociarse con agua'; <kn>nite.</kn> 'rociar a otro con agua'; and <kn>nitla.</kn> 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (<kn>a:</kn>) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root <kn>tzel</kn> with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the basic compound <kn>a:tselwia</kn>. In Ameyaltepec <kn>a:tselwia</kn> is treated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, a s of te n occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam>. However, in Oapan the compound <kn>a:tsilwiya</kn> is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa>. Note the similar situation with <klam>a:toto:nilwia</klam>. Whereas Ameyaltepec has both <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> and <kam>a:tsitsilwia</kam> Oapan only has only been documented with the <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> variant. Other dialects such as Classical (see above) only have the form with /e/. Oapan reduplication: Apparently because of the type of action referred to <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as <kam>a:po:poxowa</kam>. However, the usual development with Oapan <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> concerns the application of pitch-accent on the <koa>a:-</koa>, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has <koa>naká:skayá:wa</koa> for what in other dialects is <kn>nakaskahkaya:wa</kn>, or <koa>ní:kí:ski</koa> from"underlying"{ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be <koa>kíkí:ski</koa>. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., <koa>a:polaki</koa> redupilcates as <koa>á:poláki</koa>). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> appears to be a vowel-initial stem tha t, because of cert ain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb <koa>kákayá:wa</koa>). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ? <koa>a:tsilwiya</koa> that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as <koa>a:polaki</koa> and <koa>á:poláki</koa>) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. <koa>má:kwaló</koa> along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative"morpheme."On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa> is one of those few words in whic h the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an incorpor a t ed noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for <kn>atzelhuia</kn>, each with a different prefixation pattern: <kn>nin.</kn> 'rociarse con agua'; <kn>nite.</kn> 'rociar a otro con <kn>agua</kn> ; and <kn>nitla.</kn> 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (<kn>a:</kn>) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root <kn>tzel</kn> with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the bas ic compound <kn>a:tselwia</kn>. In Ameyaltepec <kn>a:tselwia</kn> is t reated as a nominal stem incor po ra te d into a verbal stem, as often occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam>. However, in Oapan the compound <kn>a:tsilwiya</kn> is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in <koa>á:tsilwíya</koa>. Note that this is not a metathesized applicative. This can be determined by noting the valency. A word such as /popolwia/ is an applicative of the transitive /popolowa/. Thus it is a ditransitive 'to erase sth to sb.' However, the primary object of /a:tsetselwia/ is the object onto which water is sprinkled, i.e. the"direct object"and hence the derivation is from a noun (*a:tsetsehli) which, in this case might not exist in isolated form. Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /á:tsilwíya/ for Oapan Nahuatl and the fact that the Am form is /a:tsetselwia/ indicates that the reduplication is of the verbal stem. Note that the preceding vowel is long (from /a:/ 'water') but that nevertheless this takes pitch-accent. a:tsitsilwia synonym Am 00661 eko neko ékó eko yékó
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4a yes-lex to arrive (toward a deictic reference point) llegar (hacia un punto de referencia) Am, Oa Xnikmati kamanon yekos motah, xtlah o:ne:chihlite:w. Am I don't know when your father will arrive here, he didn't say anything about it to me before he left. No sécuando va a llegar aquítu papá, no me dijo nada al respeto antes de salir. I yekotok. Am It is now arriving here. Ya estállegando aquí. (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) to arrive at the place where (sb [marked as the possessor of <kam>-pan</kam>] is at) (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) llegar a un lugar donde está(algn [señalado como el poseedor de <kam>-pan</kam>]) Am, Oa Nopan yekos noba:leh, nika:n nikchias. Am My friend will arrive here where I am, I'll wait for him. Mi amigo va a llegar aquídonde estoy, lo voy a esperar. A:mantsi:n mopan yekos. Am He'll arrive here where you are very soon. Ahorita va a llegar aquídonde estás. (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) to suddenly affect (sb [marked as the possessor of <kam>-pan</kam>], particularly by mental illness) (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) de repente afectar (a algn [señalado como el poseedor de <kam>-pan</kam>], particularmente por una enfermedad mental) Pending A:chitsi:n noteltia iwa:n oksepa ipan yeko. Am It dies down for a while and then once again it suddenly affects him (in this case a person who was suffering from an illness that at times makes him lose his wits). Se detiene por un rato y después otra vez le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que sufría una enfermedad que le hacía perder el juicio de vez en cuando). Sa: ipan yeko. Am It just hits him every once in a while (in this case a person who had occasional fits of madness). De repente le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que periodicamente sufría por la demencia) I:pan yo:yekok kokolistli. Am He suddenly got ill. De repente le llegóuna enfermedad. motion The collocation of <kam>yeko</kam> (or <koa>yékó</koa>) with <kamoa>-pan</kamoa> shows interesting variations between Ameylatepec and Oapan, particularly in how certain combinations of <kamoa>-pan</kamoa> with different person prefixes on <kam>yeko</kam> and <koa>yékó</koa> are realized. Ameyaltepec shows, for example, <kam>i:pan neko</kam> , <kam>i:pan teko</kam> , and <kam>i:pan yeko</kam>. In Oapan one finds <koa>i:pánéko</koa> <koa>i:pá[n] tekó</koa>, and <koa>i:páyekó</koa> ehko Next elicitation get /nékó/ for Oapan Nahuatl. Link the additional tokens (one of each) from 3737, these have less echo than the ones recorded here, on tape 4. Thus the linked tokens, male and female, should be above"b". Note also the best female token from 3737 is the second. asi confer Am asi confer Am yeko:ltia val_add_caus Am 00662 tlatsakwtok tlatsakwtok tlatsahtok tlatsahtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative closed (e.g., a business); closed up (a building such as a house, etc.) cerrado (un edificio como una casa, tienda, etc.) Am, Oa Tlatsakwtok. Mo:stla oksepa tiwa:hla:skeh. Am It's closed (in this case a store). Tomorrow we will come again. Estácerrado (en este caso un una tienda). Mañana vamos a venir otra vez. Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok. Am Everywhere the buildings are closed up (p. ej., all the stores). Por todos lados todo estácerrado (p. ej., todas las tiendas). tsakwa Recheck if /tlatlatsakwtok/ is correct. Also check for /tla:tlatsakwtok/. It would seem (but check) that Oa /tlá:tsakwtók/ is the equivalent of Am /tlatsatsakwtok/. Check. Reduplication; indefinite null complements; lexicalization of /tla-/: Note the pattern of reduplication in /Nochiwiá:n tlatsatsakwtok/ 'Everywhere the buildings are closed up (p. ej., all the stores).' The headword /tlatsakwtok/ has been analyzed as a manifestation, in a stative, of an indefinite null complement. However, when reduplicated note that at least in this case it is the verbal root that is reduplicated, not the compound with /tla-/. This is not always the case (cf. /tla:tlakwa/, etc.), but it seems to be the most common pattern. In general all cases of what I have indicated to be indefinite null complements should be checked for the possibility that the compound as a new stem can be reduplicated. In the present this would be /tlatlatsakwtok/. Note that Oapan a store: /tlatsahktok/. A drawer /tsahtok/. A desk /tsa:tsahtok/, and a city with all the stores closed, e.g., /no:wiya:n tlá:tsahktók/. One can also say <koa>no:wiya:n tlatsa:tsahtok</koa> but this seems to h ave the impli cation of many places being closed in a single place, e.g., all the doors leading out of a house so that one cannot get out. If Oapan /tlá:tsahtók/ is the equivalent of Ameyaltepec /tlatsatsakwtok/ the this would indicate that what is reduplicated is the verbal stem. tsakwtok minus_tla Am tsahtok minus_tla Oa 00663 limo:nkuwtli limo:nkuwtli limo:nkohtli limo:nkohtli limo:nkohtli Tetel
08/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>limón</spn> N N-N N-loan Stem 1(w) lemon tree árbol de limón Pending Kipia itekal nolimo:nkuwtsi:n. Am My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it. Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor. plant domesticated kow Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>Citrus limon</spn>, of the family <i>Rutaceae</i>. It is a cultivated plant, not growing in the wild. 00664 monti monti monti monti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to live at the house of one's wife's parents with the traditional work obligations of a son-in-law vivir en la casa de los parientes de la esposa con las tradicionales obligaciones de trabajo de un yerno Am, Oa Umpa montilo:tok. Am There are sons-in-law living there (with the implication that they are fulfilling the obligations of a sons-in-law). Hay yernos alláviviendo (con la implicación que están cumpliendo con las obligaciones de un yerno). mon The impersonal passive construction <kam>montilo:tok</kam> refers to a household situation where one or more daughters have brought their husbands to live with them. The verb <kam>monti</kam> , often used with an extraverse directional, implies that the man went to live in his wife's family's household, giving service with his labor instead of paying bridewealth. Note that the phrase /nika:n montilotok/ was added in a recheck of the database; it was mistakenly left out when the original filecard was entered in. Thus, the phrase should be checked. 00665 tsi:ntsomo:ni tsi:ntsomo:ni tsi:ntsomo:ni tsi:ntsomo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a to have its bottom rip (e.g., a box, plastic bucket, etc.) romperse por el fondo (p. ej., una caja, cubeta de plástico, etc.) Am, Oa O:tsi:ntsomo:n mokube:tah, yo:weka:w o:tko:w. Am The bottom of your bucket has ripped open, you bought it a long time ago. Se rompióel fondo de tu cubeta, ya tiene mucho que lo compraste. tsi:n tsomo: 00666 tlanchikohli tlanchikohli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 3 see <klam>tlanchikohlo</klam> véase <klam>tlanchikohlo</klam> Am tlan chihkol Check the vowel length of the final /o/. It should perhaps be long. Check to see if /notlanchikol/ is correct; I don't think it is. tlachikohli chíkohlí synonym Oa 00667 zzz Was /I:pan Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database.
27/Jan/2005
 00668 da:nsah da:nsah
11/Feb/2006
danza N N-loan N1 religious dance danza religiosa Am da:nsah (give a list: and link to page with a description) The Spanish loan <kam>da:nsah</kam> is used specifically to refer to religious dances performed during town fiestas, such as <klam>da:nsah de bo:lah</klam> , <klam>da:nsah de koro:nah</klam> , <klam>bake:ros</klam> , etc. Recheck if there is a Oapan word; note that originally <kloa>nitó:tiké:tl</kloa>was here, but this seems to refer to the dancers themselves and not to the"dance."Check. 00669 petla:ni petla:ni petla:ni petla:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) Compl; +Caus class-3a to shine; to glimmer; to sparkle; to gleam brillar; estar resplandeciente; relucir Am, Oa Petla:ntok a:tl. Am The water is glimmering (e.g., after having innundated an area) El agua estáresplandeciente (p. ej., después de haber anegado unaárea). Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah. Am That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit). Esa barra de luz florescente estácentelleando (en este caso en referencia a la luz tenua que se ve al arrancarse, inmediatamente antes de que el foco se prende definitivamente). petla: petla:ni; pepetlaka The phrase <kam>tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah</kam> is interesting in that it has a specific subject with what seems to be an impersonal verb, i.e., one that would seem to negate the possibility of such specificity. The phrase should be rechecked. Determine why /tlapetla:ni/ is used in /tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/. Determine if there is any transitive form, either ?petla:nia or ?petla:naltia. Determine potential subjects of /petla:ni/, e.g., shined shoes? And the difference between this verb and /pepetlaka/. Check for /petla:nia/. /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent reference or anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite, known to both speaker and hearer, referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb /tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/. /tla-/; impersonal passive; subjectless: Although in previous notes I have analyzed /tla-/ and /-lo/ as manners of creating subjectless constructions in which subsequent reference or anaphora is not possible, the present case of /Tlapetla:ni un ba:rrah/ 'That florescent light is flashing (in this case in reference to the tenuous flashing that is visible as the light starts up, just before the bulb gets fully lit)' runs counter to this. Here there is an intransitive verb with a /tla-/ prefix that takes a specific and definite, known to both speaker and hearer, referent ('that light'). This verb /tlapetla:ni/ used in this context can be compared to /tlachichipi:ni/ in the context of /nitlachichipi:ni/ 'I am sexually aroused.' In both cases the verb /tlapetla:ni/ and /tlachichipi:ni/ the verbal predicate seems to indicate something that takes place 'on' the subject. But this interpretation does not seem entirely satisfactory and it will be necessary to determine, for example, the differen ce between /tlapetla:niun ba:rrah/ and /petla:ni un ba:rrah/. Also, check for other occasions on which one can state /tlapetla:ni/. petla:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00670 tlamachilispolowa kitlamachilispolowa tlamachilispolowa kitlamachilispolowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl; +Caus (Am) class-2b to make (sb) lose his common sense or sense of good judgement; to keep or impede (sb) from thinking clearly and reflectively hacer perder el sentido común o juicio a; impedir a (algn) de pensar y reflexionar bien Am, Oa Ne:xtlamachilispolowa serbe:sah! Am Beer makes me lose my ability to think clearly. La cerveza me hace perder el sentido común. mati pol Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive <koa>tlamachilispoliwa</koa> and transitive <koa>tlamachilispolowa</koa>, Ameyaltepec has an additonal transitive form, <kam>tlamachilispolo:ltia</kam> that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to transitive <kam>tlamachilispolowa</kam>. Nevertheless, this needs to be confirmed since <kn>polo:ltia</kn> is normally a ditransitive verb. According to Cristino Flores <kam>tlamachilispolowa</kam> is incorrect; the correct form is <kam>tlamachilispolowi:tia</kam>. However, the former has been documented in speech. Check to make sure that /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are equivalent. Cf. the discussion in the grammar notes for the lexical entry /tlapolo:ltia/. Transitivity; valency; causatives: Whereas Oapan Nahuatl manifests a simple opposition between intransitive <koa>tlamachilispoliwa</koa> and transitive <koa>tlamachilispolowa</koa>, Ameyaltepec has an additonal transitive form, <kam>tlamachilispolo:ltia</kam> that consultants stated was equivalent in meaning to transitive <kam>tlamachilispolowa</kam>. Nevertheless, this needs to be confirmed since <kn>polo:ltia</kn> is normally a ditransitive verb. If both /tlamachilispolowa/ and /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ are simple transitives, this would indicate that in /tlamachilispolowa/ the IN is not valency-reducing whereas with /tlamachilispolo:ltia/ it is. Check! There are 4 additional tokens from 4604; these should be tagged with 670; note that the two linked tokens (F and M) should be taken from the later (4604) speech tokens, which have less echo. tlamachilispolo:ltia synonym Am tlamachilispoliwi:tia synonym Am 00671 seknek seknek sehnek sehnek
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man (<kam>san ~</kam>) together (yet separate from others) (<kam>san ~</kam>) juntos (pero apartados de otros) Am, Oa O:kikni:wtih pa:mpa san seknek o:kitla:lih. Am He made it one with the others (i.e., other similar objects) because he put it together (with them). Lo juntócon los demás porque lo colocóen un solo lugar. San seknek tia:skeh,¿xtikneki? Am We will go together (perhaps separately from the rest), do you want to (join us)? Vamos juntos (quizáaparte de los demás)¿Quieres (ir con nosotros)? San seknek xtla:li! Am Put them all together (in a single and separate place)! ¡Pónlos juntos (juntos en un solo lugar aparte)! San seknek ma ye! Am Let them all be together (in their own separate place)! ¡Quétodos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)! San sehnek nincha:ntih. Oa They live together in one place. Viven juntos en un solo lugar. Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh. Am He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group). Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte). seknek <kam>Seknek</kam> apparently refers to something (an event, a group of objects, etc.) that is separate from others, i.e., in located or occurring in a separate or distinct place.' Yet it appears that <kam>seknek</kam> (Am) / <koa>sehnek</koa> (Oa) can only be used to refer multiple objects that are both together and separate. With this meaning, in all documented cases to date) by <klamoa>san</klamoa>. Note, however, that in Oapan (at least, perhaps also in Ameyaltepec), <koa>sehnek</koa> can be used to mean 'in another place apart' or 'in a separate or distinct place.' Apparently <kam> seknek</kam> is cognate to Classical <kn>cecni</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'en otra parte o lugar, o en cierta parte, o por si aparte.' The motivation for the variation in final segment is unclear but not unique. Oapan has <kloa>ni:sik</kloa> for Ameyaltepec <klam>ni:siw</klam>. Determine precise meaning. This is probably related to classical /cecni/, which is usually glossed as 'in a separate or distinct place.' 00672 sakapostektli sakapostektli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(k) type of grass, still not identified tipo de zacate, todavía no identificado Am saka posteki zacate Although <kam>sakapostekli</kam> was in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass; neither were three consultants who worked on botanical identification in September 2001. If not confirmed this entry should be removed. 00673 te:nyekapistik te:nyekapistik te:nyekapistik te:nyekapistik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-(N-Adj) Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a pointed end (e.g., a pencil) tener un punto agudo (p. ej., un lápiz) Am, Oa to have a narrow, pointed beak (the majority of birds) tener el pico delgado y puntiagudo (la mayoría de los pájaros) Am, Oa te:n yeka pits <kam>Te:nyekapistik</kam> is derived from a verbal form <kamoa>yekapitsiwi</kamoa>, with a root analyzed as <kroot>pits</kroot>. This seems the same or closely related to <kroot>pitsa:</kroot>, found in <klamoa>pitsa:wi</klamoa>'to become thin.' Recheck vowel length. There is /pi:stik/ meaning 'tight' (e.g., an opening or passageway) and /pitsa:wi/ 'to become thin.' I would have thought that this would have been ?/te:nyekapitsaktik/, but it isn't. Recheck all words with /pitsiwi/, /pitsa:wi/, etc. te:nweyak confer Am 00674 yenkwia ['yen kwia] yenkwia yenkwia [yen 'kwi ya] yenkwia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to become new again renovarse Am, Oa O:yenkwiak nokal. Am My house has gotten to be like new again (i.e., after certain repairs fixed what had gotten worn down and old). Mi casa se volviócomo nuevo (p. ej., con ciertos cambios a las partes que se habían envejecidas). yenkwi Check whether this is /yenkwia/ with the accent on /yen/ or /yenkwiya/ with the accent on /kwi/. If the latter change to /yenkwiya/ here and elsewhere. 00675 kwe:temonexe:wi kwe:temonexe:wi kwe:témonexé:wi kwe:temonexe:wi kwe:témonexé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Lex. <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) yes-lex to have one's skirt to fade desteñirsele la falda a Pending kwe: te- mohnex Apparently also correct is /kwe:monexe:wi/ but not /kwe:nexe:wi/. Check. Also, in general look into problems of etymological analysis of /(te)(mo)nex- /. If /kwe:monexe:wi/ is correct, first determine if there is any difference with /kwe:temonexe:wi/; if there is not, change this entry to /kwe:monexe:wi/, with possibility of /te-/. Or, perhaps create two entries with a link through /syn field. Check all words with /temonex/ etc. for /h/. Oa shows pitch-accent; Am gives no relevant information on this point. 00676 a:xi:xkokoyá:k a:xi:xkokoyá:k
24/Oct/2005
Adj (N-N)-S-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia to have a smell of urine tener un olor de o oler a orina Am, Oa A:xi:xkokoyá:k mopantaló:n pa:mpa o:titla:wa:n wa:n mopan o:tima:xi:x. Am Your pants smell of urine because you got drunk and urinated on yourself. Tus pantalones huelen a urina porque te emborrachaste y te orinaste. a: xi:xa koko hya: Check analysis of root /koko/, perhaps should be entered as /ko/. Note the use of /koko/ to indicate the abundance or proliferation of a smell, but check cognates. Check pronunciation of /pantaló:n/. Add under /koko/, either in root section or dictionary section, idea of abundance of a smell. Check for other uses of this form with this meaning. a:xi:xtésokwiyá:k synonym Oa 00677 -na:k i:na:k -na:k i:na:k
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N(rel) N2(rel) (~ [noun representing a human]) at the site (worksite, housesite, location, etc.) of; from (~ [sustantivo indicando un ser humano]) en el (sitio, lugar de trabajo, ubicación, etc.) de; en relación a Am A: Ka:n tiaw? B: Niá:s te:tla:lpan. A: A:kinonina:k? B: I:na:k nomontah. Am A: Where are you going? B: To work in someone's field. A: Whose is it? B: It's my father-in-law's. A:¿Dónde vas? B: A trabajar en una milpa ajena. A:¿De quién? B: Es de mi suego. Kwa:k timikis tiá:sina:k tota:tah. Am When you die, you'll go to be with Our Father. Cuando mueras, irás al lado de Nuestro Señor. Niá:sina:k in na:nkah toba:leh. Am I'm going to work for this here friend of ours. Voy a ir a trabajar por este amigo aquí. Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki. Am I will gain rights to use your oxen by working them in your fields. I also want to plant. Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes al trabajarlos en tu milpa. también quiero sembrar. I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh. Am Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol. Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago. (~ [noun representing an animal]) in an activity (e.g., hunting, gathering) related to [animal] (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) en una actividad (p. ej., cazando o juntando) relacionada con [animal] Am O:nyekaina:k masa:tl. Am I went deerhunting (but have now returned). Fui a cazar venado (pero estoy de regreso). Nontlatlamo:tlasina:k wi:lo:meh -= ika wi:lo:meh-. Am I'm going to go hunting <kam>huilotas</kam>. Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. (~ [noun representing a plant]) gathering [plant] (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) cortando, colectando [planta] Am Niá:sina:k wa:xin. Am I'm going to pick <spn>huajes</spn>. Voy a ir a cortar huaje. -na:k The relational noun <koa>-na:k</koa> is rarely used in Oapan, apparently only by a limited number of elders. For example, in the first phrase above, instead of asking <kam>Akinon i:nak?</kam> , someone from Oapan might ask <koa>ainoh i:tla:lpah</koa>, etc. In Ameyaltepec this relational noun often appears as simply <kam>na:k</kam> with the 3rd-person possessive prefix (i.e., for <kam>ina:k</kam>). In transcriptions this is represented as <kam>'na:k</kam>. It appears that there is a difference between <kam>-tech</kam> and <kam>-na:k</kam> , although the precise nature of this difference needs to be further determined. It seems that <kam>-tech</kam> is used mostly to indicate physical proximity to things considered in their material aspect, whereas <kam>-na:k</kam> is used more in relation to activities or activities in relation to a particular person. Syntactically <kam>-na:k</kam> is used to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses that further clarify the nature of the predicate, which is often a verb indicating motion or activity. Thus note that in response to the question <kam>Ka:n tiyáw?</kam> one may respond <kam>Te:tla:lpan</kam> 'somebody's field.' The person who first asked might then ask again," <kam>¿Akinon ina:k?</kam> 'Whose field?' (lit. 'in regard to/next to whom?') and be answered with, for example, <kam>ina:k Robe:rtoh</kam> 'Robert's (field).' In this context <kam>itech</kam> is unacceptable since it only communicates physical proximity to th e possessor. Note also the use of <kam>ina:k</kam> in phrases such as <kam>ina:k masa:tl</kam> , which further clarifies the activity (in this case hunting) already mentioned in the predicate. Marcial Camilo gave me the phrase /i:na:k a:tl/. I don't quite know the meaning of this. Check. Note however, that the above phrase as /ina:k músikah/, cf. to the possible form (check) /itech músikos/. Finally, cf. /ina:k tota:tah/, vs. /itech tota:tah/? The full use of /-na:k/ needs to be determined. Check final vowel of /so:lo/ for possible /h/. -na:wak synonym Am 00678 patlach i:patlach
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 broad and flat side of (e.g., of a 2 x 4, the 4-inch. side, or of a bundles of maize leaves (<klamoa>iswatl</klamoa>) tied and left on the ground, the flat, pressed side that had been lying face down) lado ancho y plano de (p. ej., de una table de 2 x 4 pulgadas, el lado de 4 pulgadas, o de un manojo de zacate, el lado que había estado pegado junto al suelo) Am Xtla:li ika ipatlach, ma:ka tikteketsas! Am Place it down on its flat side (e.g., a 2 x 4), don't stand it up! ¡Acuéstala por su lado ancho (p. ej., una tabla de madera), no vayas a ponerlo parado! ipatlach iswatl Am the wide side of a bundle of maize leaves (tied together) el lado ancho y plano de un manojo de zacate patlach Check for use as a vulgar term to refer to a woman's crotch. This is now in the censored part of the dictionary. 00679 suwa:tia suwa:tia siwa:tia siwa:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become a woman (e.g., by having at least one child) llegar a ser mujer (p. ej., al tener por lo menos un hijo) Am, Oa sowa: In Oapan <koa>siwa:tia</koa> is used to refer to the process whereby a girl becomes a woman. In Ameyaltepec, however, it can apparently also be used to refer to men who turn into women, or who are in danger of doing so, as when they grab a woman's clothing (a <spn>rebozo</spn> in particular). In Oapan it is used to refer to girls who become women; in Ameyaltepec it apparently can also refer to men who turn into women or who are threatened so, e.g., if they grab a woman's clothing. Check to see if /sowa:kwepa/ is also a word and, if so, the difference between /sowa:tia/ and /sowa:kwepa/. 00680 tlatewitska:n tlatewitska:n tlatewitska:n @tlatewitska:n Loc N-loc-? N(loc)
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>tlatetewitska:n</klam> véase <klam>tlatetewitska:n</klam> Am, Oa tewits Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted only <kloa>tla:ltewitska:h</kloa>and not * <koa>tlatewitska:h</koa>. Check to see if this is actually a proper entry for Am. If not, delete. Perhaps only the rdp form is accepted (and check vowel length). Or perhaps, like in Oapan, only the form with /tla:l-/ is acceptable. tla:ltewitska:n synonym Oa 00681 chi:hlo:tia kichi:hlo:tia chi:hlo:tia kichi:hlo:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia ~Adj class-2a to put chile in; to sprinke chile on (e.g., a food as a spice) echar o agregar chile a (p. ej., a un guisado para darle sabor) Am, Oa Xne:xchia san a:chitsi:n, ma nikchi:hlo:ti i:n yetl! Yo:iksik. Am Wait for me just a moment, let me sprinkle chile on these beans! They've already gotten cooked. ¡Espérame un moment, déjame echarle chile a estos frijoles! Ya se cocieron. (often reduplicated with short vowel) to stain with chile (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) manchar con chile Pending chi:l Check second definition. Probably the adjectival /chi:hloh/ exists, check and change codes as needed. 00682 wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli wetskiswa:xkuwtsi:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-tsi:n Stem 1(n) see <klam>wetskiswa:xin</klam> véase <klam>wetskiswa:xin</klam> Am In the future all such words should be pointed to the botanical database. wetska wa:x kow tsi:n 00683 kukwalatsa kikukwalatsa kwakwalatsa kikwakwalatsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] Compl class-3a(ts) to make boil intensely (a liquid or, by extension, the container holding this liquid) hacer hervir fuertemente (un líquido o, por extensión, el recipiente que contiene el líquido) Am, Oa Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! Am Bring your pot of <klam>nextamahli</klam> to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat tamales, even if just a couple! ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer tamales aunque sean nada más dos! kwala: Recheck whether the Oa form can be reduced. Apparently it can't be, or I would have so mentioned in my notes from Summer 2001. kwala:ni ni_base Am, Oa 00684 me:dioh me:dioh
22/Oct/2005
medio N N-loan N1 monetary measure of 6 centavos medida monetaria de 6 centavos Am Nikpia san me:dioh. Am I only have six centavos. Sólo tengo seis centavos. tomi:n and monetary measures This is an old way of counting money, apparently from the time of the Mexican Revolution. It is no longer used but referred to half a real, of 12 1/2 centavos. tomi:n confer Am, Oa rreá:l confer Am 00685 tlankoxtisi notlankoxtisi tlankoxtesi tlankoxtisi notlankoxtesi
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a (refl.) to grind ones molars (refl.) rechinar o apretar las muelas Am, Oa tlan koch tisi In Oapan it seems that <koa>tlankoxtisi</koa> is more common than <koa>tlankoxtesi</koa>, but this needs to be consulted with a larger number of speakers. 00686 eko:tia keko:tia ékó:tia eko:tia kékó:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to take to or help arrive at a destination hacer o ayudar llegar a un destino Am, Oa Sana:man ne:cheko:tia. Ke:n wel nenemi! Am It (in this case a mule) gets me to my destination right away. It can really walk! Rápido me hace llegar a mi destino (en este caso una mula).¡Cómo camina! Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok. Am My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's getting tired. Mi burro me hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se estácansando. motion ehko Check /yo:lik/ to make sure final vowel /i:/ is not long. 00687 a:matla:lia ka:matla:lia a:matla:lia ka:matla:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to write down on paper (e.g., a loan or other transaction) apuntar sobre un papel (p. ej., un préstamo u otra transacción) Am, Oa to register (a person) on a written-down list registar a (una persona) en una lista apuntada Am, Oa O:kima:matla:likeh ko:koneh. Am They registered the children (e.g., for school). Registraron a los niños (p. ej., en la escuela). a:ma tla:l a:matla:lilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00688 ma:chih ma:chih
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N0/2; (0=2) (vocative) term of endearment for addressing close female relatives (mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter and, occasionally, grandmother) (vocativo) vocativo cariñoso para la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta y, a veces, la abuela Am ma:n <kam>Ma:chih</kam> is most often used as a vocative although apparently it may be used in possessed form, with the referents indicated; see the reference under <kam>pa:n</kam> for a discussion. The etymology of <kam>ma:chih</kam> is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for female relations <kam>ma:n</kam> followed by what may be considered a suffix of endearment, <kam>-chih</kam> (perhaps a palatalization of <kam>-tsi:n</kam>). It appears that <kam>ma:chih</kam> and <kam>ma:n</kam> are identical in meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that occasionally <kam>ma:chih</kam> may be possessed as a term of reference. Check meaning of /ma:chih/ and /ma:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /ma:n/. This should be checked. It is the counterpart of /pa:chih/. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /ma:(n)/ for female kinwomen. ma:n confer Am pa:chih confer Am ma:n synonym Am na:nah synonym Oa 00689 masa:kowatl masa:kowatl masa:kowatl masa:kowatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 boa mazacuate; boa constrictor Am, Oa animal sn masa: kowa snake According to Luis Lucena, this snake is not deadly. 00690 xo:chiowa xo:chiowa xo:chiowa xo:chiowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia Compl class-4a to come into flower (a plant) florear (una planta) Am, Oa xo:chi Check Oapan form and determine whether it should be written /xo:chiyowa/ or /xo:chyowa/. 00691 i:yeya ni:yeya í:yeyá i:yeya ní:yeyá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a(y) yes-lex (refl.) to fart; to break wind (refl.) echar un pedo Pending Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k ni:yeya tekolo:tl. Am There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts. Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo. to fart on echar un pedo a o sobre Pending functions hye The pitch-accent of the Oapan form, <koa>ní:yeyá</koa> suggests that the elicitation form given was actually reduplicated: the reflex of the reduplicant with a long initial vowel is simply pitch accent on the stem-initial vowel. Most other dialects researched (Classical, Tetelcingo, Northern Puebla, Mecayapan, Zacapoaxtla) either do not have cognate forms or, when they do, do not manifest a 'saltillo' suggesting that Oapan pitch accent is not derived from underlying {h}, but rather reduplication. However Pipil (Campbell, 226) does show /h/ in the nominal <kn>ihyal</kn> 'fart.' Undoubtedly cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo or other villages in the in the Balsas region where the"saltillo"has been maintained would clarify any uncertainty about the proper root form. Moreover, it might be that a singular form exists, <koa>ni:yeya</koa>, as occurs in Ameyaltepec. Determine causative form (?iyexi:tia); check to see that specific object is possible, e.g, /ne:chiyeya/. Check initial vowel in Am, noting that it is long in Oapan and FK has it long. I would imagine a long initial /i:/ in Am /i:yeya/, but my original notes had a short vowel. Check initial vowel and for /h/ or p-a. Use second male token. i:yeltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00692 sokimatilowa *kisokimatilowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Trans class-2b to wrap coils of mud around (e.g., in making a <klam>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</klam>) poner tiras de lodo alrededor de (p. ej., en hacer un <klam>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</klam>) Am Kisokimatilowan, yo:li:k ke:kchi:wan. Am They wrap coils of mud around it, they make it slowly. Le ponen tiras de lodo a su alrededor, despacio lo hacen. soki matil 00693 tla:katele:le:tik tla:katele:le:tik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-tik to be a foolish man ser hombre sonso Am tele:le:tik tla:ka tele:le: The derivational process here is not clear; check. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change. 00694 mania ma nia ma nia manya ma nia ma nia
11/Feb/2006
<klamoa>ma</klamoa>and the verb <klamoa>yaw</klamoa>in first person; see <klamoa>ma</klamoa> <klamoa>ma</klamoa>y el verbo <klamoa>yaw</klamoa>en primera persona; véase <klamoa>ma</klamoa> Am, Oa ma yaw Clarify under /ma/ conventions for writing. 00695 ma:noh ma:noh ma:noh ma:noh
11/Feb/2006
hermano N N-loan N0/2; Aln(0=2) (vocative) term of address (male or female speaker) for adult and adolescent men; this is the standard term in Oapan and is used by Ameyaltepequeños when addressing a man from this former village (vocativo) término (empleado por hombres y mujeres) para saludar a hombres adolescentes y adultos; es el término general en Oapan, pero también se utiliza por Ameyaltepequeños cuando se dirigen a un oapaneco Am, Oa Ka:n tiaw ma:noh? Am Where are you going brother Oapaneco? ¿Dónde vas hermano oapaneco? (<kamoa>toma:noh</kamoa>) man from Oapan (<kamoa>toma:noh</kamoa>) hombre de Oapan Am, Oa Na:nkah se: toma:noh. Am Here's a man from Oapan. Aquíestáun hombre de Oapan. O:ne:chihlih un toma:noh, xnikmatiya. Am That man from Oapan told me, I didn't know it. Me lo dijo ese hombre de Oapan, no lo sabía. This term is used in Oapan to refer to elder men, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. Thus although this is a term used in Oapan, Ameyaltepequeños use it in greeting men from Oapan, or even at times in greeting (or referring to) men from other villages, particularly those far east of Oapan, such as San Juan Totolcintla and San Francisco Ozomatlán. The possessed form is only found with a 1st-person plural possessor. na:ni:tah confer Am 00696 sakati:yah sakati:yah sakatsi:n sakatsi:n
11/Feb/2006
zacatilla N N-loan N1 a variety of <kam>wi:lo:tl</kam> , apparently the <l>Zenaida macroura</l>or a related species tipo de pájaro del grupo llamado <kam>wi:lo:tl</kam> , aparentemente <l>Zenaida macroura</l>o una especie cercana Pending Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 20, p. 324 animal bird Apparently a borrowing from a Spanish term (itself perhaps derived from Nahuatl <kam>sakatl</kam>) that refers to a type of <kam>huilota</kam> or 'dove', although many of the terms beginning with /zaca-/ in Schoenhals (1988) refer to 'sparrows.' According to my information there are three types of <kam>wi:lo:tl</kam> , one of which is the <kam>sakati:yah</kam>. It seems that this is the same bird as the <klam>sakawin</klam> , although this should be checked. sakawin equivalent Am 00697 kokostik xo:chitl *kokostik xo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 see <klam>kostik xo:chitl</klam> véase <klam>kostik xo:chitl</klam> Am plant fl kos xo:chi According to Cristino Flores the proper name of this flower (of which there are two types) is simply (and only) <klam>kostik xo:chitl</klam>. kostik xo:chitl synonym Oa 00698 kaxa:nilia kikaxa:nilia kaxa:nilia kikaxa:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to loosen for (e.g., a rope, knot, saddle, etc.) aflojar para (p. ej., un laso, nudo, silla de una bestia, etc.) Am, Oa Ma timitskaxa:nili, ti:roh tili:ntok. Am Let me loosen it for you (e.g., knot), it is really tight. ¡Déjame aflojartelo (p. ej., un nudo), estámuy apretado. kaxa:ni kaxa: Here as elsewhere determine for applicatives, causatives, etc. how to cross-reference them. I am not sure I have been consistent but probably the most useful mechanism is simply to lower valency by one for the"xb"field and raise it by one for the"xap"field. kaxa:nia verb_base Am 00699 -itik i:tik -ítík í:tík
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-com N2(rel) yes-lex inside of dentro de Am, Oa Tlaitik onkah. Am There are some inside. Hay adentro. O:noka:w itik kahli. Am It got left inside the house. Se dejóadentro de la casa. (<kam>i:tik mona:ntsi:n</kam>) (vulg.) Screw your mother! (<kam>i:tik mona:ntsi:n</kam>) (vulg.) Chinga a tu madre! Pending hti -ko Check /nitik/ as a body part and, if it exists, cf. to /niti/. 00700 nepaniwi nepaniwi nepaniwi nepaniwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Compl class-3a(w) to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top of (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) estar puesto sobre; cruzar sobre (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro Pending Yo:tlane:nepaniw ka:n te:to:kalo, xok tlawe:i. Am People are now buried one on top of the other in the cemetery, there is no more free space. Ya se sobreponen (los cuerpos) donde se entierra a la gente, ya no hay lugar. nepan Both <kamoa>nepaniwi</kamoa> and <kamoa>nepane:wi</kamoa>, which apparently are identical in meaning, most often occur with long vowel reduplication although nonreduplicated forms have been documented (see entry under <klamoa>nepane:wi</klamoa>). The intransitive <kn>nepaniui</kn> (or <kn>nepane:ui</kn> is not listed in Molina. However, RS gives for the former: 'Juntarse, unirse, concordar, confundirse, etc.; <kn>nepaniui in tlatolli</kn>, los discursos concuerdan, los pareceres son los mismos; <kn>amo nepaniui in tlatolli</kn> 'no hay acuerdo en los sentimientos, los pareceres son distintos.' The possibility of other forms (nonreduplicated or with short vowel reduplication) should be checked. But note that under the entry for /nepane:wi/ I do have an example of an unreduplicated form. nepane:wi equivalent Am, Oa 00701 kaltsontekomatl kaltsontekomatl kaltsontekomatl kaltsontekomatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the <kam>kabe:sas</kam> are joined together with a <klam>neko:xtli</klam> , or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las <kam>kabe:sas</kam> se juntan con un <klam>neko:xtli</klam> , o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam>. Am Ke:ch kaltsontekomatl kipia mokal? Am How many <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> does your house have? ¿Cuántos <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> tiene tu casa? (<kam>tlako</kam> ~) half a <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> (i.e., with only two <kam>cabe:sas</kam> joined together at this point instead of the usual four, which would make a complete <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam>) (<kam>tlako</kam> ~) media <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> (esto es, con sólo dos cabezas juntadas en este punto, en lugar de cuatro, que lo haría completo Am kal tson tekoma Since a <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> or <kam>kaltsonko</kam> comprises four <kam>cabe:sas</kam> , a house may have have a construction with two <kam>kaltsontekomatl</kam> , one at each end, and a <kam>tlako kaltsontekomatl</kam> in the middle. Check possibility of possessed form. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. kaltsonko synonym Am, Oa 00702 tata:natik tata:natik tátá:natík tata:natik tátá:natík
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Reduced rdp-s(pre-s): <koa>ní:tá:natík</koa> yes-lex to be baggy (particularly pants) estar holgado (particularmente pantalones) Am, Oa San tata:natik -=tata:nah- nopantalón. Am My pants are baggy. Mis pantalones son holgados. ta:nah kokoxoktik After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck. After the Yale sessions I had /tatá:natík/. However, during the workshop in Oapan I corrected this to /tátá:natík/. Recheck. Check /tata:natik/? Perhaps /tahta:nahtik/. 00703 chikipe:liwi chikipe:liwi chikipe:liwi chikipe:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to flare open; to severely split, rip, or burst apart (lengthwise: cloth, sacks, or even structures such as granaries that may burst and split apart) reventarse; abrirse profundamente a lo largo (cosas como telas, costales, o hasta estructuras como trojes que se revientan por no aguantar el peso de su contenido) Am, Oa Yo:tetsaya:n mokoto:n, yo:chikipe:liw. Am Your shirt has gotten a big tear in it (e.g., the sleeve), it's flared wide open. Se rasgótu camisa (p. ej., la manga), se abrióa lo largo. O:chikipe:liw kwesko:matl. Mlá:k o:tili:n ika tlayo:hli a:sta o:chikipe:liw. Am The corn bin split apart. It got so stuffed with maize that it split open. Se reventóla troje. Tanto se atestóde maíz hasta que se reventó. chiki pe:l Recheck length of first /i/ to make sure it is short, and compare to the particular /chi:-/, which is an intensifier as in /chi:patla:wi/. Also, I had first thought that the etymology might be /chiko/ 'crooked', but I have discarded this; it should be reexamined. It might be that there are two forms: /chi:-/ and /chiki-/ 00704 patla kipatla patla kipatla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4a ~Trans; check for antipassive to change (i.e., replacing one thing or person with another); to relieve (of an obligation, by putting another person in charge) cambiar (esto es, remplazando una cosa o persona con otra); relevar (de una obligación al poner otra persona en su lugar) Am, Oa O:kipatlak isuwa:w, okse: suwa:tl yo:kwi:kak. Am He changed wives, he took another woman as his wife. Cambióde esposas, tomóotra mujer como esposa. O:kipatlak iko:chin. Am He's changed cars (i.e., bought a new one). Cambióde coches (esto es, se compróuno nuevo). Xenopatla. Am He still has not been relieved (or replaced, i.e., of a job, service in a cargo, etc.). Todavía no se ha relevado (o remplazado, esto es, de un trabajo o cargo, etc.). Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros. Am We will exchange hats. Vamos a trocar sombreros. Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya. Am You've changed addresses (i.e., changed where you live). Cambiaste de dirección (esto es, donde vives). A:man o:kipatlak ika:yeh, okse: la:doh nowitia. Am Now has has changed his route (lit. 'his street'), he takes himself through another part (of town). Ahora ha cambiado su ruta (lit., 'su calle'), pasa por otro lado. to take the place of (i.e., with one human agent [S] taking the place of another [O]) tomar el lugar de; remplaza a (esto es, con un agente humano [S] tomando el lugar de otro [O]) Am, Oa O:kipatlak ikni:w. Am He took his brother`s place (e.g., in a <spn>cargo</spn> position, in a job, etc.). Tomóel lugar de su hermano (p. ej., en un cargo, en un trabajo, etc.). Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin. Am I'll be the one to see to it that you take someone's place, they listen to me (what I say). Voy a ser yo quien veráque vas a remplazar a alguien, a mi me hacen caso. Na:nkah, yewa te:patlas. Am This one here, he will take someone's place. Este que estéacá, el tomaráel lugar de alguien. Yo:nkak tewa timitspatlas. Am I've heard that it is you who I will replace. Oíque eres tu a quien voy a remplazar. Te:patlalo:s. Am New people will be selected as replacements (e.g., for cargo offices, dances, etc.). Se va a cambiar la gente (p. ej., en sus cargos, en las danzas religiosas, etc.). patla With a human subject and object <kam>patla</kam> may mean 'to take (someone's) place.' That is, in addition to relieving someone from a position, obligation, etc., it is the agent that then takes the place of the person removed. Thus <kam>timitspatlas</kam> may mean both 'I will replace you (with someone else)' and 'I will replace you (with myself)' or 'I will take your place.' With non-human objects, of course, the meaning is limited simply 'to replace' or 'to (ex)change.' The ambiguity is manifest with nonspecific objects. <kam>Nite:patlas</kam> means both 'I will take someone's place' and 'I will change one person (or some people) for another (or others).' <kam>Nitlapatlas</kam> always simply means 'I will exchange (things).' Check difference between /titlapatlaskeh i:ka sombre:ros/ and /tikpatlaskeh sombre:ros/. Headless relative clause: /Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya/ 'You've changed addresses.' Here /ka:n ticha:tiya/ seems to function as a headless relative clause, a NP that is the object of /tikpatla/. It is perhaps best interpreted as 'the place where you live.' Antipassive: /Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros/ 'We will exchange hats.' patilia verb_base Am, Oa 00705 pa:pankwia kipa:pankwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-l class-2a see <klam>pa:pankwi</klam> véase <klam>pa:pankwi</klam> Am kwi -pan <kam>Pa:pankwia</kam> has been documented in Ameyaltepec. It is equivalent to, but much less common than, <klam>pa:pankwi</klam>. In fact it might be determined that this is an error and that the record should be eliminated. This entry might be an error. Check! pa:pankwi equivalent Am, Oa 00706 eltsi:mia neltsi:mia eltsi:mia [el tsi: 'mi a] keltsi:mia
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl) V2-b class-2a (refl.) to choke on ones food or drink (refl.) ahogarse por la comida o bebida Am, Oa O:neltsi:mih ika o:tlai:k. Am He choked from drinking. Se ahogópor beber. to cause to choke (certain foods or drink [S], but not animate agents) hacer ahogar (ciertas comidas o bebidas [S], pero no agentes animados) Am, Oa O:ne:cheltsi:mih ka:ldoh, chia:wak katka. Am The broth made me choke (by coming up my throat after I had swallowed it), it was greasy. El caldo me hizo ahogar (al subir por mi garganta después de que lo había tragado), estaba grasoso. functions el tsi:mi <kam>Eltsi:mia</kam> is documented most often in the reflexive as referring to what happens when food or drink does not stay down in ones stomach but comes up again, making one choke by cutting off ones breath. This is usually not fatal, but it can be. In also is used to refer to death by drinking. Thus in Oapan when a man apparently died from too much liquor, people said <kam>o:neltsi:mih</kam>. 00707 no: no: kakisti no: no: ya:s
24/Oct/2005
PM Adv-b also; too; as well; likewise también Am, Oa No: ya:s. Am He will go too. También vaél. A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:. Am Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant. Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar. No: ihkón niweli. Am I can also do it like that. También lo puedo hacer así. No: ihkón nikchi:wa. Am I also do it that way. También lo hago así. No:! Am That too! ¡Eso también! no: Check here and everywhere /ihkón/ to determine whether it actually has a short vowel. Correct as necessary. Also check length of /o:ksehka:n/. Definitely decide whether to write /no: ihki/ or /no:yhki/, or perhaps even /no:ihki/. Also, perhaps even this should be /no:hki/. Check in texts. To get minimal pair, check and compare /no: posteki/ 'it also breaks' to /noposteki/ 'it gets broken'. Word order: /a:man niaw o:ksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:/. 'Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant' Note the placement of /no:/ in phrase-final position. My feeling is that placement could be /ka:n no: nito:kas/. However, this suggests that single word adverbs are more likely to be placed in post-verbal position in subordinate rather than main clauses. Whether this observation will prove true through an examination of a corpus remains to be seen. no:hki confer Am 00708 toya:wi toya:wi toya:wi toya:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to spill out; to leak out (a liquid from a container) tirarse; verterse (un líquido de un recipiente) Am, Oa A:man xte:ntsakwa! Ma:ka to:toya:wtia:s! Am Now put a cap (top, lid, etc.) on it! Don't let it go along spilling out (in this case water in a canteen)! ¡Ahora pónle un tapón (o tapadera, etc.)!¡Qúe no se vaya tirando (en este caso agua en un cantimplora)! Wa:ltoya:wtok ipan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n ipan kahli. Am It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house. Venía tirándose en el tanque (agua de una lluvia fuerte), se había acumulada sobre (la azotea de) la casa. toya: Directionals; aspectuals: Note in the phrase /Wa:ltoya:wtok i:pan ta:nkeh. O:nomanka nika:n i:pan kahli./ 'It is coming pouring down into the water tank (i.e., rainwater from heavy rains), it (the water) had accumulated on top of the house.' that the directional prefix is used because the water is descending (vertically) to the ground. The progressive /-tok/ is used because there is no horizontal movement, i.e., the water is not going along. This would occur, for instance, with a leaky water jug on a donkey: /wa:ltoya:wtiw/. 00709 a:kwilin a:kwilin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of water worm, still not positively identified tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente Am animal marine a: okwil This is not classified as a <klam>michin</klam>. a:kwe:roh synonym Oa a:kwitlaxtli synonym Oa 00710 ya:wxo:chitl ya:wxo:chitl ya:hxo:chitl ya:hxo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of yellowish flower not definitively identified, but perhaps the <spn>flor de pericón</spn> tipo de flor amarillenta todavía no identificado definitivamente, pero quizála que se conoce como 'flor de pericón' Am, Oa Ya:wxo:chitl | Xo:pantlah ixwa ne: ipan tepe:tl. Nokwi kwa:k tlapo:kwi:lo, kitla:litiweh ipan iswayotsi:n un mi:hli. Ma:s ihkón kikwin San Juan, Ameyaltepec xma:s nokwi. Am <kam>Ya:wxo:chitl</kam> : During the summer it sprouts there, in the hills. It is used when incense is offered (in the fields, e.g., during Santa Cruz of September), they go along placing it on the maize leaves. This is more the custom in San Juan Tetelcingo, in Ameyaltepec this plant is not used too often. <kam>Ya:wxo:chitl</kam> : En el verano brota alláen el cerro. Se utiliza cuando queman incienso, lo van poniendo sobre las hojas del maíz. Emplearla asíes más la costumbre en San Juan Tetelcingo, en Ameyaltepec no se usa mucho. ya:w xo:chi Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'flor del pericón.' 00711 tili:ntok tili:ntok tili:ntok tili:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be tight (a knot, clothes that are small for the wearer, etc.) estar apretado (un nudo, ropa que queda chica, etc.) Am, Oa Tili:ntok, xne:chasi. Am It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me. Estáapretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda. A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s. Am Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing). Ahora la tierra estádura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado). packed together (earth that has been pounded, a crowd in a small space, etc.) apisionado (tierra que ha sido golpeada para apretujarla); apiñado (gente en un lugar) Am, Oa to be swollen (an infection or injured part of the body as the skin swells and stretches) estar hinchado (una infección o parte lastimada del cuerpo al hincharse y estirarse la piel) Pending Tili:ntok ka:n ne:chkukwa. Am It is swollen where it hurts me. Estáhinchado donde me duele. tili: Although often <klam>tili:nki</klam> and <kam>tili:ntok</kam> are synonomous, only <kam>tili:ntok</kam> , and not <kam>tili:nki</kam> , is used with the sense to 'to be swollen.' Stative; resultative: One important question is whether verbal participals ending in /-ki/ are the same as those ending in /-tok/ and, if they aren't, in what the difference lies. Perhaps one way to determine the difference is to analyze in what semantic contexts one can be used and in what contexts others can be used. 00712 xama:ni xama:ni xama:ni xama:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a to get crushed (e.g., fruit) aplastarse; machucarse (p. ej., la fruta) Pending O:xaxama:n noma:ngos. Am My mangos got crushed. Se aplastaron mis mangos. to crumble; to break up into many pieces (e.g., sth brittle) desmoronar; despedazarse; romperse, quebrarse o hacerse añicos (a algo quebradizo) Pending to get completely exhausted so that ones very bones ache; to become weak and sore to the core agotarse tanto que duele hasta los huesos; estar débil y adolorido del cansacio Pending O:nixaxama:n, nochi to:nahli o:nitekit. Am I'm weak and sore to the core, I worked the entire day. Estoy agotado y me duelen hasta los huesos, trabajétodo el día. xama: 00713 xo:koyo:tl xo:koyo:tl xo:koyo:tl xo:koyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 last born (among human children or the offspring of an animal) último nacido (entre niños o la cría de un animal) Am, Oa xo:koyo: According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, <kam>xo:koyo:tl</kam> (which is often used in the diminutive <kam>xo:koyo:tsi:n</kam>) implies that the child is the last that will be born; otherwise the word <klam>kimichkayo:tl</klam> would be used. According to at least one consultant, Santiago Ramírez, <kam>xo:koyo:tl</kam> (which is often used in the diminutive <kam>xo:koyo:tsi:n</kam>) implies that the child is the last that will be born; otherwise the word <klam>kimichkayo:tl</klam> would be used. This should be checked. Check possessed form? kemechkayo:tl confer Am 00714 a:tlahko a:tlahko a:tlahko a:tlahko
22/Oct/2005
Loc N-loc-1-k(o) in the gorge en la barranca Am, Oa a:tlaw -ko 00715 bwe:yeh bwe:yeh bwe:yeh bwe:yeh
11/Feb/2006
buey N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) (pl. <kam>bwe:yesteh</kam> , <koa>bwe:yestih</koa> ; poss. <kamoa>nobwe:yeh</kamoa> ; <kamoa>nobwe:yeswan</kamoa> ox buey Pending 00716 uwa:na kuwa:na wawa:na kiwawa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s* class-3a to scratch (e.g., the skin of sb) rascar (p. ej., la piel de algn) Am, Oa Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. Am I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. Se me salieron granos en la piel. Me mordieron los ajes; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. Melá:k nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok. Am I really itch a lot, I'm just scratching myself (all the time). De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgándome. Deke tikekexkia, xmouwa:na! Am If you itch, scratch yourself! ¡Si tienes comezón, ráscate! wa:na Given the active semantics of <kam>uwa:na</kam> and the absence of an intransitive, it has been classified as a basic verb, not one of nondirected alternation. Check for underlying {h} and for vowel length in penultimate /a:/. FK reports variation in these features across sources. Apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist; also this has been tlauwa:na val_reduce1 Am 00717 zzz This word, /kextotoponi/ was not acceptd by Cristino Flores. Rather one has the transitive /kextoponwia/ (to cause swelling) or /kextotonia/ 'to cause the neck to snap.
11/Feb/2006
Originally I had the definition here for 'for one's neck to swell up' and the example sentence /O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih on kwa:teh./ 'His neck swelled up, one of a pair of twins caused his neck to swell up (given the powers that twins are said to have).' However, C. Flores did not accept this as a valid word, accepting only on the transitive form. Check this statement:"There is a difference between <kam>kechtotoponyoh</kam> , etc., referring to swelling, and <kam>kechtotopo:ni</kam> referring to popping or cracking as ones knuckles." Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to /kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/. Recheck vowel length. Recheck nature of /ch/ or /x/ in headword pronunciation. 00718 ko:pi:liwi ko:pi:liwi ko:pi:liwi ko:pi:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to hang down limply in a clump or clumps of strands (e.g., wet hair, an item of clothing that sticks together and hangs down when wet) colgarse como como en hebras pegadas, enmarradas y flojas (p. ej., cabello largo cuando estámojado, ropa mojada) Pending Ko:pi:liwi tlake:ntli kwa:k yo:nopa:tsoh. Am When clothes (e.g., hanging on a line to dry) get wet, they hang down in clumps. Cuando ropa (p. ej., tendida para secarse) se moja, se cuelga en hilos. Yo:koko:pi:liw notson. Am My hair (wet, e.g., from bathing or rain) got so that it is hanging down in clumpy strands. Mi cabello (mojado, p. ej., de la lluvia a un baño) se quedócolgado en hilos algo pegados. to limply droop down (e.g., the leaves or branches of certain plants as they dry) colgarse hacia abajo flojamente (p. ej., las hojas o ramas de ciertas plantas al secarse) Pending Patla:wtoya, a:man o:ko:pi:liw moso:ya:w. Am Your palm (in this case palm that was going to be used) was well fanned out (when it was green on the tree), now (that it has been cut) it is limply hanging down in strands (from having lost its moisture). La palma (en este caso que se iba a utilizar) estaba bien abierta en forma de abanico (cuando estaba verde y sin cortar), ahora (después de cortarse y secarse) ya estáencogida y doblada (por haberse secado). Sana:man o:pe:w wa:ki, sa: ko:pi:liwtok. Am It started to dry immediately (e.g., a tree), it's now just dropping down (its branches and leaves hanging down close to its side). Luego luego se empezóa secar (p. ej., unárbol), ya estánomás con sus ramas y hojas aflojadas y colgadas. O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh. Ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sayhkó:n nomatis. Am Your hat (i.e., its brim) has become drooped down. It got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way. (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo. Le llovió(sobre el sombrero). Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces asíse va a quedar. to be huddled up or hunched over with ones arms close to ones side (a person, particularly when sick or cold) acurrucarse con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (una persona, particularmente cuando tiene frío o estáenferma) Pending San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak. Am You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold. Estás nada más acurrucado, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo, te ha agarrado el frío. Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl. Kwalo. Am That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick. Ese hombre estánomás acurrucado y encogido. Estáenfermo. (with the aspectual <kam>-tiw</kam> , at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tekoko:pi:liwtiw</kam>) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side (with the aspectual <kam>-tiw</kam> , at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tekoko:pi:liwtiw</kam>) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side Am Tiko:pi:liwtiw. Timona:palotiw. Tisekwi. Am You are going along hunched over with your arms closed tightly to your side. You are going along with your arms wrapped tightly around your body. You are cold. Vas caminando todo encogido, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo.. Vas agarrándote con los brazos. Tienes frio. San tiko:pi:liwtiw, tle:ka xtimotlalowa? Am You're just going along taking tiny steps, why don't you get a move on? Vas caminando con pasos chiquitos,¿Por quéno andas más rápido? ko:pi:l compare pili:ni, ko:pi:liwi, pipi:ltia, nokolochowa and other words for drooping. Check difference between /ko:pi:liwi/ and /nokolochowa/. Cristino Flores (Am) explained the meaning of this word with the following phrase: <kam>Ko:pi:liwi pa:mpa noma:tsowa</kam> , i.e. 'one says <kam>ko:pi:liwi</kam> because it folds back upon itself.' The example he repeatedly gave was of palm that when on the tree is spread out in a fan-like form, but after it is cut it folds and doubles in on itself. When used in reference to a stationary person, <kam>ko:pi:liwi</kam> refers to an individual, hunched over at the shoulders, slightly curved over and drooping. When applied to someone walking, <kam>ko:pi:liwtiw</kam> refers to a slow walk, with ones arms at ones side and taking small steps, perhaps somewhat hunched over. Check whether /sa:/ or /san/ is correct, or each in the particlar circumstances: /San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak/ 'You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold.' /Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl, kwalo/ 'That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick.' In Aug. 1986 I rechecked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded: /ko:pi:liwi/. Again, in June 1993, I have definitely checked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded (Karttunen has /ko:pil.../. In phrase /san tiko:pi:liwtok.../ check possibility that first word should be /sa:/, as it is in the similar phrase I have recorded. Perhaps discuss the division of /ko:pi:l/ into /ko:/ and /pi:l/. ikxiko:pi:liwi confer Am ko:pi:lyaw confer Oa 00719 miki miki miki miki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b +Caus class-3a(k)(Am:long) -lo Am, Oa tla- Oa to die morir Am, Oa Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin. Oa We will come next year if we don't suddenly die. Vamos a venir el año venidero si no nos murimos de repente. to shrivel and dry up (a fruit on a stalk) secarse y morirse (una fruta sobre la planta) Pending Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. Am The small ears of maize known as <kam>kakamatsitsi:nteh</kam> , they just dry up at the side of the <kam>jilote</kam>. Los pequeños elotes llamados <kam>kakamatsitsi:nteh</kam> , nada más se secan allíal lado del jilote. (<koa>wa:hmikitsi:n</koa>) to come to be lukewarm (water) (<koa>wa:hmikitsi:n</koa>) llegar a ser tibia (agua) Oa Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yón sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n. Oa Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. ¡Caliéntale agua para tu hermano! No puede tomarlo frío (p. ej., porque apenas le picóun alacrán), debe ser nada más tibia. miki The inflectional paradigm of <kamoa>miki</kamoa> is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: <kam>miki:lo</kam>. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: <koa>mikilo</koa>. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb <klamoa>kochi</klamoa>. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name <kam>ka:n o:miki:wak</kam> located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form <kam>-wa</kam> was still in common use. Impersonal in /-wa/: The inflectional paradigm of <kamoa>miki</kamoa> is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: <kam>miki:lo</kam>. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: <koa>mikilo</koa>. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb <klamoa>kochi</klamoa>. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name <kam>ka:n o:miki:wak</kam> located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form <kam>-wa</kam> was still in common use. /tsi:n/ with verbs; directional: Note: /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwáxwel koni a:tl yún sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n./ 'Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. Note taht the question is whether /wa:-/ in these cases is /wa:h-/. I do not hear an /h/, but in the literacy class several times we discussed this point and each time /wa:l/: Note the following phrase by Florencia Marcelino: /Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin/ 'We will come next year if we don't suddenly die.' The translation of 'suddenly' may not be the most accurate in this case; I just give it by intuition. In the future Florencia should be asked for the difference in /wa:lmiki/ and /miki/ in the phrase given here. Oapan phonology: Note x>ch /x___ as in /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl/. The first word is the imperative of /xo:tla/, but since it follows the imperative /x=/ the initial /x/ of the verb surfaces as /ch/. miktia val_add_caus Am mihtia val_add_caus Oa 00720 tlastekwtli tlastekwtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(w) morsel (e.g., of meat, cheese, etc.) poquito (de algo comestible como carne, queso, etc.) Am San se: tlastekwtli o:tine:xtla:lilih. Am You just served me up (e.g., on a plate) a tiny morsel. Me pusiste (p. ej., sobre un plato) solamente un poquito. sti kwi 00721 tlayenkwili:ltia kitlayenkwili:ltia tlayenkwili:ltia kitlayenkwili:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to give new clothes to dar ropa nueva a Pending Ne:chtlayenkwili:lti:skeh, ne:chtlasotlan Am They will get me new clothes, they love me. Me van a dar ropa nueva, me quieren. yenkwi Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative using the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives. Query is this is correct; check for other causatives of causatives. Causatives: Up till this word, /yenkwili:ltia/ I have not documented any causatives of causatives. The present seems, however, to be such a case. /Yenkwilia/ is a causative using the"applicative"ending /-lia/, which is common for inchoatives. 00722 mo:hli mo:hli mo:hli mo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 mole sauce (of ground chile and other ingredients) mole (de chile molido y otros ingredientes) Am, Oa mo:l mo:hli (list recordings by Florencia Marcelino) The following types of <kamoa>mo:hli</kamoa> from Ameyaltepec were part of my original documentation: <kam>anjolîn mo:hli, a:yomo:hli, a:yowechmo:hli, chi:lmo:hli, ichkayo:mo:hli, michmo:hli, piomo:hli, to:ntomo:hli,</kam> and <kam>tlimo:hli</kam>. Different types of <kamoa>mo:hli</kamoa> are found in Oapan, many of which have been discussed in recording sessions with Florencia Marcelino. mo:hli Check lenght of /o/ in /piomo:hli/. Recipes should be given under each entry. Check if possessed form can be used. 00723 kamana:lowa kamana:lowa kamana:lowa kamana:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-2b to joke around and tease (e.g., by saying"white lies"in order to provoke reactions) bromear; chancear (particularmente tomándole el pelo a algn); vacilar Am, Oa Kakamana:lowa. Am He goes around making bad jokes. Anda haciendo chistes ya cansados. Kemech tikamana:lotoyan. Am A short time ago we were joking around. Hace poco tiempo estabamos bromeando. (<kn>de</kn> ~) in jest; in play (<kn>de ~</kn>) de broma; de juego Pending Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa. Am Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in play. Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada. kamana:l According to Gabriel de la Cruz the reduplicated form <kam>kakamana:lowa</kam> with a short vowel indicates the actions of a person who goes around saying things that aren't true, but neither are they still funny. The person goes beyond simple jest and does not know when to stop. Check whether the reduplicated form has a short or long vowel. 00724 tsotsoltelowa kitsotsoltelowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Lex. rdp-s class-2b to take the clothes off of (a person) quitarle la ropa a (una persona) Am Xmotsotsoltelo! Ihkón tikochiskeh! Am Take off your clothes! That's how we're going to sleep (in the nude)! ¡Quítate la ropa!¡Asívamos a dormir (desnudos)! to husk quitarle la chala al maíz Am, Oa O:pe:w niktsotsoltelowa nosin. Am I've started to husk my dried cobs of maize. Empecéa quitarle la chala a mi mazorca. tsol tel tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa te:tsolowa equivalent Oa 00725 tepi:nia kitepi:nia tepi:nia kitepi:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to poke (a beast of burden by a rider with his heels) darle con algo puntiagudo (una bestia por un jinete, que le dan con los tobillos) Oa (with long vowel reduplication) to rap on; to strike (particularly with ones knuckles, but also ones feet, fist, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) golpetear; golpear ligeramente (particularmente con los nudos de la mano, o con los pies, el puño, etc.) Am, Oa Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah! Am Rap on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer! ¡Golpetée la mesa (varias veces)!¡Quénos traigan cerveza! Tlatepi:nitok, u:nkah ka:n a:skatlan. Am He is stomping on the ground, he is there where there are a lot of ants. Estágolpeando la tierra fuertemente, estáparado alládonde hay muchas hormigas. Xte:tepini pwe:rtah, ma kitlapoka:n! Am Knock on the door, let's hope they open it! ¡Golpetée la puerta, quéla abran! (with short vowel reduplication) to repeatedly poke at (e.g., in typing; see <klam>tlatetepi:nia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlá:tepí:nia</kloa>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) golpetear repetidas veces (p. ej., al escribir a máquina; véase <klam>tlatetepi:nia</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlá:tepí:nia</kloa>) Am, Oa tepi: tepi:nia; telowa It appears that the major difference between <kam>tepi:nia</kam> and <klam>telowa</klam> is that the latter indicates a much more forceful and violent action, 'to hit,' whereas the former seems better translated as 'to knock on' or 'to rap on.' Thus in reference to knocking on a door, both verbs may be used. <kam>Telowa</kam> implies a strong pounding motion, perhaps with the flat part of the fist (front or side); <kam>telowa</kam> suggests a rapping with the top or middle knuckles of ones hand. In the phrase /Tlatepi:nitok, unkah ka:n a:skatlan/ make sure that /unkah/ is correct. Perhaps /nemi/? In regard to poking with ones heels, check other possible contexts other than an animal being ridden. tlatetepi:nia val_reduce1 Am tlá:tepí:nia val_reduce1 Oa 00726 yo:hlo iyo:hlo yo:hlo i:yo:hlo
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 feelings sentimiento Am, Oa Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo. Am My feelings are hurt. Me duelen los sentimientos. (<kam>i:ka</kam> or <koa>ya</koa> ~) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; on purpose; in peace (<kam>i:ka</kam> or <koa>ya</koa> ~) de buena gana; con gusto; a propósito; en paz Am, Oa Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia. Am He doesn't help people happily. No ayuda de buena gana. Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w. Am It is not appropriate (in this case anger was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse treatment). No le queda (en este caso en enojo no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito. Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. Am I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness. Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad (<kn>kipia</kn> ~ para [future verb]) to have a strong desire to [verb]; to really want to [verb] (<kn>kipia</kn> ~ para [verbo en el futuro]) tener muchos deseos para [verbo]; tener muchas ganas de [verbo] Pending Kipia iyo:hlo para ya:s mocha:n. Am He really wants to go to your house. Tiene muchas ganas de ir a tu casa. (<kam>o:nkah ika</kam> ~) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm (<kam>o:nkah ika</kam> ~) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo Pending Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh. Am He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself. Es de mal genio. Siempre estáenojado, nunca estáen paz. emotions yo:l Oapan often has <koa>ya</koa> for Ameyaltepec <kam>i:ka</kam> , although the latter is also at times used by Oapan speakers. Check whether Oapan has /unkah i:ka ~ / or rather /nemi ya ~/. Perhpas AM has both too. 00727 isiwi:tia ísiwí:tia isiwi:tia ísiwí:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a i>0 yes-lex see <klam>tlasiwi:tia</klam> véase <klam>tlasiwi:tia</klam> Am, Oa hsi 00728 peya:siwi pia:siwi peya:siwi peya:siwi peya:siwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become straight enderezarse; ponerse derecho Am, Oa distort-break peya:s 00729 masa:xokokuwtli masa:xokokuwtli masa:xokokohtli masa:xokokohtli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 1(w) see <klamoa>masa:xokotl</klamoa> véase <klamoa>masa:xokotl</klamoa> Am, Oa plant kohtli m:sa: xoko kow According to Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón there are two different types that differ in the color of their fruit. One has fruit that turns red, another has fruit that turns yellow. However, the trees of both are identical in all other aspects and it is impossible to differentiate them except when they are bearing fruit. Inocencio Díaz also mentioned a type of plum called <kam>mihka:xokotl</kam> that was used in food prepared when someone died. He thinks that this looks the same as the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> except in its fruit, which is small and purple. This was later confirmed by Honorio de la Rosa. masa:xokotl equivalent Am, Oa 00730 mekayo:tia kimekayo:tia mekayo:tia kimekayo:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-yo:tia class-2a to weave a cord or string around (e.g., weaving it around a gourd so that it can be carried as a canteen) atarle o tejerle un mecate o cordón alrededor de (p. ej., un tecomate para que se pueda llevar como cantimplora) Am, Oa Ma:tekon xkipiaya imekayo, pero a:man o:kimekayo:tih. Am Your water gourd didn't have a cord, but now he wove a cord around it (e.g. to carry). Tu tecomate tenía su mecate, pero ahora ya le ataste uno (p. ej. a un tecomate que se iba a utlizar como cantimplora). to tie a carrying cord to atarle un mecate a Am, Oa Xetikmeyo:tia motso:tsokol. Am You haven't yet put a rope on your water jug (to enable you to carry it). Todavía no le has puesto un mecate a tu cántaro (para poderlo cargar). Generally the verb <kamoa>mekayo:tia</kamoa> refers not to the simple action of putting a cord on something to be carried (as in tying a rope through the ears of a water jug), but to weaving a cord on a round object, such as a gourd canteen, so that it may be carried. me:ka Check precise meaning: simply putting a cord on, or weaving one around sth like a gourd canteen. Check whether in tyring a rope around a donkey, /mekayo:tia/ can also be used. Check vowel length of /tso:tsokohli/ in phrase above. Check also if this refers only to tying or weaving a cord around objects, or also to placing a tether on an animal (or should sth like /xtla:lili imekayo/ be used?) Is /mekayo:tl/ a word? Note how /mekatl/ can be nominalized with a possessed form in /mekawtli/ and how another possessed form, /mekayo/ can be verbalized as /mekayo:tia/. In general discuss how possessed forms can be used as the basis of nominalization or verbalization. mekayo:tilia val_add_applic Am 00731 tetekwitsa kitetekwitsa tetekwitsa kitetekwitsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] Compl class-3a(ts) (<kamoa>tlatetekwistiw</kamoa>) to go along stomping, making the ground shake with ones footsteps (<kamoa>tlatetekwistiw</kamoa>) ir pisando fuerte, haciendo la tierra temblar con las pisadas Am, Oa O:notlalote:w, a:sta o:tlatetekwistiah. Am He took off running, he even made the ground tremble (with his pounding his feet) as he ran along Saliócorriendo, hasta hizo la tierra temblar al correr (con la fuerza de sus pisadas). tekwi: I have only documented this verb with an aspectual marker, in the example sentence <kam>-tiw</kam>. It is unclear whether it is only used to refer to the stomping of feet that causes the ground to tremble slightly, but this the only sense recorded so far in the corpus. tekwi:ni verb_base Am, Oa 00732 tlaxtekio:tl tlaxtekio:tl tlaxtekihlo:tl tlaxtekihlo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 something stolen or robbed algo robado Am, Oa xteki Ameyaltepec entry originally had /tlaxtekiyo:tl/, which might well be /tlaxtekihlo:tl/. Check. Check vowel lenght of /i/. Cf. to /tla:ki:hlo:tl/, which perhaps should be /tla:kihlo:tl/. tlaxtektli synonym Am 00733 ka: ka: ka: ka:
11/Feb/2006
Neg Neg No! (in response to a question) ¡No! (en respuesta a una pregunta) Am, Oa Ka:, xkaman! Am No, never! ¡No, nunca! ka: <kamoa>Ka</kamoa> is used only as a one-word response to a question. The preclitic <kam>x-</kam> is used to negate predicative expressions. Ramírez and Dakin report <kam>ka:</kam> , with a long vowel, but given that the pronunciation of this word seems always to be phrase final, it seems to always surface as [ka']. Nevertheless, the Oapan cognate <klam>ka:yoweh</klam> has long vowel, and this fact (perhaps indicative of historical length) has been a factor in ka:yoweh synonym Oa 00734 ikwa:k ikwa:k íkwá:k íkwá:k
11/Feb/2006
Subord Subord-b yes-lex see <klam>kwa:k</klam> (Am) véase <klam>kwa:k</klam> (Am) Am, Oa hkwa:k 00735 miahka:n miahka:n miahka:n miahka:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-ka:n N1(loc) in many places en muchos lugares Am, Oa Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. Am The record got warped in many places. Se deformóel disco (al quedar ondulado) en muchos lugares. Miahka:n tinemi. Am You live in a lot of places. Vives en muchos lugares. miak -ka:n 00736 te:nakaskokoh te:nakaskokoh te:nakaskokoh te:nakaskokoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be bothersome to the ears (e.g., loud music, a vehicle with a bad muffler, a drunk running off at the mouth, etc.) ser lastimoso o molestoso a los oídos (p. ej., música fuerte, un vehículo con un mal silenciador, un borracho que habla sin cesar, etc.) Am, Oa sound nakas kowa 00737 -na:wak mona:wak -na:wak nimona:wak
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-poss N2 (ritual) in the house of; near to (a person; used only in <kam>we:we:tlato:hli</kam>) (ritual) en la casa de; junto a (una persona; empleado solamente en los <kam>we:we:tlato:hli</kam>) Pending mona:wak mawistla:katl... Am in your presence, honorable sir... en su presencia, respetable señor... -na:wak Apparently <kam>-na:wak</kam> is equivalent in meaning to <kam>-na:k</kam> except that the former is found only in archaic and ritual speech. To date it has been documented only in the recorded <kam>we:we:tlato:hli</kam> of don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec. According to Luis Lucena (Am) <kam>-na:wak</kam> is used only as a greeting in these ritual speeches. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) in Oapan very few people use this form. One person she remembers hearing it from is Feliciano Domínguez, a former schoolteacher from Oapan, who would enter town meetings saying, <koa>nimona:wak ma:nomeh</koa>. Others would occasionally use this same greeting in the same context. -na:k synonym Am, Oa 00738 zzz This used to be an entry for /i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh/ but has been removed and the entry changed to /kuwsa:wananakatl de i:a:xi:x burroh/
09/Aug/2005
 00739 a:molo:nia a:molo:nia a:molo:nia a:molo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-4b(ya-x) to spoil and acquire a bad smell from being left in sitting water echarse a perder y adquirir un mal olor por haber sido dejado en agua estancada Am, Oa O:a:molo:niak monextamal. Am Your <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>became foul-smelling from sitting in water too long (e.g., 3 days or so). Tu nixtamal se echóa perder por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua (tal vez tres días o más). a: molo: a:kwitlayaya; a:molo:nia 00740 te:nkwatik te:nkwatik té:nkwatík té:nkwatík
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-tik yes to have a harelip tener el labio leporino Oa to have a broken-off lip or edge, leaving a tooth-like gap (e.g., the top edge of a bucket, a bowl, a cliff whose edge has crumbled down, etc.) tener la borde u orilla desportillada, dejando un espacio en forma de diente faltante (p. ej., la orilla de una cubeta, un frutero, un risco o peñasco cuyo borde ha derrumbado, etc.) Am, Oa physical te:n kwa See illustration on original filecard for /te:nkwi:tah/ te:nkwah equivalent Am, Oa te:nkwi:tah synonym Am 00741 chi:lwa:hki chi:lwa:hki chi:lwa:hki chi:lwa:hki
22/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki N1 any type of dried chile (not simply the type in Spanish called <spn>huajillo</spn>) cualquier tipo de chile seco, no solamente el que se conoce como huajillo Am, Oa food chi:l wa: chile chi:lwa:ktli confer Am chi:hli de wa:ktli confer Am 00742 tlaxkalowa tlaxkalowa tlaxkalowa tlaxkalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-owa class-2b to make tortillas hacer o echar tortillas Am, Oa cook xka tisi; tlaxkalowa <kam>Tlaxkalowa</kam> refers not only to the specific act of making tortillas and placing them on the clay griddle, but also in general to the entire process beginning with the grinding of the <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>. 00743 chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n chikolo chila:doh chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 bird of the rather red generic type called <kam>chikolo</kam> , perhaps one of the following: Speckled Mourner <l>Laniocera rufescens</l>, Rufous Mourner <l>Rhytipterna holerythra</l>, or Rufous Piha <l>Lipaugus unirufus</l>. It is rarely seen in the area. pájaro del tipo genérico llamado <kam>chikolo</kam> , quizáuno de los siguientes:"Speckled Mourner" <l>Laniocera rufescens</l>,"Rufous Mourner" <l>Rhytipterna holerythra</l>, o"Rufous Piha" <l>Lipaugus unirufus</l>. Es poco visto en la zona. Am Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 43, pp. 519, 506, 523 animal bird chihkolo chi:l chikolo; birds Check plural formation of /chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/. Check for /h/ 00744 ikxinepaniwtok ikxinepaniwtok ixinepanihtok ixinepanihtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat N-Stat *V1-tok Durative to be sitting with ones legs crossed (see <kloa>mesnepanihtok</kloa>) estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas (véase <kloa>mesnepanihtok</kloa>) Am Asta ikxinepaniwtok. Tlatski! Am He's just sitting there with his legs crossed. He's lazy! Hasta estásentada con las piernas cruzadas.¡Quéflojo! to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles (see <kloa>iximali:ntok</kloa>) estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas cerca de los tobillos (véase <kloa>iximali:ntok</kloa>) Oa kxi nepan body postures and positions; perhaps According to my original documentation in Ameyaltepec <kam>ikxinepaniwtok</kam> was used in reference to a man sitting with his legs crossed at the thighs, with one leg over the other. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that the Oapan word with the same meaning is <kloa>metsnepanihtok</kloa>. In Oapan, the formal equivalent to the Ameyaltepec headword is <koa>ixinepanihtok</koa>, and a synonym of this is <kloa>ixí:malí:ntok</kloa>. Check etymology. Check to see if intranstive form exists as such, i.e. /ikxinepaniwi/. Note that in the original cross-reference from here I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/. Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the headword here /iximali:ntok/. Statives; Unrealized intransitive verbs: Balsas Nahuatl seems to manifest many cases of statives/resultatives that morphologically would derive from an intransitive verb (e.g., kweptok) but for which the intransitive is not independently documented. In some cases it may perhaps be assumed that this is just a lack of full language documentation. However, in some cases, like the present with /ikxinepaniwtok/ it is hard to imagine the semantics of an intransitive form, i.e., what would ?/ikxinepaniwi/ mean, since it is hard to imagine the process occurring without an agent. Thus the transitive /ikxinepanowa/ has been documented only as a reflexive. Note that a discussion in the root dictionary should be given for /nepan/. 00745 kalitik kalitik kálitík kalitik kálitík
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] yes-lex inside (of a house or building) adentro (de una casa o edificio) Am, Oa toward the inside (of a bowl or other type of container; the opposite is <klamoa>kia:wak</klamoa>) hacia adentro (de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo; lo contrario es <klamoa>kia:wak</klamoa>) Pending toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows) hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas) Pending Nokwepo:nian para kalitik -=tlaitik-. Am They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside and then go back (to the end of the line). Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). kal hti Cf. drawing in original file card for above phrase about dancers. kali equivalent Am, Oa 00746 a:xi:xkokoya:ya a:xi:xkokoya:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-N]-S-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia class-4b(ya-x) to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine agarrar el olor a orina Am Mlá:k o:ta:xi:xkokoya:yak. Nochipa mitsa:xi:xtok mokone:tsi:n. Am You've really gotten to smell of urine. Your little baby is always peeing on you. De veras agarraste un olor a orina. tu hijito siempre te estámeando. a: xi:xa koko hya: a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya synonym Oa 00747 zzz This was the entry for /montoneri:tos/, removed as a duplicate.
06/Jun/2003
 00748 kiki:ske:tl kiki:ske:tl kíki:ské:tl kíki:ské:tl
11/Feb/2006
N Reduced rdp-s(pre): <koa>ní:ki:ské:tl</koa> N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes rambler; drifter; wanderer; vagabond parandero; vagabundo Pending Yewa san kiki:ske:tl, xmelákineki cha:ntis. Am He's just a tramp, he doesn't want to settle down (e.g., in this village as a resident). El no es más que un vago, no quiere establecerse (p. ej., en este pueblo, como ciudadano). ki:sa ki:sa Check for difference between /kiki:ski/ and /kiki:ske:tl/ as my glosses are distinct. kiki:ski confer Am 00749 tele:le:tik tele:le:tik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tik-? pl. <kam>tele:le:tikeh</kam> to be foolish ser sonso Am Ma:ka xtele:le:tik! Am Don't be a fool! ¡No seas sonso! tele:le: The etymology of <kam>tele:le:tik</kam> is highly uncertain, however the vowel length pattern has been repeatedly checked. It is said not only of"fools"but about a man who takes no pleasure in anything, not even women (hence the applicability of the Spanish translation <spn>sonso</spn>). It is perhaps related to the root for <kam>tete:ltik</kam> 'agarroso' (in reference to a taste that leaves ones mouth puckered). 00750 kuwtlatlapa:na kuwtlatlapa:na kohtla:tlapa:na kohtla:tlapa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-ni Lex. rdp-l class-3a to chop wood (particularly firewood) partir madera (particularmente leña) Am, Oa kow tlapa: Apparently because of the nature of the action involved, <kam>kuhtlapa:na</kam> is often found in reduplicated with a long vowel: <kam>kuhtla:tlapa:na</kam>. Note that in the Am elicitation session with C. Flores he stated that in Ameyaltepec the form with short vowel reduplication is used. Check vowel length and document in grammar. Reduplication: If the entry for /kuhtla:tlapa:na/ is confirmed (check vowel length for both dialects and make sure that the unreduplicated form is either not used or not very common) this would show how some words have been lexicalized with long vowel reduplication. 00751 umpa ompa 'mpa umpa impa ompa 'mpa impá impa
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-pl right there allímero; allímismo Pending A: Nika:n ka:n o:ntla:lih? B: Ke:mah, umpa! Am A: Here where I placed it? B: Yes, right there! A:¿Aquídonde lo puse? B:¡Si, allímismo! A: O:mitsna:mik tlake:ntli? B: Ke:mah, yempa! Oa A: Did the clothes fit you? B: Yes, just right! ¿Te quedóla ropa? ---Si, asímero, me quedóbien. Impániaw! Oa I'm going there! ¡Allívoy! Impa nemi. Oa He is over there. Alláestá. just right (i.e., in vacilating between points on a continuum of any type; <kam>ompa</kam> is used to signal the correct and right point in questions as varied as the loudness with which a loudspeaker should be set to the correct amount of salt to be added to a dish) justamente (esto es, en señalar un punto en un continuo que es lo más indicado; <kam>ompa</kam> puede emplearse para precisar lo adecuado en asuntos tan variados como el nivel de sonido apropriado para un tocadiscos hasta la cantidad de sal que se debe agregar a un guisado) Pending on pa adverbs of location; complete study The precise meaning of Ameyaltepec <kam>ompa</kam> (often pronounced <kam>umpa</kam>) is hard to determine. It seems to indicate a precise location that the speaker has in mind. The form <kam>yompa</kam> is very similar but suggests a previous movement that is to stop (or has stopped, depending on the tense/aspect of the associated verbal predicate). That is, the speaker may point to a given location and say" <kam>Umpa xtla:li!</kam> 'Put it right there!' If, however, someone is moving something around and the speaker wishes to indicate in response to a question if the right spot (or level of something being raised or lowered, etc.) has been reached, then apparently <kam>yompa</kam> may be used. In Oapan the situation is somewhat different. Perhaps <koa>impa</koa> is the cognate of Ameyaltepec <kam>ompa</kam> and <koa>yempa</koa> the cognate of Ameyaltepec <kam>yompa</kam>. This needs further study. However, there are also a series of forms that vary with person: <koa>nompa</koa>, <koa>tompa</koa>, and <koa>yompa</koa> that are apparently combinations of the shortened emphatic pronouns (<kloa>no</kloa>, <kloa>to</kloa>, and <kloa>yo</kloa>) and <kloa>pa</kloa>. The nasal /m/ seems to be epenthetic. This is indicated by the fact that the plural cognates are <koa>tó:méh pa</koa> [verb]; <koa>nó:méh pa</koa> [verb]; and <koa>yó:méh pa</koa> [verb], as in <koa>tó:méh pa tikitaseh</koa> 'We will see it over there.' For a more detailed discussion, see <kloa>pa</kloa>. As noted above, in Oapan the adverbial <koa>ompa</koa> apparently occurs only, or most often, in combination with another preceding word. Indeed, it is perhaps best to consider the base form <kloa>pa</kloa>with an epenthetic /m/ inserted between a preceding vowel and the following /p/ of <koa>pa</koa>. Hence the alternate form <koa>mpa</koa>, which is also found in Ameyaltepec, particularly after words ending in a vowel. Cf. /mod notes: a general and careful study of deictics needs to be carried out. In general a careful study of deictics of place and their representations needs to be conducted. Words such as /ompa/, /ne:/, /ne:yhka/, /na:n/, etc. need to be fully documented. Note that after talking to Florencia Marcelino, Roberto Mauricio and other members of the workshop, it seems clear that /impa/ means something different and should be given a new entry. Apparently it means /ye ompa/ or 'ya allá.' The use is something like /impa nemi/ 'ya estáallá.' This can be contrasted to /yempa/ which has the sense of 'allímero' and is used when something is correct. Oapan phonology: Note these two phrase: /Impániaw!/ and /Impa nemi/. In the first /niaw/ acts is extrametrical. This seems to commonly occur with /yaw/ and /ye/ and should be thoroughly analyzed. However, note also that /niaw/ is monsyllabic whereas /nemi/ is disyllabic. yempa confer Oa 00752 tla:kini tla:kini tla:kine tla:kini tla:kine
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni N1 bearing fruit (a tree or other plant that has born fruit in the past and is expected to continue to do so) que produce o da frutos; que rinde (unárbol u otra planta que ha producido fruto en el pasado y al que se le espera que siga haciéndolo) Am, Oa tla:ki One documented use in Ameyaltepec is with a human reference, of a speaker stating <kam>nitla:kini</kam> meaning that he had fathered a lot of children, others have denied the correctness of this usage. Nevertheless, note that the plant metaphor for human reproduction and family is generalized (e.g., <klam>xina:xtli</klam> , <klam>nelwatl</klam> , etc.) and that for this reason the use of <kam>tla:ki</kam> in this same domain is not unexpected. 00753 peto:ni peto:ni peto:ni peto:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a to become detached; to become loose (e.g., a bandaid or sth stuck on a surface, a snap becoming unsnapped, etc.) desprenderse; aflojarse (p. ej., algo que estaba fijado, como algo pegado con pegamento) Am, Oa to slip out (e.g., a button that slipping out out of a buttonhole) zafarse (p. ej., botones que salen de los ojales) Pending Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n. Am My buttons slip out (of the buttonholes), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out. Se desbotona mi ropa, sus ojales se han estirados. Peto:ni nokoto:n pa:mpa we:i kipia i:xtew. Am My shirt becomes unbottoned because its buttonholes are big. Se desbotona mi camisa porque tiene los ojales grandes. peto: Determine full range of possible subjects. Cf. to RS 00754 pepechowa kipepechowa pepechowa kipepechowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl Lex. rdp-s* class-2b to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of (a material object [O] with a hole or fissure) cerrar una hendedura o fisura de; parchar un agujero de (un objeto material [O] con un agujero o hendedura) Pending Yo:kokoyo:n nopéro:l ipan itsi:ntew, kipepechowa tlapepechoke:tl ika soldadurah. Am My metal water jug has gotten several holes in its bottom, a welder is patching it up with soldering. La base de mi perol se agujereóen varios lugares, un soldador lo estásoldando con soldadura. Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok. Am Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places (e.g., the boards that make up its surface). Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se estáabriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se estáseparando. (~ <kamoa>-pan</kamoa>) to stick on (i.e., to place sth with a sticky surface on sth else, as a bandaid on a wound) (~ <kamoa>-pan</kamoa>) pegar sobre (p. ej., colocar algo con una superficie pegagosa sobre otra cosa, como una curita a una herida) Pending to bring or place close to (e.g., a person to a certain location or other individuals); to bring together (e.g., a group of people); to round up (e.g., a group of animals that are already in the same vicinity) acercar; arrimar (p. ej., una persona a otros individuos o rodear; juntar (p. ej., un grupo de personas); reunir (p. ej., un grupo de animales sueltos pero en una solaárea) Pending Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n. Am He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again, she's come back to his home. Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo, ya vino (ella) a su casa. Xkimpepecho un burros, ma tikintlama:malti:ka:n, ye tio:tlak! Am Round up those donkeys, let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon! ¡Arrima estos burros, vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde! Tewa xtitlakwa:s? Yo:pe:w ye nopepecho:lo:tok. Am Aren't you going to eat? People have started to come together (i.e., at a table during a fiesta). ¿No vas a comer tu? La gente ya empezóa arrimarse (p. ej., a una mesa durante una fiesta). (refl. with <kam>-tech</kam> or <kam>-na:k</kam>) to place or move oneself close to (subject is an animate, volitional agent) (refl. + <kam>-tech</kam> o <kam>-na:k</kam> ; a menudo refl.) acercarse a; arrimarse a; colocarse junto a (sujeto es un agente con volición propia) Pending Motech nimopepecho:s ti:yoh, nocha:n ne:xto:tokan. Am I will come to live with you, uncle, they are kicking me out of my house. Me voy a ir contigo, tio, me corren de la casa. Xmopepecho notech, ke:n weka tonkah! Am Come closer to me, you are really far away! ¡Acércate a mi, quélejos estás! I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k mú:sikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh. Am Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol. Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son losúnicos que tienen mucho trago. pech In the sense of 'to close an opening on; to patch up a hole of' note that the syntactic object of <kamoa>pepechowa</kamoa> is the material object that has a hole or fissure in it, not the material that is stuck on (e.g., as would be the case of soldering). However, <kam>pepechowa</kam> also has another sense in which it is the items that is placed on something else that is the grammatical object whereas the item that has something stuck or placed on it is expressed obliquely with the relational noun <klamoa>-pan</klamoa>. With animates the grammatical object is that which is moved close to another location; this may be understood from the discourse (as in <kam>Yo:kito:tokaya i:sowa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah i:cha:n</kam>) but is often expressed obliquely with <klamoa>-tech</klamoa>or, less commonly, <klam>-na:k</klam>. With a plural animate object the sense is often 'to place together.' Oapan does not have a reduced form: * <koa>ki:pechowa</koa>, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and an unreduplicated root does not exist. I have only heard this reduplicated. This should be checked. Pluperfect; phonology: /Yo:kito:tokaya isowa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh, yo:wa:hlah icha:n/ 'He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again, she's come back to his home.' This phrase demonstrates both the semantics and phonology of the pluperfect. In the first place, it is used because the effects of the action are no longer valid. That is, while the man had chased his wife out of the house, he had gone to fetch her and bring her back. Thus the effects of the first action are no longer present (i.e., the separation of the wife). Also note the use of /-ya/ for the pluperfect after a verb ending in /ka/; this is also found with /to:ka/. Check to see if it occurs with verbs such as /cho:ka/, i.e., does one find /o:cho:kaya/ or /o:cho:kaka/. Oapan reduplication; phonology; lexicalization: Oapan does not have a reduced form: * <koa>ki:pechowa</koa>, given the fact that the reduplication is lexicalized and an unreduplicated root does not exist. Cf. /pepechowilia/. pepechowilia val_add_applic Am 00755 zzz Was /Xo:chikwe:tlan/, switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 00756 i:xkwa:tetepontilia ki:xkwa:tetepontilia i:xkwa:tetepontilia ki:xkwa:tetepontilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 [N-N]-V2 V2-d-ca[x] Lex. rdp-s class-2a to cut the bangs off of cortarle los flecos a Am, Oa kwa: tepon Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepon/ for 'without branches on top (a plant or tree)'; check if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject and whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant as object. Check for /kwa:tetepontia/ as intransitive. If it exists, then remove [x]. Originally I had for Ameyaltepec <kam>kikwa:tetepontilia</kam> but Oapan has /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec form. Grammaticalization; causatives: /kwa:tetepontilia/. It might be that in some cases the causative /-lia/ follows a /-ti/ verbalizing element even when the intransitive form does not exist. Here, check if ?/kwa:teteponti/ or ?/kwa:tetepontilia/ exist. Oapan reduplication: Note that lack of reduction in /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. Check other examples of /tetepon/, which does not seem to ever reduce. i:xkwa:teteki synonym Am 00757 ka:xiwi ka:xiwi teka:xiwi teka:xiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Am); Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Oa) class-3a(w) to bend or sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal carrying a heavy load) pandear o doblarse en medio (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal cargando algo pesado) Am, Oa O:nika:xiw. Am My back gave in (curving to create a concave form). Se me doblóla espalda. to sink or slightly cave in (e.g., soft ground after a heavy rain) sumirse o hundirse ligeramente (p. ej., la tierra después de un aguacero). Pending ka:x Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying <kn>te-</kn> element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the <kn>te-</kn> is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec <kam>uweliwi</kam> (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan <koa>té:welíwi</koa>. Perhaps modify this entry after determining whether the /te-/ is optional in Ameyaltepec or mandatory in Oapan. Perhaps a cross-reference should be created, but if the meanings are so close, then a single entry should be used. It is unclear when the intransitive form is used and when the reflexive transitive is used. This should be check as I would expect that /noka:xowa/ would not occur but rather /ka:xiwi/. However, my data does show /o:nika:xiw/ and not /o:nimoka:xoh/. Probably this is related to the involuntary nature of the action. For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity. /te-/: Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying <kn>te-</kn> element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the <kn>te-</kn> is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec <kam>uweliwi</kam> (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan <koa>té:welíwi</koa>. 00758 xi:ntok xi:ntok xi:ntok xi:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative scattered or strewn out on the ground (e.g., objects such as grain or coins that have fallen out of a sack, fruit that has fallen off a tree, etc.) regado o esparcido por el suelo (p. ej., objetos como granos o monedas que se cayeron de una bolsa o costal, fruta que se cayóde unárbol, etc.) Am, Oa San xi:ntok, xte:te:ntok. Am It is just scattered on the ground (in this case <klam>iswatl</klam>), it is not arranged neatly on the ground. Están nada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenadas sobre el suelo. Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli. Am Their heads are even resting up against each other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground. Hasta sus cabezas están recargando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo. (<kamoa>tlaxi:ntok</kamoa> or, in Oapan, also <koa>tlaxi:ntika</koa>) for things to be scattered on the ground; for the ground to be covered with things lying about (<kamoa>tlaxi:ntok</kamoa> o, en Oapan, también <koa>tlaxi:ntika</koa>) haber cosas regadas por todos lados; estar cubierto el suelo o piso por cosas regadas Pending Tlaxixi:ntok. Am Things (not specified) are scattered all over (on the ground). Hay una regadera de cosas (por el suelo). Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo. Am My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they are sick. Mi casa tiene gente tirada en la cama por la enfermedad. xi: Perhaps create a category for impersonal passives of stative: /tlakoto:ntok/, etc. NOTE: In reviewing the dictionary take all statives and check for impersonal forms. ** Impersonal passive; antipassive; /tla-/; /-lo/: Note the following phrase: /Nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/ 'My house has people flat in bed, unable to get up because they are sick.' The translation might be a little infelicitious, but it is difficult to find a better solution. There are two impersonal (or subjectless) verbal constructions in this phrase: /tlaxi:ntok/ and /kwalo:lo/, the first of a stative/resultative and the second of an intransitive verb with a human subject. As documented in the entry for /xi:ntok/ and /xi:ni/, this verbal root can refer to exhausted or sick humans and animals that are simply laid out on the ground (literally or figuratively). Like with other statives ending in /-tok/, or adjectivals such as /wekatlan/, the use of /tla-/ indicates the lack of a specific referent. Indeed, this is the general use of /tla-/ with statives (except with certain lexemes with with /tla-/ changes the semantics significantly (e.g., /tsakwtok/ and /tlatsakwtok/). Thus in t he phrase /nocha:n tlaxi:ntok ika kwalo:lo/, /tlaxi:ntok/ refers to the fact that a certain state exists, but the subjects are nonreferential. The following verbal phrase continues this subjectless clause, but here the verb is"unergative"with a human subject. Therefore it would seem that the /tla-/ and /-lo/ distinction with verbs is more closely related to +human and -human subjects, whereas with statives/resultatives it is only based on the word class. That is, /-lo/ combines with /-tok/ (as /-lotok/) only with a progressive sense; and /tla-/ combines with /-tok/ (as /tla- V -tok/) only in a stative sense. Occasionally, nevertheless, /tla-/ is used with a human subject. Launey (p. 137) gives the example of /tlacuecuechca/ 'se tiembla' indicating that there is (one or more persons) shivering. The /tla-/ and not /te:-/ (he states this with an exclamation point) is used:"Notése el empleo de tla- (¡y no te:-) en los verbos que se refieren a un sujeto humano, pero que indican que se recibe una influencia exterior, reaccionaa un evento independiente de us voluntad y no actúa por decisión propia. Existen menos de diez verbos de este tipo. El más común es: /nicuecuechca/"tiemblo"; /tlacuecuechca/"se tiembla." 00759 tlasoka:mati tlasoka:mati
11/Feb/2006
Interj Part-V2 Interj many thanks muchas gracias Am, Oa tlasoh mati tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati In Oapan <kloa>tlásokamáti</kloa>exists only as a transitive verb and is not used to mean 'many thanks.' Nevertheless, given that this is a common form in other dialects (and is often used by non-Nahuatl speakers who visit Oapan) many Oapanecos understand this nonverbal usage. Check how common this is as an interjection, compared to /tlaxtla:wi/. 00760 tetomaktik tetomaktik tetomahtik tetomahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik to be heavy-set; to be fat; to be hefty (a person or animal) ser o estar gordo; ser robusto (una persona o animal) Am, Oa Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok. Am Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good. Tu caballo estámuy robusto, se estáviendo bien. to be thick and round (a beam, log, etc.) ser grueso y redondo (un morillo, tronco, viga, etc.) Pending toma: tetomaktik; toma:wak tila:wak; toma:wak (e.g., beams) In regard to objects such as beams, logs, etc., the word <klamoa>toma:wak</klamoa>(or <kam>tetomaktik</kam>) is used as opposed to <klamoa>tila:wak</klamoa>(or <klam>tetilaktik</klam>) given that the object has both depth and width. <kamoa>Tila:wak</kamoa> is used to express the thickness of flat things. Adjectivals; /te-/: When consulted both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez did not accept either * <koa>tomaktik</koa> nor * <koa>tetoma:wak</koa>. This appears to be the general case, that /te-/ is associated with the shortened adjectival /-ktik/. However, I do have in the corpus examples of /-ktik/ without /te-/ (though, if I remember correctly) I do not have forms such as /pitsa:wak/ etc., with /te-/. ALL THESE SHOULD BE CHECKED. Oapan does not accept * <koa>tomaktik</koa> nor * <koa>tetoma:wak</koa>. 00761 tlake:ntsotsomok tlake:ntsotsomok tlake:nté:tsomók tlake:nté:tsomók
09/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) yes-rdp to be raggedly clothed estar vestido con ropa arraposa Am, Oa Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok! Am Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags! ¡No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos! ke:m tsomo: 00762 zzz Here the word /kuhpitentsi:n/ has been removed from the dictionary.
25/Jan/2005
 00763 xi:kmatilowa kixi:kmatilowa xi:hmatilowa kixi:hmatilowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Trans class-2b to push and twist a piece of cloth with <spn>copal</spn> stuck on it into the navel of empujar y torcer en el ombligo de, un pedazo de ropa con copal pegado sobre ella Pending Ma mitsxi:kmatiko:ka:n, tikpia para tlatsi:ntlah! Am Let them twist a piece of cloth with copal on it into your navel, you have diarrhea! ¡Deja que te empujan, torciéndolo, un pedazo de tela con copal en tu ombligo, tienes diarrea! medicine xi:k matil xi:hkopalwia synonym Am xi:hkopalwiya synonym Oa 00764 kastiyokuwtli kastiyokuwtli kastí:yokóhtli kastí:yokóhtli
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>castillo</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) yes tall, thick post buried deep in the ground to which the <spn>castillos</spn>(firework towers) are tied upright poste alto y grande que se empotra bien en el suelo y al que se atan los castillos (de cohetes) Am, Oa kow 00765 tlikuwtli motlikuw tlikohtli tlikohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) firewood leña Pending tli kow The final /w/ in the underlying (or historical) form shows up. In Oapan those who have a voiceless palatal fricative manifest this alternation in final positon of <koa>i:tlikow</koa>. Obtain recording of possessed form for final dictionary. 00766 dia:bloh dia:bloh dia:bloh dia:bloh
11/Feb/2006
diablo N N-loan N0 Devil el diablo Am, Oa (<kam>~ miktlan</kam>) god-damn (etc., used with a following insulting adjective in insulting phrases) (<kam>~ miktlan</kam>) pinche (etc., utilizado antes de un adjetivo insultante en frases injuriosas) Pending Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok. Am Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags. No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos. Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! Am The hell with you, you toothless hag! ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! According to L. Lucena only women say <kam>dia:bloh miktlan ~</kam> because only they can shout such insults (can <kam>te:uwicaltia</kam>) without being ashamed. Men either fight or use other words often, it seems, Spanish loans (<kam>pende:joh, pi:ncheh</kam> , etc.). Note that the phrase <kam>dia:bloh miktlan</kam> is used as a vocative onl, that is, it is never accompanied by subject pronoun. For instance <kam>dia:bloh miktlan te:ntsonpochik</kam> translates as '(you) god- damn fuzzy bearded thing' or something similar. Often the adjectives found in this collocation are not found in general speech as descriptive terms and are considered highly insulting (whether or not preceded by <kam>dia:bloh miktlan</kam>). They often refer to a part of the body, clothes, etc. Check length of /miktlan/ and correct if necessary. miktla:n confer Am 00767 kuwchi:chi:hli kuwchi:chi:hli kohchi:chi:hli kohchi:chi:hli kohchi:chi:hli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of tree as yet not fully identified tipo deárbol todavía no identificada definitivamente Am Kuwchi:chi:hli | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, siye:tas, para yugoh, tlapechbanki:toh. Am <kam>Kuwchi:chi:hli</kam> : It is good for main beams, for chairs, for yokes, for the sawhorses that support beds. <kam>Kuwchi:chi:hli</kam> : Es bueno para morillos, para sillas, para yugos, para los banquitos sobre que se ponen las camas. plant kohtli (pending) kow chi:l The wood of this tree, which is reddish, is good for yokes, chairs, sawhorses and <kam>mori:yos</kam> , the heavy beams used in houses. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <kam>cuachichil</kam>. Ramírez (1991) does not list this. Schoenhals (1988) has <kam>cuachichil</kam> , although apparently this is a small plant or flower, not the <kam>kuhchi:chi:lhli</kam> under examination. Schoenhals mentions:"(<kam>Loeselia mexicana</kam>) 'hummingbird flower' See espinosilla." 00768 tlatlaxispatli tlatlaxispatli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 1(h) type of vine still not identified tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado Am Tlatlaxixpatli | Para deke titlatlasi, tikpo:ki:s. Am <kam>Tlatlaxixpatli</kam> : It is for it you have a bad cough, you smoke it. <kam>Tlatlaxixpatli</kam> : Es para si tienes tos, te lo fumas. plant xiwtli(pend) tlasi pah Asunción Marcelo said he had heard this plant named but does not know it. Neither Silvestre Pantaleón nor Inocencio Díaz knew of this plant. Luis Lucena, who gave me the information re: the use of this plant as a remedy, was not sure how it was smoked, or what part of the plant was used. 00769 tsotsokatl tsotsokatl tsotsokatl tsotsokatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 miserly; selfish; stingy; unsharing mezquino; egoista; envidioso (de sus bienes) Am, Oa Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:kili:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka. Am He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away. Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere dárselo a la gente. Ma:ka tiá:s, tsotsokatl! Am DT#7: 285 Don't go, he's stingy (e.g., he won't offer you any food, even though you might be hungry)! ¡No te vayas, es mezquino (esto es, no te va a ofrecer de comer, aunque tengas hambre)! Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas! Am Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along! ¡No sea egoísta, sería mejor que te lo lleves! tsoka See FK for a brief discussion of the use of <kn>tsotsokatl</kn> to mean 'pimple' and 'miserly person' (and the fact that in Spanish the word <spn>mezquino</spn> refers to both. In Oapan and Ameyaltepec <kamoa>tsotsokatl</kamoa> refers only to the person, although <klamoa>tsotsokatewistli</klamoa>, an obviously related term, is used to refer to a type of pimply rash. There is one female token from 4880; this should be the female token linked to the lexicon since it is of better acoustical quality. Imperative; noun predication: Note that following imperative /Ma:ka xtsotsokatl, mejó:r tikwi:kas!/ 'Don't be selfish, it would be better if you take him (or it) along!' Here there is a predicate noun, /tsotsokatl/, with a negative or vetative, i.e., 'Don't be N.' Note how no overt mark of predication is used. However, the negative is marked as a negation of a predication, so /ma:ka x-/ implies that what follows is a predicate. 00770 tsatsapaltik tsatsapaltik tetsatsapaltik tetsatsapaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-d-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-s* to have a rough surface tener la superficie aspera Pending tsapa Apparently <kamoa>tsatsapaltik</kamoa> is the fully adjectival equivalent of the apocopated <klamoa>tetsapa</klamoa>, even though the origin of the coda /l/ is not clear. It is unclear whether the /l/ has been correctly recorded in this headword, or whether the correct form is ? <kn>tsatsapatik</kn>, an adjectivalization of a noun? Adjective tense/aspect inflection: Note the use of the copula in future to inflect an adjectival predicate: /San tetsatsapaltik moi:joh, ti:roh xwe:i yes/ 'Your son is short, he won't be big at all.' tetsapa confer Am, Oa tetsapa confer Am 00771 -kwa:tlan ikwa:tlan -kwa:tlan i:kwa:tlah
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N-loc-poss-tlan N2(rel) higher up than (but on the same surface or plane as the deictic reference point [Poss]) arriba de; al lado superior de (pero sobre la misma superficie que el punto de referencia deíctica [Pos]) Am, Oa ikwa:tlan kwentli Am on the uphill side of the furrow al lado cuesta arriba del surco mokwa:tlan Am up from where you are (e.g., uphill on a slope, higher up on the bed on which you are lying, etc.) arriba de donde estás (e.g., ; cuesta arriba de donde estás parada, arriba de donde estás acostada en la cama, etc.) overhead; above arriba de (p. ej., colgado sobre) Pending Mokwa:tlan pilkatok. Am It is hanging above your head. Estácolgado arriba de tu cabeza. kwa: -tlan deixis The phrase <kam>mokwa:tlan</kam> referring to something being on the uphill side of a slope from where"you"(in this case) are standing, has its deictic opposite in <kam>mokxitlan</kam>. Note that <kamoa>-kwa:tlan</kamoa> is not equivalent to <klamoa>-kwa:tipan</klamoa>, which cannot be used in the sense of a horizontal place indicated by the phrase <kam>i:kwa:tlan kwentli</kam>. Often <kamoa>kwa:tipan</kamoa> refers to things that are overhead in relation to a specific point of reference, whereas <kam>-kwa:tlan</kam> refers to things that are above but on the same basic plane (e.g., higher up on a hill, further up on a bed, etc.). <kamoa>Kwa:tipan</kamoa> is not used to mean 'above (on the same plane).' Note that when used to mean 'overhead' <kam>-kwa:tlan</kam> refers to a more general or distant overhead (as in <kam>mokwa:tlan pilkatok</kam>) whereas <kamoa>-kwa:tipan</kamoa> seems to refer to an overhead that is only a short distance above the possessor, which is a more specific, limited object or point than tha t indicated in phra ses with <kamoa>-kwa:tlan</kamoa>. 00772 -yekapan iyekapan -yekapan [ye 'ka pah] i:yekapan
22/Oct/2005
N(rel) N-loc-poss-pan N2(rel) in front of enfrente de Am, Oa Xmoteketsa noyekapan! Am Stand up in front of me! ¡Párate frente de mí! Xya iyekapan! Am Go along in front of it (e.g., a child walking in front of a team of oxen)! ¡Ve yendo adelante deél (p. ej., un niño caminando frente a una yunta)! yeka -pan yekapan; i:xko I seem to remember that one term is used for material objects (I think /i:xko/) and /yekapan/ only for animates. Check. -i:xko confer Am, Oa 00773 -pal ipal -pal ipal
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-sim N2(rel) by the grace of; with the help of; depending on con la ayuda de; dependiendo de Am, Oa Te:pal nonkah. Am I'm dependent on other people. Soy dependiente de otra gente. San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh. Am He is making do at my expense (i.e., sb poor, without money or maize, who is living off me), we are feeding him here. Se la estápasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz, que vive con mi ayuda), le estamos dando de comer. Nopal onkah, ke:n tlatski! Am He is living off me, what a lazy person! Se estámanteniendo por mi cuenta,¡quéflojo es! (<kam>tlakwa:w</kam> ~) to hell with [Poss] (<kam>tlakwa:w</kam> ~) al diablo con [Pos] Pending Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistlake:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa! newa milá:k niknekiya para tikchi:waskia un tekitl. Am The hell with you! I wanted to hire you, you didn't accept. What a surprise! I really wanted you to do that job. ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba por alquilarte, no quisiste.¡Vaya! yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo. -pal There are a few cases in which <kamoa>-pal</kamoa> is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are <klam>a:xi:xpal</klam> and <klam>kochpal</klam>. Note also that the relational form <kamoa>te:pal</kamoa> can occur either verbalized, as <klam>te:palwia</klam> or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in <klam>te:palkochi</klam>. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of <kamoa>te:pal</kamoa>, as in <kam>nite:palkochi</kam> , although the non-incorporated form is also correct (<kam>te:pal nikochi</kam>). Disambiguate /koxtetl/ from /koxpal/ and, in the process, /-tetl/ from /-pal/. Relational nouns: See discussion under /te:palkochi/. There are a few cases in which <kamoa>-pal</kamoa> is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are <klam>a:xi:xpal</klam> and <klam>kochpal</klam>. Note also that the relational form <kamoa>te:pal</kamoa> can occur either verbalized, as <klam>te:palwia</klam> or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in <klam>te:palkochi</klam>. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of <kamoa>te:pal</kamoa>, as in <kam>nite:palkochi</kam> , although the non-incorporated form is also correct (<kam>te:pal nikochi</kam>). te:palwia confer Am te:palkochi confer Am 00774 tei:nilia kitei:nilia tei:nilia kitei:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to break (sth) into pieces for; to make (sth) shatter for desmenuzarle (algo) a; hacerle añicos (de algo) a Am, Oa to break (e.g., a monetary bill) for; to make change (of a certain denomination of money) for; to exchange (one type of money) for cambiar (p. ej., un billete) para; hacer cambio (de una moneda por otras más pequeñas) para; cambiar (un tipo de dinero por otro) para Am, Oa Xne:xtei:nili notomi:n! Am Change my money for me (e.g., a bill for coins)! ¡Cambiáme mi dinero (p. ej., un billete por monedas)! tei: Determine the best way to translate and give entry definitions for malefactives. tei:nia verb_base Am, Oa 00775 tlanketsowa kitlanketsowa tlanketsowa kitlanketsowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to take a bite into mordisquear Am, Oa O:ne:xtlanketsoh. Am He took a bite out of me. Me dio un mordisco. San sepatsi:n o:kitlanketsoh. Am He just took one bite out of it. Solamente le dio un solo mordisco. San o:tiktlatlanketsoh wa:n xkwahli o:tkwah. O:tiki:xpoloh. Am You just took some bites out of it and didn't eat it all (lit., 'properly'). You wasted it. Solamente le mordisqueaste y no te lo comiste bien. Lo echaste a perder. tlan ketso <kamoa>Tlanketsowa</kamoa> refers to the action of taking a small piece out of something by biting into it, though not necessarily eating it. Apparently <kamoa>tlanketsowa</kamoa> is related to the Classical <kn>quetzoma</kn> or <kn>quetzuma</kn>, which Molina gives in its reduplicated form with a human, nonspecific object prefix as meaning"adentellar, morder a otro, o dar bocados." Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check for presence of /h/. 00776 kuwxiwyoh kuwxiwyoh kohxihyoh kohxihyoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area) estar (unaárea) llena de matas y arbustos Am, Oa kow xiw 00777 tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi tsi:npaxia:lki:stimi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-asp ~Trans class-3a(m) to rove around; to act like a vagabond; to travel and visit a lot with no definite goal vagabundear; andar de vago o tratamundos; viajar o visitar mucho sin ningún fin definitivo Am, Oa tsi:n paxia:l This word has only been documented with the aspectual ending <kn>-tinemi</kn>. Whether or not it can occur without this aspectual endings is unclear. Check whether /tsi:npaxia:lki:stinemi/ is found without the aspectual ending /-tinemi/. 00778 tekakapaxio i:tekakapaxio
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo Lex. rdp-s; Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> N2 dirty and dried sap that has dripped from a cut in a tree resina sucia y seca que ha salido de un corte en la cáscara de unárbol Am itekakapaxio kuwtli Am the dried sap of a tree la resina seca de unárbol. rough skin of certain animals (e.g., <klam>kohketspalin</klam> , <klam>tepa:xin</klam> , and certain <kam>michin</kam>) pieláspera de algunos animales (p. ej., <klam>kohketspalin</klam> , <klam>tepa:xin</klam> , y algunos <kam>michin</kam>) Am kapax The precise referents of <kam>-kakapaxio</kam> and <kam>-tekakapaxio</kam> have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that some surfaces may be described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also that in many cognate forms, Ameyaltepec <kam>kakapax-</kam> is equivalent to Oapan <koa>te:kapax-</koa> (e.g., Am. <kam>kakapaxioh</kam> and Oa. <koa>te:kapaxioh</koa>). This suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form <koa>te:kapaxio</koa> that needs to be added. This too should be checked. Check for other possible objects that have their /-(te)kakapaxio/, i.e. plants, animals, etc. Also check whether only /tekakapaxio/ can be used to refer to the skin of /kuhketspalin/ and /tepa:xin/ and correct as necessary. Xref answer to /kuhketspalin/ and /tepa:xin/, etc. What is the skin of fish called: with or without /te-/ or are both correct? Check vowel length although all related words have all short vowels. Etymology uncertain. Also check relative use or non-use of /te/. In one notecard I have stated that I had always heard this word with the prefixed /te-/, as /tekakapaxio/. Check to see if the word can be used without /te-/ and whether this changes its meaning or to what it may refer. Apparently this can also refer to the rough bark of certain trees like the /po:cho:tl/. This should be checked. If so, perhaps this should be given as the primary definition. Check for verbal form (?(ka)kapaxiwi). Query re: the following: The precise referents of <kam>-kakapaxio</kam> and <kam>-tekakapaxio</kam> have yet to be determined; it seems that they are different and that some surfaces may be described by one term and others by the other. Perhaps the semantics will prove to be distinct enough, and nonpredictable, to motivate two entries. Note also that in many cognate forms, Ameyaltepec <kam>kakapax-</kam> is equivalent to Oapan <koa>te:kapax-</koa> (e.g., Am. <kam>kakapaxioh</kam> and Oa. <koa>te:kapaxioh</koa>). This suggests that Oapan might have an obligatorily possessed form <koa>te:kapaxio</koa> that needs to be added. This too should be checked. kakawayo confer Am pi:ntoh kakapaxtli confer Am 00779 amanka:ita kamanka:ita ámanka:íta amanka:ita kámanka:íta
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> yes-lex to get angry or annoyed with; to find (sb [O]) bothering or annoying enojarse o enfadarse con Am, Oa O:pe:w nikamanka:ita. Am I began to find him annoying. Empecéa enfadarme conél. ahmana ita In essence the grammatical subject of <kam>amanka:ita</kam> is the thematic experiencer, the person who experiences the annoyance that is caused by what is, in this construction, the grammatical object. Perhaps find a better translation. 00780 ma:toka kima:toka ma:toka kima:toka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to pet; to run ones hand over; to caress; to rub or massage (if the action is repeated, as it usually is, then reduplication with a long vowel is used) acariciar; correr la mano sobre en una manera cariñosa; sobar (si la acción se repite, como generalmente occure, se utiliza la forma reduplicada con vocal larga) Am, Oa Kima:tokas itskwin. Am He will run his hand (once) over his dog. Va a correr su mano (una vez) sobre su perro. (with long vowel reduplication of entire stem) to rub ones hands over repeatedly (e.g., as in spreading an ointment on sb) (con reduplicación de vocal larga de la raíz entera) correr la mano repetidamente sobre (p. ej., al aplicar ungüento sobre algn) Am, Oa Axtopa xma:ma:toka, ma ki:sa un tlasohli! Am First run your hand over it (in this case a horse) so that the brush that has stuck to it comes off! ¡Primero, corre tu mano sobre ello (en este caso un caballo) para que se le quite la mugre (p. ej. ramitas y pedazos de hojas) que le estápegada! Tikma:ma:tokas un la:soh para ma ki:sa sokitl. Am You should run your hand along that rope so that the mud falls off. Debes correr la mano sobre ese laso para que se le caiga el lodo. Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan! Am Rub (carress) my back! ¡Sóbame la espalda! (with short vowel reduplication) to earnestly pursue; to pay close attention to; to show affection for (a person); to make an effort (to do sth) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) prestar atención a; proseguir (p. ej., en tramitar un asunto); mostrar cariño a (una persona); esforzarse (para hacer algo) Pending Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih. Am I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up. Proseguíel asunto, lo apuré. Xkima:totoka ikone:w. Ma:ski cho:katok xkichi:wilia kwe:ntah. Am She doesn't pay attention to her child. Even though he is crying, she doesn't pay attention. Ella no le presta atención a su hijo. Aunque estállorando, no le hace caso. Xkima:totoka para kipati:s. Am He doesn't make much of an effort to cure him (a sick child, i.e., he doesn't bother to take him to a doctor). No hace ningún esfuerzo para curarlo (en este caso para curar su niño, no se molesta en llevarlo a un doctor). Xkima:totoka para kichi:chi:ti:s. Am She doesn't hurry up to breast feed him (even though he is crying). No se apura para darle pecho (aunque estállorando). Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian! Am Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you! ¡Acéptalo rápidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan! (with short vowel reduplication) to spread ones arms out in order to catch or hold (e.g., sb coming down from a high place, a child that is about to fall, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abrir los brazos para agarrar o sostener (p. ej., a una persona que estábajando de un lugar alto, o a un niño que estáa punto de caerse) Pending Xma:totoka! Ma:ka wetsis chika:wak! Am Spread your arms out to catch him (in this case to catch a child who is falling)! Don't let him fall down hard! ¡Abre los brazos para agarrarlo, (en este caso a un niño que estácayendo)!¡No lo dejes caer fuerte! (with short vowel reduplication and <kam>tie:mpoh</kam>) to hurry up (con reduplicación de vocal corta y <kam>tie:mpoh</kam>) apurarse Pending Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa. Am He is hurrying up to plant it (a particular field), he has already started clearing the field. Se apura para sembrarlo (un terreno en particular), ya empezóa limpiar el campo. (with long vowel reduplication) to touch or grab repeatedly at; to feel around for (sth) with ones hands (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tocar o agarrar repetidamente (algo, o a algn); tantear Pending Xo:mitsna:nkilih para tikma:to:tokatinemis. Am She didn't consent to you going around grabbing her by the arm. No consintióque la anduvieras agarrando por el brazo. Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. Am You are reaching your arm out (e.g., feeling into the underbrush) feeling for the <kam>huilota</kam>. It fell to the ground, you wounded it. Estás estirando el brazo tanteando (p. ej., para buscar en la maleza) por la huilota. se cayóa la tierra, la heriste. ma: toka The verb <kamoa>ma:toka</kamoa> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <kam>ma:totoka</kam> or <kam>ma:to:toka</kam>). Apparently <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <kam>ma:to:toka</kam> , with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <kam>ma:totoka</kam> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. All meanings and the vowel reduplication pattern should be checked: /ma:ma:toka/ 'caress'; /ma:to:toka/ 'to feel around with ones hands'; and /ma:totoka/ 'to pay attention to'; 'to catch in ones arms.' Finally, note that a grammatical record should be made of these differences and compared to other words which should different types of reduplication of root and prefix. Perhaps with the noun is reduplicated a separate entry should be given, since usually the IN is not reduplicated. The verb <kamoa>ma:toka</kamoa> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <kam>ma:totoka</kam> or <kam>ma:to:toka</kam>). Apparently <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <kam>ma:to:toka</kam> , with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <kam>ma:totoka</kam> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. Check this phrase: /Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian!/ This is what I originally had. /Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan!/ Rub my back. Note that /nokwitlapan/ is syntactically as if it were an object (e.g., one might expect an applicative ?xne:chma:ma:tokili nokwitlapa, or an oblique: ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokwitlapan. Perhpas this is avoided (cf. Launey) because that /-pan/ is already in the body part. But what would be the case with /nokxi/, ?xne:chma:ma:toka nokxi or ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokxi. Check. /Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa/. ' He is hurrying up in order to plant the field, he has already started clearing..'Note here how reference shifts. We have /kito:kas/, which seems to refer to a specific field (discuss or explore the use of /ki-/ with /to:ka/ (and the use of specific objects with verbs for which the nonspecific object is not acceptable *tlato:ka. Then the following phrase does not have /yo:pe:w kipupwa/, which would maintain the reference/focus, but the detransitivized /tlapupwa/. This too should be discussed. Reduplication: note that /ma:toka/ can be reduplicated in various ways: /kima:ma:toka/ 'to caress'; /kima:to:toka/ 'he feels around for'; and /kima:totoka/ 'he pursues it; he spreads his arms to catch it,' etc. These all should be checked as /ma:toka/ is one of the few verbs with IN that can take reduplication of either the nominal or verbal stem. Later I added: The verb <kamoa>ma:toka</kamoa> is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam>) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., <kam>ma:totoka</kam> or <kam>ma:to:toka</kam>). Apparently <kam>ma:ma:toka</kam> indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas <kam>ma:to:toka</kam> , with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, <kam>ma:totoka</kam> ; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay at tention t o.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. ma:tokilia val_add_applic Am 00781 patlachowa kipatlachowa patlachowa kipatlachowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to flatten and widen (e.g., a piece of wood planed and shaved, for a sawhorse, an ax or other handle, <klam>tixtli</klam> in making an <kam>itakatl</kam> , etc.) aplanar y ensanchar (e.g., un pedazo de madera cepillada y aplanada, para una burra, la manga de una hacha u otra cosa, masa para hacer un <kam>itakatl</kam> , etc.) Am, Oa Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n. Am You! Reach over here and flatten out my <kam>itakatl</kam> (by lightly pressing down on it once and again in even and determined motions). ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acápara aplanar mi <kam>itakatl</kam> (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez, en movimientos despacios y determinados)! to squash (e.g., an animal under a stone) aplaster (p. ej., un animal bajo una piedra) Pending patlach <kam>Patlachowa</kam> refers to various ways of flattening things. They can be made flat with a tool as in wood, or with ones hands as in making an <kam>itakatl</kam>. They can also be flattened, or squashed, with a stone, as in crushing an animal. 00782 kamotli de un kokostik kamotli de un kostik kamotli de un kokostik kámokóstik kamokostik kámotlíkóstik kámokóstik kostik kamohtli Tetel
08/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 yes-lex type of sweet potato, so called for its color (yellow) tipo de camote, asi llamado por su color (amarillo) Pending plant tuber domesticated kamoh kos kamotli Note that in one entry I have simply /kamotli de (un) kostik/. Check to see which form is correct (or more common), /kamotli de (un) kokostik/ or /kamotli de (un) kostik/, i.e., with or without the reduplication. Also, for this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/. This type of camote was collected in fieldwork (#129). 00783 mi:skiyo i:mi:skiyo mi:skiyo i:mi:skiyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo N2 fruit of certain trees, the range of which has not yet been determined fruta de ciertosárboles, cuya extensión todavía no ha sido determinada Pending mi:ski This noun has been documented only in possessed form with the expected possessed suffix <kn>-yo</kn>. The relationship between <kamoa>mi:skitl</kamoa> and <kamoa>mi:skiyo</kamoa> is perhaps similar to that between <kamoa>wa:xin</kamoa> and <kamoa>wa:xio</kamoa> in the first term refers to a tree with a very notable or marked type of fruit and the second term to this fruit as it is born by the same tree as well as others. Thus, perhaps as <kamoa>wa:xin</kamoa> refers to the fruit of a tree that can also be called <kam>wa:xkuhtli</kam> (or <koa>wa:xkohtli</koa>) so too does <kamoa>mi:skitl</kamoa> most directly refer to the fruit of the mezquite (or <kam>mi:skikuhtli</kam> , <koa>mi:skikohtli</koa>). And, just as the maple tree has <kam>i:wa:xio</kam> so too to many other trees (for example, <kam>wicha:chin</kam> and <kam>witspatlaxtli</kam>) have <kamoa>i:mi:skiyo</kamoa>, i.e., fruit of the type born by the mezquite tree. Check for other trees that have their /miskio/. 00784 moxtli moxtli moxtli moxtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(x) cloud(s) nube(s) Pending Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl. Am The clouds are gathered around (lit., 'seated on') the top of the hill. Las nubes están descansando (lit., 'sentados') sobre la cima del cerro. weather mox Check for possible metaphoric meanings. I have never heard this used in plural. 00785 pipiyá:k pipiyá:k pípiyá:k pípiyá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:piyá:k</koa> yes-lex to be foul-smelling 'to be foul-smelling (said to be typified by the smell of animals such as live goats, as well as that of dogs and cows; unbathed humans are also said to acquire this smell as are, when they rot, plums) ser apestoso; tener un mal olor (olor tipificado por el de chivos, como también lo de perros y vacas; seres humanos que no se bañan también adquieren este olor asícomo ciruelas, <klamoa>xokotl</klamoa>, cuando se pudren) Am, Oa smell pipi hya: Given the lack of evidence for a root <kn>pi</kn>, the root entered for this and related words is <kroot>pipi</kroot>. Determine what other things have this smell. Apparently many barnyard animals have this smell, though this should be checked. Create a function for smells/adjectives. Note that smells in the semantic field includes verbs of smell, not only adjectives. There is an extra female token at 5887. It should be the one that is linked. 00786 zzz This was the entry for /tila:nilia/; it has been eliminated as a duplicate.
09/Aug/2005
This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 5301. Tag the 786 tokens with 5301, but at 5301, use the 5301 tokens and not those originally 786 for the links. 00787 a:te:kilia ka:te:kilia a:te:kilia ka:te:kilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to water (particularly plants and seedlings) for regar (particularmente plantas y plantas de semillero) para Am, Oa Ma ne:cha:te:kilitiw noxo:chiw, ma:ka wa:kis! Am Let him be watering my flowers for me so that they don't dry up! ¡Quévaya dándole agua a mis flores, para que no se sequen! to give water to (certain animals such as pigs and chickens, who are given water that is poured into a bowl or container) for dar de beber (a animales tales como marranos y gallinas, que toman agua de un recipiente al que se vierte agua) para Pending to give water to (certain animals such as pigs, i.e., for which one pours water) dar de beber a (a algunos animales tales como marranos, a que se les da agua en piletas) Pending Ma kima:te:kili:ki nopitsowa:n -nopiowa:n-! Newa niá:s fériah. Am Let him come and give water to my pigs (or chickens) for me! I'm going to the festival. ¡Quévenga a darles agua a mis marranos (o gallinas)! Yo voy a ir a la feria. te:kilia; a:te:kia a: te:k Make sure to discuss the question of valency with this word in part of the grammar. a:te:kia verb_base Am a:te:kiya verb_base Oa 00788 ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) blade of obsidian or flint found scattered on the ground cuchillo de obsidiana o pedernal encontrado tirado por el suelo Am wa:k-2- Apparently the meaning of <kam>i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n</kam> derives from the identity of the <klam>wa:ktsi:n</klam> as an avatar of Tezcatlipoca, a deity related to war in the Mexica pantheon. In Oapan it is said that the <koa>wa:htsi:n kipiya i:neba:jah</koa>, although this is not applied to obsidian blades. In Oapan one may say <koa>o:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n</koa>. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the <koa>wa:htsi:n</koa> has <koa>i:neba:jah</koa> ; cf. to the Ameyaltepec term <koa>i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n</koa> in reference to obsidian blades. 00789 pitentsi:n pitentsi:n pitentsi:n pitentsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tsi:n tsi:n>tsitsi:nteh/tih to be small (in bulk size) ser pequeño (en tamaño) Am, Oa to be young (in age) ser joven (de edad) Pending (<kam>kemech</kam> ~) to be just rising (the sun or moon) (<kam>kemech</kam> ~) estar apenas saliendo (el sol o la luna) Pending Kemech pitentsi:n to:nahli, kemech o:wa:lki:s. Am The sun is just rising (still low on the horizon), it just emerged. El sol apenas estásaliendo (estácerca del horizonte), apenas salió. (<kam>sa:</kam> ~) to be setting (the sun or moon) (<kam>sa:</kam> ~) estar por ponerse (el sol o la luna) Pending Kwa:k sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli o:titlankeh. Am We finished when the sun was just about to set. Terminamos cuando el sol estaba por ponerse. Sa: pitentsi:n to:nahli, i kalakis. Am The sun is near the horizon, it is about to set. El sol estánomás poco arriba del horizonte, ya se va a poner. size piten pi:pitik confer Am, Oa 00790 ihkí:n hkí:n ihkí:n hkíi:n hkíi:n
11/Feb/2006
Pr(demon) Pr-dem yes in this very manner así, de esta misma manera Am, Oa Ihkí:n tikchi:was. Am This is the way you will do it (e.g., a particular task or job). Esta es la manera en que la vas a hacer (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en específico). sayhkó:n iw i:n Check vowel length. Also problematical is the difference between /ihki/ and /ihkí:n/. In the phrase above I checked the possibility of substituting /ihki/ for /ihkí:n/, but it was not accepted in Ameyaltepec. Note that for the Oapan sound I had first recorded /kíí:n/ in my notes based on the Yale recording session. However, later in Oapan with Tom Smith-Stark and the pronunciation was definitely [kíi:n] althought the final sound was a velarized or nasalized vowel and not an /n/. no: ihkí:n confer Am no: kíi:n confer Oa 00791 yumpa yompa yumpa yempa yempa
22/Oct/2005
Adv Adv-pl right there (in regard to space) allímismo (en cuanto al espacio) Pending Yumpa ka:n onkah! Am Right there where it is! ¡Allímismo donde está! just right justamente como está Pending Xmati deke yumpa! Am Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right! ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si estájustamente bien! Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was. Am Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right. Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien. Timimiltik. San yumpa, xtitoma:wak. Am You have a solid, stout body. It's just right (the way you are), you aren't fat. Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Estájustamente bien, no estás gordo. Yumpa ke:n o:tike:kchi:w! Am You made it just right (e.g., a food prepared, a job done, etc.)! ¡Lo hiciste justamente bien (p. ej., una comida preparada, un trabajo hecho, etc.)! ye on -pa umpa confer Am 00792 kechkoxtitlan ikechkoxtitlan
11/Feb/2006
N (N-S)-N(rel) N-loc-tlan N2 nape of the neck nuca Am body kech koch -titlan <kam>Kechkoxtitlan</kam> is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. And neither Inocencio Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the Nahuatl word for nape of the neck. kechkoxtlan confer Am kechkoxtlan confer Am 00793 a:tli:ya:n noa:tli:ya:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 natural and customary source of drinking water for (sb or some animal [Poss]) fuente natural y regular de agua de beber para (algn o algún animal [Pos]) Am Toa:tli:ya:n. Am It is the place from where we get customarily draw water (in Ameyaltepec, the toponym of place is called simply <kam>A:pan</kam>). Es el lugar de donde tenemos la costumbre de traer agua (en Ameyaltepec, este lugar simplemente se llama <kam>A:pan</kam>). a: i: -ya:n No cognate term has been documented in Oapan, but there is a similar construction <koa>tlakwa:ya:n</koa> referring to a customary place of eating (or, if an animal, grazing). 00794 ma:teyo:ti ma:teyo:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to have a good hand (i.e., one that causes good things to happen, e.g., beans to become many when tossed into a pot, etc.) tener buena mano (para que buenas cosas resulten de lo que se hace con la mano; p. ej., frijoles echados a una olla se multiplican y rinden una buena comida) Am Tewa xkonxi:ni yetl, tewa tima:teyo:ti! Am You be the one to throw the beans into the pot, you're the one with a splendid hand! ¡Echa túlos frijoles, tienes buena mano! Ma:teyo:ti pa:mpa kwa:k konxi:nia yetl ipan ko:ntli, miakia. Am She has a good hand because when he tosses beans into a pot, they become many. Tiene buena mano porque cuando echa frijoles a la olla, se multiplican. to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit) tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembre rinda bien) Am Newa nima:teyo:ti, kwa:k nito:ka, tla:ki, kwaltsi:n ki:sa. Am I have a green thumb, when I plant, it bears fruit, it turns out well. Tengo dedo verde, cuando siembro, rinde, sale bien. ma: te The etymology and basis for the meaning of <kam>ma:teyo:ti</kam> is unclear. Obviously the stem for 'hand' is present in <kam>ma:-</kam>. Vowel length should be rechecked, but the Ameyaltepec word might be related to the Classical noun <kn>teyotl</kn> and the transitive verb <kn>teyotia. nite.</kn>, glossed by Molina as 'fama, o honra,' and 'afamar a otro,' respectively. These are alternate pronunciations of <kn>tenyotl</kn> and <kn>tenyotia</kn>, both of which involve the stem <kn>te:n-</kn>, 'lip,' with a long vowel. Vowel length in Ameyaltepec <kam>ma:teyo:ti</kam> , an intransitive verb, should therefore be rechecked, but the reference might be to someone whose 'hand' is famed (for its"productivity"). If <kam>ma:teyo:ti</kam> has a short /e/ and the root <kn>te-</kn> 'stone,' then the etymology is less clear. Check vowel length. ma:tlakwa confer Am, Oa teyo:ti confer Am ma:tla:ki confer Oa 00795 te:lpokawah te:lpokawah te:lpakawah te:lpakawah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1/2: Irregular: <kamoa>note:lpo:ch</kamoa> ; pl. <kam>te:lpokameh</kam> , <koa>te:lpokameh</koa> young boy of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 or 25 years old joven de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 o 25 años de edad Pending Ye te:lpokawah. Am He's now a young man (of marriageable age). Ya es muchacho (de una edad en que se puede casar). age te:lpo:ch te:lpo:xtli For a discussion of the presence of final /h/, see <klam>ichpokawah</klam>. Check difference between /te:lpo:xtli/ and /te:lpokawa/. The following words would seem to exist (or at least some of them) given that I have them with the beginning /ichpo:ch/. Check to see if the"male"version is found: /te:lpo:chka:wahli/, and /te:lpo:chwia/. Check final /h/. te:lpo:xtli synonym Am, Oa 00796 tlamachilispoliwi tlamachilispoliwi tlamachilispoliwi tlamachilispoliwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to loose ones common sense; to loose ones sense of good judgement, or ability to think and reflect clearly perder el juicio; perder el sentido común o habilidad para pensar y reflexionar con claridad Pending mati pol 00797 kukwa kikukwa kokowa kikokowa 'okowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s Irregular, see <klam>kukwa</klam> (Am), <kloa>kokowa</kloa>(Oa):, Irregular: class-2b (Oa); irregular (Am): perfective <kamoa>o:kikokoh</kamoa> ; fut. <kamoa>kikoko:s</kamoa> to hurt; to lightly wound (as opposed to kill) doler; lastimar; herir ligeramente (y no matar) Pending Ne:chkukwa, xok niki:yowia. Am It hurts me, I can't stand it anymore. Me duele, ya no lo aguanto. San o:kikokokeh. Am They just wounded him lightly (i.e., not killing him, nor wounding him seriously). Solamente lo lastimaron (no lo mataron, ni lo hirierion gravemente). Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. Am You are reaching your arm out (e.g., into the underbrush) feeling for a <spn>huilota</spn>. It fell out of the sky, you wounded it. Estás estirando el brazo buscando (p. ej., en la maleza) una huilota. se cayó, la heriste. kowa The Ameyaltepec and Oapan inflectional forms are equivalent, the main difference between the two dialects is based on the fact that the lexical stem for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the change to <kam>kukwa</kam> from <kam>kokowa</kam>. However, other tenses and aspects are formed as if the Ameyaltepec base were <kam>kokowa</kam> Oapan manifests a lexically specific allomorph, <koa>'okowa</koa> which appears after the first- and second-person object prefixes only, for example, <koa>ne:ch'okowa</koa>. Note that this is not an optional form. That is, in Oapan one always finds <koa>'okowa</koa> in these contexts, and never <koa>kokowa</koa>, e.g., *<koa>ne:ckkokowa</koa>. In other dialects the form of this verb is <kn>kokoa</kn>. Note that the morphology of the perfective and irrealis in Ameyaltepec suggests an underlying form {kokowa}. Apparently the short /o/ has been lost. Check meaning of /ma:to:tokatiw/ is phrase example. pupwa confer Am kokowilia val_add_applic Am 00798 tlikonextli tlikonextli tlikonextli tlikonextli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(x) ashes (from the hearth) ceniza (del hogar) Am, Oa tli nex -ko Note that the nominal compound <kamoa>tlikonextli</kamoa> involves a locative construction, <kamoa>tliko</kamoa> combining with another nominal root. There are other examples of such use of the nominal, as in Classical <kn>tlecoaquia. nite.</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'entregar a otro en manos de sus enemigos, llevándolo co cautela a donde le puedan hazer mal y vengarse del.' Here <kn>tleco</kn> is figuratively used. 00799 tena tena tena tena
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b +Caus class-4a to grunt; to groan; to make sounds of pain and discomfort (e.g., under a heavy weight, because of an illness or pain, etc.) gemir; hacer un sonido de dolor o de un gran esfuerzo físico (p. ej., bajo la presión de un gran un peso, o a causa de una enfermedad o dolor, etc.) Am, Oa Tetena pa:mpa kwalo. Am He groans a lot because he is sick. Gime mucho porque estáenfermo. Deke ipan yo:titleko:k, ipan tiatiw, pe:wa tena. Am If you get on it (in this case said to heavy person about to mount a donkey), if you go along riding it, it will begin to groan. Si te lo subes (en este caso dicho a una persona pesada a punto de subir a un burro), si vas montado, va (el burro) a empezar a gemir. te:na Apparently <kam>tena</kam> refers to sounds of complaint or discomfort such as groans and grunts, but not to actual words. te:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 00800 a:kawtia a:kawtia ákahtiá akahtia ákahtiá
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) yes-lex to become light (particularly items that lose water and, concommitantly, weight) ponerse liviano, de poco peso, o ligero (particularmente cosas que pierden agua y por estárazón, peso) Am, Oa Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih. O:wawa:hkeh; yo:aa:kawtiakeh. Am The squash has dried up in the sun. They didn't get harvested right away. They dried up; they got light (from loss of water; as a result they are no longer good to eat and are valued only for their seeds). Las calabazas se han secado en el sol. No se cosecharon luego. Se secaron; se quedaron ligeros (por haberse perdido su jugo; como resultado ya no sirven para comer sino solamente para semillas). ahkaw Under /piska/ etc. note that the common reference to harvest for squash is /sentla:lia/. The length of the first /a:/ needs to be carefully checked here and for all words containing this root. The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl would suggest an initial sequence of /ah-/, but the long vowel in Ameyaltepec suggests otherwise. Check the San Juan form. Oapan speakers during the workshop suggested that the initial vowel was short. Check vowel length; check for initial /h/ in San Juan. a:kawtia. 00801 osto:wia noosto:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to fall off of a cliff or precipice (and, by extension, to fall off anything from very high up) (refl.) despeñarse (y, por extensión, caerse desde cualquier lugar muy alto) Am osto: tepe:xiwia; osto:wia The use of this Ameyaltepec word is close to that of <kam>tepexiwia</kam> (note that in Oapan only has <koa>tepe:xiwiya</koa>, and not <koa>osto:wiya</koa>, are used. However, whereas <kam>osto:wia</kam> , when reflexive, refers to the action of falling off something such as a cliff and hitting the ground upon landing, in Ameyaltepec <klam>tepexiwia</klam> is used to refer to the action of falling down a hill or mountain and rolling, rather than falling off something, such as a cliff, and hitting the ground. Nevertheless, note that Molina gives for <kn>tepexiuia. nite.</kn> 'despeñar a otro.' Oapan only has <koa>tepe:xiwiya</koa>, not <koa>osto:wiya</koa>. Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be explored. One speaker, Rey de la Cruz (Am) understood this to mean that a person, standing under a cliff, is hit or covered by parts that come loose. However, he said that perhaps others use this word to refer to a person who falls off a cliff along with a piece of the edge that comes loose. tepexiwiya synonym Oa 00802 zzz This was the entry for /tlakokopi:nilia/ and entry for Ameyaltepec meant to refer to the act of making a man ejaculate. Test whether this is correctly used.
09/Aug/2005
 00803 kalse:wahlo:tl nokalse:wahlo:w
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 2 (ritual) shade of the house of ([Poss], honorifically speaking) (ritual) sombra de la casa de ([Pos] hablando respetuosamente) Am Timose:witokeh ipan mokalse:wahlo:w. Am We are resting in the shade of your venerable house. Estamos descansando en la sombra de la venerable casa de usted. ritual kal se: Pronunciation of this word varied among speakers, probably a reflection of its restricted use in ritual bride-asking speech. Some included the final possessed marker <kn>-w</kn> while others did not (e.g., <kam>mokalse:wahlo</kam>). If it is indeed an abstract noun ending in <kn>-yo:tl</kn>, the <kam>-w</kam> possessed marked should not be present. In the recording of this word Cristino Flores pronounced the possessed form with a clear final /w/: <kam>nokalse:wahlo:w</kam>. Check for presence of <kam>-w</kam> , as well as for the possibility of an unpossessed /kalse:wahlo:tl/. 00804 to:naya:n to:naya:n to:naya:n i:to:naya:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n[imp] N1; in Oapan obligatorily possessed with 3rd-person possessor. place where it is very hot lugar donde pega el sol Am, Oa Notla:lian ka:n to:naya:n. Am They place themselves where it is very hot. Se colocan donde hace mucho calor. Ne: San Agustín, mila:k i:to:naya:n. Oa There San Agustín it is a place where it is very hot. Alláen San Agustín es un lugar donde hace mucho calor. to:na Note the use of the adverbial <kamoa>ka:n</kamoa> along with nominal <kam>to:naya:n</kam> , which ostensibly should not occur with a locative adverb given that the suffix <kam>-ya:n</kam> already signifies location (in Launey's term, it is an 'autolocative.') Note that the use of <kn>-ya:n</kn> with a verb and as unpossessed signifies that the verb is an impersonal (see Launey thesis: 814). kiawia:n confer Oa 00805 a:waxokotl a:waxokotl á:waxókotl á:waxókotl ahwaxokotl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex plum, fruit of the tree known as <kam>a:waxokotl</kam> circuela, fruta delárbol conocido como <kam>a:waxokotl</kam> Am, Oa type of wild plum tree tipo deárbol de ciruelo silvestre Am, Oa plant kohtli medicine (pending) ahwa xoko As with many lexemes that at point had an initial /ah/ sequence, Ameyaltepec and Oapan seem to manifest lengthening here. This should, however, be checked. The native speakers' etymological understanding of this word, and its relation to <spn>aguates</spn> suggests that they connect it with what in other dialects is <kn>ahwatl</kn> 'thorn.' Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as the <spn>aguajocote</spn> with no further identification. There is no immediately apparent cognate term in either Schoenhals (1988), who gives under ciruelo <i>Spondias</i>spp. and <i>Prunus mexicana</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list for <i>Spondias</i>only <i>Spondias purpurea</i>, of the family <i>Anacardiaceae</i>, which might be either the <klam>masa:xokotl</klam> or <klam>kopaxokotl</klam> ; they give the Spanish name as <spn>ciruelita de cerro</spn> or simply <spn>ciruelo</spn>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>ahuajocote</spn>. According to some consultants <kam>a:waxokotl</kam> is a remedy: <kam>deke mitskukwa mitik</kam> 'if your belly hurts you.' Cf. folklore notes. In one entry I have a short initial vowel, /awaxokotl/, recheck. Cf. entry under /awatl/. When Roberto Mauricio of Oapan mentioned this tree to me he also seemed to pronounce it with a long initial /a/ and no pitch accent. This should be rechecked. Felix Pantaleón also seemed to give <koa>a:waxo:tl</koa> as a variant name of this plant (this would be the result of loss of /k/ between two identical vowels). Check vowel length of initial /a/! Roberto Mauricio of Oapan seemed to pronounce this without vowel length distinctiveness; this should be checked. Phonology: after a full study of vowel-initial stems and the relative contrast in vowel length, determine whether initial vowel length is neutralized. 00806 kwa:tlapo:wi kwa:tlapo:wi kwa:tlapo:wi kwa:tlapo:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi +Trans class-3a(w) to become opened up at the top (a box, a sack or back, a chest, etc.) abrirse por la parte de arriba o por la tapadera (una caja o baúl, un costal o bolsa, etc.) Am, Oa kwa: tlapo: I added this definition based on the occurrence of /kwa:tlapo:wtok/ as a Stative. The intransitive verb should be confirmed; check also for a transitive cognate. 00807 tlayo:lwe:wekatik tlayo:lwe:wekatik tlayo:lwá:wakátik tlayo:lwa:wakatik tlayo:lwá:wakátik
24/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-tik-adj yes-lex maize cob with kernels spaced far apart mazorca con los granos muy abiertos uno del otro Am, Oa San tlayo:lwe:wekatik, xtepa:ntok. Am It is a cob of corn with its kernels spaced far apart, they are not close together. Esa una mazorca con los granos muy abiertos, no están encimados. o:ya wehka There might well be a mistake in this entry of an illustrative phrase, although it is from the second set of corrected file cards. Nevertheless, the possiblity that the form should be /tekpa:ntok/ should be checked. Also, recheck vowel length. Vowel length of /we:wekatik/. Check 00808 tekioh tekioh tekiyoh tekiyoh
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be bothersome; to be troublesome, causing a lot of work (e.g, in reference to sb who keeps others busy, who makes a lot of work for people, e.g., by always requesting sth, asking others to do one thing or another, etc.) ser latoso o trabajoso (p. ej., en referencia a algn que hace o da mucho trabajo a los demás, p. ej., a uno que siempre estar pidiendo algo, pidiendo a otros hacer cualquier cosa) Pending teki Get normal pronunciation. 00809 kwe:tetepon kwe:tetepon kwe:tetepon kwe:tetepoh kwe:tetepon
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s to be short-skirted; to have on a short skirt tener puesta una falda corta Am, Oa tetepon kwe: tepon This is often found in the diminutive, <kamoa>kwe:tetepontsi:n</kamoa>. In reference to dresses <kam>tetepontsi:n</kam> is shorter than <kam>tetepon</kam>. According to Luis Lucena the latter refers to a dress that ends shortly below the knees whereas the former is used for knee length. tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon Check as to whether the diminutive refers to a shorter skirt than /kwe:tetepon/. 00810 tlanxokopetsiwi tlanxokopetsiwi tlahxokopetsiwi tlahxokopetsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-N-V1 V1-alt-wi No documented transitive class-3a(w) for ones teeth to acquire a smooth feel (from eating things such as wild plum, <klamoa>xokotl</klamoa>, lime, lemon, grapefruit, etc., thus making it hard to eat tortillas) quedarsecon la sensación de tener los dientes lisos (por comer cosas como circuela silvestre, <klamoa>xokotl</klamoa>, lima, limón, toronja, etc., y asíse le dificulta a algn comer tortillas) Pending to become dull at the edge (e.g., a sword, machete, axe, etc.) quedarse embotado por la orilla o filo (p. ej., una espada, machete, hacha, etc.) Pending Yo:tlanxokopetsiw nomache:teh, xok tlateki. Am My machete has gotten a dull edge, it is no longer sharp. Se quedóembotado mi machete, ya no corta. tlan xoko pets In reference to the sensation in ones mouth, <kam>tlanxokopetsiwi</kam> refers to what happens to someone after eating something sour (<spn>agrio</spn>) such as green plums, lemons, limes, etc. Ones mouth begins to hurt and ones teeth become, or at least feel, somewhat slippery, making it difficult to chew, particularly foods such as tortillas. Note in <kam>tlanxokopetsiwi</kam> the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate. Obtain description of this word in Nahuatl. Add a"monolingual Nahuatl"section to the certain entries. Incorporation: Note in <kam>tlanxokopetsiwi</kam> the incorporation of two nominal roots, each with a different semantic relation to the verbal predicate. 00811 ye:lchikiwtli ye:lchikiwtli ye:lchikihtli ye:lchikihtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) ribcage caja torácica Am, Oa body e:l chikiw The possessed forms I have documented maintain the initial"epenthetic"/y/. For other forms containing the root <kam>(y)e:l</kam> the /y/ would sometimes be retained and sometimes not. For purposes of cross-dialect comparison, the /y/ has been considered epenthetic. 00812 koxtlatlatowa koxtlatlatowa koxtlátlatówa koxtlatlatowa koxtlátlatówa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 tla-V2 Lex. rdp-s class-2b yes-lex to talk in ones sleep hablar dormido Pending Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. Am He talks in his sleep, it is just while he is sleeping that he begins to babble. Habla dormido, solamente en su sueño empieza a parlotear. kochi hto Check why the Oapan form does not manifest reduction of the reduplication to /kó:xtlatówa/ or even the leftward movement of p-a to /kóxtlatlatówa/. 00813 te:sotla:wani te:sotla:wani te:sotla:wani te:sotla:wane te:sotla:wani te:sotla:wane
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 sth that causes people to faint algo que hace desmayar a la gente Pending chi:lpa:n sotla:wa Check; in the verb entry I have /sotla:wa/ as an intransitive. Perhpas it should be /sotla:wi/ and /sotla:wa/. Check what also could be the subject of /te:sotlawani/ as a predicate. 00814 kechye:kchi:wa nokechye:kchi:wa kechye:kchi:wa nokechye:kchi:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Only reflexive has been documented class-3a(w) (refl.) to clear one's throat (refl.) despejarse la garganta Am (refl.) to twist and turn ones neck when it is stiff or hurting (refl.) voltear y torcer el cuelo cuando esta tieso o adolorido Oa kech ye:k chi:wa a:kókoye:hchí:wa synonym Oa 00815 yeski:xtia kiyeski:xtia yeski:xtia kiyeski:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V1-d-ca class-2a to make bleed hacer sangrar Am, Oa Ma:ka tihkwis tenextli! Yewa xkwahli, oksepa pe:wa kiyeski:xtia. Am Don't use lime (in this case to cure an animal's wound of worms)! It's no good, it begins to make it bleed again. ¡No vayas a emplear cal (en este caso a curar la herida agusanada de un animal)! No estábien, otra vez empieza a hacerlo sangrar. es ki:sa RS has for <kn>ezquixtia. nite.</kn> 'herir a alguien a golpes, sacarle sangre al golpearlo.' yeski:sa verb_base Am, Oa 00816 chi:kwatsi:n chi:kwatsi:n chí:kwatsí:n chí:kwatsí:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera <l>Chordeiles</l>or <l>Caprimulgus</l>. This is called <spn>poxacuate</spn> in local Spanish. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas. tipo de"Nightjar,"family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera <l>Chordeiles</l>o <l>Caprimulgus</l>. Llamado <spn>poxacuate</spn> en el español local. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various animal bird chi:kwah L. Lucena translated <kam>chi:kwatsi:n</kam> as Spanish <spn>tlacuacuanah</spn>. C. Flores stated that this is the same as <kam>kopa:ktekolo:tl</kam> and <kam>metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n</kam>. In Oapan <koa>chí:kwatsí:h</koa> is a small bird that is said to be a <kloa>te:tsa:htli</kloa>that comes at night. In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect. Recheck length of /a/. Compare Oapan and Am forms for this word and make sure they are not both referring to an insect, or bird, as the case may be. po:xakwatl equivalent Am, Oa 00817 tewa:tsa kitewa:tsa tewa:tsa kitewa:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ki/tsa Compl class-3a(ts) to make (sb) lose weight; to cause to become thin (an animate being) adelgazar; hacer quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado) Pending Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k, ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlaka xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw. Am I've really gotten thin, the fruit of the <spn>capires</spn> tree has made me lose a lot of weight. Really, it's not any good (contrary to what I thought), it got stuck in my belly. De veras he perdido mucho peso, la fruta del capires me ha hecho adelgazar. De veras no estábien (contrariamente de lo que pensaba), se atoróen mi estómago. tewa: tewa:ki; kana:wi 00818 ikxikuwso nokxikuwso ixikohso noxikohso
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-N-V2 V2-b class-4a (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in ones foot (refl.) enterarsele en el pie una astilla o espina Pending O:nimokxkuwsok. Am I got a splinter (or thorn) in my foot. Se me enteróuna astilla (o espina) por el pie. kxi kow so Usually this is found in the reflexive, since the action is involuntary. But perhaps grammatically the fully transitive form would also be correct. Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chikxikuhso. 00819 tepepextli tepepextli té:pextlí té:pextlí
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-wi Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 1(ch) yes-rdp flagstones; cobblestones; stones laid down on the ground losa; adoquín; piedras puestas sobre la tierra Am, Oa Nika:n yo:kitepepechyo:tikeh, ne: poliwi tepepextli. Am Here they have already laid down flagstones on it, there flagstones (or cobblestones) are still lacking. Aquíya le pusieron losa (o adoquín), allátodavía falta (la losa o adoquín). te pech Check for occurrence of /tepepechyotl/ and for the nature of possessed forms, e.g., /itepepechyo/? 00820 zzz Here the word /kuhchi:maltik/ has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 00821 yzzz tlatsili:nika:tsi:n tlatsilí:niká:tsi:n tlatsili:nka:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ka:n N1(N2-tla) type of small bird, probably a Towhee or Brushfinch; it is called this name because during the night every hour it sings (<kloa>tsátsí</kloa>). It might be the Orange-billed Sparrow, <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, the Rufous-sided Towhee, <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, or a related species. tipo de pájaro pequeño, probablemente un Towhee o Brushfinch; asíllamado porque durante la noche cada hora grita (<kloa>tsátsí</kloa>). Quizáes el"Orange-billed Sparrow," <l>Arremon aurantiirostris</l>, el"Rufous-sided Towhee," <l>Pipilo erythrophthalmus</l>, o una especie cercana. Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 61, pp. 693, 698 animal bird tsili: -ka:n The derivational process producing this noun is unclear. The Ameyaltepec cognate suggests that the final /ka:/ sequence might reflect <kn>-ka:n</kn>, given that in Ameyaltepec the cognate has <kn>-ya:n</kn> and the frequency with which Oapan Nahuatl loses /n/. However, the /ka:/ sequence might also represent a participial form of <koa>tlatsili:nia</koa>. Given that Oapan Nahuatl varies a lot speaker to speaker, more fieldwork might resolve this question. Check vowel length, particularly of first /tla-/ as Am has reduplication and Oapan might have reduced this with lengthening. Check p-a as Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounced it with pitch accent as indicated in the alternate pronunciation. tlatsitsili:nya:ntsi:n synonym Am 00822 a:kia ka:kia a:kia na:kia ka:kia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a to wear or put on oneself (clothes, shoes, etc.) vestirse o ponerse (ropa, zapatos, etc.) Am, Oa Xka:ki mowera:ch. Am Put your sandals on! ¡Ponte tus sandalias! Xka:ki mokoto:n. Am Put your shirt on! ¡Ponte tu camisa! Momo:stla nika:kia. Am I put it on every day (e.g., a particular shirt, shoes, etc.). Me lo pongo todos los días (p. ej., una camisa en particular, zapatos, etc.). a:k The object of the transitive verb <kam>a:kia</kam> is the item of clothing, shoe, etc., that one puts on. This contrasts, at least in Oapan, with <kloa>tlá:kiyá</kloa>, which apparently is the same verbal stem with no increased valency, i.e., despite the prefixation of <kn>tla-</kn> the valency of <koa>a:kiya</koa> (now reduplicated) is still two: subject and object. However, the object of <koa>tlá:kiyá</koa> is not the item of clothing but the person (reflexive object) who puts the clothes on. Apparently, although this needs confirmation, Oapan <koa>tlá:kiyá</koa> only accepts a reflexive object. The fully transitive, causative form, is Oapan <kloa>tlá:kí:ltia</kloa>which is perhaps best considered a causative of the reflexive verb <koa>tlá:kiyá</koa>. Finally, note that in Oapan the alternative form <koa>na:kia</koa> exists, apparently with a lexicalized incorporation of the reflexive prefix <kn>n-</kn>. Note that previously I had a definition:"to place in a housing (where the object belongs (cf. notes)."I'm not sure to what this refers. Check. Check also potential objects of this form. Check length in Am and Oapan forms. Check for ca and ap in each. tlá:kiá; tlá:kí:ltia confer Oa a:ki:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa a:kilia val_add_applic Oa 00823 kwempilowa kikwempilowa kwempilowa kikwempilowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi No intransitive documented class-2b to"lap"someone in plowing (i.e., to finish and start a new furrow before another worker has finished a previous one) sacarle una vuelta (surco) de ventaja a (esto es, en trabajar un campo sembrado, adelantar por un surco completo a otro que estátrabajando la yunta) Pending kwem pil The event described with <kamoa>kwempilowa</kamoa> refers to one in which two people are plowing side by side and one passes the other completely (i.e., going ahead by two furrows so that they again are parallel, but separated by an additional furrow). The precise definition should be checked, and illustrated with a diagram. Apparently, if two people are plowing and one passes another completely (i.e. going ahead by two surcos), then this verb is used. Check. Also check whether it can be used for other types of labor: the zacateo, etc. 00824 to:naltsatsilia kito:naltsatsilia to:naltsátsiliá to:naltsatsilia kito:naltsátsiliá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to call or pray (lit. 'shout') to the soul (<klamoa>to:nahli</klamoa>) of llamar o suplicar (lit. 'gritar') a la alma (<klamoa>to:nahli</klamoa>) de Am, Oa O:kito:naltsatsilih ikoko:l. Am He called (prayed) to the soul of his grandfather (i.e., during All Saints Day he called to God, prayed to God, to have the spirit of his grandfather return to consume the offering that had been placed for him). Llamó(hizo una súplica) al alma de su abuelo (esto es, durante Todos Santos le llamóa Diós, rezóa Diós, para que el espíritu de su abuelo regresara a consumir la ofrenda que le había sido tendido). Xto:naltsatsili nokoko:l tlai:xpan! Ma kalaki! Am Call to the soul of your grandfather from before the altar! Have him come eat (i.e., during the All Saints festivities)! ¡Lláma a la alma de tu abuelo desde el altar!¡Quévenga a comer (durante las ofrendas de Todos Santos)! Kito:naltsátsiliái:na:n para ma ka:naki. Oa She calls out to the <kamoa>to:nal</kamoa> of her mother so that she will come get her. Le grita a la alma de su mamápara que la venga a recoger. to:na tsahtsi 00825 a:kopilkatinemi a:kopilkatinemi ákopilkatími akopilkatimi ákopilkatími
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Stat-Asp V1-b class-3a(m) yes-lex to go around looking up in the air andar mirando hacia arriba Am, Oa Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. Am My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself. Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Estáa punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido. ahko pilka nemi akotlachia; akopilkatinemi Check to determine whether /a:kopilkatok/ is an actual verb. I seem to remember it, but it is not in the lexicon. If it is, add it and mention why /a:kopilkatinemi/ and /a:kopilkatok/ are given separate entries (i.e., because of the rarity that a word would have these alternations). Check here the vowel length. Am perhaps has a long vowel (there are numerous cases where I have written this down) whereas Oa has pitch-accent. However, many Oapanecos and Oapanecas seem to pronounce /ákopilatinémi/ with a long initial vowel that also receives how pitch. Discuss relation between /pilka/ and /pil/. 00826 xewa xowa xewa xáwá xéwá xawa xéwá
11/Feb/2006
Pr(ind) Pr-ind yes-lex not he, she, or it noél o ella Am, Oa not him, her, it no aél o a ella Am, Oa yehwa This entry comprises the negative clitic <klamoa>x=</klamoa>and the emphatic pronoun <klamoa>yewa</klamoa>. 00827 kwa:istal i:kwa:istal kwa:istal i:kwa:istal
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb N2 white or grey hairs canos Pending kwa: sta Check to see if a form such as /kwa:istaleh/ or /kwa:istahloh/ exists. Also determine codes for nouns forms by this process /istaya/, /istalia/ and /istahli/. Check the vowel length, perhaps it should be /kwa:ista:l/. Determine whether a non-possessed form exists, /kwa:ista:hli/. check length of final /a/. The derivation process for /kwa:istal/ is not clear. It is clearly related to the metaphoric use of /istatl/ as 'white', which is the meaning in the sequence /istá:k/, /ista:ya/ and /ista:lia/. Thus it would seem that the derivation is from the causative /ista:lia/. Here then a comparison should be made between basic nouns and re-nominalizations, /istatl/ and /ista:hli/ or /istahli/. 00828 mihka:tia nomihka:tia mihka:tia nomihka:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia Only reflexive class-2a (refl.) to have a relative die on one (refl.) morirsele un pariente Pending O:nomihka:tih. Am He had a relative die. Se le murióun pariente. miki This verb is derived from the nominal form * <kam>mihka:tl</kam> , which in Ameyaltepec is found only in the diminutive <kam>mihka:tsi:ntli</kam>. It refers to the death of a close relative; in all recorded cases it refers to the death of a parent, sibling, or child. Check to see if transitive form is acceptable. Apparently, however, there are many verbs that use a reflexive and /-tia/ to indicate 'to N for one' or similar concepts. 00829 se:poxiwtli se:poxiwtli xé:poxíhtli xé:poxíhtli se:boxiwtli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) yes type of plant used as a remedy for <klam>pa:smoh</klam> tipo de planta que se utiliza como remedio para <klam>pa:smoh</klam> Am, Oa Deke se: tla:katl noso suwa:tl o:kelo:n, notla:lili:s para ma:ka kasis pa:smoh, ma:ka pa:smayowas Am If a man or a woman severely sprains a bone, it (<kam>se:poxiwtli</kam>) is placed on it so that it doesn't get heavily infected, so that it <kam>pa:smoh</kam> doesn't develop. Si a un hombre o una mujer se le hace un esguince, se le pone (el <kam>se:poxiwtli</kam>) para que no se infecte, para que no le salga <kam>pa:smoh</kam>. plant medicine xiw The etymology of this plant name is not certain. Cognates in Hernández have not been located, nor are they apparent in any of the Classical sources. Any relationship to the verb <kn>sepowi</kn> 'to become numb,' seems negated by the discrepancy in vowel length. The palatalization in Oapan Nahuatl seems to be a subsequent development; it is not shared by the other villages or dialects. The first nominal stem might even be a borrowing from Spanish <spn>sebo</spn>. Ramírez (1991) gives this as <kam>xepoxiwtli</kam> , for which she gives the Spanish name of <spn>higuerilla</spn>. She states it to be of the <i>Euphorbiaceae</i>family and the genus/species <i>Ricinus communis</i>L. Schoenhals (1988) under higuerilla states:"(<i>Ricinus communis</i>) 'castor bean.' The soruce of castor oil; related to cassava and tapioca plants; seeds are poisonous. Also called ricino, tlapate." Determine whether there is an {h} before /xiwtli/. Determine the meaning of /pa:smoh/, which I have in the dictionary with a temporary definition. Check spelling of /pa:smayowa/ perhaps should be /pa:smoyowa/. Make sure the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are equivalent. Determine length of /e/ in Oapan Nahuatl as when Silvestre Pantaleón pronounced it, it seemed to be with a long /e:/. 00830 abió:n tarabi:yah abió:n tarabi:yah abion tarabi:yah abion tarabi:yah
22/Oct/2005
avión; tavarvía N N-complex N1 helicopter helicóptero Am, Oa This word is derived from the spinning action of a <spn>tarabilla</spn>, which is likened to the action of the blades on a helicopter. kohpa:pa:lakaxtli synonym Oa 00831 a:yewahli a:yewahli a:yewahli a:yewahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 deep place in a river where the water slowly circles around (rather than running straight through) lugar algo profundo en un río donde el agua gira despacio (en lugar de fluir recto y rápidamente) Pending whirlpool remolino de agua Pending a: yewal In this and other examples it is difficult to distinguish a basic noun form a derived one. Cf. /-yewalowa/, /yewaltik/, etc. Check also meaning: a whirlpool, a calm of circling water, or both. 00832 maxakawia kimaxakawia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to straddle; to place oneself astride of ponerse a horcajadas sobre Am Nitlamaxakawitia:s. Am I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden) Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro). O:kimaxakawih. Am He straddled it. Se sentóa horcajadas sobre ello. maxa -ko maxakape:lowa; maxakawia Originally I had listed here a Oapan cognate of /maxaka:na/. But I now (Dec. 2001) discover that this lexeme is not listed in the /lxo field, so I have removed it from the /cogo field. It should be checked, as well as the difference between /maxakawia/ and /maxakape:lowa/. tlamaxakape:lowa synonym Am tlamaxikipe:lowa synonym Oa 00833 ima:tl tokatl ima:tl tokatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 spiderweb (with a live spider) telaraña (con una araña viva) Am ma:tla toka nest (animal and insect nests) ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli There are two Ameyaltepec words for spiderweb: <kam>i:ma:tl tokatl</kam> and <klam>tokatsa:wahli</klam>. The difference between the two is not entirely clear but it may be that the former refers to the web of a live spider (with the spider in it) and the second to cobwebs. However, this interpretation will need further confirmation with speakers. Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.) takatsa:wahli confer Oa 00834 cho:kistlatowa cho:kistlatowa cho:kistlátowá cho:kistlatowa cho:kistlátowá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 tla-V2 class-2b yes-lex to speak while crying or about to cry; to speak while on the verge of tears hablar al punto de llorar; hablar entre llanto Am, Oa cho:ka hto The incorporation of <kamoa>cho:kis</kamoa> is to the lexicalized intransitive verb <kam>tlatowa</kam> , itself derived from the transitive form to which the nonspecific object prefix has been added. For this reason the compounding has been considered N-V1, which could also be represented N-(tla-V2). Oapan phonology; pitch accent; noun incorporation; boundaries: Note that in /cho:kistlátowá/ the pitch accent does not cross the boundary of the incorporated noun. This is the case even though the"location"of the p-a mark is as here indicated: /cho:kistla'towa/. 00835 tekipano:ltia kitekipano:ltia tekipano:ltia kitekipano:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make (sb) work; to give work to (sb, particularly the task of plowing a field) hacer trabajar a; dar trabajo a (algn, particularmente la tarea de trabajar la tierra con una yunta) Am, Oa Kitekipano:ltia ikone:w. Am He makes his child work (e.g., with a team of oxen). Hace trabajar a su niño (p. ej., con una yunta). to use, or to make use of (e.g., a tool or machine); to work (e.g., a team of oxen in the field) hacer funcionar; emplear o utilizar (p. ej., una herramienta o máquina); trabajar (p. ej., una yunta en el campo) Am, Oa Wel kitekipano:ltia ira:dioh. Am He can make his radio work (i.e., he knows how to run it). Puede hacer funcionar a su radio (esto es, tiene el conocimiento para hacerlo funcionar).. teki pan Get example with /kitekipano:ltia i:yuntah/. tekipanowa verb_base Am, Oa 00836 tlai:xmomoyoka tlai:xmomoyoka tlai:xmomoyoka tlai:xmomoyoka
11/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to be dark at dusk (so that one can barely recognize others, just past vespers) estar obscuro (al atardecer, como por el tiempo de las oraciones vespertinas, cuando se estáponiendo difícil ver y reconocer a las personas) Am, Oa Tlai:xmomoyoka, ma tiá:n! Am It is dusk, let's go! Ya es el atardecer,¡vamonos! moyo: In Ameyaltepec I have only documented this impersonal verb in reference to the evening sky although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that this term can refer to the appearance of the sky either just before dawn or just after dusk, when one is barely able to recognize people. i:xmomoyoka minus_tla Am 00837 tekpinyowa tekpinyowa tekpinyowa tekpinyowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans class-4a to get covered or full of fleas llenarse o cubrirse de pulgas Pending tekp 00838 i:xtlamati i:xtlamati i:xtlamati i:xtlamati
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to know a terrain or the lay of the land; to be familiar with a a place conocer a un terreno; estar familiarizado con un lugar Am, Oa Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih. Am He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been. Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido. i:x mati In Oapan the reduplicated form <koa>í:xtlamáti</koa> refers to a wide-ranging knowledge of the terrain all over. To date, I have not documented a reduplicated form ? <kam>ii:xtlamati</kam> in Ameyaltepec. The <kamoa>tla</kamoa> element in <kamoa>i:xtlamati</kamoa> is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with <kam>a:tlakwi</kam> and <kam>o:tlatoka</kam> , both common across many dialects. The verb <kamoa>i:xtlamati</kamoa> would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. Check precise meaning of /i:xtlamati/, i.e., whether it only refers to terrain and places. The meaning of /-tla-/ is extremely unclear, though it might be an archaic absolutive (which is how I have it analyzed here). Noun incorporation; tla-: The <kamoa>tla</kamoa> element in <kamoa>i:xtlamati</kamoa> is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with <kam>a:tlakwi</kam> and <kam>o:tlatoka</kam> , both common across many dialects. The verb <kamoa>i:xtlamati</kamoa> would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. tlai:xmati confer Am, Oa 00839 te:nto:ne:wa kite:nto:ne:wa te:nto:ne:wa kite:nto:ne:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to cause a burning sensation in the mouth of (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) hqcer sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca a (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) Pending te:n to:n 00840 xaki xaki xaki xaki
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj Oh my! Listen! ¡Vaya!¡Oye! Am, Oa kaki <kamoa>Xaki</kamoa> functions both as an interjection, indicating disbelief or surprise at something said, and as an imperative form of the verb <klamoa>kaki</klamoa>with the loss of both the object prefix and the initial consonant of the verb stem. Often the two senses are hard to distinguish. Thus in saying <kamoa>Xaki!</kamoa> a speaker might be asking the addressee to listen carefully to something, or he might be commenting on something he had just heard. Note that in a phrase such as <kam>Xaki tli:n kitowa!</kam> 'Listen to what he says!' <kamoa>xaki</kamoa> is simply a reduced imperative construction (missing the root-initial /k/). 00841 ma:kokoxka:tia ma:kokoxka:tia ma:kokoxka:tia ma:kokoxka:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia Lex. rdp-s class-4b(ya-x) for ones arms (or hands) to be hurting tener los brazos (o manos) adoloridos Am to get sick from being cuddled too much in sb's arms (e.g., a young pup) enfermarse por estar apapachado demasiado tiempo (p. ej., un cachorro) Oa Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós. Oa The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so. El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado. ma: koya makokoxkatia; makuhtia The question of etymology and whether the reference is to pain or sickness is well illustrated here. The Ameyaltepec lexeme refers to pain, perhaps from sickness (this is still not clear). The Oapan lexeme clearly refers to sickness. The signification of 'pain' seems to come from the verbal root <kn>kowa</kn>, as in the Ameyaltepec transitive verb <klam>kukwa</klam> and Oapan's <kloa>kokowa</kloa>. The signification of illness seems to relate to the stem <kroot>koya</kroot>, which has a"combinatory"form <kn>kokoxka:</kn>. Check carefully this entry. First it is important to check the meaning as to whether this refers to pain from an illness or from overwork. Also, I have changed this entry. My original file card had /timomacocoxcatiac/ and /nimomacocoxcatitok/. This would almost certainly be an error, since the perfective /-tiak/ and the relationship to the intransitive /kokoka:tia/ suggest that /ma:kokoxka:tia/ is intransitive. Thus it should not have a reflexively marked subject. Nevertheless this should be checked. Check what other body parts might be incorporated. Further research words with /kokoya/ and /kokowa/. 00842 zzz Was /Jodi:yah We:roh/, switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 00843 a:tlapa:ntsi:n a:tlapa:ntsi:n á:tlapántsi:n a:tlapantsi:n á:tlapántsi:n ahtlapantsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-tsi:n N1 yes-lex type of edible plant of which there are two types tipo de planta comestible de que hay dos tipos Pending A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para ika titlakwa:s. Am <kam>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</kam> : It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal. <kam>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</kam> : Es fragante. También sabe bien para acompañar una comida. plant edible ah tlapa: <kam>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</kam> is often eaten raw with tortillas. The duration of the final /a/ in Oapan speech seems to have a short duration. Ameyaltepec forms need to be rechecked. Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as <spn>pipicha</spn>. Ramírez (1991) gives both <spn>pápalo</spn> and <spn>pipicha</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has no plant listed under <spn>pipicha</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has pápaloquelite as follows:"(<i>Propphyllum</i>spp., e.g., <i>P. coloratum</i>'odora.' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."According to Inocencio Díaz there are two of these one <kam>tlatla:katl</kam> that is more purplish and with a stronger taste and one <kam>susowa:tl</kam> which is also eaten; it has round leaves. Antipassive; obliques: Note /A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para i:ka titlakwa:s./ ' <kam>A:tlapa:ntsi:n</kam> | It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal.' Note the use of an obliquely marked subordinate. Four additonal tokens of this follow 02937 00844 ma:nakayo i:ma:nakayo ma:nakayo i:ma:nakayo
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-yo N2 flesh on the arm of (sb, [Poss]) carne del brazo de (algn, [Pos]) Am, Oa body ma: naka Determine whether other body parts are commonly used with /-nakayo/. 00845 te:nka:yo:tl *i:te:nka:yo
24/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf-yo:tl Stem 2 leftovers (food) sobras (de una comida) Am Deke tihkwa:s ma:ski san note:nka:yo:w. Xok itlah un tli:n tihkwa:skian okseki, saka nochi katka. Am Maybe you can eat it even though it's just my leftovers. There is no longer anything else that we might eat, that was all there is. Tal vez podrías comer de lo que me sobró. Ya no hay nada más que podemos comer, esto fue todo lo que había. te:n te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl The etymology of this Check to determine whether this can in fact occur in the unpossesed /te:nka:yo:tl/. Also recheck length of /a:/ in /ka:/. the etymology and derivational process that leads to this is not entirely clear. Finally, note that although I originally had /te:nka:yo:tl/ as having the possessed form /-te:nka:yo:w/, this might be in error. Check! abd correct in example sentence and /inf field. Check length of penultimate /i/ in /te:nka:wihli/. In one entry I had /te:nka:wi:hli/. Check for possessed form. te:nka:wihli synonym Oa 00846 tixi:ltia kitixi:ltia tixi:ltia kitixi:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make (sb) grind <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>on a metate hacer (a algn) moler nixtamal sobre un metate Pending Kitixi:ltia isuwa:mon. Am She makes her daughter-in-law grind <kam>nextamahli</kam> on a metate. Hace a su nuera moler nixtamal sobre un metate. tisi Causative: There are not many causatives of transitive verbs. These are coded as V3-d-ca in the /cat field. One is /na:maka/ and /na:makiltia/ although the morphological causative here does not have causative semantics. Another is /tlato:ltia/ although in this case given that */ito:ltia/ is not found, it is probably better to consider this as a causative of the intransitive /tlatowa/. One of the few clear ditransitive causatives is /kwaltia/, but in this case the causative has a lexicalized meaning of 'to feed' or 'to give to eat' and the primary object has lost his or her agentive qualities. With /tixi:ltia/ although the verb /tisi/ is morphosyntactically intransitive, it is semantically transitive, with a null object complement not expressed. The primary object of the causative retains an agentive quality, unlike that which occurs in most other ditransitive causatives. tisi verb_base Am, Oa 00847 tejo:n tejo:n tejo:h tejo:h
11/Feb/2006
tejón N N-loan N1; pl. <kam>tejo:meh</kam> coati, small mammal called <spn>tejón</spn> in Spanish (<l>Nasua nasua</l>syn. <l>Nasua narica</l>) tejón, una pequeña mamífero (<l>Nasua nasua</l>sin. <l>Nasua narica</l>) Am, Oa animal mammal In Ameyaltepec <kam>tejo:meh</kam> may be refer as either <kbam>tejo:meh de montone:ros</kbam>or <kbam>solita:rioh</kbam>. The former is used to refer to this animal when it is found in large groups; the latter is used for a large (male) <spn>tejó:n</spn> that is found alone. Leopold (1959:432ff.) notes this distinction in his discussion of the <l>Nasua narica</l>or coati for which he gives an alternate name of"solitario"for old males. He then remarks that"Female coatis and their young are highly sociable. It is not uncomon to find groups of 15 or 20, and aggregations of as many as 200 are mentioned in the literature. Some old males, on the other hand, are solitary in habit. This differential behavior is well known to the rural people of Mexico; in many localities the lone males are designated as <spn>solitarios</spn> and the mixed bands of young males, females, and young are called simply <spn>tejones</spn> or <spn>cholugas</spn>. There is even confusion over whether these animals are all of the sae sp ecies"(pp. 433--35). Check pronunciation for stress and length. 00848 toktia notoktia tohtia notohtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a Only documented in reflexive (refl. + <kam>-na:k</kam>) to hide behind; to place oneself behind (refl. + <kam>-na:k</kam>) esconderse atrás de; colocarse atrás de Am O:notoktih ina:k Juan. Am He placed himself behind Juan (perhaps, but not necessarily, to hide) Se colocóinmediatamente atrás de Juan (quizá, pero no necesariamente, para esconderse). to lean against; to place (sth) to lean against recargarse contra; colocar (algo) para recargarse contra o sobre (ello) Oa Notohtia ya:n tlake:ntli. Oa He leans himself up against the cloth (in this case that he has placed as a rest). Se recarga contra la tela (en este caso un bulto de tela colocado como un apoyo). toka Only the reflexive use of <kam>toktia</kam> has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of <kn>toctia</kn> among which is <kn>toctia. nicno.</kn> 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase <kn>tlayoalli nicno-toctia</kn> 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In Classical Nahuatl <kn>toktia</kn> is a causative formation of the transitive <klam>toka</klam> , which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical <kn>nicnocouilia</kn> 'I buy it for myself' is <kam>nimokowilia</kam> in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker <kam>k-</kam> deleted even though it could be expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above, <kam>O:notoktih i:na:k Juan</kam> the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely expressed and thus not a core argument. This suggests that in Ameyaltep ec <kam>toktia</kam> i s simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen. Check for non-reflexive use of /toktia/. Causative; valency: Only the reflexive use of <kam>toktia</kam> has so far been documented in the corpus. Molina has several occurrences of <kam>toctia</kam> among which is <kn>toctia. nicno.</kn> 'esconderse, o ampararse detras de algo' RS gives the phrase <kn>tlayoalli nicno-toctia</kn> 'esconderse en la oscuridad.' In Classical Nahuatl <kn>toktia</kn> is a causative formation of the transitive <klam>toka</klam> , which would make it ditransitive. Often in Ameyaltepec the specific object of ditransitives used reflexively is not marked on the verb (even though it would be in Oapan, in Classical, and in perhaps other dialects). Thus Classical <kn>nicnocouilia</kn> 'I buy it for myself' is <kam>nimokowilia</kam> in Ameyaltepec, with the object marker <kam>k-</kam> deleted even though it could be expressed as a core argument with no oblique. However, in the phrase above, <kam>O:notoktih i:na:k Juan</kam> the object (here a person) hidden behind is obliquely expressed and thus not a core argument. This sugges ts that in Ameyalt epec <kam>toktia</kam> is simply transitive (at least in the example given). Whether it is ditransitive in Oapan remains to be seen. 00849 ma:namaka ma:nemaka kima:namaka ma:namaka ma:nemaka kima:nemaka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to sell itinerantly, by walking around and holding merchandise in ones hands (as opposed to selling in a fixed location; i:e., in a stand = or store) vender como ambulante, llevando mercancía en las manos (y no en un lugar fijo, como un puesto o tienda) Am, Oa Kima:namaka, se:sentetl kinamakatinemi. Am He sells it itinerantly, he goes around selling (the merchandise) one by one. La vende como ambulante, la anda vendiendo (su mercancía), uno por uno. ma: namaka Cf. etymology of all verbs beginning in /na:/. 00850 tlane:spantia tlane:spantia tlane:spantia tlane:spantia
11/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to dawn amanecer; alborecer Am, Oa Ye wa:ltlane:spantitiw. Am It is getting light with the coming dawn. Viene haciendo claridad con el amanecer. for there to be visibility as light appears llegar a haber visibilidad con una luz entrante Pending Xtlapo un korti:nas para ma tlane:spantia! Am Open the curtains so that it becomes light (in here)! ¡Abre las cortinas para que haya claridad (aquíadentro)! ne:si tlane:si; tlane:spantia Although in general <kam>tlane:spantia</kam> refers to the dawn itself, it can also refer to the increased visibility that might occur, for instance inside a house, as dawn breaks. Thus, inside a house one might say <kam>nika:n o:tlane:spantiak</kam> , and never ? <kam>nika:n o:tlane:s</kam>. Check progressive form. Check comments made in /nte field. 00851 inakas chichi inakas chichi
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) type of food made by tearing apart tortillas and tossing them into <klamoa>chi:lmante:kah</klamoa>; the result is similar to chilaquiles tipo de comida hecha al echar tortillas despedazadas en <klam>chi:lmante:kah</klam> , el resultado es como sopes o chilaquiles Am I:nakas chichi | Tlaxkahli. Ke:kchi:wan chi:lmante:kah pero san a:tki dya umpa kiko:koto:nan tlaxkahli. Am <kam>I:nakas chichi</kam> : It is a (food made of) tortillas. They make a boiled red chile sauce and then they rip up pieces of tortilla into it. <kam>I:nakas chichi</kam> : Es una (comida hecha de) tortilla. Hacen una salsa de chile verde hervido con manteca y allále despedazan tortillas. food-maize nakas chichi 00852 tlatlaxi:ltia kitlatlaxi:ltia tlatlaxi:ltia kitlatlaxi:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Lex rdp-s* class-2a to make cough (e.g., a cigarrette, sth eaten, etc. [S]) hacer toser (p. ej., un cigarro, algo comido, etc. [S] Pending Mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s, ma:ka xkoni! Am It will make you repeatedly cough, don't drink it! Te va a hacer toser seguido,¡no lo vayas a beber! tlasi Given the lexicalization of <kamoa>tlatlasi</kamoa>, the reduced reduplicative form * <koa>ki:tlaxi:ltia</koa> is not accepted in Oapan. Check correctness of /mistlatlatlaxi:lti:s/, i.e., reduplication. FK has the causative as /tlatlaxi:tia/; check this and the form given here, including for vowel length of the stem-final /i:/ since in one entry/filecard I had a short /i/ here. Oapan reduplication: Given the lexicalization of <kamoa>tlatlasi</kamoa>, the reduced reduplicative form * <koa>ki:tlaxi:ltia</koa> is not accepted in Oapan. tlatlasi verb_base Am, Oa 00853 ompeti ompeti ompeti ompeti No V1 Dir-V1 V1-b
11/Feb/2006
class-3d(ti) see <kamoa>peti</kamoa> véase <kamoa>peti</kamoa> Am, Oa In tense/aspect inflection <kamoa>ompeti</kamoa> manifests an alternation between directional prefixes and suffixes: <kamoa>ompetis</kamoa> for the future, for example, and <kamoa>o:petito</kamoa> for the perfective. 00854 ye:lo:tl ye:lo:tl ye:lo:tl ye:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 green ear of corn, still moist on the stem but at the stage when it can be eaten elote, maíz todavía tierno pero ya en una etapa cuando se puede comer Am, Oa food e:lo: mi:hli (all stages and parts) Traditionally <spn>elotes</spn> are eaten during the fiesta of San Miguel, on September 29. Shortly afterward they begin to dry on the maize stalk. Although plant parts, apparently both <kamoa>xi:lo:tl</kamoa> and <klamoa>ye:lo:tl</klamoa>are only alienably possessed, either by a human possessor or by the whole plant of which it is a part. In the /ono field give all the stages and parts of the mi:hli plant. 00855 kekextlami kekextlami kekextlami kekextlami
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s* class-3a(m) to see an end to ones party days; for ones days for fun to be over acabarsele los dias de paranda, acabarsele a uno los dias alegres Am, Oa kex tlami Throughout various compounded forms, the metaphor of"itch"(<kam>kekex</kam>) is used to indicate a type of party-like attitude, of a person likes to dance, to have a good time, etc.; cf. <klamoa>kekechpo:ni</klamoa>. 00856 to:puwatl to:puwatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 dried stalk of corn (below where the picked <spn>mazorca</spn> had been) tallo de maíz secado; huasol (hacia abajo de donde estaba la mazorca ya cosechada) Am, Oa plant part Other Ameyaltepec consultants, if my notes are correct, gave the form <kam>to:kowatl</kam>. However, Cristino Flores stated that he has always used <kam>to:powatl</kam>. See diagram under /mi:hli/. mi:lowatl synonym Am omi:lkohtli synonym Oa 00857 poyé:k poyé:k poye:k poye:k
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Compl to be salty (a food or beverage) estar salado (una comida o bebida) Am, Oa Poyé:k motlakwal, o:pano:k de istatl. Am Your food is salty, it has too much salt in it. Tu comida estásalada, pasóde sal. poye Adjective predication /Poyé:k motlakwal/ 'Your food is salty.' This illustrates clearly the position of predication in Nahuatl. Thus rather than simply VS, perhaps one could consider this as Pred-S with predicates preceding subjects. 00858 tlaxitia tlaxitia tláxitiá tlaxitia tláxitiá
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to get an erection; to get a hard-on pararsele el pene a Am, Oa O:nitlaxitih, nisowakochisneki. Am I got a hard-on, I want to sleep with a woman. Se me paróel pene, quiero acostarme con una mujer. Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis! Am Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground! Ya empezóa pararsele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burra porque si lo hace, te va a aventar al suelo. hsa ixitia minus_tla Am 00859 ye:ime:sti ye:ime:sti ye:ime:sti ye:ime:sti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Num-V1 V1-d-ti class-4a see <klamoa>-me:sti</klamoa> véase <klamoa>-me:sti</klamoa> Am, Oa ye:i me:s 00860 komanda:nteh komanda:nteh komanda:ndeh komanda:ndeh
11/Feb/2006
comandante N N-loan N1 village police office policía del pueblo Am, Oa In Ameyaltepec, during the time of my fieldwork, a person would be chosen for this office and hold it for 2 years working in what is called a <kam>komisió:n</kam>. Note the voicing of the alveolar stop in Oapan Nahuatl. 00861 selia selia selia selia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x) to reach a tender, green, or unripe stage of growth (a growing fruit or plant) llegar a ser tierna, verde y todavía no madura (una fruta o planta que estácreciendo) Am, Oa to become sensitive or tender (skin, a part of the body) ponerse sensible (la piel, parte del cuerpo) Pending O:seseliak nokxopal. Ne:chkukwa. Am The bottom of my feet have become tender (e.g., from using shoes). They hurt. Las plantas de mis pies se han puesto sensibles (p. ej., al usar zapatos por la primera vez). Me duelen. Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw. Am The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened. La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente. sel The meaning and use of /seliya/ as 'to become tender, green, or unripe is still not clear and should be clarified. Does this, for example, refer to a plants that have just sprouted, can one say ?xeseliya. Perhaps it is mostly used in the negative. Also check to make sure that /i/ is accented as would be indicated by the spelling with /y/. P 00862 zzz This entry used to be /ye:wa/ xref'd to /e:wa/. It has been deleted.
07/Jun/2002
 00863 xkanah xkanah xkanah xkanah
11/Feb/2006
Pronoun Pr-indef see <klamoa>kanah</klamoa> véase <klamoa>kanah</klamoa> Am, Oa 00864 kwilowa kikwilowa íkwilówa ikwilowa kíkwilówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2b i>0 yes-lex to write (a letter, a symbol, etc.) escribir (una carta, una letra, etc.) Am, Oa (with long vowel reduplication) to scribble (e.g., a message) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) garrapaear (p. ej., un mensaje) Pending O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl. Am That child scribbled it. Ese niño lo garrapateó. hkwil Although in Classical and other dialects this verb is found as <kam>(i)hkwiloa</kam> , with an initial epenthetic /i/, this epenthesis seems to have entirely disappeared from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, as evidenced in the applicative <kam>ne:chkwilowilia</kam> , for example. Since the basic verb always takes either the 3rd person specific object or the nonspecific <kn>tla-</kn>, it is impossible to tell whether there is an epenthetic /i/. However, the applicative, which can take <kam>ne:ch</kam> and <kam>mits</kam> , for example, as benefactives, clearly demonstrates the absence of epenthetic /i/ in Ameyaltepec. The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. But since the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., <kam>ne:chikwilowilia</kam> , the basic verb probably has an initial /i/ as well, although it would be hard to tell since the object has only been documented with the 3rd person singu lar <kn>ki-</kn>. The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. Still unclear is whether the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., is it <kam>ne:chkwilowilia</kam> or <kam>ne:chikwilowilia</kam>. Check in Oapan and San Juan for presence of /h/ and /i/. Note that the phrase /Okikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ is taken from an original file card without recorded vowel length. However, since I would expect /kukwilowa/ for short vowel reduplication I have tentatively entered this phrase with long vowel reduplication. This should be checked. Reduplication with long vowel: Note the following use/meaning: 'to scribble (e.g., a message)' /O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ 'That child scribbled it.' kwilowilia val_add_applic Am íkwilowília val_add_applic Oa 00865 tsotsolowa kitsotsolowa tsotsolowa kitsotsolowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Lex. rdp-s* class-2b to uncover and leave exposed (e.g, my removing a blanket) descubrir y dejar expuesto (p. ej., al quitarle a algn su cobija) Pending to remove (some or all) the clothes of (Oapan synonym: see <kloa>tlá:kopí:nia</kloa>) quitarle (todo o alguna parte de) la ropa a (Oapan sinónimo: véase <kloa>tlá:kopí:nia</kloa>) Am Xmotsotsolo! Am Take off your clothes! ¡Quítate la ropa! to skin (e.g., a pig that has been slaughtered) despellejar (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado) Oa tsol tsotsolowa; tsotsoltelowa 00866 yeye:i *toyeye:i
11/Feb/2006
N Num Lex. rdp-s N2 (<kam>toyeye:i</kam>) threesies (in a game of jacks) (<kam>toyeye:i</kam>) treses (en un juego de matatena) Am A:man -i:pan- toyeye:i. Am DT#8: 811 Now (let's go for) threesies (i.e., in a game of jacks) Ahora (vamos a jugar) treses (p. ej., en matatena). ye:i nana:wi When reduplicated and obligatorily possessed, <kam>yeye:i</kam> is used to refer to"threesies"in the game of jacks. Apparently it is more common or correct to use the form <kam>i:pan toyeye:i</kam> for 'threesies.' Note that the numeral <kam>ye:i</kam> may also be reduplicated in another, distributive sense, as in 'three by three,' 'every three,' etc. For this usage, see <klamoa>ye:i</klamoa>. Make sure all numbers used (e.g., yeye:i), etc. is in the lexicon. ye:i confer Am 00867 tlachichi:hki tlachichi:hki tlá:chí:hke:tl tlá:chí:hke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ki Stem 2 stud animal (e.g., horse, bull, etc.) semental (p. ej., caballo, toro, etc.) Am, Oa Tlachichi:hki, kitlachichi:wilia ba:kah. Am It (a bull in this case) is used for stud, it impregnates cows. Es un toro semental, empreña a las vacas. Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) producer; person who makes things fabricante; persona que fabrica cosas Am Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl. Am She is a ceramicist. Ella es alfarera. (fig.) gigolo; man who has sexual relations with many women (fig.) gigoló; hombre que mantiene relaciones sexuales con muchas mujeres Am chi:wa In Oapan this term is used only for an animal used as stud. Manufacturers are referred to by terms such as <koa>tla:lchi:hke:tl</koa>, in which the material worked is represented as an incorporated noun. The Ameyaltepec antipassive-like construction <kam>tlachichi:hki i:ka tepalkatl</kam> is not acceptable in Oapan. Cf. the form with long-vowel reduplication <kloa>tlachi:chi:hki</kloa>which is used for someone who doesn't like anything, who is very particular. Determine whether re: /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/ the form /tepalkachichi:hke:tl/ or sth similar is also correct and equivalent. Check if /tlachichi:hki/ can refer to an animal used for stud. In one entry I have this definition, but in another I specifically mention it as not acceptable. But in two note cards I mention this as acceptable. Check whether a possessed form is possible. Oblique; antipassive; agentive: Note the following: /Tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/. It seems that there are two options to express an agentive construction: NI+Agentivized verb and tla+Agentivized verb + oblique NP. The phrase here is an example of the latter; unfortunately the corpus has little documentation on these forms. Yet such agentive constructions parallel what has been called the antipassive construction (e.g., /nontlate:mo:s ika wa:kax/). Perhaps in a literal translation /tlachichi:hki ika tepalkatl/ signifies more 'she is a maker of ceramics' than 'she is a ceramicist' (/tepalkachichi:hke:tl/?). 00868 sakamowa sakamowa sakamowa sakamowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Specific (i.e., only accepts specific objects) class-2b to plow land after the rainy season, breaking up the earth in preparation for the coming year arar un terreno después de terminar la temporada de lluvias, asíabriéndolo y preparándolo para la temporada siguiente Pending Sakamotok, tlayema:nilitok para se:xtli kito:kas. Am He is breaking up the ground, he is softening it up so that the coming year he will plant it. Estáabriendo la tierra con el arado, lo estásuavizando para que el año próximo lo pueda sembrar. sakam <kam>Sakamowa</kam> refers to the action of plowing land at the end of the rainy season, over half a year before it will actually be planted. In this way the ground will have been softened when it is plowed for planting in late May or early June, after some nine months of dryness. Molina has <kn>çacamoa. ni.</kn> an intransitive verb glossed as 'abriar, o labrar de nuevo la tierra, o roçar la yerva.' Apparently, as RS indicates, the verb is related to the nominal <kamoa>sakatl</kamoa>, but the etymological connection is not clear. Determine whether this refers to land that has been previously planted, or to land that has been recently cleared and that will be planted for the first time. Note that this as well as several other verbs are transitive and end in /-owa/ but clearly do not have intransitive froms. The question for coding is whether to consider these nondirected alternations or simply classify them as basic verbs. This should be determined later. Also, the verb would seem to be related to /sakatl/ although there is no clear motivation for the /m/. Hence the root is listed as /sakam/. The root <kam>sakam</kam> is found only in <kam>sakamowa</kam>. It would seem to be related to <kam>saka</kam> of the noun <kam>sakatl</kam> , but no clear derivational process has been found. teki confer Am 00869 zzz Here the word /kuhyekapi:stik/ has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 00870 te:ntsontli te:ntsontli te:ntsontli te:ntsontli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) beard or moustache (of men) barba o bigote (de hombres) Am, Oa whiskers or"beard"(of cats, dogs, catfish, donkeys, oxen) bigotes (de gatos, perros, bagres, burros, bueyes, etc.) Am, Oa facial hair (of men and some women); pelo facial (de hombres y algunas mujeres) Pending te:n tson 00871 a:ntok a:ntok a:ntok a:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be adjoined or adjacent to; to be one continuous unit estar contigua a; ser una sola unidad continua Pending I:wa:n a:ntok. Am It is one (e.g. piece of property) unit with the other. Es uno solo (p. ej., parte de una sola propiedad) con el otro. Tlama:kwilo:hli, san se: a:ntok. Am Written script is just one continuous thing (line). La letra cursiva es una cosa continua. a:na Note that <kamoa>i:wa:n a:ntok</kamoa> might be said of a field that now has one owner but comprises lands that used to be separate. Since they are now together under one owner it is said of one parcel that, with the other, <kamoa>i:wa:n a:ntok</kamoa>. Make sure of difference between <kam>iwa:n a:ntok</kam> and <kam>ia:nahlo</kam>. a:nahlo confer Am a:nka confer Oa 00872 ikxitlapowa kikxitlapowa ixitlapowa kixitlapowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to open the legs of (sb or, figuratively speaking, sth) abrir las piernas de (algn o, figurativamente, algo) Am, Oa Xmokxitlapoto, motlampa ma nipano! Am Keep your legs open, let me pass (e.g., crawl) underneath you! ¡Manténte con las piernas abiertas, déjame pasar abajo de tí!! kxi tlapo: Cf. note with /ikxitlapowi/. 00873 teposko:ntli teposko:ntli teposko:ntli teposko:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) metal pot olla de metal Am, Oa tepos ko:m ko:ntli confer Am, Oa 00874 ikximonexe:wi ikximonexe:wi iximónexé:wi iximonexe:wi iximónexé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>ikxitemonexe:wi</kam> (Am) class-3a(w) yes-lex to have ones feet (or legs) to get grayish white (e.g., from not having bathed for several days after which time salt from dried sweat, or dried powder from walking in lime or dusty white earth, covers ones legs) ponersele gris o grisceo las piernas o los pies a (p. ej., por no haberse bañado por much tiempo, secándose sal que se dejópor el sudor, o por secarsele polvo blanco que acumulópor haber uno caminado en cal o tierra blanca y polvosa) Am, Oa kxi mohnex Question is semantic difference and basis for alternation. Cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/: is there a /ikximonexiwi/? This alternation is significant for discussions of vowel length stability. Finally, note here problem of etymology. Obviously related to root /nex/ 'ashes'. However, Ameyaltepec more commonly uses forms such as /monextik/ and /temonextik/, as in the present compound word. Perhaps related to reflexive /mo-/ and intensifier /te-/. Check these problems. ikximonexe:wi; check for reason for Oapan p-a. 00875 i:xmahki i:xmahki
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be untamed; to be wild and easily startled or frightened (an animal) ser cerrero y asustadizo (un animal) Am Na:kopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki. Am Your burro will rear up because it is untamed and easily startled. Se va a recabritar tu burro por cerrero. I:xmahki, ma:s san tli:n konta, nomuwtia. Am It's easily startled, whatever it sees out there, it gets frightened. Es asustadizo, cualquier cosa que ve por ahí, se espanta. i:x maw <kam>I:xmahki</kam> is used to refer to animals such as machos, burros, oxen, etc. that startle easily, simply by catching sight of something such as a small lizard or animal that moves in the grass. Check final /h/ on /burroh/. Check long /a:/ in /a:kopanketsa/. Check difference of /i:xmahki/ to /mahki/ and of both to /mahka:tsi:n/. Check /ma:s san tli:n/. Probably this should be /ma:s san tli:non/. Under /mahki/ I have noted that FM makes a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. However, I have /i:xmahki/ here with no Oapan form. Recheck that it does exist, and if so enter. Also, recheck difference between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. mahka:tsi:n confer Am mahki synonym Oa mahkitik synonym Oa 00876 tlayo:hli tlayo:hli tlayo:hli tlayo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 shelled maize maíz desgranado Am, Oa maize in general el maíz en general Pending o:ya tlayo:hli Check for possession with /-yo/. There are several types of <kam>tlayo:hli</kam> so far documented. Some are categorized by color, others by name. Of the colors, note: <klam>istá:k tlayo:hli</klam> , <klam>ya:wtli</klam> , <klam>xo:koyo:lin</klam> or <klam>chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli</klam> , and <klam>kostik tlayo:hli</klam>. Of those that are named they are all white maize (<kam>istá:k tlayo:hli</kam> : <kam>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</kam> or simply <klam>chi:noh</klam> , <klam>tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh</klam> (see below), <klam>tlayo:lkimichin</klam> , <klam>tlayo:lyewahli</klam> , and <klam>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</klam> have been documented to date. Some consultants also described <kam>tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh</kam> as <klam>a:kawtik</klam> , 'light (in weight)' while others mentioned <kam>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</kam> as 'light.' Note finally, that whereas some Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that <kam>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</kam> is the same as the maize called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish, others suggested that the two were different. pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli confer Am 00877 tlaksaltia kitlaksaltia tlasaltia kitlasaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to place weight on (an arm or leg) cargarse sobre (un brazo o pierna) Pending Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wa:n mokxi, tima:nenemis. Am You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl. Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas. (~ <kam>-pan</kam>) to set or place upright on (so that a heavy weight is being born, as occurs when a supporting pole [O] is placed on top of sth) (~ <kam>-pan</kam>) parar o colocar en posición vertical sobre (para que un peso se carga, por ejemplo como ocurre cuando un poste o soporte [O] se coloca sobre una base) Pending Sole:rah, ipan kitlaksaltian kabe:sas. Am In regard to the <klam>sole:rah</klam> , it is on them that the <klam>kabe:sas</klam> (which bear the weight of a thatched roof) are stood upright. En cuanto a las soleras, es sobre ellas que se paran las cabesas (que soportan el peso de un techo de palma o zacate). tlaksa See illustration on original 3x5 card. tlaksa verb_base Am tlasa verb_base Oa 00878 koto:ni koto:ni koto:ni koto:ni
11/Feb/2006
tekoto:ni Am, Oa No V1 V1-alt-ni Compl Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tekoto:ni</kamoa> class-3a to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) reventarse o romperse (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) Am, Oa Ye koto:ntok. Am It is about to snap in two (e.g., a belt, a sandal strap partially torn and on the verge of ripping, etc.). Estápor reventar (p. ej., un cinturón, un tirante de un huarache parcialmente roto y al punto de reventar, etc.). O:tekoto:n la:soh. Am The lasso suddenly snapped. De repente se reventóla riata. Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik! Am It won't stand up anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better place a new one (e.g., a strap or lasso) on it. Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar en pedazos. Mejor ponle uno que sea nuevo (p. ej., un tirante o laso). to fragment; to break apart in isolated portions (e.g., a brook that during the dry season dries up, leaving strings of poorly connected ponds; or clouds that become scattered and broken up by the wind) fragmentarse; quebrantarse en secciones aisladas (p. ej., un arroyo que se seca durante la temporada de secas, dejando una serie de pocitos poco profundos; o nubes que se dispersan por el viento) Pending O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis. Am The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain accompanied by a driving wind. Se han despejado las nubes en partes. Se han rasgado, quizáva a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento. to cease to occur (p. ej., a pattern of behavior, events, or actions that have continued for a long time, such as customs, traditions, litigation, etc.) cesar; dejar de occurir (un patrón de comportamiento, o eventos y acciones, que han perdurado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones, litigios, etc.) Pending to come to an end (a lineaje or family) acabarse (un linaje o familia) Pending to break loose (in snapping bonds, e.g., an animal that snaps its teather) soltarse (al reventar algo, como un animal al reventar su Pending koto: /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. Reduplication: /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. 00879 te:milia kite:milia te:milia kite:milia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to fill (some sort of container) for llenar (cualquier tipo de recipiente) para Am, Oa Xne:xte:mili na:ko:n! Am Fill my water cistern for me! ¡Lléname mi tinaja! Xne:xte:te:mili notlayo:l, ma niktlapo nokostal! Am Fill my sacks with maize for me (one by one), I'll open them! ¡Lléname mis costales con maíz (uno por uno), yo los voy a abrir! (with short vowel reduplication, but plural object only) to place in order or line for; to stack or pile up for (con reduplicación de vocal corta, pero solamente con objeto plural) colocar o enfilar para; apilar para Pending Xne:xtete:mili noswaw! Am Stack my <klam>iswatl</klam> up for me! ¡Hazme un montón con mi zacate! te:ma te:m As in other cases (e.g., <klamoa>te:ma</klamoa>) it is not clear whether there are two homophonous verbs <kn>te:ma</kn> one referring to filling things (which has an intransitive in <kn>te:mi</kn> and an alternative transitive in <kn>te:mi:tia</kn>) and the other to laying things down (on the ground) in order. However, it might be that this second sense is only found with a plural object and usually with long vowel reduplication. Check for other acceptations. Note that it is not clear whether two verbs are being referred to. One would be /te:mi/ and /te:mi:tia/ 'to fill' and the other /te:ma/ 'to lay down flat.' Check. tlate:milia val_reduce1 Am, Oa te:ma verb_base Am, Oa 00880 siawistli siawistli siawistli siawistli
24/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-is Stem 1(s) tiredness; fatigue cansancio; fatiga Am, Oa Tikpia siawistli. Am You are tired. Estás cansado. siawi Pro-verb: In Nahuatl note how verbs such as /pia/ and /asi/ (intransitive and transitive respectively) act as proverbs with nouns (cf. English 'to get tired' for 'to tire'). Thus in Nahuatl, /tikpia siawistli/ for /tisiawi/ and /ne:chasi a:pistli/ for /na:pismiki/. 00881 kwa:tepasoltik kwa:tepasoltik kwa:tépasóltik kwa:tépasóltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> yes-lex to have disheveled, entangled, uncombed, or messy hair tener el pelo desarreglado, despeinado, desgreñado Am, Oa kwa:pasoliwi kwa: pahsol Check as in associated words, whether the form without /te/ is correct, or whether this should be /kwa:tepasoltik./. I have added the p-a to the Oapan form even though after recording I did not have it. But comparative evidence from other entries suggest it should be there. Remove if this is in error. 00882 tlayehli tlayehli tláyehlí tlayehli tláyehlí
11/Feb/2006
N Adj(pred) N-b Stem 3 yes-lex playful; mischievous; bothersome or a bother (because of overexuberant playfulness) juguetón; latoso; travieso Am, Oa Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n. Am Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house. Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme las cosas en mi casa. Mi:te:ka, nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh. Am The (insect known as) <klam>mi:te:ka</klam> lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are somewhat reddish. El (insecto conocido como) <klam>mi:te:ka</klam> vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos. tlahyel Check vowel length as in one entry I had a long /e:/. Check etymology. 00883 nexi:ko:listli nexi:ko:listli nexi:ko:listli nexi:ko:listli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(s) selfishness; self-centeredness; enviousness egoísmo; envidia Am, Oa nexi:ko:leh xi:ko Check for possessed form. 00884 a:wi:teki ka:wi:tekin a:wi:teki ka:wi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Irregular class-3a(k) to be struck by lightening (person struck is [O] of 3rd-person plural transitive; Oapan synonym: <kloa>tsontewi:teki</kloa>) pegarsele un rayo a (persona pegada es [O] de un verbo transitivo en 3a persona; sinónimo en Oapan: <kloa>tsontewi:teki</kloa>) Am Ne:cha:wi:tekiskeh. Am I will be struck by lightening. Me va a pegar un rayo. O:kitsaya:nih pa:mpa o:ka:wi:tehkeh. Am It got split lengthwise because it got hit by lightning. Se partióa lo largo porque se le pegóun rayo. to thrash (e.g., an animal with its tail) in the water dar látigos (p. ej., un animal con su cola) en el agua Am, Oa to thrash around in the water (e.g., clothes in order to remove soap) sacudir en el agua (p. ej., ropa para quitarle el jabón) Oa to waste (money) on a liquido (particularly beer) malgastar (dinero) en bebida (p. ej., un cartón de cerveza u otro líquido parecido) Oa O:ka:wi:tek nowe:wentsi:n i:tomi:ntsi:n. Oa Mi husband wasted his money on drink. Mi esposo malgastósu dinero en bebida. weather a: wi:teki In Ameyaltepec this verb is always found in transitive form with the object being the person or thing struck by lightening. The subject is always third person plural, suggesting that the lightening was caused by some volitional plural agent, although an"impersonal"interpretation is also valid. This is related to causitivity which people feel related to being struck by lightening, i.e. that others, plural, do it to the victim. In Oapan 'to be struck by lightening' is manifested in the verb <kloa>tsontewi:teki</kloa>; the verb <koa>a:wi:teki</koa> is used to indicate the act of rapidly drinking a large quantity of beer. Check why the 3rd person plural, i.e., who does the striking. Check this phrase, note difference in number of subject/agent: /O:kitsaya:nih pampa o:ka:wi:tehkeh./ Check, perhaps simply /o:tsaya:n/ or /o:notsaya:nih/. 00885 kwa:ki:tskia kikwa:ki:tskia kwa:ki:tsia kikwa:ki:tsia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to place ones hands behind the head of poner las manos atrás de la cabeza de Pending Nihkwa:ki:tskia nokone:w. Am I place my hand behind my child's head (e.g., to guide him along). Pon mi mano atrás de la cabeza de mi niño (p. ej., para guiarlo). Nokwa:ki:tskitok ika o:me ima. Am He has placed both his hands behind his head (e.g., while relaxing). Tiene las dos manos puestas atrás de la cabeza (p. ej., al relajarse). kwa: ki:tski 00886 wa:wah wa:wah wa:wah wa:wah
11/Feb/2006
agua (?) Baby N-bb Lex. rdp-l water agua Am, Oa a: <kam>Wa:wah</kam> is a word used in speaking to babies. Although it follows the pattern for baby-talk words, with a long vowel in the first syllable and a final /h/, the etymology is unclear. It might be derived from Spanish <spn>agua</spn> or it might be derived from Nahuatl <klamoa>a:tl</klamoa>. See Gram 1984-10-16.1 00887 istachichi:ya istachichi:ya istachichi:ya istachichi:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x) to become overly salty pasarse de sal Pending sta chichi: Check to see if /istamolo:nia/ exists, and whether it has the same meaning. Also, check for transitive form of this verb. Check Oapan vl. I originally had a short final /i/ here in my entry (after the recording session but before analysis). However, for the simple /chichi:ya/ I did have a long vowel recorded (and this present entry would undoubtedly have the same vowel. 00888 tekakapaxioh tekakapaxioh te:kapaxioh te:kapaxioh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-d-yoh Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) to be rough-surfaced (e.g., trees with particularly rough bark such as the <kbamoa>koxio:tl</kbamoa>and <kbamoa>po:cho:tl</kbamoa>) tener una superficieáspera (p. ej., ciertosárboles tener cáscara particularmenteáspera como el <kbamoa>kuxio:tl</kbamoa>y <kbamoa>po:cho:tl</kbamoa>) Pending Kuwxio:tl no: tekakapaxioh. Am The <kam>cuajiote</kam> tree tree is also rough surfaced. El cuajiote también tiene la cáscaraáspera. to have rough skin (a person with a disease; certain animals from their skin or scales) tener la piel dura yáspera (una persona tener una enfermedad de la piel; algunos animales) Pending Tekakapaxioh, kipia pi:ntoh de kakapaxtik, xi:ni ipolokayo. Am He is rough-skinned, he has <kam>pinto</kam> of the type that leaves a rough skin, flakes of his skin fall off. Tiene la pieláspera, tiene pinto del tipo que deja la pieláspera, se le cayen hojuelitas de piel. kapax As with all entries in which I have Am /kakapaxioh/ or similar forms, with the possibility of /te-/ (i.e., /tekakapaxioh/), and Oa cognates that all have /te-/ and reduplication reduction, determine the potential subjects. First, what is the difference between Am /kakapaxioh/ etc. and Am /tekakapaxioh/. Then, what Oa cognates are applied to the subjects of the Am words. 00889 wi:tsapo:hloh wi:tsapo:hloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be covered (an area) with many plants of the type called <kbam>witsapo:lin</kbam> estar cubierta (unaárea) con muchas plantas de la que se llama <kbam>witsapo:lin</kbam> Am wi:tsapo:lin 00890 po:yoh po:yoh po:yoh po:yoh
22/Oct/2005
pollo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) rooster gallo Am, Oa (fig.) stud; man who sleeps around with a lot of women (fig.) hombre caliente, que se acuesta con muchas mujeres Am, Oa animal domes 00891 kwa:xo:tlaltia kikwa:xo:tlaltia kwa:xo:tlaltia kikwa:xo:tlaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to anger and exasperate; to frustrate or to cause frustration to (e.g., a problem or situation that is difficult to resolve, a person who is bothersome [S]); to cause (sb) to rack their brains out fastidiar; exasperar (p. ej., un problema o situación de resolución difícil, una persona latosa [S]) Am, Oa O:ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltih mokone:w. San tli:mach yo:ne:chiihlih. Am Your child has exasperated me (perhaps I'm on the verge hitting him). He's said to me just about anything that occurs to him. Tu hijo me ha fastidiado (quizáestoy a punto de pegarle). Ya me ha dicho cualquier cosa (que se le occura). (refl.) to rack ones brains (trying to figure sth out or find a solution to a particular problem or situation) (refl.) devanarse los sesos (en buscar una solución a un problema o situación) Am, Oa Nokwa:xo:tlaltia, kitete:mowilitiw ke:n ke:kchi:was. Am He is racking his brains out, he's going along looking for a way to do it. Se estádevanando los sesos, le va buscando como lo va a hacer. kwa: xo:tla Check other meanings and usages besides to exasperate and to cause someome to rack his brains. 00892 tlakpaikni:wtli tlakpaikni:wtli tlahpaihni:htli tlahpaihni:htli
22/Oct/2005
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(w) stepsibling hermanastro(a) Am, Oa kin tlakpa kni:w This refers to the relationship between the children of two adults who get married, each having born these children in a previous marriage. 00893 tla:lto:ntsi:n tla:lto:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l>Baill., a plant with edible root of the Euphorbiaceae family <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l>Baill., una planta con raíz comestible de la familia Euphorbiaceae Am Tla:lto:ntsi:n kipia inelwayo ke:n po:cho:ko:niah, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:hli. Am The <kam>tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam> has a root like a <klam>po:cho:ko:niah</klam> , it is called <klam>tla:lteposo:hli</klam>. El <kam>tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam> tiene sus raices como un <klam>po:cho:ko:niah</klam> , se llama <klam>tla:lteposo:hli</klam>. Tla:lto:ntsi:n | Xtlah kihlian. Kipia itla:kihlo itik tla:hli, ito:ka: tla:ltepo:so:lin. Am <kam>Tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam> : Its not used for anything. It has its fruit inside the earth, it is called <klam>tla:lteposo:lin</klam>. <kam>Tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam> : No se usa para nada. Tiene su fruta dentro de la tierra, se llama <klam>tla:lteposo:lin</klam>. plant tla:l -to:n The etymology of this plant name is unclear. Probably the element <kam>-to:n</kam> is the modifying suffix <kn>-to:n</kn> found in Classical Nahuatl as suggested by the long vowel. However, among villages studied in so far Ameyaltepequeños are alone in referring to <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l>Baill. as <kam>tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam>. Oapan uses <kloa>tla:ltepiso:lin</kloa>and San Juan Tetelcingo <kn>tla:ltekso:lin</kn>. The Ameyaltepec cognate, <klam>tla:ltepo:so:lin</klam> is in this village used to refer to the edible bulb or tuber of this plant. It is possible, therefore, that Ameyaltepec <kam>tla:lto:ntsi:n</kam> is an innovation and that the term <kam>tla:ltepo:so:lin</kam> (and its cognates) originally referred to both the edible root and, by extension, to the plant itself. There is no documentation of this plant in any of the sources for the area. Consultants mentioned that it was a <kam>tlako:tl</kam> , suggesting that it is a bush-like plant with long, straight branches that can be used for switches. Others mentioned that it was a type of vine (<klam>komekatl</klam>). On another note I have recorded that this plant is also called <klam>tla:ltepo:so:lin</klam>. Listen to tape for more information. Check vowel length in /tla:lteposo:hli/ and correct if necessary; occasionally I had this as /tla:ltepo:sohli/ and sometimes as /tla:ltepo:so:hli/. Recheck and correct in all entries. Also check and correct Oapan Nahuatl /tla:ltepiso:lin/, which might also be in error. I have checked by measuring the speech of Chen Diaz and both /o:/'s are long. tla:ltepiso:lin natural Oa 00894 ko:pi:lowa kiko:pi:lowa ko:pi:lowa kiko:pi:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-w class-2b to fold or push up the sides of (sth more of less flat, e.g., a hat with the brim pushed upward in order to make a cupped-like object) doblar las orillas (de algo plano) hace arriba (p. ej., un sombrero con las alas empujadas hacia arriba, para hacer algo como un recipiente o cono) Pending Xko:pi:lo -=xikxo:pi:lo- mosombre:roh! Am Push up the brim of your hat! ¡Dóbla las alas de tu sombrero hacia arriba! (refl.) to hunch over and pull ones arms close to the body (e.g., a person who is sick or cold); to shrink up and pull in ones arms (as a person trying to make himself or herself thin to fit through a small space); to shrink or pull back, to withdraw into a shell (e.g., a timid girl in withdrawing from the advances of a suitor) (refl.) acurrucarse y jalar los brazos pegándolos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que estáenferma o que tiene frío); encogerse y pegar los brazos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que se hace delgada para poder caber por un espacio apretado); encogerse y ir para atrás (p. ej., una joven tímida al evitar los avances de un pretendiente) Pending Tle:ka san timoko:pi:lotok? Tikwalo? Am Why are you all huddled up with your arms tight to your side? Are you sick? ¿Por quéestás todo acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo?¿Estás enfermo? Noko:pi:lowa, kwalo. Am He is huddling up with his arms close to his side, he is sick. Estáencogiéndose con sus brazos pegados al cuerpo, estáenfermo. Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xpatla:wtokan! Am Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out! ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio!¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados! Timoko:pi:lowa, tipipina:wi. Am You shrink back, you are ashamed. Te encoges hacia atrás, te da pena. (refl., often with <kn>-tiw</kn>) to go along slowly, taking baby steps (e.g., sb ill or just recovering) (refl., a menudo con <kn>-tiw</kn>) ir despacio, con pasos pequeños (p. ej., algn que estáenfermo o que apenas se estárecuperando) Oa ko:pi:l ko:pi:lowa; xo:pi:lowa (e.g., in reference to a sombrero) Cf. drawing with original 3x5 filecard. 00895 ikxikwepaltik ikxikwepaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a crooked foot (particularly in reference to humans) con el pie chueco (particularmente en referencia a los humanos) Am Sahkó:n itekiw, ikxikwepaltik. Am That's his condition, he has a crooked foot. Asíes de por si, tiene chueco el pie. kxi kwepal The plural <kam>ikxikukwepaltik</kam> , which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, <kam>ikxikwepaltikeh</kam> refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. Plural of adjectives: The plural <kam>ikxikukwepaltik</kam> , which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, <kam>ikxikwepaltikeh</kam> refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. Note, therefore, that when reduplication occurs in reference to an action or state, it refers to several points at which one entity is affected. This should be further explored, e.g., /totoma:wak/ vs. /toma:hkeh/ or /totoma:hkeh/. Etc. 00896 tsapotl tsapotl tsapotl tsapotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 fruit of the zapote tree fruta delárbol llamado zapote Am, Oa generic name for the zapote tree; see <klam>tsapokuwtli</klam> nombre genérico para elárbol llamado zapote; véase <klam>tsapokuwtli</klam> Pending plant kohtli (pending) tsapo tsapotl Check for possessed; is this vulgar? According to Luis Lucena there are three types of <kam>tsapotl</kam> : <klam>xo:chi:tsapotl</klam> , <klam>tli:ltsapotl</klam> , and <klam>ila:mah</klam>. Other consultants gave two other types: <klam>tsatsapotsi:n</klam> and <klam>a:no:nah</klam>. According to the three consultants of the first botany session there are three types of zapote: <kn>tli:ltsapotl</kn>, called the same in all three villages; <koa>kochitsapotl</koa> or <ktet>kohtsapotl</ktet>, with smaller fruit (note that Inocencio Díaz was not familiar with this tree); <koa>xo:chitsapotl</koa> (also called by the same name in Tetelcingo), which is the mamey bought in Cuetzala (note that although I have heard this used in Ameyaltepec, Inocencio Díaz referred to this simply as <kam>tsapotl</kam>). There is also another called <kam>i:la:makuhtli</kam> in Ameyaltepec. Both Inocencio Díaz and Asunción Marcelo stated that this is not a <kn>tsapotl</kn> and that the fruit is called simply <kn>i:la:mah</kn>. However, Silvestre Pantaleón stated that the frui t is c alled <koa>tsapotl de i:la:mah</koa> and the tree simply <koa>i:la:mah</koa>. He also stated that this is a type of <kn>tsapotl</kn>, which differs from what the others stated. 00897 popolwia pópolwía popolwia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Reduced rdp-s(pref): see <kloa>tlá:polwíya</kloa> class-2a yes-rdp see <klam>tlapopolwia</klam> véase <klam>tlapopolwia</klam> Am, Oa pol To date, the only documented occurrence of this trivalent verb in the corpus is with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> as an indefinite null complement. Determine whether this word occurs only with the object prefix /tla-/ or whether such forms as /ne:chpopolwia/ also exist. If only with /tla-/, then change entry to /tlapopolwia/ and give a xref from /popolwia/. 00898 tsi:nilpikatl tsi:nilpikatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 2 cloth cord used to tie a diaper around a child (made from the same material as the diaper) cordón de tela que se emplea para amarrarle el pañal a un niño (y que se hace del mismo material que el pañal) Am Check possessive form; whether possible and morphology. tsi:n lpi ma:ilpikatl synonym Oa 00899 yo:lamana kiyo:lamana yó:lamána yo:lamana kiyó:lamána
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a yes-lex to make (sb) feel slightly ill to the stomach; to make (sb) feel slightly nauseous (e.g., things such as bad food, a car ride, etc.) causarle algo de nausea a; causar algo de molestias al estómago de (p. ej., algo como comida mala, una excursión en coche, etc.) Am, Oa Yo:pe:w ne:chyo:lamana, o:nikwe:lilih. Am It's started to make me ill to my stomach, I liked it a lot (and thus ate to much, harming my system). Ya empezóa hacerme sentir mal del estómago, me gustóF3 mucho (y por esta razon comídemasiado, haciéndome daño). O:pe:w kiyo:lamana ika kinekwtiw un ka:rroh. Me:dioh tsoyá:k. Am He got nauseous from smelling the car (fumes). They have a somewhat burnt odor. El olor del coche ya empezóa hacerle sentir nausea. Huele (el vapor que le sale al coche) algo como quemado.e, etc. yo:l ahmana yo:lamana; yelmoya:wi yelmoya:wi 00900 tsi:kanekwteh *tsi:kanekwteh
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N1 type of honey-producing flying insect that lives in the ground and are said to bite; <kam>tsi:kanekwteh</kam> are slightly smaller than <klam>koko:smeh</klam> tipo de insecto que vuela pero que vive en la tierra; produce miel y se dice que muerde; los <kam>tsi:kanekwteh</kam> son un poquito más pequeños que los <klam>koko:smeh</klam> Am animal insect tsi:ka nekw nekwtli <kam>Tsi:kanekwteh</kam> has only been documented in the plural. Apparently the Oapan cognate is <kloa>tsómanéhtih</kloa>, but until a definite identification is made, this concordance remains slightly uncertain. Compound nouns: note the semantic relationship between the two nouns of the compount /tsi:kanekwtli/, which seem to be types of flying insects that produce honey (/nekwtli/). tsómanéhtih synonym Oa 00901 pa:ti pa:ti pa:ti pa:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to melt (ice, lead heated up, chocolate left in the sun, etc.) derritirse (hielo, chocolate dejado en el sol, etc.); fundirse (p. ej., plomo al calentarse, etc.) Am, Oa to erode or partially wash away (from water, e.g., adobe with a heavy rain) erosionarse (a causa de agua, p. ej., adobe después de una fuerte lluvia) Pending CF Am 901/00:38 Deke pa:tsiwi, tikito:s"O:pa:t noxa:n!"pa:mpa un, o:pa:tsiw. Ya pa:ti ke:itlah kwe:chiwi teh. Am 00901_02_am If it (adobe) gets wet you'd say,"My adobe has eroded!"because, it, it got wet. And it erodes, like it sort of crumbles, y' know. Si se moja (el adobe) dirás,"¡Se derritiómi adobe!"porque ese, se mojó. Ya se derrite pues, como que se desmorona. to rot and fall apart from being very wet and soggy pudrirse y deshacerse por estar muy mojado y empapado Pending CF Am 901/00:09 Ke a:man un sila:ntroh kwa:k kite:man, ya ka:te:kian, niman deke xkonwi:teki to:nahli sa: xkita yo:pe:w pa:ti. Papala:ni seki ya sa: wewekatsitsi:n noka:wa. Am 00901_01_am Now corriander, when they put seeds on the ground, and they water them, if the sun doesn't beat down on them right away, just look and they´ve started to fall apart. Some rot and the rest are just left there spaced far apart from each other. Ahora cilantro, cuando ponen sus semillas en la tierra, y le echan agua, si no le pega el sol luego luego, ve nada más, ya empezóa derritirse. Pudren algunos y los demás se quedan nada más esparcidos lejos, unos de otros. Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. Am My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because its seedlings have fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayeron las plantas del semillero (esto es, se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). to lose skin tone (e.g., in getting old) perderse el tono de la piel (p. ej., al envejecerse) Pending O:tlan pa:ti noma:xi:lo:w. Am My biceps have started to loose their skin tone. Mi bicéps ya empezaron a perder su forma. The primary meaning of <kam>pa:ti</kam> seems to refer to things that melt in the heat, such as ice, chocolate, etc. However, it is quite often to refer to things that turn to sludge from contact with water, such as adobe in heavy rains or a seed garden that becomes soggy and putrid, as might occur with rotting hay or straw in a seedbed garden called <klam>tlapacho:hli</klam>. Check for precise meaning of /xi:ni/ in /yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni/; also check for other things that might be the subject of /pa:ti/. 00902 ma:chika:wa noma:chika:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-Trans class-3a(w) (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.) (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo no se vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.) Am Dya mi:tsihli:skeh,"Xmoma:chika:wa!"noso"xmoma:kuwtili!"deke yetí:k. Pos, xtepi:tso moma para tikakukwis. Xmoma:chika:wa! Am 00902_01_am CF 901/01:05 And then they'll say to you,"Make your arm hard!"or"Tense your arm!"if it is heavy. Well then, tighten up your arm so that you can lift it up. Make your arm hard! Y entonces te dirán,"¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! o"¡Haz el brazo duro!"si estápesado. Pues, aprétale el brazo para que lo puedas alzar.¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! ma: chika: ma:chika:wa; ma:kuhtilia Check to see if /ma:tepitsowa/ or a similar form exists. Recheck meaning and check for transitive as opposed to reflexive. If meaning holds, cf. Oapan semantic equivalent /ma:kuhtilia/. Check for difference in Am between /ma:chi:wa/ and /ma:kuhtilia/. ma:kuwtilia confer Am ma:kohtilia confer Oa 00903 ko:kotetsi:n ko:kotetsi:n ko:kotetsi:n ko:kotetsi:n
09/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-l N1 type of small greyish bird called <spn>tortolita</spn> in Spanish, apparently the Inca Dove, <l>Columbina inca</l>, or a related species tipo de pájaro pequeño y algo gris llamado tortolita en español, aparentemente el <l>Columbina inca</l>o una especie cercana Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 325 animal bird ko:koh Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identity this as the 'tórtola.' Check where /h/ is present Check for p-a; I would expect it if this is a diminutive on /ko:koh/. 00904 zzz This was an entry for /a:wichwia/ but it has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation of /a:ichwia/.
30/Jul/2005
 00905 nakatlatliwa:tsahli nakatlatliwa:tsahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 roasted meat, that is roasted directly on coals, or even on a clay griddle carne asada, sobre las brazas o hasta sobre un comal Am CF Am 901/03 food meat naka tli wa: In Oapan <koa>nakatliwa:hki</koa> refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec <kam>nakatlatliwa:tsahli</kam> apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.) that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit. The /nse notes should be checked. Check for documentation of possessed form. nakatliwa:hki synonym Oa 00906 zzz This entry was for /kekerehwia/ but has been removed as vulgar.
07/Jun/2002
 00907 kwepaliwi kwepaliwi kopaliwi kopaliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi No transitive documented to date in either this form or with the same verb and incorporated nouns. class-3a(w) to become warped alabearse; combarse Am, Oa Yo:kwepaliw motimó:n, xok peya:stik. Am The beam of your plow has warped, it is no longer straight. El timón de tu arado ya se combó, ya no estáderecho. O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w. Am Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) got warped, it rose up (in a few places). Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares). O:kwepaliw mosombre:roh. Am The brim of your hat warped (e.g., because you slept on it). Las alas de tu sombrero se combaron (p. ej., porque dormiste sobre ello). Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. Am That record has become warped in many places. Ese disco se combóen muchos lugares. to become stuck together (e.g., pork rinds as they are fried, sticking together so that they cannot be separated) pegarse (p. ej., chicharron al freirse, pegándose hasta que no se pueden separar) Oa kwepal The word <kam>kwepaliwi</kam> refers to things that warp, such as a ceramic bowl that has been poorly fired, the edges and side twisting, and other items such as records left in the sun, a wooden tray (<kam>kwexomatl</kam>) that is poorly cured or dried, etc. No cognate of this verb has been found in other reported Nahuatl dialects, including Classical. Check for all objects that can be so altered. Check for transitive. Phonology: The alternation of /kwe/ Am to /ko/ Oapan is a fairly standard alternation. Check etymology. Note again the presence of the (micro)morpheme /kwe/ in words that indicate a bending. Make a comment in root dictionary. 00908 kuwmi:naltia kikuwmi:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V3 V2-d-ca class-2a to prop up with a stick apuntalar con un palo Am kow mina kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia The Ameyaltepec Nahuatl form of this verb comprises a ditransitive causative verb, with"saturating"(valency reducing) noun incorporation. Note that the Oapan cognate apparently has a transitive verb (<kloa>mi:ni</kloa>) with a"modifying"(non-valency reducing) noun incorporation. Check transitivity difference in Am and Oa form and make sure the objects of each are the same, i.e., the thing being propped up. Causative: An important question here is the nature of valency change with the causative of /mi:na/. Historically the base verb is a transitive, meaning 'to shoot with an arrow.' In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the verb /mi:na/ is now used to signify 'to 'shoot' with a type of sorcery' that The object is the thing shot. The possible meaning that a causative of 'to shoot' might have is not immediately clear. It appears that the incorporated noun here is an instrumental, thus it would be unusual (typologically speaking). One might, however, understand how an applicative would be appropriate in this context, an applicative that has the meaning of 'at' (e.g., 'hit X' vs. 'hit at X'), and in this case the change would be 'shoot X with wood' to 'shoot at X with wood.' The applicative would also be understandable give that in propping something up with a stick that is"shot into"the object. In other words, when one props up at falling object with a stick one is more 'shooting at' it than 'shooting it ' directly. But if an applicative meaning is understandable, a causative is more difficult to understand. kohmi:ni synonym Oa 00909 pa:wia kipa:wia pa:wia [pa: 'wi ya] kipa:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to masticate and thereby soften food for (sb, particularly a baby, though also occasionally old people with no teeth, before giving it to the person to eat) masticar y ablandar comida para (algn, particularmente un bebéantes de darsele a comer, pero también a gente de mayor edad sin dientes) Am, Oa Nikpa:wia nopo:tsi:n, xe wel tlakwa. Am I chew my baby daughter's food for her before giving it to her to eat, she still cannot eat. Le mastico la comida a mi hijita antes de darsela a comer, todavía no puede comer. pa: Semantically <kam>pa:wia</kam> is similar to an applicative, since the object (the child, for example) benefits from the action. Note that while <kam>pa:wia</kam> might well be derived from the archaic root <kam>pa:</kam> 'water,' the <kam>wia</kam> ending is not precisely the same 'instrumental' ending found with some other denominal verbs (e.g., <klam>a:mo:lwia</klam> , <klam>teposwia</klam> , etc.) However, it is similar to perhaps other denominal verbs of this form (e.g., <klam>kochwia</klam> , <klam>cha:nwia</klam>). Thus given the wide range of meaning of the <kn>-wia</kn> verbalizing suffix, it might well be that <kam>pa:wia</kam> is from this verbalizing suffix on the archaic noun stem <kn>pa:</kn>. 00910 tila:wa kitila:wa tila:wa kitila:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~ND class-3a(w) to make thick (in terms of reducing"thinness"of a object such as cloth) hacer grueso (en cuanto a hacer menos delgado un objeto como tela) Am, Oa to make dense; to thicken (e.g., the amount of brush in a brush and thorn fence) engruesar; hacer más denso o grueso (p. ej., al agregarle ramas de púas a una cerca) Am, Oa Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki. Am You've started to increase the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through. Has empezado a hacer tu corral (de púas) más denso (al echarle más ramas) para que no pasen los animales. tila: Both this transitive form and the intransitive <klamoa>tila:wi</klamoa>often refer to the denseness of brush and to areas becoming overgrown with weeds or plants. In the phrase <kam>Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l</kam> the reference is to an artificially produced density to plant growth as thorn fencing is made thicker by adding branches. Note that the adjectival <klamoa>tila:wak</klamoa>can refer to thickness such as that of cloth. Plural: Note the use of the singular in the following phrase to indicate a generic group: /Yo:pe:w tiktila:wa mokorrá:l para ma:ka pano:s yo:lki/ 'You've started to increase the thickness of your fence (of thorns, by adding more branches) so that animals don't pass through.' In this phrase /yo:lki/ is used to indicate animals in general. 00911 chi:lkuwtli chi:lkuwtli chi:lkohtli chi:lkohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) generic name for chile-bearing plants or bushes (<klam>kohtsi:ntli</klam>) nombre genérico para los arbustos (<klam>kohtsi:ntli</klam>) que dan el chile Am, Oa Chi:lkuwtli, wel nokwa ixiwio, ke:n chi:pi:lin yeskia, kikwan Wa:pan. Am The chile plant, its leaves are edible, just like <kbamoa>chi:pi:lin</kbamoa>, they eat it in Oapan. La planta del chile, se puede comer sus hojas como si fuera <kam>chi:pi:lin</kam> , la comen en Oapan. plant xiwtli plant domesticated chi:l kow Used to refer to may types of chile; check types. Check possibility of possessed form. Recheck lenght of /chi:pi:lin/. 00912 te:tla:kaitani te:tla:kaitani te:tla:kaitane te:tla:kaitani te:tla:kaitane
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 person who is respectful of others persona respetuosa de los demás Am, Oa Te:tla:kaitani. Xsan ke:n ihki mitsihli:s. Am He is a respectful person. He won't tell it to you just in any sort of way (i.e., without proper respect). Es una persona respetuosa. No te lo va a decir comoquiera (esto es, sin respeto). tla:ka ita 00913 i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-N]-[N-V1] V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) for the ones eye to get covered with a thin white film (of the disease in Spanish called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) sufrir de carnosidad en un ojo Am, Oa i:x te:n kwitla nex The verb <kam>i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi</kam> refers to an eye condition called <kam>carnosidad</kam> , in which a thin white translucent film forms over the eye, often from the effects of sun and dust. Check for altenate form possible: /i:xte:nkwitlanexiwi/. Etymology is uncertain, or at least morphology. Note forms such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/, /monextik/, etc. Definitely /nex/ can be considered a root, which is here joined to /kwitla/. However, the role of /mo-?/ and /temo-?/ is unclear. Also important to check is the meaning of words such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/ and /monextik/, etc. Check for difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. i:xte:ntenexe:wi confer Am, Oa 00914 kamachaleh kamachaleh
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-posr-eh N1 big-mouth; one who talks a lot bocón; hablador Am kama cha:l The sense of <kam>kamachaleh</kam> is not simply of one who is garrulous, but of someone who is something of a braggart or overly opinionated. In other derivatives involving <kroot>chal</kroot>the /a:/ is long, including in a word such as <klam>kamacha:lowa</klam>. However, I have consistently recorded short /a/ in <kam>kamachaleh</kam>. For /kamachaleh/ I have consistently recorded a short vowel, although in the verbal forms such as /kamacha:lowa/ there is a long /a:/. Vowel length should be rechecked. However, the root is obviously the same. Note that with /kamachaleh/ the /-eh/ is suffixed but there does not seem to be any independent nominal form, i.e. *kamachahli. But, cf. /kamachalko/, which is also formed on the"nominal"stem. This would seem to indicate quite clearly that derivations can take place on"covert"or"phantom"forms. Another point to make is that vowel length can obviously change with no obviously phonological conditioning environment. Check! 00915 itiyo:ltsi:n itiyo:ltsi:n í:tiyó:ltsi:n í:tiyó:ltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N2 yes-lex the pistil and stamen of a flower, the part that turns into seed el pistilo y"estamen"de la flor, la parte que se convierte en semilla Am, Oa Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlah, wa:n wa:ki. Am Worms or <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. Gusanos o <kam>kwe:tlan</kam> chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que después se seca. hti yo:l xiwtli In Oapan <koa>ítiyó:ltsi:n</koa> refers to the part of corn plant that is in the center as it grows up. Check actual translation, i.e. whether this refers to the pistil and stamen, or perhaps only to the ovary of the flower. Cf. to /itiyo:l/, probably the same and the entries should be combined. Determine meaning of /xiwtli/, whether meaning is plant or weed. 00916 tsotsomi:ntik tsotsomi:ntik
09/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf-tik Lex. rdp-s to be leafless (plants, trees, etc.) estar sin hojas (plantas,árboles, etc.) Am Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayotsi:n Am The maize plants in my field are baren of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no estábien y además les cayóun granizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas. Yo:kikwah kwilin un kohteh, ne:n kateh o:kitlamilih itlake:n, ixiwio. O:noka:hkeh sa: tsotsomi:ntikeh. Am Worms have eaten those trees, they've finished off the covering, the leaves, on those over there. They (the trees) have been left bare and leafless. Gusanos han comido esosárboles, a los que alláestán, les acabaron su follaje, sus hojas. Se quedaron (losárboles) sin foliaje. to be hairless (an animal with fur) estar pelón (un animal) Am Tsotsomi:ntik un to:roh. Am That bull is hairless. Ese toro es pelón. tsomi:n té:mí:ntik synonym Oa 00917 tetepontik tetepontik tetepontik tetepontsi:n tetepontik
09/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-deadj-tik Lex. rdp-s to be short; to be cut off or shortened ser corto; estar cortado o truncado Oa tetepon tepon Add list of words that have this element. 00918 zzz This used to be the entry for /techachahli/ but it has been deleted since it appears that this noun root only occurs with /-yoh/. See /techachahloh/.
09/Aug/2005
 00919 tsopi:lo:kuwtli tsopi:lo:kuwtli tsopi:lo:kohtli tsopi:lo:kohtli tsopi:lo:kohtle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(:) <l>Swietenia humilis</l>Zucc.; type of tree of the Meliaceae family; see <klamoa>tsopilo:tl</klamoa> <l>Swietenia humilis</l>Zucc.; tipo deárbol de la familia Meliaceae; véase <klamoa>tsopilo:tl</klamoa> Pending Tsopi:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, tlapechbanki:tos. Seki kiteki para yugoh pa:mpa ke:n yetí:k. Bwe:noh kitekin para sa:ntah krus. Am <kam>Tsopi:lo:tl</kam> : It is good for forked supports, for the legs of beds. Some cut it for yokes because it is so heavy. It is also good to cut for holy crosses. <kam>Tsopi:lo:tl</kam> : Es bueno para horcones, para las patas de las camas. Algunos lo cortan para yugos porque es tan pesado. Es bueno para cortar para las santas cruces. plant kohtli tsopi:lo: The isolated Oapan form <kloa>tsó:pí:lo:tl</kloa>manifests pitch-accent, which is not present in <kloa>tsopi:lo:kohtli</kloa>. The reason for this is not clear but it may be related to the fact that whereas <kloa>tsopi:lo:kohtli</kloa>is a common term for this tree, the buzzard is often called <kloa>tsómá</kloa>and <kloa>tsópí:lo:tl</kloa>is rarely used (and it might have acquired pitch-accent through analogy to <koa>tsómá</koa>. The phonology of both words should be checked with more than one speaker. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>zopilote</spn> of the family <i>Meliaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) lists zopilote, under which she states:"(<i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany'. See caoba."Under caoba:"(<i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>) 'mahogany', 'Honduras mahogany' An evergreen with hard wood used for furniture, ships, etc. 'Buzzard head' name comes from shape of the fruit. Also called cedro montés, cóbano, zopilocahuite, zopilote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:144) list of the family <i>Meliaceae</i>the genus/species <i>Swietenia humilis</i>, which they identify as <spn>zopilote</spn> or <spn>caobilla</spn>. They mention the hard, heavy, and extremely strong red wood. Note that I originally had this recorded as /tsopi:lo:tl/ for Oapan. This should be changed to /tsopi:lo:kohtli/. Oapan phonology; phonetics: In the four tokens that were originally on 14_1 at 30 min. 30 secs. (record 3584) there is an interesting pattern. It seems that for both FM and IJ the length of the vowels and the liquid /l/ have an interesting interaction. For Florencia the vowels have a long duration, as expected. For Inocencio, it appears that the liquid is longer and, as a result, the vowels are shortened. This should be checked with a phonologist. The speech tokens for this tree are at word 3584, which has been deleted as a duplicate. Thus, when you get to 3584, tag all the words as 919. And here, for /tsopi:lo:tl/, tag these four words as 4210. 00920 yo:li:tia kiyo:li:tia yo:li:tia kiyo:li:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Intransitive /yo:li/ has not been documented. class-2a to resuscitate (an animate being) resuscitar (un ser animado) Pending Kemech no: kone:wah, kemech noyo:li:titok ikone:tsi:n. Am She too has just become pregnant, her child (fetus) is just coming to life. También apenas quedóencinta, su niño (fetu) apenas estállegando a tener vida. to start up (e.g., a fire that seemed to have gone out) resuscitar (p. ej., un fuego que aparentemente se había apagado) Pending Oksepa o:noyo:li:tih tlitl. Am The fire started up again. Se resucitóel fuego. I:pan o:noyo:li:tih tlitl. Oa The fire flared up on it (e.g., on some dry plants). El fuego se creciósobre ello (p. ej., algunas plantas secas). to make or build up from scratch hacer o construir desde cero Pending Tikyo:li:tian tepalkatl pa:mpa tihki:xtian tla:hli iwa:n xa:hli iwa:n ichkatl iwa:n kima:xakwalowan. Noka:wa ya i sokitl, de un sokitl kiki:xtian itlah tli:no:n. Am We make ceramics from scratch because we get earth, sand, and cotton and we knead them together. It winds up like clay, and from this clay anything might be made. Hacemos cerámica desde cero porque sacamos la tierra y la arena y el algodón y todo lo amasamos. Se queda ya barro y de ese barro se hace lo que sea. yo:l yo:li:tia; yo:ltilia and the reflexive forms of both with /yo:ltia/. To date most of the documented uses of <kamoa>yo:li:tia</kamoa> are transitive. <kamoa>Yoli:tia</kamoa> is the causative form of intransitive <kn>yo:li</kn>, which is found in Classical sources but has not yet been documented in the Balsas region. Check for non-reflexive use of /yo:li:tia/ with the senses re: resuscitate, etc. given above in the first two senses. 00921 tlatekpa:ntli tlatekpa:ntli tlatehpa:ntli tlatehpa:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(:) row (of things that have been set in line) fila (de cosas que han sido puesto en línea) Am, Oa Xiktla:li se: tlatekpa:ntli! Am Set up one row! ¡Colócalos una sola fila! San se: tlatekpa:ntli o:ntla:lih noxo:chiw. Am I planted my flowers in only one row. Sembrémis flores en una sola fila. Onkah o:me tlatekpa:ntli. Am There are two rows (in this case lines of dancers in a religious line dance). Hay dos filas (en este caso de danzantes en una danza religiosa). Yo:nikitak yo:htla:lih na:wi tlatekpa:ntli de anjolí:n. Am I saw that you set up four rows of sesame (i.e., to dry after being set in an <klam>anjolí:n burroh</klam>). Ya vi que pusiste cuatro hileras de anjojolí(esto es, para secar en un <klam>anjolí:n burroh</klam>). San se: tlatekpa:ntli xmotla:li:kan! Am Line yourselves up in just one row (e.g., dancers in a religious dance)! ¡Colóquense en una sola fila (p. ej., danzantes en una danza religiosa)! tekpa: 00922 a:sta:tl a:sta:tl a:sta:tl* a:sta:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1/2; Aln type of bird, apparently a heron (no illustration of this bird has been found in Howell and Webb, 1995) tipo de ave, aparentemente una garza (ninguna ilustración de este ave ha sido encontrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) Am, Oa animal bird a:sta: The <kam>a:sta:tl</kam> is a large white bird, about the size of a chicken. Apparently it is a <kam>garza</kam>. Check to see if the /a:sta:tl/ is the same as the loan /a:rsah/. 00923 machio:tia nomachio:tia machio:tia nomachio:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to cross oneself (refl.) persignarse Pending Xmomacho:ti, ye tikalakis tio:pan! Am Cross yourself! you are about to enter the church ¡Persígnate! ya vas a entrar a la iglesia. mati <kamoa>Machio:tia</kamoa> is a transitive verb that has only been documented in the reflexive. In the sense of 'to decorate' (as in painting on ceramics) it is also preceded by the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>, which does not reduce the verbal valency, <kam>tlamachio:tia</kam> remaining transitive; cf. <klam>tlamachio:tia</klam>. Check etymology. This might be related to the paradigmatic sequence N-Adj-Inchoative-Transitive, which in this case would be machio:tl/machioh/machiowa/machio:tia. The question is whether all these forms exist, particularly the adjectival and the inchoative. Here the derivation seems to be /-tia/ meaning 'to provide with' i.e., 'to provide oneself with a sign (machio:tl) I believe that in Oapan /machio:tia/ is 'to decorate' cf. if the same meaning occurs in Ameyaltepec. tlamachio:tia confer Am 00924 kwa:texi:tlats kwa:texi:tlats kwa:texi:tlats kwa:texi:tlats
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> to be bald estar calvo Am, Oa kwa xi: tlats Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms. 00925 tlatlako:ltia notlatlako:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ca Only documented in reflexive class-2a (refl.) to make a strong effort (to accomplish a task or reach a goal, learn sth, etc.) (refl.) esforzarse (para cumplir con una tarea, alcanzar una meta, aprender algo, etc.) Am O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis. Am I've seen it with others (in this case a certain ability or way of doing sth). Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn. Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, lo he de aprender. yeko The verb <kam>tlako:ltia</kam> is apparently based on the causative formation of the transitive verb <klam>iyekowa</klam> with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> incorporated and reducing the valency again to a transitive verb. The form without <kn>tla-</kn> is also found in the corpus; see <klam>yeko:ltia</klam>. Check; entered under itilia. Reconsider etymology; check for /kiyeko:ltia/. iyekowa confer Am táreachiya confer Oa yeko:ltia minus_tla Am 00926 tlato:lweyak tlato:lweyak tláto:lwíyak tlato:lwiyak tláto:lwíyak
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia yes-lex to be long-winded; to be talkative; to have a propensity to speak a long time ser prolija en hablar; tener la característica de hablar por tiempos muy extendidos Am, Oa Tlato:lweyak, xkimati tlami itlato:l. Am He is long-winded, he never runs out of words. Habla por periodos muy extendidos, sus palabras no conocen su fin. hto weya tlatowa:ni; tlatole:roh; tlato:lwe:yak; tlato:lchi:kwepok Recheck as in all cases, the length of /weyak/ and the Oa equivalent. 00927 kwala:nka:no:tsa kikwala:nka:no:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b class-3a(ts) to speak in an angry voice to hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado Am kwala: no:tsa tlawe:lno:tsa synonym Oa 00928 chichi:kamotli chichi:kamotli chichi:h kámotlí chichi:h kamotli chichi:h kámotlí
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex type of wild sweet potato still not identified tipo de camote silvestre todavía no identificado Pending plant tuber edible (pend) chichi: kamoh kamotli Ramírez (1991) has this as <kam>chichikamotli</kam> , in Spanish <spn>camote amargo</spn>. She identifies it as of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. Schoenhals (1988) lists a plant called <spn>chichicamole</spn>:"(<i>Microsechium</i>spp. e.g., <i>M. helleri</i>) '[family] squash.' Fruit resembles a big squash. Also called amole amargo, camote de cerro, chayotillo, sanacoche."This does not seem to correspond to the Nahuatl <kam>chich:kamotli</kam>. Under camote, Schoenhals (1988) lists the genus/species identification as <i>Ipomoea batatas</i>as a"sweet potato"also stating, however, that <spn>camote</spn> is used as a general term for any root of tuber shape. In my original notes I had /chichihkamotli/, which this appears to be an error. Nevertheless, check this form on the tape for all dialects. 00929 zzz This word was for /xi:tetl/ and has been removed for now.
28/Jun/2002
 00930 mapil we:i i:mapil we:i mápil wé:i mapil we:i mápil wé:i
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex N2 yes-lex thumb dedo pulgar Am, Oa Toma:wak momapil we:i. Am Your thumb is fat. Tu pulgar estágrueso. body human mah pil we:i In one entry I had /momapil we:i/ as 'the middle finger' equal to /momapil nepantlah/. This should be rechecked. Check Oapan citation form; in my original notes I did not have a possessed form for /lxoc field but only /mápil wéi/, which seems to be in error. mapil bie:joh synonym Am 00931 te:no:tsalo:ni te:no:tsalo:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-instr-ni N1 (ritual) sth used to accompany and enable formal conversation (word used in <klam>we:wetlato:hli</klam> in reference to the cigarrattes and alcohol that are brought along to facilitate the conversation that takes place between the father of the potential bride and the representatives of the potential bridegroom) (ritual) algo empleado para acompañar y promover la pláctica formal (palabra utilizada en los <klam>we:wetlato:hli</klam> en referencia a los cigarros y alcohol que trae el representante del novio para facilitar y estimular la pláctica con el padre de la novia) Am O:nikonwa:hkik te:no:tsalo:ni. Am I have brought that which will accompany our conversation (i.e., cigarrettes and alcohol). He traido lo que nos va a acompañar en la pláctica (esto es, cigarros y alcohol). no:tsa This instrumental noun is documented only in a ritual bride-asking speech by don Plutarco Ramírez. It refers to those material objects that enable the conversation between the two parties to commence. Once face to face (which itself might not occur until several visits have been made), the representative of the bridegroom offers the bride's father cigarrettes and alcohol, acceptance of which means that the formal conversation about the petition can begin. té:tlapalowá:ni confer Oa 00932 kechkwa kikechkwa kechkwa kikechkwa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-1 to bite on the neck (e.g., one animal fighting another) morderle el cuello a (p. ej., un animal peleándose con otro) Pending kech kwa 00933 a:kawtik a:kawtik ákahtík akahtik ákahtík
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-tik yes-lex to be light, of little weight ser ligero, ser de poco peso Am, Oa to be springy; to be fleet or light-footed; to be able to jump high ser ligero o liviano; ser capaz de brincar lejos o alto Pending Na:kawtik. Am I am springy. Soy ligero. On ne:nkah, ma ya toba:leh. Mlá:k a:kawtik. Am That one there, let's have him go (as a messenger). He's really swift on his feet. Aquella que estáallá, quévaya el (como mensajero). Es muy ligero y rápido. ahkaw Check vowel length of Oapan data; and Am when available. Note that in general there seems to be a tendency either for Vh to go to V: or for length distinctions to be hard to hear in initial position. Check. 00934 tla:kaita kitla:kaita tla:kaita kitla:kaita
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Irregular; see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> to respect; to have respect for respetar; tener respeto a Am, Oa San kito:ka:yo:tia, xkitla:kaita. Am He just calls her by name (in this case in addressing a mother-in-law, calling her by name instead of properly using the address term <klam>na:nah</klam>), he doesn't respect her. Solamente le llama por nombre (en este caso al dirigirse a una suegra, en lugar de utilizar, como indicado, el término <klam>na:nah</klam>), no le tiene respeto. tla:ka ita 00935 tlatska:ita kitlatska:ita tlatska:ita kitlatska:ita
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> to find or feel (sth) tiresome; to have little inclination to do (i.e., sth boring or fastidious); sentir tedioso; tener aversión a; sentir desagradable; tener pocas ganas de hacer; ver con desgana (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo aburrido o fastidioso) Am, Oa Niktlatska:ita, xnikintlapahlo:tis. Am I find it tiresome, I'm not going to paint them. Lo siento tedioso, no los voy a pintar. tlats ita Compounding; /-iwi/ verbs: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is charaterized by two basic treatments of /-iwi/ verbs. The first is that they for adjectivals without the /-iwi/ endings. Thus one finds /mimiltik/, /tli:ltik/, /tlatski/, etc. A similar derivational process held in Classical Nahuatl. Thus one finds /tli:ltik/, /mimiltik/, etc. However, there is also a process whereby /-iwi/ becomes /-iwki/ or in composition /-iwka:/. Thus Classical in addition to /tli:ltik/ has /tli:liwki/. Ameyaltepec doesn't have the latter although Oapan Nahuatl does (here /tli:lihki/, with a semantic difference from /tli:ltik/). Note, moreover, that in composition Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has /tlatska:-/. This represents, apparently, the same loss of /-iwi/ after roots that occurs with words such as /tli:ltik/. Here Classical Nahuatl only has the /-iuhca-/ compound form but does not have (at least at first glance) the shortened forms found in Ameyaltepec. Thus in Classical one finds /tlatziuhcachiua/ and /tlatziuhcanequi / along with forms suchas /tlatziuhmaua/ and /tlatziuhcaua/ in which there is no participial /-ka:/. However, the shortened form /tlatska:-/ is not found with compounded root /tlats-/. 00936 patla:wi patla:wi patla:wi patla:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi +ND class-3a(w) to become wide; to widen out ensancharse Am, Oa Ye patla:wtiw otli. Am The road is getting wider as it goes. El camino se va ensanchando. patla: 00937 texa:hli texa:hli texa:hli texa:hli
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 pebble or pebbly sand guijarros; arena con piedrecitas Am, Oa Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli. Am Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that on the other hand, fine-grained sand would be good to plant in). Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa porque el suelo es de arenaáspera con piedrecitas (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar). te xa:l 00938 totopo totopo to:topo to:topo
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap Lex. rdp-l N1 type of edible grasshopper as yet unidentified tipo de chapolín comestible hasta ahora no identificado Pending animal insect topo: chapolin According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of this grasshopper, one female and the other male. The male does not have a tail, <kloa>tsi:nkoli:tah</kloa>as does the female. The female is simply called <koa>to:topo</koa> whereas the male is called <kboa>kwékwetlaxahtsi:n</kboa>. Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for plural. Recheck Ameyaltepec data; this might be a long vowel there too, mistakenly written down on my filecards. 00939 posteki posteki posteki posteki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>teposteki</kamoa> class-3a(k) to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.) romperse o quebrarse (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, una manga de alguna herramienta, etc.) Am, Oa to break a bone (a person or animal, of his own body) quebrarse o romperse un hueso a (una persona o animal, de su propio cuerpo) Am, Oa Ma:ka tipostekis! Am Don't go breaking a bone! ¡No te vayas a romper un hueso! O:nitepostek. Am I broke a bone (e.g., an arm, leg, etc.). Se me rompióun hueso (p. ej., el brazo, la pierna, etc.). posteki Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not ?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked. Additional token with 3491. 00940 pitsa:wa kipitsa:wa pitsa:wa kipitsa:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to make thin (sth long such as a strap of leather, a wooden handle or stick, etc.) hacer más delgado (algo largo como una manga o palo, un tirante de cuero, etc.) Am, Oa Xpitsa:wa pa:mpa ke:n toma:wak un kohtli! Am Make it thinner (e.g., a handle, by shaving it down) because that piece of wood is quite thick! ¡Hazle más delgado (p. ej., una manga de un herramienta al cepillarla), porque ese pedazo de madera estámuy gorda! to narrow (an open space, such as that between rows, or furrows in a plowed field) hacer más angosto (un espacio, como el que estáentre filas, o entre los surcos de un campo sembrado) Pending Xpitsa:wa un kwentli, ti:roh patla:wak! Am Make that furrow narrower, it's really wide! ¡Haz más angosto a ese surco, estámuy ancho! pitsa: pitsa:wa; tewaki Determine the meaning of a reflexive use of this term. Check for use of intensifier. Check to determine whether this can refer to sounds also. 00941 tsakawa:stli tsakawa:stli tsakawa:stli tsakawa:stli
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-was Stem 1(s) comb used for delousing, with finely spaced teeth on both sides, but one side spaced slightly further apart than the other peine para despiojar, con dientes muy cerrados por los dos lados, pero con un lado un poquito más abierto que el otro Am, Oa tool-house tsaka The etymology of <kamoa>tsakawa:stli</kamoa> is uncertain, and the form varies among dialects. Molina has both <kn>tzicauaztli</kn> and <kn>tziquauaztli</kn> glossed simply as 'peyne.' Zacapoaxtla has both <kn>tzicahua:s</kn> and a shortened <kn>tzicua:s</kn> ; the length of the middle /a/ in the first form varies, but is often long, particularly in verbalizations (i.e., <kn>tzica:hua:s</kn>). Neither source identifies this comb as one used especially for removing lice. Northern Puebla has <kn>tzecahuastli</kn> (this dictionary doesn't mark vowel length). Thus the first vowel varies among dialects between /i/, /a/, and /e/, always short. Create illustration. 00942 wiyo:ni wiyo:ni wiyo:ni wiyo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl class-3a to wobble (a table, chair, etc.); to move slightly; to shake tambalearse (una mesa, silla, etc., que no estábien parado sobre el piso); bailar (un objeto no estable que se mueve ligeramente de lado a lado); moverse ligeramente Am, Oa Wiwiyo:ni, xkwahli o:ke:kchi:hkeh. Am It wobbles (in this case a table with uneven legs), they didn't make it well. Tambalea (en este caso una mesa con las patas disparejas), no la fabricaron bien. wiyo: Check as to whether it is /wiwiyo:ni/ as on the file card, or ?/uwiyo:ni/. Perhaps it should be a long vowel, ?/wi:wiyo:ni/. Cf. Gram 1985 06-10.1. Cf. query with /wiyo:nia/. uwiyoka frequent Am wiwiyoka frequent Oa 00943 yenkwika:n yenkwika:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-ka:n place that is new; place that has returned to its original state or a new state lugar que es nuevo; lugar que ha regresado a su estado original o uno nuevo Am (~ <klam>suwa:tl</klam>) first wife (said of a divorced or deceased wife) (~ <klam>suwa:tl</klam>) primera esposa (dicho de una esposa divorciada o fallecida) Am yenkwi Check whether /tlayenkwika:n/ is also acceptable. Get examples and further define this word. 00944 tenextli tenextli tenextli tenextli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(x) lime cal Am, Oa stone te nex Check other possible meanings. Get example sentence. See if /-yo/ possessive form is OK. 00945 a:pi:si:hli a:pi:si:hli a:pi:si:hli a:pi:si:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 mist or spray; misty rain neblina o brizna Am, Oa Xok mlá:h kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok. Am It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down. Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más está cayendo una brizna fina. vapor or spray that comes in a window during a heavy rain neblina o brizna que entra por la ventana durante una fuerte lluvia a: pi:si:l Although <koa>a:pi:si:hli</koa> has been documented from Oapan, several speakers have indicated that this word is not used here. Rather, the term employed in Oapan is <kloa>a:kwe:xtli</kloa>. Whether or not <kamoa>pi:si:hli</kamoa>, the second element of <kamoa>a:pi:si:hli</kamoa> and <klam>xa:lpi:si:hli</klam> , should be considered a nominal root is unclear. For a list of words containing <kroot>pi:si:l</kroot>see RJC (p. 250). a:kwe:xtli synonym Am, Oa 00946 kochxi:xa nokochxi:xa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-b Only reflexive documented class-3a (refl.) to defecate while sleeping (refl.) defecar mientras uno duerme Am to defecate on (sb) in ones sleep defecar sobre (algn) al estar dormido Am kochi xi:xa Defecating in ones sleep is considered a <klam>te:tsa:wtli</klam> , bad omen; see <kam>te:tsa:wtli</kam>. Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. 00947 ikxitepachowa kikxitepachowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-[N-V2] V2-alt-wi No intransitive documented class-2b to drop a rock on the foot of dejar caer una piedra sobre el pie de Am O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. Am I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. Me apachuréel pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. kxi te pach 00948 i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik i:xte:mpa:chika:tik i:xte:mpa:chika:tik
22/Oct/2005
Adj (N-N)-Adj Adj-denom-tik to be completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed, leaving an empty or near-empty eye socket estar totalmente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o por una herida se quedómarchitado y físicamente deformado, dejando la cuenca del ojo vacío o casi vacío Am, Oa pa:chaka:tl i:x te:n pa:chaka: 00949 te:nka:wi:hli te:nka:wi:hli te:nka:wihli te:nka:wihli
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 leftovers (food) sobras (de una comida) Am, Oa te:n ka:wa te:nka:wihli; te:nka:yo:tl Determine any other meaning. Check length of final vowel. Recheck vowel length. I had the /i/ of /kwi/ short but during the elicitation session with C. Flores heard it long. I had previously thought that the Oa cognate had a short vowel here. This should be rechecked. te:nka:yo:tl synonym Am 00950 popoloxtla:katl popoloxtla:katl
09/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 man who mumbles and doesn't speak clearly hombre que habla mal, no pronunciando bien sus palabras, murmullando y balbaceando Am popoloxtik polo: tla:ka Check for /popoloxsowa:tl/. Compounding: Note that the combination of an adjective ending in /-tik/ with a noun is achieved through the elimation of the adjectival ending /-tik/ and direct compounding to the nominal stem. tla:kanenepoch synonym Oa 00951 tsi:npeto tsi:npeto
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>peto</spn> N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) piece of leather and small twig that is tied to a belt and placed at the small of ones back and from which a machete is hung pedazo de cuero y una pequeña ramita que se ata al cinturón y se coloca en la región baja de la espalda para que sobreél se cuelge un machete Am tsi:n The device is used in Oapan, but neither of my consultants at this time, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, could remember what it is called. Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 filecard. 00952 u:nkah u:nkah o:nkah u:nkah o:nkah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>kah</klamoa> for there to be something haber Am, Oa Ke:mah, o:nyes. Am Yes, there will be some (e.g., soda, beer, etc.). Si, va a haber (p. ej., refrescos, cerveza, etc.). O:nyes a:kin kinekis. Am There will be someone who wants to (do it). Habráalguien quien va a querer (hacerlo). kah See grammar for account of inflectional pattern and usage. Note that the tendency is for the vowel to be lower in the present form <kamoa>unkah</kamoa> than in the past (<kamoa>onkatka</kamoa>) or future (<kamoa>onyes</kamoa>). 00953 itipo:xatia itipo:xatia ítipó:xatiá itipo:xatia ítipó:xatiá
09/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>bolsa</spn>(?) No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, illness, etc.) quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, enfermedad, etc.) Am, Oa hti Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference. itipoti:xatia synonym Am 00954 sa:kah sa:kah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1 petate that has been rolled and tied into a tube with one end (the bottom) closed and that is used to transport grains petate enrollado y atado como tubo y cerrado a un lado (el fondo) y que se utiliza para transportar granos Am tool sa:kah <kam>Sa:kah</kam> might be derived from the verb <kam>saka</kam> , meaning 'to transport,' although the long vowel would seem to negate this. Recheck the vowel in /sa:kah/ and determine etymology if possible. Check for possible possessed form. petlasa:kah synonym Am petlako:xtal synonym Oa 00955 ti- tikalaki ti- tikalaki
11/Feb/2006
Pref(sub) Pref-sub see <kam>t-</kam> véase <kam>t-</kam> Am, Oa (before <kam>-mits</kam>) 1st-person subject prefix ('I') (antes de <kam>-mits</kam>) prefijo de sujeto de 1a. persona ('yo') Am Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis. Am I will cry for you when you die. Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras. In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as <kam>timits</kam> although one does also hear <kam>nimits-</kam>. Check on frequency of /nimits-/. 00956 kocha:xi:xa nokocha:xi:xa
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl/dif) S-[N-V2] V2-b Reflexive; different sense with specific object class-3a (refl.) to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping (refl.) orinar dormido en la cama Am O:nimokocha:xi:x, xe nisaya. Am I urinated in my sleep. I hadn't woken up yet. Orinémientras que dormía. Todavía no me había despertado. to urinate on (sb) in ones sleep orinar sobre (algn) al estar dormido Am O:ne:chkocha:xi:x nokone:w, ok pitentsi:n. Am My child urinated on me in his sleep, he's still little. Mi niño me orinómientras que estaba durmiendo, todavía es pequeño. koch a: xi:xa Urinating in ones sleep is considered a <klam>te:tsa:wtli</klam> , a bad omen. Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. koxtlapia:sowa synonym Oa 00957 xo:chio:tia kixo:chio:tia xo:chio:tia kixo:chio:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia Compl class-2a to embroider bordar (una tela con hilo) Am, Oa Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n. Am She will embroider her clothes. Va a bordar su ropa de mujer. a:matl tepalkatl la:soh xo:chi 00958 popoloka popoloka popoloka popoloka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[x][freq.] class-4a to babble; to mumble, to jumble ones words; to utter things that cannot be understood balbucear; murmullar; no hablar o pronunciar claro Am, Oa San xma:s tihkakis tli:n kitowa, popoloka. Am You won't be able to understand much of what he says, he babbles. No vas a poder entender bien lo que dice, no pronuncia bien. Xwel kipanki:xtia tlato:hli, san popoloka. Am He can't pronounce words well, he just makes babbling sounds. No puede pronunciar bien las palabras, solamente balbucea. sound-human polo: Although not documented in Ameyaltepec or Oapan (as yet), the verb <kam>polo:ni</kam> which would be expected from <kam>popoloka</kam> is given in Carochi (fol. 477); Molina gives only <kn>popoloni</kn> ; for further discussion, see <klam>popoloxtik</klam>. Determine entry for different ways of speaking, 'to speak in a high voice,' 'low voice,' etc.: /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. Make sure all sounds are properly coded as sound-human/animal/material. 00959 zzz This was a repeated entry for /yo:hlo/ and has been removed, with the information going to entry 726.
30/Jul/2005
 00960 kuwyoh kuwyoh kowyoh kowyoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-d-yoh (<kam>i:tik ~</kam>) woods; forest (lit., 'in an area full or covered with trees) (<kam>i:tik ~</kam>) bosque; selva (lit., 'en unaárea cubierta deárboles) Pending I:tik kowyoh nemi. Am It lives in the woods (i.e., in the wild). Vive en el bosque (esto es, es silvestre). I:tik kowyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl. Am People live in the woods, in the hills (or mountains). Gente vive en el bosque, en los cerros (o montañas). kow Check the correctness of /mlá:k kowyoh/ 'there are a real lot of trees' or /kuhioh/ as an adjective describing a location. 00961 tla:ni kitla:ni tla:ni kitla:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to defeat; to better or best (e.g., another person [O] in a game, a race, etc. [Obl], e.g., <kam>i:pan</kam> + [Noun]) ganar a; vencer a (p. ej., a algn [O] en una carrera, un juego, etc. [Obl]; p. ej., <kam>i:pan</kam> + [Sustantivo]) Am, Oa O:timistla:n! Am I beat you (e.g., in a race)! ¡Te gané(p. ej., en una carrera)! O:mistla:tla:n ipan iswatl! Am I got ahead of you each lap in stripping corn leaves off the stalks (i.e., getting ahead each time we reached the edge of the field having finished a group of three furrows)! ¡Te ganéuna vuelta tras otra en el zacateo (esto es, iba adelante cada vez que salíamos a la orilla de la milpa después de haber zacateado un grupo de tres surcos)! Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. Am He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. to earn (a wage or other sort of remuneration) ganar (un sueldo o pago, u otro tipo de remuneración) Am, Oa We:i tiktla:ni pa:mpa tite:maxtia. Am You earn a lot because you teach. Ganas mucho porque enseñas. Notla:ni a:chitsi:n. Am The pay is poor. Se gana poco (de sueldo). (recipr.; or refl. + <kam>-wa:n</kam>) to compete with (each other); or bet against (each other); to compete with; to bet against (recipr.; or refl. + <kam>-wa:n</kam>) hacer competencia o apostar (entre si); hacer competencia o apostar con Am, Oa Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis. Am He will beat you if you compete (have a contest) with him. Te va a ganar si haces competencia conél. Iwa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah. Tihkwenti:s. Am Have a contest with him racing. You'll beat him. échate una carrera conél. Le vas a ganar. Ma timotla:nika:n kamanon wa:hla:s. Am Let's bet over when he will come. Vamos a apostar sobre cuando va a venir. (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to contest back and forth; to litigate over the long term; to dispute or argue back and forth (e.g., two people insulting each other, first one and then the other) (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar, litigar, primero ganando uno y después otro; discutir uno contra otro (p. ej., dos personas insultándose, primero uno y despúes otro) Pending Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian. Am We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement). Estamos discutiendo, alegando uno y después otro, no nos podemos arreglar. Notla:tla:ntoyan ika tla:hli Oapan iwa:n San Miguel. Am Oapan and San Miguel were in dispute over land for a long time. Oapan y San Miguel litigaban sobre terreno por un largo tiempo. Notla:tla:ntokeh ika tlato:hli. Am They are arguing back and forth. Están discutiendo, primero uno y después otro. Notla:tla:ntokeh, itlah tli:no:n nokwi:kwi:lian. Am They are fighting back and forth, over something that they are struggling over (i.e., taking one from the other, time after time). Están discutiendo uno contra otro, sobre algo que toman una y otra vez, primero uno y después el otro. (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to seesaw back and forth (e.g., loads placed on each side of a beast of burden) (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) oscilar de un lado a otro, o arriba y abajo (p. ej., cargas colocadas por cada lado de una bestia) Pending Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikohtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k. Am The firewood (loaded on both side of a donkey) seesaws back and forth, one side is heavier. La leña (cargada por los dos lados de un burro) sube y baja, un lado estámás pesado. to get the best of (e.g., a task or chore [S] of a person [O]) vencer; ganar (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo [S] a una persona [O]) Pending Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n. Am Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me. ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarren, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó. O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k. Am The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried. La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitóen varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla. Nomi:l sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, yo:ne:chtla:n, yo:wa:k. Am My cornfield is just turning reddish, it's gotten the better of me, it's dried up. Mi milpa se estáquedando rojizo, me ganó, se secó. tla:ni In many cases the type of activity in which one person did better than another, or in which two people raced, etc. is indicated by an oblique nominal phrase: <kam>Nite:tla:ni i:pan iswatekilistli</kam> 'I beat people (I am better than others) in the <spn>zacateo</spn>, or <kam>Notla:tla:ntoyan i:ka tla:hli Oapan i:wa:n San Marcos</kam> ' The verb <kam>tla:ni</kam> has not been documented with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> but only with <kn>te:-</kn>, the reflexive markers, and the specific object markers. In the phrase /Notla:tla:ntokeh tlikuhtli, sehka:n ma:s yetí:k/ I originally had /se:ka:n/. This should be checked. Check whether /tla-/ can be used in any circumstances. /te:-/; /tla-/: Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to be rechecked, and may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check. /te:-/; /tla-/: Note that the verb /tla:ni/ has only been documented with specific and reflexive prefixes and with the nonspecific marker /te:-/, but not with /tla-/. This needs to be rechecked, and may relate to the fact that the object is usually +human. But what about a horse that is faster than all the rest: /te:tla:ni/ or /tlatla:ni/? check. kwentia equivalent Am tla:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 00962 tekwi:ntlakali kitekwi:ntlakali tekwí:ntlakáli tekwi:ntlakali kitekwí:ntlakáli
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-b class-3a yes-lex to throw down hard to the ground (e.g., as a child might do to himself in a temper tantrum) aventar con fuerza a la tierra (p. ej., como un niño podría hacerse durante un ataque de berrinche) Am, Oa Notetekwi:ntlakali un burroh, o:pe:w kwalo. Am That donkey has started throwing himself down hard to the ground (once and once again), he's started to get sick. Ese burro ya empezóa aventarse al suelo, empezóa enfermarse. tekwi: tlahkali Compounding. Reduplication. In this case note the compound form /tekwi:n + tlakali/. The second element is a verb, so there is not much difficulty here. However, the first element, /tekwi:n/, is quite clearly the shortened form of /tekwi:ni/. It is much the same in this compound as /koch-/ is in certain other compounds. Yet the precise reason, basis, or semantic implications of this compounding is unclear. 00963 xa:yakatsotson xa:yakatsotson
09/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-N(ap) N-ap Lex. rdp-s to have facial hair; to be bearded tener pelo sobre la cara; ser barbudo Am xa:yakatsotsoneh xa:yaka tson Apocopated adjectives: Note that in general it is difficult to determine whether certain apocopated forms are nouns or adjectives. This is the case with /xa:yakatsotson/. It is apparently the shortened form of /xa:yakatsotsoneh/, which is clearly a noun given that /-eh/ forms can be possessed, at least theoretically although in the case of /xa:yakatsotsoneh/ there is no possessed form (but cf. /noto:pi:leka:w/). Consult with Launey about this question. xa:yaká:tsonéh synonym Oa 00964 tlakpatatli tlakpatatli tlahpátatlí tlahpatatli tlahpátatlí
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex stepfather padrastro Am, Oa kin tlakpa tah The Spanish version of RS mistakenly has 'suegro' (father-in-law) for <kam>tlakpatatli</kam> ; Molina has 'padrastro' for this same word. In general the significations of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl words beginning with <kn>tlakpa-</kn> are in accord with the definitions given by Molina. 00965 tekwisitli tekwisitli tekwísitlí tekwísitlí
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex crab cangrejo del río Am, Oa animal marine tekwisih tekwisiri natural Am 00966 ye:skatl i:ye:skayo
11/Feb/2006
yesca N N-loan Stem 2 rotten and powdery interior of a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside parte interior pudrido y polvorizado de un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro Am Xoh kipia iyo:l chika:wak, san puro iye:skah, iye:skayo. Am It no longer has hard heartwood, it has only its rotten interior, its interior of powdery wood. Ya no tiene su madera del corazón duro, solamente tiene un interior pudrido, un interior hecho polvo. Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skatl, pala:nki yes itik. Am It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. It surely has powdery wood inside, it's bound to be rotten inside. No estábien (una rama cortada de unárbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Tendrámadera pulvorizada adentro, ha de estar podrido por adentro. ye:ska <kam>Ye:skatl</kam> is formed in wooden branches and trunks when water gets into the interior and starts rotting the wood out on the inside, leaving a narrow ring of hard and good wood on the exterior. Both <kam>ye:skah</kam> and <kam>ye:skatl</kam> have been documented in the corpus as the unpossessed form. Likewise, consultants have given the possessed as <kam>iye:skah</kam> , <kam>iye:skaw</kam> , and <kam>iye:skayo</kam> (Am; Oa would have a long initial <kn>i:-</kn>). It is not clear whether one is more correct than the other. The reason for these irregularities is undoubtedly the origin of this word as a Spanish loan. ye:skah synonym Am 00967 tekomo:ntok tekomo:ntok tekomo:ntok tekomo:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat V1-Stat Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> Durative to be puffed up; to be flared out estar inflado Pending Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kechtlan. Am The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff. Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños. to be fully branched with a large, leafy and luxurious crown (a tree) estar con muchas ramas y la copa frondosa (unárbol) Oa tlake:ntli kwa:k nosowa terra:yah kwa:k htlakalis te- komo: Again, determine whether /komo:ntok/ is correct in the above instance. Also, make a determination whether /komo:ntok/, /komo:ni/, /komo:nia/, etc. should be distinguished by a different entry from /tekomo:ntok/, /tekomo:ni/, /tekomo:nia/, etc. Note the use of /komo:ni/ and related words to deal with things that are large and puffed out, e.g., dresses, turkeys, trees, etc. Check full range. 00968 -tsitsi:nteh -tsitsi:nteh kwaltsitsi:nteh -te:tsi:ntih tsitsi:ntih kwalte:tsi:ntih
11/Feb/2006
Suf(adj) Suf-adjval Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) plural of the diminutive adjectival suffix <kamoa>-tsi:n</kamoa> plural del sufijo adjectival diminutivo <kamoa>-tsi:n</kamoa> Am, Oa -tsi:n -tsi:n Apparently in Oapan the reduced reduplicative form <koa>te:tsi:ntih</koa> is more common than <koa>tsitsi:ntih</koa>, particularly among the more recent generations, but this will need to be further researched before any definitive statement can be made. The form <koa>te:tsi:ntih</koa> manifests vowel lengthening on the"dummy morpheme" <kn>te-</kn>, which lengthens in assuming the function of a reduplicant based on the stem. 00969 i:xmon to:nahli i:xmon to:nahli i:xmon to:nahli i:xmon to:nahli
24/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 3 rays of the sun that sometimes appear filtering through the clouds rayos del sol que a veces aparecen filtrándose a través de las nubes Am, Oa Yo:pe:w notla:lia i:xmon to:nahli Am The rays of the sun (filtering through the clouds) have started to appear. Los rayos del sol (filtrándose a través de las nubes) han empezado a aparecer. Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli. Am When there is a cloud cover, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering through. Cuando el cielo estátapado de nubes, se ven filtrándose los rayos del sol. Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli. Am The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds). Los rayos del sol están filtrándose hacia abajo (a través de las nubes). weather i:x mon to:na This lexical item refers to the rays that are visible either above or below the sun, depending on the position of the clouds, when the sun is partially behind them. Most often, however, they point toward the ground. Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. 00970 tlama:tsowahli tlama:tsowahli tlama:tsowahli tlama:tsowahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 taco; tortilla that has been folded over in half while hot, (often with chile, beans, or some other item sprinkled inside taco; tortilla doblada cuando caliente (que a menudo tiene algo como chile, frijoles, u otra cosa echada adentro) Am, Oa Ni:n se: tlama:tsowahli o:ne:chmak. Am He didn't give me even one taco. Ni un taco me dió. ma:ts Make sure that possessed form is acceptable as I have indicated in the /infn field. 00971 zzz This used to be /chi:hli de wa:ktli/ but has been eliminated for /chi:lwa:ktli/
30/Jul/2005
 00972 xali:toh xali:toh xali:toh xali:toh
11/Feb/2006
xales N N-b N1/2; Aln(1=2) small pieces of fried pork rinds xales, pedazos de piel de marrano frita Am, Oa This should be distinguished from <kam>chicharrón</kam> , which refers to large pieces of fried pork rinds. 00973 ikxitlake:ntli ikxitlake:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) (rare) sock (raro) calcetín Am stockings medias (de mujer) Pending kxi ke:m Check meaning as 'sock.' The first meaning above, however, was checked. ixitlaké:sohlóh confer Oa 00974 weka:wi:tia kweka:wi:tia 'wika:wí:tia kíwika:wí:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to delay; to make (sb) take a long time, to occupy for a long time (sb, e.g., a task o chore [S]) demorar; entretener (a algn); ocupar por un buen rato (a algn, p. ej., un trabajo o tarea [S]) Pending Pipi:nki un kohtli. Xwel niktlapa:na, ne:chweka:wi:ti:s. Am That wood (in this case firewood being chopped) is tough. I can't split it, it will keep me occupied for a long time. Esa madera (en este caso leña para partir) es resistente. No lo puedo partir, me va a entretener mucho tiempo. weka: Cristino Flores accepted both <kam>kweka:witia</kam> and <kam>kiweka:wi:tia</kam>. Check p-a pattern of Oa form weka:wi verb_base Am 00975 tete:mowilia kitete:mowilia téte:mowília tete:mowilia kí:te:mowília
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes to look for or search for (sth) for buscar (algo) para Am, Oa Niktete:mowili:s, xnikelna:miki ka:no:n o:ntla:lih. Am I'm going to look for it for him, I don't remember where I put it down. Se lo voy a buscar, no me acuerdo donde lo puse. to divine for (with cards, maize and copal, etc., particularly in reference to divining to find the location of lost animal that had been let out to graze) adivinar para; echar suertes para (con maíz y copal, con cartas, etc.; particularmente para determinar la ubicación de un animal perdido que había sido dejado en el campo) Am, Oa Xne:xtete:mowili -=xne:xtete:moli- noyo:lka:w! Am Divine (the location of) my animal for me! ¡Adivina (donde está) mi animal para mí! Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo. Am He is a diviner, he knows how to read fortunes from things tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your family, about the source of his illness. Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal en un plato de agua) para buscarle a un pariente tuyo la razón con que estáenfermo. (usually with an extraverse directional) to look for (an animal) in the hills or plains for (see <klam>tlate:mowilia</klam>) (generalmente con una direccional extraversa) sabanear para; buscar (un animal, en las montañas o llanos) para (véase <klam>tlate:mowilia</klam>) Pending Xne:xtete:mowili:ti -=xne:xtete:moli:ti- noyo:lka:w! Am Go look for my animal (left grazing or lost) for me! ¡Ve a sabanear por mi animal para mí! te:m-2- In the sense of 'to divine' <kam>(tla)tete:mowilia</kam> is the same as <kam>(tla)tete:molia</kam>. A phrase with <kam>tete:mowilia</kam> and a specific object (the benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in the mountains or plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional. For further explanation, see <klam>tlate:mowilia</klam>. When the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> is used the unreduplicated base applicative verb is used to mean 'sabanear para' whereas the reduplicated form (<kam>tlatete:mowilia</kam>) is used for the general act of divination. Get both forms in the entry for digital sound: /kite:mowa/ 'he misses him' and /kitete:mowa/ 'he looks for him.' Directionals: In the sense of 'to divine' <kam>(tla)tete:mowilia</kam> is the same as <kam>(tla)tete:molia</kam>. A phrase with <kam>tete:mowilia</kam> and a specific object (the benefactive) will often have the meaning of 'to divine for' if there is no directional, but with a directional it takes on the sense of 'sabanear,' i.e., 'to (go) look (in the mountains or plains) for an animal (or animals) of someone.' This is a good example of how the primary interpretation of a predication may change with a directional. Distinguish <kam>te:m</kam> from another <kam>te:m</kam> related to lips, borders, filling, etc. tlate:mowilia val_reduce1 Am, Oa tlatete:mowilia val_reduce1 Am tlá:te:mowília val_reduce1 Oa te:mowa verb_base Am tete:molia synonym Am 00976 a:pe:to i:a:pe:to
11/Feb/2006
apetito N N-loan N2 stomach estómago Am O:te:n ia:pe:to. Am He's had his fill Ya se llenó(de comer). body human According to Gabriel de la Cruz, from whom I did not hear this word, this is a derivation from the Sp. <kam>apetito</kam>. It is a recent introduction and is used jokingly (as in the illustrative phrase) to mean 'stomach.' Check for final /-h/. 00977 te:teh te:teh te:teh i:te:teh
11/Feb/2006
Baby N-bb Lex. rdp-l beddy-bye! ¡camita! Am, Oa Mote:teh nia:mah! Oa Beddy-bye mi child! ¡Acuéstate mi hijo(a)! te:ka This word can be used in various forms. In Oapan <koa>To no: mote:teh!</koa> '¡Tútambién acuéstate!'. In Ameyaltepec one can use an imperative: <kam>Xmote:teh ne:neh!</kam> 'Go lie down little sibling!'. <kam>Te:teh</kam> follows the form of words used in speaking to babies and young children: long vowel reduplication of a CVCV root, the deletion of the root-final syllable, and a final /h/. As with other command-like words used with children, there are several equivalent alternate forms. Here <kam>te:teh</kam> , <kam>mote:teh</kam> , and <kam>xmote:teh</kam> are all equivalent. It is often said to a young child who is starting to sit up, for example in a hammock or bed. It is probably derived from <klam>te:ka</klam> although it may be related to <klam>te:ma</klam>. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1. Note that the Oapan elicited form /i:te:teh/ is probably a very infelicitous choice of possessive prefixes. Change this in the future. 00978 tli:lkuwatl tli:lkuwatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of snake, as yet unidentified; lit. 'black snake' tipo de culebra, todavía no identificada; lit. 'culebra negra' Am Kanah u:nkah kowatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl, kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l. Kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli. Am In some places there is a snake that drinks your blood. It is called a <kam>tli:lkowatl</kam>. It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood. En algunos lugares hay una culebra que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman <kam>tli:lkowatl</kam>.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre. snakes tli:l kowa It is unclear whether this is a real type of snalke or one that is just imagined. 00979 nexi:ko:leh nexi:ko:leh nexi:ko:leh nexi:ko:leh
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-eh Nom. <kn>ne-</kn> N1 person who is selfish, self-centered o egotistic persona que es egoísta Am, Oa Nexi:ko:leh, tli:n kipia xkite:tlane:wtia. Am He is selfish, what he has he doesn't lend out (i.e., he wants to be the only one who has it). Es egoísta, lo que tiene no lo quiere prestar (esto es, quiere ser elúnico quien lo tenga). Nexi:ko:leh, xkineki ma tlanamakalo. Am He is selfish, he doesn't want any selling to take place (e.g., in a market place where he has rights, he wants to be the only one selling). Es egoísta, no quiere que haya venta (p. ej., en un mercado donde tiene derecho a vender,él quiere ser elúnico vendiendo). person who is envious or jealous (e.g., of the success, wealth, good fortune, etc., of others) persona envidiosa o celeosa (p. ej., deléxito, dinero, suerte, etc., de otros) Am, Oa emotions xi:ko <kam>Nexi:ko:leh</kam> refers to a person who is selfish, particularly one who refuses to let others share a certain materal object or right (such as a permit to sell in a given location). Thus a person who refuses to lend out something that another person needs, or who uses his influence to prevent others from obtaining permits to sell is called <kam>nexi:ko:leh</kam>. It might refer to someone who has a nice house and doesn't want others to build equally nice homes. Or it can be used to refer to someone who begrudges the success of others, who sees others who have made money, have a lot of friends, etc. and is jealous. The derivation of <kam>nexi:ko:l</kam> is clearly related to the verb <kam>xi:kowa</kam> plus the reflexive prefix <kn>ne-</kn>, used here to refer to changes that affect the emotions or physical state of a person. Possessor with -wah and -eh: Note that care should be taken to mention that the forms ending in /-wah/ and /-eh/ often function as"adjectives." 00980 sasa:lik xiwtli sasa:lik xiwtli sasa:lih xihtli sasa:lih xihtli sasa:lik xiwtle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s Stem 1(w) any of several types of weeds with burrs that stick to ones clothes cualquier de varias plantas, malezas con púas que se pega a la ropa Am, Oa Sasa:lik xiwtli | San para ma kasi mopantaló:n, noso ikwe suwa:tl ka:n nowi:tian, ka:n pixkan. Am <kam>Sasa:lik xiwtli</kam> : It's only good for getting on pants, or on women's skirts where they pass through (a field), where they harvest. <kam>Sasa:lik xiwtli</kam> : Solamente sirve para pegarse a los pantalones, a las faldas de las mujeres por donde pasan (en el campo), donde cosechan. plant xiwtli sa:l xiw 00981 e:kchi:wilia ke:kchi:wilia e:hchi:wilia ke:hchi:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a see <klam>ye:kchi:wilia</klam> véase <klam>ye:kchi:wilia</klam> Am, Oa e:k chi:wa Given that the historically epenthetic /y/ is maintained after the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> (and in the nominal form <klam>ye:ktli</klam>) this verb is found under <klam>ye:kchi:wilia</klam>. e:kchi:wa verb_base Am e:hchi:wa verb_base Oa 00982 sehka:n sehka:n séhneká:n séhneká:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-ka:n N(loc) yes (in or at) one place (en) un solo lugar Am, Oa San sehka:n u:nkah. Am There is some in only one place. Solamente un lugar hay. (<kn>san</kn> ~) in one place (together) (<kn>san</kn> ~) en un lugar (juntos) Pending San sehka:n ticha:nti, ni:n se: nokone:w noxelowa. Am We live (together) in one place, not even one of my children has separated. Vivimos (juntos) en un solo lugar, ni uno de mis hijos se ha apartado. sem -ka:n 00983 tlako:lo:hli tlako:lo:hli tlako:lo:hli tlako:lo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 hillside field that is cleared, planted, and worked by hand (i.e., with a <klam>witso:ktli</klam> and not with a plow) terreno sobre una cuesta que se limpia, se siembra, y se trabajo a mano (esto es, con un <klam>witso:ktli</klam> y no con arado y yunta) Pending tlako:l tla:hli; agriculture Check vowel length. 00984 ikxiweyakilia nokxiweyakilia ixiwiyakilia noxiwiyakilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia Only documented in reflexive; no intransitive documented *ikxiweyakia class-2a (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna Am, Oa Xmokxiweyakili, ma:ka tikxikohtias! Am Stretch out your leg, don't let it get stiff! !Enderézate la pierna; quéno se te vaya a agarrotear! kxi weya Determine whether intransitive and adjectival exist: /ikxiweyakia/ and /ikxiweyak/. Check for reduplication. With this and other words with the root /we:ya/ reanalize to determine whether root should be /we:ya/, /we:i/, /we:iya/, etc. iximela:wa synonym Oa 00985 itilia kitilia itilia kitilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to see (sth) on or in the possession of (e.g., a missing object seen on or in the possession of sb); to notice about (a person, e.g., that a certain person has particular skills or has done a specific task) verle (algo) a (p. ej., verle o descubirle un objeto perdido o robado en la posesión de otra persona); fijarse en (algo) sobre (una persona, p. ej., que tiene una cierta habilidad o que ha hecho algo en particular) Am, Oa O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis. Am I've noticed it (in this case a certain ability) with others. Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn. Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, he de aprender. O:nikitilih noperó:l. O:mpoloka, o:niki:xmat. Am I saw him with my metal water container. I had lost it, I recognized it. Le vi mi perol. Lo había perdido, lo reconocí. San tikchi:wa ihkón pa:mpa o:tine:chitilih. Am You just do it that way because you saw it (being done that way) by me. Solamente asílo haces porque me lo viste así. O:timitsitilih wa:n o:nikwelitak tli:n o:tike:kchi:w. ihkón nikchi:wili:s. Am I saw it about you (in this case sth you made) and I liked what you made. I will do it the same way. Te lo vi (en este caso algo que fabricaste) y me gustólo que hiciste. Asímero le voy a hacer. to see or take a look at (sth) for (i.e., the benefit of sb) verle (algo) a (algn y en su beneficio) Am, Oa Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian. Am He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he is looking for). Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que estábuscando). to look at (sth) for (sb; with a directional: to go/come take a look at sth for sb) examinar o echar una mirada a (algo) para (algn; con una direccional: ir/venir a ver algo para algn) Pending Xmotili:ti tla: tikneki! Am Go take a look at it for yourself if you want! ¡Ve a verlo para ti mismo si quieres! Newa xnikaxilia. Tewa xn:echonitili! Am I don't have time. You go take a look at it for me! A míno me alcanza el tiempo,¡Tu ve a verlo para mí! to figure out (sth about sth); to solve a problem in regard to descifrar (algo sobre algo); solucionarle (algo en referencia a algo o algn) Pending Xekitilia. Xki:sa. Am He hasn't figured it out yet (i.e., the proper way to make something, to paint, etc.). It (what he does) doesn't turn out right. Todavía no le ve la manera (p. ej., cómo pintar, hacer algo, etc.). No sale. ta Check and change all occurrences of /wa:n/ to /wan/ if a short vowel is definitely determine to exist here. ita verb_base Am, Oa 00986 wa:xka:tl a:xka:tl i:wa:xka
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 see <klam>a:xka</klam> véase <klam>a:xka</klam> Am a:xka 00987 tlakachikas tlakachikas tlákachíkas tlakachikas tlákachékas tlákachékas
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal-evid yes-lex see <klamoa>tlakah</klamoa>; <klam>chika</klam> véase <klamoa>tlakah</klamoa>; <klam>chika</klam> Am, Oa tlakah tlakah chika The pitch-accent in the Oapan form <koa>tlákachékas</koa> is a reflex of the underlying final {h} in <koa>tlakah</koa>. 00988 yo:lkaxa:ni yo:lkaxa:ni yo:lkaxa:ni yo:lkaxa:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Determine transitive form class-3a to easily break down; to be weak of heart or spirit; to be overly sensitive (and easily intimidated into a change of heart) perder luego luego elánimo; ser débil del espíritu; ser sensitivo (al grado de que fácilmente cambia de idea) Am, Oa Yo:lkaxa:ni. Niman yo:lkaxa:ni kwa:k kawan, niman noyo:lkukwa noso cho:ka, noso tlayo:koya. Am He is sensitive. He breaks down right away when scolded, right away he feels hurt, or he cries, or he gets sad. Es sensible. Luego luego pierde elánimo cuando lo regañan, luego luego le duele el corazón, o llora, o se pone triste. yo:l kaxa: 00989 tlasotla kitlasotla 'tlasótla tlasotla kítlasótla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tla class-4a yes-lex to cherish apreciar Am, Oa Yewa nikpia de xina:xtli. Niktlasotla. Am That one (e.g., a pig, goat, donkey, cow, etc.) I keep to produce offspring. I cherish it. Ese (p. ej., una marrana, chiva, burra, vaca, etc.) tengo para cria. Lo aprecio mucho. to be careful not to waste (e.g., sth that is scarce, such as water during the dry season) cuidar mucho para no desperdiciar (p. ej., algo que escasea, como agua durante la temporada de secas) Am, Oa Kitlasotla a:tl, xoh kiawi. Am He is careful not to waste water, it doesn't rain anymore. Tiene cuidado de no desperdiciar agua, ya no llueve. to love (e.g., a child, spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, etc.) amar; querer (p. ej., un niño, esposo o esposa, novio o novia, etc.) Am, Oa In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either <kam>kítlasótla</kam> or <kam>kitlásotlá</kam> , although on shift of high pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in <kn>-ti</kn> : <klam>tlasoti</klam>. tlasoh In Oapan pitch accent can fall on either the prefix or first syllable of the verb stem (i.e., either <kam>kítlasótla</kam> or <kam>kitlásotlá</kam> , although on shift of high pitch-accent to prefix is apparently more common. The intransitive cognate to this verb ends in <kn>-ti</kn> : <klam>tlasoti</klam>. 00990 iyo:te:mi iyo:te:mi íyo:té:mi iyo:te:mi íyo:té:mi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-mi Compl class-3a(m) yes-lex to fill with air llenarse con aire Am, Oa (vulg.) for ones belly to swell up (e.g., a pregant woman) (vulg.) hincharsele la barriga a (p. ej., a una mujer embarazada) Pending A:man xkita! Melá:h kwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli. Am Take a look at her! Her belly is swollen up! You wouldn't have thought it, but it's just because she's pregnant. ¡Véla!¡Su barriga estábien hinchanda! No lo hubieras pensado, pero es simplemente por estar embarazada. hyo: te:m Remove reference to pregnancy which is a"burla." 00991 mihka:siwi mihka:siwi míhkasíwi mihkasiwi míhkasíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b ~Caus class-3a(w) yes-lex to have an alergic reaction characterized by red itchy spots on ones skin tener alergias caracterizado por un sarpullido o mal de la piel con ronchas rojas que escocen; hervor de sangre; alergia Am, Oa Mihkasiwi. Kekexkia. Nakokwi itla:kayo. Poso:ni itlaka:yo. Am He has a skin rash called <kam>mihkasiwi</kam>. He itches. His skin puffs up. His skin pops up. Tiene un sarpullido llamado <kam>mihkasiwi</kam>. Tiene comezón. Se alza su piel. Se le salen bolitas. disease miki hsi The type of skin disease is like a rash from an allergy, the rash appears as large raised patches on ones skin. Some Ameyaltepec speakers will pronounce this word as <kam>mehkasiwi</kam>. The Nahuatl-speaking nurse in the Oapan clinic translated this word as 'alergia.' Apparently <kam>mihkasiwi</kam> derives from the participial form of <kn>miki</kn> compounded with <kn>ihsiwi</kn>, as suggested by the pitch-accent in Oapan <koa>míhkasíwi</koa>. The initial {h} of the final root {hsiwi} would account for the short /a/ in a participial form that usually has a long /a:/ in this position. Check for {h} in cognate dialects (e.g., ?mihkahsiwi). In one note I have recorded that the /a/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that this might be the result of underlying {-hsiwi} with vowel shortening before the reflex of the glottal stop. Cf. Gram 1986-06-06.1. Recheck vowel length. Check for absence of causative/transitive. Word seems to have long /a:/ in Am and short in Oapan. Check. For the cure of this, see Flk 1984- 03-12.1. Check /a/ Check for /h/. 00992 tlampapatiltik tlampapatiltik tlá:mpatíltik tlá:mpatíltik
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik yes-rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) to have crooked teeth tener los dientes chuecos Am, Oa to have the teeth crooked (as in a wood saw) tener los dientes chuecos (p. ej., una sierra para madera) Pending tlan patil Given the semantics of this compound, i.e., that crookedness of teeth implies more than one tooth, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal root. Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases. 00993 ikxikelo:ni ikxikelo:ni ixikelo:ni ixikelo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-ni Apparently no transitive from class-3a to severely strain (but not dislocate) ones leg or foot torcersele duro o fuertemente la pierna o pie (pero no hasta luxarse) Oa Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n. Oa Pull on my leg for me, I sprained it badyly it. Jálame la pierna, se me torciófuertemente. kelo:ni kxi kelo: Although at one point some consultants from Ameyaltepec gave the meaning of <kamoa>kelo:ni</kamoa> as 'to dislocate' (a bone, that gets out of socket), Florencia Marcelino mentioned that <kamoa>kelo:ni</kamoa> refers to a severe strain but not dislocation. Many speakers would illustrate the meaning of <kam>ikxikelo:ni</kam> by illustrating the movement of a donkeys foot as it gets doubled back upon landing on an uneven surface, getting severely sprained but not dislocated or broken. Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc. 00994 zzz Here the word /to:chia:yotl/ or /to:cha:yo:tl/ (Oapan) has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 00995 -ki xtlakwa:ki -ki xtlakwa:ki
11/Feb/2006
Suf Dir inverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes direccional inverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo Am, Oa This suffix, which has a plural <kam>-kin</kam> in Ameyaltepec and <koa>-kih</koa> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <klamoa>-ko</klamoa>and <klamoa>-ko:ya</klamoa>. 00996 te:nmotsi:ni te:nmotsi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni No transitive form documented Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>te:ntemotsi:ni</kam> class-3a (with long vowel reduplication) for ones lips to crack (e.g., from the cold) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) agrietarsele los labios a (p. ej., del frío) Am O:nite:mo:motsi:n, ke:n se:wa. Am My lips have cracked, how cold it is! Se me agrietaron los labios,¡quéfrío hace! (with long vowel reduplication) for the edge of to show light cracks on its surface (e.g., a ceramic bowl) (con reduplicacion de vocal larga) agrietarse por la orilla (p. ej., un plato de cerámica) Am, Oa O:te:mo:motsi:n notepalkaw, o:ne:xtla:n, o:te:nwa:k. Am The edge of my ceramic bowl has cracked here and there over its surface, it's gotten the better of me, its edge dried. La superficie de la orilla de mi plato hondo de cerámica se agreitóen varios lugares, me ganó, se le secósu orilla. te:n motsi: As with most verbs containing the element <kam>motsi:ni</kam> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. Note that in Ameyaltepec the double nasal reduces in rapid speech. Check form with /te-/: /te:ntemotsi:ni/. Check the two types of reduplication and different circumstances; also check the potential subjects of each type of reduplication. Check both types of reduplication and potential subjects; complete study. 00997 te:ntsonwe:weyak te:ntsonwe:weyak te:ntsonwe:weyak te:ntsonwe:wiyak te:ntsonwe:weyak
09/Feb/2006
Adj (N-N)-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Lex. rdp-l to be long-bearded tener la barba larga Am, Oa te:n tson weya Check the length of the reduplicated syllable here and in all other words with /weweyak/. Check in Oapan/Ameyaltepec re the possibility of using /te-/. te:ntsonkukwa:ch confer Am 00998 nakastekopi:na kinakastekopi:na nakastekopi:na kinakastekopi:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni No intransitive form documented. Lex. <kn>te-</kn> class-3a to pull the handles off of (a jug or other objects that have"ears") quitarle las"orejas"de (un jarro, jarra, cántaro, etc., objetos que tienen"orejas") Oa (fig.) to pull strongly on the ear of (fig) arrancarle un oreja a Pending nakas kopi: Determine whether form without intensifier can occur; also whether an intransitive exists (and what it would mean). Determine all material objects that have"ears"which can be pulled off. 00999 zzz I originally had /kexsasawati/ meaning 'ponerse ronco'; however, during the recording it was apparently established that this is an error and it should be /kexsasawak noka:wa/ or some similar phrase.
24/Oct/2005
 01000 kwitlapepenke:tl kwitlapepenke:tl kwitlá:penké:tl kwitlá:penké:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) person who gathers up dried 'cow pies' for use in firing ceramics persona que pepena estiercol de ganado para cocer cerámica Am, Oa kwitla pena 01001 zzz This used to be an entry for /a:uska:n/ as an alternative pronunciation of /a:wiska:n/, but it is apparently incorrect and has been deleted.
30/Jul/2005
 01002 yzzz kohchichi kohchichi
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap N1 stud; hot to trot (a man); horney (a man); having many lovers (a man) cogelón; con muchos amantes (un hombre) Am Kuwchichi katka, miák ikone:wa:n. Am He used to be a real stud, he has a lot of children. Era un cogelón, tiene muchos hijos. child who is nimble in climbing trees, even those with few branches niño que es adepto a subir losárboles, aun ellos sin muchas ramas Am, Oa kow chichi In Ameyaltepec <kam>kuwchichi</kam> has a sexual connotation; it refers to a man who, like a dog, is always looking to have sexual intercourse. No such sense is present in the Oapan use of this word. Note that on one file card I have recorded that this word can be applied to both men and women; however, this should be checked. I have removed /kuwchichi/ the Am word from the lexicon given its sexual connotations. The Oapan word has been kept for now. Noun incorporation: /kuhchichi/. Note here one explanation might be from /ikuh chichi/ that has been nominalized. However, it might be that it is the second noun that performs a modifying function: /nikuhchichi/ would, therefore, be an example of possessor raising (subject = possessor) and the second noun functions to modify, i.e. the"type"of penis (dog-like). 01003 tlaxkahli tlaxkahli tlaxkahli tlaxkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 tortilla tortilla Am, Oa Xwel kikwa tlaxkahli. Am He can't eat (doesn't like to eat) tortillas. No puede comer (no le gusta comer) tortillas. (<kam>kokoyo:nki</kam> ~) type of tortilla in which the surface is pinched and the top sprinked with salt and, sometimes, chile sauce (called <spn>picada</spn> in Spanish) (<kam>kokoyo:nki</kam> ~) picada, tipo de tortilla con la superficie picada (pellizcada) y cubierto con sal y, a menudo, salsa de chile Pending food-maize ixka Reduplication; metaphor: note the reduplicated form of /tlaxkahli/ to signify the fungus that grows on trees. Check whether this is used to refer to the leaves of certain nopal cacti. tlatlaxkahli confer Am 01004 iwiá:n iwiá:n iwiá:n iwiá:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-ap pl. <kn>iwia:meh</kn> sharp, clever, or intelligent listo, abusado o inteligente Pending Xtiwia:meh. Am We're not sharp. No somos listos. Xiwiá:n nokone:w. Am My kid's dumb. Mi hijo es menso. Meláiwiá:n, sana:man weli. Am He is really sharp, he learns right away. De veras es muy listo (dotado), aprende luego luego. to be well advanced (a cornfield that is growing) estar avanzado (una milpa al crecer) Pending Ye iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l. Am My cornfield is taking off (i.e. its grown up, its pretty high). Va bien mi milpa (ya creció, ya estáalta). Xe iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l, selik. Am My cornfield is not yet advanced, it is still young. Todavía no estáavanzada mi milpa, estáverde. iwia:n Etymology uncertain; check. Also check length of initial vowel and categorization. 01005 xokochi:hli xokochi:hli xokochi:hli xokochi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of chile sauce made with wild plums tipo de salsa de chile hecho con ciruelas silvestres Am, Oa food xoko chi:l <kamoa>Xokochi:hli</kamoa> is prepared by toasting the chile on a griddle and then grinding it up. Wild plums that have been cooked in boiling water are then added to the chile sauce. Any type of chile will do. Check whether /xokochi:lmo:hli/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. Check for posssessed form. xokochi:lmo:hli synonym Oa 01006 tambori:stoh tambori:stoh tambole:roh tambole:roh
22/Oct/2005
tamborista; tambor N N-loan N1 drummer who plays the big round (bass) drum (the <spn>tambora</spn>) tamborista, persona que toca la tambora Pending 01007 te:tete:moke:tl te:tete:moke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 person who looks for people who are willing and able to perform a particularly activity (e.g., to form the members of a religious dance, etc.) persona que busca a gente dispuesta y capaz de componer un grupo o llevar a cabo una actividad en particular (p. ej., participar como miembros de un grupo de danzantes religiosos) Am te:m-2- When asked, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that this headword form was not used in Oapan, where only the fully verbal form <koa>té:tete:mowa</koa> is used. I have coded this as N1/2 possession. Make sure that the possessed form can be used as indicated in the /infn field. 01008 kakayo:tl kakayo:tl kakayo:tl kakayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 2 type of small, cicada-like insect tipo de pequeño insecto, como cigarra Am, Oa Kakayo:tl | Tsatsi ok kware:smatsi:n, kima:maltian ika ye ki:sas yepakihli, ye kiawis. Am <kamoa>Kakayo:tl</kamoa> : It makes noise when it is still the dry season (though near the end), they consider this (fact that it makes noise then) to indicate that <klamoa>yepakihli</klamoa>will soon appear, that it will soon rain. <kamoa>Kakayo:tl</kamoa> : Grita cuando todavía es la temporada de secas (aunque ya por terminar), le cargan (al hecho de que grita) que ya va a salir el <klamoa>yepakihli</klamoa>, que ya va a llover. Kakayo:tl | Kwa:k ye pe:was tie:mpo, tsatsi. Am <kamoa>Kakayo:tl</kamoa> : When the rainy season is about to being, it makes noise. <kamoa>Kakayo:tl</kamoa> : Cuando la temporada de lluvias estápor comenzar, grita. animal insect kayo: There is another named insect, the <klam>teposkakayo:tl</klam> that seems to have many of the characteristics of the <kamoa>kakayo:tl</kamoa>. They might be variants of the same species, or even different names for the same animal. Check final vowel/h of /tie:mpo/. teposkakayo:tl confer Am, Oa 01009 a:kwitlaya:ya a:kwitlaya:ya a:kwítlayá:ya a:kwitlaya:ya a:kwítlayá:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-N]-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to acquire a foul smell from sitting in water (e.g., <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>) adquirir un mal olor por quedarse en agua estancado (p. ej., nixtamal) Am, Oa O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kplakayo:tl. Am Your <kam>nextamahli</kam> has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long in water). It's already from the day before yesterday. Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse estancado en el agua. Ya es de antier. a: kwitla hya: a:molo:nia Add entry under /wikplakayo:tl/. Check p-a as my original notes/entry/orthography for the Oapan word did not have p-a and I have added it based on the morphology. 01010 ye:ilia kiye:ilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-lia class-2a to do (sth) a third time (particularly passing over a field with a plow a third time before planting) hacer (algo) por una tercera vez (particularmente pasar con el arado sobre un terreno por la tercera vez antes de sembrar) Am, Oa Mo:stla pe:was nikye:ili:s. Am Tomorrow I'll begin to go over (my field) with a plow for the third time. Mañana voy a empezar a arar mi terreno por la tercera vez. ye:i tla:hli The potential objects of the transitive verb <kam>o:melia</kam> have been found to include both cornfields (as they are plowed for planting) and clothes (e.g., apparently as they are resewn). However, for <kam>ye:ilia</kam> I have only documented this verb for the action of plowing over a field for the third time before planting. For a full discussion, see entry under <klamoa>teki</klamoa>. In Oapan <koa>ye:tetilia</koa> is reduplicated. With a specific 3rd-person object this yields <koa>kí:ye:tetília</koa> ; with the nonspecific object marker this yields <koa>tlá:ye:tetília</koa>. The fact that the only documented form of <kloa>ó:meliá</kloa>is the reduplicated form (note that with long-vowel initial stems"reduplication"simply results in this is reflected simply in pitch-accent on the initial vowel) it is quite possible that <koa>ye:tetilia</koa> is found mostly in the reduplicated form as well. Unlike <kam>o:melia</kam> , which is basically the same word for Ameyaltepec and for Oapan (the latter having the pitch accent associated with reduplication), the headword for this entry is slightly distinct for the two dialects, with the Oapan lexeme having the added morpheme <kn>te</kn>, apparently related to an archaic numerical classifier derived from <kn>tetl</kn> 'stone,' and an additional verbalizing suffix. Nevertheless, given their common semantics, both forms have been given a single entry. Note that fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb <kam>o:melia</kam>. For /ye:ilia/ I have only fields; check for other possible objects. Check possibilities of For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass (/i:pan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/). Note that the Oa Nahuatl elicitation form /kiye:tetilia/ is now under entry 7502. It should be linked there. ye:itilia equivalent Am yéye:tetília equivalent Oa o:melia confer Am ó:meliá confer Oa 01011 nakaskaki kinakaskaki nakaskaki kinakaskaki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to hear of; to get wind of escuchar por casualidad Am, Oa nakas kaki kaki Check and inquire about difference between /kaki/ and /nakaskaki/. 01012 kwitlapan ikwitlapan kwitlapan kwitlapan i:kwitlapan
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-poss-pan N2(rel) back (of humans and animals) espalda (de humanos); lomo (de animales) Am Ne:chkukwa nokwitlapan. Am My back aches. Me duele la espalda. body kwitla -pan <kamoa>Kwitlapan</kamoa> is one of the few words (see also <klamoa>i:xpan</klamoa>) that functions without alteration as both a relational noun (which takes only possessor prefixes) and a body part in the most literal sense (cf. <klam>ikxitl</klam> , which is the body part, and <klam>ikxitlan</klam> , which is the relational noun). However, it is only used as a body part in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan the synonymous form is <kloa>tla:kapan</kloa>. Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. Obligatory possession: In the grammar or the introduction to the lexicon it will be important to explain why obligatorily possessed nouns are not given with a hyphen. The reason is that obligatory possession is similar to obligatory predication: i.e., all verbs have a person marking, though this is zero. However, transitive verbs are also obligatorily headmarked with an object. Nevertheless, no hyphen is used. Hyphens are reserved for affixes and for relational nouns. This is done to distinguish relational nouns from other entries, although in the future maybe I'll change this. Ask Thom! 01013 -to:n -to:n
11/Feb/2006
Suf(adj) Suf-adjval archaic nominal"adjectival"suffix now rare but found in such lexicalized forms as <klamoa>misto:n</klamoa> sufijo nominal"adjectival"raro pero que se encuentra en formas lexicalizadas como <klamoa>misto:n</klamoa> Am, Oa For Classical Nahuatl, Sullivan (1988:21) states:"This form denotes disdain and smallness. It is equivalent to Spanish form in <spn>-illo</spn> and <spn>-huelo</spn>."Carochi (fol. 7v) mentions that"las partículas <kn>to:ntli</kn>, y <kn>to:n</kn> significan diminución con menosprecio de la cosa que significa el nombre, como <kn>ichcato:ntli</kn>, ovejuela: <kn>chiìchìto:n</kn> perillo." Check for use in non-lexicalized forms, i.e., besides /misto:n/. 01014 tsotsoyoka tsotsoyoka tsotsoyoka tsotsoyoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] class-4a to make a sizzling sound (e.g., heated oil, a radio with static, etc.) hacer un sonido como de chispotear o crepitar (p. ej., aceite muy caliente, un radio con estático, etc.) Am, Oa sound tsoyo: Check for transitive frequentative. tsoyo:ni ni_base Am, Oa 01015 tlitl tlitl tlitl tlitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 fire fuego Am, Oa Ma:ka xmopepecho itech tlitl, tla:mo titlatlas! Am Don't move close to the fire, if you do you'll get burned! ¡No te vayas a acercar al fuego, si lo haces, te vas a quemar! (poss. with <kn>-yo</kn>) flame of (sth such as a coal or piece of firewood) (poss. con <kn>-yo</kn>) flama de (algo como una brasa o pedazo de leña) Am, Oa Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. Am The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. light (from any number of sources that involve fire or artificial sources) luz (de cualquier de muchas fuentes que involucran fuego o fuentes artificiales) Pending Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. Am I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light. Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado estáechando una luz. electricity luz eléctrica Pending Xkipia tlitl ka:n cha:nti. Am He doesn't have electricity where he lives. No tiene luz eléctrica donde vive. tli In many other dialects the root is <kn>tle</kn> and the absolutive form is <kn>tletl</kn>. /-yo/; possession: Note the use of the intrinsic possession marker: /Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok i:tliyo./ 'The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high.' Here it is because the flames are part of the fire. 01016 kwi:tsiwi kwi:tsiwi kwi:tsiwi kwi:tsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo hogar); sentirse mal y desganado Pending Nopio:tsi:n, tli:no:n kipia? San kukwi:tsiwi, san tlachi:xtok. Am My little chick, what's wrong with it? It's just listless (showing no interest in moving about), it's just staring blankly. Mi pollito,¿quétiene? No se halla, solamente estácon una mirada de perdido. to be bored and without energy, apathetic estar aburrido y sin energía; sentirse apático o desganado; enfadarse; fastidiarse Pending kwi:ts <kamoa>Kwi:tsiwi</kamoa> is hard to translate. When applied to animals it often indicates that an animal is taken someplace (e.g.. bought and brought home) and does not accustom itself. It does not eat or move around; it is not lively: <kamoa>kwi:tsiwi</kamoa>. With people, it refers to someone who is bored and uncomfortable (e.g., listening to a long speech, studying, or doing something tedious). It may also refer to a person who is unlively, under the weather, perhaps because of parasites, and who slouches around with little energy, etc. The reduplicated form seems to indicate that the person is always, at every moment like this. Thus the translation <kam>san kukwi:tsiwi</kam> 'he goes around always listless, without energy.' In Spanish, consultants in Ameyaltepec often gave as a translation"estar desgañada, sin ganas."This refers to a feeling when one is in a place where one doesn't wish to be, e.g. one goes to school without"ganas"of studying. In Oapan, particularly, this verb is often found reduplicated, with apparently little change in meaning: <koa>ní:kwi:tsíwi</koa>. 01017 tlapachoke:tl tlapachoke:tl tlapáchoké:tl tlapachoke:tl tlapáchoké:tl
24/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes hen (or other bird) that is incubating its eggs gallina echada (u otro pájaro que estáempollando) Pending pach Note that this was an original file card that was not checked in a second round. It should be checked. Also check whether /tlapachoki/ is correct (though my impression is that it is not correct). Check for possible possessed form. 01018 temowia kitemowia temowia tlatemowia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi(a)[ca] class-2a to take down; to lower (a physical object, such as sth hanging); to unload (e.g., sacks and other similar items off a beast of burden, the back of a truck, etc.) bajar (un objeto material, como algo colgado); descargar (p. ej., bultos de una bestia, una camioneta, etc.) Am to lower (a price) reducir (un precio) Am Niktemowi:s, xok a:sta hkó:n patioh nikte:makas. Am I will lower its price, I won't be giving it to people that expensively any more. Voy a bajarle el precio, ya no se lo voy a estar dando a la gente asíde caro. motion temo: <kam>Temowia</kam> is documented in the oral sources for this dictionary but is apparently rarely used; much more common is <kam>temo:ltia</kam>. When <kamoa>temowia</kamoa> is used it is most often found with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. temowa verb_base Am temo:ltia synonym Am temo:ltia synonym Oa 01019 rreso:rteh rreso:rteh rreso:rteh rreso:rteh
11/Feb/2006
resorte(ra) N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) slingshot resortera; honda Am, Oa tool Certain trees, given the forms of their branches, are particularly suitable for making slingshots. One such tree is the <kam>yo:yotli</kam>. Check which trees are good for making slingshots, and recheck that the /yo:yotli/ is used for this purpose. 01020 tlatlaxistli tlatlaxistli tlatlaxistli tlatlaxistli
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-is Lex. rdp-s* Stem 1(s) mucous or phlegm that is coughed up from the throat flema que sale de la garganta al toser Pending tlasi Make sure that this refers to the actual phlegm coughed up and not to the cough (disease) itself. 01021 pa:lakachiwi pa:lakachiwi pa:lakachiwi pa:lakachiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to whirl around; to spin around on an axis (e.g., like propellers of a plane) darse vueltas en círculo; girar (p. ej., como las astas de un avión) Pending Tarabi:yah, so:lo yewa wel pa:lakachiwi. Am The <klam>tarabi:yah</klam> , it is the only thing that spins around (by itself). La tarabilla, es laúnica cosa que da vueltas (solo). pala:kach Also, in Oapan, 'to turn to the side (as a monitor of a computer so that others can see). 01022 po:ktlan po:ktlan po:htlah po:htlan po:htlah
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-tlan N1(loc) place or area with a lot of smoke lugar oárea con mucho humo, o lleno de humo Am, Oa Nika:n po:ktlan, ne:chamana. Am There is a lot of smoke here, it bothers me. Hay mucho humo aquí, me molesta. po:k -tlan po:kioh; po:ktlan 01023 i:xpoliwi i:xpoliwi i:xpoliwi i:xpoliwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to get ruined or destroyed (sth material being made, como adobe or ceramics, land, and other things that have been prepared) echarse a perder o destruirse (algo hecho como adobe, cerámica; o algo preparado como un terreno para sembrar) Pending O:i:xpoliw itabi:keh, o:pa:tsiw. Am His bricks got ruined, they got wet (i.e., before firing). Se echaron a perder sus tabiques, se mojaron (esto es, antes de cocerse). O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n. Am Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away. Se echóa perder tu terreno. Lo erosionómucho el agua, se deslavómucho la capa superior del suelo. to spoil or become spoiled (a food); to be wasted and become spoiled (a food served in excess) echarase a perder (una comida); desperdiciarse y echarse a perder (un exceso de comida) Pending O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw. Am My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled. Mi fruta acabópor podrirse. No terminéde venderla, se echóa perder. Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. Am Don't put anymore up to cook (in this case beans in a pot)! There's a good chance it will just get wasted and go bad. ¡No pongas más a cocinar (en este caso frijoles)! A lo mejor solamente se va a desperdiciar y echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). to get messed up (e.g., a person after a bad beating) desfigurarse; lastimarse y quedar golpeado (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza) Pending O:kwisohkeh, o:i:xpoliw. Am They beat up on him, he was a mess (disfigured and hurt from being beaten). Lo golpearon, quedótodo golpeado. to become ruined (financially); to become impoverished arruinarse (económicamente); empobrecerse Pending O:ni:xpoliw. O:ntla:lih ye:i yuntas, o:nikintlane:w, xo:tla:k. Am I got ruined. I plowed with three yuntas, I borrowed them [and] there was no yield (leaving me stuck with the rental payment) Me arruiné. Puse tres yuntas, las pedíprestado [y] no rindióla milpa (dejándome sin recursos para pagar la cuenta) Yo:i:xpoliw. Yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomi:n. Am He's ruined. He's finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money. Quedóen la ruina, lo terminó(quizásu dinero o ganado), tenía mucho dinero. to follow an erroneous path in life; to go a bad way (particularly, for a girl to become sexually promiscuous); to lose ones virginity out of wedlock (a young girl) ir por un mal camino (en la vida, particularmente una joven que empieza a andar con hombres); perderse la virginidad (una muchacha) Pending O:i:xpoliw, a:man xok wel kikaka:wa itra:goh. Am He's messed up his life, now he can't stop drinking anymore. Fue por un mal camino, ahora ya no puede dejar de tomar. San i:xpoliwis. Xok nona:mikti:s, yo:pe:w a:wilnemi. Am She will wind up in a bad way. She won't get married anymore, she has started to fool around. Terminarámal. Ya no se va a casar, ya empezóa andar con chavos. i:x pol Note that this is an extremely versatile word; check out further uses. Note the word order of the quantifier: /Yo:i:xpoliw. yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomin/ 'He's ruined, he finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money'. This (miak kipiaya tomin) seems more natural that ?kipiaya miak tomin, although this might be worth checking. Note use of the auxiliary: /O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw/ 'My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled.' The second use of /tlami/ is prototypical, no marking of person. Use in the grammar. 01024 zzz This entry used to be /tekwi:nteyoh/ 'to be stoney; to be rocky (a field with many stones or embedded rocks that cause a plow to bounce along as the earth is tilled) as in /Tekwi:nteyoh, pampa tetekwi:ntiw ara:doh, onye:ye:wi./ 'It (a field) is said to be <kam>tekwi:nteyoh</kam> because the plow goes bouncing along (when one plows), it repeatedly runs up against something (a barrier, in this case the rocks inside the ground).' I had these notes:"The term <kam>tekwi:nteyoh</kam> is most likely an idiosyncratic form that should later be removed from the main dictionary. It has been documented only in the speech of don Luis Lucena. Whereas others denied that this term was correct, don Luis insisted that it was proper. The embedded verbal root <kam>tekwi:n</kam> either refers to what the rocks cause the plow to do or to how the rocks scatter when hit by a plow."Cristino Flores stated that the word doesn't exist and it has been removed.
11/Feb/2006
 01025 ma:chi:wa kima:chi:wa ma:chi:wa kima:chi:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to take good care of (e.g., an animal in nourishing it well, grooming it, etc.) cuidar bien (p. ej., un animal, alimentándolo bien, cepillándolo, etc.) Am, Oa Kimima:chi:wan noyo:lka:wa:n. Am He takes good care of my animals. Cuida bien a mis animales. (refl.) to take good care of oneself (eating well, taking regular bathes, putting cream on ones skin (a woman), etc.) (refl.) cuidarse bien (en la dieta, en bañarse regularmente, en cuidarse la cutis con crema (una mujer), etc.) Pending ma: chi:wa malwia; machi:wa Apparently <klam>malwia</klam> refers to delicate and careful treatment of something that is fragile or can be destroyed or lost (e.g., money). <kam>Ma:chi:wa</kam> , on the other hand, refers to an active effort to keep an animate being healthy and properly cared for. In essence, then, <kam>malwia</kam> is an effort to preserve a positive original condition, often of an inanimate that could be harmed, whereas <kamoa>ma:chi:wa</kamoa> is an effort to improve the physical condition of a live being. In Classical <kn>machiua</kn> is documented solely in the reflexive form as 'to masturbate.' Thus Molina has <kn>machiua. nino.</kn> 'hazerlo en las manos.' Check for applicative. Check for 'classical' meaning. Check first element and whether it should be /ma:/ or /mah/. This word was taken from the original set of file cards with no vowel length marked. The difference with /malwia/ is not clear. 01026 zzz This was originally and entry for stative/resultative /tetsa:wtok/, but subsequent research indicates that this is used only as a progressive. Instead, the form /tetsa:hki/ is used as a resultative/stative. For this reason this entry has been removed. Stative; progressive; durative: Although I have documented <kam>tetsa:wtok</kam> in Ameyaltepec as a stative/resultative, this appears to be In Oapan <koa>tetsa:htok</koa> is used only in the progressive sense. In Ameyaltepec it is apparently usually used in this progressive sense as well, although it has been documented as a stative.
11/Feb/2006
 01027 wetska wetska wetska wetska
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4a to laugh reirse Am, Oa (with short vowel reduplication) to laugh repeatedly and without sense (e.g., sb who is mentally deficient) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) reirse repetidamente pero sin mucho sentido (p. ej., algn que estámentalmente deficiente) Pending San uwetska, pa:ya:tl. Am He just laughs repeatedly, he's a little crazy. Se ríe continuamente, es loquito. (with long vowel reduplication) to smile lightly; to grin; (con reduplicación de vocal larga) reirse ligeramente; tener una sonrisa dibujándose por los labios Pending San cho we:wetskatok, kwahli suwa:tl. Am She is always smiling, she's a good woman. Siempre estárisueña, es una buena mujer. (<kn>-ka</kn> ~) to laugh at; to make fun of (particularly at someones misfortune, such as having lost a boyfriend or girlfriend to a rival) (<kn>-ka</kn> ~) reirse de; burlarse de (p. ej., de algo desafortunado que le pasa a algn, como cuando se le baja el novio o novia) Pending Noka tiwetska. Am You laugh at my expense. Te ríes de mídesgracia. communicate wetska The difference between an oblique expression such as <kamoa>noka wetska</kamoa> and an applicative with the same participants, such as <kamoa>ne:chwetskilia</kamoa>, is often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct reaction to a witnessed event. Thus if one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with <kn>-ka</kn> is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as someone who falls down, then one would use the applicative. In regard to reduplication, <kam>uwetska</kam> indicates a laughing without sense, as in the case of a person who is mentally ill. The long vowel reduplication (<kam>we:wetska</kam>), however, indicates a continual smile. It refers to someone who is good-natured and always smiling or on the verge of smiling ('risueño'). Check this:"The difference between an oblique expression such as <kam>noka wetska</kam> and an applicative with the same participants, such as <kam>ne:chwetskilia</kam> , is often difficult to determine. In this case it appears that the former indicates a more general situation that is not immediately visible, whereas the latter indicates a more direct reaction. Thus is one hears about someone's misfortune and then laughs, the oblique construction with <kam>-ka</kam> is used. But if one is in sight of someone, such as someone who falls down, then one would use the applicative.' Check difference between /wetska/ and /uwetska/. Check this sentence: /San uwetska, pa:ya:tl/ that is given above. My original file card had /San uwetska, pa:yo:tl/, but I did not have /pa:yo:tl/ in the database (only /pa:ya:tl/ and /papayoh/, etc.). Check whether /pa:yo:tl/ is a word, whether it is different than /pa:ya:tl/, the vowel length of the former (and, e.g., why /papayoh/ has also short vowels if /pa:yo:tl/ has long ones, etc. ALSO: check /papa:yah/ or equivalent, as in /kwa:papayoh/, etc. wetskilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01028 ikxiwelati ikxiwelati ixiwelati ixiwelati
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-d-ti Lex. rdp-s (Am) class-3d(ti) to get exhausted and sore legs (from overexertion, a long walk or run, etc.) tener las piernas agotadas y adoloridas (de gran esfuerzo, mucho caminar, etc.) Pending O:nikxiuwelat, mlá:h o:nimotlaloh. Am My legs got sore and exhausted, I really ran hard. Mis piernas quedaron agotadas y adoloridas, corríduro de a de veras. kxi wila: The reason for the reduplication in Ameyaltepec and not in Oapan is unclear. Probably in the former reduplication of the verbal stem results from a reference to the two legs together. Yet it is not clear why the Oapan Nahuatl form does not manifest reduplication. Note that the lexical form <kam>welati</kam> is probably derived from the verb <klamoa>wila:na</klamoa>; note that Molina gives <kn>uilantli</kn> 'tollido que anda a gatas.' Cf. notes under /ikxi(te)uwelaxtik/. Not clear whether /ikxiuwelati/ also may take incorporated intensifier. This should be checked. Cf. /ikxiuwelaxtik/. Note that in the present derivation there seems to be a type of verbalization on a stem, using /-ti/. This suggests the varied use of /-ti/ verbalizer, not only limited to nouns. ikxiuwelaxtik confer Am 01029 kokomotsa nokokomotsa kokomotsa kikokomotsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] Compl class-3a(ts) (refl.) to speak in a loud, booming, and angry voice (refl.) hablar en una voz alta, resonante e iracunda Pending Timokokomotsa pa:mpa xmitstla:kaita mosuwa:w. Am You speak in a loud, angry voice because your wife does not respect you. Hablas en una voz alta e iracunda porque tu esposa no te respeta. sound komo: Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or Balsas Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a /w/ as there are clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in the Oapan term /koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold. Recheck semantics of reflexive form. Also, of course, other uses of this word. komo:ni ni_base Am, Oa 01030 we:i tepostli we:i tepostli
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 1(s) see <klam>tepostli</klam> véase <klam>tepostli</klam> Am we:i tepos 01031 kwa:tetesontilia kikwa:tetesontilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca No intransitive Lex. rdp-s class-2a to give a crewcut or very short haircut to cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a Am Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh. Am They cut his hair real short. Le cortaron el pelo muy corto. to give a rough and uneven short haircut to cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a Am kwa: teson The basic verbal stem of <kam>kwa:tetesontilia</kam> is denominal, derived from <kn>tesontli</kn>, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival <kamoa>tesontik</kamoa> refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb <kam>kwa:tetesontilia</kam> refers to cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch. A nonreduplicated form (<kam>kwa:tesontilia</kam>) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two. Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. kwa:tetesontla:lia synonym Am kwa:tetesonowa synonym Am kwa:tesmero:ntilia synonym Oa kwa:tesi:gritilia synonym Oa 01032 we:ia we:ia we:ia we:ia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to increase in size; to get bigger hacerse grande; crecer Am, Oa Yo:note:kak a:tentli. Ye we:ixtiw, yo:we:iyak. Am The river has overflowed its banks and inundated the adjoining land. It's swelling, it's gotten big. El río ha rebasado su cauce e inundado el terreno colindante. Va creciendo, ya se hizo grande. we:i 01033 teki:xtia kiteki:xtia teki:xtia kiteki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to clear of stones and rocks (e.g., a field) limpiar de piedras (p. ej., un terreno) Pending te ki:sa Although the incorporated noun <kn>te-</kn> 'stones' is an inanimate that is themtically the patient (directly affected by the verbal action), the valency of the verb <kam>ki:xtia</kam> is not"saturated"by the incorporation. Rather, <klamoa>ki:xtia</klamoa>remains a transitive. In Classical Nahuatl (Molina) <kn>tequixtia</kn> is both intransitive and transitive:" <kn>tequixtia. ni.</kn> '... sacar piedra de la cantera' and <kn>tequixtia. nitla</kn> 'desempedrar algo.' Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl have only been documented with the transitive form, in which the transitive object is the place from which stones are removed. Check in Ameyaltepec whether /teki:xtia/ can be both transitive and intransitive. Also check whether it can accept /tla-/, or whether it is like /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc. in only taking a specific object. That is, for the activity itself (with no location/field specified). Check difference between /kisaka tetl/ and /kiteki:xtia/. Indefinite deletion: in the entry for /teki:xtia/ in RS the word appears both with no object (e.g., tequixtia ni-) and with the /tla-/ (e.g., tequixtia nitla-). The question arises, however, whether the entry /nitla-/ is simply the coditification of a signification (in which the object is the place from which stones are removed) or whether the word can actually occur with /tla-/. Note that with certain verbs (e.g., /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa/, etc.) only a specific object marker can be used. In these cases what can be called"indefinite deletion"is maked both syntactically and morphologically (on the verb itself). Thus one says /to:ka/ 'he plants' and /kito:ka/ 'he plants it' but not */tlato:ka/ 'he plants.' Compare this to other cases (the majority) of indefinite deletion in which the deletion is marked on the verb: /tlakwa/ 'he eats' There are also cases of indefinite deletion (perhaps from Spanish calques) in which the deleted indefinite (a canonical object) is marked on the verb with a sp e cific marker, but not mentioned in discourse: /kipia/ 'he is rich' (lit., 'he has it') or /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she is an easy woman' (lit., 'she lends it out'). Or, cf. the case of /kite:maka/ 'she is an easy woman' (the interpretation is no object is recoverable from context). In this case /te:tlamaka/ would indicate the giving of food, since /tlamaka/ has a canonical indefinite object as 'fodder.' Check the thematic role of the object in /teki:xtia/. 01034 tlapa:na kitlapa:na tlapa:na kitlapa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tetlapa:na</kn> class-3a to break (sth brittle such as ceramics, glass, etc., breaking off a piece or simply causing a fissure) romper (algo duro y quebradizo como la cerámica, vidrio, etc., rompiéndole un pedazo o haciéndole una fisura) Am, Oa to split; to split open (e.g., firewood, seeds, nuts, beans and bean pods, etc.) partir (p. ej., leña, semillas, nueces, frijoles y sus vainas, etc.) Pending Kitlatlapa:na a:yowextli para kikwa:s. Am He splits open the squash seeds (with his teeth) to eat them (discarding the shell). Parte las pepitas (con los dientes) para comérselas (tirando la cáscara). (with long vowel reduplication) to intercalate; to place in an alternating pattern (e.g., different beads being strung, color applied to a drawing such as an amate frame, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) intercalar; alternar (p. ej., distintas cuentas ensartadas, colores aplicados a algo como el marco pintado de un amate, etc.) Pending Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw! Am String different colored beads along your necklace, alternating one color with another! ¡Ensarta tu collar con cuentas de colores distintos, alternando un color con otro! tlapa: The reduplicated form with a long vowel (e.g., <kam>Xtla:tlapa:ntiw moko:skaw!</kam>) refers most often to the action of alternating different items (in this case colored beads on a necklace) one after another. Many consultants suggested that the verb refers to the action of using a set pattern (for example: green, red, blue, white, green, red, blue, white...). Yet Luis Lucena mentioned that the reduplicated verb form refers simply to the breaking up of a pattern in any type of alternating sequence, with no constant order. Rather, the objective is to break up a constant field of color, such as is done in painting the border around an amate. Here every two or three units are filled with a given color, then the next bunch is filled in with another color, etc. See 3x5 filecard illustration. There is a token of this word with the intensifier /te-/ at 5276 (kitetlapa:na). It should be tagged as 1034 but not linked since it contains the intensifier/ Reduplication: Short vowel reduplication can be used with /tlapa:na/ to indicate splitting firewood. Long vowel reduplication can be used to signify alternating the colors of a pattern, with the long vowel reduplication being used because of the evenness and continuity of the action. tlapa:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01035 kopi:ni kopi:ni kopi:ni kopi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tekopi:ni</kn> class-3a to become detached (e.g., sth stuck on sth else) desprenderse (p. ej., una cosa pegada a otra) Am, Oa to fall out (e.g., of a socket or niche, or similar place in which the object is embedded, inserted, or stuck) salirse (un objeto que se sale de un lugar donde estaba empotrado o inserto) Am, Oa Yo:kopi:n. Xpia kwida:doh! Ma:ka mopan wa:lwetsis! Am It came loose (e.g., a stone from a wall). Be careful! Don't let if fall down on you! Se desprendió(p. ej., una piedra de una cerca).¡Ten cuidado!¡Quéno se te caiga encima! kopi: 01036 tlakpak tlakpak tlahpak tlahpak
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place N-loc-3 high up (e.g., sth that is hung high above the ground or flying high overhead) en una parte alta (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, etc., o algo que estácolgado arriba del suelo o volando arriba) Am, Oa Tlakpak, xwel tikontila:nas. Am It is high up, you won't be able to reach it. Estáalto (algo colgado), no lo vas a poder alcanzar. high (e.g., a hill, building, or other material object) alto (p. ej., un cerro, edificio, u otro objeto material) Pending (<kam>ye</kam> ~) late (in the planting season or, apparently, any other temporal period) (<kam>ye</kam> ~) tarde (en la temporada de siembra o, aparentemente, cualquier otro periodo temporal) Pending Ye tlakpak o:to:kak. Am He planted late in the season (either because of the lack of early rains, or other reasons). Sembróya avanzada la temporada (o porque las lluvias llegaron tarde, o por otras razones). Ye tlakpak tekipanolo:s. Am People will be working the land until late in the season. La gente va a estar trabajando la tierra ya avanzada la temporada. tlakpak; wekapan Note that <kam>tlakpak</kam> can be used to modify a verbal predicate or as a predicate itself. Thus one may say <kam>tlakpak cha:nti</kam> 'It lives (e.g., a certain type of animal) in high places.' However, it may also be a predicate itself. Thus one can simply say, at least in Ameyaltepec, <kam>Tlakpak</kam> 'It is high up.' In this usage it is similar to 'tall' (cf. <klam>wekapan</klam>) though slightly different. The word <kam>wekapan</kam> refers most directly to height, in the sense of 'tall,' particularly in reference to constructions and natural objects. However, <kam>tlakpak</kam> is used more to signify that the highest point of a building, tree, etc., is high up. Thus, for example, if one is looking down off a cliff at a tall tree one could refer to it as <kam>wekapan</kam> , 'tall,' but not <kam>tlakpak</kam> , 'high,' since in relationship to the speaker it is not high. There are four additional tokens at 04853. The linked files (1 female and 1 male) should be taken from the first two tokens (female and male) of the 4853 tokens. -kpak 01037 yo:ltemi:miki yo:ltemi:miki yo:ltemi:miki yo:ltemi:miki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-l class-3a(k)(Am:long) to stutter tartamudear Am to be forgetful ser olvidadizo Oa yo:l miki For this (and mutatis mutandi all derivations) Classical Nahuatl has <kn>elmimiqui</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'ser tartamudo, o tartamudear.' 01038 tlatlikwi:ltilia kitlatlikwi:ltilia tlatlikwi:ltilia kitlatlikwi:ltilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to light candles for (in an offering) prender velas o veladoras a (una ofrenda) Am, Oa Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl. Am I give an offering to my maize. During a fiesta I light a candle in offering to all my seed. Le hago una ofrenda a mi maíz. Durante una fiesta le prendo una vela como ofrenda a toda mi semilla. Mosa:ntoh xkipia itla:wi:l. Tle:ka xtiktlatlikwi:ltilia? Am Your saint (on a household altar) doesn't have a votive candle. Why don't you light one for it? Tu santo (en un altar casero particular) no tiene su veladora.¿Por quéno le prendas una? tli kwi Check to make sure /l/ does not preceded /-tilia/. tlikwi:ltilia minus_tla Am, Oa 01039 to:tolopoxtik to:tolopoxtik to:tolopoxtik tolopoxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-iwi-tik see <klamoa>tolopoxtik</klamoa> véase <klamoa>tolopoxtik</klamoa> Am, Oa Note that this entry was originally /tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see /to:tolopoxtik/."However, this latter form did not have an entry, but rather /tolopoxtik/ was repeated. Hence, this entry was switched to /to:tolopoxtik/ with a note:"see <klamoa>tolopoxtik</klamoa>. However, the recorded Oapan word here for this entry is apparenty (I need to listen again) /tolopoxtik/. In the future this entry should be corrected. Perhaps have /to:tolopoxtik/ as the main entry if there is no evidence of unreduplicated forms (/tolopoxtik/) or forms with short vowel reduplication (to(h)tolopoxtik). Check. 01040 ikximatiliwi ikximatiliwi iximatiliwi iximatiliwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to get ones legs tangled up enredarse las piernas Am, Oa Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. Am Your burro is always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. It's no good. En seguida se cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. kxi matil Check meaning of /sa: chika/ and offer better translation. Note that the phrase /sa: chika ikximatiliwi.../ has been entered under /chika/ as headword. Recheck whether /sa: chika/ should be written as one or two words (to date I have it as two). Check for transitive form of /ikximatiliwi/ and use. 01041 kekextsi:n kekextsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 live wire; person who is a party-goer; person who is a barrel of fun and full of energy persona alegre o llena de energía; persona que festeja mucho; persona alivianada Am Kekextsi:n katkah, a:man xok! Am He used to be a live wire, no longer! Antes era aliviando,¡ya no! kex <kam>Kekextsi:n</kam> is said of someone who is <spn>alegre</spn>, who likes to dance, or who goes to parties and has a good time. The root or stem <kn>kekex</kn> is used in many derivations to indicate this type of lively person, though its original acceptation has to do with"itching." In Nahuatl /kekextli/ is often explained as /ale:greh katkah/. Check to see if /kekextli/ is used to describe a person who used to be like this... or whether it can also apply to someone who is currently like this. kekextik synonym Oa 01042 pika:doh pika:doh pika:doh pika:doh
11/Feb/2006
picado N N-loan N1 alcoholic beverage prepared with a sweet drink (e.g., a cola or a fruit drink such as that of tamarind) and pure alcohol bebida alcohólica preparada con un una bebida dulce (p. ej., un refresco de cola o un agua fresca como de tamarindo) y alcohol puro Pending In general pure alcohol is mixed with drinks such as Pepsi or Coca-Cola or, less often, with prepared drinks such as that of tamarind. Mezcal, on the other hand, is added to Squirt. Check to determine if the beverage of mezcal and Squirt is also called <kam>pika:doh</kam>. 01043 sa:yo:lin sa:yo:lin sa:yo:lin sa:yo:lin sa:yo:lih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 mosquito, still not fully identified mosco (no igual al zancudo), todavía no identificado plenamente Pending animal insect sa:yo:l insects The precise range of insects to which <kamoa>sa:yo:lin</kamoa> refers is still not clear, although probably more than one species is involved. mo:yo:tl confer Am xiwsa:yo:lin confer Am 01044 koltotsowa kikoltotsowa koltotsowa kikoltotsowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[e] class-2b to curl upward enrizar Pending to shrink and shrivel (as occurs with meat when it is placed on a griddle, with plastic left in the sun, etc.) achicar y hacer encoger (como sucede a carne puesta sobre un comal, a plástico dejado en el sol, etc.) Pending Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli. Am That meat on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up. Esa carne que estásobre las brazas ha empezado torcerse, ha empezado a achicarse. Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl. Yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis. Am That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked. Esa carne ya empezóa achicarse. Ya la echaron sobre el comal, ya estápor cocerse. (refl.) to twist and turn (e.g., a person from pain) (refl.) retorcerse y doblarse (p. ej., una persona del dolor) Pending Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s. Am You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill. Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar. koltots When asked to describe the meaning of <kamoa>koltotsowa</kamoa>, almost all speakers turn their hand upside-down, palm up, and then close it slowly, curling up their fingers. Note the possible relation to /ko:l/, although vowel length is different. In one of my notes for /koltotsiwi/ I have recorded that the vowel /o/ is short as recorded and should be written as such in all entries. Note short vowel in /kolochiwi/. Note the following two phrases: /Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli/ 'That meat placed on the coals has started to get all curved, it has started to shrink and shrivel up.' And /Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl, yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis/ 'That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked.' It is interesting to compare this to the phrase with an intransitive: /O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na/ 'It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun.' This is an extremely interesting example since it quite well demonstrates the nature of transitivity and agentivity. In the first the reflexive is used much like a 'get' passive in English. The implication is that there was an agent, i.e., the people who placed the meat on the coals or griddle. Cf. the use of the reflexive for a passive as in /nochi:was mokal/. In the second example note the use of the intransitive. Here a true t ransitive is not felicitous because the sun's agency is involuntary. The sun is not a full agent. At the same time, the reflexive is probably avoided because of the fact that there is no human agency involved. I would imagine that in some case the sun could be an agent, or in some people's speech, etc. But the general tendency seems to be to not use transitive constructions with inanimate agents, but rather an oblique as in /ika to:nahli/. 01045 chi:waltia kichi:waltia chi:waltia kichi:waltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to obligate or force to do (e.g., a task or chore, etc.); to boss around obligar o forzar a hacer (p. ej., una tarea u otra obligación, etc.); mandar Pending On suwa:montli, ke:n kichi:waltia imona:n. Kina:watia tli:no:n ma kichi:wa se: tekitl. Ma:ski kihlia xweli, kichi:waltia. Am That daughter-in-law is really bossed around by her mother-in-law. She orders her to perform a certain task, even though she says that she can't (do it), her mother-in-law obligates her. A aquella mujer¡cómo la hace trabajar su suegra! Le manda hacer una cosa (y) aunque ella diga que no puede, a fuerza la obliga (a hacerlo). Ne:xchi:walti:skeh. Am They will force me to do a lot of work (e.g. housework). Me van a obligar a trabajar mucho (p. ej., en los quehaceres de la casa). Xonite:chi:waltih para afwe:rsah ma titlami:ka:n. Am I didn't force people so that we would finish. No obliguéa nadie para que termináramos. (with 3rd-person specific object <kn>ki-</kn>) to eat or drink with relish (con objeto específico de 3a persona, <kn>ki-</kn>) comer o beber con gusto Pending A:ndaleh, xikchi:walti:kan! Xtlakwa:kan! Newa kemech o:nikwa:lchi:waltite:w. Am Come on, go for it (food)! Eat! I just had something to eat before coming this way. ¡órale!¡Lléguenle a la comida!¡Coman! Yo apenas comíalgo antes de venirme. (with 3rd-person specific object <kn>ki-</kn>) to go all out (e.g., in throwing a party) (con objeto específico de 3a persona, <kn>ki-</kn>) hacer con todo entusiasmo (e.g., una fiesta) Pending O:kichi:waltikeh, ye wi:kpla ipan domi:ngoh. Mlá:k o:tlai:lo:k. Am They threw a party, the day before yesterday, on a Sunday. People really got drunk. Hicieron una fiesta, fue antier, domingo. Fue una verdadera borrachera. chi:wa Although <kamoa>chi:waltia</kamoa> is apparently a ditransitive verb with two objects, it seems that in many cases the secondary object is not directly expressed. This is particularly true in regard to the two idiomatic meanings, 'to eat or drink with relish' and 'to go all out (in doing sth).' Note that the meaning of /chiwa:ltia/ is unclear and should be checked. Apparently it is a ditransitive with the primary object being human. Thus the sense of /ne:xchi:walti:skeh/. Apparently this can stand alone. But there is a question as to how the second object is expressed. That is, does one have /ne:xchi:walti:skeh tekitl/ or is there a complement: /ne:xchi:walti:skeh ma nitlachpa:na/. Or are all correct. Also, with /o:kichi:waltikeh/ determine what the object refers to. Can was say: /xikchi:walti mokone:w/? etc. chi:wa verb_base Am, Oa 01046 totomioh totomioh tómiyóh tómiyóh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh Lex. rdp-s (Am) yes-lex to be hairy (e.g., an animal, person, etc.) ser peludo (p. ej., un animal, persona, etc.) Pending to be prickly; to have small prickles or spines (certain plants such as the <kbamoa>a:kawtomitl</kbamoa>) ser velloso; tener púas pequeñitas (ciertas plantas como el <kbamoa>a:kawtomitl</kbamoa>) Am, Oa tohmi The term <kam>uwitsyoh</kam> is used to refer to plants such as <kbam>a:chikalin</kbam>. 01047 a:to:lko:ntli a:to:lko:ntli a:to:lko:ntli a:to:lko:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) pot used for making atole olla utilizada para hacer atole Am, Oa O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n. Am He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole. Metióla mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole. a:to:l ko:m 01048 wa:lkwi:lia kwa:lkwi:lia wa:hkwi:lia kwa:hkwi:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to bring (sth) for; to bring (sth) back for (see <klamoa>kwi:lia</klamoa>) traer (algo) para (véase <klamoa>kwi:lia</klamoa>) Am, Oa kwi Check to make sure /wa:hkilia/ is acceptable as the applicative of /wa:hki/, or whether the /w/ reappears in this applicative. If so, add entry for /wa:hkilia/ and xref at /kwi:lia/. Originally I had this as having a synonym as /wa:hkilia/ but don't have this entry. Check. 01049 mihka:tlatlasi mihka:tlatlasi mihka:tlatlasi mihka:tlatlasi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-3a to have whooping cough tener tosferina Pending functions miki tlasi In one entry I had recorded /mihka:tlatlaxi/. This should be checked; it is probably in error. 01050 kaltelo:ni kaltelo:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-inst-ni N1 thick piece of wood, flat on one side, used to flatten the <kbamoa>sakatl</kbamoa>of a thatched hut after it has been thatched grueso pedazo de madera, plano por un lado, utilizado para aplanar zacate después de que ha sido colocado sobre el techo de una casa rústica Am tool kal tel The <kam>kaltelo:ni</kam> that I saw was a round piece of wood, about 1.5 feet long, that had been split in half in order to give it a flat surface. Apparently this is one of the few lexicalized words for instruments that is still used in Ameyaltepec. kahli Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Morphology; instrumentals: Note that /kaltelo:ni/ does not seem to manifest the derivational process of impersonal + /ni/ that I expected. 01051 ma:pochwia kima:pochwia ma:pochwia [ma: poch 'wi ya] kima:pochwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones left hand hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano izquierda Am Xma:pochwi! Am Do it with your left hand! ¡Hazlo con la mano izquierda! to hit lightly with ones left hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad) golpear ligeramente con la mano izquierda (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar) Oa ma: poch Here the difference between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl is that in Ameyaltepec <kam>ma:pochwia</kam> indicates a determined and controlled action with ones left hand, whereas in Oapan the left hand is simply an object with which someone is accidentally struck. The difference is mirrored in the word <klam>ye:kma:wia</klam>. Note that in my notes I had the following (the original filecard should be checked): /O:pe:w ma:pochwia/ 'He started to go at it with his left hand (e.g. writing, etc.)' I would imagine an error for /o:pe:w kima:pochwia/, but this should be checked. ye:kma:wia confer Am 01052 momoloka momoloka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to become fluffed up (cotton in particular) esponjarse (el algodón en particular) Am Obtain a better definition and an example sentence. Disambiguate from /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/. momolo:ni ni_base Am, Oa momolo:ni synonym Am mómoló:ni synonym Oa 01053 ia:xi:x tenextli ia:xi:x tenextli tenextli i:a:xi:x tenextli i:a:xi:x
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 1(x) drippings of honey-like consistency that trickle down a lime oven as rocks are fired and baked and the cooking process is nearly finished líquido de la consistencia de la miel que se escurre de un horno de cal cuando estápor terminar el proceso de cocer las piedras que están adentro Am, Oa Yo:pe:w wa:ltemo:tiw ia:xi:x tenextli. Am The drippings from the lime (i.e., from rocks cooked in a lime oven) has started to run down. El líquido que se escurre de la cal (esto es, de las rocas que se cuecen en un horno de cal) ha empezado a bajar. a: xi:xa te nex 01054 xonakamatlapahli xonakamatlapahli xonakamátlapáhli xonakamatlapahli xonakamátlapáhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex stem of the onion plant (i.e., the part located above ground) tallo de la cebolla (esto es, la parte arriba de la tierra) Am, Oa plant part xonaka mah tlapal For a discussion of the etymology of <klam>matlapahli</klam> , see the entry under this word. My original file card had /xonakamatlatlahli/, but I have assumed this to be an error for /matlapahli/. Nevertheless, it needs to be checked. Oapan pitch-accent; noun compounding: Note that Oa /xonakamátlapáhli/ is underlyingly {xonaka - mah - tlapal - li}. In this case the p-a is on the syllable with the {h} coda. One analysis would see this as the result of coda loss and subsequent high pitch on the syllable nucleus. This is perhaps the original motivation for the p-a system. However, p-a does often shift off the stem/root onto a penultimate syllable before the lost {h}. Another consideration is L-S Identity which would promote the preservation of underlying forms (e.g., of incorporated nouns, of stems such as /mátlapáhli/, etc.). 01055 tio:pankalaktia kitio:pankalaktia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to take into the church (particularly a violinist [S] who takes in the members of the religious dance he is leading) meter en o conducir a la iglesia (particularmente un violinsta [S] a la danza que conduce) Am tio: kalak -pan To express a similar concept Oapan speakers will use an unincorporated form: <koa>kikalahtia tiopah</koa>. Check entire range of subjects/objects for this Am compound. 01056 patla:wak patla:wak patla:wak patla:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-k to be wide (e.g., a road or path, piece of cloth, wooden board, table, tortilla, etc.) estar ancho (p. ej., un camino o senda, una corte de tela, una tabla, una mesa, etc.); ser amplio (en cuanto a anchura) Am, Oa Patla:wak itlaxkal. Am Her tortillas (the ones she makes) are wide. Sus tortillas (las que hacen) son anchas. Papatla:wak -=kokoya:wak- kwentli. Am The furrows are wide (i.e., wide and spaced far apart). Los surcos están anchos (esto es, anchos y muy separados entre si). patla: The phrase <kam>papatla:wak kwentli</kam> , which is synonymous to <kam>kokoya:wak kwentli</kam> , indicates that the furrows were plowed far apart, i.e., that the space between the furrows is wide. The antonym of both these expressions is <kam>pipi:stik kwentli</kam>. 01057 istlakawia kistlakawia í:stlakawía í:stlakawia kí:stlakawía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa) class-2a yes-rdp to lie to mentirle a Am, Oa stlaka Apparently the Oapan elicitation form reflects reduplication on a vowel-initial stem (hence the lengthening and pitch-accent). During the recording session Florencia Marcelino gave the reduplicated form; it is not clear whether ? <koa>kistlakawiya</koa> is also acceptable. Etymology and cat uncertain. Check p-a and length in Oapan form. It appears that /istlaka-/ is a stem that appears in many compounds and that has been verbalized with /istlakawia/, even though the absolutive nominal form is nonexistent. Check /iztlakati/ (as in RS). Check RS meaning of 'calumniar, acusar falsamente, engañar', etc. 01058 ikxiko:pi:liwi ikxiko:pi:liwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi No transitive form documented, perhaps given the semantics involved class-3a(w) to walk like a slow-poke; to move along slowly (with small-sized steps) andar muy lentamente (con pasos muy pequeños) Am Ikxikoko:pi:liwtiw. San yo:li:k notetekestiw. Am He goes walking along at a snail's pace. He goes along slowly, stopping a lot as he walks. Anda lentamente. Va yendo despacio, parándose cada rato. kxi ko:pi:l Check possible transitive form. Recheck etymology and other occurrences of /ko:/. Note that this word /ikxiko:pi:liwi/ is the virtual equivalent of /ko:pi:liwi/ in some of the latters uses. Check. ikxikoko:pi:l confer Am ko:pi:lyaw synonym Oa 01059 zzz This used to be the entry for Am /tewa/ and Oa /táwá/. It has been deleted as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
Assign the four tokens here to 5355. However, note taht it is the later tokens, from 5355, that should be linked to the lexicon. 01060 a:kaxtetl a:kaxtetl a:kaxtetl a:kaxtetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 stone trough or bowl for giving water to animals pileta de piedra para darles de beber a los animales Am, Oa a: kax te An <kamoa>a:kaxtetl</kamoa> is usually a large, flat, and probably volcanic stone in which a central depression has been created to hold water that is usually given to pigs, although also to dogs and chicks. Illustrate 01061 to:to:tla:wi:lowa to:to:tla:wi:lowa to:to:tla:wi:lowa to:to:tla:wi:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-2b to illuminate (in hunting at night) sleeping birds with light from a torch made of <klam>teono:xtli</klam> iluminar (en cazar durante la noche) pájaros con la luz de una antorcha hecha de <klam>teono:xtli</klam> Pending Xkwiti teono:xtli para tito:to:tla:wi:lo:skeh! Am Go get some of the inner dried sticks of the <kbam>ó:rganoh</kbam>cactus so that we can (use them as torches to) illuminate sleeping birds! ¡Ve a tomar unos palos secos del interior de un <kbam>ó:rganoh</kbam>para (que los podamos usar como antorchas para) iluminar pájaros mientras que estén durmiendo. hunting to:to: tla:wi:l <kamoa>To:to:tla:wi:lowa</kamoa> indicates the action of making a torch of sticks taken from the inside of the <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> cactus (or, by extension, using any other type of lighting) and holding this up to the branches of a tree in which birds are sleeping. Another person can thus see the birds and shoot them with a slingshot or other hunting instrument. It is not clear whether /tla:wi:lowa/ is a transitive or intransitive, since /tla:wi:lwia/ exists as 'to illuminate.' When completed my entries for words having to do with lighting should be checked and this entry corrected/adjusted as needed. Check vowel length; Am filecards originally had a short vowel, changed to long on the basic of Oapan elicited form. Illustrate general scene. 01062 ichpo:chkihli *ichpo:chkihli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of plant or small bush still unidentified tipo de planta o abusto todavía no identificada Am plant xiwtli(pending) chpo:ch -kil Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>hierba muchacha</spn>. Luis Lucena stated that he had heard the name of this plant but could not identify it. 01063 tlai:xwia:ni tlai:xwia:ni te:i:xwia:ne te:i:xwia:ni te:i:xwia:ni te:i:xwia:ne
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni N1 person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.) persona que echa mal de ojo (afectando a niños, animales, etc.) Am, Oa i:x The potential for variation between the nonspecific object markers <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with each village using a different prefix although the patient is in both cases human. /te:-/ vs. /tla-/: With Am /tlai:xwia:ni/ and Oapan /te:i:xwia:ne/ 'person who gives the evil eye (affecting children, animals, etc.): The potential for variation between the nonspecific object markers <kn>te:-</kn> and <kn>tla-</kn> is well illustrated by these cognate forms from Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with each village using a different prefix although the patient is in both cases human. 01064 te:kwa:ntsi:katl te:kwa:ntsi:katl te:kwa:ntsi:katl te:kwa:ntsi:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 ant that bites, of the type known as <klam>tsi:katl</klam> hormiga que muerde, del tipo conocido como <klam>tsi:katl</klam> Am, Oa animal insect kwa tsi:ka tsi:katl 01065 xa:yakapapa:ka kixa:yakapapa:ka xa:yaká:pá:ka kixa:yaká:pá:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-3a(k) to wash the face of lavarle la cara a Am, Oa Noxa:yakapapa:ka, kemech yo:isak. Am He washes his face, he just woke up. Se lava la cara, apenas se despertó. xa:yaka pa:ka Check to make sure /kimich yo:isak/ is OK, and that it should not be /kimich o:isak/. 01066 ko:pi:liwtok ko:pi:liwtok ko:pi:lihtok ko:pi:lihtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be drooping down in clumped strands (e.g., wet hair, clothes hanging on a line, cut and dried palm) estar colgado y pegado en tiras enmarranadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojada, palma secada) Pending to be hunched over with ones arms at the side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) estar acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona enferma o con frío) Pending ko:pi:liwi ko:pi:l Check precise meaning of this term and the potential subjects of the predication. 01067 i:to:ni:lwia ki:to:ni:lwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to cover with sweat; to sweat on empapar con sudor; sudor sobre Am Yo:tiki:to:ni:lwih motlake:n. Am You've gotten your clothes sweaty (i.e., from working hard, from wearing them a long time, etc.). Empapaste tu ropa con sudor (por trabajar mucho, por tenerla puesta mucho tiempo, etc.). i:to:ni Check difference between /ki:to:ni:lwia/ and /ki:to:nia/. Perhaps the latter is in error. Check length of /i:/. In my original notes I have it recorded long in the nominal form /i:to:ni:hli/ but short in the verbal form /i:to:nilwia/. Probably one of the two is in error. i:to:nia confer Am, Oa 01068 tlakaka:wihli tlakaka:wihli tlá:ká:wahli tlá:ká:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 offering left at the sight where the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> are appealed to ofrenda dejada en un lugar donde se les suplica a los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> Am, Oa ka:wa Although the derivational process for these two terms is slightly different, Ameyaltepec <kam>tlakaka:wihli</kam> and Oapan <koa>tlá:ká:wahli</koa> have been joined in a single entry. The Oapan form shows reduction of a reduplicant through lengthening of a prefix vowel, in this case the /a/ of <kn>tla-</kn>. Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has both <kn>tlacaualli</kn> 'sobras de algo, o el que es dexado y desamparado de otros' and <kn>tlacauilli</kn> 'sobras.' Balsas Nahuatl has <klam>te:nka:wihli</klam> for 'sobras' (leftovers) in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. Check meaning again and correctness of the term, particularly Oapan ending in /-ahli/. Check for the possibility of a possessed form. Check vowel length. The Am term is /tlakaka:wihli/, as expected (i.e., with reduplication of verbal stem). After the recording sessions 01069 sekwi sekwi sekwi sekwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(kw) to get or feel cold sentirse el frío Am, Oa Ye:wa melá:k nisekwtoya. Am Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold. Hace rato estaba sintiendo el frío mucho. O:pe:w nise:sekwi. Am I've started to feel a little chilly. Empecéa sentir algo de frío. se kwi sehkalaki; sekmiki Although the isolated form * <kn>setl</kn> has not been documented so far for Balsas Nahuatl, the form <kamoa>sekwi</kamoa> has been considered a compound with an incorporated nominal root. In reference to <kn>setl</kn>, FK notes:"In compounds the element CEC is generally found instead of CE, but the free form CEC-TLI is attested only in Z[acapoaxtla], which lacks CE-TL."Then, uncer <kn>cectli</kn> she notes:"This is found as a free form only in Z, where once out of four times it is given with a long vowel. Z also gives it in some compounds with a long vowel. CEC is abundantly attested in the other sources as an element of compounds, always with a short vowel." Check for difference in meaning between /o:pe:w nisekwi/ and /o:pe:w nise:sekwi/. Add this difference to the grammar. Cf. Gram 1986-08-01.1 Reduplication with long vowel: /O:pe:w nise:sekwi/ 'Just a while ago I was really feeling the cold.' Note that the long vowel reduplication here seems to indicate a mitigated or interrupted process. Both <kroot>se</kroot>and <kroot>sek</kroot>indicate 'cold' and are found in various lexemes with this meaning. 01070 kalte:ntli kalte:ntli kalte:ntli kalte:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) eave, the small overhang at the edge of a house alero pequeño de una casa Pending construct-part kal te:n kahli 01071 yzzz kopalpo:tsahli kopalpo:tsahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas N1 resin from the <spn>copal</spn> tree that produces the resin known locally as <klam>sa:ntokopahli</klam> savia o resina delárbol de copal que produce la resina conocida como <klam>sa:ntokopahli</klam> Oa plant kohtli (pending) kopal kow According to Silvestre Pantaleleón this is the product of a tree named <kloa>kopalpo:tsahli</kloa>. Silvestre mentioned that this tree is found near Asesecan, north of Ahuelicán and about 5-6 hours by mule from Oapan. Note that one of these trees was actually found near Zapotitlan (land of Ameyaltepec), to the surprise of the native language consultants. If I remember correctly the minidisk recording of this tree offers a good source of the terms for the tree, resin, etc. The term /kopalpo:tsahli/ is used in Oapan and San Juan Tetelcingo, but is not found in Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked. 01072 tsi:ntepolkechilia kitsi:ntepolkechilia tsí:ntepolkechília tsi:ntepolkechilia kitsí:ntepolkechília
11/Feb/2006
No V3 N-[PM-V3] V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to turn or place upside-down for or on (e.g., a water jug, bottle, canteen, etc., often in order to empty it of a liquid onto sb [PO]) voltear o poner cabeza abajo para o a (p. ej., un cántaro, botella, cantimplora, etc., a menudo para verter el líquido que tiene adentro sobre algn [OP])adentro) Pending O:timotsi:ntepolkechilih a:tl ika kube:tah. Am You poured water on yourself by turning a bucket upside-down. Te echaste agua al voltearte una cubeta de agua encima. tsi:n tehpol ketsa tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana For all words /tsi:ntepolketsa/, etc. check SJ for /h/. Although there is no evidence from here or other dialects, it would seem that the /h/ would have to be the coda of the syllable {h}. tsi:ntepolketsa verb_base Am tsí:ntepolkétsa verb_base Oa 01073 xa:lpachiwi xa:lpachiwi xa:lpachiwi xa:lpachiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become or get covered by sand (e.g., a garden that gets covered in sand from a rising river) cubrirse o taparse con arena (p. ej., una huerta que se cubre por arena de un río creciente) Am, Oa xa:l pach xa:lpopoliwi confer Oa 01074 zzz This used to be /tsontekonamana/ but has since been combined with /tsontekonyamana/, entry 137, and deleted here.
30/Jul/2005
 01075 zzz Was /I:pan Tla:lchi:chi:hloh/, switched to Toponym database.
27/Jan/2005
 01076 tsi:nkwe:tia kitsi:nkwe:tia tsi:nkwe:tia kitsi:nkwe:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to place or tie diapers on atar pañales a Pending Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian. Am He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on. Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo). tsi:n kwe: Although apparently <koa>tsi:nkwe:tia</koa> is a word in Oapan, it is rarely used. Much more common are <kloa>tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tia</kloa>and <kloa>a:ma:xtlatia</kloa>. Recheck whether /kitsi:nkwe:tia/ is a word in Oapan. During the first check Florencia said it was not, but in the elicitation session she said it when it appeared on the screen by mistake. Thus it might be correct. However, it seems that both <kloa>tsi:ntlaké:sohlo:tia</kloa>and <kloa>a:ma:xtlatia</kloa>are the more common forms. tsi:ntlaké:sohló:tia synonym Oa a:ma:xtlatia synonym Oa 01077 chi:kwepo:nia kichi:kwepo:nia chi:kopo:nia kichi:kopo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) No trans. form documented Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>techi:kwepo:nia</kamoa> class-2a to rip or cut open so that the sides of the opening flare out and fold or double back (e.g., skin cut so deeply so as to open up in a wide swatch and fold back on itself) rasgar o abrir a tal grado que los lados de la apertura salen para un lado y se doblan (p. ej., piel cortada a lo largo con un cuchillo) Am, Oa to turn or fold back upon itself, or inside-out (e.g., ones eyelid) voltear y poner al revés (p. ej., el párpado superior) Pending Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew! Am Turn your eyelid inside-out! ¡Pon tu párpadeo superior al revés! chi: kwepo: teki I seem to have lost my original definition for this word and have reconstructed it from memory. It should be checked, as well as possible objects/patients. Recheck whether one may say /Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew/; also check if it is also correct to say /Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew/. If so, add entry. Under /teki/ in /ono, discuss /teki/, /tsonteki/, and various /chi:-/ words: /chi:patla:wa/, /chi:koya:wa/, /chi:koyo:nia/, etc. Add entry if needed under /kwepo:nia/. Distinguish if possible from /chi:kwepo:nia/. Oapan phonology: Note shift /kwe/ to /ko/ in /kwepo:nia/ to /kopo:nia/. 01078 itekiw itekiw i:tekiw i:tekiw
24/Oct/2005
Modal Modal it is certain that; in the end (indicate that the following predication is more or less inevitable, almost certain to occur) es cierto de; seguro; a fin de cuentas (indica que es muy probable, casi un hecho, que la predicación que sigue va a suceder) Pending Itekiw newa nikchi:was. Am I'm bound to be the one to do it. Es casi un hecho que yo seréquien lo va a hacer. Itekiw wi:ts! Am He's sure to come! ¡Seguro va a venir! Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol! Am When all is said and done you don't have anything, you're in dire poverty (in other words, Don't brag about anything!)! ¡A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (en pocas palabras,¡No te jactes!)! teki kipia para In /Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol!/ check to make sure that first element is /sa:/, not /san/. I believe the /sa:/ is correct. Check vowel length since often final /n/ will delete internal to phrase when followed by V. tekitl confer Am, Oa 01079 nakayoh nakayoh nakayoh nakayoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be fatty; to be chubby (a person) estar o ser gordo (una persona) Am, Oa to be meaty; to be fleshy (an animal) ser carnoso (un animal) Am, Oa naka 01080 yo:ltemi:mihki yo:ltemi:mihki yo:ltemi:mihki yo:ltemi:mihki
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ki Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-l N1 person who stutters tartamudo Am forgetful; absent-minded olivdadizo Oa yo:l miki yo:ltemi:mikini synonym Am 01081 se:xkayo:tl se:xkayo:tl se:xkayo:tl se:xkayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-kayo:tl Stem 2 see <klamoa>-xkayo:tl</klamoa> véase <klamoa>-xkayo:tl</klamoa> Am, Oa se: xiw kayo: Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. pochawistli synonym Am, Oa 01082 tlakwiste:wilia kitlakwiste:wilia tlakoste:wilia kitlakoste:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants for (the benefactive [O] is the person doing the plowing, behind whom another person [S] uprights the plants that have been covered with earth and stones) limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas para (el benefactivo [O] es el que trabaja la yunta, atrás de quien otra person [S] endereza las plantas que han sido cubiertas por tierra y piedras) Am, Oa Tine:chontlakwiste:wili:s, nokone:w xwel ne:chpale:wia. Am You will go upright plants behind the plow that I will drive, my child can't help me. Vas a ir a enderezar plantas atrás del arado que estarétrabajando, mi niño no me puede ayudar. kwi e:wa Oapan phonology: Note the historic sound shift here from /kwi/ in Ameyaltepec (which appears to be the archaic form) to /ko/ in Oapan. kwiste:wilia minus_tla Am 01083 tlapepenke:tl tlapepenke:tl tlá:penké:tl tlá:penké:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) gleamers; gatherers (individuals who pick things up off the ground, such as corn cobs, fish, and other objects that others have harvested or caught) recogedores; pepenadores (gente que recoge cosas como olotes, pescados u otras cosas que han quedado sobre el suelo, dejado atrás durante la cosecha, la pesca, etc.) Am, Oa pena Check whether a possessed form is correct, as I have indicated in the coding for the /infn field. 01084 ko:lo:kokoxki ko:lo:kokoxki ko:lo:koxki ko:lo:koxki
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ki Lex. rdp-s (Am) N1/2; Aln(ag) one (a person or animal) ill from a scorpion's bit uno (una persona o animal) enfermo por los efectos de una mordida de alacrán Am, Oa Koxtok noko:lo:kokoxka:w. Am The member of my household who is ill from a scorpion bite is sleeping. Estádurmiendo la persona de mi hogar que estáenferma por una mordida de alacrán ko:lo: koya The animal to which <kam>ko:lo:kokoxki</kam> most often refers is a hen. The reason for the absence of a reduplicated sequence in Oapan <koa>ko:lo:koxki</koa> is not clear (it may even reflect an error at some point and should be checked). Check /ko:lo:koxki/ from Oapan, perhaps /ko:lo:kokoxki/?! Make sure that a possessed form is acceptable. I have coded this into the /infn field assuming that this noun can be possessed, but there is no documentation of this. Noun incorporation: This word is an interesting example of NI: /ko:lo:kokoxki/ one ill from a scorpion's bite. 01085 te:lpo:tsi:n te:lpo:tsi:n
24/Oct/2005
N N-tsi:n N1/2; Aln(1=2) very young boy, between some 8 and 13 years of age muy joven muchacho o niño entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad Am age te:lpo:ch age Check difference between /te:lpo:tsi:n/ and /te:lpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Also, indeed, recheck whether /te:lpo:tsi:n/ is a correct word, whether it can be possessed, etc. For now I have coded this as possessable, but this should be checked. te:lpokatsi:n synonym Am te:lpakatsi:n synonym Oa 01086 kel kel ke:n tikmati
11/Feb/2006
Subord Particle as if como si Am Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. Am I used you as an excuse (e.g., in not lending sth out), as if it were yours. Te utilicécomo pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo. On ne:nkah, ye tlatsopi:ni:hloh. O:nikitak! Xka:wa, kel ichpokawah. Am That one there, she's been deflowered. I saw it (know it for sure)! You wouldn't think it, (she acts) as if she's a virgin (though she isn't). Aquella, ya le han desflorado. Yo lo vi (esto es, estoy seguro de esto). No lo pensarías, (actua) como si fuera una virgen (pero no es). as they say that (that the following predication were true, with the implication that the speaker does not believe it) dizque o dicen que (la predicación que sigue es verdad, con la implicación que el que habla no lo cree) Am Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi. Am They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men. Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres. O:tito:nalka:w kel te:wa mistewi:s. Am You got scared out of your wits as if it was you it was about to gore. Te asustaste de a deveras como si fuiste túél que iba a cornear. kel The word <kn>kel</kn> may be used modally, in which case it communicates speakers doubt of the truth of a certain proposition, which is thus relegated to hearsay status. The implication is that while others may believe a certain statement, the speaker is doubtful. Note that <kam>kel</kam> may also be used to subordinate an 'if' condition to a main predicate. The English 'as if' captures the sense very well. In Classical one finds <kam>kil</kam> , which Carochi (fol. 123) glosses as 'dizque,òdizen que.' Lockhart (2001: 451, n 8) states in regard to <kn>quilmach</kn> :" <kn>Quil</kn>may be related to the <kn>il</kn>in <kn>ilhuia</kn>, to tell someone, and the <kn>qu-</kn>may be the third prson singular object prefix. <kn>Mach</kn>is dubitative."Indeed, the use of the similar forms in Balsas Nahuatl is quite common. Thus <kam>kitowa</kam> is used (with 3rd-person singular subject and object) to indicate 'it is said that.' In the Oapan tape, eliminate /ké:tláh/ from this entry as it has its own. Check vowel length. Etymology is unclear as this word is not found in other dialects; recheck pronunciation and cognates in surrounding dialects to Ameyaltepec. Perhaps the most important think to check is the meaning. Carochi states that it means that"lo que se dice en este momento no es una ficción."It will be necessary to determine whether that is the case, or whether, as"dizque"etc., it suggests that the speakers distances himself from claiming the veracity of what is to follow, i.e., 'it is said that... but I don't have strong, firsthand evidence.' The other use of /kel/ that should be checked into is that glossed as 'as if', an adverbial that modifies to some degree the action, and subordinates the following clause. Check further the meaning of /kel/ and get more example sentences/. ké:tlá confer Oa 01087 temo:tok temo:tok temo:tok temo:tok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative inexpensive; cheap (the price of an object) barato; económico (el precio de algo) Am, Oa Temo:tok, xihkowa! Am It's inexpensive, buy it! Es barato,¡cómpratelo! temo: Check for other meanings. 01088 Removed as a duplicate entry.
29/Dec/2004
 01089 kakapatsa kikakapatsa kakapatsa kikakapatsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-3a(ts) to cause (sth) to make a clattering sound hacer (que algo) emita un sonido de traqueteo Am, Oa kakapaka kapa: tlakakapatsa val_reduce1 Am, Oa kapa:ni ni_base Am, Oa 01090 i:xtlalowa ki:xtlalowa i:xtlalowa ki:xtlalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2b to run ones eyes over; to look over; to check out (by looking over) relojear; ojear detalladamente; revisar (al correr la vista sobre) Am, Oa O:ki:xtlaloh. Kwelita. Am He ran his eyes over her. He likes the way she looks. La relojeó. Le gusta. Axtopa ki:xtlaowa deke kwahli yes. Am First he looks it over up and down to see if it will be good (e.g., an animal to buy, etc.). Primero lo ve todo de arriba abajo para ver si sería una buena compra (p. ej., an animal, etc.). i:x tlalo Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. ma:tlalowa confer Am, Oa 01091 kechpapatlats i:kechpapatlats
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-N N-ap Lex. rdp-s N2 wide, flapping collar of (a blouse or shirt, but particularly that which goes around the neck of an adult woman's outside blouse or <klamoa>sa:koh</klamoa>) cuello ancho de (una blusa o camisa, pero particularmente el cuello de la blusa, <klamoa>sa:koh</klamoa>, de una mujer adulta) Am Kipia ikechpapatlats nokoto:n. Am My shirt has a wide collar. Mi camisa tiene un cuello ancho. kech patla: Apparently the etymology of <kam>kechpapatlats</kam> involves derivation from a transitive derivation of <klamoa>papatlaka</klamoa>, which refers to the sound made by flapping wings, and not to the root for wide, <kroot>patlach</kroot>. clothes parts It is quite possible that the correct form is <kam>kechpapatlach</kam>. Check for /kechpapatlastik/ o /kechpapatlaxtik/. Also check for /patlatsiwi/, although probably it should be /patlachiwi/.. /kechpapatlats/ refers in particular to the wide collar around the neck of a woman's outside blouse, /sa:koh/. Check 01092 kechmiktia kikechmiktia kechmihtia kikechmihtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca No intransitive documented so far class-2a to strangle (with ones hands, or a rope or similar object) estrangular (con las manos, o con una soga u otro objeto parecido) Am, Oa kech miki Check for existence of intransitive form. Compare to other ways of strangling. Causatives: Note that it is uncertain whether /kechmiktia/ is found in an intransitive form. If not it shows that causatives are not derived from intransitive equivalents, but can be constructed on the basis of lexicalized causatives, particularly when this involves noun incorporation. I.e., many intrans/trans. pairs that exist with no IN do not exist with an incorporated form. kechpatska confer Am kechpitsi:nia confer Oa 01093 i:tia i:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a see <klamoa>oni:tia</klamoa>and <klamoa>tlai:tia</klamoa> véase <klamoa>oni:tia</klamoa>y <klamoa>tlai:tia</klamoa> Am, Oa Like the intransitive verb <kn>i:</kn> from which the causative <kn>i:tia</kn> is derived, only forms with the"directional"marker <kn>on-</kn> or the nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn> are documented. 01094 a:te:ntli a:te:ntli a:te:ntli a:te:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) river; stream río; arroyo Pending Nochi a:te:ntli xya! Am Go all along the river! ¡Ve por toda la orilla del río! a: te:n <kamoa>A:te:ntli</kamoa> is never pluralized, even after numerical modifiers, viz. <kamoa>o:me a:te:ntli</kamoa>. Check difference in use of /a:te:nko/ and /a:te:ntli/. tlate:ntli confer Am, Oa 01095 zzz Was /So:la:pan/, switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 01096 ni:siw ni:siw ni:sik ni:sik
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-pl nearby; close by cerca Am, Oa Ni:siw onkah, xkwiti! Am It is close by, go get it! Estácerca,¡ve por ello! Ni:siw niá:s. Am I'm going nearby. Voy cerca. (with long vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the ordered placement of various objects) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cercano; juntos (en referencia a la colocación de varios objetos puestos en orden) Pending Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka. Am The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart. Las varas deórgano están colocadas cercas unas a otras (p. ej., en el techo de una casa), no están distantes. Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin. Am They live (i.e., their houses are) close together. Viven cerca (esto es, sus casas están cerca, una a otra). ni:siw The etymology of <kam>ni:siw</kam> is uncertain although it seems to be clearly related to Classical forms such as <kn>ici</kn> and <kn>iz</kn>. Molina gives in the Spanish to Nahuatl section 'cerca, preposición' <kn>çaniz.çan nican. amo ueca</kn> ; the <kn>çaniz</kn> form (from <kn>çan</kn> + <kn>iz</kn>) suggests a possible basis for Balsas Nahuatl <kam>ni:siw</kam> , although vowel length differs. Check to see if /nini:siw/ is correct and, if so, what the difference between /ni:ni:siw/ and /nini:siw/ is. Word order: adverbs. In the phrases under <kam>ni:siw</kam> note the word order, with the one-word adverb preverbal. This is a general pattern in Nahuatl. Reduplication: long vowel. Note the following phrases: /Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka/ 'The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart.' and /Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin/ 'They live (i.e., their houses are) close together.' In general note how with adverbs indicating location long vowel reduplication is used to indicate the repetition of the spatial pattern over various examples of the same object. Thus in house contruction, if one places the rods that run the length of the house close together, with row after row showing this pattern, then the long vowel reduplication is used: /ni:ni:siw/ Note how with /weka/ the same is found: /xwe:weka/. Query if /nini:siw/ is also correct and, if so, in what circumstances. 01097 a:chia a:chia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3c(chia) (for plants) to be"thirsting for water"and start drying up for lack of rain during the rainy season estar a la espera de agua (plantas) durante la temporada de lluvias cuando ha dejado de llover por algún tiempo Am O:nosiahka:w nomi:l, a:chi:xtoya. Xo:tla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. Am My cornfield got tired of waiting, it was waiting for rain. It didn't yield abundant fruit, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindiófruta, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. to wait for water (a person, such as one waiting for rain to fall before beginning to plow a field, or waiting as a well slowly fills up before drawing water) esperar el agua (una persona, p. ej., que espera la lluvia para poder empezar a zurcar su milpa, o que espera mientras un pozo se llena lentamente) Am Sa: na:chia, yo:nike:kchi:w ka:n nito:kas. Am I'm just waiting for rain, I've finished plowing where I'm going to plant (i.e., I am waiting for it to rain in order to plow over the tilled land for the final time, planting the seed). Solamente estoy esperando el agua (de la lluvia), ya he terminado de surcar donde voy a sembrar (en otras palabras, estoy esperando la lluvia para volver porúltima vez a arar la tierra ya labrada, para entonces sembrar la semilla). a: chia During an elicitation session I asked Gabriel de la Cruz whether the form <kam>a:chialtia</kam> existed, as a causative of <kam>a:chia</kam>. He pondered the question for a while and then answered that one could say this, for example, if a person was watching over a well and made others wait to fill up their jugs until the well filled up. 01098 kamakekexkilia kikamakekexkilia kamaké:kexília kamaké:kexilia kikamake:kexilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap Lex. rdp-s class-2a yes-rdp to make the mouth of (sb) itch causar que se le escoza la boca a (algn) Am, Oa Ne:chkamakekexkilia to:tolo:ktsi:n. Am The fruit of the <kbam>to:tolo:ktsi:n</kbam>makes my mouth itch. La fruta del <kbam>to:toloktsi:n</kbam>me hace escocer la boca. kama kex Check vowel length in Oapan form. kamakekexkia verb_base Am 01099 kuwayoh kuwayoh kowayoh kowayoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to have (a woman) hair on her back in the form of a snake that"eats"her children as they are born so that they die within a month or two at most tener (una mujer) pelos en la forma de una culebra por la espalda; esta culebra"come"a sus niños a poco tiempo de que nazcan, un mes o dos cuando mucho Pending Kuwayoh nosuwa:w, nochipa miki ikone:tsi:n. Am My wife has a"snake,"her child always dies. Mi esposa tiene"una serpiente", siempre se le muere el niño. Xkwahli un siwa:tl, kowayoh. Oa That woman is no good, she has hair in the form of a snake on her back. Esa mujer estámal, tiene su pelo en forma de culebra por la espalda. to have worms (more accurately, <klam>tsonkowayoh</klam>) tener lombrices (más precisamente, <klam>tsonkowayoh</klam>) Pending Kowayoh, xwel kikwa chi:hli. Am He has worms, he can't eat chile. Tiene lombrices, no puede comer chile. kowa The cure for a woman who is <kamoa>kowayoh</kamoa> is to place a newborn baby on top of the"snake"(or"snakes") so that the baby kills it (or them) and lives. <kam>Kowayoh</kam> in the sense of having worms is apparently an elipsis for <klamoa>tsonkowayoh</klamoa>, which is the proper word for 'lombrices'. For a fuller description of a <kamoa>kowayoh</kamoa> woman cf. DT #7 207ff. and Flk note on this subject. ADD TEXT. Check to determine if /kipia i:kowayo/ is correct. Check vowel length of /kowatl/, final /a/ has been problematical. 01100 ima:kti ima:kti i:ma:hti i:ma:hti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to get legal possession of (land, an animal, a housesite, etc.) lograr posesión legal de (un terreno, animal o solar, etc.) Pending O:i:ma:ktik para nochipa yewa ia:xka -iwa:xka- yes. Am He has obtained official (legal) possession so that it will always be his. Ha conseguido posesión legal para que siempre sea suyo. ma: -ko The 1st person singular is <kam>noma:kti</kam> , the 2nd person singular is <kam>moma:kti</kam> , the 1st person plural <kam>toma:kti</kam> , 2nd person plural <kam>amoma:kti</kam> , and the 3rd person plural <kam>i:nma:kti</kam> (according to Cristino Flores, he also accepted <kam>i:mima:kti</kam>. This final form should be checked with other consultants. Check to determine how the object is expressed. I.e., how can one say 'he gained possession of his house'. I would suspect that there is a form /imaktia/, but I'm not sure if this is used reflexively, etc. Check. Originally for the Am entry I had /ima:kti/, with a short initial /i/. However, given the Oapan data and the probable etymology, I have provisionally changed this. It should be checked. Unusual etymology which seems to have a possessed locative construction that is verbalized. This clearly illustrates the very productive use of /-ti/. Cf. Launey's discussion of words like /i:masewalti/? or similar forms. 01101 kwa:pano:hli kwa:pano:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap Stem 3 (arch.) door lintel; top cross-beam above a doorway (formerly of wood, now mostly made of cement) (arc.) lintel (antiguamente de madera ahora ya a menudo de cemento) Am construct-part kwa: pano: The irregular stress pattern of <kam>kwa:panó:l</kam> is perhaps related to the loss of the absolutive ending. Recheck to make sure that this is not used in the possessive form ever; or perhaps the headword is a possessed stem. 01102 kwa:petsowa kikwa:petsowa kwa:petsowa kikwa:petsowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi No intransitive documented to date class-2b to comb the hair of peinar a Am, Oa kwa: pets Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. kwa:peya:sowa synonym Am 01103 xoyá:k xoyá:k xóyá:k xoya:k xóyá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans; ~Intrans (Oa) yes-lex to be foul-smelling (particularly referring to the smell of <klam>ista:kyetl</klam> and <klam>pi:pitik yetl</klam> when they are ground up) ser apestoso (particularmente para referirse al olor de <klam>ista:kyetl</klam> y de <klam>pi:pitik yetl</klam> molido) Pending Yo:nikpa:pa:xoh noyew, xoyá:k pa:mpa xo:nikpapa:k. Am I crushed my beans (on a metate), they are foul-smelling because I didn't wash them. Triturémis frijoles (sobre un metate), huelen mal porque no los lavé. smell xo hya: smells Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyâk/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Check possible subjects. ista:kyetl Cf. note under ex entry for 3806. 01104 limo:n a:tl limo:n a:tl limo:a:tl limo:a:tl
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>limón</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 2 lemonade limonada Am, Oa a: The documented possessed form of Ameyaltepec <kam>limo:na:tl</kam> is unusual in that it manifests the retention of the absolutive; see <klamoa>pa:tla</klamoa>. The Ameyaltepec form is written as two words given that the accent falls on the final syllable <kam>a:tl</kam>. Note that in the example sentence under /-pa:tla/ I have recorded the possessed form of /limo:na:tl/; this should be checked. Oapan phonology: n>0 is common, as in /limo:a:tl/. The fact that n>0 often occurs in the environment #V suggests that this perhaps should be written as two words although the stress pattern suggests a single word; check for velarization in Am form. 01105 ichkakukwintsi:n* ichkakukwintsi:n
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 type of very small grey and spotted bird, still not identified tipo de pájaro pequeño, salpicado de gris, todavía no identificado Am animal bird chka kwi Type of very small bird that makes its nest out of light things such as cotton, hence its name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tentelito.' che:che:tl equivalent Am chiáchiá:tl equivalent Oa 01106 mulah mulah mulah mulah
11/Feb/2006
mula N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <kamoa>mulas</kamoa> female mule mula Am, Oa animal domes 01107 tlato:ktli tlato:ktli tlato:htli tlato:htli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(k) plants that have have been sown by human hands (and that will later be harvested) plantas que han sido sembradas por manos humanas (y que van a ser cosechada después) Pending Xtlapo un tlato:ktli, ma:ka mopan tlatila:wis! Am Open up a space around the planted plants, don't let it (the field) get overgrown on you! ¡Abrele un espacio alrededor de las plantas sembradas, quéno se te vaya a cubrir de maleza! O:toto:nka:wi:lo:k tlato:ktli, o:panwets toto:nki. Am The planted crops got damaged by the heat, the heat came up (out of the ground). La siembra se dañópor el calor, el calor salióa la superficie de la tierra (saliendo del suelo). planted field sembradío Pending Milá:h we:i tlato:ktli kipia. Am He really has a large planted field (i.e., he has planted a lot of seed). De veras tiene un sembradío muy grande (esto es, sembrómucha semilla). Kwaltsi:n motlato:k. Am You planted field looks good. Se ve bien tu sembradío. tla:lto:ka to:ka Check as to whether /tlato:ktli/ refers to a planted field in its entirety, or simply a planted plant (one by one). Check if any planted plant can be called /tlato:ktli/ (e.g., flowering trees as adornments) or simply plants that have edible fruits). Check if /motlato:k/"your planted field"is correct. 01108 peto:nia kipeto:nia peto:nia kipeto:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to unsnag (sth caught on an object) desprender (algo enganchado sobre algo, p. ej., algo punzante) Pending to unbutton desabrochar Pending peto: peto:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01109 tlaichpo:chwia tlaichpo:chwia tlaichpo:chwia [tla ich po:ch 'wi ya] tlaichpo:chwia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to marry a maiden (a widowed or divorced man [S], or one who has already had a child, even if illigitimate) casarse con una doncella (un hombre viudo o divorciado [S], o uno que ha tenido un niño, aunque sea ilegítimo) Pending Ma:ski plo:weh, o:tlaichpo:chwih. Am Even though he is poor, he (a widow, etc.) married a maiden. Aunque es pobre (un viudo, etc.), se casócon una doncella. chpo:ch The term <kam>tlaichpo:chwia</kam> refers to a 'publically confirmed' non-virgen man who marries a virgen woman. Although it is grammatically correct to use this as a transitive verb with a specific object, this would not be done, since it would be rare for someone to name or directly refer to the girl who had so married. According to Florencia Marcelino one would not use this with a specific object since most often it is used to refer to a situation or event and is considered rude to refer to a specific girl who has been so affected. Hence for semantic reasons there is no entry in this dictionary for the transitive ? <kam>ichpo:chwia</kam>. Again, although ? <koa>te:lpo:chwiya</koa> is"understandable"as a transitive verb (or as the intransitivized <koa>tlate:lpo:chwiya</koa>) it is also not used, given that elder widowed or divorced women do not marry young unmarried men. Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate this entry and the x-ref. Check whether /tlate:lpo:chwia/ is a verb. If so, create entry. Check to see if only used with indefinite prefix /tla-/. If so, eliminate entry under /ichpo:chwia/ and eliminate /xrb field in this present entry. Additional tokens of this word are at ref. 3948. They should be tagged as 1109 also since 3948 has been eliminated for reference. 01110 a:ki:ltia ka:ki:ltia a:ki:ltia ka:ki:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to put (clothes, shoes, etc.) on (sb) poner o vestir a (algn, con algo como zapatos, ropa, etc.) Pending Xne:cha:kilti nokoto:n! Nimokukwa. Am Put my shirt on me for me! I hurt. ¡Ponme la camisa! Estoy adolorido. Timitsa:kilti:s mowera:ch. Am I will put your sandal on for you. Te voy a poner tu huarache. a:k Like <klam>namakiltia</klam> , this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus <klam>na:maka</klam> : <klam>na:makiltia</klam> :: <klam>a:kia</klam> : <kam>a:kiltia</kam>. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of <kam>namakiltia</kam>) or worn (in the case of <kam>a:kiltia</kam>) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. Check vowel length of penultimate /i/. Causatives: Add this word to that of /na:makiltia/ which has a causative form with applicative sense; cf. Launey on this. Like <klam>namakiltia</klam> , this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus <klam>na:maka</klam> : <klam>na:makiltia</klam> :: <klam>a:kia</klam> : <kam>a:kiltia</kam>. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of <kam>namakiltia</kam>) or worn (in the case of <kam>a:kiltia</kam>) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the"applicative"semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. a:kia verb_base Am, Oa tlaa:ki:ltia val_reduce1 Am tlá:kí:ltia val_reduce1 Oa 01111 ikxitla:hlo i:kxitla:hlo ikxitla:hlo i:xitla:hlo
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-poss-yo N2 the dirt on ones leg or foot la mugre o tierra sobre la pierna o pie de uno Am, Oa O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo. Am The dirt on your feet has gotten soft from being in water (e.g., from bathing, after it had hardened from a continued lack of bathing). La tierra sobre tu pie se ablandópor el agua (p. ej., al bañarse después de mucho tiempo de no haberse bañado). kxi tla:l 01112 i:xpan i:xpan i:xpan i:xpan i:xpah
22/Oct/2005
N(rel) N-loc-poss-pan N2(rel) in front of enfrente de Am, Oa I:xpan tlakwatoya wa:n ni: xtlakwalno:tsa. Am He was eating in front of him and he didn't even invite him to eat. Estaba comiendo frente aél y ni lo invitaba a comer. i:x -pan 01113 ma:pachin ma:pachin ma:pachih ma:pachin ma:pachih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 raccoon, known in Spanish as <spn>mapache</spn>, a borrowing from Nahuatl; according to Schoenhals (1988:587) and Leopold (1959:428) this is the species known as <l>Procyon lotor</l> mapache; según Schoenhals (1988:587) y Leopold (1959:428) esta es la especie conocida como <l>Procyon lotor</l> Am, Oa animal mammal ma:pach Schoenhals (1988:587) notes under mapache:"(<kam>Procyon lotor</kam>) 'raccoon' Has a masked face and a ringed tail. Well known for its compulsive washing of clean food. Also called culú[Yucatán], chico, lavador, mapachín, maxtlatón, osito lavador, oso lavandero, ratón lavandero, tejón [Tabasco, Chihuahua], tejón solitario, tlamatón." Check etymology, perhaps related to /pacho:ntik/? 01114 chachayaka chachayaka te:chayaka te:chayaka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] No transitive form documented Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) class-4a to make a rattling noise (documented only to describe the sound made by a rattlesnake) hacer un sonido como de sonaja (documentado solamente para describir el sonido de una serpiente de cascabel) Pending Chachayakatok ikwech te:kwa:nkowatl. Am The rattlesnake's rattle is making a rattling sound. La cascabel de una serpiente de cascabel estáhaciendo un sonido como de sonaja. chaya: To date <kam>chachayaka</kam> has been noted only in reference to the sound emitted by a snake's rattle. However, given the difference in meaning from the Classical form, this meaning should be confirmed. Although one might expect a derivation of <kam>chachayaka</kam> from a verb such as * <kn>chaya:ni</kn>, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of <kn>chachayaca</kn> it is clear that it derives from <kam>chaya:wi</kam>. Thus Molina has <kn>chachayaca</kn> 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for <kn>cacayacatimani</kn>, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to <kn>chayaui</kn> is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frecuentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, <kn>tzotzomoca</kn> is connected to the sound of tearing, <kn>tzomoni</kn>). Finally, note the use of the"dummy morpheme" <kn>te-</kn> in the Oapan form. Check meaning of /chachayaka/, perhpas it should be ?/chachalaka/. Frecuentatives: If /chachayaka/ proves to be correct, discuss re: Although one might expect a derivation of <kam>chachayaka</kam> from a verb such as * <kn>chaya:ni</kn>, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of <kn>chachayaca</kn> it is clear that it derives from <kam>chaya:wi</kam>. Thus Molina has <kn>chachayaca</kn> 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for <kn>cacayacatimani</kn>, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to <kn>chayaui</kn> is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frequentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, <kn>tzotzomoca</kn> is connected to the sound of tearing, <kn>tzomoni</kn>). 01115 yema:nia kiyema:nia yema:nia kiyema:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.) Pending Nikyema:ni:s notix ipan metlatl. Am I'm going to soften up my corn dough on the metate (by grinding it again after having first taken it to a motorized grill). Voy a ablandar mi masa sobre el metate (moliéndola otra vez después de haberla llevado a un molino eléctrico). to loosen up (e.g., earth or similar substances tightly packed together) aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras substancias parecidas, apretadas y duras) Pending A:mantsi:n tili:ntok tla:hli, xkaman noto:ka. Newa nikyema:ni:s. Am Now the earth is hard, it's never been planted. I'm going to loosen it up (by plowing). Ahora la tierra estádura, nunca se ha sembrado. Yo la voy a aflojar (con el arado). yema:n The transitive <kam>yema:nia</kam> has an underlying final {ha} rather than the {ya} found in the intransitive form. Note that the documented form <klamoa>yema:nilia</klamoa>is not the transitive element of the paradigmatic series of adjectival, inchoative, causative but rather an applicative formed on the transitive <kamoa>yema:nia</kamoa> of this present entry. Thus the transitive <kam>yema:nia</kam> in a sense functions as the equivalent to the expected but as yet undocumented causative * <kam>yema:nilia</kam>. In a discussion several consultants from Oapan accepted both <koa>kiyema:nia tla:hli</koa> and <koa>kiyema:nilia tla:hli</koa>. For Jeremías Cabrera the form <koa>kiyema:nia tla:hli</koa> sounded slightly strange, but acceptable, probably given that the form <koa>yema:nia</koa> is the intransitive. See entry under <koa>yema:nilia</koa> as a V3. yema:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa yema:nilia synonym Am, Oa 01116 tepano:hli tepano:hli
22/Oct/2005
N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 stepping-stones (e.g., those placed in a shallow part of a stream so that people can cross) piedras colocadas en las partes poco profundas de un arroyo para que la gente lo cruze Am Onkah tepano:hli, wel tipano:s. Am There are stepping-stones, you'll be able to cross. Hay piedras colocadas para cruzar el arroyo, vas a poder atravesar. te pano: tepano:ltetl equivalent Am 01117 zzz This was an entry for /tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n/ but it has been deleted as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
 01118 no:ntilia kino:ntilia no:ntilia kino:ntilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to leave mute, unable to speak; to leave dumbstruck (and unable to speak) dejar mudo; asombrar tanto que se quede mudo Am, Oa O:kino:ntilih, xo:wel o:tlatoh. Am It left him dumbstruck, he was unable to speak. Lo dejómudo de asombro, no podía hablar. no:n With this verb and others containing the root /no:n/, determine the nature of the muteness... how long, what caused by, etc. 01119 itlah tlah itlah itlah itlah
11/Feb/2006
Pr(indef) Pr-indef (or <kam>itlah tli:non</kam>) something (o <kam>itlah tli:non</kam>) algo; una cosa Pending Itlah mitsihlia? Am Is he saying something to you? ¿Te ha dicho algo? Xok itlah. Am There is none left anymore. Ya no hay. Xok itlah katkah. Am There wasn't any more. Ya no había nada. Itlah tli:no:n mitsamana? Am Is something bothering you? ¿Te molesta una cosa (algo)? O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s. Am They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iokich. Am Don't say anything to her (i.e., in trying to court her), she has a husband. No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene esposo. San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. Am You just go back and forth time and time again (i.e., leaving the house and then returning several times), there is always something that you have forgotten. Nada más sales y regresas una y otra vez (esto es, dejando y después regresando a casa), siempre hay algo que se te olvida. (Neg.: <kamoa>xtlah</kamoa> or <kamoa>xitlah</kamoa>) nothing (Neg.: <kamoa>xtlah</kamoa> o <kamoa>xitlah</kamoa>) nada Am, Oa Xtlah noka:wa. Am There's nothing left. No queda nada. A:mantsi:n xitlah. Am Right now there isn't any. Ahorita, no hay nada. Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, melá:h yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was. Am I've gotten woozy, I've really gotten a fever, I no longer think of doing anything. Ya me puse atarantado, me dio mucha fiebre, ya no pienso en hacer nada. (<kamoa>xtlah para</kamoa>) to be no used for (not good for) anything (<kamoa>xtlah para</kamoa>) no servir para nada Pending Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikowyo, xtlah para. Am The <kam>wetskiswa:xin</kam> , it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (the fruit) is edible. It's wood (trunk and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything. El <kam>wetskiswa:xin</kam> , rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su madera es muy delgada, no sirve para nada. (<kam>xtlah tli:non</kam>) see <kam>itlah tli:non</kam> (<kam>xtlah tli:non</kam>) véase <kam>itlah tli:non</kam> Pending itlah A times the simple use of <kamoa>itlah</kamoa> has a"negative"implication or sense, as in <kam>itlah mitsihlia?</kam> 'has he said something to you?' in the sense of something said which might well have been unpleasant. Similar use is found in both English and Spanish"Did he say anything to you?"or"Te dijo algo?"Finally, note that the difference (if there is one) between <kamoa>xtlah</kamoa> and <kamoa>xitlah</kamoa> is unclear and needs further investigation; the former is much more common In one phrase noted above <kam>tlah</kam> was definitely uttered. This was clear in the speech of Honorio de la Rosa although his father, Juan de la Rosa, did not drop the initial /i/. It did not seem that Don Juan's utterance was careful speech but, rather, that it was the age difference that may have been significant in the distinct speech pattern. Determine difference between /xtlah/ and /xitlah/ as in /xtlah noka:wa/ and /xitlah noka:wa/. Perhaps /xok itlah/ is a single word; cf. syllable division: xo.kí.tlah. Note that although /xitlah/ is occassionally used much, much more common is /xtlah/; the former might be emphatic; check. ke:tla confer Am xokitlah confer Am xokwitlah confer Oa 01120 a:ti:satl *a:ti:satl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 water mixed with <klam>ti:satl</klam> , used as a remedy agua mezclada con <klam>ti:satl</klam> , empleada como remedio Am ti:satl a: ti:sa Determine what type of remedy. Make sure possession is acceptable, as indicated. 01121 a:toto:ni:lwia ka:toto:ni:lwia a:to:ni:lwia [a: to: ni:l 'wi a] ka:to:ni:lwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V-d-wia Lex. rdp-s (Am) class-2a to throw hot water on (particularly an animal to scare it away); echar agua caliente sobre (particularmente un animal para espantar y ahuyentarlo) Am, Oa to put or bathe in scalding water; to pour scalding water over (e.g., a chicken before plucking it) meter o bañar en agua hirviendo; vertir agua muy caliente sobre (p. ej., un pollo antes de desplumarla) Pending Xka:toto:ni:lwi un pio para tikuwitlas iwiyo! Am Pour scalding water on that chicken so that you can pluck its feathers! ¡échale agua caliente a ese pollo para que puedas desplumarlo! Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh. Am Again they're going to pour scalding water over that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms. Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos. a: to:na The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word <koa>a:to:nilwia</koa> is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form <koa>a:to:nihli</koa>. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence <kn>toto:n-</kn> manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> and Oapan <koa>á:tselwia</koa>. Reduplication; Oapan The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word <koa>a:to:nilwia</koa> is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form <koa>a:to:nihli</koa>. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence <kn>toto:n-</kn> manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec <kam>a:tsetselwia</kam> and Oapan <koa>á:tselwiya</koa>. See full discussion under <klam>a:tsetselwia</klam>. 01122 kamana:leh kamana:leh kamana:leh kamana:leh
24/Oct/2005
N N-posr-eh N1 jokester (particularly sb who is always teasing and joking around with words, saying what is not true in order to see peoples reactions); person who fools around, playing practical jokes vacilón; vacilador (particularmente algn quien siempre vacila y juega con palabras, diciendo lo que no es verdad para ver reacciones); persona que siempre estábromeando y vacilando Am, Oa Yewa xmasto xkipia tlawe:hli, ke:n kamana:leh. Am Be well aware of the fact that he doesn't easily get angered, he's a joker. Sepa bien que no es muy bravo, es un bromista de a de veras. kamana:l Check for noun form /kamana:hli/. 01123 tsonakatik tsonakatik tsonakatik tsonakatik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-der-tik to be off to the side or leaning; to not be upright; to be crooked estar chueco; no estar parado derecho; estar al lado o por el lado Oa tsonaka tsonaka 01124 ye:hka:tlato:hli ye:hka:tlato:hli ye:hká:tlató:hli ye:hká:tlató:hli
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 correct speech; pleasing words habla o discurso correcto; palabras placenteras Pending ye:k; The ambiguous status of <klam>ye:ktli</klam> is reflected in <kam>ye:hka:tlato:hli</kam> , which suggests the incorporation of a deverbal adjectival ? <kam>ye:hki</kam> or some other participial form. However, the basic form is nominal <klam>ye:ktli</klam> and indeed most other incorporations are of the nominal stem <kn>ye:k</kn>. This is clear from the many incorporated forms found in Classical, e.g, Molina has <kn>yecchichiua, yecnemilice, yecnequi, yecnonotza, yecquetza,</kn> and <kn>yecteneua</kn>, among others. The only case of <kn>yecca</kn> is <kn>yeccacuica. ni</kn> 'cantar bien y suavamente.' RS has <kn>yeccacuicatl</kn> 'canto agradable, armonioso.' These are the only examples found so far of incorporated <kn>yecca-</kn>. Note, also, that Molina has <kn>yectlatoltoca. nino.</kn> 'presumir que acierta en quanto dize' and RS has <kn>yectlatolli</kn> 'palabra recta, suave, cuatelosa' and <kn>yectlatoltica</kn> '(Olm.). con palabras dulzonas, fingidas.' Given the absence of a clear derivational process for <kam>ye:hka:tlato:hli</kam> t he compound has simply been coded as Stem + Noun. 01125 ko:tsi:ltik ko:tsi:ltik ko:tsi:ltik ko:tsi:ltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be twisted so that tight coils form (in a rope, thread, etc.) estar enroscado (un lazo, hilo, etc.) tanto que se forman algo como nudos o roscas apretadas) Pending ko:tsi:l Check etymology and possible relation to /tetsi:liwi/ meaning also twisted. Finally, check semantic difference between /tetsi:ltik/ and /ko:tsiltik/. 01126 tlawa:hka:n tlawa:hka:n tlawa:hka:n tlawa:hka:h tlawa:hka:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) ground or area that is dry or has gotten dry (e.g., land that after a heavy rain has been exposed to a strong sun) área o lugar seco, o que se ha secado (p. ej., un terreno que despues de una lluvia quedóexpuesto a un fuerte sol) Pending wa:k -ka:n <kamoa>Tlawa:hka:n</kamoa> refers to an area of the ground, and not to a dry or dried material object. It is not clear at this point whether the reference is particularly to an area that has recently become dry after having been wet, or whether it can reference an area (such as a desert) that is habitually and continually dry. Check whether this can refer to a dry place or only a place that has become dry/dried. tlapa:stika:n confer Am, Oa 01127 kekeltik kekeltik
09/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s to be ticklish ser cosquilloso o cosquilludo Am kel kekeleh confer Am, Oa kekeleh confer Am 01128 kamacha:lowa kamacha:lowa kamacha:lowa kamacha:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-2b to open ones mouth wide abrir la boca bien grande Pending Xwel nikamacha:lowa pa:mpa ne:chkukwa nokamak. Am I can't open my mouth wide because my mouth hurts. No puede abrir bien la boca porque me duele. to split open (a hard surface, such as a cliff); to come open or split apart (e.g., the front of ones sandals that are tacked or sewn together, or other things glued together, often in such a way that a part that can be metaphorically considered a"mouth"opens up) abrirse (una superficie dura, como un risco); separarse dejando (algo que se descose o se despega, como la punta de la suela de huaraches, a menduo de tal manera que se abre una parte que metaforicamente se puede considerar una"boca") Pending Yo:kamacha:loh un ne:nkah osto:tl. Xihkón katka, pero a:man kwa:k chika:wak o:tla:loli:n, o:tlapo:w. Am The surface of that cliff split open. It wasn't that way, but now after a strong earthquake, it opened up. La superficie de este risco se agr ietó. No era así, pero ahora que temblófuerte se abrió. Nokal o:kamacha:loh, o:kitsaya:nih tla:loli:nalistli. Am The wall of my house split open, an earthquake caused it to fissure. La pared de mi casa se abriódejando un hueco, la hendióun terremoto. Yo:kamacha:loh nowera:ch, xohkipia iklabi:tos. Am The end of my sandal opened up, it doesn't have its tacks anymore. La punta de mi huarache se abrió, ya no tiene sus grapitas. kama cha:l Tentatively I have found that the /a:/ of the third syllable is long and it has been so marked in this verbal entry and all related forms. However, in the nominal <kamoa>kamachalko</kamoa> and <kam>kamachaleh</kam> the same vowel appears short in most forms that I have elicited. This needs further research with sound sampling equipment that might resolve this paradox. Check vowel length: The /a:/ of the third syllabe is definitely long. Nevertheless, it appears that in clear related forms, <kam>kamachalko</kam> and <kam>kamachaleh</kam> , the /a/ in the third syllabel is definitely short. kamacha:lo:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01129 ma:sasa:l ma:sasa:l
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>ma:tesasa:l</kam> pl. <kam>masasa:lmeh</kam> to be clumsy, slow and not very good with ones hands ser torpe, lenta y no muy bueno con las manos Am ma: sa:l I have recorded this twice, one as /ma:sasa:l/ and once as /ma:sasal/, each time stating that the second vowel has been checked. The vowel length should therefore be checked. Note that if derived from /sa:liwi/, one would expect a long vowel. Check other body parts that might be followed by /sasa:l/. Vowel length of Am form. 01130 -pa:mpa nopa:mpa -pa:mpa nopa:mpa
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-poss-sim N2(rel) in the stead of; for de parte de; por Pending O:tla:k pa:mpa ipa:mpa yo:tlato:lo:k. 01130_01_am Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1.wav | 7:47 Nopa:mpa tekiti pa:mpa xna:k, tla:mo ne:chtsakwaskian. Am He works in my stead because I'm not around, if he hadn't (done this), they would have locked me up. Trabaja de mi parte porque no estoy, si no (lo hubiera hecho), me hubieran encarcelado. Nopa:mpa nemi te:tla:lpan pa:mpa nikte:wi:kilia:ya. Am He (e.g., a family member, a close friend, etc.) is working in my stead in other people's fields because I owed it (in this case labor) to people. Estátrabajando (p. ej., un miembro de la familia, un amigo cercano, etc.) de mi parte en terrenos ajenos porque debía (en este caso trabajo) a la gente. pa:mpa Several acoustic measurements have strongly suggested that the initial /a:/ is long. In my original notes I stated that in the speech of Luis Lucena (Am) the /a:/ of <kam>pa:mpa</kam> is definitely long. However, it appears that in San Francisco Ozomatlán the given the comparative evidence from all other dialects (which manifest a short /a/) this needs to be carefully checked. If the vowel is indeed found to be long, the word should be corrected in all transcriptions and example sentences. I Check vowel length and standardize in all entries, as vl varies in my transcriptions/notes. 01131 -pih topi:pih; nopih -pih topi:pih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N0/1/2; Aln(0=2) (<kamoa>topih</kamoa> + [personal name]) señora [personal name of an elder woman] (<kamoa>topih</kamoa> + [nombre personal]) señora [nombre personal de una mujer mayor de edad] Pending Nikmakas topih Juana. Am I will give it to doña Juana. Se lo voy a dar a doña Juana. (<kamoa>topi:pih</kamoa>) reference term for an adult village woman of advanced age (who is referred to but not addressed directly with this term) (<kamoa>topi:pih</kamoa>) término para referencia mujeres adultas del pueblo, de una edad avanzada Pending O:mik se: topi:pih. Am An elder woman from our village died. Se murióuna mujer adulta de nuestro pueblo. (<kamoa>pi:pih</kamoa> or <kamoa>nopih</kamoa>) vocative for adult women of relatively advanced age (<kamoa>pi:pih</kamoa> o <kamoa>nopih</kamoa>) vocativo para mujeres adultas de una edad relativamente avanzada Pending Ka:n tiaw pi:pih? Am Where are you going doña? ¿Dónde vas doña? Nopih, xtlah chi:hli! Am Señora, there's no chile! ¡Señora, no hay chile! pih <kam>Topih</kam> is most commonly placed as a type of title before the names of certain older women of the pueblo, and is more or less equivalent to Spanish"doña."Apparently it can be used as an address term, though is rarely so employed. In Oapan the free-standing use of <koa>topih</koa> was ruled not acceptable by various speakers; in Ameyaltepec speakers accepted it, but it is rarely so used. Rather, <kam>pi:pih</kam> and <kam>nopih</kam> are so used. Thus it varies from <kam>we:weh</kam> , which may be used before names (e.g., <kam>We:weh Juan</kam>) or as a greeting (e.g., <kam>Ka:n tiaw we:weh?</kam>. In its use as an address term it <kam>we:weh</kam> therefore differs from <kam>topih</kam> , which is almost exclusively used before proper names. In Ameyaltepec <kam>topih</kam> can apparently also be used by either men or women as an address term for older women, as in <kam>Ka:n tiaw topih?</kam> 'Where are you going doña? In this sense it is equivalent to either <kam>nopih</kam> or <kam>pi:pih</kam> , thoug h much les s common. When the long vowel reduplicated form is possessed with <kam>to</kam> (it cannot be possessed by any other element), the result is a reference term: <kam>se: topi:pih ya:s</kam> 'A lady from our village will go.' The root <kamoa>-pih</kamoa> unreduplicated is found only in two possessed forms: <kamoa>nopih</kamoa> as an address term, and <kamoa>topih</kamoa> as a title preceding a first name. The reduplicated form <kamoa>pi:pih</kamoa> is also used as an address term that is virtually equivalent to <kamoa>nopih</kamoa>. Finally, <kamoa>topi:pih</kamoa> is used as a reference (much like <kam>towe:weh</kam> in Ameyaltepec and <koa>toma:noh</koa> in Oapan) to refer to an elder person in the village, here a woman. Reduplication with long vowels: Note that terms of address and titles utilize long vowel reduplication. Thus from /-pih/ one obtains the vocative /pi:pih/, and the reference term /topi:pih/. Note also that /we:weh/ can be used as a title (though rarely) and more often as a reference: /towe:weh/. Recheck whether this /topih/ is correct for Oapan. During the workshops all speakers denied the correctness of /topih/ as a free-standing form, giving instead /topi:pih/. However, I forget to ask whether /topih/ is correct before a woman's name. 01132 chi:ltekpin chi:ltekpin chi:ltehpin chi:ltehpin
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of very small, spicy chile tipo de chile pequeño y muy picoso Pending bush that bears the chile of this name arbusto que da el chile de este nombre Pending plant domesticated chi:l tekp chi:hli Check type of chile: translation. 01133 i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal
22/Oct/2005
Adj(ap) (N-N)-Adj Adj-ap to have a balding forehead wtih a high or receding hairline tener la frente calvo por tener las entradas pronunciadas Am i:x kwa: petla: balding i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon synonym Am i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl synonym Am i:xkwa:tsotsoltik synonym Am i:xkwa:tetsolak synonym Oa i:xkwa:pets synonym Oa 01134 suwa:koto:ntli suwa:koto:ntli siwa:koto:ntli siwa:koto:ntli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>algodón</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 1(:) short-sleeved woman's blouse; older women often wear a <klamoa>sa:koh</klamoa>over it, though younger women might use a <klamoa>besti:doh</klamoa>instead of a <kam>sowa:koto:ntli</kam> and skirt (<klamoa>kwe:tli</klamoa>) blusa de manga corta para mujeres; a veces las mujeres de edad avanzada se visten un <klamoa>sa:koh</klamoa>arriba del <kam>suwa:koto:ntli</kam> aunque las más jóvenes a menudo se ponen un <klamoa>besti:doh</klamoa>en lugar de un <kam>suwa:koto:ntli</kam> y falda (<klamoa>kwe:tli</klamoa>) Am, Oa clothing sowa: women's wear 01135 ikxipil weyak i:kxipil weyak ixipil weyak ixipil wiyak i:xipil wiyak, i:xipil wiyak
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N2 second toe (next to the big toe) dedo largo del pie (junto al dedo gordo) Am, Oa body human kxi pil weya My original data had <kam>ikxipil weyak</kam> as the obligatorily possessed term for big toe. This is essentially a possessed noun (<kam>nokxipil</kam>) followed by a modifier (<kam>weyak</kam>). However, here there appears to be another form with an incorporated noun, an example of possessor raising. An example of this use was given by Florencia Marcelino, who gave <koa>nixipil wiyak</koa> for the first person. This is apparently best analyzed as possessor raising incorporation, i.e., the incorporated form of <koa>wiyak noxipil</koa> in which the possessor is"raised"to subject and the possessed noun is incorporated into an adjectival predicate. Thus another entry has been created: <kloa>ixipilwiyak</kloa>as an adjectival predicate. There are 4 additional tokens from 04602. These should be tagged as 1135 and the two links (F and M) should be chosen from the tokens recorded at 4602. The female link should be the first from 4602, the male should be the second. 01136 tekole:wi tekole:wi tekole:wi tekole:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] No transitive form documented class-3a(w) to become red-hot (particularly metals such as iron; see Oapan synonym <kloa>tekoltia</kloa>) calentarse hasta estar al rojo vivo (particularmente metales como el fierro; véase sinónimo en Oapan <kloa>tekoltia</kloa>) Am Yo:xo:tlak, o:tekole:w un tepostli. Am It's gotten real hot, that piece of metal has turned red-hot. Se calentómucho, ese metal se puso al rojo vivo. to turn bright red (e.g., a fruit such as a wild plum when overripe) volverse rojo vivo (p. ej., una fruta como ciruela al estar pasada de madura) Am O:pe:w tetekole:wi, yo:chi:chi:liw. Am It's started to turn bright red, it's already reddened (a ripening fruit). Ya empezóa quedar color de rojo vivo, ya enrojeció(una fruta madurándose). to get burned (e.g., meat cooked directly on coals) quemarse (p. ej., carne cocida directamente sobre las brasas) Oa tekol An important question concerns the possible subjects of the intransitive verb <kam>tekole:wi</kam> , particularly when it refers to glowing red-hot. According to Luis Lucena metal can be the subject of this verb, but wood cannot. The sense of <koa>tekole:wi</koa> is quite distinct in Oapan, where it is used only to indicate the burning of things cooked directly on fires. For things becoming red hot the verb <kloa>tekoltia</kloa>is used. Alt verbs with /-e:wi/: All verbs that end in /e:wi/ should be analyzed. My memory suggests that many such verbs deal with questions of color, and becoming of a certain color. Thus one has /chi:chi:le:wi/ (also /chi:chi:liwi/), /tli:le:wi/ (also /tli:liwi/), and now in this entry /tekole:wi/ (I have no information as to whether /tekoliwi/ is a 01137 Juan Die:goh* Juan Die:goh
22/Oct/2005
Juan Diego N N-complex N1 type of bird still not identified tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado Am animal bird 01138 sahkón saihkón sahkón sahkón sahkión sahkión
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man yes-lex just in that way; just like that así; asínada más o nomás Am, Oa Sahkón kihlian, teh! Am DT1:004 Well, that's just the way they call it! ¡Asínomás le dicen, pues! Sahkón! Am Just that way, nothing else (i.e., that's the end of the discussion)! ¡Asíde esa manera nomás (esto es, ya no vamos a discutir)! sa hki on The adverbial <klam>ihkón</klam> is used to reference a particular way, such as a particular way that something should be done. Thus in watching someone, such as a student, perform a certain task, the teacher might say: <kam>ihkón</kam> indicating that the task had been correctly carried out. However, the use of <kamoa>sa</kamoa> presents a slightly different perspective. <kam>Sahkón</kam> seems to suggest that the actor or performer would continue in a certain way, and the person who utters" <kam>sahkón</kam> "would be warning that person not to continue. It is thus used often to end a discussion or argument. Thus whereas <kam>ihkón</kam> might be translated as 'Like that!' the form <kam>sahkón</kam> would be more akin to 'Just like that (don't go any further)!' and carries the weight of a slight warning to the addressee that no further steps should be taken. It can also be used when a person wants to end a conversation in general: <kam>Sahkón ma timokaka:waka:n, ma tikochika:n</kam> 'Let's leave it at that, let's go to sleep.' The form <kam>sahkón</kam> can also be used to indicate that something is done for no good reason: <kam>Sahkón kihlian ma:ski xkon i:to:ka</kam> 'That's what they call him even though that is not his name (and the name has stuck).' However, the form <klam>sa:hkón</klam> also exists. Thus <kam>Sa:hkón wa:hlaw, yo:li:k, yo:siaw</kam> 'He's just coming like that, slowly, he's tired.' As with <klamoa>sa:hki</klamoa>it indicates a reduced state. Thus <kam>Sa:hkón o:timoka:w, xtlah tikpia</kam> 'You just wound up like that, you don't have anything.' Note that one can also say, as an example of the difference between the two forms: <kam>Sahkón xkihli, itekiw sa:hkón kino:tsan</kam> 'Just call him like that, indeed that's what they call him.' The first form, <kam>sahkón</kam> is used to indicate something like the Spanish equivalent of 'nomás así' (i.e., simply, in no other way); the second term, <kam>sa:hkón</kam> is used to ind icate that the person's name has been reduced to that, i.e., a nickname, etc. In other w o r ds, <kam>sa:hkón kihlian</kam> or <kam>sa:hkón kino:tsan</kam> indicates that he is no longer called by his name, but only by his nickname. Another example of a minimal contrast could be with <kam>sahkón tinemi</kam> and <kam>sa:hkón tinemi</kam>. In the first one could add, <kam>sa:hkón tinemi, tipaxia:lotinemi</kam> 'That's just the way you live, you go around visiting (i.e., you don't do anything else but)! In the second case, one could add <kam>sa:hkón tinemi, xokitlah tikpia tomi:n</kam> , 'You've been reduced to living like that, you don't have any money anymore!' In this case the usage of <kam>sa:hkón</kam> indicates a reduced state, that the subject has wound up in a certain position or situation. Check vowel length of /sayhkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/ and /sahkón/, if any. I had some entries as /sayhkó:n/; check. Note that the difference with /sahkón/, if any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym. Check vowel length of /sahkó:n/ as well as whether it is different from /sa: ihkó:n/. I had some entries as /sa:hkón/ and others as /sa:hkó:n/. Note that the difference with /sayhkón/, if any, is unclear. If there is, then this should not be considered a synonym. Check Oapan pitch-accent and vowel length. I have heard several pronunciations in general. Note that some seem to usean /i/, as in /sayhkon/. Make sure that if there is a sound file for entry 3281, this should be linked here. There are tokens for this form at 3821, an entry that has had its Oapan form deleted. The tokens from 3821 will be given ref. numbers of 1138. sahkí:n confer Am sahkíi:n confer Oa 01139 mihka:petlatl mihka:petlatl
11/Feb/2006
N Part-N N-b Stem 2 woven straw mat used to wrap up the dead for burial (for those too poor to have a coffin) petate utilizado para envolver a los muertos por el entierro (para los que no tienen los recursos para un ataúd) Am (<kam>wetsi ke:n</kam> ~) to fall with a thud; to fall down hard (<kam>wetsi ke:n</kam> ~) caer a la tierra con fuerza, con estrépito Am miki petla 01140 chikitoliwi chikitoliwi chikowitoliwi chikowitoliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become crooked or bent (particularly long, straight objects such as rods, sticks, thin beams) enchuecarse, torcerse o doblarse (particularmente objetos largos y derechos, como varas y vigas delgadas) Pending O:chikitoliw mochikol. Xpilowili tetl para ma mela:wi! Am Your <kam>chicol</kam> has gotten crooked. Hang rocks from the bottom of it (after hanging the <kam>chikol</kam> by one end to a tall tree) so that it straightens out! Tu chicol se enchuecó.¡Cuélgale piedras por un extremo (después de haber colgado el chicol al atar un extremo en lo alto de unárbol) para que se enderece! chiki tol pachowa The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are clearly cognate although the basis for the initial <kn>chikowi-</kn> sequence in Oapan is unclear. Whether or not this is standard across all speakers is also not certain and needs to be checked. However, the use of <kn>chiki-</kn> is not uncommon: <klam>chikipe:ltik</klam> ; <klam>chikino:liwi</klam> and derivatives. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez spontaneously gave <koa>chikowitoliwi</koa> as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kam>chikitoliwi</kam> they often denied the acceptability of forms such as Ameyaltepec <kam>chikitoltik</kam> (giving instead <koa>chikino:ltik</koa>) and <kam>chikitolowa</kam> (giving instead <koa>chikino:lowa</koa>). Thus the possibility that this entry, <koa>chikowitoliwi</koa> is in error should be considered. tolowa confer Am, Oa 01141 o:ya ko:ya o:ya ko:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(y) to shell maize desgranar maíz Am, Oa Nitlao:xtok ika pio:nes. Am I am shelling maize with some hired helpers. Estoy desgranando maíz con unos peones. O:niko:x nosin. Am I shelled my maize. Desgranémi maíz. o:ya The verb <kamoa>o:ya</kamoa> is most often used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn>. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (<klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> in Ameyaltepec and <kloa>teo:lo:tl</kloa>) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., <koa>tlaó:yá</koa> 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix (i.e., <kn>tlatlao:ya</kn> 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. Check to see if the same meaning associated with reduplication occurs in Ameyaltepec; in this case one would have /tlaoo:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' Recheck that Am has /tlatlao:ya./ NB. Reduplication: The verb <kamoa>o:ya</kamoa> is most often used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn>. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling"stone"made of corn cobs (<klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> in Ameyaltepec and <kloa>teo:lo:tl</kloa>) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., <koa>tlaó:yá</koa> 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix (i.e., <kn>tlatlao:ya</kn> 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa confer Am o:ilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01142 pitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia kipitsa:hka:nkaxa:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a No intransitive has been documented. to give a backache to (at the lower back, e.g., by aggressively tossing sb person around) lastimar o hacer doler la espalda a (particularmente por la parte inferior, por la cintura, p. ej., al agitar a algn violentemente) Am O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. Am That mule gave me a hard jerk, it suddenly turned and twisted. It gave me backache. Ese macho me sacudióbruscamente, de repente se brincóy se sacudió. Me lastimóla cintura. pitsa: kaxa: -ka:n tlakotia:nkaxa:nia synonym Oa 01143 tsokwile:wi tsokwile:wi tsókwilé:wi tsokwile:wi tsókwilé:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) yes-lex to become filthy; to become really dirty and disgusting estar o quedar mugriento; quedar asqueroso Pending tsohkwil Get more precise definition. Check for p-a in Oapan dialect. If there is a pitch accent it should be written in the headword; if not, remove /pa yes field. tsokwiliwi equivalent Am tsókwilíwi equivalent Oa 01144 a:kotoka ka:kotoka ákotokówa akotokowa kákotokówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-PM-V2 V2-b class-4a yes-lex to go upriver against the current, walking, swimming, or in a small boat ir río arriba, caminando, nadando, o en una lancha Pending O:nika:kotokak ipan la:nchah. Am I went upstream in a small boat. Fuírío arriba en una lancha. Xka:kotoka! Am Go upstream! ¡Ve río arriba! motion a: ahko toka The etymology of <kam>a:kotoka</kam> or <koa>a:kotokowa</koa> is uncertain and needs to be carefully considered. One would expect a derivation including <kroot>a:-</kroot>(the root for 'water'). Or, considering that in Ameyaltepec underlying or historical {ah} sequences seem to yield a long vowel, one might expect simply the element <kn>ahko</kn> meaning 'high up' (as in <kam>a:kotlachia</kam> 'to look upward'). The final element, <klamoa>toka</klamoa>'to follow,' seems considerably more transparent. The Ameyaltepec word could, therefore, be either {a: + ahko + toka} or simply {ahko + toka}, with <kn>ahko</kn> signifying 'upriver.' However, if the element <kn>ahko</kn> is part of the compound, one would expect pitch-accent in the Oapan version, which according to my initial notes is not present. This word should be rechecked for pitch accent and the cognates in other dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) should be elicited. Also problematical is the <kn>-owa</kn> ending for the Oapan term. Often this ending is found with int ransitive verbs that were originally <kn>o-</kn>final and intransitive (e.g., Classical <kn>pano</kn> and Balsas <kamoa>panowa</kamoa>). But <koa>a:kotokowa</koa> is transitive. Note, finally, that <kam>a:kotoka</kam> has been documented only with the 3rd-person singular object marker <kn>k-</kn>. The first vowel, it is definitely long and may be used in elicitation to compare with other derivatives using /ahko/, probably result from /a:/ of /a:tl/ plus /ahko/. Cf. note with /akopilowa/. In Oapan the form /-akotokowa/ is used (check pitch pattern). This verb might be used only with third person singular object, this should be checked. Also to be checked is the referent of this object. It might just well be that the etymology is simply {ahko + toka} and that the object is the river, with the meaning being 'to follow (toka) upward (ahko)' with the implied object. Cf. here also the /kakoistok iti/ and the question of the referent of the object marker /k-/. Check for p-a in Oapan form. If it is there, add /pa yes field. a:kotoka 01145 temetsakia kitemetsakia temetsakia kitemetsakia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a to pound with ones fist on (if on a person, usually on the thigh or upper arm, although other places are possible as well) golpear con el puño (si a una persona, generalmente los golpes son sobre el muslo o brazo superior, aunque puede ser también en otros lugares) Pending O:ne:xte:temetsakih. Am He repeatedly pounded on me with his fist. Me golpeócon el puño repetidas veces. O:kitetemetsakih, ma kintlapo ikxiwa:n. Am He pounded her thighs repeatedly with his fist (in this case during a rape) so that she would open her legs. Le golpeócon su puño repetidas veces sobre el muslo (en este caso durante una violación) para que abriera sus piernas. temets ak The difference between long and short vowel reduplication seems to be the nature of the sequence of pounding: deliberate and repetitive with long vowel reduplication, hurridly and repeatedly with short vowel reduplication. The etymology of <kam>temetsakia</kam> is obscure. The sequence <kamoa>temets</kamoa> might refer to the root for 'lead' (in Molina given as <kn>temetztli</kn>), in which case <kn>te</kn> might be part of the stem. Much less likely is that the stem would be <kn>metsak</kn>. An additional possibility is that <kn>mets</kn> represents the root for thigh and <kn>akia</kn> is the verbal stem that Molina glosses as 'trasponerárboles, hincar estacas, o meter algo en agujero.' In this case <kn>te-</kn> might well be the intensifier or the root for stone. This interpretation has been used for the root analysis. This etymology would be in accord with one definition, from the original sentence I had noted, of 'to pound (with a fist) on the thigh' (see the example sentence above). Later, consultants mentioned that this action (of hitting with a fist) could be applied to other parts of the body, particularly the upper arm. It might be that the core definition involves the thigh, root: <kam>mets</kam> , and the extende d definiti on i ncludes reference to other similar (fleshy limbs) parts of the body. However, the fact that a repeated action employs the reduplicated form <kam>o:kitetemetsakih</kam> in which it is the <kn>te-</kn> that is reduplicated, confirms suggests that it is part of the stem and not an intensifier, although it might still represent the stem for 'stone.' Check difference between long and short vowel reduplication. 01146 kwa:tepasolowa kikwa:tepasolowa kwa:tépasolówa kwa:tepasolowa kikwa:tépasolówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[e] Op. <kn>te-</kn> class-2b yes-lex to dishevel or entangle the hair of despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello de Am, Oa Ma:ka xne:chkwa:tepasolo. San tine:chkwa:titila:ntok. Am Don't mess up my hair (in this case said by a female who had her hair nicely braided)! You're just pulling down hard on my hair. ¡No me despeines! (en este caso dicho por una mujer que tenía su pelo bien arreglado con trenzas)! Nomás me estás jalando el pelo. O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok. Am The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids, which would have protected it). El viento le desarreglóel cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas, que lo hubiera protejido del viento). (refl.) to curl ones hair (refl.) enchinarse Pending Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon. Am He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair. Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salióno estaba así, se fue con el cabello liso. kwa: pahsol kwa:pochi:naltia Although the <kn>te-</kn> element is not obligatory and, as one sentence above illustrates, forms without <kn>te-</kn> are possible, this is quite rare. In fact, it seems that in the apocopated adjectival form <klam>kwa:tepasol</klam> the <kn>te-</kn> element is obligatory. Similar observations were made in regard to other forms. Thus the sentence <kam>O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok</kam> may be considered somewhat idiosyncratic and perhaps borderline. It is for this reason that the main headword entry is <kam>kwa:tepasolowa</kam> , with the intensifier as it is for all cognate forms. Also check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. /nochi:notilia/ means 'to have ones hair curled'. Check for difference between /kwa:pasolowa/ and /kwa:pochi:naltia/ Check the pitch-accent in the Oapan variant given that in my entry for the /lxo and /lxoc fields I noticed that there were no accents. This is probably an error and I have corrected it, but the original recordings should be consulted. 01147 nexe:wi nexe:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[x] class-3a(w) to get dusty empolvorearse Am to fade or become faded (e.g., cloth or other dyed items) desteñirse (p. ej. ropa u otros materiales teñidos) Am (with <kn>tla-</kn>) see <klamoa>tlane:si</klamoa> (con <kn>tla-</kn>) véase <klamoa>tlane:si</klamoa> Am nex One consultant, don Luis Lucena, did not accept the form * <kam>nexiwi</kam>. Apparently <kam>monexe:wi</kam> and <kam>nexe:wi</kam> are synonyms, although my sense at this time is that <klam>monexe:wi</klam> is much more usual. Check whether /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also try to determine what the /mo/ element is. Check to determine whether /te-/ can be used ?tenexe:wi and if the meaning is equivalent. Also check for occurrence of /-iwi/ form and of transitive /nexowa/. The who nature of /mohnexe:wi/ needs to be investigated. mónexé:wi synonym Oa 01148 osto:xiwtli *osto:xiwtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) weeds that grow on cliffs hierbas o maleza que crecen sobre los precipicios Am plant xiwtli(gen) osto: xiw This word was heard as a general descriptive comment on certain types of cliff-inhabiting plants. How common such a reference is still needs to be determined. It is not completely certain taht this refers weeds that grow on cliffs in general, or to a particular type of weed that grows on cliffs, i.e., whether it refers to simply the location where weeds grow. If this is the case, determine other possible words involving /xiwtli/ and a 'locative' (such as /tepe:xiwtli/, etc.) 01149 ta:takaltik ta:takaltik ta:takaltik ta:takaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-l; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>teta:takaltik</kamoa> to be uneven; to have a lot of bumps; to be bumpy (surfaces of objects that have small shallow despressions even though they were worked and smoothed) estar desigual; no estar plano (la superficie de objetos tener pequeñas depresiones aunque se estaba trabajado para dejarla plana y lisa) Pending Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. Am Fix my yoke (in this case by making sure it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its just bumpy and uneven. Arregla mi yujo (en este caso trabajándolo para que vaya derechito y estébien cepillado). No lo puedo componer yo, estádisparejo y no muy plano. to be bumpy (an excavation such as a long ditch, with some parts deeper than others) estar desnivelado; estar lleno de o tener muchos baches (una excavación, como una zanja, tener algunas partes más profundas que otras) Pending Ta:takaltik isurkoh, san kanah o:kasitiki:s, kanah ka, o:kipa:pankwitiah. Am His furrow is bumpy, in some places he got it good (with the plow), in some places he didn't, he just bounced along (without sinking the plowshare well into the ground). Su surco quedócomo lleno de baches, en algunos lugares atinóbien, en otros no, solamente iba atinándole por aquíy por acá(sin lograr meter la reja del arado en la tierra bien). to be ragged (e.g., hair that is unevenly and poorly cut) estar trasquilado (p. ej., el cabello mal cortado) Pending Ta:takaltik itson. Am His hair is unevenly cut. Estátrasquilado su cabello. Ta:takaltik, xpestik o:kixi:nkeh. Am His hair is ragged, they didn't give him a smooth haircut. Estátrasquilado su cabello, no le cortaron el pelo bien (plano). texture takal chakayoltik; ta:takaltik; tewistik; to:tolopoxtik Check observation in notes as to the possible subjects of /ta:takaltik/, hair or the person with the ragged haircut. 01150 techipaktik techipaktik techipahtik techipahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> to be light-colored (e.g., a cloth) tener un color claro (p. ej., una tela) Am to be light-skinned (a person) ser de piel clara; ser güero (de complexión) Pending to be transparent or translucent ser transparente o translucente Pending chipa: me:skal; michin; ichpakawah Check for acceptability of /chipaktik/. 01151 te:nki:xtia kite:nki:xtia te:nki:xtia kite:nki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make known; to announce hacer público; anunciar Am, Oa O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, tli:no:n kichi:wili:s Luís. Am He made known what he was going to do to Luis. Anuncióque le iba a hacer a Luís. to extend the edge of (e.g., an overhang of a roof) extenderle la borde o orilla de (p. ej., la parte sobresaliente de un techo) Am, Oa te:n ki:sa Check if /te:nki:sa/ exists. Also check whether /pampa/ is correct in the phrase. /O:kite:nki:xtih un tlato:hli, pampa tli:non kichi:wili:s Luís./ 'He made known what he was going to do to Luis.' The original phrase on my cards had /pampa/, but I removed it since it sounded so strange. Check!! The placement of /pampa/ does not seem to make sense. Get other examples of /te:nki:xtia/. Causatives; transitivity. It would appear that there is a more general tendency for transitive verbs to exist with incorporation and remain transitive, than for intransitives to show parallel incorporation and remain intransitive. Thus one can see /te:nki:xtia/ but not /te:nki:sa/. Check though. 01152 meka:nia nomeka:nia meka:nia nomeka:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b To date only documented in reflexive class-2a (refl.) to get tangled up in a tether, rope or lasso and fall down (particularly used to refer to animals left tied up) (refl.) enredarse en un laso o riata y caerse (en particular en referencia a animales dejados atados a unárbol o poste) Am, Oa O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik. Am My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead. Mi burro en enredóen su laso donde lo fui a amarrar. Se enredó, lo fueron a encontrar muerto. meka To date this verb has only been documented in the reflexive; it seems to refer to an involuntary action or event that cannot be instigated. It most often refers to an animal that is left tied in a field and that gets tangled up in its tether. The verb implies that the animal fell down, though not necessarily that it died. Recheck the first /a:/ of the verb. Another point that should be checked is whether the verb occurs only in the reflexive, or whether it can take an A-P scheme. In general the derivation of /meka:nia/ is not altogether clear. Obviously, it contains the root /meka/ for 'mecate'. And the meaning is somewhat related to the verbalizations formed with /-wia/. Care should be taken to note whether there are other similarly denominalized verbs. Complex predicates: /O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ 'My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead' This seems to be a complex predicate. Note that the pluperfect is not used here, even though the action of dying is anterior to that of finding the animal. However, it does seem that there are two predicates: the finding and the dying, the dying being said of the object of the first predication. Note, however, that a noun or adjective is not used here. An effort should be made to study complex predication in Nahuatl. It appears, however, that the nature of the second predicate depends on the type of verb and whether it accepts a stative use of /-tok/. Thus, for example, the translation of something to the effect of 'they went to find it loose' could be /o:kine:xti:ton kaxa:ntoya/ or /o:kine:xti:ton o:kaxa:n/. However, since /miki/ is an unergative verb in Nahuatl (i.e., ha s the principal diagnostic of an unergative verb in that the -tok endings is a progressive not stative) it cannot occur as /miktok/ or /miktoya/, which would mean 'it was dying.' However, one question remains, and this might be based on inaccurate transcriptoin. Can one say both /o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ and /o:kine:xti:ton yo:mik/. Determine if both are correct and, if they are, the difference. It seems that the second is more of a perfect: 'they went and find that it had died' vs. the former 'they went and found it dead'. Note that the purposive interpretation of /-to/ is probably not applicable here. Phonology: Vowel lengthening. Note that it would seem certain that /meka:nia/ is related to /mekatl/. Yet note the vowel loss difference. This is probably due to phonological context, perhaps lengthening before a nasal verbal ending, or shortening (cf. /xokotl/) before the absolutive. 01153 koo:lo:tl koo:lo:tl koo:lo:tl koo:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 2 generic name for a type of tree that contains two types: <kbamoa>koo:lo:tl</kbamoa>and <kbamoa>koo:lo:tesontli</kbamoa> nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol que contiene dos tipos: <kbamoa>koo:lo:tl</kbamoa>y <kbamoa>koo:lo:tesontli</kbamoa> Oa Koo:lo:tl | Ye weka:wi kitekian para a:roh de tambo:rah. Oa <kam>Koo:lo:tl</kam> : A long time ago they would cut it to make the ring of a base drum. <kam>Koo:lo:tl</kam> : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban para el aro de una tambora. tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of <kamoa>koo:lo:tl</kamoa> árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de <kamoa>koo:lo:tl</kamoa> Pending plant kohtli (pending) ko o:lo: Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>cuahuilote</kam>. Of this, Schoenhals (1988) states:"1. (<kam>Bombax spp.,</kam> e.g., <kam>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</kam>) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 2. (<kam>Parmentiera aculeata</kam> '[family] bignonia' See guajilote."Of the guajilote, Schoenhals has a more extensive commentary:"(<kam>Parmentiera aculeata</kam>) '[family] bignonia' Small or medium-sized trees often grouped in thickets. In drier areas they may be planted around houses. Related to gourd vines, the tree has white flowers and small, yellowish-green fruit. Northern limit of range is the Isthmus. Also called cuajilote, espiga, pepino deárbol, pepino de la ardilla."According to Roberto Mauricio (28-08-01) there are two types of <koa>koo:lotl</koa>, both called by the same name, though different. One, apparently simply named <koa>koo:lo:tl</koa>, is found in the area of Oapan, indeed there are many along the edge of the river where Robert o has a small irrigated field. It was flowering at the end of August; the flowers are small and white, with six white pointed petals. Its fruit is round, about the size of a small cherry with a thin green skin that turns red when it ripens and the fruit becomes sweet. The wood of this tree is hard and the trunk grows straight; thus it can be used for house beams (e.g., on which to place <spn>tejamanil</spn>). The second type of <koa>koo:lo:tl</koa>, named <kloa>koo:lo:tesontik</kloa>, is found north of Oapan, for example in a place called Mototlan. Its fruit is not edible. It is so named because of the rough surface of its skin. The <koa>koo:lo:tl</koa> with sweet fruit is only found in the area around Oapan. koo:la:wa confer Am koo:la:wa confer Am 01154 na:wahli na:wahli na:wahli na:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 <spn>nahual</spn>; witch nahual; brujo Am, Oa Tlakah ye tina:wahli. Xka:wa, saka ye tio:stli. Am By goodness you're a <kam>nahual</kam> ! No, it's not what I believed, it's just that you're pregnant (said in joke to a woman who was just showing her pregnancy). ¡A poco eres un nahual! No, no es lo que creía, es solamente que estás embarazada (dicho en broma a una mujer a quien apenas se le estaba notando su embarazo). na:wa Some people understand a <kamoa>na:wahli</kamoa> to be a person who can transform themself into something, usually an animal but also things such as a <klam>tla:lme:stli</klam>. However, others say that it refers to people who have an animal alterego, or companion animal. It seems that both are properties of <kamoa>na:na:walteh</kamoa>. Note that the first recorded /a:/ is definitely long and should be recorded and written as such in all entries. Add texts on /na:na:walteh/. Check second vowel. 01155 meló:n melo:n melo:n me:loh me:lon me:loh
22/Oct/2005
melón N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) melon (all types including those planted locally in cornfields and irrigated winter gardens, and those bought in the regional market) melón (todos tipos incluyendo los que se siembran localmente en las milpas y en las huertas de invierno, y los que se venden en los mercados regionales) Am, Oa plant domesticated Determine different types of melons. 01156 topo:naltia kitopo:naltia tótopo:náltia totopo:naltia kí:topo:náltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca[ni] Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:topo:náltia</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other inflated objects) reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otros objetos inflados) Am, Oa Xtopo:nalti, ma ki:sa yesa:tl! Am Pop it (a blister) open so that the watery blood comes out! ¡Reviéntala (una ampolla) para que salga el líquido con sangre! to crack (ones knuckles or similar joints) hacer crujir (los nudillos de las manos, u otras coyunturas parecidas) Pending DT#8: 029 O:niktotopo:naltih nomapilwa:n. Am I cracked my knuckles. Hice crujir los nudillos de las manos. topo: The morphological causative <klam>topo:naltia</klam> is more common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding fireworks or similar objects, than the nondirected alternation form <klam>topo:nia</klam>. Although I had some documentation of <kam>topo:naltia</kam> being used to refer to the setting off of or exploding of fireworks, it seems that <klam>topo:nia</klam> is much more common in this sense. Also, in regard to cracking of ones knuckles again, <kam>topo:nia</kam> is much more common. 01157 o:kpa o:kpa o:hpa o:hpa
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm twice dos veces Am, Oa (<kam>ika</kam> ~) second time (<kam>ika</kam> ~) segunda vez Pending A:man ika o:kpa nochi:wa. Am Today it is done for the second time. Hoy se hace por segunda vez. (<kam>i:ka o:kpa</kam> + [possessed lineal kinterm]) great [possessed kinterm] (<kam>i:ka o:kpa</kam> + [poseído término de parentesco lineal]) bis [término de parentesco] Pending ika o:kpa nokoko:l -nolo:lah, noxwiw- Am my great-grandfather (great-grandmother, great-grandchild) mi bisabuelo (bisabuela, bisnieto) (<kam>ika o:kpa</kam> + possessed term for spouse) half [possessed kinterm] (<kam>ika o:kpa</kam> + poseído término para esposo o esposa) segundo [término poseído] Pending ika o:kpa nosuwa:w Am my second wife mi segunda esposa (<kam>i:ka o:kpa</kam> + [possessed term for sibling]) half [possessed kinterm] (<kam>i:ka o:kpa</kam> + [poseído término para hermano o hermana]) medio [término poseído] Pending Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokseina:n, newa nokse nona:n. Am I have a half-sibling, s/he has one mother and I have another. Tengo un medio hermano(a), el(la) tiene una mamáy yo tengo otra. (~ [numeral]) twice times [numeral] (a method of counting higher numbers used when Nahuatl-speaking sellers wish to avoid using Spanish numerals in front of a potential customer; otherwise the Spanish loan is used) (~ [numeral]) dos veces [numeral] (un método para contar números mayores cuando hablantes de náhuatl quieren evitar un cliente potencial se de cuenta de los números, en otras situaciones los préstamos del español se emplean) Pending o:kpa ma:tlaktli Am twenty viente o:k -pa In reference to the use of <kam>o:kpa</kam> with kinships terms note that <kam>ye:xpa</kam> may also be used, as could also other higher numbers, although a situation that would require their use is undoubtedly rare. Note also that there is a relatively free variation between forms such as <kam>i:ka o:kpa nokoko:l</kam> and <kam>noo:kpakoko:l</kam> ; <kam>i:ka o:kpa nokniw</kam> and <kam>noo:kpaikniw</kam> ; and <kam>i:ka o:kpa nosowa:w</kam> and <kam>noo:kpasowa:w</kam> , although the first in each of these pairs seems much more common. Finally, in regard to counting, multipliers such as <kam>o:kpa</kam> or <kam>ye:xpa</kam> may occasionally be used in front of non-Nahuatl speaking clients so that they do not understand numbers that otherwise would be expressed in Spanish. Thus 'fifteen' might be <kam>ye:xpa makwihli</kam> , etc. This applies across forms: /o:kpakoko:hli/, /o:kpalolatli/, /o:kpaixwiwtli/, etc. With siblings (/ikniwtli/) the use of /ika o:kpa/ apparently refers to children who have one parent in common; this should be checked, as should the possibility of saying /noo:kpaikniw/. Vowel length needs to be checked. Under one entry for /oksepa/ I have written"This [long] vowel length is definite and all such entries should be recorded as such."This would suggest that I had checked /oksepa/ and found the first /o:/ to be definitely long. This would seem to apply to /o:kpa/ as well. Thus for now I have written all manifestations of /o:kpa/ with a long initial vowel, with the understanding that this should be checked. However, the first vowel in /ok/ and /xok/ I have consistently recorded as short. These two should also be rechecked. 01158 kwa:xtle:rah kwa:xtle:roh kwa:xtle:rah kwa:xte:roh kwa:xte:roh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>kwa:xtli</kn> N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) type of shotgun so named because it uses <kam>kwa:xsosohli</kam> in loading tipo de escopeta asíllamado porque utiliza <kam>kwa:xsosohli</kam> para cargarse Pending tool kwa:ch <kam>Kwa:xklerah</kam> is an alternate pronunciation of <kam>kwa:xtlerah</kam> , perhaps because of a reborrowing from the Spanish loan <kam>cuaxcle</kam>. However, the form with /tl/ is by far more common. Check to determine Check how the /kwa:xsosohli/ is used. Get a recording? Also determine the precise nature of the possessed construction. Additional tokens of this word are at 3602 and should be added/tagged as 1158. kwa:xtli confer Am 01159 tlakaka:walistli tlakaka:walistli tlá:ka:walístli tlá:ka:walístli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 1(s) yes-rdp ceremony (called in Spanish <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn>) that involves prayers and an offering of appeasement to the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> in exchange for a soul lost through <spn>susto</spn> levantamiento de sombra, una ceremonia que involucra unas oraciones y una ofrenda para inducir a los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> a soltar y regresar una alma perdida por el susto Am, Oa ka:wa tlakaka:walistli Obtain many tapes of this, etc. 01160 yzzz ta:tamale:wi ta:tamale:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi(a) rdp-s class-3a(w) to get red, weal-like bumps on ones skin salirsele ronchas rojas a la piel como de verdugones Oa ta:tapale:wi tamal According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa), in Oapan <koa>ta:tapale:wi</koa> is only used when one is bitten by a scorpion. A more common term in Oapan for similar swelling is <koa>ta:tamale:wi</koa> and the transitive <koa>ta:tamalowa</koa>. The lexeme <koa>tamale:wi</koa> is used because the swelling occurs in only one spot; however usually the reduplicated form with long vowel is used, since the swelling and redness is not limited to one spot. Victórico Jiménez used the form <kloa>ta:tamaliwi</kloa>and did not seem to accept <koa>ta:tamale:wi</koa>. He used this term when referring to what happened to his skin when he gets bit by a scorpion. His wife mentioned that it refers to many small red bumps that surface, as if one had been bitten by many mosquitos. Make sure the unreduplicated form does not exist. The /lxo field here should should be changed to /ta:tapale:wi/ for Oapan and another entry set for /ta:tamale:wi/. Also, the recordings should be adjusted. The root <kam>tapal</kam> seems clearly related to <kam>tlapal</kam> , which has to do with dye, paint, or ink and the color red. tatapale:wi synonym Am 01161 kokoxka:tia kokoxka:tia kokoxka:tia kokoxka:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia Lex. rdp-s class-4d(tia) to become sickly or weak from illness ponerse enfermizo o débil de una enfermedad Am, Oa Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa. Am My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything. Mi burro estáenfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso. koya kwalo Classical does not show a similar form, although the participial <kn>cocoxqui</kn> is common. Zacapoaxtla has a verbal form <kn>cocoxca:cui</kn> 'enfermarse.' Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Note that for /makokoxkatia/ I have this as a transitive. Check. Perhaps use example of /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ as agentive being verbalized. kokoxka:ti equivalent Am, Oa kokoxka:tilia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01162 pochi:ni pochi:ni pochi:ni pochi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni class-3a to become frayed or fuzzy (e.g., bark paper that has gotten worn or wet, cloth that has become worn and fuzzy or that has its edges slightly unravelled and frayed, etc.) ponerse o quedarse velloso (papel de amate desgastado o mojado, tela que se luyóy quedóvelloso o que tiene las orillas deshilachadas) Pending O:pochi:n moa:maw. Am Your piece of bark paper has become fuzzy (e.g., from being rubbed, because it is of poor quality, etc.). Se quedóvelloso tu papel de amate (p. ej., porque se restregómucho la superficie, es de mala calidad, etc.) pochi: Whereas the intransitive form of this verb indicates that something is becoming fuzzy or frayed, the transitive refers to the action of carding material such as cotton. The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is <kamoa>pochi:ni</kamoa> and <kamoa>pochi:na</kamoa>. However, with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes <kn>-altia</kn>, e.g., <klamoa>a:pochi:naltia</klamoa>and <klamoa>kwa:pochi:naltia</klamoa>. Determine other possible subjects of /pochi:ni/. Transitivity alternation: Note the difference: The intransitive/transitive alternation for this verb is <kamoa>pochi:ni</kamoa> and <kamoa>pochi:na</kamoa>. However, with incorporated nominal stems the transitive becomes <kn>-altia</kn>, e.g., <klamoa>a:pochi:naltia</klamoa>and <klamoa>kwa:pochi:naltia</klamoa>. 01163 mo:stla mo:stla mo:stla mo:stla
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm tomorrow mañana Am, Oa Mo:stla niá:s! Am I will leave tomorrow! ¡Mañana me voy! (with rdp-s/h) every day; daily (con rdp-s/h) cada día; diariamente Am, Oa Momo:stla nitekiti. Am I work every day. Trabajo cada día. (<koa>se:</koa> [rdp-s/h] ~) every day; daily (<koa>se:</koa> [rdp-s/h] ~) cada día; diariamente; todos los días Oa Se: momo:stla niaw mocha:n. Oa Every day I go to your house. Todos los días voy a tu casa. (used as a greeting) (see you) tomorrow (como saludo) mañana (nos vemos) Am, Oa mo:stla In Oapan one finds the phrase <koa>sé: momó:stla</koa> with apparently the same sense as <koa>mómó:stla</koa>, i.e., 'every day.' Ameyaltepec does not have the equivalent phrase, but one does find <kam>ka:da momo:stla</kam> with the same sense. In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, <kamoa>mo:stla</kamoa> is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, <koa>mo:stlaka:n</koa> is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. Note that many greetings are verbal derivatives. However, they utilize the <kn>-keh</kn> marker for the plural as in Ameyaltepec <kam>tlane:xtilih</kam> 'Good morning (sg)' and <kam>tlane:xtilikeh</kam> 'Good morning (pl).' Check reduplication with short vowel, FK has a long vowel here with the same meaning: every day. Check the possibility that both /mo:mo:stla/ and /momo:stla/ are correct, but with different meaning. Reduplication: Note that in Balsas Nahuatl reduplication of /mo:stla/ with a short vowel is used for indicating 'every day' /Momo:stla nitekiti/ 'I work every day.' Check and recheck whether this is correctly used. FK has long vowel reduplication for this sense: /mo:mo:ztla/. Greetings; imperative; plural: In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, <kamoa>mo:stla</kamoa> is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, <koa>mo:stlaka:n</koa> is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. 01164 a:pantlakalilia ka:pantlakalilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop) poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo) Am O:ka:pantlakalilikeh mi:hli. Am They put in irrigation ditches for the corn. Ellos pusieron zanjas (apancles) para regar el maíz. a: -pan; tlahkali Check existence of /a:pantli/ and decide on validity of secondary root /a:pan/. Also determine whether one can say /ka:pantlakalilia mihli/ or /... notla:lchi:wal/, etc. i.e., whether the object is simply the crop. Finally, this word might be a good candidate for a double applicative, check for /o:ne:cha:pantlakalililih nomi:l/. If correct, enter in grammar. Check correctness of Oapan /sá:nkatlákalí/ and remove from /cogo if not correct. sá:nkatlákalí synonym Oa 01165 te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-N] V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to grow old as a old bachelor by passing the common or proper age for marriage llegar a ser grande como soltero por pasar la edad más apropriada para casarse Am O:te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:ntiak, xo:nona:miktih. Am He's become an elder bachelor, he didn't get married. Se convirtióen soltero viejo, no se casó. age te:lpo:ch we:we: Although the compound field analyzes this as 'noun + intransitive verb,' i.e., a noun incorporated into an intransitive verb, it is better to treat this as a verbalization of a compound noun <kamoa>te:lpo:chwe:we:ntsi:n</kamoa>. The code used for this in the compound field (/com) is (N-N) indicating that a compound noun is part of a further derivational process (as opposed to N-N, which simply indicates a nominal compound). Determine best root analysis for /we:wentsi:n/. Recheck vowel length. Check length of final /a/ in this and all forms ending in /-tia/ intransitive verbalizer for the imperfect. Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /we:we:ntsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly. NOTE TO SELF: check length of /e/ in /wen/ syllable. 01166 te:mpi:tswetska te:mpi:tswetska te:mpi:tswetska te:mpi:tswetska
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-S-V1 V1-b class-4a to grin (keeping ones lips closed or almost closed) sonreir (manteniendo los labios cerrados o casi cerrados) Pending Te:mpi:tswetskatok, kwelkaki tli:n kihlitokeh. Am He is grinning, he likes what they are telling him. Estásonriendo (con los labios cerrados), le gusta lo que le están diciendo. te:n pi:ts wetska wetska; i:xwetska; tlankwi:tsowa; te:mpi:tswetska <kam>Te:mpi:tswetska</kam> is formed from the elements <kam>te:m</kam> 'lip' and <kam>pi:ts</kam> (cf. <klamoa>pi:tsiwi</klamoa>) indicating narrowness or narrowing. Literally it seems to mean 'to smile with narrow(ed) lips.' With <kam>te:mpi:tswetska</kam> ones teeth are not showing; a wide open smile with a full display of teeth would be expressed by <kam>tlankwi:tsowa</kam>. On the other hand, <kam>i:x(we:)wetska</kam> is used to mean that the person is just about to smile, to be just barely smiling, perhaps because he or she is too embarrassed to fully smile. 01167 keh
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>ke:tla</klam> ; <klam>kea:man</klam> véase <klam>ke:tla</klam> ; <klam>kea:man</klam> Am The precise spelling of this form is not clear, as {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec in all but phrase-final position. Moreover, given that <kam>keh</kam> is always found in compounds such as <kam>ke itlah</kam> , <kam>ke:tla</kam> or <kam>kea:man</kam> it is difficult to determine the etymology or origin, i.e., whether <kam>keh</kam> or <kam>ke</kam>. Recheck all forms with /ke:/ or /keh/, particularly /ke itlah/ and /ke a:man/. 01168 i:xmachilia ki:xmachilia i:xmachilia ki:xmachilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to see or recognize (sth) in the possession of (that is, to see sth [SO], perhaps missing or robbed, in the possession of another [PO]) reconocer o ver (algo) en la posesión de (algn, p. ej., reconocer una cosa robada o perdida [OS] en la posesión de otra persona [OP], en su casa, etc.) Pending O:ne:chixtekilih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih. Am He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it with him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). Me robóuna tinaja. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de la tinaja, que reconocí). O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka -=te:a:xka-. Am They recognized what he had as belonging to someone else. Se lo reconocieron como algo de alguien ajeno. O:niki:xmachilih motlake:n. Am I recognized your clothes on him (i.e., that he had your clothes, either being worn or in his house, that you had lost, or that had been stolen). Le reconocítu ropa (esto es,él tenía tu ropa puesta, o en su casa, ropa que habías perdido o que se había robado). i:x mati External possession: Note the meaning of /i:xmachilia/ and its relationship to possession (but not ownership). In general the applicative often has this implication (of possession not ownership). Such a distinction does not seem to be made in the literature too often. i:xmati verb_base Am 01169 kwa:ta:takalowa kikwa:ta:takalowa kwa:ta:takalowa kikwa:ta:takalowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi No intransitive form has been documented. Lex. rdp-l class-2b to give a bad and uneven haircut to dejar con un corte de pelo disparejo; dejar tuzado a Am, Oa kwa: takal A haircut that results has some places cut close to the scalp and others with much longer hair left in place. 01170 kwa:istaya kwa:istaya kwa:istaya kwa:istaya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] class-4b(ya-x) to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey ponerse canoso Am, Oa kwa: sta Check for transitive form, as well as for adjectival ? /kwa:istak/. Or perhaps /kwa:istaleh/ is correct (I do recall having heard it). Check for progressive, with /x/ or /s/? Is /kwa:istá:k/ also correct. kwa:chipa:wi confer Am, Oa 01171 tlakoyo:nka:n tlakoyo:nka:n tlakoyo:nka:n tlakoyo:nka:h tlakoyo:nka:h
24/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) place where there is a hole or deep depression (often small) in the ground lugar donde hay una depresión (a menudo pequeño) en la tierra Pending koyo: Determine precise meaning of /tlakoyo:nka:n/. My original file card reads"(lugar donde hay) un agujero en la tierra (pequeño)."Obviously this cannot refer to a"hole"since there is no other side for the hole to penetrate to. It would thus seem that what is being referred to is a deep depression, perhaps with steep walls. Determine whether this refers to a sunken in area, a pothole like formation, etc. Check whether /tla:lkoyo:nka:n/ is also correct.... or feasible. 01172 tlayo:koya tlayo:koya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-3a(y) to feel sad; to feel melancholic (e.g., when a friend departs) sentirse triste; sentirse melancólico; tener sentimiento (p. ej., por la ida de un amigo) Am None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya. Am He sighs, he's feeing somewhat melancholic. Suspira, se siente algo melancólico. Nitlayo:koya pa:mpa nitlayo:wia. Am I feel sad because I suffer from poverty. Siento triste porque sufro de la pobreza. yo:koya In Oapan the reflexive of <klamoa>amana</klamoa>is used to say 'to be sad.' Check for /yokoya/ as verb. The semantics and etymology of <kam>tlayo:koya</kam> is uncertain although it seems to be related to the verb <kn>yo:koya</kn>, as found in Classical Nahuatl. Molina has many related words, among which are <kn>tlaocoya. ni.</kn> 'estar triste'; <kn>tlaocoyaliztli</kn> 'triste'; <kn>tlaocolchiua. nic.</kn> 'hacer algo con tristeza'; <kn>tlaocolnantli</kn> madre de tristeza y aflición.' There are also a series of words related to <kn>yocoxqui</kn> as in <kn>yocoxka</kn> 'mansa o pacificamente.' FK notes that this is derived from <kn>yocoya</kn> with 'considerable extension of meaning'; <kn>yocoya. nitla.</kn> is glossed as 'fabricar o componer algo de su motivo.' It may be, however, that there are two homophonous words and that one is <kn>yo:koya</kn> refers to sadness, melancholy, etc. This is the analysis at least temporarily adopted here is that Ameyaltepec <kam>tlayo:koya</kam> (as Classical <kn>tlaocoya</kn>) is a lexicalized meaning from the transitive verb <kn>yo:koya</kn>, perhaps no long used as a verb, but which has a parti cipia l form in <kn>yocoxka</kn> 'mansa o pacificamente.' Check entry under /ne:neltia/ for comments on this verb. Check to determine whether /yo:koya/ exists in Ameyaltepec or the Balsas region as a transitive verb. Check the entry and /cat field as necessary. Check length of /tlayo:koltia/, final /o/ is perhaps long. Check whether /yo:koya/ exists. If so, add to /xtbl field tlayo:koltia val_add_caus Am 01173 zzz This was an entry for /tlako:pepena/ which was eliminated as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
 01174 tla:listá:k tla:listá:k
22/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia N1 type of whitish-colored rocky and dusty land, poor to plant on tipo de tierra blanquiza, algo pedregosa y polvorosa, y pobre para las siembras Am soil tla:l sta 01175 besti:doh besti:doh besti:doh besti:doh
11/Feb/2006
vestido N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) dress that has a top piece joined to a bottom skirt, with two seams, one going down each side of the dress (i.e., not a skirt, <klam>kwe:tli</klam>) vestido con una blusa y falda parte de una sola pieza, y con dos costuras, una a cada lado del cuerpo (no es una faldas, cf. <klam>kwe:tli</klam>) Am, Oa tlake:ntli Add onomasiological entry on all types of clothes kwe:tli confer Am, Oa 01176 chachalka chachalka chachalka chachalka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.] class-4a to make or produce a hollow sound (such as a broken or fissured ceramic pot or plate when struck hard) sonar hueco (como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto cuando se golpea) Pending Chachalka un tepalkatl, tlapa:nki. Am That bowl has a hollow ring (when struck), it is broken. Ese plato hondo suena hueco (cuando se golpea), estároto. sound chala: chachalaka Apparently /chachalaka/ and /chachalka/ are equal or near equal in meaning, although this should be checked. It might be that /chachalka/ is only used to refer to the sound made by broken ceramics, whereas /chachalaka/ to things that jingle or clatter. Also, the difference of both to /chala:ni/ should also be checked. In some notes I state that /chachalka/ is the virtual equivalent of /chala:ni/ and both are used to refer to the sound made when a broken bowl, or other ceramic which is fissured or split, is struck to make it ring. chala:ni ni_base Am, Oa 01177 tlakwa:ni tlakwa:ni tlakwa:ni tlakwa:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni N1 type of small bug, still not positively identified, that gets in stored corn and eats away at it tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado definitivamente, que pica maíz almacenado Pending Tlakwa:ni, nemi ipan tlayo:hli, kikwa tlayo:hli, kikukwalo:tla. Am The insect called <kamoa>tlakwa:ni</kamoa> is found on shelled maize, it eats it, it gnaws away at it (causing them to become bug-eaten). El insecto llamado <kamoa>tlakwa:ni</kamoa> se encuentra en el maíz desgranado, come el maíz, lo pica. generic term for insects that eat grains término genérico para insectos que comen granos Pending Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo. Am All types of seeds have a bug that eats them. Todo tipo de semilla tiene un insecto que se lo come. big-eater; person who eats a lot; glutton comilón; persona que come mucho Pending animal insect kwa Check whether Oapan has /tlakwa:ne/, since often final /-ni/ is found as /-ne/. -yo possession; agentive in -ni Note the following word, /tlakwa:nyo/: /Nochi semi:yah kipia itlakwa:nyo/ 'All types of seeds have a bug that eats them.' The first point to make is that here, as in other cases, the agentive nominalization of verbs with /-ni/ enters into further derivations by losing the final /i/. This is clear in the many cases of the diminutive: /a:tlakwintsi:n/. However, what is interesting here is that an animate noun is intrinsically possessed (cf. to /kowayoh/). The reason is that the bug is in effect an intrinsic part of the ecology of grains; or it may well be related to the fact that both elements, the grain and the insect, are considered nonvolitional and that the use of /-yo/ suggests this relation, that a grain-eating bug is as integral to the grain as a chip of metal is to the metal post it splits off of (e.g., /tepostli/). Yet in the end, this use of /-yo/ (in /itlakwa:nyo/) deserves additional comment. 01178 kamaxoxopo:naltia kikamaxoxopo:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca[ni] No intransitive documented Lex. rdp-s class-2a to cause pimples in the mouth of hacerle salir (a algn) granitos en la boca Am Seki wel kikwa to:tolo:ktsi:n deke yo:iksik, pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s. Am Some people can eat the <kbam>to:tolo:ktsi:n</kbam>if it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will cause some sores in your mouth. Algunos pueden comer el <kbam>to:toloktsi:n</kbam>si ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la boca, te da algo deúlceras en la boca. kama xopo: kamaá:xopo:nia synonym Oa 01179 koto:ntok koto:ntok koto:ntok koto:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be snapped or broken in half or pieces (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) estar reventado o roto en la mitad o en pedazos (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) Am, Oa to be interrupted, broken off, or ended (a tradition) ser interrumpido, terminado o acabado (una tradición) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) discontinuous or broken up (a stream or brook during the dry season); fragmented or broken (e.g., terrain that has been cut by gullies) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) discontinuo o con partes aisladas (un arroyo o riochuelo durante la temporada de secas); fragmentado o cortado (la tierra que has sido cortado por barrancas hechas por aguas torrenciales) Pending Ko:koto:ntok a:te:ntli. O:pe:w ko:koto:ni a:tl, ye wa:ktok. Am The river is dry in places. The water has started to break up here and there (i.e., stopping the continuous flow), it's already drying up. El río estáseco en algunos lugares. Ya empezóa quedarse agua solamente en charcos aislados (ya no fluye sin interrupciones), ya se estásecando. Ko:koto:ntok un tla:hli. Miák a:tlawtsitsi:ntli, kwa:k kiawi o:kiko:koto:n a:tepe:ya:tl. Am The land is broken up. There are a lot of little gullies, when it rains, the torrential waters have cut the earth. Estáfragmentada la tierra. Hay muchas barranquitas, cuando llueve, las aguas cortaron la tierra en pedazos. (with long vowel reduplication) to be parceled out or divided (land, e.g., what was one piece, among heirs) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) dividido en parcelas (un terreno, p. ej., entre herederos) Pending kwe:tli de koto:ntok koto: The difference between stative forms ending in <kn>-tok</kn> and participles ending in <kn>-ki</kn> is often hard to determine. In the case of <klamoa>koto:ni</klamoa>(i.e., <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> vs. <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa>) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa> is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> and <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa>, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The stative seems to indicate a sem i-permanent sta te that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. For all Stative of adjectivals in /-ki/, check the existence of the contrary form, and inquire as to possible subject and other indications of spearate meanng. Statives: /-tok/ vs. /-ki/: The difference between stative forms ending in <kn>-tok</kn> and participles ending in <kn>-ki</kn> is often hard to determine. In the case of <klamoa>koto:ni</klamoa>(i.e., <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> vs. <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa>) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa> is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to <kamoa>koto:nki</kamoa> and <kamoa>koto:ntok</kamoa>, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The sta tive seems to i ndicate a semi-permanent state that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. 01180 a:matla:lilia ka:matla:lilia a:matla:lilia ka:matla:lilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to write down on paper for (sb) apuntar sobre un papel para (sb) Am, Oa to register (a person) on a written-down list for (another person) registrar (una persona) en una lista apuntada para (otra persona) Am, Oa a:ma tla:l a:matla:lia verb_base Am, Oa 01181 kechpa:tska kikechpa:tska
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not to strangle and kill) apretar el cuello de (pero no estrangular y matar) Am, Oa kech pa:tska Check for other acceptations of this word (remember that /kikechpa:tska i:kuh/ was in the original dictionary as 'to masturbate'. kechmiktia confer Am kechmihtia confer Oa kechpitsi:nia synonym Oa 01182 tli:mpara tli:mpara tli:mpara tli:mpara
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>para</spn> Pr(int) Pr-int what (is it) for? ¿para qué(es)? Am, Oa Tli:mpara tikihli:s? Am What are you going to use it for? ¿Para quélo vas a usar? tli:n I have chosen to write <kamoa>tli:mpara</kamoa> as one word, given its lexicalized status, the fact that with this sense no intervening words can occur, and the labialization of the nasal (which does not necessarily occur across word boundaries). It is used to ask the purpose of a given tool or material object. Check other potential uses>/tli:mpara tiá:s?/. Is this correct? 01183 tlayo:kolia kitlayo:kolia tlayo:kilia kitlayo:kilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to give (sth [SO]as a gift) to regalar (algo [OS]) a Pending O:ne:chtlayo:kolikeh, xo:nko:w. Am I was given it as a gift, I didn't buy it. Se me regaló, no lo compré. Xma:totoka kechi:ka mistlayo:kolian! Am Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you! ¡Acéptalo rapidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan! (with <kn>te:-</kn>) to give away (sth, to people); to be given up in adoption (a child) (with <kn>te:-</kn>) regalar (algo, a la gente); dar (a un niño) para que se adopte Pending Tsotsokatl, xkineki kite:tlayo:koli:s itlah tli:no:n. Ma:ski kipia, pero xkite:maka. Am He is selfish, he doesn't want to give anything away. Even though he is rich, he doesn't give things away. Es mezquino, no quiere darle nada a nadia. Aunque tiene, no quiere darselo a la gente. O:note:tlayo:kilih un kichkone:tl. Am That little boy was given up in adoption. Ese niño fue dado en adopción. yo:co I had this note:"Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl verb form is <kam>tlayo:kilia</kam> , the nominalization is <klam>te:tlayo:koli:hli</klam>. In Oapan the expected verbal form <kam>tlayo:kolia</kam> occurs."But my entry here shows /tlayo:ko:lia/ for Oapan. Check; I can't remember which is which. Check /lxo and /lxoc fields. NOTE: RECHECK WITH /yo:kolia/ or /yo:kilia/. In one file card I record /kite:tlayo:koli:s/; this may be an error for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and should be checked. The other phrases apparently all had /tlayo:kilia/. yo:kolia minus_tla Am yo:kilia minus_tla Oa 01184 kwa:peya:sowa kikwa:peya:sowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to comb the hair of peinar a Am Xne:chkwa:peya:so! Am Comb my hair! ¡Piéname el cabello! kwa: peya:s In Oapan the <kn>kwa:</kn> element is not used in the word meaning 'to comb the hair of.' Rather, one finds an periphrastic expression such as <koa>kipeya:sowa i:tson</koa>. Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. Also, recheck for presence of glide /y/. Ask if there is any difference between /kwa:peya:sowa/ and /kwa:petsowa/. kwa:petsowa equivalent Am peya:sowa equivalent Oa 01185 i:xpa:ki i:xpa:ki i:xpa:ki i:xpa:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to be very happy from having many items to choose from; overjoyed from being confronted with an abundance of choices; to be filled with glee from what ones sees estar muy feliz por tener enfrente mucho de que escoger; regocijar por lo que estáa la vista Pending San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlewa wel mlá:k ka:nas. Am He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry. Estáabrumado y feliz por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener 4 novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar. San tii:xpa:ki. Xe tikita katlewa milá:k tihkowas. Am You're like a kid in a candy store (liking the looks of everything). You still can't decide which one you're really going to buy. Estás feliz de la vida con todo lo que ves. Todavía no has decido cual vas a comprar. San i:xpa:ki ika miák yo:kitak tlake:ntli, nochi kukwaltsitsi:ntih. Tomi:n kwa:ki pero ni:n se: xkikowa. San i:xpa:ki. Am He is filled with glee from seeing the clothes, they are all really beautiful. He has brought money but won't buy even one. He's just happy from looking (and can't make a decision). Estáfeliz por ver la ropa, todo estámuy bonita. Trajo dinero pero no va a compar ni uno. Solamente estáde regocijo (sin poder decidir). i:x pa:ki <kamoa>I:xpa:ki</kamoa> refers to the state of a person who sees many inviting and nice things, such as one who enters a store and sees a lot of nice clothes and not knowing immediately which is best or which he will buy, happily looks everything over. Check the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and simply /i:xpa:ki/. Note that the reduplication in the above example is of the noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. Note that the reduplication in /ii:xpa:ki/ is of the incorporated noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. 01186 tsi:nwekaltik tsi:nwekaltik tsí:nwakáltik tsi:nwakaltik tsí:nwakáltik
24/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik yes-lex to have a hollow formed at the bottom (e.g., a ridge or ledge whose bottom has either been naturally eroded or dug out by hand, leaving in both cases a hollow or small cave at the bottom) tener un hueco formado en la parte inferior (p. ej., un saliente o risco cuyo parte inferior ha sido erosionado o excavado a mano, dejando un huequito o pequeña cuevita al fondo) Am to have a depression in ones hind quarters (an animal that is starving) tener una depresión por la parte posterior (un animal que estámuriéndose de hambre) Oa tsi:n wehkal Check to make sure sense difference is correct, i.e., that Am and Oa differ so much in senses Illustrate... both meanings? 01187 te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl te:tlayeyekano:chilike:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 person who invokes the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> (e.g., so that another person gets ill, so that a girl acts a boy's advances, etc.) persona quien invoca a los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> (p. ej., para que algn se enferme, para que una muchacha quede enamorada de un pretendiente, etc.) Am te:yekanono:chilike:tl e:ka no:tsa yeyekameh Although the corpus reveals only the headword form, Luis Lucena stated that <kam>te:tlayekano:chilike:tl</kam> , without the reduplication in <kam>yeyekatl</kam> , is also correct. Recheck all these forms, since there seems to be a lot of variation and perhaps some can be removed as headwords and relegated to"note"status under a headword entry. te:yéye:kano:chíliké:tl synonym Oa 01188 tio:panki:xtia kitio:panki:xtia tio:panki:xtia kitio:panki:xtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to accompany as part of the entourage in a church marriage (lit. 'to remove from the church', the potential subjects of this verb are the godparents, <spn>padrinos</spn> and <spn>madrinas</spn>, the musicians, and other similar participants; the objects of this verb are the bride and bridegroom) acompañar y participar en una boda religiosa (de la iglesia; lit. 'sacar de la iglesia', los sujetos potenciales de este verbo son los padrinos y madrinas, los músicos, y otros participantes similares; los objetos de este verbo son los novios) Pending tio: ki:sa -pan Check potential subjects, i.e., can priest be among them? Check vowel length here; under /tiopanki:sa/ I mention that I definitely head a short vowel in Oapan Nahuatl. tio:pankalaktia confer Am tio:panki:sa verb_base Am 01189 tomaxokó:k tomaxokó:k tomaxoko:k tomaxoko:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans to have too much tomato (a salsa) estar pasado de tomate; tener demasiado tomate (una salsa) Pending toma xoko The most common use of <kam>tomaxokó:k</kam> is to refer to sauces that have too much <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>; it is not clear whether this term can be used in regard to any type of tomate although I believe it can be. Check what sauces can become /tomaxokó:k/. A token of this word also occurs at 3717. 01190 tepi:tsmiki tepi:tsmiki tepi:tsmiki tepi:tsmiki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 PM-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to suffer from being packed in or pressed together (e.g., a person in a crowded or tight place, such as a bus or subway) sufrir por estar apretujado (p. ej., una persona entre la muchedumbre, o en un lugar pequeño, como un camión o el metro, con demasiado gente) Pending tepi:ts miki Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miki/. Review all cases of verbal compounds that are not N-V or Part-V to make sure a standardized terminology is used with S and PM. tepi:tsmiktia val_add_caus Am 01191 ompu:nkah ompu:nkah ompo:nkah yóo:mpónkah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv=V1 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>kah</klamoa> to be right over there (within the sight of speaker); the one that is right over there él que estáallímero (a la vista del hablante);él que estáallímismo Pending Ompu:nkah! Xtlapo! Pakah! Am It is right over there! Open it! There it is! ¡Estáallímismo!¡ábrelo!¡Allíestá! Ompu:nkah, ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli! Am The one that is right over there, (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed! ¡Ese que estáallá(en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar!¡Estábendicho! on -pa; on; ka Adverbs It is not clear whether Ameyaltepec <kam>ompunkah</kam> can function both verbally, indicating existence in a certain location, and as a headless relative clause, indicating 'the one that is right over there.' It may need a relativizer for this latter function and the correct pronunciation might be <kam>yo ompunkah</kam> , as in Oapan. If it can be used as a headless relative, then it would differ from constructions such as <klam>nika:nkah</klam> and <klam>na:nkah</klam> , which consist of an adverbial modifier and the verb of existence <klam>kah</klam>. Note that in the Oapan version the use as a relative clause requires a preceding relativizer, <koa>yó</koa> as in <koa>yóompúnkah</koa> 'that one over there!' Check following statement:"However, note that whereas other subjects are possible with these latter two modified predicates (e.g., <kam>nika:n tunkah</kam>) with <kam>ompunkah</kam> no such possibility exists (i.e., ? <kam>ompun tunkah</kam> ; rather one finds <kam>pun tunkah</kam>)."Check whether ?/ompun tunkah/ is correct, etc. Compare /ompún/ and /ompa/ as well as /sampa/, /nepa/, etc. Compare all with forms having the copula: /ompunkah/, /ompakah/, /na:nkah/, /nika:nkah/, /pakah/, etc. Get a complete list. 01192 a:te:ma ka:te:ma a:te:ma ka:te:ma
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-mi class-3a(m) to fill with water llenar de agua Am, Oa Xka:te:ma ma:tekon para ma pala:ni itikwitl. Tikpapa:kas. Am Fill your gourd with water so that the inside rots (and you can use it as a canteen)! You will then clean and rinse it out. ¡Llena tu bule con agua para que se pudra lo de adentro (y asílo puedes utilizar como cantimplora)! Lo vas a limpiar y enjuagar. a: te:m a:te:mi Note the possible meanings of /te:ma/. 01193 zzz This was an entry for /towameh/ and it has been removed.
02/Apr/2003
 01194 kas kas ke:mah kas kas ke:mah
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal-evid perhaps; maybe quizá; acaso; tal vez; a lo mejor Am, Oa Xnikmati, kas yo:yah? Am I don't know, perhaps he has already left? ¿No lo sé, tal vez ya se fue? Kas ke:mah? Am Perhaps that's the case? ¿Puede ser que si? kas This modal element indicates that the speaker is unsure of the truth value of the predication to follow, but is more inclined to believe it true than false. This element might well be related to Classical <kn>cuix</kn> 'acaso' (or 'perhaps'). 01195 chi:lposo:nki chi:lposo:nki chi:lposo:nki chi:lposo:nki
22/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki N1 type of chile sauce, boiled and without pork fat tipo de salsa de chile hervida, y sin manteca Am, Oa food chi:l poso: mo:hli Again, determine whether this, like /chi:lmante:kah/ is a /mo:hli/. Chile sauce made with chile, water, garlic, onions, corriander, and eggs, all heated together to a boil. Use second male token, first one is tinny. 01196 se:botia se:botia xé:potiá xe:potia xé:potiá
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>sebo</spn> No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) yes to congeal (fat, lard, or grease) cuajar (el sebo o grasa) Pending Check vowel length. This was originally recorded in the Oapan tape as /sé:botiá/. The spelling was later corrected. This will be rerecorded at the end of the summer session. Note reference to re-recording in Oapan session; apparently first elicitation of /sé:botiá/ was erroneous. There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7176. These should be tagged as 1196 and the llinked files should be taken from them, since they are recorded later and thus of better sound. se:boti equivalent Am xé:potí equivalent Oa 01197 tlatli:lwi:tektli tlatli:lwi:tektli tlatli:lwi:tehtli tlatli:lwi:tehtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(k) amate or other image painted solely in black outline (in regard to amates this may refer to those that either are only line drawings or have had their images painted in black outline but not yet filled in) amate u otro imagen pintado solamente con líneas negras (en cuanto a amates se refiere o a los que o se van a quedar en blanco y negro o los de blanco y negro que todavía no se rellenan) Am, Oa tli:l wi:teki amate (document entire process). Apparently a possessive relation is indicated by a phrase such as <kam>noa:maw san de tlatli:lwi:tektli</kam> or something equivalent. Illustrate perhaps with an amate in parts.... I believe I have one tlatsatsaktli confer Am tlá:tsahtlí confer Oa 01198 pare:joh pare:joh pare:joh pare:joh
11/Feb/2006
parejo Spn Adj Adj-loan to be equal (in length or height) ser iguales (en lo largo o lo alto) Pending Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik. Am I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> , they (the cobs) are no longer even, some are small. Voy a remplazar parte de este <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos son cortitos. (~ + <kam>yaw</kam> in plural) to be even; to be neck and neck; to be going at the same pace; to be of the same size (~ + <kam>yaw</kam> en plural) ser parejas; ser iguales; tener el mismo paso (al estar en movimiento); ser del mismo tamaño Pending Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. Am He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. Apparently as a predicate modifier with the sense of 'even; neck and neck; at the same pace; of the same size' <kamoa>pare:joh</kamoa> can be used with various verbs of motion, e.g. <kamoa>notlalowah</kamoa>. 01199 kochipan i:kochipan kochipan kochipah kochipan i:kochipah
11/Feb/2006
N V1-N(rel) Rel-poss-com N2 in the sleep of (person marked as possessor) entre el sueño de o mientras que duerme (persona marcada como poseedor) Pending San ikochipan o:one:w. Am He left while still half asleep (not fully awake). Saliócuando todavía estaba medio dormido. Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. Am He talks while sleeping, he just starts talking in his sleep. Habla entre sueño, es cuando estádormido que empieza a hablar. kochi -pan The etymology of <kam>kochipan</kam> is not entirely clear. Generally <kam>-pan</kam> is employed with nouns; in this case there is no clear corresponding noun. Note in general that the verb <kam>kochi</kam> at times appears in compounds where one would not expect a verb to occur. Check vowel length of /i/. 01200 zzz This used to be /umpakah/ but has been deleted with standardization of the orthography. See /ompakah/.
30/Jul/2005
 01201 ayuxiwtli ayuxiwtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo Am plant xiwtli(pend) ayoh xiw ayukihli synonym Am áyukíhli synonym Oa 01202 tlato:lpo:ni tlato:lpo:ni tláto:lpó:ni tlato:lpo:ni tláto:lpó:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] class-3a yes-lex to run off at the mouth; to start up and talk a lot hablar mucho repetinamente Am, Oa O:tlato:lpo:nkeh, san miák tlato:hli o:kelna:mihkeh para kito:skeh. Am They suddenly started to run off at the mouth. They remembered a lot of things (words) to say. De repente empezaron a hablar mucho. Se acordaron de muchas cosas (palabras) para decir. hto po: Check for transitive form in /-po:nia/ or /-po:naltia/. tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni confer Am 01203 tsi:ntopo:ni tsi:ntopo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a)[ca] ~Trans class-3a to backfire (a motor vehicle) producir detonaciones por el escape; petardear (un vehículo) Am Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti. Am The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud. El camión va produciendo detonaciones ocasionales por el escape, se oye fuerte. sound tsi:n topo: Determine whether both /tsi:ntopo:nia/ and /tsi:ntopo:naltia/ exist. If both do, then determine the difference in meaning between them, if any. Reduplication with long vowel: /Tsi:nto:topo:ntiw fle:chah, chika:wak kakisti./ 'The bus is going along backfiring every now and then, it sounds very loud.' Note that this is a classical example of long vowel reduplication indicating repeated actions spaced out over time; also typical is the reduplication of the verbal stem and not the IN. tsi:ntotopoka frequent Am tsi:ntototopoka synonym Oa 01204 so:ya:wia kiso:ya:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to whip with palm; to wave palm in front of (e.g., chickens to frighten them away); azotar con palma; asustar al menear palma en frente de (p. ej., gallinas para ahuyentarlas, etc.) Am Nikinso:ya:wi:s nopio:tsitsi:wa:n. Am I'm going to wave palm in front of my little chicks to scare them. Voy a asustar a mis pollitos con el sonido y movimiento de palma. so:ya: Recheck precise meaning. so:ya:wi:teki confer Oa 01205 x= xteki x= xteki
11/Feb/2006
Clit Clit-b imperative clitic clítico imperativo Am, Oa As imperative, check syllabification. A good way to do this is with vowel initial intransitives. Thus check if there is a difference in pronunciation between /xa:tli/ (perhaps x a:tli) 'he doesn't drink water' and /xa:tli/ (imperative) 'drink water.' IF there is a difference and the first is syllabified, then all negatives should be rewritten as two words: x a:tli, etc., or at least with vowel initial stems. With consonant initial stems there seems to be no problem. 01206 xo:chite:ma kixo:chite:ma xo:chite:ma kixo:chite:ma
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-mi ~Intrans class-3a(m) to toss flowers at (e.g. a saint in a procession; syn. Oa <kloa>xo:chitepe:wa</kloa>) aventar flores a (p. ej., un santo en una procesión; sin. Oa <kloa>xo:chitepe:wa</kloa>) Am (in Am. <kam>xo:chitete:ma</kam>) to spread flowers over (a grave, an altar, etc., as part of an offering) (in Am. <kam>xo:chitete:ma</kam>) extender flores sobre (un sepulcro, un altar, etc. como parte de una ofrenda) Am, Oa O:kixo:chite:nkeh ka:n to:ktok. Am They placed flowers over the grave. Le colocaron flores donde estáenterrado. I:pan ma:yoh tlaxo:chite:malo. Am In May they place flowers around the altar. En mayo colocan flores sobre el altar. xo:chi te:m-2- 01207 koltotsiwi koltotsiwi koltotsiwi koltotsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) to shrink and shrivel up (e.g., thin slices of meat on a grill; or things, such as cardboard, left long in the sun) achicarse (p. ej., rebanadas de carne sobre un comal; o algunas cosas, como cartón, dejadas en el sol) Pending O:koltotsiw nakatl ipan koma:hli. Am The meat has shrunk and shrivled up on the griddle. La carne ha empezado a achicarse sobre el comal. O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na. Am It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun. Ya empezóa achicarse y encogerse por el sol to twist and turn in pain (e.g., sb from sharp pain) retorcerse de dolor (p. ej., algn con un dolor punzante) Pending koltots The sense of <kamoa>koltotsiwi</kamoa> is well reflected by compounds such as <klamoa>ma:koltotsiwi</klamoa>, which refers to a person with arthritic and twisted hands, and <kam>itikoltotsiwi</kam> , which refers to stomach cramps. According to Florencia Marcelino Oapan lacks the alternate /e:/ form * <koa>koltotse:wi</koa> ; this has been documented in Ameyaltepec, at least in the stative form <klam>koltotse:wtok</klam>. Nevertheless, given the absence of this form in Oapan, it may be that the Ameyaltepec form is idiosyncratic and perhaps erroneous. Note that the following is a good example of the use of directionals meaning to break a surface or come up, and of reduplication, and of the aspectual /-tiw/. /Wa:lkokoltotsiwtiw motson/ 'Your hair comes up curly (as it grows back)' koltotse:wi synonym Am 01208 ke:mechih tlakwa:w ke:mechih tlakwa:w ke:mechih tlakwa:w ke:michih ke:mechih tlakwa:w
11/Feb/2006
Modal Mod-complex how can it be that? ¿cómo puede ser?¿quétanto? Pending Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:yah wa:n xkaman ka:nah yaw? Am How can it be that he went and he never goes anywhere? ¿Cómo puede ser que se fue y nunca va a ningún lado? Ke:mechih tlakwa:w o:kikwiloh iwa:n xweli? Am How can it be that he wrote it and he can't write? ¿Cómo puede ser que lo escribióy no lo puede hacer? Ke:mechih tlakwa:w xtiweli, miahpa yo:nimitsihlih! Oa How can it be that you can't do it, I've told you many times (how to do it)! ¡Quétanto que no lo puedes hacer, ya muchas veces te lo dije (como hacerlo)! ¡Ke:mechih taya:hkón xtitlakaki! Oa How can it be that difficult for you to understand? ¡Quétanto asíno entiendes! tlakwa: One Oapan consultant suggested a Spanish translation of <spn>¡Qué tanto!</spn>. The Oapan pronunciation is [ki:míchitlakwa:y] (final /w/ becomes a palatal fricative). Given that this is written as two words the final /h/ of <koa>ke:michih</koa> is written. However, when in non-phrase final position the reflex of {h} is pitch accent (much as it is for the plural marker /h/). Both they etymology and meaning of <kam>ki:michih</kam> or <koa>ke:michih</koa> are unclear. In all documented accounts the sequence of utterence is <kam>ki:michih tlakwa:w</kam>. At first I had written this <kam>kimich i:tlakwa:w</kam> , but this seems to be an error. The final element is clearly <kam>tlakwa:w</kam> , a lexeme that from other contexts (e.g., <kam>sa: tlakwa:w</kam>) begins with /tl/ and not /i/. Thus it would seem that the /i/ is the final syllable of the first word in this sequence, or perhaps a separate element. However, in the literacy workshop of September 2001 on a recording of Leopoldo Mauricio, the word <koa>ke:michih</koa> appeared, which was written this way by his son Roberto. Later, speake rs di d give <koa>ke:michih</koa> as a word, pronouncing it as such. Since <koa>tlakwa:w</koa> is already documented, this suggests a division <koa>ke:michih tlakwa:w</koa>. Finally, note that in Classical Nahuatl <kn>quemmach</kn> is found. Molina, for example, has <kn>quemmach?</kn> 'como es posible? uel. es posible?' He also has <kn>quemmach in tiyolquimil?</kn> que rudo que eres? Note also the refrain <kam>ki:michih tlakwa:w ma:s tihombre?</kam> in the Carnival song <kam>To:naltsi:ntli</kam>. Note that the final /h/ is written given that when pronounced alone by Oapan consultants, there was a final /h/ in <koa>ke:michih</koa>. Check to see if this can be used without /kimich/ and check distinction /kimich/ vs. /kemech/. This might simply be /tlakwa:w/ as recorded in classical documents. Cf. and determine the difference or relationship among /tlakwa:w/, /itlakwa:w/ and /itlakwahli/. Check vowel length on all. Work still has to be done on the meaning of this phrase, but FM always translated it as, for instance /kemich itlakwaw xtihkaki, miakpa yo:nimitsihlih/"quétanto no escuchas, ya muchas veces te lo he dicho."Note that in a tape of Leopoldo Mauricio the word /ke:michih/ appeared, which was written as such by Roberto, his son. Later, speakers did give /ke:michih/ as a word; this is in accord with other information, such as that accorded by the phrase /sa: tlakwa:w/, which suggests that /tlakwa:w/ is a separate word. Cf. if /a:/ is long as recorded or not. tlakwa:w confer Am 01209 derroblante:roh derroblante:roh rroblante:roh rroblante:roh
11/Feb/2006
derrobar (?) N N-loan N1 percussionist of a small drum baterista de tambor chiquito Am, Oa The drum is like that used by village <kam>músicos</kam> or that which is used in the <kam>comisaría</kam>. 01210 sa:sa:ne:lwia kisa:sa:ne:lwia sa:sa:ni:lwia [sa: sa: ni:l 'wi ya] kisa:sa:ni:lwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia Lex. rdp-l class-2a to tell a riddle to; to challenge with riddles relatar o decir adivinanzas a Am, Oa Timitssa:sa:ne:lwi:s, xtikne:xti:s. Am I'm going to tell you a riddle, you won't guess it (the answer). Te voy a relatar una adivinanza, no lo vas a solucionar. to rope (the legs of a beast of burden or cattle) by placing a lasso on a path (and then scaring the animal to walk through it) lanzar (las piernas de una bestia) al dejar una riata con lazada por el suelo (y espantar el animal para que pase por ahí) Pending sa:ne:l 01211 mikia:n i:mikia:n mikia:n mikia:h mikia:n i:mikia:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 lethal spot on the body of (person marked as possessor) un punto de muerto en el cuerpo de (el que se marca como poseedor) Pending Yewa tomikia:n. Am That is a deadly point on the human body. Es un punto fatal en el cuerpo humano. O:tiktla:lilih me:roh ipanimikia:n. Am You landed it right on a deadly point of its body (e.g., in stabbing an ox, in punching sb). Le diste en el mero punto para matarlo (p. ej., en meter un cuchillo a un buey, en golpear a algn). miki -ya:n The term <kam>mikia:n</kam> refers to a spot that, when hit, results in death: solar plexus, head, genitals, etc. Note that in Ameyaltepec it is the first syllable that is stressed in this disyllabic word: ['mi kya:n]. Check to make sure this is /mikia:n/ and not /mikia/. 01212 melo:nyo:hli melo:nyo:hli melo:yo:hli melo:yo:hli
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>melón</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 3 melon seeds semillas de melón Am, Oa plant part yo:l Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in this word-internal context. 01213 e:waltia ke:waltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to begin (a job, chore, etc.) comenzar (un trabajo, tarea, etc.) Am Saniman ke:waltia, pe:wa tekiti. Am He begins it right away, he starts to work. Luego lo empieza, comienza a trabajar. e:wa pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia The difference between <kam>e:waltia</kam> and <klam>pe:waltia</klam> is not altogether clear, and they might well be virtually synonymous. My impression, however, is that the latter is more common, though this will have to be checked for specifically. The difference between /pe:waltia/ and /e:waltia/ needs to be determined. These two seem synonymous to me; /e:wi:tia/ might be slightly distinct, though one of the senses seems also equivalent to the former two. e:wa verb_base Am pe:waltia synonym Am pe:waltia synonym Oa 01214 po:cho:tl po:cho:tl po:cho:tl po:cho:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic name of group of trees that includes both the <kam>po:cho:tl</kam> and the <kam>xo:pan po:cho:tl</kam> nombre genérico de un grupo deárboles que incluye el <kam>po:cho:tl</kam> mismo y el <kam>xo:pan po:cho:tl</kam> Am, Oa <l>Ceiba sp.</l>Mill., tree of the Bombacaceae family known in Spanish as <spn>pochote</spn> <l>Ceiba sp.</l>Mill.,árbol de la familia Bombacaceae conocida como pochote Pending Po:cho:tl | Kitekin para ichkatl. Bwe:noh para yugoh, no: weli para mori:yoh, timó:n. Am <kam>Po:cho:tl</kam> : They pick cotton from it. It (i.e., its wood) is good for a yoke, it can also be used for beams, and for the beam of a plow. <kam>Po:cho:tl</kam> : Lo cortan (su fruta) para algodón. Es (su madera) bueno para yugos, también puede usarse para morillos, para timón (de un arado). plant kohtli po:cho: Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family <i>Bombacaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Ceiba pentondra</i>. Schoenhals (1988) has an extended discussion of the pochote:"1. Various trees of the Fam. Bombaceae. 2. (<i>Pachira aquatica</i>) 'pachira', 'water sapote', 'guiaana chestnut'. See apompo. 3. (<i>Ceiba</i>spp., e.g., <i>C. pentandra</i>) 'ceiba', 'kapok tree', See ceiba. 4. (<i>Bombax</i>spp. e.g., <i>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'clavellina', 'bombax', 'shaving brush tree', 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 5. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'buttercup tree', 'wild cotton', 'cotton tree' See pongolote."Under the additional entries referred to:"Apompo 1. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'cotton tree,' 'buttercup tree,' wild cotton.' See pongolote. 2. (<i>Pachira aquatica</i>) 'pachira,' 'water sapote,' 'guiana chestnut.' Grows long rivers. When ripe, fruit splits with a noise like a thunderclap. Also called pachira, pochote, zapote bobo, zapote de agua, zapote rev entador, zapotón."And under ceiba:"1. (<i>Ceiba</i>spp., e.g., <i>C. pentandra</i>) 'ceiba,' kapok tree.' Fluffy white cotton comes from the pods. This is the national tree of Guatemala and was sacred to the ancient Maya. Also called cabellito deángel, pochote."Under clavellina:"1. (<i>Bombax</i>spp. e.g., <i>B. ellipticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'bombax,' shaving brush tree,' silk cotton tree.' The tree bears its flowers, giant pink or white masses of brush-like stamens, on naked branches. Also called altayata, amapola, amapola colorada, cabellos deángel, coquito, cuajilote, jilosúchil, lele, pochote, pongolote, sospó, titilamate."Finally, under pongolote:"1. (<i>Cochlospermum vitifolium</i>) 'cotton tree,' buttercup tree,' 'wild cotton.' Produces fiber valued by the ancient Mexicans. A 30' tree with large, poppy-like yello flowers in spring. Branches will root and are used for hedges. Also called algodón silvestre, apompo, madera de pasta, palo amarillo, panuco, pochote, pom posúchitl, pum p u nsuchi, tecomasúchil. 2. (<i>Bombax</i>spp., e.g., <i>B. ellpiticum, B. palmeri</i>) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree.' See clavellina."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:162-63) mention two types of pochotes, both of the <i>Bombacaceae</i>family. One (p. 162) is the <spn>pochote de aguas</spn> or <spn>tepesenpocho</spn> and of the genus/species <i>Ceiba aesculifolia</i>; the other is the <spn>pochote de secas</spn> and of the genus/species <i>Ceiba parvifoia</i>. It is probably this second one that is the one matching the <kam>po:cho:tl</kam> of the Balsas region. po:cho:kohtli equivalent Am, Oa 01215 yesa:tl yesa:tl yesa:tl yesa:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 liquidy blood (such as that which forms inside of blisters, but not blood mixed with pus) sangre con líquido (como el que se forma dentro de ampollas, pero no sangre mezclada con pus) Am, Oa San yesa:tl, xchi:chi:ltik. Am It's just liquidy blood, it isn't red. Solamente es sangre con líquido, no es rojo. yes a: 01216 wekapanilia kwekapanilia wákapanília wakapanilia kiwákapanília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-2a yes-lex to make higher (e.g., a wall or fence) hacer más alto (p. ej., una pared o cerca) Am, Oa Xkwepanili, ti:roh tla:ltech motepa:n! Am Make it higher, your wall is really low! ¡Hazlo más alto, tu pared estámuy bajo! wehka -pan Check Am form: is it really /kwepanilia/ or does one find /kiwekapanilia/. Check pitch-accent contour here. It would be unusual if the accent did not go onto the prefix. The fact that pitch accent does not shift left in /kiwákapanília/ provides additional support to the thesis that the primary locus of high pitch is the nucleus of the syllable with coda {h}. Although research should be continued, it seems that both 4- and 5-syllable pitch-accented transitive verbs maintain pitch on the nucleus before {h}. Thus the main context for reassignment concerns cases of 4-syllable words or smaller words that form an intonational phrase such as /i:páyekó/. Compound words are also somewhat problematical, as evidenced in the discussion of words like /kwitlátlayéhli/ and /tamaláyotlí/. Also problematical are multi-pitch-accented words. Problematic cases are /tlakwátasí/ and similar forms. Also problematic are cases in which no clear motive for pitch accent is present, such as occurs with the bird names /tsí:ntlaxkál/ and /té:ntétl/. In at least one case, the latter, there was variation in the pro nunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, with one con sultant pronouncing this word with no pitch accent. 01217 tekpa:na kitekpa:na tehpa:na kitehpa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b ~Intrans class-3a to place in a row or line poner en fila; alinear Am, Oa Xtekpa:na tetl! Am Place the stones in a row (or, less commonly, to place them one on top of another in a stack)! ¡Coloca las piedras en fila (o, menos común, colocarlas una sobre otra)! Xtekpa:na moalumnos! Am Make your students get in line! ¡Pon a tus alumnos en fila! Xmotekpa:naka:n! Am Get in line! ¡Pónganse en fila! Notekpa:ntiweh. Am They are going along in a line (e.g., people, or animals such as goats, chickens, etc.). Van yendo en fila (p. ej., gente, o animales como chivos, gallinas, etc.). Na:nika xkintekpa:na un nito:tikeh! Ye pe:was nito:ti:skeh. Am Place those dancers in a line that comes over this way! They are about to start dancing. ¡Coloca a los danzantes en una línea que viene hacia acá! Van a empezar a bailar. to stack (e.g., dishes placed one on top of the other) apilar (p. ej., platos puestos uno sobre el otro) Pending (pl. recipr.) to alight on the ground (birds such as <spn>huilotas</spn>) (pl. refl.) posar sobre la tierra (pájaros como huilotas) Pending O:notekpa:nkeh puroh wi:lo:meh. Am Just huilotas have alighted on the ground (i.e., as they eat). Puras huilotas se posaron sobre la tierra (p. ej., al comer). tekpa: wi:pa:na; tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia The reflexive use of this word has been documented only in the plural, as it refers to several individuals (or birds, as in one illustrative sentence) lining up or going along in a line. Note also that <kam>tekpa:na</kam> generally refers to the placement of things in a horizontal row, in line. However, it may also signify (but is more rarely so employed) to indicate a vertical stacking of objects. For /tekpa:ntok/ I have the definition of 'set in a stack' (as dishes). Check to see if /tekpa:na/ can refer to placing things one on top of the other, of piling things up in a stack. Note that there is no intransitive; apparently the reflexive might have an anticausative sense The meaning of /notekpa:na/ is the defintion '(refl.) to alight on the ground (birds such as <spn>huilotas</spn>)' is unclear. My notes state taht thy are not really lined up in a line, but just scattered on the ground eating. Check this use and possible other cases in which /notekpa:na/ is used to refer to birds eating on the ground. Why /tekpa:na/ and not another verb that doesn't imply 'line.' The root <kam>tekpa:n</kam> seems to have the element <kn>te-</kn> 'stone' in it, perhpas added to a root <kam>pa:na</kam>. There are other words ending in <kam>pa:na</kam> that also seem to refer to actions of setting something in place (e.g., <klam>wi:pa:na</klam>). 01218 te:mowa kitete:mowa te:mowa kí:te:mówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2b (with short vowel reduplication) to look for; to search for (con reduplicación de vocal corta) buscar Pending O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. Am I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there. Mirépor todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba. O:kitete:mo:to iwa:kax. Am He went to look for his cow (or bull, steer, etc.; see <klamoa>tlate:mowa</klamoa>) Fue a buscar a su vaca (o toro, becerro, etc.; véase <klamoa>tlate:mowa</klamoa>) Ke:n o:timistete:moh! Xtimitsne:xtia:ya. Am How I looked for you! I couldn't find you. ¡Quétanto te busqué! No te podía encontrar. (with short vowel reduplication) to miss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) extrañar Pending Kitete:mowa isuwa:w. Am He misses his wife. Extraña a su esposa. te:m-2- The form <kam>tlate:mowa</kam> is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the nature of the action of 'looking for,' <kam>te:mowa</kam> almost always occurs reduplicated with a short vowel. However, when the non-specific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> is used in the sense of 'to look for animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to occur without reduplication (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker who is going out somewhere to look for his animals). Check whether /kitete:mowa i:sowa:w/ is correct with this meaning, or whether it should be ?/kite:mowa i:sowa:w/. For a discussion of the meaning of 'sabanear,' see Gram 1984-07-08.1. Reduplication and transitivity: The form <kam>tlate:mowa</kam> is interesting in that it is virtually the only occurrence of this verb in non-reduplicated form. Given the nature of the action of 'looking for,' <kam>te:mowa</kam> almost always occurs in redupicated form. However, when the non-specific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> is used in the sense of 'to look for animals' it is extremely common for the verb stem to not be reduplicated (often an extraverse directional is used, particularly if it is the speaker who is going out somewhere to look for his animals). tlate:mowa val_reduce1 Am, Oa 01219 zzz This was an entry for /kochyoyoma/ that has been removed because of its offensive nature.
30/Jul/2005
 01220 tsonawatl tsonawatl tsónawátl tsonawatl tsónawátl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex ringworm tiña Am, Oa O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi. Am He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it. Le dio tiña, se va quedando calvo. small pieces of recently cut hair that remain stuck on ones skin pelitos de cabello recién cortado que se quedan encajados en la piel Pending tson ahwa One consultant mentioned that <kam>tsonawatl</kam> refers to ringworm and not to the little hairs that might remain after a haircut. However, it is said that if a person has a haircut and doesn't wash away the little hairs that stay behind, they will infect the scalp with <kam>tsonawatl</kam>. Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of <kam>awatl</kam> cannot be determined by information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of <kam>awatl</kam>. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the word in question as <kam>tsona:watl</kam> , whereas Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has been noted. Check both meanings of /tsonawatl/. Vowel length: /ah/>/a:/: Ameyaltepec Nahuatl looses underlying {h} in word-internal position. Thus the presence of absence of {h} closing the first syllable of <kam>awatl</kam> cannot be determined by information from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl alone, although the comparative data from Oapan suggests an underlying {h} that is reflected in pitch accent. Also, two Ameyaltepec speakers seemed to vary in regard to the length of the first /a/ of <kam>awatl</kam>. Gabriel de la Cruz pronounced the word in question as <kam>tsona:watl</kam> , whereas Luis Lucena definately had a short /a/. There are a few other words in which such a difference in vowel length has been noted. 01221 xo:kiá:k xo:kwiá:k xo:kiá:k xó:kwiyá:k xó:kwiyá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia yes-lex to have a certain strong smell (most often used to refer to fish, as well as blood and, less often, meat; it can also be used to refer to the smell of milk, either human or bovine) tener un cierto olor fuerte (a menudo utilizado para describir el olor de pescado y también de sangre y, menos común, de carne; también se refiere a leche, sea bovina o humana) Pending to be unbaptized (young babies, apparently in reference to the smell of a woman who has recently given birth and not yet bathed) no estar bautizado (bebés, aparentemente por el olor de una mujer que recientemente dio a luz y todavía no se baña después del parto) Pending smell xok hya: The use of <kam>xokiá:k</kam> to refer to unbaptized children apparently derives from the fact that the smell of women who have given birth but not yet bathed for the first time after birth (which usually occurs two weeks later) is described with the word <kam>xokiá:k</kam>. It would seem that young babies retain this smell, which is said to be cleansed at the time of baptism. The etymology of <kam>xokiá:k</kam> is not completely clear. Several file cards had <kam>xo:kyá:k</kam> with the notation that this refers to the smells of meat, fish, eggs (even when not spoiled), blood, and a child with evil eye (<kam>deke ki:xwian, tlai:xwi:hli</kam>). It would seem that <kam>xo:kya:k</kam> is a variant pronunciation of <kam>xo:kiá:k</kam> but this needs to be checked. Molina gives <kn>xoquializtli</kn> 'olor de piedraçufre, o de cosa assí.' For the same word RS gives 'fétido, desagradable, hedor.' In <kn>xoquiyayaliztli</kn>, with virtually the same definition, he gives the etymology as <kn>xotl</kn> ('pie, pierna') and <kn>iyayaliztli</kn>. This suggests that the labialization to /kw/ in Oapan is a recent development. Check whether /xo:kiá:k/ and /xo:kyá:k/ are the same. Also check whether there is a separate word ?/xo:kwiá:k/. Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. Note that one file card records that /xo:kiá:k/ definitely has a long first vowel. I also mention that there is no glide in this and similar words. 01222 ko:pi:lnenemi ko:pi:lnenemi ko:pí:lnenémi ko:pi:lnenemi ko:pí:lnenémi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-3a(m) yes-rdp to walk slowly and with small steps caminar despacio y con pasos pequeños Pending ko:pi:l nemi The absence of reduplication reduction in Oapan <koa>ko:pí:lnenémi</koa> is due to the lexicalization of <koa>nénemí</koa> with an unpredictable meaning 'to walk' (cf. <klamoa>nemi</klamoa>'to live'). Stem; incorporation; /iwi/: As in other cases (e.g., incorporated /koch/) here we seem to have a verbal stem fused to another, without the participial formation. Ask Michel about this. Cf. other coded S-V in the dictionary. Perhaps /iwi/ verbs do not have the /ka:/ participial marker. This seems to be the case in Balsas Nahuatl. 01223 po:ktia po:ktia po:htia po:htia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become sooty or blackened with soot cubrirse o ennegrecerse de hollín Pending Xok chipa:wak, yo:po:ktiak. Am It isn't clean anymore (in this case the bottom of a pot), it got covered with soot. Ya no estálimpia (en este caso la parte inferior de una olla), ya se ennegreciócon hollín. po:k Both a <kam>kuwi:xin</kam> and <kam>ko:lo:tl</kam> when old can <kam>po:ktia</kam> : <kam>Pa yaw se: ko:lo:tl, xkita asta yo:po:ktiak</kam>. po:kiowa; po:che:wi, etc. Check for transitive form ?/po:ktilia/ 01224 kochkamacha:lowa kochkamacha:lowa kochkamacha:lowa kochkamacha:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-N-V2 V2-b class-2b to yawn bostezar Pending kochi kama cha:l The valency of <kamoa>cha:lowa</kamoa> is not entirely certain given that it has only been documented with an incorporated noun. However, RS gives <kn>chaloa</kn> as transitive, and this information has been taken into consideration in glossing the basic verb of <kamoa>kochkamacha:lowa</kamoa> as transitive. Check possible 'to make yawn' which should be /kochkamacha:lo:ltia:/. Check vowel length of /a:/. 01225 zzz This entry was for /ano:nah/, which has been removed given that although used, it is the Spanish for /i:la:mah/.
30/Jul/2005
 01226 yzzz xa:ltsapotl @xa:ltsapotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of zapote tree still not identified tipo deárbol de zapote todavía no identificado Oa plant kohtli (pending) xa:l tsapo According to Florencia Marcelino, this is identical to the <spn>a:no:na</spn>(Nahuatl <kam>i:la:mah</kam>), the Spanish borrowing often used in Ameyaltepec. Nevertheless, Silvestre Pantaleón did not know of this plant. Check with other consultants and remove if not confirmed. 01227 tlatsi:nkweptli tlatsi:nkweptli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(p) type of cotton pants (<spn>calzón</spn>) previously worn, along with other types of <spn>calzones</spn>, in Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo; the name of which refers to how it is cut, with pleats along the seat (as opposed to being smooth as in regular <spn>calzones</spn>) tipo de calzón (pantalón de manta) antes utilizado en Ameyaltepec, Oapan, Ahuelicán, and San Juan Tetelcingo, cuyo nombre hace referencia al las tablas o pliegues que tiene por la parte en medio (a diferencia de los calzones normales, que son lisos) Am tsi:n kwepa clothes (get all words referring to styles of calzones, and then also of dresses) One consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, stated that <kam>tlatsi:nkweptli</kam> referred to objects, such as certain pencils, that could be used at both ends. However, he was the only person who offered this definition. 01228 nelwatl i:nelwayo nelwatl nelwatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 root (of a plant) raíz (de una planta) Am, Oa inelwayo mi:hli Am the root of a maize plant la raíz de una planta de maíz Yewainelwayo. Am It is its root. Es su raíz. lineage (of); ancestors (of); roots (of one's family); offspring (of) lineaje de; ancestros de; abolengo o raíz de (la familia de uno); descendientes de Pending Ne: San Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo -=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl-. Umpa nikomekatl. Am My roots come from there in San Juan. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there. Alláen San Juan, de alláviene mis raíces (mis ancestros). De allásoy descendiente. Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo. Am He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live). Es parte de mi familia, es mi linaje (lit., 'es mi raíz, es mi enredadera'; se dice de un hijo que ha ido a otro pueblo para vivir). plant part nelwa kinship nelwatl; kuhnelwatl Note that <kam>nelwatl</kam> can mean both ones ancestors and ones descendents, with the key factor being that the persons referred to are in a direct line. Determine the difference in use of /komekatl/ and /nelwatl/ in reference to kinship relations. Check to see if /nelwayo:tl/ is a word. For /inelwayo mi:hli/, see diagram with /mi:hli/. Possession /-yo/: Note /Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo/ 'He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live).' In general note that terms referring to plant parts are possessed with /-yo/ (e.g., /i:xo:chio/, /i:nelwayo/, /i:xiwyo/, etc.). Also note that when such plant parts are verbalized, the /-yo/ is maintained: /xiwyoxi:ni/ 'to have leaves fall off (of tree [S])'. Note also that there seems to be a pattern that when plant parts are used to express human relations the /-yo/ is maintained; when human body parts are used to expressed relations of a plant to its part the /-yo/ is not used. Thus /-ma/ seems to be basically interpretable as primarily referring to 'hand' and is extended to trees to mean 'branches.' In reference to trees it is used in various verbalizations with related meanings: /mayowa/ 'to become 'branchy', etc. Also discuss here how 'yo:tia' is used as a verbalization pattern meaning 'to place NOUN as partofOBJECT' (ki:xteyo:ti:s me:stli) 01229 solo:naltia kisolo:naltia solo:naltia kisolo:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca[ni] from nondirected alternation class-2a to rev an engine (of a motor vehicle; see <kloa>kokomotsa</kloa>) accelerar el motor (de un vehículo; véase <kloa>kokomotsa</kloa>) Am Kisolona:ltia iko:cheh. Am He revs up (or quickly accelarates) his car. Accelera rápidamente su coche. (~ <koa>a:tl</koa>) to cause rapids to form in the water (e.g., by placing a rock in running water) (~ <koa>a:tl</koa>) causar la formación de rápidos en agua (p. ej., al colocar una piedra en agua corriente) Oa solo: In regard to the use of <koa>solo:naltia</koa> in Oapan to indicate the action of placing a rock in running water to create rapids, note that <kloa>a:solo:nka:n</kloa>is used in Oapan to indicate rapids. Check to see to what else this word can refer; in general it seems to indicate causing a certain rushing sound to be made by something. solo:ni verb_base Am 01230 mi:te:ka mi:te:ka mi:te:ka mi:te:ka mi:te:katl mi:te:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1 type of insect, still not identified, that eats plant leaves and flowers such as squash, chile, etc.; it is particularly fond of the flowers of the vine known in Oapan as <kboa>xino:lah komekatl</kboa> tipo de insecto, todavía no identificado, que se come las hojas y flores de plantas como calabaza, chile, etc., y que en particular gusta de la flor de la enredadera conocida en Oapan como <kboa>xino:lah komekatl</kboa> Pending Mi:te:ka | Nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh. Am <kam>Mi:te:ka</kam> : It lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are somewhat reddish. <kam>Mi:te:ka</kam> : Vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos. mi:te: animal insect The etymology of <kam>mi:te:ka</kam> is unclear, and for this reason the root has been left unanalyzed. It is found on <kboa>sakapahli</kboa>and on <kboa>me:me:ya</kboa>. There is a photo of this insect eating the inside of the /xinolakomekatl/ flower. Put this link in. Check etymology; perhaps consultants have an idea. Also recheck for final /h/. Check length of final /a/, perhaps long as in /yo:lka:tl/. 01231 suwa:miki suwa:miki siwa:miki siwa:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Check for transitive; none documented to date class-3a(k)(Am:long) to lose a wife through death perder una esposa por su muerte Am, Oa sowa: miki Possessor raising: Note the case of /sowa:miki/. 01232 te:maxtike:tl te:maxtike:tl te:máxtiké:tl te:maxtike:tl te:máxtiké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes teacher; schoolmaster maestro (de escuela) Am, Oa mati As with many agentives the <kn>-ki</kn> form, * <kam>te:maxtiki</kam> , is not acceptable. 01233 koyo:na:wahli koyo:na:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 to have a coyote as a <kam>nahual</kam> tener un coyote como nahual Am koyo: na:wa Check other compounds of N+na:wahli. Probably /na:wahli/ is derived from the verb root /na:wa-ti/ 'to make a sound'. However, this should be checked as should the general words with this base. 01234 chi:lsolo:tl chi:lsolo:tl chi:lsolo:tl chi:lsolo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 chile that dries before becoming fully ripe and red chile que se seca antes de que madure bien y antes de que se quede rojo Pending Xo:chika:w kwahli kwa:k o:kitehkeh, kipia istá:k, chi:lsolo:tl. Am It hadn't gotten fully ripe when they picked it, it has white on it, it is <kam>chi:lsolo:tl</kam>. No había madurado bien cuando lo cortaron, tiene algo de blanco, es <kam>chi:lsolo:tl</kam>. plant domesticated chi:l solo: The etymology or derivation of <kamoa>chi:lsolo:tl</kamoa> is uncertain. Note the <kam>-o:tl</kam> ending, which also occurs in other"green"produce of primary necessity: <kam>yelo:tl</kam> , <kam>xilo:tl</kam> , and <kam>yexo:tl</kam>. Among men <kamoa>chi:lsolo:tl</kamoa> may be used in a possessed form as a sexual reference to the penis. Recheck term and elicit other types of chiles at different stages of growth. 01235 tli:ltik tli:ltik tli:ltik tli:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be black ser negro Am, Oa Tli:ltik tla:hli. Am The earth is black. La tierra es negra. to be dark (e.g., healthy dark-green corn plants toward the end of the rainy season) ser oscuro (p. ej., la milpa que estácreciendo bien a finales de la temporada de lluvia) Pending O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis. Am The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain. La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover. to be dark-skinned tener la piel oscura Pending Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik. Am I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun). Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol). color tli:l The diminutive is used more in the sense of 'blackish,' or 'somewhat black.' <kam>Tli:ltik</kam> can be used for colors that are very dark, but may still be bright. Thus it has been documented in reference to the very dark green of corn plants at the end of a bountiful rainy season. In Oapan both <kamoa>tli:ltik</kamoa> and <koa>tli:lihki</koa> are used; the precise difference still needs to be determined. 01236 we:lia we:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to become tasty; to become flavorful agarrar sabor; quedar sabroso Am Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli! Am Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty! ¡échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor! we:li 01237 se:xihpolowa nose:xihpolowa se:xihpolowa nose:xihpolowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 [Num-N]-V1 V1-alt-wi Documented to date only in the reflexive class-2b (refl.) to loose or miss an anniversary (i.e., sth that occurs once a year, such as the fiesta of a patron saint) (refl.) perder un aniversario (esto es, algo que sucede cada año, como una fiesta patronal) Pending Ma:ka nose:xihpolo:s! Am Don't let him miss a year (e.g., one year of an annual fiesta, etc.)! ¡Quéno pierda un año (esto es, un año de una fiesta anual, etc.)! se: xiw pol Determine whether other numerals can be used with this form, e.g., ?o:mesixpolowa. Also determine the precise meaning of /se:xiwpolowa/. It is not clear from the above example what exactly is"lost."Apparently there is a separate subject that"looses"the anniversary. Thus the form /nimose:xiwpolowa/ seems also correct, though the precise meaning is not clear. That is, it is not clear if the person missed the anniversary, or if the anniversary was not celebrated for one reason or another. This should be checked. 01238 garaba:nsoh araba:nsoh araba:nsoh garaba:nsoh garaba:nsoh
22/Oct/2005
garbanzo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) chick-pea; garbanzo garbanzo Pending plant domesticated 01239 po:ki po:ki po:ki po:ki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b Specific object only class-4a(oni) to smoke (e.g., a cigarrette, cigar, pipe, etc.) fumar (p. ej., un cigarro, puro, pipa, etc.) Pending Tipo:ki:ni. Am You smoke a lot (or, 'You have smoked'). Fumas (o, 'Has fumado'). Kipo:ki:s. Am He will smoke it (e.g., particular cigarrette or item). Lo va a fumar (esto es, un cigarro en particular, u otra cosa específica). po:k i: Note that like other such verbs, this one can only take a specific object. I would imagine, this should be checked, that such a form would be /kipo:ki:ni mariwa:nah/. Check. po:ki:tia val_add_caus Am 01240 xoloche:wi xoloche:wi xoloche:wi xoloche:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to become bunched up (e.g., pants too big that are pulled tight by a belt) fruncirse; arrugarse (p. ej., pantalones que quedan grandes al apretarse con un cinturón) Pending xoloch Recheck that both /xolochiwi/ and /xoloche:wi/ are correct. Check for any possible difference. Also, determine all possible subjects and objects of this/these verbs. xolochiwi equivalent Am, Oa 01241 tsi:nki:sa tsi:nki:sa tsi:nki:sa tsi:nki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a to move backward mover hacia o hacerse para atrás Am, Oa Bwe:noh, wel tsi:nki:sa. Am It is good (in this case a horse), it can move backward. Es bueno (en este caso un caballo), puede hacerse para atrás. to back off (e.g, from a task or chore, from an obligation); to go back or renege on an obligation or promise hacerse para atrás (en cuanto a una tarea u obligación); renegar de un compromiso o promesa Pending Saniman tsi:nki:sa, xkaman kichi:wa tli:n kitowa. Am He backs off right away (e.g., from an obligation), he never does what he says. Luego luego se echa atrás (p. ej., de una obligación), nunca hace lo que dice. to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work) atrasarse (p. ej., en el trabajo) Pending O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah. Am My work got backlogged, I no longer went. Me atraséen mi trabajo, ya no fui. (with the directional prefix <kamoa>wa:l-</kamoa>) to come close (con prefijo direccional <kamoa>wa:l-</kamoa>) arrimarse Oa ¡Na:nika xwa:htsi:nki:sa! Oa ¡Come over here! ¡Arrímate para acá! tsi:n ki:sa In Oapan the terms <koa>tsi:nki:sa</koa> is used with an intraverse directional prefix to indicate movement of the subject toward a point of reference. During fiestas or parties the form <koa>xtsi:nki:sa</koa> is also occasionally used to indicate 'Come close (i.e., to the table to eat)!' Check correctness of definition 'to become backlogged; to fall behind (e.g., ones work)' and phrase 'O:tsi:nki:s notekiw, xok o:niah.' tsi:nki:xtia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01242 welita kwelita welita kwelita
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b Irregular; see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> to like (the looks of [O]) gustarle a (la apariencia de algo [O]) Am, Oa O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw? Am He (in this case a husband) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)?"If I don't will your lover like the way you look?" él (en este caso el esposo) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)?"¿Si no (lo hago) le gustarías a tu amante?" Ke:san timitswelita! Timanaskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n! Am Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out! ¡Quétanto me gustas!¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza! to find enjoyable (e.g., a given task) disfrutar de (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea) Pending Xkwelita tekitl, tlatski. Am He doesn't like work, he is lazy. No le gusta el trabajo, es flojo. wel ita welitilia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlawelita val_reduce1 Am, Oa 01243 yekastiw yekastiw yekastiw yekastiw
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-asp V1-b Irregular: see <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa> to go along leading the way (either in a physical plane or metaphorically) ir yendo primero, en la punta (o en el aspecto físico o metáforicamente) Am, Oa Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw. Am Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead! ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero! yeka Perhaps change 'asp' in /aff field and encode this information in the /com field. 01244 ye:kma:wia kiye:kma:wia ye:hma:wia [ye:h ma: 'wi ya] kiye:hma:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones right hand hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano derecha Am Xikye:kma:wi! Am Do it with your right hand! ¡Hazlo con la mano derecha! to hit lightly with ones right hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad) golpear ligeramente con la mano derecha (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar) Oa ye:k ma: ma:pochwia confer Am 01245 kakisti kakisti kakisti kakisti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to be audible; to be able to be heard; to make a sound ser audible; poderse oir; escucharse Pending Xkwahli kakisti. Am It doesn't sound good (e.g., a radio, sound over a loudspeaker, etc.) No se oye bien (p. ej., un radio, sonido transmitido por una altavoz, etc.) Tla: xkakisti, xmopepecho! Am If it isn't audible, come closer! ¡Si no se oye, acércate! to become known (a rumor, fact, situation) llegar a saberse (un rumor, un hecho o situación) Pending O:pe:w kakisti tite:kakaya:wa. Am It's started to become known that you trick people. Empezóa saberse que engañas a la gente. kaki Check existence of nominal form /kakistli/, since the verb form suggests denominalization. Determine the meanings of /kakisti/ with various directionals. Make sure to include these types of derivations in the grammar: /machisti/, /kakisti/... check to see if any others exist. kakistilia val_add_caus Am 01246 zzz This word has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532, /kexi:l/.
09/Aug/2005
This record has been deleted as a duplicate of 6532; tag words here as 6532 but use the words recorded at 6532 (not those from 1246) as linked to the headword. 01247 kwelpachiwi kwelpachiwi kwelpachiwi kwelpachiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight) encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande) Pending Meláyo:yetí:yak ika itla:kihlo, yo:kwelpachiw. Am It has really gotten overladen with fruit (a tree), it's branches have sagged down. De veras estásobrecargada con su fruta (unárbol), ya se combó(del peso de la fruta). O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi. Am I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are already drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained. Pasépor allíal venir, ya se doblótu milpa. Ya se estásecando, ya hace mucho tiempo que no llueve. Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw. Am That housebeam buckled. It wasn't strong, it was soft wood, it became bent (under the weight it had to support). Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No era fuerte, era madera blanda, se dobló(bajo el peso que sostenía). kwel pach One also has the forms, in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan, <kamoa>kwelpache:wi</kamoa>. Note directional: /O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi/ 'I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained.' 01248 zzz This entry was simply the letter /d/ in the /lxa field, with no other information or data. It might be an error, or perhaps the entry was mistakenly erased. Check the DAT for this entry.
09/Aug/2005
 01249 xi:hla:nkana:hka:n i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:n xi:hla:nkana:hka:n xi:hla:nkana:hka:h i:xi:hla:nkana:hka:h
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-dvb-ka:n N2 flank where it goes in slightly above the waist (the side of an animal's body just below the lowest ribs where the torso goes in slightly) parte del costado o flanco justamente arriba de la cintura (la parte del torso inmediatamente abajo de las costillas, donde naturalmente el cuerpo se sume un poco) Am, Oa body xi:lla:n kana: -ka:n See note under /xi:hlan/. 01250 nekwilowa kinekwilowa nekwilowa kinekwilowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to pull to one side to make crooked (e.g., the neck of a head of cattle to be slaughtered) jalar a un lado dejándolo chueco (p. ej., el cuello de un buey a ser matado) Pending nekwil patilowa; no:lowa; tolowa; etc. kechnekwilowa confer Am 01251 itowa kitowa ítowá itowa ito' kítowá; n'ítowá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 ih-initial V2-b class-2b yes-lex to say (a particular word) decir (una palabra en particular) Pending O:kitoh"a:man"ma:ka"a:xkan"! Am He said" <kn>a:man</kn> not" <kn>a:xkan</kn> !" Dijo" <kn>a:man</kn> not" <kn>a:xkan</kn> !" Xtlah o:nikitoh. Am I didn't say anything. No dije nada. (~ + [sentential complement]) to say that [sentential complement] (~ + [complemento sentencial]) decir que [complemento sentencial] Am, Oa O:kitoh mo:stla wa:hla:s ikone:w. Am He said that his child would come tomorrow. Dijo que su hijo iba a venir mañana. to decide or arrange (e.g., that sth should be done); to give the word that decidir o arreglar (p. ej., que algo se debe hacer); dar la palabra para que Pending Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas. Newa ne:chkakin. Am I will arrange it so that you take someone's place. They listen to me. Yo me las arreglarépara que remplaces a alguien. A míme escuchan. (refl.) to talk about oneself (e.g., of sth one has done) (refl.) hablar de si mismo (p. ej., de algo que ha hecho) Pending (with directional prefix) to send word (con prefijo direccional) mandar decir Pending Ihkón, ke:n otikonitoh. Am In that way, just like you had sent word. De esa manera, como lo mandaste decir. O:nikonitoh se: tlato:hli, o:me tlato:hli. O:nikonitoh ipan ka:rtah. Am I sent a word or two. I sent word about it in a letter. Mandédecir una o dos palabras. Lo mandédecir en una carta. communicate hto In Oapan with 1st- and 2nd-person subject prefixes the overt manifestation of a 3rd-person object pronoun is lost: <koa>n'itowá</koa>, <koa>t'itowá</koa>, etc. Note that the reflexive is <koa>nótó:s</koa>. If there is a lengthening of the /i/ in forms such as <koa>nítowá</koa>, this is probably because of the pitch accent and lengthening to compensate for a drop at the end of the first syllable. Orthographically these forms are written as <koa>n'ítowá</koa>. For a discussion, see the entry under <kloa>ilka:wa</kloa>. Note also that sometimes a reduplicated form is used. But apparently, this reduplication, which lengthens the first vowel, does not permit the deletion of /k/. Thus one has <koa>nikí:towá</koa> 'I say it (many times).' Note also that the elision of the 3rd-person object blocks the reduction of the reduplicant. Thus one final <koa>n'itowa</koa> but if the reduplicant occurs, then one has <koa>nikí:towá</koa>. Note that in the next recording session record as minimal pair: /ní:towá/ 'I say it' and /nítowá/ 'it is said.' In /itowa/ one can find /tlatlatowa/ and /tla:tlatowa/. It will be important to determine how many words allow this type of reduplication. Also, it will be important to determine whether in such cases the /tla-/ for should be considered and thus be given a separate entry. Note also how certain verbs of saying/hearing seem to use the long vowel reduplication in a negative sense: /ka:kaki:tia/, /tla:tlatowa/, etc. Make sure that the negative implication is part of the meaning of these reduplicative forms. It seems, moreover, that with /itowa/ and /kaki/ the long vowel reduplication takes place on the stem when there is a specific object (/ki:itowa/) but on the prefix /tla-/ when that is used: /tla:tlatowa/. This may, however, be related to the fact that the /i/ is lost. Cf. /kwa/ where one has, apparently, /tla:tlakwa/ and /tlakwa:kwa/. Check the difference among these. Oapan phonology: In Oapan with 1st and 2nd person subjects the overt manifestation of the object is lost and the resulting double vowel /ii/ is usually realized as a single lengthened vowel (with high pitch given the presence of {h} at the beginning of the verb stem. Thus one finds <koa>ní:towá</koa>, <koa>tí:towá</koa>, etc. Consultants in Oapan agreed that there is a difference between forms such as <koa>ní:tó:s</koa> 'I will say it' and <koa>nító:s</koa> 'it will be said (e.g., during a village meeting).' The first vowel seemed short in the second form and the final stress much more pronounced. kitowa confer Am tlatowa val_reduce1 Am tlátowá val_reduce1 Oa 01252 ga:rsah a:rsah ga:rsah a:rsah a:rsah
11/Feb/2006
garza N N-loan N1; pl. <kam>arsa:meh</kam> , <koa>ársá:meh</koa> type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb) tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb) Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: cf. Pl. 1 animal bird The <kam>a:rsah</kam> is not classified as a <kam>to:to:tl</kam>. It is about the size of a chicken, and of a <kam>tekwitlanextik</kam> color. It is apparently the same as Oapan <kloa>a:sta:tl</kloa>. Check to see if the /a:rsah/ is the same as the /a:sta:tl/. Check plural form in Oapan; is p-a OK. áxoké:n equivalent Oa 01253 tli:lwi:teki kitli:lwi:teki tli:lwi:teki kitli:lwi:teki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to paint an outline in black on (e.g, on an amate, ceramics, etc.) trazar figuras de un diseño en negro (p. ej., sobre un amate, cerámica, etc.) Am, Oa tli:l wi:teki amate tsakwa confer Am, Oa 01254 tsi:kate:ntli tsi:kate:ntli tsi:yate:ntli tsi:yate:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) hole in the ground through which the ants known as <klam>tsi:katl</klam> emerge agujero en la tierra de donde salen las hormigas conocidas como <klam>tsi:katl</klam> Am, Oa tsi:ka te:n According to some consultants this refers only to the hole in the ground where the ants pass in and out. However, other speakers mentioned that <kam>tsi:kate:ntli</kam> refers as well to the area around the hole where all the small plants have been eaten and destroyed. Check whether /a:skate:ntli/ and /ma:kokote:ntli/ are also correct; cf. /te:ntli/. Get a list of all animal homes. Oapan phonology: Note k>y /V___ a This can be found here, and in other words as such. Note also forms such as /yéye:ka tómatl/ (p-a correct) and /í:yatómatl/. te:ntli confer Am, Oa i:te:n tsi:katl synonym Am i:te:nko tsi:katl synonym Oa tsi:yate:nko synonym Oa 01255 koto:nchikipe:l koto:nchikipe:l koto:nchikipe:l koto:nchikipe:l
22/Oct/2005
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap person with his shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped) persona con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota) Am, Oa chiki pe:l 01256 a:wakateyo:hli a:wakateyo:hli a:wakateyo:hli a:wakateyo:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N-N N-b Stem 3 avocado pit hueso del aguacate Am, Oa plant part a:waka te yo:l 01257 Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl *Si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 the Milky Way la Vía Láctea Am heavens si:tlal ko:sama:lo: si:tlalin si:tlalkwe:yoh; si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl, etc. One consultant, Pánfilo Lorenzo, a <spn>curandero</spn>, stated that <kam>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</kam> was distinct from <klam>si:tlalkwe:yoh</klam> , they being two branches of what in English receive one name, the Milky Way. According to him <kam>si:tlalkwe:yoh</kam> is the branch of the Milky Way that belongs to God, whereas <kam>si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl</kam> belongs to the Devil. Other speakers, however, indicated that they considered the two words to be synonyms. Check vowel length from recording. Make sure that /si:tlalkwe:yoh/ and /si:tlalko:sama:lo:tl/ are equivalent. If so, leave in /syn field for both entries. If not, create a /dis link. Check for final /h/. The derivation of /ko:sama:lo:tl/ is unclear. Perhaps it contains the stem for weasel, /ko:samahtli/. Si:tlalkwe:yoh synonym Am Si:tlálotlí synonym Oa Si:tlalkwe:yoh synonym Oa 01258 tekipanoke:tl tekipanoke:tl tekipánoké:tl tekipanoke:tl tekipánoké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes worker (particularly one who works the team of oxen) trabajador (particularmente uno que trabaja la yunta) Am, Oa Yo:yekok tekipanoke:tl. Am The worker has arrived here (e.g., from his field). Ya llegóel trabajador (p. ej., de su campo). teki pano: Since word-internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec the presence or absence of this phoneme cannot be determined from the Ameyaltepec data alone. However, the pitch accent in the Oapan cognate indicates that the underlying form is {tekipanohke:tl}. Check for vowel length in /tekipanoke:tl/, i.e., should the /o/ be long? It probably shouldn't be, but this should be checked. Check for correctness of /-ki/ agentive. 01259 xi:kole:wi xi:kole:wi xi:kole:wi xi:kole:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] texi:kole:wi Am, Oa class-3a(w) to scrape oneself (e.g., in falling hard) rasparse (p. ej., al caer fuerte) Am, Oa Timoma:tlakechia wa:n xo:timoteltih, o:notlaloh momakpal, no: xi:kole:wi moma:kpal. Am 00006_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 8:39 You place your hand down flat on something and you didn't detain yourself, your palm slid forward, you also badly scraped your palm. Pones la mano sobre alguna superficie y no te detienes, la palma se resbala y también te raspas fuertemente. xi: kol <kamoa>xi:kole:wi</kamoa>, <klamoa>a:la:wi</klamoa>| According to Cristino Flores, the difference between <kamoa>xi:kole:wi</kamoa> and <kamoa>a:la:wi</kamoa> is that the former indicates a deeper and lengthier abrasion and that latter more of a surface injury. Note that the verb stem <kn>kole:w</kn> is often used to indicate getting ruined, as in <kamoa>o:timokole:w</kamoa> 'you got yourself screwed over.' This verb is often combined found with incorporated body parts, e.g., <klamoa>ma:xi:kole:wi</klamoa>. No cognates of <kamoa>xi:kole:wi</kamoa> have been found in other Nahuatl dialects although this word, and forms with incorporated nouns, seem to be quite common in Balsas Nahuatl. Add or make sure ma:tlakechia is in the dictionary and well definied. Check use in the sentence above. xi:kole:wa confer Am 01260 techichikil techichikil té:chikíl té:chikil té:chikíl
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) Adj-ap Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) yes-rdp haggard and drawn; skin and bones; puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) demacrado; raquítico; enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) Pending Dia:bloh miktla:n techichikil! Am The hell with you, you bag of bones! ¡Al diablo contigo, pinche demacrado! Techichikil, kito:sneki tiktlawe:lita. Am (When you call someone) <kam>techichikil</kam> , it means that you despise them. (Cuando le llamas a alguien) <kam>techichikil</kam> , quiere decir que lo desprecias mucho. puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out) chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca) Pending te- chikil tewa:hki; chichikiltik <kam>Techichikil</kam> is semantically very close to Classical <kn>cicicuil</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'cosa flaca y seca.' If this is the Classical cognate for Balsas <kam>techichikil</kam> , which in Ahuelicán is <kn>techihchikil</kn> Thus perhaps the root for comparative purposes should perhaps be <kn>cicuil</kn>, though for now and pending further information from other dialects the root analysis has been left at <kroot>chikil</kroot>. Note that although a few consultants accepted as correct the form <klam>chichikil</klam> many would not. Thus the intensifier would seem to be required; and indeed I have no documented case from conversation of the form without the intensifier <kn>te-</kn>. <kam>Techichikil</kam> , and its virtual equivalent <kam>techichikiltik</kam> , has a quite negative sense and is considered somewhat offensive. <klam>Tewa:hki</klam> is the more acceptable way of saying simply 'skinny' and would be used in normal circumstances. In regard to the difference between <kam>techichikil</kam> and <kam>techichi kilt ik</kam> , one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in <kam>-tik</kam> would seem to hold across other pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast. Oapan also uses the nonreduced form <koa>téchichíkil</koa>. Make sure use in reference to a fruit is correct. Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. Apocopated adjectives: In regard to the difference between <kam>techichikil</kam> and <kam>techichikiltik</kam> , one consultant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that the former refers more to an enduring state of the subject whereas the second refers more to a condition that is the temporary result of something such as a protracted illness. Note that in general this semantic difference between apocopated adjectivals and the base adjectivals ending in <kam>-tik</kam> would seem to hold across other pairs of lexemes that manifest this contrast. 01261 to:ma:ya:tl to:ma:ya:tl tó:má:ya:tl tó:má:ya:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of insect, apparently called <spn>mayate</spn> in Spanish tipo de insecto, aparentemente llamado mayate en español Pending To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli. Am The <kam>to:ma:ya:tl</kam> and the <klam>xi:kotli</klam> have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). El <kam>to:ma:ya:tl</kam> y el <klam>xi:kotli</klam> tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). animal insect to:ma:ya: This large flying insect is often caught by children, tied on a string, and allowed to fly around in circles Schoenhals (1988) states under mayate:"(Fam: Scarabaeidae; Subfam: Melolonthinae, e.g., <i>Phyllophaga</i>spp. [larva] 'June beetle', 'potato bug.' See gallina ciega." Vowels were checked and determined to be all long in 1986. Check p-a in Oapan; no reason for it exists. If all vowels are long as I have noted, then no syllable could be h-final. After vowel length and pitch-accent has been checked, to:ma:ya:tl? Check for reason for Oa p-a. 01262 tepe:wa:xkuwtli tepe:wa:xkuwtli tepe:wa:xkohtli tepe:wa:xkohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-(N-N) N-b Stem 1(w) see <klam>tepe:wa:xin</klam> véase <klam>tepe:wa:xin</klam> Am, Oa tepe: wa:x kow 01263 awia:lia kawia:lia áwiá:lia awia:lia káwiá:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia class-2a yes-lex to perfume; to make fragrant or sweet-smelling perfumar o hacer oler bien y aromático Am, Oa Xne:xchia! Ma nimoawia:li! Am Wait for me! Let me put on some perfume (or, Let me freshen up so that I smell good)! ¡Espérame!¡Déjame poner perfume (o,¡Deja que me refresque para que huela bien)! to spice or add flavor to (a food) agregar especias (a una comida) Pending Xawiá:k! Xkawia:li! Am It's bland! Spice it up (to give it flavor)! ¡Es desabrido!¡Agrégale especias (para que agarre sabor)! ahwi hya: a:wiá:k confer Am áwiá:k confer Oa 01264 tsi:ntsetselowa kitsi:ntsetselowa tsí:ntsetselówa tsi:ntsetselowa kitsí:ntsetselówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi No transitive has been documented Lex. rdp-s class-2b yes-rdp to shake the roots of (a plant that has been uprooted so that the earth falls off and it cannot survive) sacudirle las raices a (una planta que ha sido arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra y no pueda sobrevivir) Pending Xtsi:ntsetselotiw un sakaomitl, ma:ka sa: notla:li:s! Am Go along shaking out the roots of the <kam>sakaomitl</kam> (e.g., when weeding a milpa) so that it doesn't take root again (as the plants are tossed back onto the ground)! ¡Ve sacudiendo las raices del <kam>sakaomitl</kam> (p. ej., al desherbar una milpa) para que no arraiguen otra vez (después de que se tiren al suelo). Xtsi:ntsetselo un anjolí:n, ma:ka kipias tla:hli! Am Shake off the base of those sesame stalks (in this case already cut) so that they no longer have soil on them! ¡Sacude las bases de los tallos de anjolí:n (en este caso ya cortado) para que ya no tengan tierra! (refl.) to dust off the seat of ones trousers or dress (refl.) sacudirse las parte trasera de los pantalones o falda Pending tsi:n tsel In regard to sesame, the action is performed on sesame stalks that have been cut and are being left to dry. The bottom part that was on the ground is shaken off to prevent earth from falling in with the sesame seed as it is threshed and separated. 01265 yzzz ne:xtilih ne:xtilih
11/Feb/2006
Interj pl. <koa>ne:xtílikéh</koa> Good morning (from waking to midmorning, about 7:30 to 8:00 a.m.)! ¡Buenos días (desde la hora de despertar hasta como las 7:30 o 8:00 a.m. de la mañana)! Oa ne:si Unlike other greetings which may end in either /lih/ or /leh/, I have only recorded <koa>ne:xtilih</koa> for this morning greeting. Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Check for plural form and add to database under /lxoc field; record! poya:wilih confer Oa tlane:xtilih synonym Am 01266 teyoh teyoh teyoh teyoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to have stones (e.g., beans bought in the market) tener piedras (p. ej., frijoles comprados en el mercado) Pending (usually reduplicated with short vowel: <kam>teteyoh</kam> o <koa>téteyóh</koa>) to be rocky (land); to have (an area) large amounts of stones or rocks (usualmente reduplicado tener vocal corta: <kam>teteyoh</kam> o <koa>téteyóh</koa>) ser pedregoso (un terreno) Pending Teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. Am It is rocky, it is thick with stones. Es pedregoso, estáapretado de piedras. soil texkahloh te teyoh; texkahloh; tepachakahloh <kam>Teyoh</kam> is almost always documented in a reduplicated form, <kam>teteyoh</kam> , though with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn> it does often occur in a nonreduplicated form, <kam>tlateyoh</kam>. 01267 tla:katekolo:tl tla:katekolo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 man who is in league with the Devil hombre que estáasociado con el Diablo Pending Devil; demon el Diablo; demonio Am tla:ka tekolo: It is still not clear whether <kam>tla:kateko:tl</kam> refers to the Devil as understood in Christian theology, to men who are demonial or associated with the Devil, or both. It might well be a word that was heard in contact with other regions given that two Oapan consultants, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, were unfamiliar with this term. Check precise meaning of /tla:katekolo:tl/ and whether it refers to the Devil, demons, men who are demonial, etc. 01268 xi:teyo:hli i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah xi:teyo:hli xi:teyo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 (<kam>i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah</kam>) clapper of a bell (<kam>i:xi:teyo:l kampa:nah</kam>) badajo de una campana Am (poss.) frutescence (of certain plants such as the <kbamoa>chi:pi:lin</kbamoa>) (pos.) frutescencia (de ciertas plantas como el <kbamoa>chi:pi:lin</kbamoa>) Am, Oa (vulg.) testicles; balls (vulg.) testículos; huevos (de la genitalia masculina) Am, Oa body human xi: te yo:l Most informants stated that <kam>xi:teyo:hli</kam> was the equivalent of <klam>kala:ntetl</klam>. They also stated that <kam>xi:teyo:hli</kam> referred specifically to the balls inside the scrotum; see <klam>xi:tekwetlaxio</klam>. It is considered vulgar and used mostly by men. The term <klamoa>xi:tetl</klamoa>is more neutral and refers to the genitals in general, In reference to a bell clapper, Oapan uses <koa>i:xi:tew</koa> given the vulgar sense of <koa>xi:teyo:hli</koa> is considered vulgar. In reference to the use of <kam>xi:teyo:hli</kam> in reference to plant structures, Cristino Flores mentioned that he refers to this part of the <kam>chi:pi:lin</kam> as <kam>i:xixi:tew chi:pi:lin</kam>. Make sure that the sound is not linked to this entry. 01269 kuwtitlantsi:n kuwtitlantsi:n kókotitlántsi:n kókotitlántsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 type of small tree, that is like a rod tipo de arbusto que parece como vara Pending Kuwtitlantsi:n | Kohtsi:ntli, ke:n tlako:tl. Am The <kam>kuwtitlantsi:n</kam> : It is a small bush, like a rod. El <kam>kuwtitlantsi:n</kam> : Es un arbusto, como una vara. plant xiwtli(pend) kow tlan The identity of this plant is uncertain. During the September field session none of the consultants (from Oapan, Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec) knew of this plant, although there is an agave of similar name. Roberto Mauricio mentioned later that this is like <kloa>á:tlapántsi:n</kloa>only with rounder leaves and a green (rather than purple) stem. In the pronunciation of Roberto Mauricio there is no /h/ and there is a pitch accent. Thus the recording needs to be checked. The etymology of this plant is uncertain. Nevertheless, the final element <kam>titlantsi:n</kam> has been categorized as nominal based on the common process whereby verbal stems are nominalized with <kamoa>-tsi:n</kamoa>. None of the three consultants during the first session of September 2001 knew of this plant. Vowel length has been recheced and all are as recorded here. I have also noted this as /kukuhtitlantsi:n/, so a check should be made as to whether the reduplicated or unreduplicated form is correct. Note that there is a type of maguey called /kukuhtitlantsi:n/. Make list of other types of /tlako:tl/ and perhaps add /tlako:tl/ to /ono section. 01270 chi:chi:ltik chi:chi:ltik chi:chi:ltik chi:chi:ltik
09/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Lex. rdp-l to be red ser rojo Am, Oa chi:l 01271 a:tlakwi a:tlakwi á:tlakwí á:tlakwi á:tlakwí
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) class-3a(kw) yes-rdp to draw water and carry it to where it will be used (generally from a well or <kam>a:me:hli</kam>) traer agua; aguar; llevar el agua a donde se va a utilizar (generalmente de un pozo o <kam>a:me:hli</kam>) Pending A:tlakwtok. Am He is drawing water. Estátrayendo agua. Xa:k, o:a:tlakwito. Am He's not around, he went to draw water. No está, fue a traer agua. a: kwi Note that like <klamoa>kwi</klamoa>when used with a directional affix, <kam>a:tlakwi</kam> implies the action of drawing water, that is going and returning. The reason for pitch accent in Oapan <koa>á:tlakwí</koa> is apparently due to reduplication, reduced on a long-vowel-initial stem. If this is the reason, the reduplication probably reflects the nature of the action of drawing water, which involves repeatedly taking water from a well or water hole. I remember not being able to elicit a form without the pitch accent. Check again for Oapan Nahuatl with no pitch-accent. 01272 tlanxi:ni tlanxi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a see <klam>tlanxixi:ni</klam> véase <klam>tlanxixi:ni</klam> Am, Oa In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth falls out in Oapan the word <koa>tlankope:wi</koa> or <koa>tlanwetsi</koa> is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun. Plurality; reduplication: Note the following comment re: /tlanxi:ni/: In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan only the plural (through reduplication) of this verb is used. If one tooth falls out in Oapan the word <koa>tlankope:wi</koa> or <koa>tlanwetsi</koa> is used. Thus the semantics of the verb itself mandate a reduplicative form, with multiple"objects,"here expressed through an incorporated noun. Note that although /xi:ni/ does occur in unreduplicated form, in this case it doesn't. The reason is that teeth fall out over time, but in no set or stable order. Hence only /tlanxixi:ni/ (Am) or /tlá:nxí:ni/ (Oa) is acceptable. 01273 ma:se:kapochik ma:se:kapochik ma:sia:pochik ma:se:kapochik ma:sia:pochik
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap-ni-k N1 type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a <klamoa>tokatl</klamoa>) tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un <klamoa>tokatl</klamoa>) Pending Ma:se:kapochik | Notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. Am The <kam>ma:se:kapochik</kam> : They make their home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered a <kamoa>tokatl</kamoa>. Los <kam>ma:se:kapochik</kam> : Viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran como un <kamoa>tokatl</kamoa>. -in-o-med ma: se:ka pochi: <kam>Ma:se:kapochik</kam> are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk. Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores. NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in this form and all related forms, part. Oapan. Phonetics, compensatory lengthening: Note that in this word, in /ya:/ from /ika/, in the form /tsi:ya:-/ as in /tsi:ya:pakohtli/ from /tsi:kapakohti/, etc. there is compensatory lengthening of a vowel with the loss of a syllable onset. This is unusual. se:kapochik synonym Am sia:pochik synonym Oa ma:pochik synonym Oa 01274 tlakwahli
11/Feb/2006
Modal modal particle that indicates disbelief on the part of speaker partícula modal que indica que el que habla no cree algo aseverado o previamente dicho por cierto Am Newa wel nikukuwi. --Tlakwahli, tewa xtiweli! Am Puedo leñar.---¡No lo creo, tu no puedes! I can chop wood. ---You've got to be kidding, you don't know how! kwa It might be that this word originally derives from <kam>itlakwahli</kam>. Perhaps relate /kwal/ to /kwa/. This transcription might well be erroneous. See <klam>itlakwahli</klam> Originally under this entry I had a note that Oapan /xtlakwahli/ should be consulted. But I have no entry under this word. Check for /psm and other field items. 01275 a:ixwi:tia ka:ixwi:tia a:ixwi:tia ka:ixwi:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca-ni class-2a to give a lot of water to and satiate (either a human or an animal) dar de beber mucha agua a (una persona o a un animal) hasta que se llene y se satisfaga Pending Nika:ixwi:ti:s un pitso. Am I'm going to give that pig its fill of water. Voy a darle a aquel marrano su ración de agua hasta que se llene. Ne:cha:ixwi:tia un a:tl. Am That water fills me up (is satisfying). Esa agua me llena (me satisface). (~ <kam>i:ka tlato:hli</kam>) to give a lot of lip to; to overwhelm or berate with words (~ <kam>i:ka tlato:hli</kam>) contestar y discutir Pending O:ne:cha:ixwi:tikeh ika tlato:hli. Am They gave me a lot of lip. Me (lo) discutieron hasta el cansancio. a: xwi Residents of Ameyaltepec assert that that their water is heavy and filling, not so the water from the river, as in San Juan, Oapan, and other riverside villages. Check to determine what other things, besides words, one can be"filled with." 01276 tepi:tsmiktia kitepi:tsmiktia tepi:tsmihtia kitepi:tsmihtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to crush; to make feel crowded or crowded in (e.g., sb surrounded by a crowd, or by many people in a small space) apretujar; hacer sentir muy apretado (p. ej., a algn rodeado por una multitud, o por mucha gente en un lugar pequeño) Pending Mitstepi:tsmikti:skeh, ke:n to:hla:n Am You are going to get crushed, there is a big crowd of people. Te vas a quedar muy apretujado, hay mucha gente. Nane:xtepi:tsmiktian. Am You all are making me feel uncomfortably crowded. Ustedes me hacen sentir muy apretujado (y no muy a gusto). tepi:ts miki Make sure this is not /tepi:tska:miktia/. Cf. /tepi:tska:tla:katl/sowa:tl/. tepi:tsmiktia val_add_caus Am 01277 eko:ltia keko:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to induce to or make (sb) come (a particular place toward a deictic reference point) convencer o inducir a llegar (a un punto particular hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) Am Yo:tine:cheko:ltih nika:n mocha:n iwa:n newa xniknekia niwi:ts. Am You brought me here to your house and I didn't want to come. Me trajiste aquía tu casa y no quería venir. ehko axi:tia; yeko:ltia According to several speakers, <kam>yeko:ltia</kam> implies that the person was brought somewhat unwillingly, or at least not enthusiastically. In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was <kloa>ékó:tia</kloa>and although she does not use <koa>ékó:ltia</koa>, it might also be correct. This should be checked. In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was <kloa>ékó:tia</kloa>and although she does not use <koa>ékó:ltia</koa>, it might also be correct. This should be checked. ékó:tia synonym Oa 01278 to:nalkaxa:nki to:nalkaxa:nki to:nalkaxa:nki to:nalkaxa:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to have a weak soul (a person who becomes easily sick) tener el alma débil (una persona que facilmente se enferma) Pending to:na kaxa: Check for antonym: ?/to:naltepistik? See notes at Flk 1984-06-07.2 01279 xo:chitl de cha:molin xo:chitl de cha:molin cha:molxo:chitl cha:molin xo:chitl cha:molxo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 2 small, bunched red flowers of the <kbam>cha:molkohtli</kbam> pequeñas florecitas rojas en racimas del <kbam>cha:molkohtli</kbam> Am, Oa by extension, the tree or bush with these flowers por extensión, el arbusto que tiene estas florecitas rojas Am, Oa Cha:molin | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl. Chi:chi:ltik, tikwi:kas tio:pan. A:man xma:s nokwi, xma:s noteki. A:man nochi Iguala wa:le:wtok. Am <kam>Cha:molin</kam> : It is good for flowers. They are red, you take them to the church (to place them there as an offering). Now they are no longer used much, they are not cut much. Now all (flowers) come from Iguala. <kam>Cha:molin</kam> : Es bueno para flores. Son rojas, te las llevas a la iglesia (como ofrenda). Ahora ya no se emplean mucho, ya no se cortan mucho. Ahora todo (todas las flores) viene de Iguala. plant kohtli cha:mol Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>chamol</spn> in Spanish, of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>and genus/species <i>Caesalpina pulcherrima</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish <spn>chamol, camaroncillo, pericón,</spn>or <spn>surungana</spn>. They identify this as of the family and subfamily <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i>and the genus/species <i>Caesalpinia pulcherrima</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>chamol</spn>. flower Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. According to Silvestre Pantaleón this flower is called <koa>cha:molin xo:chitl</koa>. 01280 tlatlani kitlatlani
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to request (objects that are lent or given, a plow animal or beast of burden, alms or gifts, etc..) pedir (objetos que se prestan o se regalan, un animal para trabajar la tierra o de carga, donaciones como las que se le dan a la iglesia, etc.) Am Kitlatlani totla:l para kito:kas. Am He asks for our land in loan so that he might plant it. Pide nuestro terreno en préstamo para que lo pueda sembrar. to request (a girl [O]) in marriage; to request that hand of pedir (a una muchacha [O]) en matrimonio Am Kitlatlanis nochpo:ch. Am He will ask for my daughter's hand. Va a pedir a mi hija en matrimonio. (with [SC] to request (information); to inquire about (con [CS] pedir (información); inquirir sobre Am Kitlatlani ke:ch a:nyos kipia. Am He requests information about how old he is. Pide información acerca de cuántos años tiene. htlani tlato:ltia; tlatlani The relationship between <kam>tlatlani</kam> as a transitive verb and <kam>tlatlani</kam> as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that whereas the transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the nonnreduplicated verbal stem with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb <kam>ihtlani</kam> (the internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has <kn>tla-</kn> as its nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive {tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific <kn>tla-</kn> before a verbal stem or root that almost alwa ys reduplicated (cf. <klamoa>tete:mowa</klamoa>) there is no reduplication when the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat pertains to the verb <kn>ihtlani</kn>. When the specific meaning of 'to request a bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object prefix. Thus one finds <klam>tlaitlani</klam> 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones son).' The relationship between <kam>tlatlani</kam> as a transitive verb and <kam>tlatlani</kam> as an intransitive with an indefinite null complement seems to be that whereas the transitive verb involves reduplication of the verb root (i.e., is represented by {rdp-s + htlani}>/tla+htlani/) the intransitive form is derived from the nonnreduplicated verbal stem with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> (i.e., is represented by {tla + htlani}>/tla+htlani/). Thus both are derived from a base verb <kam>ihtlani</kam> (the internal {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec) but the reduplicated form retains its transitivity while the intransitive form is has <kn>tla-</kn> as its nonspecific object. What is clear, here as elsewhere, is that verbs that begin with underying {hC} reduplicated without the {h}, that is, they reduplicated as CV+hCV where the two CV sequences are identical. Finally, note that with intransitive {tlahtlani} like other cases of nonspecific <kn>tla-</kn> before a verbal stem or root that almost alwa ys reduplicated (cf. <klamoa>tete:mowa</klamoa>) there is no reduplication when the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix is used. Note, however, that one additional caveat pertains to the verb <kn>ihtlani</kn>. When the specific meaning of 'to request a bride in marriage' is sought, the epenthetic /i/ is retained after the nonspecific object prefix. Thus one finds <klam>tlaitlani</klam> 'to request a young woman in marriage (for ones son).' Note that this verb is not used with the nonspecific /tla-/. Please consult me for this entry. The Oapan words uttered here, /kí:tlaní/, should be coded as 3418, c and d. The entry here is apparently different from /kítlaní/, which is the original elicitation form for 3418. See the /vl notes for 3418 for further explanation. tlaitlani confer Am tlatlanilia val_add_applic Am ítlaní synonym Oa 01281 alaxtik alaxtik a:laxtik a:laxtik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-iwi-tik to be slimy, slippery, or viscous (like nopales, fruit such as pineapple that has gone bad, beans that are starting to spoil); soapy ser baboso, resbaloso o viscoso (tal como nopales, fruta como la piña o también frijoles que se han empezado a echarse a perder); lleno de jabón Pending Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. Am Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. Xpapa:ka un michin ika límo:n, ma ki:sa a:laxtik! Am Wash that fish with lemon to get out the slimy and slippery texture (chicken meat that is old is washed with lemon for the same reason)! ¡Lava ese pescado con limón para que se le quite lo grasoso (por la misma razón se le frota con limón carne de pollo ya algo vieja)! a:lach According to Inocencio Díaz the initial /a/ is short in Ameyaltepec. It is clearly long in Oapan. Although all my Ameyaltepec examples were originally written down with a short vowel, this should be checked as per the documentation from Oapan along with that reported in FK. Add example of /san ke:nkah/ to the dictionary. Note how /kah/ is added to certain adjectives: /ke:nka/, na:nkah/, etc. 01282 ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl ista:k Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 variety of the species <l>Plumeria rubra</l>L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the white variety is the only one found growing wild in the area of Ameyaltepec and Oapan; in Spanish <spn>cacalosúchil</spn> variedad o forma de la especie <l>Plumeria rubra</l>L., unárbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores blancas es laúnica que es silvestre en la región del Balsas, en español se llama cacalosúchil Am, Oa ka:lo: xo:ch sta ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl plant kohtli medicine (pend) The other two varieties found in this area, that with yellow and that with red flowers are found only planted in households. flower According to Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo stated that there is a male and female variety of this tree. The other consultants were not familiar with this gender difference. For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. 01283 a:toma na:toma a:toma na:toma
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-alt-mi +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans class-3a(m) (refl.) to fill out (a baby who gains weight) (refl.) crecer y llegar a ser más llenito (un niño) Pending On suwa:tl tewa:hki katkah, a:man yo:pe:w na:toma. Am That woman used to be skinny, now she's started to fill out. Esa mujer estaba flaca, ahora ya ha empezado a estar más llenita. Yo:pe:w na:toma yetl, yo:pe:w uwe:iya. Am The beans have started to expand (while cooking), they're starting to get big. Ya empezaron a abultarse los frijoles (por estar cocinándose en agua herviendo), se están haciendo grandes. to become erect (a penis) pararse (el pene) Pending a: tom Although the sense of 'to uncoil (a snake)' for <kam>a:toma</kam> was documented in Ameyaltepec, this might have been in error for simply <kam>toma</kam> used reflexively. This should be checked. Check length of final vowel by eliciting the future or imperfect tense. Also check if only the reflexive is used. Apparently the reference to a snake uncoiling might be in error and the word is /notoma/. The possibility of a relationship between /toma/ 'untie' and /toma:wi/ 'to get fat' should be considered. Cf. /a:tonkwilin/. 01284 tomio itomio 'tomío tomio í:tomío
22/Oct/2005
N N-yo N2 yes-lex body hair pelo (del cuerpo) Am, Oa fur pelo (de un animal) Am, Oa tohmi tomio; tsontli tsontli confer Am, Oa 01285 wekalowa kwekalowa wákalówa wakalowa kiwákalówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b yes-lex to dig or scoop out (particularly, but not necessarily, with a gourd bowl or similar tool) excavar (particularlmente con jícara o otra herramienta parecida) Pending wahkal This verbal form has only been documented in the compound /tsi:nwekalowa/ but has been added here by analogy and to make sure that it is included in elicitation. If found to not exist in Ameyaltepec (I seeem to remember it from conversation) then it should be deleted (unless found for Oapan, etc.). Check this pitch accent and compare to /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/. Use in article re: shift. Oapan phonology; pitch accent; shift: /kitsí:nwakalówa/, /tsí:nwakáltik/ vs. /kiwákalówa/. Note how with the incorporated noun the p-a shifts leftward, onto the IN. This does not occur with the specific 3rd-person object prefix /ki-/. One of the reasons for this might be the relative weight of the preceding syllables (left from the p-a marked syllable). In this analysis a light syllable to the left of the verbal (reduplicated) stem does not attract pitch accent whereas a heavy syllable does. If this were to be the reason, then the reason would be simply phonetic and not morphological. However, it might be that the attraction of p-a is based on the fact that an IN is more likely to attract p-a than a prefix. All this should be checked. Indeed, shift seems to be the most pressing problem for an analysis of Oapan p-a. 01286 pai:hli pai:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 medicinal brew made of a ground-up plant (different according to the medicinal remedy) steeped in water brebaje medicinal hecho una planta (diferente según el remedio y enfermedad) que se muele y se deja remojar en agua Am Kite:maka pai:hli, te:pai:tia. Am He gives medicinal brews to people, he gives herbal medicine to people. Le da brebajes medicinales a la gente, da brebajes a la gente. pah i: In preparing a <kam>pai:hli</kam> , the powerdered plant is placed in a glass of water to be drunk by the person who is ill. It appears that the difference between <kam>pai:hli</kam> and <kam>tlanechiko:hli</kam> is that in the former apparently only one plant is used while in the latter a concoction is elaborated from various plants. tlanechiko:hli confer Am pai:tia val_add_caus Am 01287 yexo:tl yexo:tl yexo:tl yexo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 (intrinsic possession) young green pod (of a bean plant [Poss]) (posesión intrínseca) vaina verde y joven (de una planta de frijol [Poss]) Pending Ista:kyetl no: kipia iyexo:yotsi:n, o:pe:w tla:ki. Am The white beans also have their green pods, they've begun to come to fruit. Los frijoles blancos también tienen sus vainas verdes, ya empezaron a rendir. Yexo:tl | Nochi yetl kipia iyexo:yo. Nokwa san de mi:lyetl wa:n de kaxtiltsi:n. Am <kam>Yexo:tl</kam> : All beans have their pods. But the only ones that are eaten are those of the <kam>mi:lyetl</kam> and the <kam>kaxtiltsi:n</kam> <kam>Yexo:tl</kam> : Todos los frijoles tienen su vaina. Pero losúnicos que se comen son del <kam>mi:lyetl</kam> y el <kam>kaxtiltsi:n</kam> green bean (in Spanish <spn>ejote</spn>) eaten steamed (the bean inside this plant is the <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam>) ejote (ya secado el frijol adentro del ejote que se come en el Balsas se conoce como <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam>) Pending plant domesticated ye xo: Check to determine whether this is a specific type of bean, or whether it refers to any bean when green. My recollection seems to be that /yexo:tl/ refers to the /kaxtiltsi:n/; but I have a note that the /mi:lyetl/ is also eaten. The meaning of /kipia iyexo:yotsi:n/ should be checked. I have it recorded as referring to the shell, but this needs to be confirmed. Check what plants have /i:yexo:yo/, just as what plants have their /wa:xyo/. In the plant section of the cultural encyclopedia, have a section on plant parts. Make sure to do an index. Check whether /i:yexow/ or /i:yexo:yo/ is correct. I imagine the latter. However, cf. this to /xi:lo:tl/, /yelo:tl/, etc., all of which do not seem to have /-yo/ forms. In general check all fruits. 01288 oni:tia koni:tia oni:tia koni:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 Dir-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to give to drink to dar a beber a Am, Oa Te:choni:ti:s refre:skoh. Am He will give us a soda to drink. Nos va a dar un refresco para beber. Te:xtlaoni:ti:s. Am He will give us something to drink (<kam>agua fresca,</kam> soda, occasionally a beer, but not usually water, for which <kam>a:tli:tia</kam> is more often used; <kam>tlai:tia</kam> is used for alcoholic beverages where there is a chance of getting drunk). Nos va a dar algo para beber (agua fresca, un refresco, de vez en cuando una cerveza, pero generalmente no agua, en cuyo caso es más común utilizar <kam>a:tli:tia</kam> ; <kam>tlai:tia</kam> se emplea para bebidas alcóholicas cuando hay una posibilidad de emborracharse). on- i: Check use of /tlai:tia/, /tlaoni:tia/ and /a:tli:tia/. There are added tokens for this word at 3631. Note that the latter words have less echo, so perhaps these are better for linking. oni:ltia equivalent Am, Oa oni verb_base Am, Oa 01289 ikxikwepaliwi ikxikwepaliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground) torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo) Am kxi kwepal As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, <kam>ikxikwepaliwi</kam> does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. Check to see if there is a transitive form. Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, <kam>ikxikwepaliwi</kam> does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. ikxinekwiliwi confer Am ixikwelpachiwi synonym Oa 01290 tlakwilwia kitlakwilwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to write to (sb) escribir a (algn) Am Mistlakwilia para xiya! Am He writes to you (sends a note to you) so that you will go! ¡Te escribe para que vayas! 'ikwilowília synonym Oa hkwil This word is only documented with the initial <kn>tla-</kn> prefix. Cf. <klam>kwilowilia</klam>. Check the difference, if there is any, between /mistlakwilwia/ and /mistlakwilowilia/. Do both exist? In Oapan only the latter is found. 01291 pe:liwi pe:liwi pe:liwi pe:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to become split open lengthwise (e.g., an overripe watermelon, cantaloupe, etc.) abrirse a lo largo (p. ej., una sandía, melón, etc. que ha pasado de sazón) Pending pe:l To date <kamoa>pe:liwi</kamoa> has only been documented in reference to certain large, overripe fruits that at times split open lengthwise by themselves. 01292 kwa:tetesontik kwa:tetesontik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a crewcut or short hair tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso Am kwa: teson kwa:teson equivalent Oa kwa:tesonek equivalent Oa 01293 iksik *iksik isik isik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-k to be cooked (a food) estar cocinado (un manjar) Pending to be ripe (a fruit or vegetable) estar maduro (una fruta o vegetal) Pending to be fired (ceramics) estar cocido (barro o cerámica) Pending ksi Check if this form is actually used, or if the verbal form /yo:iksik/ is more common. In general there seems to be a tendency for the perfective in /yo-/ to be used as stative/resultative for unergative verbs. Probably this word should be taken out. 01294 tokilia kitokilia tokilia kitokilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to stoke or to increase the level of the flame underneath (sth such as a pot) atizar o incrementar el fuego abajo de (algo como una olla) Pending Xtokili ika un tlikohtli! Am Stoke it (e.g, a pot or <klamoa>koma:hli</klamoa>) with that piece of firewood! Atízale el fuego (p. ej., a un comal) con ese pedazo de leña. Xtokili un ko:ntli! Am Stoke that pot! ¡Atízale el fuego a esa olla! (with <kn>tla-</kn>) to stoke a fire underneath of (con <kn>tla-</kn>) atizar un fuego abajo de Pending Yo:kitlatokilih ikoma:l para tlaxkalo:s. Am She's already stoked the fire under her <spn>comal</spn> so that she can make tortillas. Ya atizóel fuego abajo de su comal para poder hacer tortillas. Yo:tiktlatokilih noko:n. Am You've already stoked my pot (pushing firewood under it and poking the wood around). Ya le echaste leña y atizaste el fuego abajo de mi olla (metiendo más leña abajo de la olla y atizándola). toki The relationship between <klamoa>tokia</klamoa>and <kamoa>tokilia</kamoa> is not altogether clear. It seems that speakers will at times consider the object of <kamoa>tokia</kamoa> to be the physical item (a griddle, pot, etc.) under which a fire is stoked, although it is perhaps more precise to interpret the primary meaning of <kamoa>tokia</kamoa> as 'to stoke (a fire [S])' and only as having a secondary meaning of 'to stoke a fire underneath' (as in the example phrase <kam>Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi!</kam>). Following this interpretation, the primary object of <kam>tokilia</kam> would be the item or object under which a fire is stoked, and the secondary object would be the fire itself. Thus <kam>tokilia</kam> could be presented as a ditransitive verb meaning 'to stoke [SO, usu. a fire] under [PO, usu. a cooking tool such as a pot].' Under this interpretation the <kn>tla-</kn> of <kam>tlatokilia</kam> would represent the secondary object [SO] in its most general and understood acceptation ('fire') and t he primary objec t would still be that under which I fire is stoked. Finally, note that in reviewing the entries for this dictionary Florencia Marcelino accepted only <koa>tokia</koa> and <koa>tlatokilia</koa> as transitive verbs; she did not accept ? <koa>kitokilia</koa>. Nevertheless, when I mistakenly left it on the database and elicited it during the recording session, both she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gave the form <koa>kitokilia</koa>. However, I think that the most common use of this term is <kamoa>tokia</kamoa> with the object being 'fire' and <kamoa>tlatokilia</kamoa> with the primary object being that under which a fire is stoke and the second object covered by the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix which has the context-independent meaning of 'fire.' Note that in a conversation with Cristino Flores he denied that <kam>tokilia</kam> is used. Rather, the term <klam>tlatokilia</klam> is used. This would involve a nonspecific secondary object, which would always be understood to be the firewood that is st oked between the primary ob j e ct of <kam>tlatokilia</kam> : a pot, clay griddle, etc. Nevertheless, given the previous documentation of <kam>tokilia</kam> for now it has been left in the lexicon. Check for possibility of a human primary object with this verb: /xne:xtokilia nokoma:l/??? If this is correct then perhaps one could have /xne:xtokili nokoma:l/ and /xtlatokili nokoma:l/ but not /xne:xtlatokili nokoma:l/??? All these should be checked. Note that in going over this entry Florencia Marcelino did not accept /tokilia/ but only /tokia/ and /tlatokilia/ as transitive verbs. Nevertheless I mistakenly elicited /tokilia/ when recording and she pronounced it. Check that it has the meaning associated with this entry. If the observation concerning indefinite null complement is correct, then perhaps only /tlatokilia/ is correct and this entry should be changed. Indefinite null complements: The case of /tlatokilia/ seems to be one of indefinite null complements. That is, /tla-/ is a null complement who general meaning is retrievable without any contextual or discourse help. Here /tla-/ takes the valency slot on the headword for a secondary object that is determined by the sense of the verb and the nature of the primary object. It cannot vary, hence the use of /tla-/. tokia verb_base Am 01295 tla:wi:lwia kitla:wi:lwia tla:wi:lwia [tla: wi:l 'wi ya] kitla:wi:lwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to shine light for; to illuminate for echar luz para; iluminar para Pending Xne:chtla:wi:lwi! Am Illuminate the way for me! ¡échame luz (p. ej., para iluminar el camino)! Mo:stla tia:skeh ina:k michin ika yewahli. Tine:chtla:wi:lwi:s. Am Tomorrow we will go night fishing. You will illuminate (the water) for me (e.g., with a torch of <klam>teono:xtli</klam>). Mañana vamos a ir de pesca por la noche. Me vas a echar luz (al agua, p. ej., con una antorcha de <klam>teono:xtli</klam>). Xne:chpale:wi ika motla:wi:l, xok nitlachia! Xne:chtla:wi:lwitiw! Am Help me out with your light (e.g., flashlight, torch, etc.), I can't see anymore! Go along illuminating (the way) for me! ¡Ayúdame con tu luz (p. ej., de una lámpara eléctica), ya no veo!¡Ve echándome luz! to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint) sostener una vela para durante una ceremonia de matrimonio tradicional; prender una vela o veladora para (p. ej., un santo) Pending Niktla:wi:lwi:s para in to:nahli. Am I will hold a candle for him (or her) on this day (when he or she gets married). Le voy a sostener una vela paraél (o ella) en este día (cuando se case). I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh, tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Diós. Am On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas Eve when candles are lit in front of Jesus as a child in waiting for Christmas Day). En la víspera de navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se prenden enfrente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la natividad). tla:wi:l With the meaning of 'to hold a candle for during a traditional marriage ceremony,' it is the <spn>compadres</spn> of the couple who hold the candle. The <spn>compadre</spn> stands to the side of the groom for whom he holds a candle, and the <spn>comadre</spn> holds the candle for the bride, at whose side she stands. The morphology of phonology of this form is parallel to that of <klam>popolwia</klam> and <klam>tlaxkalwia</klam> , both of which are also derived from an intransitive verb ending in <kn>-owa</kn>, <klam>popolowa</klam> and <klam>tlaxkalowa</klam> respectively, just as the applicative <kam>tla:wi:lwia</kam> is derived from the intransitive <klamoa>tla:wi:lowa</klamoa>(and is not a denominal verb from <klamoa>tla:wi:hli</klamoa>). Make sure it is the compadres of the couple, and not their godparents, who hold the candles. Recheck length of /teono:xtli/ which I have recorded both here and in the main entry with an /e/ and short /o/ in /teo-/. tla:wi:lowa verb_base Am, Oa 01296 tlano:no:tsahli tlano:no:tsahli tlano:no:tsahli tlano:no:tsahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 counsel; discipline consejo; disciplina Pending no:tsa In Oapan <kamoa>tlano:no:tsahli</kamoa> is used to refer to the counsel of a <koa>wé:wetlí</koa> during a marriage ceremony. 01297 kwepilia kikwepilia kopilia kikopilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to turn over for (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle for a woman who is otherwise occupied) voltear para (p. ej., una tortilla sobre el comal para una mujer que estáocupada haciendo otra cosa) Pending to return (sth borrowed); to repay (the equivalent of sth borrowed, e.g., giving money for sth borrowed and lost); to make (a debt, labor owed, etc.) up to regresar (algo pedido prestado) a; compensar (el equivalente de algo pedido prestado, e.g., gdando dinero por algo pedido prestado y perdido) a; reponer (una deuda, etc.) a Pending San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka. Am He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it. Solamente estádevolviendo el maíz, lo había pedido prestado. Timitsmakas tomi:n para ika tihkowas. Timitskwepilia. Am I will give you money to buy it (and replace sth of yours that I ruined). I am making it up to you (given you the equivalent in cash). Te voy a dar dinero para que lo compres (algo tuyo que echéa perder). Te lo estoy reponiendo (dándote el equivalente en efectivo). to take revenge; to pay back (in the sense of vengence); to give (sb) their just desserts; to get back at devolverle (p. ej., un insulto, un golpe, etc.) a; vengarse con (algn) Pending A:man timitskwepili:s, xo:nikelka:w tli:n o:tine:xchi:wilih. Am Now I'm going to get back at you, I haven't forgotten what you did to me. Ahora te lo voy a pagar, no olvidélo que me hiciste. (~ <kam>tlato:hli</kam>) to translate for; to interpret for (~ <kam>tlato:hli</kam>) traducir para; interpretar para Pending Ne:chkwepili:s motlato:l, newa xniweli inglé:s. Am He will translate your words for me, I don't know English. El me va a traducir tus palabras, yo no entiendo inglés. to change (the appearance, sound, etc. of sth); to alter or shift the direction of (e.g., a given practice or tradition) cambiar (la apariencia o sonido, etc., de algo); alterar (p. ej., una costumbre o tradición, algo que estáestablecido en cierta manera o forma) Pending Tli:n kitsotsontoya, a:man xok yewa. A:man yo:kikwepilih, okse: yo:kikalaktih. Am The music that he (in this case a violinist) was playing, he's not playing anymore. Now he has changed it, he has started a new one (song). La música que estaba tocando (en este caso. un violinista), ya no es lo que estátocando. Ahora la ha cambiado, ha empezado otro (son) nuevo. kwepa If regards to a gift or something borrowed, the verb <kam>kwepilia</kam> generally refers to returning the equivalent, not the identical, item. It may be a different item (e.g., money) to compensate or it may be another token of the same type (e.g., an equivalent hat). Thus if one receives a case of beer and returns a (different) case later, then <kam>kwepilia</kam> is appropriate. However, if one borrows a hat and then returns the same one, often <kam>maka</kam> or <kam>onka:wa</kam> is more appropriate. Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Pluperfect: note the clear use here: /San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka/ 'He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it.' Here the pluperfect is used in a situation that mirrors that described by Launey: an act or situation the effects of which are no longer present/active. That is, the maize had been borrowed but with the return of maize, the effects of the borrowing, i.e., an outstanding debt, are gone. Oapan phonology: In the variation of Am /kwepilia/ to Oapan /kopilia/ again note the variation /kwe/>/ko/. kwepa verb_base Am 01298 ye:lo:ti ye:lo:ti ye:lo:ti ye:lo:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to arrive at the stage of having a green ear of corn (a maize plant) llegar a la etapa de maturación en que se forman elotes (una planta de maíz) Pending Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok. Am It is just starting to have <spn>jilotes</spn>. The <spn>elotes</spn> haven't yet started to form, the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just starting to emerge. Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes. e:lo: mi:hli (include stages on the maturing of maize) Check whether the plant has /i:ye:loyo/ or /i:ye:low/! Denominal verbs in /-ti/: Although usually /-ti/ is interpreted as 'to become NOUN' in the case of plant parts, it refers to the entire plant that begins to acquire the noun indicated by the nominal stem that is verbalized. Thus one has /xi:lo:ti/, /miawa:ti/, /ye:lo:ti/, etc. However, in other cases one has /-yowa/ as in /xo:chiowa/, /wa:xiowa/, etc. It will be important to determine which plant parts are verbalized as /-yowa/ to indicate that part forming on the plant, and which plant parts are verbalized with /-ti/ to indicate what seems to be basically the same relationship/stage of growth. Possession; part/whole: A point that I had not thought of before concerns both possessive constructions with plant parts that end in /-o:tl/ and denominal verbs in /-ti/. As to the former, it should be checked whether the possessed construction of /ye:lo:tl/, /xi:lo:tl/, etc. is /i:ye:loyo/ or not. Check. 01299 topo:nia kitopo:nia topo:nia kitopo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) +alt/ca class-2a to explode (fireworks, etc.) explotar (cohetes, etc.) Pending to burst (e.g., a blister, a ball, or other"inflated"object) reventar (p. ej., una ampolla, pelota, u otro objeto"inflado") Pending (with short vowel reduplication) to loosen to joints and articulations of (a person, in sharply twisting his torso) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer soltar las articulaciones del torso de (una persona, al agitar su cuerpo de un lado a otro) Pending topo: Although <kam>topo:nia</kam> is both correct and accepted as the transitive form of <klam>topo:ni</klam> , the morphological causative <klam>topo:naltia</klam> is more common, both in the sense of burst something such as a blister or ball filled with air, or in the sense of exploding fireworks or similar objects. In regard to twisting and loosening the torso of someone, the person having the action performed on him will place his arms around his neck, clasping his hands behind the nape. The person effecting the action will wrap his arms around the patient and twist him from side to side. Aunque <kam>topo:nia</kam> es correcto y aceptado como la forma transitiva de <klam>topo:ni</klam> , el causativo morfológico <klam>topo:naltia</klam> es más común, tanto en el sentido de reventar algo como una ampolla o pelota, o en el sentido de hacer explotar cohetes o castillos. En cuanto a torcer y aflojar el cuerpo de alguien, la persona a quien se le hace debe colocar sus brazos por atrás del cuello, agarrándose allíde las manos. La persona haciendo tal acción agarra la paciente con sus brazos, rápidamente agitandola de lado a lado. topo:nilia val_add_applic Am 01300 michin michin michin michih michin michih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 generic name for fish nombre genérico para pez o pescado Pending mich animal michin The following is a list of types of fish that have so far been identified: (make sure that each has its separate entry): <kbam>xa:lmichin</kbam>(small, scaleless fish; pez pequeño sin escamas); <kbam>tsatsapalin</kbam>("mojarra"); <kbam>xo:wi:lin</kbam>(catfish, bagre); <kbam>po:te:tl</kbam>(small fish with a big belly (guppy-like)); <kbam>truchah</kbam>(trout, trucha); <kbam>a:pitso</kbam>(Note: Luis Lucena gave me this name. He said that he was not sure what type of fish this was, that he had never seen it. He also stated that it might be the same as /a:burrah/ another type of fish which he has heard named but never seen. Perhaps a legendary fish, cf. <klam>a:lamatsi:n</klam> , etc.); <kbam>a:burrah</kbam>(see entry under <klam>a:pitso</klam>); <kbam>a:chichitsi:n</kbam>(type of fish? Luis Lucena who mentioned this word to me said that he has heard it, but never seen the fish it supposedly refers to); <kbam>a:kachakalin</kbam>(type of water animal (fish? acamaya?)); <kbam>a:xo:lo:tl</kbam>(type of water animal, n ot a f ish (tadpole? or renacuajo (?))); <kbam>chakalin</kbam>(type of water animal (fish?) small than an <kbam>a:kachakalin</kbam>but similar, perhaps a type of"acamaya"); <kbam>tekwisiri</kbam>(crab o cangrejo (classified by Luis Lucena as a type of fish, michin)) <kbam>a:ko:lo:tl</kbam>(stinging crayfish, not a type of fish according to Luis Lucena); <kbam>a:kwilin</kbam>(type of water worms, not a type of fish); <kbam>tortugah</kbam>(tortoirse, turtle, not indigenous to Ameyaltepec region; not a type of fish). Note that it will be important to determine which of the fish named but never seen are"real", if this is possible. Note that <kamoa>michin</kamoa> is used to refer to fish which is either alive or dead (i.e. 'pez' or 'pescado' in Spanish). It seems also clear that some individuals consider <kamoa>michin</kamoa> to indicate a water animal in general. Check all fish, and nature of, i.e., are only what English/Spanish considers fish, fish in Nahuatl, or are other animals included. 01301 zzz This entry used to be /tepepechowa/ but has been removed as it was not accepted by Florencia nor Cristino. Cf. /pepechyo:tia/
30/Jul/2005
 01302 a:makostli a:makostli a:makostli a:makostli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of tree of those generically called <kbamoa>a:matl</kbamoa>or <kbam>a:makuwtli</kbam> tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <kbamoa>a:matl</kbamoa>or <kbam>a:makuwtli</kbam> Pending A:makostli | Xkanah nokwi. Tiá:s ka:n a:makostli dya tikpepecho:s ma:ski ne: itech itsi:ntew. Tiktemachi:was mokxopal. Tikraya:ros me:roh ke:n mowe:rach. Tiktetso:tsonas, ma ki:sa ime:me:yahlo para timotla:tla:lili:s ka:n tikpia mokoma:l. Am <kbamoa>A:makostli</kbamoa>: It is not used for anything (i.e., firewood, construction, etc.). You go where there is an <kamoa>a:makostli</kamoa> and you place it (your foot) up against it, even just at the base. You measure (i.e., draw an outline in the shape of) your foot. You cut around an area just as if it were your sandal. You pound it hard with a stone so that the sap seeps out (where you cut it) so that you can then put it on your body where you have a pain in your stomach. <kbamoa>A:makostli</kbamoa>: No sirve para nada (esto es, ni para leña, para construcción, etc.). Vas donde hay un <kamoa>a:makostli</kamoa> y se le acercas (la planta de tu pie) aunque sea junto a su base. Mides tu pie. Rayas (elárbol) mero como si fuera tu huarach. Le golpeas con una piedra para que salga su savia para que te la pones donde tienes tu vaso (esto es, dolor del estómago). a:ma kos plant kohtli This type of tree is rare, perhaps only one or two are found on the lands of Ameyaltepec, Oapan, or San Juan Tetelcingo. Inocencio Díaz had never heard of this plant. Asención Marcelo had heard of this plant but does not know it. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that this tree is found on the southern side of the Balsas; he also mentioned that he has heard that there is one of these trees near Ostokiloya. Eventually, we did find one near A:ko:ntepe:k, on the path to the Tepecuacuilco River from the crossroads of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:90) have a listing for"amate amarillo,"which they identify as of the family <i>Moraceae</i>and genus-species <i>Ficus petiolaris</i>H.B.K. Note that Schoenhals (1988) has for the <i>Ficus petiolaris</i>the <spn>tescalamate</spn> of which she says"'cliff fig' Fruit is a small fig; sap is irritating. Also called amate amarillo, chilamate."Note, however, that Guizar and Sánchez (1991) call another amate by the name <spn>texcalamate</spn>. This is also of the family <i>Moraceae</i>but is of the genus/species <i>Ficus cotinifolia</i>. But cf. the following entry by Schoenhals (1988) under matapalo:"1. (<i>Ficus</i>spp. e.g., <i>F. glabrata, F. Cotinifolia, F. involuta</i>) 'strangler fig,' 'wild fig' Grows around another tree eventually killing the host. Seeds sprout in the crotch of the host tree and send down roots which strangle the host. Simply leaves with smooth edges contrary to those of the domestic fig. Tree used for bark paper since pre-conquest days. Also called amate, higuero, higuerón, laurel de India. 2. (<i>Clusia</i>spp. e.g., <i>C. flava, C. Guatemalensis, C. rosea</i>) 'autograph tree,' clusia,' copey clusia,' 'pitchapple' Use for firewood. Epiphytic but not parasitic. Large, thick leaves of <i>C. rosea</i>can be used as a slate giving rise to the name 'autograph tree' Also called cucharo, cupey, memelita. Determine precise medical meaning of /ka:n tikpia mokoma:l/. Correct in the text above and in entry under /koma:hli/. 01303 masa:tl masa:tl masa:tl masa:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 2 deer (<l>docoileus virginianus</l>) venado de cola blanca (<l>docoileus virginianus</l>) Am, Oa a form of playing jacks una forma de jugar matatena Am O:mpoloh ipan masa:tl. Am I lost in"deer"(a form of playing jacks). Perdíen"venado"(una forma de jugar matatena). animal mammal i:meló:n masa:tl masa: matatena Make sure that the possessed forms are acceptable as I have indicated. For a description of playing jacks, cf. DT (directional tape) #8:783 ff. temasa:tl confer Am, Oa 01304 matián matiah
11/Feb/2006
'Let's go'; see <klamoa>yaw</klamoa> 'Vámonos'; véase <klamoa>ma</klamoa> Am, Oa This is a compound form of the optative <klamoa>ma</klamoa>with the irregular verb <klamoa>yaw</klamoa>, having the sense of 'Let's go/' ma yaw 01305 tlapalwa:xkuwtli tlapalwa:xkuwtli tlapalwa:xkohtli tlapalwa:xkohtli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 1(w) see <kbamoa>tlapalwa:xin</kbamoa> véase <kbamoa>tlapalwa:xin</kbamoa> Am, Oa plant kohtli tlapal wa:x kow 01306 xka:wa xka:wa xka:' xka:' xka:' teh
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal modal expression indicating that the situation a speaker is reporting as true is contrary to the expected, or what was previously generally believed; or it may indicate that what follows belies a previous assertion, that it is information that makes the previous statement incredible expresión modal indicando que la situación a que un hablante presenta como verídica es contrario a la situación esperada o anteriormente creída; o puede indicar que lo que sigue hace sorprendente que la aserveración previa fuera cierta o creible Am O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. Am They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. Me imputaron un amante.¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. O:tso:liw notlake:n. Xka:wa! weyak katka, saka ke:n tila:wak. Am My clothes have gotten shorter. But hey! they were long, (they shrunk) just because they were made of thick cloth. Se encogiómi ropa, ni modo. No es de creer, era larga, nada más (se encogió) con esto de que era gruesa (la tela). San ke:nkah kichi:chitia ina:n! Xka:wa, ye we:i. Am His mother nurses him just as always! That really surprising, he's already big! ¡Como siempre su mamále da pecho!¡Andale, ya estágrande! O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih uní:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. Am The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be really poor. Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontrémuchos. No es para creer, pero antes era muy pobre. Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh. Am They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance. ¡Me están quitando mi tierra! No debe ser así, fui yo quien lo recibióen herencia. ka:wa According to Cristino Flores the term <kam>xka:wa</kam> effectively means <kam>xka:wa, ma:ka xchi:wili kwe:ntah</kam> or, in Spanish, <spn>déjalo, no le hagas caso</spn>. That is, it would seem that this term refers to the speakers assertion that something someone said should not be believed. In Oapan this phrase (very common in Ameyaltepec) is apparently seldom used although in one or two transcriptions the term <koa>xka</koa> appears. It seems that this is short for <koa>xka:wa</koa>, used in the sense given here. Roberto Mauricio gave the equivalent of Ameyaltepec <kam>xka:wa</kam> as <koa>xka teh</koa>. 01307 manga:nawia kimanga:nawia
09/Feb/2006
mangana No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to lasso or rope the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) manganear (lazar un toro para sujetarlo) Am Ma nikmanga:nwi, newa ma:s niweli! Am Let me lasso its front legs, I can do it better! ¡Déjame manganearlo, yo lo hago mejor! 01308 koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi koto:nchikipe:lihtimi koto:nchikipe:lihtimi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-V1]-asp V1-b class-3a(m) to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho Am, Oa chiki pe:l chiki pe:l Oapan <koa>koto:nchikipe:lihtimi</koa>, which was given by Florencia Marcelino as the semantic equivalent to Ameyaltepec <klam>koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi</klam> , reflects the combination of a short stem verb (identical to the perfective) with an aspectual ending (in this case <koa>-timi</koa>, the Oapan equivalent of Classical, and Ameyaltepec, <kam>-tinemi</kam>). However, the verb itself (? <koa>koto:nchikipe:liwi</koa>) has not been documented in the corpus. Check for /koto:nchikipe:liwi/. koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi synonym Am 01309 zzz Was I:na:k Kapi:res; switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 01310 tetso:ktli tetso:ktli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(k) mortar mezcla Am Tepa:ntli de tetso:ktli. Am It is a wall made with mortar (as opposed to a simple <klam>tekorrá:l</klam>) Es una pared hecha con mezcla (no una sencilla <klam>tekorrá:l</klam>) te tso:k The etymology of <kam>tetso:ktli</kam> is uncertain; no cognate forms have been identified in other dialects. The word might be erroneous and should be checked. If correct, check for possessed form. 01311 kamacha:lo:ltia kikamacha:lo:ltia kamacha:lo:ltia kikamacha:lo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to force the mouth open of (a person or, more usually, animal, particularly in order to feed it) forzar la boca abierta a (una persona o, más comúnmente, un animal, particularmente para darle de comer a fuerza) Pending Kikamacha:lo:lti:skeh un pitso para nopapa:kas ikamak. Am They will force open the mouth of that pig to wash its mouth. A fuerza van a abrir la boca de ese marrano para que se lave su boca. (fig.) (<kamoa>tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia</kamoa> ?) Who asked your opinion? What made you say (that)? What's it to you? (lit., 'What opened your mouth?) (fig.) (<kamoa>tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia</kamoa> ?)¿Quién te preguntó?¿Quéte importa (para que dijiste lo que dijiste)? (lit., '¿Quéte abrióla boca?') Pending Tli:no:n mitskamacha:lo:ltia? Tle:ka san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh? Am Who asked your opinion? Why did you just say whatever (came to mind)? ¿Quién te preguntó(esto es,¿Por quérazón abriste la boca?)¿Por quédijiste estos disparates? kama cha:l Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. kamacha:lowa confer Am, Oa kamacha:lowa verb_base Am, Oa 01312 tokatsa:wahli tokatsa:wahli takatsa:wahli tekatsa:wahli takatsa:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 cobweb telaraña (lo que queda después de ser abandonada por la araña) Pending toka tsa:wa ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli animal nests Apparently <kam>tokatsa:wahli</kam> refers to a cobweb, i.e., the web of a spider that remains after the spider has left, whereas <klam>i:ma:tl tokatl</klam> is the web of an active spider, still used to catch insects. Florencia Marcelino and her husband both use the form <koa>takatsa:wahli</koa> (given as the headword) although both said that others Oapan speakers use <koa>tokatsa:wahli</koa>. In fact, Florencia claimed that her husband uses the latter form, even though in the taping he uttered <koa>takatsa:wahli</koa>. He later admitted that he occasionally also used <koa>tekatsa:wahli</koa>. They both agreed that Inocencio's father used <koa>tokatsa:wahli</koa>, different from the most common forms found in Oapan. Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. Check that Inocencio's father indeed uses /tokatsa:wahli/ and that Florencia and Inocencio stated that he did. Correct above comments as necessary. Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.) Oapan phonology: Note the variation of /o/ to /a/ and /e/ in Oapan: /takatsa:wahli/ and /tekatsa:wahli/. 01313 yzzz According to FM this entry should be removed, one can only say /ixtakakoné:watí/ 'to become pregnant out of wedlock.' It might well be that even though this was documented from Ameyaltepec, it was the result of elicitation. It might be better to remove this from the lexicon until narrative/discourse documentation of this term can be obtained. ki:xtakao:stia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to impregnate out of wedlock impregnar fuera del matrimonio Am i:xtaka o:s Here too, check for possibility of two words, e.g. ixtaka o:niko:stih or o:nikixtakao:stih. 01314 panitsi:n panitsi:n panitsi:n panitsi:n Loc Loc-tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
see <kam>pani</kam> véase <kam>pani</kam> Pending pan Examine Launey's treatment of these words; I believe he mentions /i/ as a locative, as in /kali/ and /pani/. Thesis, p. 750ff. 01315 xa:yakatsokwil xa:yakatsokwil xa:yakátsokwíl xa:yakatsokwil xa:yakátsokwíl
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap yes-lex to be dirty- or filthy-faced tener la cara muy sucia Pending xa:yaka tsohkwil Again, a major treatment of these classes of adjectivals needs to be considered. For all make sure that in elicitation questions have been asked for the adjectival and apocoated forms together. For example, in discussing /xa:yakatsokwil/ question whether /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is also found. If it is, then it should be added. For each entry the /syn field should have the other listed. Thus if /xa:yakatsokwiltik/ is found to exist, it will be entered under /xa:yakatsokwil/ in the/synao field. 01316 tlate:nti:ltetl tlate:nti:ltetl tlate:nti:ltetl tlate:nti:ltetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 smooth stone found in rivers or along their banks and used for sharpening (machetes, knives, axes, etc.) piedra lisa que se utiliza para sacar filo (a machetes, cuchillos, hachas, etc.) y que se halla en los ríos o por las riberas Pending te:n te <kam>Tlate:nti:ltetl</kam> is based on a nominalization of the transitive verb <kam>te:ntia</kam> and compounding with <kam>tetl</kam>. The first incorporated (deverbal) noun acts as an attributive, modifying <kamoa>tetl</kamoa>. However, apparently it (? <kn>tlate:ntihli</kn>) is not found independently. Check whether the simple /tlate:ntihli/ exists and add info to lexicon. Check vowel length of /i/ since in some filecards I have a long vowel and in others a short vowel. 01317 tlakomohli tlakomohli tlakomohli tlakomohli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 3 extended flat area of land, perhaps very mildly sunken in the center un terreno o extensión de tierra muy plano, quizáligeramente hundido en medio Pending Pakah, ipan un tlakomoltsi:n. Am It is there, on that small section of flat land. Allíestá, sobre esa pequeña sección de terreno plano. topography komol In Classical Nahuatl (Molina), <kn>tlacomolli</kn> is definited as 'hoyo grande o barranco.' This is related to the verb <kn>comoliwi</kn> 'hazerse barrancoso lo que era llano.' Check definition as this definition was determined from experience and not any direct questioning. It is quite different from the definition in Classical. E.g. RS has for /tlacomolli/: 'agujero, hoyo, barranca' and for /comoliui/ 'convertirse en terreno lleno de barrancos, hablando de un lugar antes liso.' I have a note on one filecard that the second /o/ is definitely short in /tlakomohli/ and in all words with a similar root: /a:komohli/, /tlakomoltsi:n/, etc. Note also that the meaning of the verbal base /komolowa/ suggests the possibility that the Classical definition is correct. tekomoltsi:n confer Am 01318 solita:rioh solita:rioh
11/Feb/2006
solitario N N-loan N1 word applied to a large male <kam>tejo:n</kam> that is found alone, not in groups palabra aplicada a un tejón macho muy grande que se distingue por andar solo, no en grupos Am animal mammal For a discussion of the social habits of this animal, see <kbam>tejo:n</kbam>. 01319 ma:so kima:so ma:so kima:so
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to prick the hand of (with a needle, pin, thorn, splinter, etc.) picar la mano de (con una aguja, alfiler, púa, espina, etc.) Pending O:nimoma:sok ika wistli. Am I pricked my hand with a thorn. Me piquéla mano con una espina. ma: so Recheck that this is a transitive, although it should be, with possessor raising. Also, check final vowel length in future. 01320 kwalahki:sa kwalahki:sa kwalahki:sa kwalahki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a to drool; to salivate babear; dejar escapar saliva de la boca Am, Oa Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah. Am Your donkey is dripping saliva, he has <kam>ye:rbah</kam> (a type of fungus) in his mouth. Tu burro estábabeando, tiene <kam>ye:rbah</kam> en la boca. Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl. Am What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth. ¿Quétiene? Estábabeando de a de veras, debe tenerúlceras en la boca. kwala: ki:sa Check for precise definition of 'yerba', a type of infection or fungus that occurs in animals' mouths. 01321 tsomakuwtli tsomakuwtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) type of large tree as yet still unidentified tipo deárbol grande todavía no identificada Am Tsomakuwtli | Ye weka:wi notekia kwa:k o:ne:kchi:w tio:pan, kinteketsayan para kuwtlapextli. I:pan cholowa:ya, ipan noteketsaya tlaye:kchi:hke:tl. Am <kbam>Tsomakuwtli</kbam>: It was cut a long time ago, when the church was built. They put it up as a scaffolding. A worker would walk on it, stand on it. <kbam>Tsomakuwtli</kbam>: Se cortaba hace mucho tiempo, cuando se construyóla iglesia. Lo pusieron como andamio. Uno que trabajaba en la construccion podía caminar sobre ello, pararse sobre ello. plant kohtli tsohma kow Consultants (Feb. 2001) identified this tree as <spn>palo blanco</spn>. However, Ramírez (1991) has the <kam>tsomakuhtli</kam> identified as of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>with a Spanish name of <spn>palo gigante</spn>; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give this same Spanish name. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:98) have a tree which they call <spn>palo blanco</spn> of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideae and of the genus/species <i>Acacia coulteri</i>. They do not list a <spn>palo gigante</spn>. However, from the description is seems quite possible that the tree known as <kam>tsomakuhtli</kam> is not the <i>Acacia coulteri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) has no plants named <spn>palo gigante</spn> but does have palo blanco:"1. (<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory treee.' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (<i>Acacia willar diana</i>) '[typ e of] acacia.' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coastal mountains of Sonora. 3. (<i>Maytenus phyllantoides</i>) 'Florida mayten.' See mangle dulce. 4. (<i>Roseodendron donnell-smithii</i>) 'spring bells.' See primavera." Remove /tsomakuhtli/ from the Oapan entry here since this tree is not known by this name. te:tla:wi:lo:ni equivalent Oa 01322 tekakahli tekakahli té:kahlí té:kahlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 3 yes-rdp natural shelter formed under an overhanging ledge of rocks saliente de piedra que puede servir como abrigo o protección natural Pending Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s. Am A shelter below a ledge of outcropping rocks enables you to protect yourself from the rain. Un risco sobresaliente de piedra es la manera en que te puedes proteger de la lluvia. topography te kal A <kam>tekakahli</kam> is a place sheltered by rocks (the literal meaning of <kam>te + kakahli</kam>), which is often used as protection against the rain. It is not a cave but rather a place where a protruding rock or small indentation proves a shelter. It should be distinguished from <klamoa>tekahli</klamoa>, which is a circle of rocks set around plants to hold in water. Illustrate. 01323 zzz This was originally /ko:niah/ but has not been confirmed. It has been deleted by now as those of Oapan and C. Flores (Am) denied that it was a word.
09/Aug/2005
 01324 a:tepe:ya:wi:lo a:tepe:ya:wi:lo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pas class-4a(pass) to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants) llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas) Am O:a:tepe:ya:wi:lo:k mi:hli. Am The maize plants got flattened by a torrent of water. La milpa se arrastrópor la fuerza de un torrente de agua. In Oapan the semantic equivalent is a reflexive use of the verb <koa>a:tepe:ya:wiya</koa>. Although the passive derivations ending in <kn>-wi:lo</kn> are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides <kam>a:tepe:ya:wi:lo</kam> , which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard <klam>askawi:lo</klam> , where Oapan would use only <klamoa>a:skayowa</klamoa>, also found in Ameyaltepec. Derived from noun /a:tepe:ya:tl/ with probable instrumental verbalized /- wia:/ then passivized. Long /i:/ indicates a process of passivization of transitive form. This process occurs in non-agentive constructions in which there is a definite patient or affected party, cf. grammar notes on this subject. Note also that in Oapan the semantic equivalent of /a:tepe:ya:wi:lo/ is a reflexive use of the verb <koa>a:tepe:ya:wiya</koa>. Although the passive derivations ending in <kn>-wi:lo</kn> are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides <kam>a:tepe:ya:wi:lo</kam> , which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard <klam>askawi:lo</klam> , where Oapan would use only <klamoa>a:skayowa</klamoa>, also found in Ameyaltepec. a:tepe:ya:wiya equivalent Oa 01325 kwitlanextla:lia kikwitlanextla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tekwitlanextla:lia</kam> class-2a to cover with dust; to make filthy from dust and dirt empolvar; ensuciar al cubrir con tierra y polvo Am kwitla nex tla:l Although consultants indicated that <kam>kwitlanextla:lia</kam> can occur with and without the prefix <kn>te-</kn>, it seems to be more common with this prefix; cf. <klamoa>kwitlanextsi:n</klamoa>. Check as to whether this can only be used reflexively and other acceptations of the verb. Also check on how best to describe the morphology, perhaps N+V is better? Yet in essence the first element seems to be /kwitla/ used to modify the color; see discussion under /kwitlanextsi:n/ 01326 kuwextli kuwextli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(x) type of tree (collected) tipo deárbol (colectado) Am Felix Venancio Kowextli | Bwe:noh para kwa:k kamatso:tso:ti ko:koneh. Tihkwis ia:yo, tiksentla:li:s ika ichkatl. Am <kam>Kowextli</kam> : It is good for when children have gotten sores in their mouths. You take the sap and gather it up with a ball of cotton (to apply it to the child's mouth). <kam>Kuwextli</kam>] : Es bueno para cuando los niños tienen llagitas en la boca. Tomas su savia, lo juntas con algodón (para aplicarsele a la boca del niño). Deke tikamatso:tso:ti, tikpia kamatso:tso:tl, tikmaxaktlapa:nas kowextli wa:n kó:n ki:sas ia:yotsi:n. Ika tikpa:tso:s ichkatl, timotla:lili:s itik mokamak. Deke o:tikwi:kak weka wa:n o:wa:k, tikpa:tso:s oksepa ika aseiteh rosa:dah. Kaxa:nis ichkatl wa:n timotla:lili:s noso wel ika iwiyo piotsi:n tiktla:lili:s a:kin kamatso:tso:ti. Am Luis Lucena If your mouth has sores, if you have sores in your mouth, you split the <kam>kowextli</kam> where its branch forks so that its sap runs out. You moisten some cotton with it, and you place it on the inside of your mouth. If you've taken it far and it has dried up, you can moisten it again with <kam>aceite rosada</kam>. The cotton will soften up and you will put it on [i.e., the sores in your mouth], or you can place it [the sap] on a person who has sores in his mouth with a chicken feather. Si se te han salidoúlceras en la boca, si tienes la boca conúlceras, partes una ramita bifurcada del <kam>kuwextli</kam> para que asísalga la savia. Mojas algo de algodón con ella, te la pones en la boca. Si lo llevaste lejos y se secó, la vas a mojar otra vez con aceite rosada. El algodón se afloja y te la puedes poner [sobre las llagitas], o bien con una pluma de gallina se la puedes poner a alguien que tengaúlceras por la boca. plant kohtli ko wex There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991). Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology. kohyestli synonym Oa 01327 yo:ltemi:mikini yo:ltemi:mikini
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ni Lex. rdp-l; Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> N1 person who stutters tartamudo Am yo:l miki yo:ltemi:mihki synonym Am yo:ltemi:mihki synonym Oa 01328 zzz Here the word /kuhchi:kwepo:ni/ has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 01329 kamaxoxopo:nia kikamaxoxopo:nia kamaá:xopó:nia kikamaá:xopó:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a); V2-alt-ni/alta ~Intrans class-2a (often with short vowel reduplication) to cause pimples or sores in the mouth of (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerle salir granitos en la boca de Pending O:ne:chkamaxoxopo:nih to:tolo:ktsi:n Am The <klam>to:tolo:ktsi:n</klam> caused my mouth to blister. El <klam>to:toloktsi:n</klam> me hizo salir granitos en la boca. kama xopo: This verb has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem. Check for intransitive form. T 01330 tlako:patli tlako:patli tlakó:patlí tlakó:patlí tlako:pahtle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex generic name for type of vine that includes two different types, <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam> (Am) and <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam> (Am) tipo de bejucco todavía no identificado que incluye dos tipos, <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam> y <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam> Pending Tlako:patli | Nochi -tlako:patli pitsa:wak wa:n tlako:patli toma:wak- reme:dioh para deke tipostekis. Kiki:xtian inelwayo para kikwe:chowan ipan tetl noso ipan metlatl. Dya mitschapa:nili:skeh ka:n mitskukwa. No: kitowan bwe:noh para kuwasiwistli. Am <kam>Tlako:patli</kam> : All (i.e., both <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam> and <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam>) are remedies if you've broken a bone. Someone pulls up its root and grind it up finely on a stone or metate. Then they spread it on you where it hurts. They also say that it's good for <klam>kowasiwistli</klam>. <kam>Tlako:patli</kam> : Todo (esto es, <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam> y <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam>) son remedios si se te ha quebrado un hueso. Sacan su raíz y la muelen sobre una piedra o sobre un metate. Entonces te lo ponen por donde te duele. También dicen que es bueno para <klam>kowasiwistli</klam>. plant xiwtli tlako: pah There are two types of <kam>tlako:patli</kam> : <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam> and <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam>. According to Costa Venancio both <klam>tlako:patli pitsa:wak</klam> and <klam>tlako:patli toma:wak</klam> are used in curing <klam>kowasiwistli</klam> by rubbing the plant over the body of the affected person. Silvestre Pantaleón knew both types; Inocencio Díaz had heard this name but did not know the plant. Asención Marcelo stated that he knew only the thin type. Check the recordings to determine if both are used in curing. Check: According to the mother of Inocencio Jimenez there is another plant, which she said was a /kohtsi:ntli/ that is also called /botzoo/bot/fampage/aristolochiaceae/aristolochiaceae_frameset.htm 01331 ki:xtilia kiki:xtilia ki:xtilia kiki:xtilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to remove (sth) from; to take (sth) off of quitar o sacar (algo) de Pending Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. Am They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. Nihki:xtili:s ikakawayo. Am I will take its skin off (e.g., of a fruit). Le voy a quitar su cáscara (p. ej., a una fruta) ki:sa ki:xtia verb_base Am, Oa 01332 ka:lowa ka:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b see <klam>tlaka:lowa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlá:ka:lówa</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>tlaka:lowa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlá:ka:lówa</kloa>(Oa) Pending ka:l The verb seems to be related to the root <kroot>ka:l</kroot>, which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, though the only documented occurrences of it are with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. Check to see if this verb can be used reflexively or transitively, with a specific object. Check also the existence of intransitive form. 01333 chikipe:ltik chikipe:ltik chikipe:ltik chikipe:ltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Mod-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be cut or torn open lengthwise and flared out (e.g., cloth that has been cut or ripped lengthwise or, particularly, a shallow pot with a wide brim) estar cortado o rasgado a lo largo con las orillas abiertas hacia afuera (p. ej., tela o bien una olla o sartén poco profondo) Pending chiki pe:l pe:ltik confer Am 01334 tlamia:n i:tlamia:n tlamia:n i:tlamia:h
24/Oct/2005
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 end (of a period of time [Poss]) a finales de (un periodo de tiempo [Pos]) Pending I:tlamia:n me:stli nikchi:was. Am I will do it at the end of the month. Lo voy a hacer a finales del mes. tlami -ya:n Check to see whether this can refer to the end of a long object, such as a board, etc. I have often heard /ka:n tlami/ or /ka:n ontlami/. Check the difference between /i:tlamia:n/ and /ka:n tlami/ (and /ka:n ontlami/). Also check /ka:n wa:ltlami/. tlakotia:n confer Am pe:wya:n confer Am tlákotiá:h confer Oa pe:hya:n confer Oa 01335 nextamahli nextamahli nextamahli nextamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 maize soaked in boiled water with lime, which causes the maize to expand and loose its husk (in Spanish <spn>nixtamal</spn>); the <kam>nextamahli</kam> is then ground up for making tortillas nixtamal, maíz remojado en agua hervida con cal, que se abulta y pierde su cáscara; después el nixtamal se muele para hacer tortillas Pending food-maize nex tamal tlaxkahli Check whether /nextli/ still exists as a noun, as it did in classical. Produce page on the preparation of tortillas, including references to: making of nextamal, types of tools used in preparation of tortillas (komal, achiwiltepalkatl, etc). po:so:hli de nextamahli confer Am 01336 koxo:ni koxo:ni koxo:ni koxo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl; +Caus class-3a to slosh or move around inside a container (particularly water sloshing inside a water jug, or stones being agitated inside sth, not necessarily covered, such as a gourd to clean its inside) zangolotear o agitarse dentro de un recepiente (particlarmente agua dentro de un cántaro, o algo más abierto, o piedrecitas que están siendo agistados dentro de un bule para limpiarse) Pending O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh. Am This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my <kam>caldo</kam> started to spill out. Este burro hizo regar algo mío. Es como que quería empezar a correr, mi caldo empezóa agitarse de un lado a otro, se empezóa regar. Yo:na:kwep in to:to:ltetl, ko:koxo:ni. Am This egg has spoiled, it rattles around inside (from having gone bad). Este huevo ya se echóa perder. Zangolotea por adentro. (with a directional prefix) to lap or beat up against (the side of sth, e.g., water against the shore or the banks of a river) (<kam>con un prefijo direccional</kam>) subir y bajar contra algo (e.g., agua contra un literal o orillas de un río) Pending Onkoxo:ntok itech osto:tl. Am It (waters of a river or ocean) is lapping up there against the cliff. Al subir y bajar, está(el agua de un río o la mar) besando el risco allá. Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl. Am The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain). El agua ha empezado a subir y bajar contra la ribera, el río ha crecido (por la lluvia). Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak. Am The sea is beating up against that cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks). Al subir y bajar, el mar golpea contra ese risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras). koxo: /Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl/. 'The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain).' This is an example phrase. However, the main question is whether the phrase /ma:s we:iya i:pan we:i a:tl/ is correct and correctly translated. This should be checked. Perhaps /... ika we:i a:tl/ should be used. Indefinite null complement; antipassive; definiteness: Note the following utterance: /O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh/ 'This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my <kam>caldo</kam> started to spill out.' Note that the text begins with an indefinite complement /tla-/. It is clear from what follows that the reference is definite, i.e., is understood within the context of discourse. That is, the /tla-/ of /o:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih/ refers to what follows. However, one important thing is that the zero marker for the secondary object is possible only when the secondary object is already a discourse topic, or when the secondary object is introduced immediately in a dependent noun phrase. Thus one use of /tla-/ is to separate the introduction of both objects in a ditransitive verb. This should be examined more. koxo:naltia val_add_caus Am 01337 molo:nia molo:nia molo:nia molo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt(ni/ltia) class-4b(ya-x) to smell bad oler mal Pending molo: Although more research needs to be carried out, it appears that there are two meanings of the root <kroot>molo:</kroot>. The forms <kamoa>molo:nia</kamoa> and <kamoa>molo:naltia</kamoa> apparently refer to foul-smelling, the first as an intransitive and the second as a transitive. In reduplicated form there are also intransitives (<klam>momolo:ni</klam> (or Oapan <kloa>mómoló:ni</kloa>; cf. the frequentative <klamoa>momoloka</klamoa>) See entry under /molo:ni/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. Also, if /momolo:nia/ is the same as /momolo:ni/ then both should be given separate entries as"to fluff up". Likewise, check /molo:naltia/, etc. This verb needs to be checked extensively. My impression is that the unreduplicated has an intransitive /molo:nia/ meaning"to become foul-smelling."The reduplicated has an intransitive meaning"to become fluffed up."Then, it appears, that the transitive is found only with the meaning"to fluff up"and not ?"to make foul-smelling."It also seems that the alternation is with /-altia/. NOTE that in my original file cards I had also /momolo:nia/ as meaning"to fluff up (cotton in particular)"(apparently as an intransitive). However, I also have /momolo:ni/ with this meaning, and Florencia Marcelinostated (if I remember correctly) that whereas /momolo:ni/ means"to fluff up"the form *momolo:nia is not acceptable with this meaning. CHECK. momolo:ni confer Am molo:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01338 zzz This entry was originally for /xi:tekwetla:ni/ and has been removed as vulgar and offensive.
30/Jul/2005
 01339 tlai:tlanilia kitlai:tlanilia tláitlanília tlaitlanilia kitláitlanília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to formally request a daughter in marriage for (a father [S] for a son [PO]) pedir formalmente una muchacha en matrimonio para (un padre [S] por su hijo [OP]) Pending htlani For a discussion of the unexpected long vowel in the Ameyaltepec form, see <klam>tlai:tlani</klam>. Note that I originally had /Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh ika nochpo:ch./ 'It appears that I will be asked for my daughter in marriage.' I also had the notes:"The person who is requested in marriage, the <spn>novia</spn>, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence <kam>Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch</kam> has an antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed."However, C. Flores explained that it is the father of the bridegroom that /tlaitlanilia/ with the son as the object. This has been the definition used for now. Antipassive: The person who is requested in marriage, the <spn>novia</spn>, is expressed obliquely and is not a core argument of the verb. The example sentence <kam>Ne:si ne:chtlaitlanili:skeh i:ka nochpo:ch</kam> has an antipassive construction in which the secondary object (the daughter) is obliquely expressed. tlai:tlani verb_base Am tláitláni verb_base Oa 01340 zzz This record used to be /nawameh/ but this was in error and has been corrected to /nanwameh/.
30/Jul/2005
 01341 nochi nochi nochi noch nochi
11/Feb/2006
Num Adj-b everything; all (of any particular items or objects); entire or all (time period); everyone; all of (people [S]) todo (de cualquier cosa o grupo de objetos); todos (en cuanto a personas [S]); entero o todo el (periodo de tiempo); Pending Nochi nikneki. Am I want everything (it all). Lo quiero todo. Tekiti nochi yewahli. Am He works all night. Trabaja toda la noche (durante la noche entera). Nochimeh tekitin. Am They all work. Todos trabajan Tinochimeh tia:skeh. Am All of us will go. Todos nosotros vamos a ir. during all or the entire (in reference to a time period) durante todo (en referencia a un periodo temporal) Pending (<kam>i:ka</kam> ~; often with <klam>yo:hlo</klam>) with all (often, 'ones heart') (<kam>i:ka</kam> ~; a menudo con <klam>yo:hlo</klam>) con todo (a menudo, 'el corazón') Pending Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. Am I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness. Aquíestoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. nochi The plural <kam>nochimeh</kam> is used when referring to animate objects: humans and some animals. Note that like other quantifiers (such as numerals), <kamoa>nochi</kamoa> can be used pronominally, as in the phrase <kam>nochi nikneki</kam> 'I want all (of them)' as well as predicatively <kamoa>tinochimeh</kamoa> 'all of us' (lit., 'we are all'). According to Cristino Flores some Ameyaltepequeños say <kam>timochimeh</kam> , <kam>mochipa</kam> , etc., although I have not documented this. He said that Hoyo de la Rosa, Maximo Reyna, Pedro García and a few others use these terms. The exact context of plural use should be explored. Phrase with /-yo:hlo/ and /-pa:killis/ should be reentered under each of these latter words. 01342 tla:la:jeh tla:la:jeh
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>aje</spn> N N-loan N1; pl. <kam>tla:la:jes</kam> type of small, biting and itch-causing insect that lives on the ground; still unidentified tipo de insecto pequeño que vive sobre la tierra, muerde y causa comezón; todavía no identificado Am Tla:la:jeh, nemi ipan tla:hli. Deke yo:mitskwah de milá:k tikekexkias. Pitentsi:n ke:n tlakwa:ni. Am The <kam>tla:la:jeh</kam> lives on the ground. If it bites you, you will really itch. It is small like a <klamoa>tlakwa:ni</klamoa>. El <kam>tla:la:jeh</kam> vive sobre la tierra. Si te muerde te deja con mucho comezón. Es pequeño como el <klamoa>tlakwa:ni</klamoa>. animal insect tla:l There is no entry for <kam>tla:la:jeh</kam> in Schoenhals (1988:211) who does have simply aje:"(<i>Coccus axin</i>) '[wax] cochineal.' An insect and the thick, waxy substance it produces which resembles rancid butter. Used as a varnish--especially in Michoacan for the exquisite lacquer work done there." Check to determine whether /a:jeh/ exists as a distinct animal. 01343 tlake:nki:xtia kitlake:nki:xtia tlake:nki:xtia kitlake:nki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to undress; to take clothes off of desvestir; quitarle la ropa a Am Notlake:nki:xtia, na:lti:s. Am He is undressing, he is going to bathe. Se estádesvistiendo, se va a bañar. ke:m ki:sa Check for intransitive. In Oapan the form <kloa>tlá:kopí:nia</kloa>is much more commonly used than <koa>tlake:nki:xtia</koa>, though the latter is indeed used. Causatives; noun incorporation; transitivity: Note that apparently not all causatives have a corresponding intransitive in the usual sense. Thus while /ki:xtia/ has an intransitive /ki:sa/, /tlake:nki:xtia/ does not have a similar corresponding intransitive */tlake:nki:sa/. This points out to a general property or characteristic of causatives and of transitive verbs in general; when there is an incorporated noun it is often the case (either with saturating incorporation or with possessor raising) that the intransitive does not exist. Therefore, rather than consider /tlake:nki:xtia/ as the causative of /tlake:nki:sa/, it is possible to consider that it is the incorporated form of /ki:xtia/, and that this incorporation is an example of possessor raising. tlá:kopí:nia synonym Oa 01344 -tsa:hla:n itsa:hla:n -tsa:la:n i:tsa:la:n
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-sim N2(rel) within; among; in the middle or midst of en medio de Pending Itsa:hla:n nomi:l ontoto:kilih yetl iwa:n xo:chitl. Am In the middle of my corn field I planted beans and flowers En medio de mi milpa sembréfrijoles y flores. Se: masa:tl o:nikitak kalaki itsa:hla:n wa:kax. Am I saw a deer go in among the cattle. Vi un venado entrar en medio del ganado. tsa:hla:n tsa:hla:n; nepantlah The difference between <klam>nepantlah</klam> and <kam>tsa:hla:n</kam> seems to be that the former indicates a middle point of a space (or object) whereas the latter indicates that the subject is located in the midst of something, such as hills, corn plants, etc. Thus the two example sentences well illustrate this use of <kam>tsa:hla:n</kam> (Am). In both cases the principal object (beans/flowers and a deer) is placed or moves among the background objects, which are many and multiple. In Oapan there is no /h/ closing the first syllable; in Ameyaltepec there is. In both dialects the second /a:/ is long, unlike in Classical: <kn>tza:lan</kn>. Note that there is some evidence for a geminate /l/ in Classical as Molina has the noun <kn>tzallantli</kn> 'abra, quebrada de sierras o cañada.' The relational noun, however, has a single /l/ in Classical. Check to determine that possessive prefix can be used, i.e., ?/totsa:hla:n/. Recheck final C of Oapan form. Check vowel length of both vowels as well as /h/ in the middle of /tsa:hla:n/. 01345 kwa:temo:tla kikwa:temo:tla kwa:temo:tla kikwa:temo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. <kn>te-</kn> class-4a to hit in the head (with sth thrown or shot: a stone, stick, bullet, etc.) pegar en la cabeza (con algo tirado: una piedra, palo, bala, etc.) Pending Ma nikonkwa:temo:tla se: wi:lo:tl! Am Let me go shoot (with a gun or slingshot) a dove in the head! ¡Deje que vaya yo a tirarle en la cabeza (con un arma de fuego o un resorte) a una paloma! contact kwa: te- mo:tla Cf. other words with /kwa:-/ that also appear to use /te-/ although not always in a capacity which suggests an intensifier. 01346 te:tlatete:mowilia:ni te:tlatete:mowilia:ni te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni te:tlátete:mowiliá:ne te:tlá:te:mowilia:ne
09/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) N1 diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.) atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.) Am, Oa te:m-2- Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molia:ni/ is correct. te:tlatete:mowilike:tl synonym Am tlatete:moke:tl synonym Am te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl synonym Oa 01347 yewan yewan kwahli yón yón
11/Feb/2006
Reltzer Reltzer one that el que Am Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak. Am It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave! No estábien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tenga su tejido más cerrado! No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik. Am That switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight. Esa vara estáchueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha. Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik. Am It won't stand up (endure) anymore. Iit will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new. Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar.¡Ponle mejor uno que sea nuevo (un tirante o laso)! yewa on The identity and syntactic behavior of Nahuatl relativizers and demonstratives needs to be fully explored, as much of the information to date is unclear. In Oapan it seems that <koa>yón</koa>, which is always stressed (i.e., high pitch accent) is found between a nominal head and an adjective (or verbal predicate used in a modifying sense, e.g., 'a man who is fast', <koa>se: tla:katl yón tlasa</koa>). However, it is possible that this should be <koa>yo on</koa> ; the final determination still has to be made. One person told me that /yewam/ is the same as, an abbreviation for, /yewa tli:n/. This should be checked. There is no token for this Oapan word. We will duplicate another phrase with this relativizer and copy it here. Relativization: In Ameyaltepec the major relativizer is /yewan/ (in Oapan it is /yon/). Note the following phrases: /Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak./ 'It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave!'; /No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik./ 'That switch (rod) is curved in places, you should have cut one that was straight.'; and /Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik./ 'It won't stand up (endure) anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better put on one (e.g., a strap or lasso) that is new.' When I asked on consultant he offered that /yewan/ is equivalent to /yewa tli:n/. This should be checked. Also, check the use of relativizing pronouns such as /tli:n/, /a:kin/, etc. along with the unmarked relativizer /yewan/. 01348 tsi:nkana:wak tsi:nkana:wak tsi:nkana:wak tsi:nkana:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj N(poss)-Adj Adj-dvb-k to have a worn-out seat (e.g., pants or similar items of clothing, a bucket, etc.) tener la parte posterior delgada (p. ej., de pantalones u otra ropa, una cubeta, etc.) Am, Oa tsi:n piten At first I had this note: <kam>Tsi:nkana:wak</kam> is the virtual equivalent of <klam>tsi:npitentsi:n</klam> ; it is the virtual opposite of <klam>tsi:ntebo:lah</klam>. 01349 a:tla:lia ka:tla:lia a:tla:lia na:tla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to place in water asentar o poner en el agua. Am O:na:tla:lih. Na:lti:s, ye:watok itik a:tl. Am He sat himself down in the water. He is going to bathe, he is sitting in the water. Se sentóen el agua. se va a bañar, estásentado en el agua. (refl.) to enter the water (e.g., to cross of river) (refl.) entrar al agua (p. ej., para cruzar un río) Oa a: tla:l Apparently in Oapan <koa>a:tla:lia</koa> is only used reflexively whereas in Ameyaltepec it is generally a transitive verb. Check other nonreflexive uses of this word. If only reflexive, change code in /cat field. 01350 kamanenepoxtik kamanenepoxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-(N-Adj) Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik to have a lisp hablar con ciceo Am kama nene poch Interestingly, the fully adjectival form <kam>kamanenepoxtik</kam> has not been documented in Oapan. However, Florencia Marcelino did accept the form <koa>nenepoxtik</koa>. Check both the absence (non-acceptance by Florencia) of ?/kamanenepoxtik/ and the presence of /nenepoxtik/ as it would seem that if one were correct (or incorrect) so too would the other. Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'. nenepoxtik synonym Am nenepoch synonym Am tláto:lnenépoch synonym Oa nenepoxtik synonym Oa nenepoch synonym Oa 01351 na:walkwa kina:walkwa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-1 to eat the <spn>nahual</spn> of (i.e., for the <kam>nahual</kam> of one person [S] to eat that of another [O]) comer el náhual de (esto es, por el náhual de uno [S] comer el náhual de otro [O]) Am na:wal kwa Originally I had this recorded as /na:wa:lkwa/ but have changed it based on my data that has a short second /a/ in /na:wahli/. This should be checked; see entry under /na:walchichi/. 01352 a:watetl a:watetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 filing stone piedra empleada para sacar filo Am A:watetl | Se: tetl para ipan tlate:nti:lo. Me:dioh pestik, san chika:wak. Am <kam>A:watetl</kam> is a stone that is used for sharpening. It's somewhat smooth, but its hard (i.e., its hardness is what make it an <kam>a:watetl</kam>). <kam>A:watetl</kam> es una piedra utilizada para sacar filo. Es algo lisa, pero es dura (esto es, su dureza la hace un <kam>a:watetl</kam>). a:watl a:wa te tlate:nti:ltetl synonym Am tlate:nti:ltetl synonym Oa 01353 tsa:wa kitsa:wa tsa:wa tsa:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Spec class-3a(w) to spin cotton into thread (e.g., on a spindle whorl, spinning wheel, etc.) hilar algodón (p. ej., con un malacate, rueca, etc.) Pending Wel tsa:wa! Am She can spin cotton into thread! ¡Ella puede hilar algodón! Niktsa:was nochkaw ika malakatl. Am I will spin my cotton with a spindle whorl. Voy a hilar mi algodón con un malacate. making tsa: Cotton and cloth production The word is not used often, which perhaps explains the transitive documentation in Oapan. Florencia Marcelino has heard <koa>tsa:wayan</koa> in reference to what older women would do, but the word is not now used. 01354 pilkatok pilkatok pilkatok pilkatok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be hanging down estar colgado Pending Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli. Am The sap of that tree is hanging down (on the bark of the tree, having slightly dried). La savia de eseárbol estácolgada (sobre el tronco y las ramas, habiéndose secado ligeramente). to be sloping downard (e.g., a path) ir para abajo o cuesta abajo (p. ej., una senda que baja de un cerrito) Pending Tasis ka:n pilkatok otli. Am You will arrive at a place where the path slopes downward. Llegarás a un lugar donde la senda va hacia abajo. (with a directional prefix) to be hanging down on this/that side (i.e., from the other side of an object such as a roof); to be hanging down out of (e.g., a piece of cloth hanging down out of a container) (con un prefijo direccional) estar colgando por este/ese lado (esto es, desde otro lado de algo como un techo); estar colgando hacia afuera de (esto es, algo que sale y se cuelga de algo como una caja, recipiente, etc.) Pending Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli. Am The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds). Los rayos del sol están bajando (a través de las nubes). Wa:lpipilkatok a:tl, wa:lchi:chipi:ntok. Am The water is dribbling through from outside (in this case of a leaky roof), it is dripping down. Se estáfiltrando el agua desde afuera (en este caso del otro lado de un techo), estágoteando. pil pilkatok; tlakaltech; temowa:ya:n The use of a directional prefix, most often <kn>wa:l-</kn>, indicates that the subject of <kam>pilkatok</kam> is hanging down from one side of something to another, or that is it hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as <kam>pilkatok</kam>. However, a portable movie screen hanging down out of the cylinder in which it is rolled up is described by the term <kam>wa:lpilkatok</kam> , since it is hanging down out of something. The use of a directional prefix, most often <kn>wa:l-</kn>, indicates that the subject of <kam>pilkatok</kam> is hanging down from one side of something to another, or that is it hanging out of something. Thus a lamp hanging from the ceiling is properly described as <kam>pilkatok</kam>. However, a portable movie screen hanging down out of the cylinder in which it is rolled up is described by the term <kam>wa:lpilkatok</kam> , since it is hanging down out of something. /Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli/ 'The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds)' Note that the use of /wa:l/ with /pilkatok/ here is interesting and should be added to the grammar in regards to directionals. Here the use of /wa:l-/, as opposed to simply /pilkatok/ indicates clearly that the rays are passing through from one side of sth to another, in this case the clouds. Discuss the relationship between /pil/ as in /pilkatok/ and /pi:l/ as in /pipi:liwi/, etc. Make sure that vowel length is correctly recorded in each. 01355 zzz This entry was /tlatekiwtia/ as a transitive verb, but this has been reconsidered and entered under /tekiwtia/.
30/Jul/2005
 01356 zzz This used to be entry for /tepayelsa:lowa/, but the correct pronunciation is /tepayolsa:lowa/.
30/Jul/2005
 01357 patla:wa kipatla:wa patla:wa kipatla:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to widen (e.g., clay being kneaded and spread out flat to make ceramics) ensanchar (p. ej., barro al golpearlo sobre una piedra en hacer cerámica) Pending to lay out flat (e.g., sth rolled or bunched up, such as a petate) abrir y dejar plano (p. ej., algo enrollado como un petate) Am, Oa Xpatla:wa un korti:nah, ma:ka san ma xoto:nto! Am Spread out those curtains so that they aren't just all bunched up! ¡Abre bien esas cortinas (para que estén abiertas en forma ancha), que no estén todo fruncido. patla: 01358 tlane:span tlane:span tlane:span tlane:spah tlane:span tlane:spah
24/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-pan N1 area illuminated by the light of dawn or, by extension, any other light área iluminada por la luz del alba o, por extensión, cualquier otra luz Pending area in which there is a clear and open view (e.g., a rise in the landscape without any trees that might obstruct ones view) área en que hay una vista clara y abierta (p. ej., de un cerrito o subida sinárboles que podrían estorbar la vista) Pending Xwa:hla, na:n tlane:span! Am Come over here (e.g., to take a lot), there is a good clear view from here! ¡Ven acá(p. ej., para echar una mirada), hay una buena vista desde aquí! ne:si Originally in a filecard from Ameyaltepec I had /tlane:span/ defined not only as an area illuminated by the light of dawn, etc., but as the light itself. Check to see whether /tlane:span/ can refer to the light that accompanies dawn, or simply the area illuminated by this light, and a clear area with good visibility. Also check whether it can refer to an area illuminated by other light sources, e.g., from a lamp post, etc. tla:wi:lpan confer Am, Oa 01359 pa:pali:noh pa:pali:noh
11/Feb/2006
padrino N N-loan Lex. rdp-l N0/2; Aln(0=2) godfather (from baptism, confirmation, or <spn>medida</spn>) padrino (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) Am kin kin Besides its use as a vocative, this term can also be possessed and used in reference, although as a possessed term with a reference of 'godfather' <kam>kompa:ltah</kam> is perhaps more common than <kam>pa:pali:noh</kam>. In Oapan the term <klam>pa:pali:noh</klam> is not used. Occasionally some people address there godfather with the same address term as for father: <koa>ta:tah</koa>. Check for list of relations addressed with this term, i.e., who one considers ones"padrino." ta:tah synonym Oa 01360 yzzz kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí kamatoto:nka:wílpatlí te:ntoto:nka:wihle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-lex type of small tree (or bush) used as a remedy to cure pimples on the inside of the mouth tipo de arbolito (o arbusto) que sirve como remedio para curar granitos en la boca Oa plant kohtli medicine kama te:n to:n pah The etymology of <koa>kamate:ntoto:nka:wílpatlí</koa> is not entirely clear, see the discussion under <klam>te:ntoto:nka:wihli</klam>. Check length of /i/ in /-wihli/ ending. On one file note I had a long /i:/. Determine meaning of /machó:n/ and add to dictionary entries. te:ntoto:nka:wihli synonym Am 01361 te:nchi:chi:lowa kite:nchi:chi:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to paint red the rim of; to redden the rim of pintar rojo la orilla de; hacer rojo la orilla de Am Kite:nchi:chi:lowan ika tlapahli. Am They redden paint its rim red with (e.g., a bowl). Le hacen rojo su orilla con pintura (p. ej., un frutero de cerámica). (refl.) to put lipstick on (refl.) pintarse los labios con lápiz labial Am te:n chi:l Recheck whether Oapan does not have /te:nchi:chi:lowa/ and Am doesn't have /te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia/. Note that the /yo:tia/ forms seem to be very common in Oapan. Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness. te:nchi:chi:hlo:tia synonym Oa 01362 koya:wak koya:wak koya:wak koya:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-k to have a wide or large, round opening (a bag, sack, doorway, or sth similar in form); tener una apertura ancha o grande (un saco o costal, portal, o algo de forma parecida) Am, Oa Koya:wak mokia:wate:n. Am The doorway to your house is wide. La entrada a tu casa estáancha. to be baggy or loose (clothes) estar holgado (ropa) Pending Kipi:tso:s ikoto:n, ke:n koya:wak. Am He will take in his shirt (narrowing it), it is quite baggy. Va a hacer más angosta su camisa, estámuy holgada. to be wide or wide open (from one side to the other, things that are opened up, such as furrows or paths) ser ancho; estar abierto en forma ancha (de un lado a otro, cosas que se abren como surcos o sendas) Pending Kokoy:awak -=papatla:wak- kwentli. Am The furrows are (spaced) wide apart. Los surcos están anchos (esto es, muy separados entre si). koya: The adjectival <kamoa>koya:wak</kamoa> is often used in the diminutive in reference to small openings. Check to see if the adjectival form can be employed with the intensifier, i.e. /tekoya:wak/ or whether only /tekoyaktik/ is correct. Note that apparently the /te...ktik/ forms only occur with /wa/ verbs. Cf. /tetomaktik/, etc. but not /tepitsaktik/??? See entry under /patla:wak/. patla:wak confer Am, Oa 01363 pupwa kipupwa 'popówa kí:powá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(pref) Irregular, see <klam>kukwa</klam> (Am), <kloa>kokowa</kloa>(Oa); Irregular: Am: perfective <kam>o:kipopo:w</kam> ; future <kam>kipupwas</kam> ; prog. <kam>kipopo:wtok</kam> ; dir. <kam>ma nikpupwati</kam> ; Oa: perfective: <koa>o:kí:pó:w</koa> ; future <koa>kí:powás</koa> ; progressive <koa>kí:po:htok</koa> ; directional <koa>ma ní:hpowáti</koa> to clean (particularly the surface of sth) limpiar (particularmente la superficie de algo) Pending po:wa In many dialects the cognate of <kam>pupwa</kam> is <kam>pohpowa</kam> , or something nearly equivalent. Ameyaltepec manifests the loss of short vowels in certain instances, as exemplified by this word and by <kam>kukwa</kam>. Check future inflection, progressive, etc. Check for nominalizations: /tlapupwalistli/ or sth near. kukwa confer Am tlapupwa val_reduce1 Am tlá:powá val_reduce1 Oa 01364 i:xte:nchocho:ktia ki:xte:nchocho:ktia i:xté:nchó:htia ki:xté:nchó:htia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca rdp-s/h Am, Oa class-2a to irritate the eyes of, making them water lagrimar los ojos de; irritar los ojos de Pending Ne:chi:xte:nchocho:ktia po:ktli. Am Smoke irritates my eyes. El humo me irrita los ojos. i:x te:n cho:ka Check Oapan spelling. Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch pattern of Oapan entry. Reduplication: Oapan note that nouns ending in /e:n/ seem to accept pitch for reduplication: /ki:xté:nchó:htia/ i:xte:nchocho:ka verb_base Am i:xté:nchó:ka verb_base Oa 01365 mi:ltla:hli mi:ltla:hli mi:ltla:hli mi:ltla:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 cornfield; land on which maize is been planted milpa; terreno sembrado de maíz Pending mi:l tla:l mi:hli mi:lpa; mi:ltla:hli. It may well be that /mi:lpa/ is a back-borrwing from Spanish. Check actual use of this word. 01366 xakwachowilia kixakwachowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a (usually with short vowel reduplication) to wrinkle (sth) with an adverse affect on (sb) (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) arrugar (algo) a (algn, generalmente con un resultado negative para esta persona) Am O:tine:chxaxakwachowilih notlake:n, a:man xne:xltape:tsowili! Am You wrinkled my clothes, now iron them for me! Me arrugaste la ropa,¡ahora plánchamela! xakwach In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, the verb <kam>xakwachowa</kam> is not used, nor is the intransitive or applicative. However, the adjectival <koa>xaxakwaxtik</koa> is a word in Oapan. xakwachowa verb_base Am 01367 a:chichitsi:n a:chichitsi:n a:chichitsi:n a:chichitsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 type of water animal, perhaps a fish tipo de animal que habita el agua, quizáun pez Am underwater dog that accompanies <kloa>a:lámatsí:n</kloa>and <kloa>a:we:we:ntsi:n</kloa> perro que vive abajo del agua con <kloa>a:lámatsí:n</kloa>and <kloa>a:wé:we:tsi:n</kloa> Oa animal marine a: chichi Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that he had heard this word but never seen the animal is supposedly refers to. Apparently in Oapan this refers to Type of fish? Luis Lucena has heard this word but has never seen the fish it supposedly refers to. It is questionable, then, whether this 'fish' actually exists. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'foca.' 01368 xo:tla kixo:tla xo:tla kixo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>texo:tla</kn> class-4a to jot down; to make of quick note of (e.g., putting a mark next to the name of sb who had paid his contribution to the village); to make a short mark on apuntar rápidamente; hacer un señal escrito para tomar nota de (p. ej., anotando en una lista que algn había hecho una contribución); marcar o hacer una breve marca sobre Pending Titla:tlaxo:tlatok, timaisiwi. Am You are jotting a lot of things down (one after the other, e.g, those who giving their contribution for the village fiesta), you are quick with your hand. Estás apuntando muchas cosas (una tras otra, p. ej., los que están haciendo su contribución para la fiesta del pueblo), eres rápido con las manos. O:kixo:tlatiah tla:hli un bala:soh. Am That bullet went along leaving a line marked on the ground. Esa bala fue dejando un señal como de raya marcado sobre la tierra. to run the plow over (land) for the first time in a planting season arar (la tierra) la primera vez durante la temporada Pending Tlaxo:tlatiw ika tla:hli. Am He's going along plowing up the land for the first time in the season. Estáarando la tierra por la primera vez en la temporada. (often with <kn>te-</kn>) to drag ones spurs sharply along the flank of (scratching a line in its skin); to dig ones spurs into (a menudo con <kn>te-</kn>) rayar el flanco de (un animal montado) con espuelas; meter las espuelas en el flanco de Pending Xiktexo:tla, ma nenemi chika:wak! Am Scrape your spurs hard against it (in this case a donkey) so that it goes along at a good pace! ¡Jálale tus espuelas fuerte contra su flanco (en este caso de un burro) para que camine recio! xo:tla Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave as example of the use of this word the action of a snake swimming through the water with its head poking out. a:xo:tla confer Am 01369 xiwkamotli xiwkamotli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(h) vines of any of various types of sweet potato enredadera de cualquier de varios tipos de camote Am plant part xiw kamoh This word might be erroneous and should be checked. 01370 yzzz tesontsi:n tesontsi:n a:to:po:lin Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in N1 type of tree that grows at the river's edge tipo deárbol que crece a la orilla del río Oa plant kohtli teson Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as <spn>peloncillo</spn>, stating that it is of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree with the Spanish name <spn>atopol</spn> or <spn>atepule</spn> of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>and genus/species <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. The illustration matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: <i>Hintonia standleyana</i>and <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>rosal de agua</spn>. a:to:po:lin synonym Am 01371 tlapixke:tl tlapixke:tl tlápixké:tl tlapixke:tl tlápixké:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes-lex caretaker; guardian; person who watches over sth (e.g., a house that is otherwise unoccupied, a well in which water is rationed, etc.) guardian; persona que cuida y vigila algo (p. ej., una casa que estádesocupada, un pozo donde se raciona el agua, etc.) Am, Oa hpiya 01372 i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik í:xmotsótsokwé:ltik i:xmowe:weyak i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s yes-lex; yes-rdp to have eyelashes that curl up tener las pestañas rizadas, que se enrizan hacia arriba Am, Oa I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik. Am He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved. Tiene las pestañas rizadas, se encurvan hacia arriba, están risadas. i:x mon tsokwe:l Discuss and distinguish from /i:xmonkokoltots(tik)/. Also add in an onomasiological section on /i:xmontli/ all the different types. Also, discuss: ears, eyes, noses, eyelashes, mouths, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chins, hair, forehead, etc. Also, gestures with ones teeth (e.g., /tlankwitsiwi/, etc.) Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. If is unclear why this present entry was not recorded with p-a i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik Is tsotsokwe:ltik an h-final reduplicant I originally had this phrase /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik./ but C. Flores denied that /i:xmonkokoltostik/ had this meaning 'He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved.' but instead referred to hair that is burnt and as a result curly. Etymology unclear. However, a comment should definitely be offered on /tsokwe:l/ as a root. Cf. numerous words with root /kwe(:)/ which seem to indicate a curved or folding motion or situation. If /kwe:(l)/ is a 01373 weyak weyak weyak weyek weyak
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Compl to be long (hair, furrows in a field, sticks, ropes, etc.) ser largo (cabello, surcos en el campo, varas, sogas, etc.) Pending We:weyak motson. Am Your hair is long. Tienes el cabello largo. weya Florencia Marcelino accepted only <koa>weweyak</koa> as the plural and not * <koa>weyakeh</koa>. It is common for adjectivals to pluralize through concomitant reduplication and aggregation of the plural ending <kn>-keh</kn>. Plural: Florencia Marcelino accepted only <koa>weweyak</koa> as the plural and not * <koa>weyakeh</koa>. Note that apparently similar constructions are found with <kn>toma:wak</kn> in which the plural is <kn>totoma:hkeh</kn>. All similar cases should be investigated. Check vowel length of /a/ and confirm. If necessary search and replace. Also, check /we:weyak/ for first /e:/ and confirm length. ALL OCCURRENCES OF /WEYAK/ IN ALL DERIVATIONS; COMPOUNDS; ETC. NEED TO BE CHECKED: san se: weyak confer Oa 01374 no:hki no:ihki no:hki no:hki no:ihki no:hki
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-complex likewise; as well; the same way también así; asimismo Pending Newa no:hki! Am Me as well (i.e., I will also do it, include me in, etc.)! ¡Yo también (esto es, yo también lo voy a hacer, etc.)! No:hki tlachia. Oa It looks the same (has the same appearance as sth already noted). Tiene la misma apariencia (de algo ya notado o discutido). no: iw Distinguish /no:/, /no:ihki/, /no:ihkí:n/, /no:ihkón/, etc. <kam>No:ihki</kam> although literally meaning 'also in this way' is also used to simply mean 'likewise.' It is a pro-adverb in the sense that it refers back to a verbal predication and indicates that another subject will perform the same predication (i.e., verbal act) in the same manner. Thus it is different from the adverbial <kamoa>no:</kamoa> ('also,' 'too,' etc.) which can occur directly before a verbal predicate. For example, <kam>newa no: nikchi:was</kam> 'I will also do it,' as opposed to <kam>newa no:ihki nikchi:was</kam> 'I will also do it in that way,' in which <kam>no:ihki</kam> refers back to a certain way already mentioned. However, in general the use of both <kamoa>no:</kamoa> and <kam>no:ihki</kam> needs to be further investigated. Also needing clarification is the difference between <kam>no:ihki</kam> and <kam>no:ihkí:n</kam> , this latter being similar in meaning and function to <kam>no:ihkón</kam> , although with distinct deixis. These final two words are both marked references to another even t. Thu s in view ing how a certain person carries out an action, one might say, speaking to a third party, <kam>No: ihkón tikchi:was</kam> 'You will also do it that way.' The deictic complement of <kam>No: ihkón</kam> is <kam>No: ihkí:n</kam> 'In this way also.' However, the precise differences between <kam>no:</kam> , <kam>no:ihki</kam> , <kam>no:ihkí:n</kam> , and <kam>no:ihkón</kam> , etc., needs to be distinguished. Check to see if /no: ihkí:n/ is correct. ihki confer Am 01375 tsi:kaburrah* tsi:kaburrah
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>burra</spn> N N-N N-b N1 type of small bird, as yet unidentified tipo de pájaro pequeño, todavía no identificado Am animal bird tsi:ka According to one consultant, Cristino Flores, the <kam>tsi:kaburrah</kam> and <klam>tsi:kato:to:tl</klam> refer to the same bird. Another consultant, Chen Díaz, mentioned that <kam>tsi:kaburrah</kam> is, however, the word used by children to refer to this bird. Other individuals confirmed this assessment. tsi:kato:to:tl equivalent Am, Oa 01376 to:nalisiwisyowa to:nalisiwisyowa to:nálisiwisyówa to:nalisiwisyowa to:nálisiwisyówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans class-4a yes-lex to get or have a heat rash (of the type of rash called <klam>to:nalisiwistli</klam>) tener o adquirir sarpullido a causa del calor (del tipo llamado <klam>to:nalisiwistli</klam>) Pending To:nalisiwisyowa kone:tsi:ntli, nochipa kasitok to:nalisiwistli. Am The little child is getting heat rash, it is always getting to him. Al niño chiquito se le estásaliendo sarpullido to:na hsi 01377 kwa:tepasole:wi kwa:tepasole:wi kwa:tépasolé:wi kwa:tepasole:wi kwa:tépasolé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) yes-lex to become disheveled; to get a tangled or uncombed head of hair despeinarse; quedarse con el cabello desarreglado Am, Oa kwa: pahsol As with all words with <kam>tepasole:wi</kam> or similar forms, it appears that the <kn>te-</kn> is optional though almost always present. Some consultants would accept forms such as <kam>kwa:pasole:wi</kam> while others wouldn't. However, my recollection is that documented utterances tended to be with <kn>te-</kn> and for this reason all such forms have been entered with the <kn>te-</kn> infixed, though forms without this element have been listed and cross-referenced. Check whether this must occur with /te-/. Apparently it is at least almost always so uttered, but if the /te-/ is really optional then think of changing the entry. Check vowel p-a for Oapan; I would expect p-a here given the other cases of /tepasole:wi/. Note that in this entry I originally did not have the p-a but have since changed it given the comparative evidence. There is one female token from 04589, this is the female token that should be linked. kwa:tepasoliwi equivalent Am kwa:tépasolíwi equivalent Oa 01378 wepe:wilia kwepe:wilia kope:wilia kikope:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to pull off of; to detach or remove from (one thing [PO] off of another [SO]) desprenderle a; quitar o remover de (una cosa [OP] de otro [OS]) Pending On ne:nkah tetl, xwepe:wili, xkina:miki! Am That stone there, pull it it out of there (in this case from a wall where it doesn't fit), it doesn't belong! Esa piedra,¡arráncaselo (en este caso de una pared), no le queda bien! wepe: In Oapan I have also heard this verb with a 3rd-person singular object pronounced <koa>kiope:wilia</koa>, which I would now write as /ki'ope:wilia/. Oapan phonology: Note shift of /kw/>/ko/ in this entry. Note the loss of /k/ in the alternative pronunciation /kiope:wilia/. wepe:wa verb_base Am 01379 a:sti:lin a:sti:lin a:sti:lin a:sti:lih a:sti:lin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 nits, the larvae of lice liendres, la larva de los piojos Am, Oa A:sti:lin | Xe tlatsi:ni. Pepechiwtok ipan tsontli. Pitsomeh ma:s miák kipian. Am <kamoa>A:sti:lin</kamoa> : They have not yet hatched. They are stuck to head hair. Pigs are those that have them the most. <kamoa>A:sti:lin</kamoa> : Todavía no nacen. Están pegados al cabello. Los marranos son los que más los tienen. animal insect a:sti:l Check to see if used in Ameyaltepec, also check identification. I seem to remember that this refers to lice larvae and it has so been entered. Although a file card mentioned that this word is documented in Oapan, in another card (for /yo:leh/) this word appears from Ameyaltepec. Check how a possessed form would be used, if used. 01380 tsi:ntlan tsi:ntlah itsi:ntlan tsi:ntlan ['tsi:n tlah] i:tsi:ntlan
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N-loc-poss-tlan N2 see <klam>tsi:ntlan</klam> and <klam>tlatsi:ntlah</klam> véase <klam>tsi:ntlan</klam> y <klam>tlatsi:ntlah</klam> Am, Oa In general, my impression to date is that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has <kam>tsi:ntlan</kam> , with a final /n/, when a specific possessor prefix is used (e.g., <kam>i:tsi:ntlan</kam>) but <kn>tsi:ntlah</kn>, with a final /h/, when the prefix <kn>tla-</kn> is used as an indefinite possessor (e.g., <kam>tlatsi:ntlah</kam>). This is not necessarily the case in Oapan, where there is a general tendency for phrase-final /n/ to go to /h/ and /n/ to delete phrase internally before a vowel-initial word. 01381 tlapepetlaka tlapepetlaka tlapepetlaka tla:petlaka tlapepetlaka
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] class-4a for there to be lightning (in many places throughout the sky); for there to be heat lightning haber rayos (en muchas partes del cielo) Pending weather petla: tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka lightening types in Oapan and Ameylatepec. Distinguish different types of lightening; perhaps /tlapepetlaka/ is 'heat lightning.' Note that RS has /tlapepetla:ni/ defined as 'relampaguear' or 'centellear'. pepetlaka minus_tla Am, Oa 01382 xi:kopi:ni xi:kopi:ni xi:kopi:ni xi:kopi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V V1-alt-ni Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>texi:kopi:ni</kamoa> class-3a to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large around the waist); to become loose or undone (e.g., braids) zafarse; desprenderse (una cosa que se desliza, como pantalones o faldas demasiado grandes por la cintura); desatarse o desprenderse (p. ej., trenzas) Pending Xi:kopi:ni noka:ltson. Am My cotton pants slip down my rear end (i.e., they slip halfway down because they are loose). Mis calzones se me bajan por las nalgas (esto es, se caen como a la mitad por grandes). O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. Am That woman's hair is tangled up, it's started to become undone (the braids). She hasn't done her hair (in several days), she is disheveled. Estátodo enredado el cabello de esa mujer, empezóa aflojarse (las trenzas). No tiene el pelo arreglado, es una mal arreglada. O:xi:kopi:n noburroh isi:yah. Am The saddle slipped off my donkey. Se zafóla silla de mi burro. Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis. Am Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope looped around the notch), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the rope's loop). Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no lo haces, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga). to peel off (a covering or layer, skin that is burnt, etc.) pelarse (una capa sobre algo, piel quemada, etc.) Pending O:nixi:kopi:n nochi notla:kayo pa:mpa ka:n to:na nikatka. Am My whole body peeled because I was in a place where it was really hot (and the strong sun burnt my skin). Se pelótodo mi cuerpo porque estaba donde hacia mucho sol (y el fuerte sol me quemó). Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nal Am Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin covering of peeling skin. A tu niño (recién nacido) ya se le empezóa desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezóa caerse. El tiene como una capa de piel que se desprende. xi: kopi: Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, /a:la:wi/ FK reports Tetelcingo <kn>xi:copi:ni</kn> as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as"to make jokes"(sic) and <kn>xi:copi:na</kn> as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as 'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see <kn>The Oxford Spanish Dictionary</kn>). The true meaning of <kn>xi:kopi:ni</kn> (and its transitive form) indeed has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a given area, such as (as exemplified in the sentences above) pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots, etc. This verb is another example of a quite common situation, in which the only other documented case of a word found in the Balsas region is from Tetelcingo, Morelos. Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/. Link 2nd female token. It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips. 01383 te:nmo:moyo:ni te:nmo:moyo:ni te:mo:moyo:ni te:mo:moyo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans Lex. rdp-l class-3a to imperceptibly open and close ones lips (e.g., sb praying silently whose lips are, nevertheless, moving, or sb counting to himself) mover los labios imperceptiblemente (p. ej., algn rezando silenciosamente cuyos labios, sin embargo, se mueven, o algn que estácontando sin pronunciar pero si, moviendo los labios) Pending te:n moyo: te:nmomoyoka; te:nmo:moyo:ni Determine difference between the two forms (te:nmomoyoka and te:nmo:moyo:ni). Also determine whether forms such as /te:nmoyo:ni/ and /te:nmomoyo:ni/ exist. Make sure the nasal is indeed double. I originally had /te:nmo:moyo:ni/ but have temporarily changed this on the basis of Oapan data. Change back if necessary. Check p-a in Oapan and length of vowels. 01384 ixitilia kixitilia íxitília ixitilia kíxitília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a yes-lex to wake (sb) up for despertar (a algn) para Am, Oa Xne:chixitili:ti nokone:w, newa xnikaxilia! Am Go wake up my child for me, I don't have the time! ¡Ve a despertarme mi hijo, yo no tengo tiempo! hsa isa verb_base Am 01385 kwentla:lia nokwentla:lia kwentla:lia nokwentla:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to take ones place in a furrow (for starting to weed, strip corn plants, harvest, or any other task) (refl.) tomar uno su lugar en el surco (para empezar a desherbar, zacatear, cosechar o cualquier otra tarea) Pending Xmokwentla:li:ti, ye tipe:waskeh! Am Go and take your place in the furrow, we're going to start (working)! ¡Ve a tomar tu lugar en el surco, vamos a empezar (a trabajar)! kwem tla:l Check to see if the non-reflexive form is used. 01386 xiti:nia kixiti:nia xiti:nia kixiti:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to crumble down; to knock down (e.g., an old wall of a house, a cliff, etc.) derribar; desmoronar; derrocar (p. ej., una vieja pared de una casa, un risco, etc.) Pending Kixiti:ni:s osto:tl a:tl. Am The water will make the cliff crumble down. El agua va a hacer que el risco se desmorone. to take down; to take apart; to dismantle (a building or similar construction, sth put together) desbaratar; desarmar (un edificio o construcción similar, algo armado) Pending Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s. Am I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down (piece by piece, saving certain parts and destroying the rest). De una vez para siempre voy a destruir mi casa, la voy a desbaratar (guardando algunas partes y destruyendo otras). Xikxiti:nitiw tekorrá:l! Am Go along knocking down the fence of piled stones! ¡Ve desbaratando la cerca de piedras apiladas! to unstich (an item of clothing at its seams); to undo (e.g., braids or similar objects) descoser (una pieza de ropa por las costuras); deshacer (p. ej., trenzas u objetos similares) Pending Kixiti:ni:s ikwe. Am She's going to undo the stitching of her dress (e.g., to resew it). Va a descoser las costuras de su falda (p. ej., para volverla a coser). Kixiti:ni:s itson. Am She will take out her braids. Va a desbaratar sus trenzas. xiti:ni xiti: xiti:ni 01387 popo:yo:tl popo:yo:tsi:n popo:yo:tsi:n popoyo:tl popoyo:tsi:n popoyo:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) Stem 2 (usually in the diminutive) rotten, moldy blackened part of decayed dry maize (still on the cob), which has gotten damp and turned black in places (generalmente en diminutivo) parte negra y pudrida de maíz enmohocido o pudrido, especialmente de una mazorca podrida que se había mojado una vez seca y que después se cubrióen partes de podredumbre Pending O:poxkaw, o:pala:n, o:ki:s popo:yo:tl. Am It got moldy, it rotted (a <spn>mazorca</spn> of maize), parts of blackened decay were formed on it. Se enmohoció, se pudrió(una mazorca), le saliópudredumbre. poyo: My understanding at this point is that in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <klam>popoyo:tl</klam> refers to the decayed part itself and that <kamoa>popoyo:tsi:n</kamoa> to the corn cob that is so affected. However, this should be checked, particularly since the non-diminutive form <koa>popoyo:tl</koa> is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. Fieldnotes indicate that <kam>popo:yo:tl</kam> forms exclusively on maize, although Classical sources mention wheat (which is rarely consumed in the Balsas River basin) as well. The vowel length of this word, and the associated form <klamoa>po:poyo:ti</klamoa>, is difficult to determine. At times, such as Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of <koa>popoyo:ti</koa>, the initial vowel seems definitely short. At other times, e.g, Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation of <koa>po:poyo:ti</koa> and <koa>po:poyo:tik</koa>. It may be that the absence of pitch accent (a reflex of underlying {h}, which would indicate a definite short reduplicant vowel) has led to the reinterpretation by some of the initial vowel as long. Historically the only other evidence of vowel length comes from Tetelcingo, Morelos, where the first two vowels are short. There is no documentation in Carochi nor in Pipil. Note that in my original Am entry I had a short second /o/: /popoyo:tsi:n/. Note, however, that my entry under /popo:yo:tl/, from whch /popo:yo:tsi:n/ seems clearly derived, contains a note to the effect that the vowel length had been checked, it is reasonable to assume that perhaps my notes for this entry, originally written as /popoyo:tl/, are in error. Hence the change, which should be checked. However, later I checked during the Oapan recordings and the vowel seemed short. Check. Determine if this only forms on maize.Note that after a careful check with L. Lucena I had determied that /popo:yo:tl/, with a long penultimate /o:/ was correct. However, I have /popoyo:ti/ with a short /o/. For now I have changed /popo:yo:tl/ and /popoyo:tsi:n/ to /popoyo:tl/ and /popoyotsi:n/, though this needs to be rechecked. On one file card I have /popoyotl/ (with vowel length not marked) as meaning 'pardo, verde, color del maíz podrido.' This should be checked. Also, check the possibility of /popoyotik/ referring to the color. Note that since /popoyo:tsi:n/ has a separate entry, I have removed the entry for /popoyo:tsi:n/ here under /lxo and there is only one entry for this nominal form. Recheck the vowels of this word. My impression is of a long initial vowel, but this needs much more checking. Note that I heard C. Flores with a long second vowel. Recheck on Pratt. Check vowel length in both dialects. At times in the Oapan pronunciation there seems to be a long vowel, but this is prob. an effect of the recording environment. -Tsi:n; Note that /-tsi:n/ often functions as a nominalizing suffix, rather than simply a diminutive. Thus one finds /popoye:ktsi:n/, which is a type of food whose name is derived from /poyé:k/, meaning 'salty.' In this case there are two words: /popo:yo:tl/, which refers to the actual rottenness that forms on the mazorca, and /popo:yo:tsi:n/ refers to the actual maize cob that has been affected by this blighting. Yet, this should be checked to make sure that the referent of each nominal form is indeed distinct. 01388 ayusehli ayusehli áyoséhli ayosehli áyoséhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex not fully ripe, but edible green squash calabaza todavía verde, no totalmente madura pero sícomestible Pending plant domesticated ayoh sel Check vowel length in Am and Oa Nahuatl and p-a in Oa. Determine whether the bound morpheme /-sehli/ occurs in the names of any other fruits or vegetables. Note that /selik/ is one of the elements of the -ki/ya/lia paradigm, described as derived from nominal roots, although many seem to have disappeared. In this case there is a bound morpheme /-sel/ that suggests the correctness, at least in many cases, of the nominal base interpretation of this paradigm. Note that clearly /selik/ is related to the /-sehli/ element in /a:yosehli/. 01389 tekohli tekohli tekohli tekohli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 charcoal carbón Am, Oa embers brasas Pending Se:wi itekohlo. Am Its coals go out (said, for example, of the <kbamoa>tekolwistli</kbamoa>when used as firewood). Su carbón se apaga (dicho, por ejemplo, del <kbamoa>tekolwistli</kbamoa>cuando se usa para leña). tekol tlixo:xtli Check meaning given as embers/brasas. 01390 a:tlahke:tl a:tlahke:tl á:tlahké:tl á:tlahké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) (Oa) Stem 2 person whose job it is to draw water; water-bearer aguador Am, Oa a: kwi This is derived from <kam>a:tlakwi</kam> with an irregular perfective formation with a stem that loses the final vowel. The Oapan Nahuatl form of this agentive shows reduced reduplication on the long vowel of the stem, probably due to the fact that a person involved in drawing water almost by definition repeats this action several times. Cf. note with /a:tlakwintsi:n/. Check possessed form to make sure the coding is correct. I have no documentation of it. 01391 se:kapochik se:kapochik sia:pochik sia:pochik
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap-ni-k N1 shortened form of <klam>ma:se:kapochik</klam> , see this entry forma abreviada de <klam>ma:se:kapochik</klam> , véase esta entrada Pending animal insect se:ka pochi: ma:se:kapochik synonym Am ma:sia:pochik synonym Oa 01392 techichikilmiktia kitechichikilmiktia téchichikilmíhtia techichikilmihtia kitéchichikilmíhtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca Lex. rdp-s* class-2a yes-rdp to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir Pending te- chikil miki According to Cristino Flores only <kam>techichilmiktia</kam> is correct, and not * <kam>techichilka:miktia</kam>. techichikilka:miktia Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this present headword written without p-a. techichikilmiki verb_base Am techichikilka:miktia synonym Am techichikilka:mihtia synonym Oa 01393 nanwameh nanwameh nó:méh no:meh nó:méh
22/Oct/2005
Pr(ind) Pr-ind yes you all ustedes; vosotros Pending nanwa 01394 toma:mah toma:mah toma:mah toma:mah
11/Feb/2006
Baby N-bb piggy-back a caballito o a horcajadas (al cargar a un niño); llevar a manchi o a papuchi; Am, Oa Toma:mah? Am Piggy-back? ¡A horcajadas! mama One speaker gave a person mentioned that in Spanish the terms used are 'llevar a manchi o a papuchi'. The derivation of <kamoa>toma:mah</kamoa> is clearly from the verb <klamoa>ma:ma</klamoa>; other examples of baby talk often have a final /h/, so the final /h/ here might be related to this derivational process. In this analysis it is"baby-talk"related to a common derivational process of long vowel reduplication followed by the aggregation of a final /h/ (cf. <klam>wi:wih</klam> , <klam>che:ncheh</klam> , etc.). While many such words appear unpossessed and uninflected, <kam>xmoche:ncheh</kam> is most often found in a reflexive imperative, and here <kamoa>toma:mah</kamoa> has always been found with the 1st-person possessor prefix <kn>to-</kn>. Another analysis would related <kamoa>ma:mah</kamoa> to the perfective or shortened stem of the basic verb <klamoa>ma:ma</klamoa>. 01395 kia:wahkopa kia:wahkopa kia:wahkopa kia:wahkopa
24/Oct/2005
Loc N-loc-1-k(o)-pa toward the outside hacia afuera Pending Kia:wahkopa katka. Am He was facing toward outside (in this case while sitting at a cafe under an awning). Estaba sentado (en este caso) hacia afuera. kia:wa -kopa Recheck meaning and use. Check to make sure this form cannot be possessed: ?nokia:wahkopa. If it can, change /cat by adding [poss]. Perhaps add new (com) entry to categorize the present which is essentially a double locative: /kia:wak/ and /-kopa/. Note that as written, /kia:wahkopa/ has a double locative /k(o)/ since /kia:wak/ itself apparently has a locative, and to this /-kopa/ is added. However, it will need to be confirmed that the sequence /-hkopa/ is correctly transcribed, and that the form is not /kia:wakopa/. 01396 i:yo:tl i:yo:tl íyó:tl íyó:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-b yes-lex breath, respiration; respiración Am, Oa air (inside a tire, balloon, etc.) aire (que estáen una llanta, globo, etc.) Pending hyo: Check in adjoining dialects presence or absence of initial /h/. Make sure final /w/ is absent in reduplicated form. Get possessed form. ihyo:tl Get paradigm for website 01397 tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntli tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n tlaxkaltetso:tso:ntsi:n
09/Feb/2006
N N-N Lex. rdp-l type of tortilla-like food in which the dough is pounded and slightly salted on the griddle tipo de comida de una tortilla ligeramente golpeada y salada, y tostada sobre el comal Pending food-maize xka tso:na Listed under /totopotsa/. Check. Check the Am form. Apparently this is discussed in the recording by FM. The Am form might be in error. 01398 patlaktsatsi:tia kipatlaktsatsi:tia patláhtsatsí:tia patlahtsatsi:tia kipatláhtsatsí:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to make (sb) scream loudly (e.g., from pain) hacer gritar (a algn) fuertemente (p. ej., de dolor) Pending sound-human patlaktsatsi patla: tsahtsi patlaktsatsi verb_base Am 01399 ikxitetekwia nokxitetekwia ixitékwiá ixitekwia [i xi 'te kwi 'a] noxitékwiá
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans; Lex. rdp-s* (Am)) class-3c(pia) yes-lex (refl.) to roll up ones trousers (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones Pending Nimokxitetekwias, ke:n sokitlan. Am I'm going to roll up my pants, it's really muddy. Voy a arremangarme los pantalones, es un lodal. kxi te hkwiya Determine the transitive, or whether there is another form with increased valency (e.g., /ikxitekwilia/). Also cf. whether /ikxitekwia/ can be used transitively, ?ne:chikxitewia. My understanding is that it can. If not, change the coding accordingly. Check the vowel length of /te/ in the Oapan form. If it is long, as it well might be, offer a discussion in the grammar re: different patterns of reduplication. Incorporation: note how /ikxi/ here refers not to the leg, but the the pants leg. Or, if referring to the leg, the signification is the site at which the action takes place. Cf. if a non-reflexive object can be used. pantalontetekwia synonym Am pantaló:ntekwíya synonym Oa 01400 paya:na kipaya:na paya:na kipaya:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni Compl class-3a to grind coarsely (<klam>nextamahli</klam> in a metal grinder or on a metate; see <klam>tlapaya:na</klam>) moler burdamente (nixtamal en un molino o sobre un metate; véase <klam>tlapaya:na</klam>) Pending (usually reduplicated with long vowel) to grind coarsely (e.g., beans on a metate; see <klam>pa:pankwi</klam>) (generalmente reduplicado con vocal larga) moler burdamente (p. ej., frijoles sobre un metate; véase <klam>pa:pankwi</klam>) Pending (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to crumble (sth brittle such as certain stones) (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) desmoronar (algo quebradizo como ciertas piedras) Pending paya: Does /papayaka/ exist. Cf. to /papayetsa/. Elicit other forms, such as ?tlapaya:nke:tl, etc. tlapaya:na val_reduce1 Am, Oa 01401 tlatomilia kitlatomilia tlatomilia kitlatomilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to unhitch a team of oxen for desatar y soltar una yunta para Am, Oa Xne:xtlatomili! Am Unhitch my team of oxen for me! ¡Desata mi yunta para mí! On ne:nkah, san kitlatomilia ikone:w. Am That (man) there, he is just unhitching the team of oxen for his child. Ese (hombre) allá, solamente le estádesatando la yunta para su hijo. tom There are 4 other tokens of this word at 5726; these should be tagged as 1401 and, moreover, two of these later tokens should be used for the linked sound tokens. tlatoma verb_base Am, Oa tomilia minus_tla Am, Oa 01402 kwenkone:tl kwenkone:tl kwenkone:tl kwenkone:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 a furrow that, because of some irregularity in the terrain, starts at an angle from other furrows in the middle of a field and goes off at an angle un surco que, por causa de alguna irregularidad en el terreno, comienza por la mitad de la milpa y sale a unángulo de los demás surcos Pending kwen kone: I seem to remember that one speaker referred to these as"cornejales."This should be checked. Make illustration. Possession; intrinsic: Note that the possessed form is intrinsic: /i:kwenkone:yo notla:l/. 01403 nelowa kinelowa nelowa kinelowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to stir (food, mud, a mixture such as cement); to mix (with a stick, a spoon, ones hand, etc.) batir; revolver (comida, lodo, mezcla con un palo o cuchara, con la mano, etc.) Pending Kinelowa sokitl para kiki:xti:s xa:ntli. Am He stirs around the mud (with water and brush, <klam>tlasohli</klam>) in order to make adobe. Revuelve el lodo (con agua y tlasole) para hacer adobe. Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas. Am She continuously stirs it (e.g., atole, beans, etc.) so that it doesn't burn. Lo bate continuamente (p. ej., atole, frijoles, etc.) para que no se queme. (refl. with <kam>i:ka</kam> [noun]) to get mixed together with [noun] (refl. con <kam>i:ka</kam> [sustantivo]) mezclarse con [sustantivo] Pending Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl, de to:tomoxtli. Am For the <klamoa>ye:lo:tamahli</klamoa>, corn dough is mixed together with green corn. It (the tamal) is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some tamales are). Para el <klamoa>ye:lo:tamahli</klamoa>, masa hecha de nixtamal se mezcla con elote. Se hace (el tamal) con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en hojas de maíz). nel In general the action indicated by <kam>nelowa</kam> refers to stirring something, particularly things being boiled (atole, beans, meat, other foods) so that it gets cooked evenly and doesn't burn. However, it, and the 1applicative <kamoa>nelowilia</kamoa>, is at times used as a euphemism for sex, based on a metaphor that relates the"stirring"action of a penis in a vagina to the action of a stick in a pot. Intransitive probably exists; check. Reduplication: /Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas/ 'She continuously stirs it so that it doesn't burn (e.g., atole, beans, etc.).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication here to indicate an action that is repeated in its entirety, but at well spaced temporal intervals. Or, perhaps the meaning is that the action takes place slowly and steadily, continually. Check further. nelowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01404 to:nalwa:ki to:nalwa:ki to:nalwa:ki to:nalwa:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ki/tsa ~Trans class-3a(k) to dry or become dry in the sun secarse en el sol Am, Oa Yo:to:nalwa:k mi:hli, xniman o:niswate:kak. Am The maize plants dried up in the sun, I didn't strip the leaves off (during the <spn>zacateo</spn>) right away (and the delay allowed the maize to get overly dry). Se secóla milpa en el sol, no hice el zacateo luego luego (y por la demora se secóla milpa en el sol), Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh. Am The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light (from loss of water). Las cabalazas se secaron en el sol. No se juntaron luego, se secaron, se quedaron ligeros (por resecados). to:na wa: <kam>To:nalwa:ki</kam> does not simply refer to"drying"; it can refer to a melon that becomes white or a watermelon yellow. These fruits, along with squash, dry in this manner as they are just about to ripen, or when they are ready to be picked, but instead they are left out in the sun and not harvested. Check for transitive form; check for what else can be subject of this verb. Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the plural marker at the end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit). Reduplication: Ask why the reduplication in the following: /Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yoteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih, o:wawa:hkeh, yoaa:kawtiakeh./ 'The squashes dried up in the sun. They weren't gathered up right away, they dried out, they became light.' Apparently it is because each individual squash (of which there were several, hence the plural marker at the end) dried up in parts (i.e., not completely as one unit). 01405 yzzz i:xté:we:ítik i:xté:we:ítik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-tik-adj Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) yes-rdp to have large or big eyes tener los ojos grandes Oa i:x te we:i The Oapan form <koa>i:xté:we:ítik</koa> is perhaps derived from <koa>i:xtetl</koa> rather than <koa>i:xte:n</koa>. This would easily account for the reduced reduplicant on the short vowel of <koa>i:xtetl</koa>. However, until this etymology is certain these two entries, Ameyaltepec <kam>i:xte:nuwe:itik</kam> and Oapan <koa>i:xté:we:ítik</koa> have been joined in one entry. If further analysis shows them to be distinct, then two entries, with two root analyses, should be created. Note that in both cases there is an"adjectivalization"(with the ending <kn>-tik</kn>) of an adjective (in this case the reduplicated <kamoa>we:i</kamoa>). /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/. Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/). Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik i:xte:nuwe:i synonym Am 01406 nenepoxtik nenepoxtik nenepoxtik nenepoxtik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a lisp, a speech impediment that prevents one from pronouncing words well tener una dificultad para hablar y pronunciar bien, haciendo que uno sisea Pending nene poch kamanenepoch equivalent Am kamanenepoxtik equivalent Am kamanenepoch tláto:lnenépoch equivalent Oa 01407 xoxo:hki xoxo:hki xoxo:hki xoxo:hki
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be green (color) ser verde (color) Am, Oa Kwaltsi:n motlake:n xoxo:hki, titlake:nxoxo:hki. Am Your green clothes are really pretty, you are"green-clothed." Tu ropa verde estábonita, eres vestido de verde. to be unripe; to be green (a fruit, vegetable, or plant) estar verde (una fruta, verdura o planta que no estámadura) Pending Ne: tontlaka:was, melá:k xoxo:hki sakayoh, xe kose:wi. Am We will leave off animals to graze there, the grassy area is really green, it hasn't yet turned dry and yellow. Vamos a dejar animales a apacentar allá, laárea de pasto estámuy verde, todavía no se pone seco y amarillo Ok xoxo:hki, xe a:te:mi. Am It is still green, it hasn't even started to ripen. Todavía estáverde, todavía no ha empezado a madurarse. to be raw; to be undercooked (e.g., meat or other items that can be cooked) estar crudo; estar poco cocido (p. ej. carne u cualquier otra cosa que se puede cocinar) Pending Xoxo:hki, xo:kikxi:tikeh. Am It is raw, they didn't cook it. Estácrudo, no lo cocieron. O:tkwakeh totlakwal xoxo:hki, xe iksiya. Am We ate our food somewhat undercooked, it hadn't yet gotten done. Comimos nuestra comida algo cruda, todavía no se había cocida. to be hung over (perhaps a calque from the Spanish <spn>crudo</spn>) estar crudo (quizácomo una extensión del sentido de 'crudo' en español) Pending Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis. Am Tomorrow he'll be real hung over, his head will be spinning. Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza. Ok nixoxo:hkitsi:n. Am I'm still a little hung over. Todavía estoy algo crudo. color xo: Check to see if meat can be referred to as /xoxo:hki/. Syntax; copula: Note the position of the copula in the following: /Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis/ 'Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning.' I would have expected /Mo:stla kwahli xoxo:hki yes/, but this might not even be correct. Check, in general, the position of the copula in phrases with some adverbial elements like this one. 01408 sepo:hka:yeyekatl sepo:hka:yeyekatl sepo:hká:yeyé:katl sepo:hká:yeyé:katl
11/Feb/2006
N Part-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 one of the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> , one that causes numbness, as related to the verb <klam>sepowi</klam> 'to become numb' uno de los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> ,él que causa un sentido como de entumecimiento, relacionado con el verbo <klam>sepowi</klam> 'entumecerse' Pending ritual sepo: e:ka This <klam>yeyekatl</klam> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. 01409 a:chi:kwa a:chi:kwa
11/Feb/2006
N N-Adj-V2 N-dvb-0 to drink often (for example, a person while working during a hot day or while eating; an animal that is always thirsty) tomar agua seguido (p. ej., una persona trabajando durante un día caloroso, o al comer; un animal que siempre estácon sed) Am Na:chi:kwa. Am I drink water often. Yo tomo agua seguido. a: chi: kwa This is said of a person who is constantly, perhaps every couple of minutes, drinking water, usually because of the heat. The verbal nature of this entry, <kam>a:chi:kwa</kam> is suggested by its morphology: an incorporated nominal element <kroot>a:</kroot>, a bound predicate modifier <kroot>chi:</kroot>, and a verbal root <kroot>kwa</kroot>. The fact that the 1st-person subject prefix is realized as <kam>n-</kam> rather than <kam>ni-</kam> again is slightly more indicative of a verbal analysis. However, there I have no documentation as yet on tense/aspect inflection of this lexeme although my recollection is that in this aspect it behaves like a nonverbal predicate, with a separate overt copula for the non-present (e.g., <kam>a:chi:kwa katka</kam> 'he used to drink a lot of water'). However, the nominal nature of this word is clear from the plural: <kam>tewameh ta:chi:kwameh</kam>. Probably contains the intensifier chi:. Check for final /h/ and perhaps change category from verb to noun (see above in /nae field). Check whether it is /a:chikwa/ or /a:chi:kwa/. I had another entry /a:chikwa/ with the following def., an N-ap meaning 'person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) / algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) a:tala synonym Oa 01410 mapil nepantlah i:mapil nepantlah mápil nepántlah mapil nepantlah mápil nepántlah
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N2 yes-lex middle finger dedo medio de la mano Am, Oa body human mah pil -nepantlah Check citation form from Oapan and record proper entry Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that unpossessed one has /mápihlí/. One question I had was whether to consider this as two pitch-accents or one, with the other high pitch being part of the intonational system and as a boundary marker, or the result of a boundary marker. My thoughts have shifted on this, and certainly what is necessary are longer streams of text in which it will be easier to determine whether the p-a to the right of the p-a mark is due to a boundary pitch-accent or to a p-a that is part of the lexical information. Note that /mápihlí/ has 2 high pitches. However, /i:mápil nepántlah/ also has two. The question is the source of the rightmost p-a. It would seem that in both /mápihlí/ and /i:mápil nepántlah/ it is derived from a border phenomenon. 01411 i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s (Am) class-3a to have runny, mucousy eyes tener los ojos mocosos Pending O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. Am They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. i:x te:n kwitla ki:sa The Ameyaltepec reduplication is apparently related to the plurality of the two eyes, the lack of reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl is reflective of the fact that this is a general condition. Perhaps further investigation will reveal that both dialects have alternate possibilities of expression, Ameyaltepec without reduplication and Oapan with, but for now consultants have indicated the above forms as the most common (or perhaps correct) in their respective communities. Check to see if correct from is with *te, i.e. /i:xte:ntekukwitlaki:sa/. Cf. note with entry under /i:xwia/. Determine other locations for /kwitlaki:sa/, e.g., /nakas-/, etc. Finally, determine whether really the preferred (or only) Am form is with reduplication and the preferred (or only) Oapan form is without, or whether there is a lot of variation. Check pitch-accent possibility in Oapan. In /i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa/ note the location of the reduplication. Here it is not prefixed to the verb, but to the N-V compound, /kwitlaki:sa/. i:xwia confer Am 01412 tlalo:xtilia kitlalo:xtilia tlalo:xtilia kitlalo:xtilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to drive (a motor vehicle) for; to make (an animal such as a beast of burden) go fast on or for manejar (un vehículo) para; hacer correr (a un animal, como una bestia de carga) para Pending to draw a staight line on dibujar una línea recta sobre Pending O:kitlalo:xtilih ia:maw. Am He drew a straight line on his paper. Trazóuna línea recta sobre su papel tlal tlalo:xtia verb_base Am, Oa 01413 yekapistik yekapistik yekapistik yekapistik
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be pointed ser puntiagudo Pending yeka pits Although my entry for /pi:tsiwi/ has a long /i:/, those for /yekapitsiwi/, /yekapitsowa/ and /yekapistik/ have a short /i/. I have changed the vowel to short in all attesations of this root/stem pending study. Note that I do, however, have /pitsa:wa/ with a short /i/ as it is in other dialects. Check for both dialects. 01414 a:kwepa na:kwepa a:kopa na:kopa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a (refl.) to spoil (apparently only eggs) (refl.) echarse a perder (aparentemente solamente huevos) Pending Yo:na:kwep un to:toltetl. Yo:itlakaw, ko:koxo:ni. Am That egg has gone bad. It's spoiled, it rattles inside (i.e., when shaken the rotten inside can be heard to move back and forth). Ese huevo ya se echóa perder. Ya se pudrió, se siente el movimiento adentro (de la parte pudrida) cuando se agita. (refl.) to darken (a cloud as its about to rain) (refl.) ennegrecerse (una nube cuando estáa punto de llover) Pending Yo:na:kwep, ye kiawis. Am It has turned dark (a cloud), it's about to rain. Ya se ennegreció(una nube), estáa punto de llover. O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis. Am The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain. La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover. a: kwepa This reflexive verb is used to refer to an egg which its inside turns to water as the white becomes runny. However, it may also refer to the darkening (like a rain cloud) of a spoiled egg. Check exactly what is referred to when /na:kwepa/ is used to refer to an egg. Also, check what else might be a possible subject. Check transitivity and whether /ka:kwepa/ is correct or whether a causative form exists for the transitive. Oapan phonology: Note /kwe/>/ko/ alternation in Am /a:kwepa/>Oa /a:kopa/. 01415 yzzz misto:metlatl misto:metlatl
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan) tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan) Oa tool mis -to:n; metla Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/. Check possessed form. C. Flores (Am) was not familiar with the noun /metlatl de misto:n/. metlatl Illustrate with drawing or photo. metlatl de misto:n synonym Am 01416 mili:ni mili:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a to flare up (coals or similar objects on fire that go from smoldering to flaring up) llamear (brazas u otros objetos similares que arden y después empiezan a llamear) Am Noma:wan tekohli, mili:ni, we:ixtiw. Am The fire is spreading among the coals, they are flaring up, they (the flames) are getting bigger. El fuego se estáagarrando entre las brasas, están llameando, están (las llamas) creciendo. Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wa:n yo:nsese:wika. Am The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (or thought I had). Las brasas de mi fuego empezaron a llamear otra vez, y ya las había apagado (o penséque lo había hecho). Xkontla:li se: tekohli wa:n xkakawi para ma mili:ni! Am Place a coal there (e.g., in the hearth) and fan it so that it starts to flare up (i.e., so that the fire starts to take hold)! ¡Ponle una braza allí(p. ej., en la fogata) y abanícala para que empiece a llamear! to smolder (as opposed to being a roaring fire) arder (un fuego, sin llamear fuertemente) Am San mili:ntok, se:wisneki. Am It's just smoldering, it's on the verge of going out. Estánada más ardiendo, estáa punto de apagarse. Xse:wi! San ke:nkah mili:ntok. Am Put it out (a fire)! It's still smoldering like before. ¡Apágalo (el fuego)! Sigue ardiendo (esto es, las brasas) como antes. mili: Check for transitive. Also make sure of the distinction in use between what appears to be 'flare up' (first definition) and 'smolder' (second definition). Get as many example sentences as possible to determine precise meaning. Pluperfect. Note the following excellent example of use: /Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wan yo:nsese:wika/ 'The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (i.e., or thought I had).' Note that here it seems clear that the pluperfect refers to an action, or an action that is imagined to have taken place, whose goals were not accomplished or who's effect is no longer the state of things. 01417 ko:pi:ltik ko:pi:ltik ko:pi:ltik ko:pi:ltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be drooping down in clumps (e.g., wet hair, clothes that have gotten soaked while hanging up, or that still have soap in them; or palm and has dried and folded in on itself) estar colgado en tiras enmarranadas o pegadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojado, o ropa que todavía tiene jabón; o palma cortada y secada que se dobla sobre si mismo) Pending A:man ye titisis wan koko:pi:ltik motson. Ok pa:stik. Am Now you are about to starting grinding corn and your hair is hanging down all over in clumps, It is still wet. Ahora estás a punto de empezar a moler maíz y tu cabello estácolgado todo enmarranado. Estátodo mojado. to be hunched over with ones arms tightly to ones side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) estar acurrucado tener los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que estáenferma o tiene frío) Pending ko:pi:l According to C. Flores the word for hair is /pipi:liwi/ not /ko:pi:liwi/. This should be changed in all entries. Illustrate, perhaps at least in regard to animates so described. 01418 tlapa:nwistli tlapa:nwistli
11/Feb/2006
N Mod-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of bush with spines still not identified tipo de arbusto con púas, todavía no identificado Am Tlapa:nwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikohtli. Am <kam>Tlapa:nwistli</kam> : It is good for firewood. <kam>Tlapa:nwistli</kam> : Es bueno para leña. plant bush(pend) tlapa: wits This may simply be an alternate name of a plant/bush already documented. Check. If possible ask Emigdio Rosendo next time in Ameyaltepec. According to Emigdio Rosendo, this is good for <klam>china:ntli</klam> , apparently of the type known as <klam>tlawi:kpantli</klam>. This tree is not given in either Ramírez (1991) nor Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have no tree of a similar name. Inocencio Díaz has heard of this plant but could not identify it. Neither Asención Marcelo nor Silvestre Pantaleón knew of this plant. 01419 sentla:lilia kisentla:lilia sentla:lilia kisentla:lilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 PM-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to gather or collect in one place for juntar y poner en un solo lugar para Am, Oa Ne:chsentla:lilia un a:tl, wa:n ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi. Am He collects the water for me and saves it until I arrive. Me junta el agua y me la guarda hasta que llegue. sem tla:l sentla:lia verb_base Am, Oa 01420 a:posa:wa ka:posa:wa a:posa:wa ka:posa:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to rise from the effects of water or yeast (certain mixtures such as bread dough) levantarse por los efectos del agua o levadura (ciertas mezclas como masa para pan) Pending Yo:na:posa:w Am It has already risen (e.g., dough). Ya se levantó(p. ej., masa para hacer pan). a: posa: Used generally as reflexive. Perhaps create an disambiguating entry with /i:xakukwi/ and other words. i:xakokwi confer Am 01421 kakayol ikakayol kakayol i:kakayol
09/Feb/2006
N Pr; T N-b Lex. rdp-s N2 ankle bone tobillo Pending body human kayol ikxikextlan; kakayol Etymology uncertain. I have rechecked vowel length and it is correct as recorded, i.e., no relation to /yo:l/ 'seed, pit, heart,"etc. Check vl and p-a. 01422 tenextetl tenextetl tenextetl tenextetl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of stone (found along river beds) from which lime is made tipo de piedra (encontrada por las riberas de los ríos) de que se hace cal Am, Oa te nex te Again, for all N1 codings in the /infn field, check for possible possession. 01423 kamatl kamatsi:n se: kamatsi:n
24/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 2 bite or morsel (of food); a mouthful or large sip (of a drink) trocito o mordida (de comida); un poquito (de una bebida) Am Xne:chmaka san se: kamatl. Am Give me just one bit (of food, or a mouthful of sth to drink)! Dame una mordida (de una comida); Dame un bocado (de una bebida). kama Make sure that these two words are identical in meaning. If Am also has /kamaktli/, then add it to Oa /kamahtli/. Figure out if Oa /kamahtli/ means 'boca' or 'mordida'. Since there is a separate entry for Am /kamaktli/, this Oa form should be deleted here and the xref established. But still it will be necessary to determine whether the meanings of /kamahtli/ in Oapan and /kamaktli/ in Am are equivalent, or whether the Oapan term has the added meaning of 'mordida' (as Am /kamatl/). I doubt it does. Tag the Oapan words here with 04541, but do not chose one of these 1423 words to link. kamaktli confer Am 01424 te:ntema:tlatl te:ntema:tlatl te:ntema:tlatl te:ntema:tlatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 muzzle of woven maguey fiber that is put over the snout of an animal (e.g., an ox or mule, so that it doesn't reach out to eat the crop while pulling a plow) bozal tejido de fibra de maguey que se le pone al hocico de un animal (p. ej., un buey o mula para que al arar no vaya comiendo la milpa) Pending Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli. Am Make me a muzzle of woven maguey fiber! I'm about to start weeding with a plow, if I don't (use one) my ox will eat the maize. ¡Hazme un bozal de fibra de maguey! Ya voy a empezar a desherbar con la yunta, si no (lo utilizo) mi buey va a comer la milpa. tool te:n te ma:tla Illustrate Word order: /Xne:che:kchi:wili te:ntema:tlatl! Ye pe:was nitlaxihki:xti:s, tla:mo kikwa:s nobwe:yeh mi:hli./ Note final VP with V2-S-O tema:tlatl confer Am, Oa 01425 ikamak kowatl ikamak kowatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 2 design of woven palm in the shape of a serpent's mouth, used on Palm Sunday diseño de palma tejida, que se ve como la boca de una serpiente, empleada durante Domingo de Ramos Am kama kowa -ko so:ya:tl; Easter For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. 01426 tlatsiwistli tlatsiwistli tlatsiwistli tlatsiwistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-is Stem 1(s) laziness flojera Pending Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis! Am Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch, causing a cracking sound against the skin) so that his laziness goes away! ¡Dále unos fuertes latigazos a tu hijo (con una soga o vara, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que se le quite su flojera! Puro tlatsiwistli. Am It is pure laziness. Es pura flojera. O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli. Am I got overcome by laziness. Me agarróla flojera. small ant-like nonflying insect still not identified (Am. synonym: <klam>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</klam>) pequeño insecto como hormiga que no vuela, todavía no identificado plenamente (sinónimo en Am. <klam>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</klam>) Oa animal in (Oa) tlats tlatsiwistli; tlatska:yo:tl Check lack of final /h/ in /puroh/. Add to lexicon since this is often used in speech. Make sure that Oa lexeme is in fact the name of the insect called /tlatlatsiwintsi:n/ in Am. 01427 pepeyoka pepeyoka pepeika pepeika
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] Compl (Am); ~Trans (Oa) class-4a to walks slowly and unsteadily caminar despacio y con pasos inseguirostemblar ligeramente Pending Yo:li:k wa:lpepeyokatiw. Am He is coming along slowly, shaking unsteadily (e.g., a child just learning to walk, or an animal just born that stands up and walks on unsure legs). Viene despacio, temblando ligeramente (p. ej., un niño que apenas aprende a caminar, o un animal recién nacido que se para y empieza a caminar sobre piernas inseguras). to trickle slowly down (e.g., water down a hillside) escurrir (agua) despacio (p. ej., cuesta abajo por un cerrito) Am, Oa Wa:hpepeikatiw a:tl. O:kiaw. Oa The water is slowly trickling down (e.g., a hillside). It rained. El agua viene escurriendo despacio (p. ej., por una cuesta hacia abajo). Llovió. peyo: In Ameyaltepec both <kam>pepeyoka</kam> and its transitive form <kam>pepeyotsa</kam> (as well as compound words with these verbal forms and an incorporated noun) refer to slight trembling movements. In this sense the meaning differs from that of classical Nahuatl, which Molina gives as 'relumbraar el agua, o los campos con la claridad y reberveración del sol o de la luna.' However, in Oapan <koa>pepeika</koa>, according to Florencia Marcelino, is used to refer to water that is slowly trickling down a hillside. The question is whether this refers to the trickling itself or to the type of broken sparkle that results from such an event. Although it seems clear that <kam>pepeyoka</kam> (Am) / <koa>pepeika</koa> (Oa) are derived from <kn>peyo:ni</kn>, this word has not yet been documented in independent form in either dialect. Get other contexts for the use of this word. 01428 ikatok ikatok yékatók yékatíkah yékatítok yékatitíkah yekatok yekatikah yekatitok yekatitikah yékatók
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative yes to be upright (an object, such as those, e.g., tables, that stand on legs, or others that may be upright, such as books on end, a broom leaning up against a wall, etc.); to be standing up (a person or animal) estar parados (un objeto, como las que, p. ej., una mesa, se sostienen sobre sus patas, u otros como libros puestos verticales, o una escoba parada contra una pared, etc.); estar de pie (una persona o animal) Pending Tsonaka u:nkah mome:sah, xkwahli ikatok. Am Your table is leaning over to its side, it is not properly upright. Tu mesa va de lado (estáchueca), no estábien parada. Iikatok un li:bros. Am The books are upright. Los libros están parados. Nikatitiá:s. Am I will go along (e.g., on a crowded bus) standing up. Voy a ir parado (p. ej., en un camión que estálleno). Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n. Am A cat always lands on its feet. Un gato siempre llega al suelo parado. O:ikatitekok (= o:ikatitasik) Am It fell down and landed upright (on its feet). Se cayóde arriba y llegóparado (sobre sus patas) al suelo. motion ika Like several other statives (e.g., <klamoa>ye:watok</klamoa>, <klamoa>westok</klamoa>) <kam>ikatok</kam> can be followed by aspectual markers (such as <kn>-tiw</kn>). In such cases the durative <kn>-tok</kn> is realized as simply <kn>-ti</kn>. The meaning of a compound form such as <kam>ikatitiw</kam> , therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' Note that in Oapan the combination form of <klamoa>westok</klamoa>is <koa>wetso-</koa> as in <koa>westotok</koa> Check for whether /e:watitiw/ is correct. Cf. comments above. If so, add to the /e:wa/ entry. Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2 Refers to something standing up: books on end, a broom leaning against a wall, a person, etc. Add the following to the grammar for the aspectuals of statives: /Nikatitiá:s/ 'I will go standing up (e.g., on a crowded bus)'; /Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n/ 'A cat always lands on its feet'; and /O:ikatitekok/ (<r>cf.</r>o:ikatitasik) 'It fell down and landed upright (on its feet).' Like several other statives (e.g., <klamoa>ye:watok</klamoa>, <klamoa>westok</klamoa>) <kam>ikatok</kam> can be followed by aspectual markers (such as <kn>-tiw</kn>). In such cases the durative <kn>-tok</kn> is realized as simply <kn>-ti</kn>. The meaning of a compound form such as <kam>ikatitiw</kam> , therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' ya:watok confer Oa 01429 kuwpasohli kuwpasohli kóhpasóhli kohpasohli kóhpasóhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> ; <kam>kowtepasohli</kam> , <koa>kohtépasóhli</koa> Stem 3 wood washed up in tangled bunches along the river during the rainy season; tangled driftwood madera que durante la temporada de lluvias se junta entrelazada a la orilla de un río Pending kow pahsol Apparently intensifier /te/ is here used. Check /pasoltik/, /tepasoltik/, etc. to determine extent of occurrence of /pasol.../ without intensifier. Check vowel p-a for Oapan form and add if here. Add /pa yes field. 01430 se:meh se:meh se:meh se:meh
11/Feb/2006
Quant Adj-num +plural function word used to indicate one of several persons, referenced by a plural subject prefix palabra funcional para indicar uno de varias personas, referenciadas por un prefijo de sujeto plural Pending Tise:meh tia:skeh. Am One of us will go. Uno de nosotros irá. Se:meh de yewameh mitspale:wi:s. Am One of them will help you. Uno de ellos de va a ayudar. se: Cristino Flores mentioned that this word is more used in Oapan, although I have documented its use several times in Ameyaltepec. <kamoa>Se:meh</kamoa> is the pluralization of the number <klamoa>se:</klamoa>. In Classical Nahuatl <kam>se:meh</kam> was not inflected for person. Thus FK notes from Carochi the phrase <kam>ce:mètèhua:ntin</kam> 'one of us.' Apparently Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would accept either <kam>se:meh de tewameh</kam> , with the Spanish borrowing <kam>de</kam> , or <kam>tise:meh</kam>. It seems also that <kamoa>se:meh</kamoa> is only used with animate subjects. se: confer Am 01431 tlapextli tlapextli tlapextli tlapextli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(ch) bed (originally those made of the rods from the inside of the cactus known also as <klam>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</klam> but now extended to include all beds) cama (originalmente las que se hacen de las varas del cactus también llamado <klam>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</klam> pero ahora extendido para todo tipo de camas) Pending type of cactus (<kam>to:motli</kam>) the insides rods of which are stripped and cleaned to be used for various items, including beds tipo de cactus (<kam>to:motli</kam>) cuyas varas interiores se pelan y se limpian para utilizarse en varios objetos materiales, incluyendo camas Pending Xne:xte:kili notlapech para nokal! Am Cut down a <kam>tlapextli</kam> cactus for my house (so that the rods can be used for the roof of my house)! ¡Córtame cactus de <kam>tlapextli</kam> para mi casa (para que las varas interiores pueden utilizarse en mi casa)! (<kam>i:tlake:nyo</kam> ~) bed sheet(s) (<kam>i:tlake:nyo</kam> ~) sábana(s) Pending material pech 01432 te:te:nkwi:kwini te:te:nkwi:kwini te:te:nkwi:kwine te:te:nkwi:kwini te:te:nkwi:kwine
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni Lex. rdp-l N1 person who incessantly argues back and forth with people persona que no para de discutir y discutir con la gente Pending Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni. Am He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people. Discute y discute con la gente, contesta fuerte a la gente. te:n kwi Reduplication: Note the variation between long and short vowel reduplication in the following phrase (of course, this should be checked again to make sure, but I believe the length recorded is correct). /Te:te:nkwi:kwini, te:nana:nkilia:ni/ 'He argues back and forth with people, he talks back to people.' In the first agentive (deverbal noun, from /kwi/) the long vowel reduplication is expected. The use of this type of reduplication with /kwi/ indicates a continual pull back and forth. Thus note the use of /nokwi:kwi:lian/ 'they fight back and forth over sth' first one then the other pulling on it (e.g, during a litigation). The long vowel reduplication in /te:te:nkwi:kwini/ indicates, then, a continual action, of disputing. However, with /na:nkilia/ the use of long vowel reduplication would indicate a type of tentativeness. /kina:na:nkilia/ 'he gives a tentative affirmative answer' whereas the short vowel reduplication is used as an iterative, indicating a sort of plurality of response s, in the negative. Thus, the major point is that the semantics of reduplication are to some extent verb specific, and care must be made to associate particular reduplicative patterns and their meanings with specific verbs. 01433 Ikxinekwilin Ikxinekwilin Ixinekwilih Ixinekwilih
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-? Stem 4 constellation of stars (lit. 'crooked-footed') identifiable as six stars comprising the Big-Dipper constelación de estrellas (lit. 'piernachueca') identificable como seis estrellas (el 'Big Dipper') del Oso Mayor Pending ci:tlalin According to Cristino Flores the correct name for this constellation is <kam>Ikxinekwil</kam> , i.e., without the <kn>-in</kn> ending. Nouns: nominalization: The reason for the final /-in/ on /ikxinekwilin/, which is synonomous to /ikxinekwil/ is uncertain. It might be related to the /-in/ of /ci:tlalin/ and the fact that /ikxinekwil/ is a constellation. ikxinekwil synonym Am 01434 i:xkakaya:wa ki:xkakaya:wa í:xkakayá:wa kí:xkakayá:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) to fool by looks or appearance; to trick the eyes or ability to recognize of (note that the subject of this verb is the person or thing that is falsely or equivocably"recognized") engañar por apariencia (nótese que el sujeto de este verbo es la persona o cosa que es falsamente o equivocadamente"reconocida") Pending O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa.¡Ba!¡Tlaka xtewa! Am I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't! Me engañóalguien que te parecía (haciendo que pensara que fuiste tu). Pensaba estaba viendo a tí, pero¡quésorpresa, de por si no fuiste tu! (refl.) to be fooled by appearance or looks; to be decieved or confused by looks or appearance; to have ones eyes play tricks on one (refl.) engañarse o dejarse engañar por la apariencia; confundirse por la apariencia Pending San timi:xkakaya:waya, na:nkah ma:s kwaltsi:n wa:n tewa tikwelita un ne:nkah. Am Your eyes play tricks on you, this one here (in this case a young donkey being bought) is prettier and you like that one. Te dejas engañar por apariencias, esta (en este caso un burro chiquito que se estaba vendiendo) es más bonita y a ti te gusta aquella. i:x kaya: Imperfective: O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' Note the use of the imperfect here, as an action that was not completed (discuss telic vs. atelic). This is a frequent use, e.g., niwetsiya is used to me 'I was starting to fall' or 'I was about to fall'. It indicates an action that begins but is not carried to conclusion. In this sense it refers to a recognition that was not made. Complementation: Note in O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' that the complement is x-refd on the verb with the 2nd-person object, not the third person 01435 tla:lkakawatl tla:lkakawatl tla:lkakawatl tla:lkakawatl tla:lkakawatl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 2 peanut plant planta del cacahuate Pending peanut cacahuate Pending Tla:lkakawatl | Ixwa ke:n me:roh xiwtli. Nomamayo:tia, notekomo:nia. Ki:sa ikuwnelwayotsi:n ipan ima, tla:laki itik tla:hli. Umpa noyo:ltilia tla:lkakawatl para we:iyas. Kipia tli:n wel tihkwali:s. Am <kam>Tla:lkakawatl</kam> : It sprouts just like <kam>xiwtli</kam>. It gets a lot of branches, it spreads out and becomes full and bushy. Its woody root comes out of its branches, it enters into the ground, it goes into the earth. There the peanut germinates and grows. It has a part of it that you can eat. <kam>Tla:lkakawatl</kam> : Brota mero como un <kam>xiwtli</kam>. Se forman muchas ramitas, se extiende por el suelo llenándose de foliaje. Sale su raíz leñosa por las ramas, se mete en el suelo, dentro de la tierra. Allïse germina el cacahuate para que crezca. Tiene una parte que le puedes comer. plant xiwtli plant domesticated tla:l kakawa Schoenhals (1988) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the <i>Arachis hypogaea</i>, of the <i>Leguminosae</i>family. According to Inocencio Díaz this is more commonly called simply <kam>kakawatl</kam>. Check meaning of /kuhnelwayotsi:n/ and correct translation if necessary. Recheck entry under this word. Check to make sure that the possessed form is correct, i.e., that this can be possessed and there is no phon. change. 01436 petsowilia kipetsowilia petsowilia kipetsowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to polish for pulir para Pending Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notepalkawa:n. Am He polishes (smoothes) by ceramic bowls for me. El alisa mis fruteros para mí. to smooth for alisar para Pending to plane for cepillar para Pending to iron for planchar para Pending distort-surface pets Antipassive: /Ne:xtlapetsowilia ika notlake:n/ 'She irons my clothes for me.' Note here again the use of /tla-/ with a trivalent applicative in an antipassive sense, with an oblique expression of the patient. petsowa verb_base Am 01437 ke:mah ke:mah ke:mah ke:mah
09/Feb/2006
Funct yes; function word used in affirmative responses to questions or affirmative assertions to a doubt sí; palabra funcional que indica una respuesta afirmativa a una pregunta o una aseveración positiva a una duda Pending Ke:mah, ihkón nihkakiya! Am Yes, that's the way I heard it! ¡Sí, asílo escuchaba! ke:mah 01438 a:to:nawistli a:to:nawistli a:to:nawistli a:to:nawistli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-is Stem 1(s) coinciding fever and chills, as from malaria calentura con escalofrío, como de paludismo Pending disease a: to:na 01439 lonchin lonchin
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Stem 4 dear little girl or boy niña (o niño) querida; hijita o hijito Am Ka:n tiaw, lonchin? Am Where are you going, little girl? ¿Dónde vas, hijita? age pitelo:n The etymology of <kam>lonchin</kam> is uncertain, but it is likely to be an apocopated form of <klam>pitelo:ntsi:n</klam> that has lost its first syllable, a process not uncommon in hypocorism, and has its final element palatized, common in child-speech and in speaking endearingly to children. The word <kam>lonchin</kam> is used by elders to address younger children, apparently only little girls. Check vowel length of /chin/, perhaps long as in /tsi:n/. Also, I originally recorded a short /o/ here, even though /pitelo:ntsi:n/ has a long /o:/. This should be checked. Finally, I have recorded that this word is used only as a vocative with little girls; make sure it is not used with the male sex. Check vowel length. of Am when recorded. 01440 zzz This used to be an entry for /chu/ as in /chu tlakwatok/, later changed to /cho/.
30/Jul/2005
Modal 01441 tlachi:koyahka:n tlachi:koyahka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla:l-ka:n N1(N2-N) Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tla:ltechi:koya:hka:n</kam> place where the land has a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in) lugar donde estáformada un gran pozo o agujero (p. ej., donde entra agua) Am chi:- koya: -ka:n Check whether /tla:lkoya:hka:n/ is correct. I originally had a long /a:/, /tla:lchi:koya:hka:n/, but have changed it to a short based on comparative evidence and what I understand of Nahuatl. tla:lchi:koyahko equivalent Oa 01442 chinowa kichinowa chichinowa kichichinowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to set fire to (brush in a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting; see <klam>tlachinowa</klam>) quemar o incendiar (campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar; véase <klam>tlachinowa</klam>) Pending Kichinowa tepe:tl ka:n sakayoh. Am He is burning the hill where it is covered by grass. Estáquemando el cerro donde hay mucho zacate. O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih. Am He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does). Incendióel campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se propagópor accidente, como a veces sucede). Kichinowa ka:n to:ka. Am He burns the field where he plants. Quema el terreno donde siembra. (with short vowel reduplication) to sear; to hold a fire close to (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chamuscar; acercarle una flama a Pending Xchichino para ki:sas itomiotsitsi:wa:n! Am Sear it (in this case a plucked chicken) so that its little hairs come off! ¡Chamúscalo (en este caso un pollo desplumado) para que se quiten sus vellitos! Nikinchichino:s in a:skameh. Ke:n miakeh! Am I'm going to set a flame to these ants (to kill them, e.g., ants marching in a line by holding a torch to them and following down the line with the flame). There really are a lot of them! Voy a acercarle una flama a estas hormigas (para matarlas, esto es, acercándole la flama a una fila de hormigas).¡Quétantas hay! (with short vowel reduplication) to deliberately blacken by burning (a pot or similar item) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tiznar intencionalmente al chamuscar (una olla u otro objeto similar) Pending Yo:nikchichinoh noko:n. Ye:nkwik katka. Am I blackened my pot (on purpose). It was new. Tiznémi olla (a propósito). Estaba nueva. chin One burns a field by either gathering weeds (<klamoa>sakatl</klamoa>or <klam>tlasohli</klam>) in bunches or beating them down, then setting the the matted brush ablaze. This must be done because the weeds do not catch fire in their natural upright state. The verb <kam>chinowa</kam> refers to burning the heaps of cut and dried thorns, or the weeds that have first been beaten down so that they hold the flame. Note that the phrase <kam>o:kichinoh sakayoh</kam> refers to the destructive burning of grasslands. To clear their fields without much effort, certain individuals sometimes set fire to the brush, destroying the grazing land of cattle. This is heavily penalized, but sometimes done. Finally, in the phrase refering to the ants, the action indicated is that of setting a bundle of <spn>zacate</spn> on fire and holding it near the ants, who are moving along in a line. The grass is then moved close along the line, burning the ants as it is moved along. Apparently when <kam>chichinowa</kam> is used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects (definite null complement). However, the unreduplicated <kam>chinowa</kam> utilizes the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> as in a non-context dependent manner (indefinite null complement), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. <klam>te:mowa</klam> , which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between <kam>-awi</kam> and <kam>-owa</kam> , rather than <kam>-iwi</kam> and <kam>-owa</kam> as is often the case; cf. <klam>chichinawi</klam>. Check whether /h/ is in the root: /tlachinawi/, /tlachinowa/, /kichinowa/ and /chinawi/. Also check re: unreduplicated form, i.e., is /kichinowa/ Ok, or is it always reduplicated. In Ameyaltepec it is not possible to determine if the unreduplicated form is underlyingly {hchinowa}; the cognates from neighbouring villages should be checked. It is possible that the forms are {chichinowa} and {hchinowa}. Perhaps, finally, /chichinowa/ should be entered under /chinowa/ as a reduplicated form. Probably this entry should be included within that for /chinowa/. But the problem is that after other dialects are examined, perhaps the entry should be /(i)hchinowa/, which might make it difficult to combine /chichinowa/. Indefinite null complement: Apparently when <kam>chichinowa</kam> is used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects. However, the unreduplicated <kam>chinowa</kam> utilizes the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> as in a non-context dependent manner (null complement deletion), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. <klam>te:mowa</klam> , which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between <kam>-awi</kam> and <kam>-owa</kam> , rather than <kam>-iwi</kam> and <kam>-owa</kam> as is often the case; cf. <klam>chichinawi</klam>. chichinawi confer Am, Oa tlachinowa val_reduce1 Am tláchinówa val_reduce1 Oa 01443 i:xpapa:ya i:xpapa:ya
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision tener la vista mala al grado que ve todo borroso Am i:x pa:ya: <kam>I:xpapa:ya</kam> refers to someone who has poor eyesight, seeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root <kam>pa:ya:</kam> , cf. <klam>pa:ya:tl</klam>. Forms such as <klam>i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n</klam> (diminutive) and <klam>i:xpapa:ya:tik</klam> , adjectival, also exist. My original data had parallel forms with initial <kam>i:x-</kam> and initial <kam>i:xte:m-</kam> , with no difference in meaning. It is possible that the former set of items is in error. I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. Finally, check for a final /h/ in /i:xtpapa:ya/, i.e., perhaps it should be /i:xpapa:yah/. Note that Florencia Marcelino did not accept any of the forms starting <koa>i:xpa...</koa> but only those with <kn>i:xte:m</kn>. i:xte:mpapa:ya equivalent Am i:xté:mpá:ya equivalent Oa 01444 kakalaka kakalaka kakalaka kakalaka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to emit a rattling or rustling noise traquetear; emitir el sonido de una sonaja Pending I:kwech kowatl, kakalaka. Am A snake's rattle, it makes a rattling sound. El cascabel de una culebra, suena como sonaja. Kakalakatiw, naxilitiweh mopero:les. Am They go rattling along, your water containers are banging against each other (e.g., as they are being moved along, hanging down from a beast of burden). Van traqueteando, se van golpeando tus peroles (p. ej., al ser llevados, colgados de una mula o burro). Tlakakalaka. Am There is the noise of a lot of rattling. Hay mucho traqueteo. to make a tic-toc sound (a watch or clock) hacer tic-toc (un relój) Pending kala: Cristino Flores rejected the accpetation of <kam>kakalaka</kam> as referring to a watch ticking. kala:ni ni_base Oa 01445 te:tlatete:mowilike:tl te:tlatete:mowilike:tl te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl te:tlá:te:mowíliké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 yes-rdp diviner; person who reveals the fortune or fate of others (e.g., revealing the cause of an illness, the location of a lost animal, etc.) atinador; persona quien revela la suerte de otros (p. ej., encontrando la causa de una enfermedad, la ubicación de un animal perdido, etc.) Pending te:m-2- Determine whether the nonreduplicated form is correct. Also whether /te:tlatete:molike:tl/ is correct. Check length of first /a/ in Oapan; I originally transcribed it as short but have rechecked. Note also the problem that acoustic duration of long vowels (and maybe short) seems to decrease overall in longer words. Such might be the case here with /te:tlá:-/. An interesting excercise would be to find certain roots and look at vl variation in different contexts, and analyze by over word length, etc. te:tlatete:mowilia:ni equivalent Am tlatete:moke:tl equivalent Am te:tlá:te:mowiliá:ni equivalent Oa ti:sitl confer Oa 01446 bu:rroh bu:rroh bu:rroh bu:rroh
11/Feb/2006
burro N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) donkey; burro burro Pending animal domes anjolí:n bu:rroh Although <klam>burrah</klam> often refers to the female donkey, it can also have various other referents. For this reason it has been given a separate entry. bu:rrah confer Am 01447 chi:lpa:n chi:lpa:n chi:lpa:h chi:lpa:n chi:lpa:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap N1; pl. <kamoa>chi:lpa:meh</kamoa> wasp avispa Am, Oa animal insect i:kal chi:lpa:n chi:l pa:n This is one type of wasp; it is read. There are also two other types of wasps: <kboa>chi:lpa:me:koh</kboa>(Oa) / <kbam>chi:pa:n de te:sotla:wani</kbam>; and <kboa>tekómasólin</kboa>(Oa) / <kbam>tetekumasol</kbam> One instance of /chi:lpan/ was written with a long /a:/, in other instances it had a short final /a/. This should be checked in the final edition. I have temporarily changed the major instances to a long vowel given the Oa evidence and other comparative data. In my original notes I had a reference to: cf. /yetl/. 01448 i:xakamantok i:xakamantok i:xakamantok i:xakamantok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be lying face down (an animate being) estar acostado boca abajo (un ser animado) Pending O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. Am All of a sudden I woke up, I was asleep face down. De repente me desperté, estaba dormido boca abajo. to be upside-down (material objects that can be said to have a metaphoric"face") estar boca abajo (un objeto material del que se puede decir que tenga, metáforicamente, una"cara") Pending i:xaka man Check if i:xakamantitiw is correct.Note that in one filecard entry I have recorded /ixakamantok/ with short initial vowel. This should be checked. /O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok/ 'All of a sudden I unexpectedly woke up, I was asleep face down.' Note that the translation here reflects an interesting syntactic puzzle that needs to be resolved. Both parts of the clause are constructed as predicates: the stative /ni:xakamantok/ and /nikoxtok/, the main predicate. Compare this to other forms and determine which is correct: nipaktok nitlakwatok, nikatok nitlakwatok, etc. If this is the case (check) then it might well be that there is a difference between nominal and verbal heads. Cf. niwe:i chichi 'I'm a big dog' in which the nominal head and modifier form a single predicate structure that is marked by a single subject pronoun. However, cf. verbal predicates. It will be important to elicit the forms such as nikatok nitlakwatok? or ikatok nitlakwatok? I would imagine that the former is correct and should be translated as I am eating standing up. But this should be checked, perhaps by eliciting"Estoy parado comiendo"or"Estoy comi en do parado"However, cf. when adjectivals are used with nouns."I am a happy man' nipa:hka:tla:katl? It would seem that the major mechanism here for participial adjectivals is through incorporation with ka:- Try, for example, I am a thin man 'nipitsa:hka:tla:katl' The question then arises re: non-participial adjectives used attributively. Here it would seem that the complex predicate is formed without double marking: nitli:ltik tla:katl, timiakeh tla:kameh, etc. This should be checked. Thus perhaps there are several constructions: 1) Participial adjective + head noun is formed as S-Part-N (nikaxa:nka:sowa:tl); 2) Adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (niwe:i chichi); 3) Denominal adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (nitli:ltik tla:katl). The question of verbal modification is thus different. First adverbial modification is Adv + S-V (nika:n nitsatsitok; chika:wak nitsatsitok). There is also the possibility of participial incorporation: nipa:hka:tsatsi. A question m igh t be whether one can also incorporate the participle with ?nichika:hka:tsatsi. Check.However, this still leaves the problem of forms such as ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. This should be checked since the predication here is slightly unusual. Check position verbals: ikatok nitlakwatok or nikatok nitlakwatok. Same with /i:xakamantok/. Apparently the form /ni:xakamantok/ as a 3rd person stative does not exist, i.e. the form /i:xakamantok/ would thus derive from an now lost intransitive form /i:xakamani/. This is not uncommon (cf. other notes). However, /ni:xakamantok/ as a progressive is acceptable /ye ni:xakamantok/ 'he is (in the process of) lying himself down'. This derives from the transitive /i:xakamana/; cf. the analogous cases of /kweptok/, /a:ntok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. In my original notes I have:"Note that the form *ni:xakamantok is not correct as a 'stative' but only as a progressive, rarely used, such as /ye ni:xakamantok, ma:ka tiktlasewi:ti:s/ 01449 ilpikatl ilpikatl ilpikatl ilpikatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 2 sash; band of cloth or other material, usually placed around ones waist (in particular, this is used to refer to the band of colored cloth used in certain dances such as <kam>moros, danza de bola,</kam> etc.) faja o fajín, una banda de tela u otro material que se coloca por la cintura (en particular se refiere a la faja de tela colorida que se emplea en ciertas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) Pending Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa. Am Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist. Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela, que atan por la cintura. sash that is worn diagonally across the chest faja o fajín que se coloca diagonalmente por el pecho Pending Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpikaw! Am Place my band across my chest for me! ¡Colócame la faja atravesando por mi pecho! diaper cord cordón para pañal Pending Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian. Am He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on. Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo). weight belt (used by men when lifting sth heavy) ceñidor (empleado por los hombres para alzar algo pesado) Pending lpi Some consultants mentioned that this refers to a sash or band that is placed across the chest in certain dances, or even of the type that is worn by beauty contestants. Generic nouns: Note the following for the placement of a noun with generic meaning: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/, 'Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist.' Cf. this to the phrase in the brideasking speech: /a:tl xkwahli/, etc. This is common, e.g, /tla:katl xkwahli/. There are extra tokens of this word at 1168. 01450 kecha:tekontsi:n kecha:tekontsi:n
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-N N-tsi:n to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash or similar fruits) tener el cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza u otras frutas parecidas) Am Kwaltsi:n noa:yokokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n. Am My little baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck. Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito. kech a: tekom See query under /a:yokokone:tl/. Check with linguists as to ps categorization, e.g., brick-walled. kechtewiyahtik synonym Oa 01451 ilakatsiwi ilakatsiwi ilakatsiwi ilakatsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to get a sprained or twisted back torcersele la espalda a Pending O:nilakatsiw ipan noteposmilo:l. Am I sprained by back (i.e., twisted my spine). Se le torcióla columna vertebral. ilakats One person gave the pronunciation <kam>wilakatsiwi</kam> (vowel length not recorded). Although there might be a relationship to <kam>wi:laka</kam> it appears that the pronunciation is <kam>ilakatsiwi</kam> and the person referred to was constructing a"folk phonology." Check also use and meaning of transitive form, if it exists. Recheck the precise objects that can be so affected. 01452 miakilia kimiakilia miakilia miekilia kimiakilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia class-2a to greatly increase the amount of; to make abundant; to make plentiful; to accumulate (the quantity of sth countable) hacer abundante; incrementar mucho la cantidad de (algo contable) Pending Kimiakilia itlikuw. Am He accumulates a lot of firewood (e.g., during the dry season, in anticipation of not having time to chop wood during the summer planting months). Acumula mucha leña (durante la temporada de secas en anticipación a no tener tiempo durante el verano para leñar). miak miakia verb_base Am miekiya verb_base Oa 01453 monexiwi monexiwi mónexíwi monexiwi mónexíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <koa>temónexé:wi</koa> (Oa) class-3a(w) yes-lex see <klam>monexe:wi</klam> (Am) / <kloa>mónexé:wi</kloa>(Oa) véase <klam>monexe:wi</klam> (Am) / <kloa>mónexé:wi</kloa>(Oa) Pending mohnex monexe:wi equivalent Am mónexé:wi equivalent Oa 01454 te:ntsonyowa te:ntsonyowa te:ntsonyowa te:ntsonyowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Adj; ~Trans class-4a to grow a beard; to become bearded salirsele o crecersele la barba a Pending Yo:pe:w te:ntsonyowa, o:pe:w po:ki. Am His beard has started to grow, he's started to smoke (and as a result his facial hair is growing out). Se le empezóa crecer la barba, empezóa fumar (y como resultado se le estácreciendo la barba). te:n tson te:ntsonyowa; te:ntsonki:sa Although morphologically <kam>te:ntsonyowa</kam> is related to those series of lexemes that have an adjectival, inchoative, and transitive, it has neither an adjectival form nor a transitive former (at least not documented in the corpus). Instead of an adjectival the common term for 'bearded' is the nominal <klamoa>te:ntsoneh</klamoa>. 01455 tlakukwa tlakukwa tlá:kwá tlá:kwa tlá:kwá
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-1 yes-rdp to graze (cattle, goats, sheep, etc.) apacentar (ganado, chivos, borregos, etc.) Am, Oa Tlakukwatok mowa:kax. Am Your cattle is grazing. Estáapacentando tu ganado kwa tlakukwaltia val_add_caus Am kwa minus_tla Am, Oa 01456 tepe:wi tepe:wi tepe:wi tepe:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to scatter or become sprinkled on the ground (e.g,. leaves falling off a tree) caerse regado o esparcirse por la tierra (p. ej., hojas que se cayen de unárbol) Pending Deke yo:chika:w tepe:tomatl, pe:wa tepe:wi ipan tla:hli. Sa: para tikpepenas. Am If the <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>has gotten overripe, it (the fruit itself) starts to fall, scattering on the ground. It just remains for you to pick it (the fruit) up. Si el <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>pasa de maduro empieza (su fruta) a regarse por el suelo. Nada más queda para que lo recojas. tepe:-2- 01457 tsili:ni tsili:ni tsili:ni tsili:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl class-3a to ring; to emit a ringing or hollow metalic sound (e.g., a bell, certain types of doorbells, alarm clocks, flat metal objects such as a well-made machete when cleanly struck, etc.) repicar, tañer (p. ej., campanas u objetos similares); timbrar (ciertos timbres de puertas o despertadores, objetos planos de metal como machetes bien hechos cuando se golpean, etc.) Pending sound-material tsili: Check for /te-/. tlatsili:ni val_reduce0 Am, Oa tsitsilka frequent Am, Oa tsitsilika frequent Am, Oa 01458 kuwi:xtataka kuwi:xtataka kowí:xtaká kowi:xtaka kowí:xtaká
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-0 Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) N1 yes-rdp type of lizard of those categorized as <kam>kowi:xin</kam> tipo de lagartija de las que se categorizan como <kam>kuwi:xin</kam> Pending animal lizard kowi:x taka The Oapan entry <koa>kowí:xtaká</koa> seems to manifest reduced reduplication on a preceding long vowel, since in the simple form <klamoa>kowi:xin</klamoa>the vowel is long. The pitch-accent derives from reduplication with coda {h}, lost in Ameyaltepec. hypo-an kowi:xin This lizard is identified in Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as a <spn>chintete</spn>. They have it with a short /i/, although /kowi:xin/ has a long one immediately above. 01459 tekiwi:ltia kitekiwi:ltia tekiwi:ltia kitekiwi:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to insist that (sb) does or takes (sth) insistirle a (alg) para que tome o haga (algo, p. ej., comer, hacer un trabajo, etc.) Pending Ma:ka xne:xtekiwi:lti! Am Don't insist to me (e.g., that I do sth, eat sth, etc.)! ¡No me insistas (p. ej., que acepte algo, que coma algo, etc.)! Kitekiwi:ltia wa:n xkiselia. Am He insists to him but he doesn't accept it. Le insiste pero no lo acepta. Yewa xma:s tlawe:leh, kiseli:skia pero xokitekiwi:ltikeh! Am He isn't that fearsome, he would have accepted it, but they didn't insist. No es tan bravo, lo hubiera aceptado pero no se lo insistieron. teki tekiwia verb_base Am tekiwiya verb_base Oa 01460 se:pa:nya:ntsi:n i:se:pa:nya:ntsi:n se:pa:nya:n tose:pa:ya:n
11/Feb/2006
N PM N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 (irregular: only with 1st-person pl. possessor) (ritual) (with 1st-person possessive) together (ritual) (con 1apersona posesiva) juntos Pending Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! Am Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! ritual se: pa:n -ya:n In Ameyaltepec <kam>se:panya:ntsi:n</kam> is clearly related to the preverbal clitic <klam>se:pan</klam> that indicates a jointly undertaken or experienced action although the former has been documented only in ritual speech, a <klam>we:wetlato:hli</klam> from Ameyaltepec. It is uttered as part of the speech by the representative of the bridegroom's family to the parents of the potential bride an means, in effect, 'we together.' The preverbal clitic <klam>se:pan</klam> functions as a predicate modifier, indicating that the plural subjects of the verbal predicate (which in all documented cases is I believe intransitive) undertake the action together or jointly. The ritual and reverential form <kam>se:panya:ntsi:n</kam> is obligatorily possessed and expressed independently of the verb the subject of which is coreferential with the possessor of <kam>se:panya:ntsi:n</kam>. Although literally translatable perhaps as 'jointness,' it effectively modifies the verbal predicate indicating, as does the clitic form, that the subjects are undertaking an action jointly. 01461 michka:ldoh michka:ldoh michka:ldoh michka:ldoh
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>caldo</spn> N N-N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) broth with fish caldo de pescado Am, Oa food mich Check the Oapan synonym. Perhaps it is /michchi:la:tl/. I believe it is recorded. mixchi:la:tl synonym Oa 01462 zzz The word /itiwitsiw/ has here been removed.
03/Dec/2001
 01463 tliwa:tsa kitliwa:tsa tliwa:tsa kitliwa:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ki/tsa Compl class-3a(ts) to toast; to roast (either on top of a clay griddle or directly on embers) tostar; asar (o sobre un comal o directamente sobre las brasas) Pending tli wa:k 01464 tsi:nko:ntik tsi:nko:ntik tsi:nko:ntik tsi:nko:ntik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik to be big-assed; to have a large rear end ser nalgón; tener la trasera grande Pending tsi:n ko:m 01465 tsi:nmolo:nki tsi:nmolo:nki tsi:nmolo:nki tsi:nmolo:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to have a foul-smelling rear or rear end tener la parte trasera o nalgas apestosas Pending tsi:n molo: 01466 tsoyo:ni tsoyo:ni tsoyo:ni tsoyo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl class-3a to be rapidly consumed (e.g., food that is quickly eaten up); to disappear quickly (desired items that are sold in a market, etc.) consumirse rápidamente (p. ej., comida que se come rápido); desaparecer rápidamente (objetos deseados que se venden en el mercado, etc.) Pending San o:tsoyo:n, o:tlan. Am It just totally disappeared, it got finished (e.g., good fruit sold in the plaza). Se consumiótodo, se acabó(p. ej., buena fruta vendida en la plaza). Melá:k kinekin, san tsoyo:ni. Am They really want it, it just disappears right away. De veras lo quieren, rápidamente desaparece. to get or become fried freirse Pending tsoyo: Check for use of /te-/. Check whether it can also mean"to get fried." 01467 nenemi:ltia kinenemi:ltia nénemí:ltia nenemi:ltia kí:nemí:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Reduced rdp-s(pref) class-2a yes-rdp to pursue (a lawsuit, petition, etc., keeping it going despite any possible delays or setbacks) proseguir (un litigio, etc. al mantenerlo en proceso a pesar de cualquier demora o Pending O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s. Am He broke off the suit. He didn't want to pursue it any longer. Dejóde litigar. Ya no lo quiso proseguir. to help walk (e.g., a young child just learning) ayudar a caminar (p. ej., un niño chiquito apenas aprendiendo a caminar) Pending nemi <klam>nenemi</klam> has two causative constructions: <klam>nenemi:tia</klam> and <klam>nenemi:ltia</klam>. Make sure to carefully compare the two causatives in meaning. Causative: The difference between causative /nenemi:ltia/ and /nenemi:tia/ is interesting and perhaps sheds some light on the subject. Also, cf. /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia/, which might follow this same pattern. With /nenemi/, the"regular"causative with /-tia/ is the standard"to make S do Pr"That is, the subject of the intransitive in /nenemi/ becomes the patient in /nenemi:tia/, but is still an agent. That is, /-tia/ converts the agent of an intranstive (in an unergative verb) into a patient of a transitive. On the other hand, /-ltia/ seems to convert the"patient"of an unaccusative into the patient of a transitive. This is eminently clear in cases such as /patla:ni/ and /patla:naltia/, or /poso:ni/ and /poso:naltia/. Clearly more examples of the /-ltia/ and /-tia/ alternation should be explored, both with intransitives (cf. above) and with transitives (cf. the analysis proposed by Launey). However, the difference in /nenemi/ causatives does suggest that /-tia/ is the classical 'to make S do Pr"whereas the /-ltia/ ending seems to simply transitivize. nenemi verb_base Am 01468 kakaxaktik kakaxaktik kákaxáhtik kakaxahtik kákaxáhtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik yes-rdp Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:kaxáhtik</koa> to be weak; to be soft; to not be hardy (refering to a person) ser débil; ser enfermizo (refiriéndose a una persona) Pending Tepi:tska:suwa:tl, xsan kakaxaktik. Am She is a sturdy woman (i.e., can work, doesn't get sick), she isn't weak. Es una mujer fuerte (puede trabajar, no se enferma fácilmente), no es débil. to be losely tied ser atado flojamente Pending kaxa: Like <kam>kakaxaktik</kam> , the root verb <kam>kaxa:ni</kam> is often used to refer to the human body when it becomes weak from exhaustion. Whereas most deverbal adjectivals ending in /-ktik/ are derived from verbs ending in /-iwi/ (as <klamoa>toma:wi</klamoa>) and are marked by an initial <kn>te-</kn> intensifier (as <klam>tetomaktik</klam>) the present entry <kam>kakaxaktik</kam>) is derived from a verb ending in <kn>-ni</kn>, a much less common derivation process. Note that the derivation seems to be /kaxa:ni/ to /kakaxaktik/. Apparently there is no form /kakaxaka/ (cf. /tsotsomoka/, etc.). Note also that whereas other similar derivations, e.g., /tetomaktik/ have /te-/, the form that I heard in conversation was /kakaxaktik/. Check to see if /tekaxaktik/ exists, as well as /tekakaxaktik/. 01469 ma:noh ma:noh ma:noh ma:noh
11/Feb/2006
hermano N Voc; P2(def) N-loan N0/2; Aln(0=2) vocative used to address for married or elder males from Oapan vocativo para dirigirse a hombres de Oapan casados o de edad avanzada Oa (<kamoa>toma:noh</kamoa>) term of reference used to talk about married men or elder men from Oapan (<kamoa>toma:noh</kamoa>) término de referencia para hablar acerca de hombres casados o de mayor edad de Oapan Pending Wa:lte:chpale:wi:s se: toma:noh. Am A man from Oapan will come help us. Un hombre de Oapan nos va a venir a ayudar. <koa>Ma:noh</koa> is the generalized term used in Oapan to address elder men, particularly those who are older than the speaker and not on a first-name basis. As a two-place predicate it is possessed only in the first person: <koa>toma:noh</koa>. Note, finally, that it is common in the Balsas region for members of communities to use to prototypical address/reference term of another village in talking to or about individuals from this second village. Thus Ameyaltepequeños know that <koa>ma:noh</koa> (as a vocative) and <koa>toma:noh</koa> (for reference) are used in Oapan and as a result will use <kam>ma:noh</kam> when addressing an elder man from Oapan or <kam>toma:noh</kam> when referencing such a person. 01470 toka:rowa kitoka:rowa toka:rowa kitoka:rowa
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>tocar</spn> No V2 P2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to be the turn of (the [O] is the one whose turn it is) tocar a (en el sentido de ser el turno de [O]) Pending O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. Am You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano. 01471 yzzz tlawistlachapa:nihli tlawistlachapa:nihli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas N1 branches of thorns that have been placed on the ground (to serve as a fence or barrier to animals) ramas espinosas que han sido colocadas por el suelo (para evitar que los animales pasen) Oa material wits chapa: Inocencio Jiménez gave both the forms <koa>wistlachapa:nihli</koa> and <koa>tlawistlachapa:nihli</koa>, though the first seemed to be favored as the correct form. Check for verbal form of this, which I remember from the elicitation but that I didn't record. Check also for possibility of possessive formation. wistlachapa:nihli synonym Oa tlachapa:ni:hli synonym Am 01472 a:pio:tsi:n a:pio:tsi:n a:piotsi:n a:piotsi:n
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>pío</spn> N N-N N-tsi:n N1 type of small bird that lives near the water, apparently the Collared Plover, <l>Charadrius collaris</l>, or a closely related species tipo de pájaro pequeño que vive cerca del agua, aparentemente el "Collared Plover," <l>Charadrius collaris</l>, o una especie cercana Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334 animal bird a: pio This animal is like a chick in size: <kam>to:to:tsi:ntli, i:pan a:te:ntli nemi</kam>. Apparently the name include <kam>pio</kam> probably after the sound that a chick makes. The length of the /o/ in Oapan is difficult to determine as occasionally it appears to be long, though usually short. This should be further checked. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pollito de agua.' Enter under /cho/. 01473 ma:isiwi ma:isiwi má:isíwi ma:isiwi má:isíwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(w) yes-lex to be quick with ones hands ser rápido o ligero con las manos Pending Xma:isiwi! Lige:roh xtla:litiwetsi. Am Hurry up with what you're doing with your hands! Put them down right away! ¡Apúrate con lo que estás haciendo con las manos!¡Colócalos rápido! ma: hsi Check root of /isiwi/. Apparently (cf. comparative evidence) there is an underlying /h/. However, determine whether root should be /hsi/ or /hsiwi/. Note that the causative of /isiwi/ is /tlasiwitia/ (check vowel length). For /ma:isiwi/ check for a transitive, causative form, e.g., ?ma:isiwitia. 01474 tlamachio:tia kitlamachio:tia tlá:machió:tia kitlá:machió:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V2 V2-d-tia Reduced rdp-s(pre-s) (Oa) class-2a to decorate by painting a design or pattern on (particularly ceramics painted with patterns in natural colors) decorar al pintar un diseño sobre (particularmente cerámica pintada con colores naturales) Pending Yo:notlamachio:tih. Am A decoration has already been painted on it. Ya se le pintóun diseño. Tictlamachio:titok, kwaltsi:n noka:was. Am You are painting a design on it, it will turn out nice. Le estás pintando un diseño, va a salir bonito. mati The derivation of <kam>tlamachio:tia</kam> is not entirely transparent. The verb <klam>machio:tia</klam> is used as a reflexive in the Balsas River to signify 'to cross oneself.' This is similar to Molina's entry <kn>machiotia. teoyotica nite.</kn> 'confirmar o chrismar.' In both cases <kn>machio:tia</kn> is a transitive verb. Molina also has <kn>machiotia. nitla.</kn> 'reglar papel, o debuxar algo.' This would suggest that <kam>tlamachio:tia</kam> , which is transitive either has a different derivation, perhaps a verbalization of the abstract noun (still not documented for this region nor Classical) ? <kam>tlama:chio:tl</kam> , or is an example of <kn>tla-</kn> incorporation as a modifier (cf. <klam>otlawi:teki</klam>). Whatever the case, it seems that Balsas <kam>machio:tia</kam> is similar to Classical <kn>machiyotia</kn> (note RS glosses this as 'dibujar, pautar, firmar, anotar, marcar algo, el ganado, etc.; <kn>temeztica nitla-machiyotia</kn> sellar algo con plomo, poner una marca con plomo'). Note, finall y, that the pitch ac cent marked in the Oapan form <koa>kitlá:machió:tia</koa> suggests the reduced reduplication of the verbal stem <kamoa>machio:tia</kamoa>, which is realized as lengthening and pitch on the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. This reduplication is not manifested in the Ameyaltepec form from the corpus. Make sure that /tlamachio:tia/ is indeed a transitive verb. Check again the long, high-pitched /tlá:-/ in the headword /tlá:machió:tia/. 01475 te:mi:tia kite:mi:tia te:mi:tia kite:mi:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to fill up; to top off llenar; terminar de llenar Pending Xte:mi:ti! We:i poliwi. Am Fill it up (i.e., finish filling it)! There is still a lot left (to be filled, e.g., in a container still greatly empty)! ¡Llénalo (esto es, termina de llenarlo)! Falta mucho. te:ma te:m-2- te:ma; te:mitia; te:mi:ltia The difference between <klam>te:ma</klam> and <kam>temi:tia</kam> seems to be that the former implies filling something (such as a container) that is completely empty at the start of the process whereas the latter (along with <klam>te:mi:ltia</klam>) implies filling something that at the start of the process was already partially full. Thus if a person takes an empty water jug to the well, <kam>kite:mas</kam>. However, if there is already some water in the jug, <kam>kite:mi:ti:s</kam> or <kam>kite:mi:lti:s</kam>. Note also that a form with an indefinite null complement is apparently only used with <klamoa>te:ma</klamoa>(i.e., <klamoa>tlate:ma</klamoa>) and not with <kamoa>te:mi:tia</kamoa>. te:mi verb_base Am, Oa 01476 tsonta:takaltik tsonta:takaltik
11/Feb/2006
N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tsonte:ta:takaltik</kam> ; Lex. rdp-l having hair unevenly cut, some parts longer than others con el cabello trasquilado y mal cortado, con algunas partes más largas que otras Am body-descrip tson taka Check the long vowel since my file card entry for this word did not have long vowels recorded; the length change is based on entry for /ta:takaltik/ and the Oapan entry /kwa:ta:takaltik/. Also, check possibility of /te-/ (e.g., ?/tsonteta:takaltik/) again taken by analogy from /ta:takaltik/. kwa:ta:takaltik synonym Oa 01477 kalma:tli kalma:tli kalma:tli kalma:tli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(:) palm lean-to un alberguito de palma, de media agua Am, Oa name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as <kloa>kwa:tepail</kloa>; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in music and form of the dance nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como <kloa>kwa:tepail</kloa>; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son distintos en música y forma de bailar Oa kal ma: A <kamoa>kalmatli</kamoa> consists of a slanted 'roof' of thatched palm that virtually reaches the ground and serves as a protection against the wind and rain. At least as late as the early 1980s one or two of these shelters/houses could still be seen in Oapan. For a more extensive discussion of the dance called <kloa>kwa:tepail</kloa>and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under this term. The possessed form of <kamoa>kalma:tli</kamoa> represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. There is a drawing on the original 3x5 filecard. Possession: The possessed form of <kamoa>kalma:tli</kamoa> represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. kalto:roh synonym Am 01478 tlaki:tskiltsi:n tlaki:tskiltsi:n tlaki:tskiltsi:n tlaki:tskiltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 bunch manojo Pending ki:tski tlaki:tskiltsi:n; ma:pi:xtli The difference between <kam>tlaki:tskiltsi:n</kam> and <klam>ma:pi:xtli</klam> seems to be the manner in which the material object is grabbed or held and, as a result, the nature of this same object. <kamoa>Tlaki:tskiltsi:n</kamoa> is a nominalization of <klam>ki:tskia</klam> 'to grab' (as in clothing in ones hand) whereas <kamoa>ma:pi:xtli</kamoa> is related to <kamoa>pia</kamoa> 'to have.' The former nominalization seems to refer to things that are held and that extend beyond the grip of ones hand, i.e., only a part of the entire object is held in the hand. Such an item might be, for example, a bunch of silantro. <klam>Ma:pi:xtli</klam> , on the other hand refers to things that are held within ones hand, such as beans being held in a fist. Check length of penultimate /i/ in the syllable /kil/. Check for possessed form, which has not yet been coded into the /infn field. ma:pi:xtli confer Am, Oa 01479 -te:wa tlakwate:wa -te:wa tlákwaté:wa
09/Feb/2006
Associated motion ending class-3a(w) to do [verb] upon leaving, or just before leaving hacer [verbo] al salir, justamente antes de salir Pending Ma nitlakwate:wa! Am Let me eat before heading out! ¡Voy a comer antes de salir! O:niwa:ltlakwate:w. Am I ate before leaving to come here. Comíantes de salir hacia acá. O:kika:wte:w a:tl. Am The rains left it behind (in this case a field at the end of the rainy season when the rains stopped). Las lluvias lo dejaron atrás (en este caso una milpa que estaba creciendo bien, al acabarse la temporada de lluvias). to do [verb] on ones deathbed hacer [verbo] en el lecho de la muerte Pending Kite:maste:wa iwe:wentsi:n, a:kino:n kitlakwalti:s? Tlayo:wi:s. Am She is worried about her husband as she's on her deathbed, who will feed him? He is going to suffer. En el lecho de su muerte se preocupa por su marido,¿Quién le va a dar de comer? El va a sufrir. to do [verb] suddenly or unexpectedly hacer [verbo] repetinamente Pending O:isate:w Am He woke up unexpectedly. Repentinamente despertó. O:ki:ste:hkeh. Oa They got up and left (impetuously). Se levantaron y se fueron (impetuosamente). e:wa 01480 poso:nki poso:nki poso:nki poso:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj P1; TM Adj-dvb-ki to be boiled (a prepared food, such as beans, or water itself) estar hervido (una comida preparada, como frijoles, o agua misma) Pending poso: Check to see if one can also refer to boiled water with this term: /poso:nki ma:w/? 01481 westasi westasi wéstasí westasi wéstasí No V1 P1 V1-Asp Asp
11/Feb/2006
yes class-4a see <kam>wetsi</kam> véase <kam>wetsi</kam> Am, Oa wetsi The antonym in Oapan would be <kloa>yékatitási</kloa>. 01482 mi:skitl mi:skitl mi:skitl mi:skitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of tree, mesquite tipo deárbol, mezquite Pending Mi:skitl | Xtlah para, san tlikohtli. Bwe:noh para banki:toh, para ipan notla:li:los. I:a:xi:xmi:skio nokwi para tlapahli. Am <kamoa>Mi:skitl</kamoa> : It isn't good for anything, just firewood. It is good for benches, for people to sit on. Its resin is used in making (natural) paint. <kamoa>Mi:skitl</kamoa> : No sirve para nada, solamente leña. Es bueno para banquitos, para que se siente la gente. Su resina se emplea en hacer pintura (natural). Mi:skitl | Wel tikpa:chichinas, tihkwa:sitla:kihlo. Am <kamoa>Mi:skitl</kamoa> : You can suck on, you can eat its fruit. <kamoa>Mi:skitl</kamoa> : Puedes chupar, te puedes comer su fruta. plant kohtli mi:ski Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:110) identify as the mezquite a tree of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i>and the genus/species <i>Prosopis laevigata</i>(H.&B. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst. They also have another entry (p. 104) for <spn>tepemezquite</spn>, also called <spn>tlahuitole</spn> of the same family and of the genus/species <i>Lysiloma divaricata</i>. Ramírez (1991) identifies the <kam>mi:skitl</kam> as of the Leguminosae family and the genus/species <spn>Prosopis juliflora</spn>. Schoenhals (1988) has the following information under mezquite:"(<i>Prosopis</i>spp. e.g., <i>P. juliflora, P. glandulosa</i>) 'mesquite tree,' 'honey mesquite,' 'glandular mesquite.' Common in desert and dry areas. One of many compound-leafed shrubs or trees in these areas. Spines are straight; pods resemble gnarled stringbeans. <i>P. glandulosa</i>can be distinguished by its smooth leaflets as opposed to the hairy ones of the others. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. Also called algarr obo, chachaca."Acc ording to Silvestre Pantaleón, Asención Marcelo, and Inocencio Díaz there is only one type of <kam>mi:skitl</kam> , the tree called <kam>tepe:mi:skitl</kam> is not a <kam>mi:skitl</kam> , because it is not edible. 01483 -tech totech -tech itech
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-sim N2(rel) next to; close to junto a; pegado a Pending Xmopepecho notech! Am Come close to me! ¡Acércate a mí! Itech nocha:n onkah. Am There are some next to my house. Hay junto a mi casa. Motech onkah pa:mpa ikno:tsi:ntli. Am He is with you because he is an orphan. Estácontigo porque es un huérfano. ki:sa weli -tech Note that /I:tech nocha:n unkah/ translates as 'There are some next to my house.' However, if one wanted to say, 'He is next to my house,' one would probably say /I:tech nocha:n nemi/. Nevertheless, at least in my original documentation (should be checked) 01484 tekolo:tl tekolo:tl tekolo:tl tekolo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of Screech-Owl, apparently the Balsas Screech-Owl, <l>Otus seductus</l>, or the Western Screech-Owl, <l>O. kennicottii</l>, or a closely related species tipo de tecolote o buho, aparentemente el"Balsas Screech-Owl," <l>Otus seductus</l>o <l>O. kennicottii</l>, o una especie cercana Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, pp. 356, 357 animal bird tekolo: It is still not clear if this refers to only one species of tecolote or to various. Nor is it certain how many species there in fact are in the valley. The <kam>tekolo:tl</kam> is not classified as a <klam>to:to:tl</klam> by speakers. 01485 xexeliwi xexeliwi xéxelíwi té:xelíwi xexeliwi té:xeliwi xéxelíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ó:nxe:líwi</koa> ; Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <koa>té:xelíwi</koa>. class-3a(w) yes-rdp to scatter or become scattered on the ground (e.g, sth that is dropped and shatters upon contact) desparramarse o esparcirse sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo que se cae y se estrella con el impacto al suelo) Pending xe:l Although the reduplicant of Oapan Nahuatl <koa>xéxe:líwi</koa> can reduce to vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the preceding syllable, given the semantics of this verb there is seldom a prefix except, perhaps, the directional <kn>on-</kn>, yielding <koa>ó:nxe:líwi</koa>. Make sure that <koa>ó:nxe:líwi</koa> is correct, as I don't have an actual example of this form with reduced reduplication. Carefully check vowel length. There is a token of /té:xelíwi/ at 7086. This should be tagged at 01485 but given that it is reduplicated with the /te-/ prefix, it should not be linked. 01486 chikotik chikotik chikotik chikotik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tik-adj to have straight edges, ones that are not cut square but which leave the object trapezoidal (particularly used with poorly cut and non-square cloth, but also used to refer to land that is not rectangular) tener orillas que van derecho pero que no forman un cuadro, tener esquinas que no están enángulos rectos, dejando el objeto como trapezoide (empleado particularmente tener tela mal cortada y no cuadrada, también un terreno no cuadrado); sesgado Pending chiko <kamoa>Chikotik</kamoa> is derived from the bound clitic modifier <klamoa>chiko</klamoa>; there is a nominal form <klam>chiko:tl</klam> , documented for Ameyaltepec but not for Oapan Nahuatl. Recheck use to refer to land-surface areas such as 'solares.' chiko confer Am chiko:tl confer Am 01487 ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 type of broth made with chile and <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam> beans tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam> Am food chi:l a: Determine the precise recipe of this food I have eliminated the Oapan tokens from this entry. Tag (or retag) the 4 speech tokens here from Oapan with #5936. 01488 te:nxo:mah i:te:nxo:mah te:nxo:mah i:te:nxo:mah
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N2 snout (of an animal, particularly mammals) hocico (de un animal, particularmente las mamalias) Pending ite:nxo:mah chichi Am the dog's snout el hocico del perro Kixoxope:wa tla:hli mopitso ika ite:nxo:mah. Am Your pig pushes up the earth with its snout. Tu cerdo empuja la tierra con su hocico lip area (of certain animals and, sarcastically speaking, of people) área alrededor de los labios (de ciertos animales y, hablando con sarcasmo, de la gente) Pending body te:n xo:mah The diminutive form <kamoa>te:nxo:mitah</kamoa> contains the Spanish diminutive <spn>ita</spn>, hence the apparent vowel change of the root. Determine which animals have snouts and/or lips (e.g., does this apply to snakes, etc.). Check diminutive. My records have /te:nxo:mitah/; check for /te:nxo:matsi:n/. Diminutive; vowel change: Note that /te:nxo:mah/ has a diminutive in /te:nxo:mitah/, apparently representative of the influence of Spanish /-itah/. Check to see if /te:nxo:matsi:n/ is also used. xo:mah synonym Am 01489 yzzz ítowília itowilia kítowíliah
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to say to decirle a Am, Oa hto With this verb, and with others (cf. <kam>tlatlakakilia</kam>) the reduplication of the indefinite direct object <kn>tla-</kn> with a verb of communication indicates that something unpleasant was being said. This probably represents a metaphorical use of"things"as in both English (he said a lot of things to me) and Spanish (me dijo muchas cosas). It is not clear at this stage whether the form <kam>itowilia</kam> is found without the nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn>. The only documented use of this applicative of <klam>itowa</klam> is with this prefix (moreover, reduplicated). However, the fact that the verb <koa>ítowília</koa> with the 3rd-person specific object was elicited during a recording session with Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez strongly suggests that this applicative use is grammatically acceptable, though the precise meaning remains to be determined. It might be that the reduplication should be a long vowel in the above phrase. This should be checked as it is long in other examples with similar negative meaning. Also, the difference between /itowilia/ and /ihlia/ is not clear and should definitely be clarified. Check whether the form without /tla-/ (with or without reduplication) is correct in both dialects. If not, remove this entry and make the appropriate changes. /O:ne:chtlatlatowilikeh para ma nikwala:ni/ 'They said a lot of things to me to get me mad' Note the use of /para ma/ as a subordinator, 'so that + subjunctive'. Cf. types of adverbial phrases: this seems to indicate the result of the action. itowa verb_base Am 01490 mapilpepetsiwi mapilpepetsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi P1 Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) for ones fingers to become smooth (i.e., without calluses from lack of work) quedarsele lisos los dedos a uno (esto es, sin callos por no trabajar) Am O:mapilpepetsiw, xtekiti Am His fingers have become smooth, he doesn't do any work. Se le quedaron lisos los dedos, no trabaja. mah pil petsiwi Oapan has <kloa>ma:petsiwi</kloa>with a similar meaning, though referring to the entire hand and not simply the fingers. Note that given the implicit plurality of the incorporated noun in Ameyaltepec, the verbal stem of <kam>mapilpepetsiwi</kam> is reduplicated. Check /makpalpetsiwi/ used in Ameyaltepec. ma:petsiwi synonym Oa 01491 kakalakachilia kikakalakachilia kakalakachilia kikakalakachilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to make a rattling sound for (e.g., a baby whom one wants to quiet, or sb to announce their entry) or in front of, etc. hacer el sonido de un traqueteo para (p. ej., para un niño que se desea apaciguar, o a algn para anunciar su entrada) o enfrente de, etc. Am, Oa kala: The Oapan form is an applicative of the transitive frecuentative <kloa>kakalatsa</kloa>. A final check should be made, but in the recording studio I seem to have perceived that while Florencia Marcelino uttered /kika:kalaakachilia/, her husband Inocencio gave /kikakalakachilia/. Applicative; frecuentative; palatalization: Note that the Oapan form /kakalakachilia/ is an applicative of the transitive /kakalatsa/, with palatalization of /ts/ to /ch/. 01492 tsi:tsikiltsi:n tsi:tsikiltsi:n tsi:tsikiltsi:n tsi:tsikiltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tsi:n Lex. rdp-l diminutive of <klamoa>tsi:tsikiltik</klamoa> diminutivo de <klamoa>tsi:tsikiltik</klamoa> Am, Oa tsi:tsikiltik tsikil 01493 po:hki:sa po:hki:sa po:hki:sa po:hki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a to give off smoke echar humo; humear Am, Oa to give off steam (e.g., a hot food) emitir vapor (p. ej., una comida caliente) Oa po:k ki:sa popo:ka; po:hki:sa; Oaítipotohkí:sa Noun incorporation: The construction /po:hki:sa/ seems to have the subject as source. That is, in 0-po:k-ki:sa (3sgS-smoke-leave) the subject (zero morpheme) seems to indicate the semantic source of the event, the place from which smoke is"leaving."In a certain sense this construction seems similar to that of /okwilxi:ni/, in which the subject indicates the point at which the event takes place, perhaps more of a destination. In both cases (/po:hki:sa/ and /okwilxi:ni/) the subject of the new lexical item (the compounded verb) indicates a location; the incorporated noun indicates a material that"performs"the verbal action at this location. However, it is possible to consider this an example of possessor raising, with the subject in essence the"possessor"of the smoke that is emerging. 01494 kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n i:kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n Lex: infix <kn>tla-</kn> N2 the dot over a letter la punta sobre una letra Am "I"kipia ikwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n. Am An"i"has a dot over it. Una"i"tiene una punta arriba. kwa: chipi: I heard this once; check to determine if this word is shared by the speech community, and if it possibly has any other meaning. Note the agentive forms in /-ntsi:n/ as in /kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n/ 'the dot over it (a letter)' Include a section in the grammar on these types of words. 01495 owitika owitika ówitíkah owitikah ówitíkah
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative yes-lex to be difficult ser difícil Pending Owitika, xniwelis. Am It is difficult, I won't be able (to do it). Es difícil, no lo voy a poder (hacerlo). owih Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects. Although <kam>owitikah</kam> and <kam>owitok</kam> are synonyms, the former seems slightly more common in everyday speech. The placement of the glottal stop at the end of the second syllable of the root is based on FK's comments under this word. Phonology: Vowel length variation: /Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects/. This suggests (as does another case I can't remember with Luis Lucena) that occasionally with a village/dialect vowel length may vary in certain words. Check final sound in both dialects. My impression is that C. Flores has a final glottal stop (automatically inserted after vowels that are phrase final) and that the Oapan pronunciation is with final /h/, a reflex of classical glotal stop and Am. /n/. owitikah; check for presence of /h/. Check for final /h/. owitok synonym Am 01496 tepetlatl tepetlatl tepetlatl tepetlatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 limestone (that is flat and spread out, like a hard carpet on the ground) tepetate Am, Oa stone te petla The composition of this word, <kn>te-</kn> plus <kam>petlatl</kam> suggests that the reference is to large areas of limestone that lie spread out along the ground's surface. Check to see if /tepetlatl/ can refer to tepetate that is just loose, and not part of a flat surface. 01497 pa:xtik pa:xtik pa:xtik pa:xtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tepa:xtik</kamoa> to be crushed; to be flattened (a container or sth hollow) estar apachurado (un recipiente, una lata o algo hueco) Pending to be smashed (sth soft and solid such as fruit) estar aplastado (algo blando y sólido, como fruta) Pending pa:x Determine total range of items that can be /pa:xtik/. 01498 pitsi:nki pitsi:nki pitsi:nki pitsi:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tepitsi:nki</kamoa> to be slightly cracked, or have a small hole perforating the surface (e.g., an eggshell) estar ligeramente partido o hendido, o tener un pequeño agujero (p. ej., el cascarón de un huevo) Pending Na:nkah xnikwi:kas pa:mpa pitsi:nki. Am I won't take this one here (in this case an egg) because it has a slight crack in it. Este (en este caso un huevo) no me lo voy a llevar porque estáligeramente partido. distort-fissure pitsi: 01499 ikxito:pi:ltik ikxito:pi:ltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik to have a stiff leg that can't be bent tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar Am kxi to:pi:l Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. ikximelaktik synonym Am ixipeya:stik synonym Oa 01500 kuwpepenke:tl kuwpepenke:tl kohpépenké:tl kohpépenké:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes person who gathers up firewood scattered on the ground persona que pepena leña que estáregada sobre la tierra Oa kow pena No documented case of possession; determine whether to include a possessed form, perhaps one could exist. Or, a note in the grammar stating that no effort has been made to obtain all possible terms. 01501 ma:xakwalowa kima:xakwalowa ma:xakwalowa kima:xakwalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to knead or squeeze in ones hands amasar o apretar en las manos Pending Yo:kipachoh, a:man yo:pe:w kima:xakwalowa para ma kwe:chiwi. Am He's already pressed down on it (in this case curd to make cheese so that the juices are squeezed out), now he has begun to squeeze it in his hands so that it becomes finer (in drying up). Ya le hizo presión (en este caso a cuajada para queso, para exprimir el jugo), ahora lo ha empezado a amasar (apretar) en las manos para que se haga más fino. O:kima:xakwaloh ichi:chiwal ina:n. Am He squeezed his mother's breasts. Apretólos senos de su mamá. Kima:xakwalotok sokitl. Am He is squeezing the clay in his hands. Estáamasando el barro en las manos. ma: xakwal Noun incorporation; thematic roles; transitivity: Cf. /maxakwaliwi/, which means 'to get an exhausted arm' and /ma:xakwalowa/, which means 'to knead or squeeze in ones hands'. Discuss how the relationship of Noun to Verb in incorporation is affected by the transitivity, and how this makes single entries for such alternations impossible. 01502 tlatla tlatla tlatla tlatla
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s* class-4a to burn; to become consumed in flames (a material object, a house, a hill covered with dry grass, etc.); to catch on fire (an object, but not the fire itself, see <klamoa>mili:ni</klamoa>) quemarse (un objeto material); incendiarse; consumirse por el fuego (una casa, un cerro cubierto de pasto seco, etc.); prenderse (un objeto material, pero no el fuego o fogata mismo, véase <klamoa>mili:ni</klamoa>) Pending Tlatla tepe:tl, tlachinawi. Am The hill is burning, the brush is on fire. El cerro se estáquemando, el pasto se estáquemando. Wel tlatla kahli. Am A house can burn (catch on fire). Una casa se puede incendiar. to get burned (a person or animal by fire) quemarse (una persona o animal por el fuego) Pending to get sunburned (a person) quemarse por el sol (una persona) Pending tlatia tla mili:ni, tekwi:ni, tlatla, etc. tlatia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01503 bie:joh bie:joh bie:joh bie:joh
22/Oct/2005
viejo N Voc; P2 N-loan N0/2; Aln(0=2) (vocative)"old man"(i.e., husband) (vocativo)"viejo"(esto es, esposo) Pending (poss.) husband (pos.) esposo Pending Yewa nobie:joh, ma:ka xtete:ne:wa! Am He's my old man, don't badmouth him! Es mi esposo,¡no hables mal deél! 01504 teberna:l teberná:l teberna:l
11/Feb/2006
pedernal N N-loan N1 type of hard stone, apparently volcanic, that is used to make metates and rolling pins for metates (<klam>metlatl</klam> and <klam>metlapihli</klam>) tipo de piedra dura, aparentemente volcánica, que se emplea para fabricar metates y manos de metate Am Although this seems an obvious borrowing from Spanish <spn>pedernal</spn>, the stone used for metates is, to my recollection, basaltic. stone Check meaning and use of this rock. 01505 kukwalo:tsi:n kukwalo:tsi:n kwakwalo:tsi:n kwakwalo:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 person who is sickly, always getting sick (see <kloa>kokoliste:roh</kloa>) persona enfermiza, que siempre se enferma (véase <kloa>kokoliste:roh</kloa>) Am maize or other grains, such as beans, that are bug-eaten picado (como maíz, frijoles u otros granos así) Oa kwa Given that this lexeme has only been documented in the 3rd-person, it is unclear whether reduction of the reduplicant would occur, or if the meaning of this term is lexicalized to such an extent as to inhibit such reduction. Also, no pitch accent was noted on this form. Check to determine if only the form with the reduplication is used, i.e. if /kwalo:tsi:n/ exists or not. Note also, in general, that label- characteristic names of persons often end in /-tsi:n/ without the absolutive. When the dictionary is finished, search for /-tsi:n/-final words and discuss if there is any common meaning. Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch accent in Oapan form. 01506 mumuwi mumuwi mómowí momowi mómowí
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>nímowí</koa> class-3a(w) yes-rdp to be frightened or scared sentir miedo o susto Pending Xtimumuwi? Ye tlaiwa! Am Aren't you frightened? It's already dark (late at night)! ¿No tienes miedo?¡Ya es noche! emotions mawi mowi; momowi The reduplicated form <kam>momowi</kam> is by far the most common use of this word, in fact several consultants from Oapan denied that the nonreduplicated form ? <koa>mowi</koa> was correct. However, the nonredupicated <klam>mowi</klam> has been documented in Ameyaltepec; see <klam>mowi</klam> for further discussion. Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. 01507 tlake:npatla kitlake:npatla tlake:npatla kitlake:npatla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to change the clothes of cambiar la ropa de Pending Xne:xchia, ma nimotlake:npatlati! Am Wait for me, let me go change my clothes! ¡Espérame, déjame ir a cambiar de ropa! (refl., fig.) to acquire new leaves (trees as they turn green during the spring) (refl., fig.) adquirir nuevas hojas (árboles cuando reverdecen durante la primavera) Pending Yo:pe:w notlake:npatla kuwteh. Am The trees are acquiring new leaves. Losárboles están adquiriendo hojas nuevas. to turn green with new folliage (e.g., a hill in the spring) revestirse con foliaje nuevo (p. ej., un cerro en la primavera) Pending ke:m patla My recollection is that <kamoa>tlake:ntla</kamoa> and an associated verb such as <kamoa>tlake:npatla</kamoa> are also used to indicate the green ground covering of the rainy season. The fact that /n/ is maintained in <kam>tlake:npatla</kam> despite the following bilabial nasal suggests that the final /n/ of <kam>tlake:ntli</kam> has been (re)interpreted as underlying. Historically the root seems to have been <kroot>ke:m</kroot>; to facilitate cross-dialect comparison the root has been given in this dictionary as <kroot>ke:m</kroot>. Check use of /tlake:npatla/ and other forms to indicate the green ground covering of Summer. Phonology: The fact that /n/ is maintained in <kam>tlake:npatla</kam> despite the following bilabial nasal indicates that the final /n/ of <kam>tlake:ntli</kam> has been (re)interpreted as underlying. 01508 xopo:nia kixopo:nia xopo:nia kixopo:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to plow (land for the first time in a season) arar (tierra por la primera vez en una temporada) Pending xopo: barbe:chowa confer Am 01509 tlakah tlakah tlakah tla'a tlakah
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal-evid word used to indicate surprise at sth counter to what one might have expected or what one had first indicated; it is often used at the end of phrases to indicate suprise at sth that one thought would be otherwise término que se utiliza para indicar sorpresa a algo que es contrario a lo esperado o lo que uno había ya indicado; a menudo utilizado a final de frase para indicar sorpresa a algo que se pensaba iba a ser de otra manera Pending Na:nkah! Tlakah i:n? Am Here it is! Is this indeed it? ¡Aquíestá!¿seráeste? O:yah, tlakah! Am Indeed (contrary to what I had thought), he did go! ¡Cierto (contrariamente a lo que pensaba), se fue! O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka: tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i. Am I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds) and in some six. But that's not right, that's not how things are to be planted, it should be four by four or three by three. Perdíla cuenta de lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) echécinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Pero me di cuenta que no se siembra así, debe ser cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres. Newa milá:k o:nitewa:k. Ne:xtewa:tsa kapi:res. Tlakah xkwahli, nitik o:sa:liw. Am I've really gotten skinny. The (fruit of the) <kbamoa>kapi:res</kbamoa>tree has made me lose weight. It's true (contrary to what I thought) that it's no good, it got stuck in my belly (i.e., didn't digest propery). De veras he adelgazado. (La fruta del) capires me ha hecho bajar de peso. Es verdad (contrariamente a lo que pesaba) que es dañino, se atoróen mi barriga (y no se diregió). tlakah tlaka; tlakachikas; chika; ka:chika The phrase <kam>O:nimoma:poloh, seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka tlakah! San nana:wi noso yeye:i</kam> gives a clear indication of the use of words like <kam>tlaka</kam> and its cognates <klam>chika</klam> and <klam>tlakachikas</klam>. As the phrase suggests, a certain action was occurring, in this case the planting of maize seeds in groups of five and six. Although the speaker seems to indicate that he simply"lost his way"with his hands (<kam>o:nimoma:poloh</kam>), the use of <kam>tlaka</kam> and the additional clause suggest that the speaker came to the realization that he had been planting the wrong number, and that he remembered that the correct way of planting was in groups of four. <kam>Tlakah</kam> at the end of the phrase <kam>xihkón noto:ka tlakah</kam> indicates surprise or sudden realization that he had been in error. In Oapan there is a shortened form of <koa>tlakah</koa> that is pronounced [tla:]. However, to distinguish it from <kloa>tla:</kloa>meaning 'if' it has been written as an abbreviation. The difference between <kamoa>tlakah</kamoa> (also in Oapan, <koa>tla'ah</koa>), <kloa>tlakachikas</kloa>(Am) / <kloa>tlákachikas</kloa>(Oa), and <klamoa>chikas</klamoa>is slightly difficult to determine. In Oapan <koa>tlákachíka</koa> and <koa>chikas</koa> are used when one remembers that a fact is different than what one has just expressed. In Ameyaltepec <kam>tlakachikas</kam> is used, but not ? <kam>chikas</kam>. Thus in both villages <kam>tlakachikas</kam> / <koa>tlákachkas</koa> is used when something is suddenly remembered. It is used when a previous utterence is corrected. However, <klamoa>tlakah</klamoa>is more often used when one corrects some knowledge acquired by seeing. For example, if a speaker thinks that Juan is coming along a path and suddenly realizes that it is Jorge, he might say <kam>Wa:hlaw Jorge, tlakah Juan!</kam>. Note that the abbreviated form <koa>tla'a</koa> in Oapan seems to be vowel- (not /h/-) final. However, it is hard to determine this since this modal form has not been documented in phrase-final position. The modal element <kn>tlakah</kn> is also found in Classical Nahuatl. Carochi (fol. 114; Lockhart, p. 416) states:" <kn>Tlákâ</kn>, breve la primera <kn>a</kn>, y la segunda con saltillo, es adverbio de que usa, el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òotra cosa diferente, v. g. preguntaleàuno su confessor si tiene algun pecado, y el dize: <kn>àtle màitlàic onicnoyolìtlacalhuìin Tote:cuiyo; tlàkâniquilnamiqui ce: sihua:tl onic huetzquilìoniquelehuî</kn>, en nada he ofendidoàNuestro Señor: assi! acuerdome, que hize señasàuna muger, y la dessee. Para que se entienda el exemplo siguiente, supongo que en Mexicano son semejantes, y faciles de equivocar, las palabras con que se dize: ocupacion de borrachera, y ocupacion de govierno; predicando pues uno, dixo: <kn>in amèhua:ntin in ampi:piltin in ne:nmanya:nàmo anquihua:lcaquìin i:missàtzin Tote:cuiyo, canel yèini:c i:tech anmotlamiàin amotla:hua:ncatequiuh; tlácào:ninote:mpatili in amotlàtòca: te quiuh</kn>, vosotros los principales no venisàMissa entre semana, y es que os escusais con vuestra occupacion de borrachera; assi! que me equivoquè, quise dezir con vuestra ocupacion de govierno."Lockhart in his footnote (416, n. 4) states:"This particle (i.e., <kn>tlacâ</kn> -ja) is entirely opaque to me as to any separate constituents it may contain. <kn>Tlacâ</kn>is an interjection, a separate parenthetical utterance, not really an adverb."Whether this should be considered an interjection or a modal is not entirely clear to me at this point. Certainly, <kam>tlakah</kam> expresses surprise and is used in this sense as an interjection. However, it also is a comment on a propositional statement that was once thought to be true but that evidence has shown to be wrong. Thus in saying <kam>Tlakah yewa!</kam> the translation is not simply 'Oh my goodness, it's him!' but rather 'It's him (even though I thought otherwise at first, now I see/know that my initial observation/state of knowledge w as in error)! In this sense Ca r o chi's observation"el que se acuerda de repente de algo y lo dize, aviendo dicho antes lo contrario,òcosa diferente"is right on target. However, it is still not clear whether <kamoa>tlakah</kamoa> is used if someone simply remembers something omitted or misspoken, or whether it is limited to situations in which a previous state of knowledge stands corrected by new evidence. Determine if all forms listed in the /dis field can be used in single phrase, e.g., /tlaka yewa/, /chika yewa/, /ka:chika yewa/ and /tlakachikas yewa/. Check whether /tlakachika/ is correct or if only /tlakachikas/ is used. Finally, decide whether this should be a coordinator or modal. Perhaps examine and compare /o:yah tlaka/, /o:yah teh/, /o:yah kine/, etc. chika equivalent Am tlakachikas equivalent Am 01510 osto:tl osto:tl osto:tl osto:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 cliff; precipice; steep drop off of a hill or mountain precipicio Pending cave cueva Oa osto: In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <kam>osto:tl</kam> refers to a cliff or steep drop, not to a cave, although it is recognized that in these cliffs there are caves, and it is in these caves that the Devil may live. I have checked the first vowel several times and it appears that it is short in the basic noun and in all derivations; thus one entry card states that"the vowel pattern is definitely correct having been checked with a large number of informants."Nevertheless, this should be rechecked. Note that in Ameyaltepec it appears that /osto:tl/ is used to refer to a cliff or steep drop-off, not to a cave although perhaps, and this should be checked, it may also refer to a cave. Check for possessed forms / 01511 tetso:ltik tetso:ltik tetso:ltik tetso:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> to be dried estar resecado Pending O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik. Am I put in some plums of the kind that are dried. Le puse ciruelos de los que son resecados. tso:liwi te- tso:l Check to determine whether /tso:ltik/ occurs with this sense. My understanding is that whereas /tso:ltik/ means 'short' /tetso:ltik/ means 'dried up.' Perhaps the same difference is found between /tso:liwi/ or /tso:lowa/ on the one hand, and /tetso:liwi/ and /tetso:lowa/ on the other. Relativizer: Note that in Ameyaltepec the partial borrowing /de un/ is used as a relativizer in the phrase /O:nikontla:lih xokotl de un tetso:ltik/ 'I put in some plums of the kind that are dried.' 01512 a:wilto:ka:yo:tia ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia a:wilto:ka:yo:tia ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-yo:tia class-2a to nickname; to call by nickname dar un apodo a; llamar por su apodo a Pending Ne:cha:wilto:ka:yo:tian 'masa:tl.' Am They nickname me 'deer.' Me apodan 'venado'. Ke:no:n ka:wilto:ka:yo:tian? Am What is his nickname? ¿Cuál es su apodo? a:wil to:ka: 01513 kwa:teporo:n kwa:teporo:n kwa:poro:n kwa:poro:n
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) P1; P2; TM N-N N-ap Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> N1; pl. <kam>kwa:teporo:meh</kam> , <koa>kwa:poro:meh</koa> \ Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus <l>Myiarchus</l>, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <klam>si:bara:tl</klam> tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género <l>Myiarchus</l>, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <klam>si:bara:tl</klam> Pending the clump of feathers that stands on the head of some birds la bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza de algunos pájaros Pending Kipia ikwa:teporo:n. Am It has a crown of feathers on its head (e.g., hens and quails, <kbamoa>so:lin</kbamoa>). Tiene su coronita de plumas (p. ej., gallinas y codornices, <kbamoa>so:lin</kbamoa>). to have a clump of feathers on the head (e.g., some birds, or a person with hair cut in this way) tener una bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza (p. ej., algunos pájaros, o una persona con su pelo cortado para que quede un poquito de pelo parado en medio de la cabeza) Pending Ma:ski un piókwa:teporo:n, tihkwa:skeh. Am Even though that chicken has a crown of feathers, we will eat it. Aunque esa gallina tiene una coronita de plumas, nos la vamos a comer. having (a pa clump of hair that stands up in the middle of his or her head una persona (hombre o mujer) que tiene un poquito de pelo que se para en medio de su cabeza Pending animal bird kwa: tepol hypo-pj si:bara:tl The etymology of this <kam>kwa:teporo:n</kam> is uncertain. It may be a partial borrowing from Spanish; or it may include the word-stem <kam>tepol</kam> , meaning something like 'stumpy' or 'stumpy.' The latter seems perhaps more likely, given that no potential Spanish loan can be established, given the semantics of <kam>kwa:teporo:n</kam> , and given the frequent variation across languages of /l/ and /r/. The physical characteristics of this bird's head, with its clump of feathers, might have something to do with the term <kam>kwa:teporo:n</kam>. Cristino Flores mentioned that this bird has a part in the middle of its back that is <klamoa>tewistik</klamoa>(having a small bump) in the middle of its head, a clump of feathers that stand up. The color of this bird is <kam>tekwitlanextsi:n</kam>. Although some speakers mentioned that the <kam>kwa:teporo:n</kam> is a type of bird generically called <kam>si:bara:tl</kam> , Cristino Flores mentioned that the <kbam>si:bara:tl</kbam>is another type, one that makes loud sounds ( <klam>kwa:texi:kal</klam>). <kam>Kwa:teporon</kam> is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). In Oapan the form <koa>kwa:poro:h</koa> is used to refer to the bird. A young child (usually less than a year old) may also be so called if he has hair that stands up and cannot be combed or flattened down. Recheck vowel length, although in one entry I have the vowels as marked and the penultimate syllable marked as stressed, to confirm that the accent is not on the final syllable. Nouns: <kam>Kwa:teporon</kam> is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). 01514 xopilowa kixopilowa xopilowa kixopilowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-owa Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>texopilowa</kamoa> class-2b to spoon up; to scoop up (with a spoon, bowl, or similar object) cucharear; sacar (con una cuchara, jícara u objeto similar) Pending Nikxopilo:s yetl. Am I'm going to spoon up some beans. Voy a cucharear algunos frijoles. Xikxopilo a:tl ika wekahli! Am Scoop up some water with a gourd bowl! ¡Saca algo de agua con una jícara! (<kam>texopilowa</kam>) to butt with the head (certain animals such as bulls [S]) (<kam>texopilowa</kam>) golpear duro con la frente (de la cabeza, algunos animales como toros [S]) Pending xopil According to Florencia Marcelino the use of <kn>te-</kn> indicates a greater amount of material taken on the spoon (<koa>ma:s we:i kontila:na</koa>) than simple <kamoa>xopilowa</kamoa>. Cf. to /xo:pi:lowa/. Compare vowel lengths for this minimal pair. 01515 te:ntlapowa kite:ntlapowa te:ntlapowa kite:ntlapowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to open (by taking the top off, e.g., of a container, a bottle, etc.); to uncork abrir; destapar; descorchar (al quitarle la tapadera o tapón, p. ej., a un recipiente, botella, etc.) Pending Xte:ntlapo morefre:skoh! Am Open up your soda! ¡Destapa tu refresco! te:n tlapo: 01516 mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 1(n) see <klamoa>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</klamoa> véase <klamoa>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</klamoa> Am, Oa mexkal ka:l te:n 01517 mekapahli mekapahli makapahli mekapahli makapahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 headband; tumpline mecapal Pending tool me:ka pal It seems that <kam>mekapahli</kam> refers just to the headband, usually of palm, that is attached to a rope and placed flat on ones forehead as the ropes are tied to an object that is carried on the back, with the major portion of the weight being borne by the forehead. Check whether meaning is the entire object, or just the headband. In /mekapahli/ appparently /pal/ is a separate root from /meka/ although its precise meaning is not clear. It never occurs in isolation but seems to indicate flatness (as in /makpal/). 01518 tsi:kanekwtli *tsi:kanekwtli N N-N N-b Stem 1(w)
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>tsi:kanekwteh</klam> véase <klam>tsi:kanekwteh</klam> Am tsi:ka nekw tsómanéhtih synonym Oa 01519 tsonakawestok tsonakawestok tsonakawestok tsonakawestok
11/Feb/2006
Stat PM-Stat Stat Durative to be lying down on ones side (an animate being); to be tilted over and lying down (a material object) estar acostado sobre el lado del cuerpo (un ser animado); estar chueco y acostado (un objeto material) Pending Ye tsonakawestok moanjolí:n burroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les. Am Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well. Tu hacina de ajonjolíya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra. tsonaka wetsi Luis Lucena stated that both <kam>titsonakawestok</kam> and <kam>tsonaka tiwestok</kam> were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as either two words or one word is acceptable. However, documentation of this form in discourse has always been with the <kamoa>tsoaka</kamoa> element fused. In Oapan the subject prefix seems to always precede <kamoa>tsonaka</kamoa> and thus the sequence should be written as one word. Check plural: 'we lie down on our sides'; is /tsonaka/ plural marked. This must be elicited with an overt, plural subject marker, e.g., /nan-/. Check. Predication: In regard to the sequence /tsonaka westok/, a question arises as to whether it is one or two words. Luis Lucena stated that both <kam>titsonakawestok</kam> and <kam>tsonaka tiwestok</kam> were correct, suggesting that the interpretation of this sequence as two words is acceptable. However, note that since in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the pronominal prefixes function as clitics (cf. tiwe:i chichi) at the left of the clause of N plus Modifier, it is possible that even with /titsonaka westok/ it would be correct to interpret this as two words, with the subject clitic aligned to the left. One possible way to solve this would be to elicit the plural form and see if /tsonaka/ has any such plural marking. It might not. 01520 kukuwiltia kikukuwiltia kókowíltia kokowiltia kí:kowíltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:kowíltia</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to make or order (sb) to chop wood hacer (a algn) leñar; mandar leñar a Pending O:kikukuwiltih ipió:n. Am He made his hired hand chop wood. Hizo leñar a su peón. to use (an animal) for carrying firewood emplear (una bestia) para cargar leña Oa kow Causative: note the use of the causative here with an agentive/unergative verb meaning 'to make Ag carry out Pred.' Carefully check vowel length of /i/ in /-iltia/ as I seemed to hear length when C. Flores pronounced it during the word recording session. 01521 tesiwtli tesiwtli tésihtlí tésihtlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) yes-lex hailstone piedra de granizo Pending On kichkone:tl melá:k yo:kipepe:n tesiwtli. Am That little boy picked up a lot of hailstones. Ese niñito recogiómuchas piedras de granizo. te hsi The Oapan from <koa>tésihtlí</koa> suggests underlying {h}. The /h/ is found in the Zacapoaxtla dialect; Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Norte de Puebla lack this phoneme as a coda to the first syllable. tesiwi 01522 yzzz kechkomiteyo i:kechkomiteyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo N2 collar bone clavícula Oa body kech omi te <koa>Kechkomiteyo</koa> apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck. kechomio equivalent Am 01523 nexa:yo:tl nexa:yo:tl nexa:yo:tl nexa:yo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 yellow water formed by <kam>nextamal</kam> after it has been soaking in boiled water agua amarrilla del nextamal que se ha dejado remojar en agua hervida Pending nex a: tisi Check to determine possessed form. Include a description of maize and tortilla preparation, mention all the associated tools (e.g., /kuhburroh/, /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/, /metlatl/ and its types, etc. Note how the abstract suffix /-yo:tl/ is here used to indicate the abstract form of a part/whole relationship. Apparently the /-yo:tl/ here marks a possessive relationship (part/whole) of /a:tl/ to /nex-/. One wonders why the form /nexa:tl/ is not found. Cf. to other forms that end in simply /a:tl/. Here the /-yo:tl/ seems to be not so much"abstraction"as part/whole. Compare to other words that end in this. RS has /nexa:tl/ as 'lejía' (apparently, 'bleach'). nexkwitlatl confer Oa 01524 a:skatlan a:skatlan a:skatlah a:skatlan a:skatlah
24/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-tlan N1(loc) place with a lot of ants hormiguero o lugar con muchas hormigas Pending a:ska -tlan Adjectivals; nouns: Note the key difference between the denominal adjectivals ending in /-yoh/ and the derived nouns ending in /-tlan/. The former refers to things (such as material objects) that are covered or full of what the noun stem expresses. The latter refers to an area that is covered with the objects indicated by the noun stem. 01525 tsi:nxoloxtik tsi:nxoloxtik tsi:nxoloxtik tsi:nxoloxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have the lower part bunched up (e.g., a sack that has been tied to prevent things from falling out through a hole) tener la parte inferior todo funcido (p. ej., un costal que ha sido amarrado para que no salga lo de adentro por un agujero) Pending to have pleats around the bottom (e.g., a pleated dress, or certain mens cotton pants) tener tablitas por la parte trasera (p. ej., una falda, o calzones de hombre) Pending tsi:n xoloch In Ameyaltepec several people mentioned that <kam>tsi:nxoloxtik</kam> refers to a wrinkled anus. But this was problably just a"vacilada"of young boys. The anus is considered almost a prototypical reference of the adjectival <klam>xoloxtik</klam> for, as one consultant mentioned in regard to this word, <kam>san se: ko:sah xoloxtik</kam> 'there is only one thing that is so wrinkled,' in reference to the anus. 01526 tlami:na notlami:na tlami:ni notlami:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V2 V2 +Refl/-trans class-3a to spurt or rapidly flow out (a liquid) salir a chorros; manar fuertemente Pending Notlatlami:ntok iyesio. Am His blood is spurting out. Sale a chorros su sangre. (refl.) to jump rapidly along (e.g., a rabbit when running away from a dog) (refl.) ir brincando rápido (p. ej., un conejo corriendo de un perro) Pending mi:na The derivation of <kam>tlami:na</kam> and <koa>tlami:ni</koa>, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive verb <kam>mi:na</kam> or <koa>mi:ni</koa> and the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a container: blood from a wound, water from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants will usually make a short semicircular motion with their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given was <spn>saltar</spn>. However, the use of <kn>tla-</kn> in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as <klamoa>tlawi:teki</klamoa>and <klamoa>tlatlata</klamoa>. In both these latter instances <kn>tla-</kn> seems to indicate an action or event that affec ts the entire body (which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With <kam>tlami:na</kam> and <koa>tlami:ni</koa> there seems to be no such sense. /tla-/ incorporation: The derivation of <kam>tlami:na</kam> and <koa>tlami:ni</koa>, which has only been documented in the reflexive, clearly involves the transitive verb <kam>mi:na</kam> or <koa>mi:ni</koa> and the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. The verb seems to refer to liquids that spurt out under pressure from a container: blood from a wound, water from a container with a hole, water that emerges forcefully from a spring. When asked to give the meaning of this word, consultants will usually make a short semicircular motion with their index finger, apparently trying to represent the motion of a liquid that squirts out and then curls under itself as it falls down. The Spanish translation that was sometimes given was <spn>saltar</spn>. However, the use of <kn>tla-</kn> in this verb seems to be distinct from its use in other transitive verbs where it has a"modifying"function, such as <klamoa>tlawi:teki</klamoa>and <klamoa>tlatlata</klamoa>. In both these latter instances <kn>tla-</kn> seems t o indicate an acti on or event that affects the entire body (which is slammed to the ground or which is looked over). With <kam>tlami:na</kam> and <koa>tlami:ni</koa> there seems to be no such sense. 01527 tsi:ntlan tsi:ntlah itsi:ntlan tsi:ntlan i:tsi:ntlah
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-com N2(rel) at the bottom of; below en la parte de abajo de Am, Oa I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok. Am There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze. Hay un animal abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para comer el pasto. tsi:n -tlan tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa, etc. along with kwa:tlan; kwa:tipan; etc. The differences between <kam>tsi:ntlan</kam> , <klam>ikxitlan</klam> , and <klam>tlampa</klam> are important to note. Although more research needs to be carried out, apparently <kamoa>tlampa</kamoa> signifies 'underneath,' implying that the subject is under some other object that extends horizontally over it. Perhaps it is this"horizontal"perspective that is most notable about <kam>tlampa</kam>. On the other hand, <kam>ikxitlan</kam> is apparently used in reference to objects that may be literally or metaphorically understood to have"feet"or"legs."The translation that seems most accurate at this time would be simply 'at the feet of.' It seems that the distance involved from the point of reference would be minimal. A slightly different situation seems to occur with <kam>tsi:ntlan</kam>. The relationship here seems to be one of 'below,' 'at the base of,' 'in the lower region or section of,' etc., and the distances involved may be relatively great. Note, finally, that whereas <kam>tsi:ntlan</kam> may o ccasionally occur with a final /h/, it is more commonlly used with final /n/. On the other hand, <klamoa>tlatsi:ntlah</klamoa>, which has <kn>tla-</kn> as a nonspecific possessor, occurs exclusively (or nearly exclusively) with final /h/. Thus perhaps one could make a contrast between <kam>i:tlampa mokal</kam> , <kam>i:kxitlan mokal</kam> , and <kam>i:tsi:ntlah mokal</kam> meaning, respectively, 'underneath your house (e.g., underneath the bottom floor),' 'at the foot of your house (e.g., in the exterior at the edge where wall meets ground),' and 'in the bottom of your house (i.e., on the first floor).' All these have to be determined. 01528 te:skatl te:skatl te:skatl te:skatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 glass vidrio Pending mirror espejo Pending te:ska The possessed construction is regular: <kamoa>note:skaw</kamoa>. 01529 mati kimati mati kimati
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to know (a fact, such as the whereabouts of sb, the answer or solution to a problem, etc.); saber (un dato, como la ubicación de algo o algn, la resolución a un problema, etc.) Pending Nikneki hmatis. Am I want to know (it) (Lo) quiero saber. Xnikmati ka:no:n o:yah. Am I don't know where he went. No se a dónde se fue. O:nikmaste:w tli:no:n nochi:was. Am I found out what was going to be done just before leaving. Justamente antes de salir, me enteréde lo que se iba a hacer. (with <kamoa>-tok</kamoa> or <koa>-tikah</koa> in Oapan) to be aware of (i.e., in a state of awareness of a certain fact or situation) (con <kamoa>tok</kamoa> o <koa>-tikah</koa> en Oapan) estar conciente de (esto es, estar en un estado de conocimiento acerca de una situación o hecho particular) Pending Ma tikmastoka:n! Am Let's us be made aware of it! ¡Quéestemos enterados de ello! Nikmastoya. Am I knew it. Lo sabía. Nikmastok. Ma:ski ma:ka xne:chihli! Am I am aware of it. You don't even have to tell me! Estoy conciente de ello.¡Ni me lo tienes que decir! Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan. Am I am going to tell (in this case your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), you should be sure of that, because we are related. Me voy a quejar (en este caso a tus padres) de tí(dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), estéseguro de ello, porque somos parientes. to try out; to taste; to attempt probar; intentar Pending Ma tikmatika:n! Am Let's try it out (e.g., 'Let's taste it,' a food)! ¡Vamos a probarlo (p. ej., una comida, etc.)! Xmati deke ti:roh yetí:k! Am Try it out to see if it is is very heavy (e.g., a load before attempting to carry it)! ¡Pruébalo (p. ej., una carga antes de intentar llevarla a cuestas) para saber si estámuy pesado! Xmati deke yumpa! Am Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right! ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si estájustamente bien! to feel (through the senses, particularly of touch) sentir (por los sentidos, particularmente lo táctil) Pending ¿O:tmat? Ne:si o:tla:loli:n! Am Did you feel it? It seems that there was an earthquake! ¿Lo sentiste?¡Parece que hubo un temblor! Nikmati yetí:k. Am It is heavy for me. Lo siento pesado. O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. Am He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo). Sintióque el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejócaer (en este caso durante un jaripeo). (<kamoa>xtlah</kamoa> ~) to not be in charge; to have no responsibility; to no nothing about (e.g., a decision) (<kam>xtlah</kam> ~) no tener la autoridad; no estar encargado; no tener la responsabilidad; no saber nada (p. ej., de una responsabilidad o decisión) Pending Yewa xtlah kimati. Am He's not the one in charge (responsible). El no estáel responsable (encargado). Newa xtlah nikmati. Xiktlatlani nepa ina:k notah. Am I'm don't know anything about it (in this case I'm not the one to ask about a particular item requested in loan). Go ask for it there with my father! No sénada (en este caso no soy el indicado o responsable para determinar sobre lo que pides prestado).¡Pídeselo allá, con mi papá! (<kamoa>xkimati</kamoa> + [verb]) to never [verb]; to not know what it means to [verb] (<kamoa>xkimati</kamoa> + [verbo]) nunca [verbo]; no saber lo que significa [verbo] Pending De milá:k tekipanowa:ntsi:n. Xkimati nose:wia. Am 01529_01_am Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:13 He is a real hard worker. He doesn't know how to take a break. Es trabajador. No sabe descansar. Pitso, xkimati noxwitia. Am Pigs, they don't know what it means to overeat (i.e., to get full, to get an upset stomach from overeating, etc.). Un marrano, no sabe que es atestarse (esto es, nunca se llena, nunca queda satisfecho de comida) (refl.) to get accustomed to; to get used to (e.g., muscles that get in shape to a particular activity; a person or animal to a given location or home, etc.) (refl.) acostumbrarse; hallarse (p. ej., músculos que se adaptan a una actividad en particular, una persona o animal a un lugar o hogar) Pending Yo:nomatkeh nokxiwa:n. Xok nisiawi. Am My legs have gotten accustomed (in shape, for a task, to walking, etc.). I no longer get tired. Ya se hallaron mis piernas (a un trabajo o tarea). Ya no me canso. Yo:nomat nosuwa:w, xok ya:sneki icha:n. Am My wife has gotten used to this place, she no longer wants to go home. Mi esposa ya se hallóaquí, ya no quiere regresar a su casa. A:man yo:nomatkeh nopitsotsitsi:wa:n. Xohkanah yaweh. Am My pigs have now gotten used to this place (i.e., come to feel at home). They no longer go (run away) anywhere. Ahora mis marranitos se hallaron (aquí). Ya no van a ningún lado. Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla - <r>sic</r>-. Am My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him. Mi nieto ya se hallóconmigo porque lo quiero mucho. (refl.) to settle in a particular position (e.g., sth placed in a particular position that then remains there) (refl.) quedarse en una posición en particular (p. ej., algo colocado en cierta posición que se queda así) Pending O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw, a:man xteteketsa, tla:mo saihkón nomatis. Am Your hat has drooped down, it got rained upon, now straighten the rim up, it you don't it will stay that way. Se cayeron las alas de tu sombrero, le cayóla lluvia encima, ahora enderézalo, si no, se quedaráasí. (recipr. prog.) to get along (recipr. prog.) llevarse bien Pending Nomastokeh. Am They are getting along well with each other (i.e., getting to like each other, spending a lot of time together). Se están llevando bien (esto es, cayéndose bien, pasando mucho tiempo juntos). (with short vowel reduplication) to know the location of (e.g., firewood, deer to hunt, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) saber la ubicación de; saber donde se localiza (p. ej., algo como leña, venado para cazar, etc.) Pending Yewa kimamati tlikohtli. Am He's the one who knows where there is firewood. El esél que sabe donde hay leña. (with short vowel reduplication) to feel around quickly (e.g., the body of, as with a doctor in looking for an injury; see <kloa>tlá:machília</kloa>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) palpar o tantear rapídamente (p. ej.,el cuerpo de, como un doctor en buscar donde se lastimó; véase <kloa>tlá:machília</kloa>) Oa Mí:tsmatíka:n ma:s mitsokowa. Oa He (a doctor) feels around to find where it hurts you most. El (un doctor) te palpa el cuerpo para ver donde te duele más. (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around slowly (con reduplicación de vocal larga) palpar o tantear despacio Oa mati The difference between forms such as <kam>kimati</kam> and <kam>kimastok</kam> is somewhat difficult to specify. The former refers to a particular and precise bit of information, e.g., knowing how to do something, the answer to a puzzle, etc. However, <kam>kimastok</kam> suggests more of a background type of knowledge, e.g., <kam>kimastok pero xkite:ihlia</kam> 'He knows but is not telling anyone.' However, more work needs to be done on differentiating these two forms. The form <koa>mámatí</koa> in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as <koa>má:matí</koa> with virtually the same sense: <koa>xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi Roberto?</koa> 'Do you know if Roberto is around here?' Note, also that the verb <kamoa>mati</kamoa> can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel around' (tantear)'; the difference lies in the speed with which the action is performed. With aspectual markers joined by the <kn>-ti-</kn> ligature one finds forms such as <kam>kimastok</kam> , probably indicative of underlying {matsi}. The applicative and causative stem <kam>mach</kam> might well be a palatalized version of <kam>matsi</kam>. Discuss difference between /nikmati/ and /nikmastok/. Also determine the meaning of /mamati/, which I think refers only to knowing the location of. Finally, /tlamastiw/: check the definition and determine all the contexts in which /tlamastiw/ may be used. Can one say /tlamati/, /tlamastok/, etc.? Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla (<spn>sic</spn>)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (<r>sic</r>)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. Reduplication: Note, also that the verb <kamoa>mati</kamoa> can be used with both short and long reduplication to indicate 'to feel around' (tantear)'; the difference lies in the speed with which the action is performed. Triplication Oapan: The form <koa>mámatí</koa> in Oapan 'to know the location of' can be reduplicated as <koa>má:matí</koa> with virtually the same sense: <koa>xtihmá:matítla: nika:n nemi Roberto?</koa> 'Do you know if Roberto is around here? There are additional tokens of this word under 03651, an entry that has been deleted. nomastok confer Oa i:xmati confer Am tlamastiw confer Am machilia val_add_applic Am maxtia val_add_caus Am tlamati val_reduce0 Am, Oa tlamastok val_reduce0 Am, Oa tlamastiw val_reduce0 Am, Oa 01530 xokwi:chiwtok xokwi:chiwtok xokwi:chihtok xokwi:chihtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be bunched up (e.g., a wrap-around skirt poorly put in place) estar fruncido (p. ej., una falta mal colocada por la cintura) Pending Xokwi:chiwtok ikwe. Am Her skirt is bunched up (e.g, as one wraps it around one end near the slit gets caught in the waistband and the skirt gets caught and bunched up) Su falda estáfruncida (p. ej., al envolverla por la cintura una parte se atora por el elástico y la falta se frunce) xokwi:ch Query whether both /xokwichiwtok/ and /xokwixtik/ exist and, if so, what the difference is. I would have expected /xokwi:xtik ikwe/, not the example phrase given above. 01531 zzz This entry used to be /se:/ but the adjectival and nominal use of this word have been combined in one entry with Num as part of speech. The utterance taped at Yale was /se: nihneki/. This should be linked to the illustrative phrase in 423.
11/Feb/2006
 01532 tlanepantlah tlanepantlah tlanepantlah tlanepantlah
11/Feb/2006
see <klamoa>-nepantlah</klamoa> véase <klamoa>nepantlah</klamoa> Pending 01533 temowa temowa temowa temowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4c(pano) to descend (an animate, e.g., down a slope or hill, off a platform, etc.); to get off or out of (e.g., a car, truck, bus, etc.) bajar (un ser animado, por una cuesta, de una plataforma, etc.; o una persona de un coche, camión, etc.) Pending Nika:n temo:lo. Am People get off here (e.g., at a bus stop). Aquíbajan (p. ej., en una parada de camión). Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa. Am I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing. Ya bajo (de un lugar donde estaba haciendo algo), terminélo que estaba haciendo. to slope downward (a hill, incline, etc.; see <klam>temowa:ya:n</klam> inclinar hacia abajo (una cuesta; véase <klam>temowa:ya:n</klam>) Pending (<kam>wa:ltemowa</kam>) to come down to visit; to come down (with no particular purpose) (<kam>wa:ltemowa</kam>) bajar a visitar; bajar (sin ningún propósito en particular) Pending A:man wa:ltemo:s, i:n to:nahli. Am Today he will come for a visit (in this case the president of Mexico was coming to"down"to Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero). Hoy va a bajar a visitar (en este caso el presidente de México"bajaba"a Chilpancingo, la capital de Guerrero). A:man wa:ltemo:s tlayo:hli Xali:tlah. Am Today maize will be brought down to Xalitla (in this case from Iguala, to the north). Hoy va a bajar maíz a Xalitla (en este caso de Iguala, al norte). to become lower in price bajarse de precio Pending motion temo: The use of the intraverse directional <kn>wa:l-</kn> in the final two example sentences is predicated on a knowledge of the physical and social geography of Guerrero and Mexico. In both cases the source (Mexico City as that for the president's visit and Iguala as the origin of the maize) is north of the destination, and the north (up) to south (down) metaphor is present in Nahuatl. Also, in both cases the source point is socially, politically, and economically"up"from the destination, in these cases higher up in a political sense (Mexico City : Chilpancingo) and an economic or market sense (Iguala : Xalitla). Check if /tlatemowa/ is a word, as in /nika:n tlatemowa/. Directionals; null complement /Ye nitemowa, yo:nitlamiko tli:n 'chi:wa/ 'I'm coming down (from a place in which I was doing sth), I've finished what I was doing.' Note first the use of the directional in /yo:nitlamiko/, which means in a sense 'I've come to finish' or 'I've finished up.' The deictic point of reference is the point at which the task was finished and the previous action, that of coming down, occurred. This should that the temporal points of reference for a directional might well be contained within the clause/phrase itself. The second point to note is the elision of /nik-/ in /tli:n chi:was/. I'm still unsure how to write this. It seems that such elision occurs most frequently in the future and the imperative/optatives, and that it seems to depend on the phonology of preceding sounds, in this case /tli:n/ seems in particular to temo:ltia val_add_caus Am temowia val_add_caus Am 01534 zzz This was an entry for /nowitike:tl/, which has been deleted as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
oh 01535 koyo:nia kikoyo:nia koyo:nia kikoyo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a to drill or bore a hole in (sth hard such as wood) taladrar; agujerear (algo duro como la madera) Pending Xi:kotli, kikoyo:nia kohtli. Am A <kam>xi:kotli</kam> bores holes in wood (i.e., to build a nest or place to live). Un <kam>x:kotli</kam> taladra madera (para construir su nido). to dig a narrow hole (in the ground, e.g., in placing a stake, transplanting a tree, etc.) excavar un hoyito (en el suelo, p. ej., para meter una estaca, empotrar unárbol, etc.) Pending Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw! Am Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower! ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos sembrar nuestra flor! (with short vowel reduplication) to pinch the surface of (sth soft like a tortilla or dough, making small depressions, but not perforating, to create areas where sauces or oil will stay). (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picar la superficie de (algo suave como una tortilla o masa, haciéndole pequeñas depresiones, pero no perforando, para que se pueda juntar la manteca o salsa) Pending Xkokoyo:ni mome:melatsi:n para sa:liwis mante:kah! Am Pinch the top of your <klamoa>me:mela</klamoa>so that the lard sticks to it! ¡Pícale a tu <klamoa>me:mela</klamoa>para que se agarre bien la manteca! koyo: In vulgar speech this word is at times used to refer to sexual penetration. There is another female token of this word at 5999. It should be used as a link given its better sound quality. koyo:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01536 kwa:yamana kikwa:yamana kwá:yamána kwa:yamana kikwá:yamána
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a yes-lex to bother molestar; desagradar Pending (refl.) to be upset; to become bothered (refl.) molestarse; desagradarse Pending Nimokwa:yamana, xnikwelita tli:n kichi:wtokeh nocha:n. Am I'm upset, I don't like what's going on in my house. Estoy molesto, no me gusta lo que estápasando en mi casa. kwa: ahmana Check all /amana/ forms in Oa for p-a Oapan pitch accentl; syllable weight; mora: Note that to date I have 3 entries that comprise the verb {ahmana} and an incorportated noun: /tsontekonyámana/, /kwá:yamána/ and /yó:lamána/. Note that only in the first case does the pitch accent remain on the verb; in the other two cases the pitch accent shifts left to the incorporated noun. The reason for this might be incidental or idiosyncratic variation, or chance that one form was uttered when either form (pitch on IN or on first syllable of verb) would have been correct. But I did check for variations in recording the headwords and would have probably noted alternations if they had been discussed. This is not the case. If indeed the form variation noted above holds (even though minor alternate forms might be occasionally uttered) this would suggest that syllable weight along with mora count affect the distribution of pitch within a word or prosodic phrase. Note that all three words have 2 morae to the left of the verbal root, that is , in each case the incorporated noun is bimoraic. However, the two that manifest stress shift both have heavy syllables. This suggests that syllable weight may play a part in stress reassignment/shift. tsontekonyamana synonym Am tsontekonyámaná synonym Oa 01537 dela:ntar dela:ntár dela:ntár dela:ntar dela:ntarr dela:ntar
11/Feb/2006
delantal N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) apron delantal Pending tlake:ntli There are two basic types of aprons, both of which are worn all the time as part of the everyday accoutrements of village women from adolescents on. Younger women (and more and more even married women) wear a dress (<klamoa>besti:doh</klamoa>) and a full-length <kam>dela:ntal</kam> that covers from the chest to the knees. Older women who wear two blouses (the <klam>sowa:koto:ntli</klam> underneath and the <klam>sa:koh</klam> on top) utilize an apron that goes only from the waist to just below the knees. In Oapan there are the following parts of an apron: <koa>i:ma:wa:n</koa>, <koa>i:ye:lpan</koa>, <koa>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</koa>, <koa>i:tra:nteyo</koa> or <koa>i:pwe:nteyo</koa>, <koa>i:kwe:yo</koa>, <koa>i:jola:nyo</koa>, and <koa>i:bo:lsayo</koa>. Check to determine whether there is a different word for each of these two types of aprons. Check Oa /tra:nteyo/, /pwe:nteyo/, etc. If there is p-a after reviewing the headings, change this here. 01538 montoneri:tos* montoneri:tos
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>montonero</spn> N N-loan N1 type of small checkered colored bird (<kam>tekoxtsi:n</kam>) still not identified, that appearently is so called because it flies in groups tipo de pájaro pequeño con colores como de cuadrado (<kam>tekoxtsi:n</kam>), todavía no identificado, aparentemente asíllamado porque vuela en grupos grandes Am animal bird 01539 yzzz tsi:ntlásolwá:ki tsi:ntlasolwa:ki tsi:ntlásolwá:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-N-V1 V1-alt-ki/tsa class-3a(k) yes-lex to have the roots dry up (certain plants such as maize) secarsele las raices (ciertas plantas como el maíz) Pending tsi:n hsol wa: The precise contribution of each incorporated element to the meaning of the compound is not clear. Obviously <kamoa>tsi:n</kamoa> refers to the base of the plant; and <kam>tlasol</kam> (which in Oapan has pitch accent) refers to dry brush. Perhaps one"literal"interpretation would be"to have the base dry up like dry brush,"in which <kam>tlasol</kam> would be a modifying element indicating the manner in which the drying took place (e.g.., the final state arrived at) and <kamoa>tsi:n</kamoa> would indicate the place at which the drying up occurred. Although I originally had <kam>tsi:ntlasolwa:ki</kam> for the Ameyaltepec term, Cristino Flores corrected this to <kam>tsi:npasolwa:ki</kam>. This entry has been used for now. Although the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that deletes underlying {h} in nonfinal position, the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl indicates underlying {h}. Thus the compound is probably {tsi:n + tlahsol + wa:ki}. Check the exact meaning. tsi:ntlasolwa:ki for location of /h/. Use of /tla-/ in non-initial position. There are several cases of N-V compounds in which the verb stem contains the /tla-/ prefix. Such an example would be /chichitlai:ni/, which can be analyzed as N+V1, where the V1 is actually tla-V2. Other cases involve /tlatowa/ as in /chaktlatowa/. In all cases it can be argued that the verb is a detransitivized lexeme of tla-V2. However, in the present case the meaning and reason for /tla-/ is not obvious. There might be an error in this word given that the only other occurrence of the sequence /solwa:ki/ is in /kakasolwa:ki/, in which the parts are /kasol/ and /wa:ki/. tsi:npasolwa:ki equivalent Am 01540 chi:hka:yoh xtlah kichi:hka:yoh chi:hka:yoh xtlah kichi:hka:yoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans.) (<kam>xtlah kichi:wka:yoh</kam>) to be a do-nothing; to be a good-for-nothing; to be a bum (<kam>xtlah kichi:wka:yoh</kam>) ser vago; ser un no-hacer-nada; ser holgazán Pending Asta ye we:i wa:n xtlah kichi:hka:yoh. Xtlah tekitl kichi:wa, xkipia ino:biah. Am He's already grown up and he's a good-for-nothing. He doesn't do any work, he doesn't have a girlfriend. Ya es grande y es un holgazán. No hace ningún trabajo, no tiene novia. to have nothing happen as a result (e.g., after having it something, nothing happened, i.e., the person hit was not hurt) no tener ningún resultado adverso (p. ej., después de alcanzar a algn con algo, no le pasónada) Pending chi:wa Determine plural form for these words. In the future I should make an effort to determine all verbs (I believe there are others that I have recorded) that permit a formation such as /xtlah ki[verb-pret]ka:yoh/. Make sure that it is /kichi:hka:yoh/ and not /kichi:wka:yoh/. Note that originally I had recorded /kichi:wka:yoh/, which I have subsequently changed to /kichi:hka:yoh/. Check to determine which is correct. Note the interesting syntax of /xtlah kichi:wka:yoh/. Discuss in grammar notes on this form. 01541 chi:noh chi:noh chi:noh chi:noh
11/Feb/2006
chino Adj Adj-loan Gender: <kamoa>chi:nah</kamoa> to be curly-haired ser chino; tener el pelo enrizado Am, Oa tlayo:hli de un chi:noh 01542 tlatowa tlatowa tlátowá tlatowa tlátowá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-2b yes-lex to speak (words, a discourse or speech) hablar (palabras, un discurso, etc.) Am, Oa Xwel tlatowa. Am He is mute (can't speak). Es mudo (no puede hablar). Tlatlatowa. Am He speaks a lot. Habla mucho. to delimit; to mark the border or limit of (land boundaries, e.g., of private parcels or communal land) delimitar o demarcar; establecer los límites (p. ej., las líneas divisorias de un terreno o propiedad comunal de un pueblo) Pending San a:tlawtli tlatowa. Am It is just the gorge that marks the limit (i.e., in lieu of artificial markers, it serves as a boundary between two pieces of land). Es solamente la barranca que demarca (esto es, a falta de linderos artificiales, establece los límites entre dos terrenos). (with long vowel reduplication) to say and repeat various times without reflection or restraint nor without pronouncing anything understandable (con reduplicación de vocal larga) decir y repetir sin pronunciar algo entendible Pending Xkimati tli:no:n ki:itotok, san miák o:konti:tila:n. Tla:tlatowa. Am He doesn't know what junk he's saying, he just grabs out for a lot of words. He's just shooting off at the mouth. No sabe que tonterías estádiciendo, jale cualquier palabra. Habla sin sentido. Yo:pe:w nento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan. Am They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint. Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse. O:pe:w tla:tlatowa, o:tla:wa:n. Am He's started to speak without making sense. He's drunk. Ya empezóa decir puros disparates. Estáborracho. San tla:tlatotok, mitska:kaki:titok tlato:hli. Am He's just grumbling (saying a lot of things), he's letting you overhear his offensive words. Nada más estáhablando como de gruñon, estádejando que escuches por casualidad sus palabras. Tlawe:leh. San tla:tlatotok, san tlimach oki:itoh. Am He has a terrible temper. He just says whatever comes to mind, he just says any old thing. Es muy bravo. Dice nada más lo que se le ocurre, dice cualquier cosa. hto Note that in the phrase <kam>san tla:tlatowa, mitska:kaki:tok tlato:hli</kam> , the idea is that the speaker is grumbling with the intent that the what he is saying be overheard. For example, a person who is working for someone else but being paid very little may start to grumble about this so that the other, the employer, overhears, the complainer making sure that the employer overhears. Note here how the /tla-/ is reduplicated. Check out how many transitive verbs allow the /tla-/ to be reduplicated. Check the vowel length of /tlimach/. Check meaning of /tla:tlatowa/. Be as precise as possible, and check meaning of /kitla:tlakaki:tia/ or similar forms. tlato:ltia val_add_caus Am itowa minus_tla Am 01543 kopalkihli kopalkihli kopalkihli kopalkihli kopalkihle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of edible plant still not identified, similar to the <kbam>a:tlapa:ntsi:n</kbam> tipo de planta comestible todavía no identificado, parecido al <kbam>a:tlapa:ntsi:n</kbam> Pending Kopalkihli | Seki no: wel kikwa. Am <kamoa>Kopalkihli</kamoa> : Some people can eat this. <kamoa>Kopalkihli</kamoa> : Alguna gente se lo come. plant edible xiwtli kopal kil This is an edible small plant (herb). Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <kam>copalquelite</kam> , a member of the <kam>Leguminosae</kam> family. It is not mentioned as such in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>copalquelite</spn>. There are four additonal tokens from 363. These should be tagged as 1543, but given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked sound files should come from 1543. 01544 pipi:ltia pipi:ltia pípí:ltia pipi:ltia pípí:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia Reduced rdp-s(pref*) class-4d(tia) yes-rdp to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together, such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, perhaps hung out to dry but then rained upon) estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que estácolgada y se moja por la lluvia) Pending O:pipi:ltiak notlake:n, ipan o:kiaw. Am My clothes hung down in clumps, they got rained upon. Se quedómi ropa todo como aglutinada, lloviósobre ella. pi:l pipi:liwi; koko:pi:liwi; pipi:ltia Although I have classified this verb as derived, with the verbalizing ending <kn>-tia</kn>, there is no evidence of a nominal stem that would be appropriate given the verbal meaning. Note that this verb is not derived from a nominal stem. 01545 i:pantia ii:pantia ki:pantia i:pantia ki:pantia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to come across by chance; to see or encounter (sth) that one is not looking for toparse con por casualidad; ver o encontrar (algo) que no se estaba buscando a propósito Pending Deke kanah tiaw iwa:n kanah o:tiki:pantih un yo:lki, xne:chihli! Am If you go somewhere and somewhere by chance you came across that animal (e.g., that I am looking for), tell me! Si vas a algún lado y por ahípor casualidad te topas con ese animal (p. ej., que estaba buscando),¡Avísame! Deke kanah tiki:panti:s, xikteki! xkwa:hki! Am If you come across it (in this case a certain fruit) by chance, pick it and bring it back! Si por casualidad la encuentras (en este caso una fruta en particular),¡córtala y tráetela! -pan According to Inocencio Díaz this verb only exists with a reduplicated initial vowel: <kam>ii:pantia</kam>. This needs to be checked as my original data has a single initial vowel. In Oapan the initial vowel is definitely not reduplicated. ne:xtia; i:pantia Note long initial vowel /i:/; this should be checked, particularly against possessive prefixes. Compare this to /ne:xtia/, perhaps create a disambiguating entry. Make sure that /i:pantia/ refers to coming across something by chance; cf. entry in RS. ne:xtia confer Am, Oa i:panti confer Oa 01546 petse:wi petse:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river) alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río) Am Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. Am When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). to acquire a smooth coat (an animal that is well fed) adquirir pelo liso y brillante (un animal que ha sido bien cuidado) Pending distort-surface pets Although <kam>petse:wi</kam> has been documented in the Ameyaltepec corpus, as the above illustrative phrase demonstrates, it is much less common than <klamoa>petsiwi</klamoa>, which is the only form found in Oapan. Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb. petsiwi synonym Am petsiwi synonym Oa 01547 tso:lowilia kitso:lowilia tso:lowilia kitso:lowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to shorten (sth such as clothes, rope, etc.) for acortar o hacer (algo como ropa, laso, etc.) más corto para Pending Xne:xtso:lowili nopantalon! Am Shorten (the legs of) my trousers for me! ¡Hazme los pantalones más cortos! to make (sth) shrink on; to make (sth) smaller for (usually negatively affecting the person [PO] involved) hacer (algo) más pequeño para o a (generalmente afectando a la persona [OP] negativamente) Pending O:kintso:lowilikeh intla:l. Am They took away part of their land making it smaller. Les quitaron parte de su terreno, achicándosela. tso:l 01548 kechpitsa:wak kechpitsa:wak kechpitsa:wak kechpitsa:wak
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-k to have a narrow neck (a material object, such as a ceramic vase, water bottle, etc.; or an animate being) tener el cuello delgado (un objeto material como un florero de cerámica, una botella; o un ser animado) Pending kech pitsa: The diminutive is <koa>kechpitsahtsi:h</koa> or <kam>kechpitsaktsi:n</kam>. Make sure this can be used to refer to animate beings. Also check for alternative adjectival forms. Diminutive: Note that the diminutive of deverbal adjectivals formed ending in /-wak/ is the same shortened form found in words such as /tetomaktik/. This should discussed in the grammar, that the adjectivals of verbs ending in /V:wa/ is /-ktik/ and that the diminutive is /-ktsi:n/. 01549 se:se:xpan se:se:xpan
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm Lex. rdp-l every year cada año Am Se:se:xpan mi:xiwi. Am She gives birth every year. Da a luz cada año. Se:se:xpan niktoka. Am I plant it (a given field) every year. Lo siembro (un campo en particular) cada año. se: xiw In Oapan the equivalent concept would be expressed by <koa>ka:da se: se:xtli</koa>. Determine if this is used without reduplication, or whether only /se:xtli/ is used in this case. Also, determine the nature of reduplication with the meaning 'each,' i.e., whether there is a long or short vowel (e.g., nana:wi or na:na:wi). Finally, with /se:se:xpan/ check length of both vowels, particularly the second. FK has a short vowel, /ce:cexxiuhtica/ 'every year, annually.' se:xtli confer Am 01550 so:ya:kuwtli so:ya:kuwtli so:ya:kohtli so:ya:kohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) see <klamoa>so:ya:tl</klamoa> véase <klamoa>so:ya:tl</klamoa> Am, Oa so:ya: kow 01551 ta:tah ta:tah ta:tah ta:tah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Lex. rdp-l N0/2; Aln(0=2) (vocative) father-in-law (used to address one's father-in-law if one respects one's spouse and his or her father; the failure to use the term to address one's spouse's father indicates a lack of respect; it may also be used occasionally to address ones father though <kam>pa:n</kam> or <kam>pa:chih</kam> are more common) (vocativo) suegro (utilizado para llamar al padre del esposo o esposa si uno respeto a su marido(a) y su padre; cuando no se usa como un vocativo para el suegro, indica una falta de respeto; también se puede usar para llamar al papáaunque <kam>pa:n</kam> o <kam>pa:chih</kam> son mas comunes) Pending (with possessor prefix <kam>to-</kam>) God; male saint (con marcador de posesión <kam>to-</kam>) Diós; santo Pending Te:chpale:wi:s tota:tah. Am God will help us. Diós nos va a ayudar. kin tah Check use of /tota:tah/ to indicate a male saint; can this refer to all male saints, or only the village patron. Determine if /tona:nah/ can also be used. Check whether /nota:tah/ and /nona:nah/ can be used. Apparently from what I remember it can be used in Am, but I'm not so sure in Oa. Check both, for /ta:tah/ and /na:nah/. 01552 tlama:kwilo:hli tlama:kwilo:hli tlamá:ikwiló:hli tlamá:ikwiló:hli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-V) N-dvb-pas Stem 3 yes-lex hand script (letters written in longhand) escritura normal (letras escritas por mano y no de letras de molde) Pending ma: hkwil Apparently <kam>tlama:kwilo:hli</kam> is used only to refer to longhand. Check vowel length of /ma:/. Oapan pitch accent: Note /tlamá:ikwiló:hli/. Here the p-a shifts left onto the incorporated noun. Cf. my comments re: /ámaná/ with different incorporated nouns, and how leftward shift is affected by the weight of the previous syllable (and perhaps an interest in avoiding final H-L-H, i.e., high pitch on the final and antepenultimate). tlatepospacho:hli confer Am, Oa 01553 tlawi:teki notlawi:teki tlawi:teki kitlawi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V2 V2-b Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> +Refl/-trans class-3a(k) to knock down to the ground (e.g., cattle in order to brand it); to fell (a tree in chopping it down) tumbar (p. ej., un ganado para herrarlo, unárbol al tumbarlo, etc.) Oa (reduplicated with short vowel) to rape; (a man [S] of a woman [O], by throwing her down on a bed or the ground) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) violar (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O], al tirarla a una cama o al suelo) Am (refl. and reduplicated with short vowel) to wrestle (refl. y reduplicado con vocal corta) jugar porrazo; luchar de lucha libre Am Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh. Am Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle. ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar porrazo). Melá:k ne:chkukwa notla:kayo. O:tine:xtexaxakwaloh, o:timotlatlawi:tehkeh. Am My body really hurts me. You pounded me, we wrestled (and you threw me to the ground, pounded me with your fist, etc.). Me duele mucho el cuerpo. Me aporreaste, jugamos al porrazo (lucha libre, y me tiraste al suelo, me golpeaste con el puño, etc.). wi:teki wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki (and perhpas ?? /tsi:ntlawi:teki/) Make sure of the first meaning (cf. /tetlawi:teki/) And check to determine if only the reduplicated form exists. Cf. comments with gram below and answer these questions with a native speaker. Check whether re: sexual intercourse there is a direct meaning of 'to rape' or only an implication. If only the reduplicated form exists then change headword entry. However, in Oapan apparently the unreduplicated exists; check this for Am. tla-; valency; Note: /Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh/ 'Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle.' The key problem here is /notlatlawi:tekiskeh/. It seems clear that the reduplication is related to the fact that the action takes place repeatedly, as to be expected. However, what is interesting is that here there is a transitive (bivalent) verb /wi:teki/ that employs a nonspecific object prefix that fails to saturate the valency. In this sense it acts more like a modifying incorporated noun. Cf. a similar case with /tlamo:tla/. Yet another aspect of this problem is that both the words in question: /tlawi:teki/ and /tlamo:tla/ refer to actions that occur on the bodies of the participants (referenced by the reflexive morpheme). It is certainly not unusual for reflexives not to saturate the valency slots of verbs; and the same can be said of incorporated nouns. One question to answer in these cases is whether a spe cific object can be utilized: ?kitlamo:tla and ?kitlawi:teki. My feeling is that this is not possible, although this needs to be researched. Much more work needs to be done on this question. Note that perhaps a similar use of /tla-/ occurs with /ita/ 'to see' /timitsita/ 'I see you' and 'timitstlatlata' 'I look you over from head to foot.' Finally, note that there is an additional form, /tetlawi:teki/, a transitive verb that means 'to throw to the ground.' Launey (personal communication) considers the use of /tla-/ here as a modifying incorporation. wi:teki minus_tla Am, Oa 01554 tolowa kitolowa tolowa kitolowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to swallow tragar Pending tol tolo:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01555 i:xa:yo i:xa:yo i:xa:yo i:xa:yo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo N2 tears lágrimas Am, Oa Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo. Am When your eyes become irritated, tears come out. Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas. i:x a: <kamoa>I:xa:yo</kamoa> can refer either to tears of crying from sadness or from irriation. 01556 puroh puroh puroh puroh
22/Oct/2005
puro Adj TM Adj-loan to be nothing more than [noun]; to be simply [noun] ser nada más que [sustantivo]; ser puro [sustantivo] Pending Puroh tlatsiwistli. Am It is pure (total) laziness. Es pura flojera. Get other uses as PM and TM 01557 ko:tsi:liwi ko:tsi:liwi ko:tsi:liwi ko:tsi:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become twisted or tightly curled (e.g., a rope that is twisted too tight) torcerse; enroscarse (p. ej., una soga que estámuy apretada) Pending Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. Am You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <klam>tarabi:yah</klam> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. O:ko:ko:tsi:liw mola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. Am Your rope has gotten twisted in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. Oko:tsi:liw i:loh, xpestik. Am The thread has become twisted, it is not straight (lit., 'smooth'). Se enroscóel hilo, no estáderecho (lit. 'liso'). (<kam>with a body part</kam>) to get a cramp in (<kam>con una parte del cuerpo</kam>) tener calambre en Pending Ko:tsi:liwi niti -= nitiko:tsi:liwi-. Am I have stomach cramps. Tengo calambres en el estómago. ko:tsi:l ko:tsi:liwi; tetsi:liwi <klamoa>Ko:tsi:ltik</klamoa>refers to something that is so tightly wound that it starts to curl up in tight knot-like twists. However, <kam>tetsi:ltik</kam> refers to something tightly twisted or wound together, i.e., the tightness of the braiding itself. The opposite of <kam>tetsi:ltik</kam> is <kam>poxa:wak</kam>. Cf. also to /matiltik/, etc. Unfortunately some entries for /ko:tsi:liwi/ are given with a long /i:/ while others have a short /i/. However, in Aug. 1986 I rechecked carefully and found the vowel correct as stated: /ko:tsi:liwi/, the first two vowels long. I have also (1993) rechecked this with Cristino Flores and he definitely give it with a long /i:/. Thus, in spite of the fact that I originally recorded /ko:tsiltik/ with a short /i/ while /ko:tsi:liwistli/ has a long one the original notes for /ko:tsiltik/ are in error and have been checked and changed to /ko:tsi:ltik/. Note the apparently relatedness of /kotsi:liwi/ and /tetsiliwi/. The relatedness of the forms suggests the possibility of further morpheme division into /te+tsi:lV/ and /ko:+tsi:lV/. Cf. for other words with /ko:/ or /tsi:l/. 01558 ni:xkwi:tilistli ni:xkwi:tilistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis-ne Stem 1(s) see <klam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</klam> (Am) / <kloa>ni:xkwiti:hli</kloa> véase <klam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</klam> (Am) / <kloa>ni:xkwiti:hli</kloa>(Oa) Am i:x kwi Consultants gave <kam>ni:xkwi:tilistli</kam> as equivalent to <kam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</kam> , although perhaps the latter refers more to the object from which example is taken while the former might indicate the action itself of taking example from something. Molina has <kn>neixcuitiliztli</kn> 'exemplo que tomamos de otros' and <kn>neixcuitilli</kn> 'dechado, o exemplo.' This suggests a possible difference that should be apparent if a full context could be obtained for each word. Check penultimate /i/ which, apparently, should be long. Check all and standardize, check all xref. Note that in the elicitaiton C. Flores did give /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ even though he had previously denied that this was a word. Check! i:xkwi:tia confer Oa 01559 te:kotli i:te:ko te:ko i:te:ko
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(o) owner dueño Pending San se: te:kotli. Am There is just one owner. Solamente hay un dueño. Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko! Am Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone (lit., 'doesn't have its owner)! ¡Pásame ese plato que estáalla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)! te:ko In Oapan only the possessed form is found. In Ameyaltepec almost all occurrences are in the possessed construction although occasionally an unpossessed use of <kam>te:kotli</kam> is heard (as in the illustrative sentence above). An unusual feature of this word, at least as it has been documented to date, is that the root would seem to end in {h} (hence the absolutive <kn>-tli</kn>) but there is no evidence of this final sound in the possessed construction (cf. <klam>tatli</klam> and <kam>notah</kam>). This apparently has to do with the historical development of the term <kam>te:kotli</kam> from <kn>tekwtli</kn> with the syllabification of /kw/ to /ko/ or /ku/. 01560 ko:ntrasole:rah ko:ntrasole:rah
11/Feb/2006
contra solera N N-loan N1 part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the <klam>sole:rah</klam> parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera Am construct-part kahli Cf. Discussion in Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Note that I had another entry, also /ko:ntrasole:rah/ which I deleted but which had a different definition."the beams of a thatched roof house that are attached to the <kam>sole:rah</kam> , another beam that lies immediately beneath the <kam>kontrasole:rah</kam> and is thus closer to the upright bifurcated posts (<kam>horcones</kam>). The <kam>kabe:sas</kam> , which run vertically and at an angle to the top of the house, are attached to both the <kam>sole:rah</kam> and the <kam>kontrasole:rah</kam> "/"las vigas gruesas y argas de una casa con techo de zacate o palma que se atan a la <kam>sole:rah</kam> , otra viga que yace horizontal y paralela inmediatamente abajo de la <kam>kontrasole:rah</kam> y que está, por consiguiente, más cerca a los horcones. Las <kam>kabe:sas</kam> , que corren verticalmente a unángulo hacia lo alto de la case, se atan tanto a la <kam>sole:rah</kam> como a la <kam>kontrasole:rah</kam>."I am unsure what this headword should have been. Maybe /kabe:sas/. tlaxipacho:lo:ni equivalent Oa tlaxipacho:hli equivalent Oa 01561 zzz This entry was for /papáyotsí:n/ and has been deleted as a duplicate entry of 02427
30/Jul/2005
 01562 chi:chiwalnakayo ichi:chiwalnakayo chi:chiwalnakayo i:chi:chiwalnakayo
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-yo N2 flesh near or on the teats or breasts carne del pecho o seno Pending Ba:kah kipia ichi:chiwalnakayo. Am Cow have flesh on the inside of their udders. La vaca tiene carne a un lado de su ubre. body chi:chi naka Check to see if other animals or humans have this. Make sure that /chi:chiwalnakayo:tl/ or /chi:chiwalnakatl/ do not exist. If so, change headword. My original entry had a long /a:/ in /chi:chiwalnakayo/; this should be rechecked. 01563 ye:skayoh ye:skayoh
22/Oct/2005
yesca Adj Adj-denom-yoh to have a rotten and powdery interior (a trunk, log, or branch of wood that is hard on the outside) tener el interior pudrido y hecho polvo (un tronco o rama de madera cuyo exterior es duro) Am ye:skatl ye:ska 01564 suwa:neki suwa:neki siwa:neki siwa:neki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(k) to want a woman (as a sexual partner) querer una mujer (como una pareja sexual) Pending Notla:kapowa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki. Am She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner). Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual). sowa neki 01565 tlawe:ltik tlawe:ltik tlawe:ltik tlawe:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> to be bad- or foul-tempered ser de mal genio; ser mal humorado Pending San tlawe:ltik. Am He's always in a bad mood. Siempre estáde mal genio. tlawe:l tlawe:ltik; tlawe:leh <kam>Tlawe:ltik</kam> refers to someone who is bad tempered, always ready to yell or scold people, and never pleased with anything, never in a good mood. 01566 kamaimati nokamaimati kamáimáti kamaimati nokamáimáti
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a yes-lex (refl.) to get used to pronouncing something, or to a particular way of speaking (refl.) acostumbrarse a pronunciar algo o a una manera en particular de hablar Pending Timokamaimatis, titlato:s ke:n de We:pan. Am Your tongue will get accustomed, you will speak like those of Oapan. Tu lengua se va a acostumbrar, vas a hablar como los de Oapan. for ones mouth to get used to (e.g., eating hotting food, uttering a certain phrase, etc.) acostumbrarle la boca (p. ej., comer comida caliente, o decirle una frase a algn, repetidas veces, etc.) Pending kama hmati The verb stem <kroot>hmati</kroot>is usually found with the nonspecific prefix <kn>tla-</kn> meaning someone is particularly able or capacitated in certain tasks (e.g., a good painter, a very intelligent person, etc.). Here it refers to the ability that ones speech (lit. 'mouth') acquires with practic. Oapan phonology; stress shift: Note that with /nokamáimáti/ the stress shifts left onto the IN. 01567 xa:ltetl i:xa:ltew xa:ltew i:xa:ltew
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 the unborn, unlaid eggs inside of certain animals (e.g., hens, fish) los huevos no nacidos que se hallan dentro de ciertos animales (p. ej., gallinas, peces) Pending I:xa:ltew pió. Am (They are) the unlaid eggs inside of hens. (Son) los huevos que se encuentran dentro de una gallina. (fig.) eggs of a human female (fig.) huevos de una mujer Pending O:tlan moxa:ltewan, xoktikpia mokone:wa:n yo:weka:w. Am Your"eggs"are all used up, you haven't had children now for a long time. Tus huevos se acabaron, ya hace mucho tiempo que no tienes niños. xa:l te to:toltetl confer Am, Oa 01568 china:ntia kichina:ntia china:ntia kichina:ntia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to construct a wall of <klamoa>china:ntli</klamoa>for (e.g., as the walls of a house or kitchen) construirle o eregirle una pared de chinamil para (p. ej., una casa o una cocina) Pending O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti. Am The <spn>chinamíl</spn> of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) one of <spn>chinamíl</spn> for it! Se envejecióel chinamíl de tu casa.¡Póngale uno (nuevo)! to place a <spn>chinamíl</spn> fence around (an area such as a housesite) cercar con chinamil (particularmente un solar) Pending china:m For Oapan, determine the word /pakyo:tl/ or similar construction. tlako:hikiti synonym Oa 01569 tlayewalowa tlayewalowa tlayewalowa tlayewalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to participate in a religious procession (usually involving taking the saints around the church or village) participar en una procesión religiosa (generalmente implica llevar los santos alrededor de la iglesia o pueblo) Pending Mo:stla tlayewalo:lo:s. Am Tomorrow there will be a religious procession. Mañana va a haber una procesión religiosa. yewal The use of the verbal form <kam>yewalowa</kam> to indicate a procession arises from the fact that religious processions invariably involve the parading of a saint around the church, leaving and entering through the main doors. tlayewalo:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa yewalowa minus_tla Am, Oa 01570 ko:koneh ko:koneh ko:koneh ko:koneh
11/Feb/2006
N N-b pl. of <klamoa>kone:tl</klamoa> pl. de <klamoa>kone:tl</klamoa> Am, Oa kone: The plural possessed form is regular, e.g., <kamoa>nokone:wa:n</kamoa>. 01571 teketse:wi teketse:wi teketse:wi teketse:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans class-3a(w) to form a bump or protuberance salir como un tope o protuberancia Pending O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w. Am Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) have gotten warped, it stood up (in a few places, as the boards curled upward). Se combótu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó(en algunos lugares). teketsiwi equivalent Am, Oa tlateketse:wi val_reduce1 Oa 01572 isi:ka isi:ka ísí:ka isi:ka ísí:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b ~Caus class-4a yes-lex (usually in progressive) to be panting (generalmente en el progresivo) estar jadeante Pending Isi:katok, o:wa:lnotlaloh. Am He is panting, he came running. Estájadeando, vino corriendo. hsi:ka Check for transitive/causative form. Check for other aspectual endings, ?/isi:katinemi/. I have checked vowel length and second /i:/ is definitely long. Check for status of initial /i/ whether epenthetic; probably it is: /h/ evidenced by cognate Oapan unusual stress. 01573 kwaltilia kikwaltilia kwaltilia kikwaltilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to place in the mouth of (e.g., a bit on an animal) meterle en la boca a (p. ej., un freno a un caballo) Pending Xkwaltili noma:choh ifre:noh! Am But the bit in my mule's mouth! ¡Ponle el freno en la boca de mi macho! to feed (an animal) for dar de comer (a un animal) para Pending Xne:chtlakwaltili:ti noma:choh! Newa nitlatsiwi. Am Go feed my macho for me! I'm feeling lazy. ¡Ve a darle de comer a mis machos para mí! Tengo flojera. to fit or push (sth) tightly in a space so that (the inserted object [SO]) is held in place colocar (algo [OS]) en un espacio ([OP]); ajustar (una cosa [OS]) en (un espacio [OP]) para que se agarre y se mantenga en su lugar Pending Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n. Am Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me. ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarre, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó. kwa Determine vowel length of /in/ or /i:n/. Perhaps this varies. Cf. to Launey who, I believe, mentions that vowel length is variable. Check closely for changes when the word is used as a demonstrative adjective vs. demonstrative pronoun. kwa verb_base Am, Oa 01574 zzz This used to be an entry for Oapan /kámomorá:doh/; it was deleted as a repetition.
09/Aug/2005
This was a duplicate for 5304. The tokens here at 1574 should be given tags of 5304. However, remember that the later sound tokens are the ones that should be linked. 01575 totopoyo i:totopoyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s N2 buds (of certain flowers, such as the sunflower) botones (de ciertas flores, como el girasol) Am Teko:ntlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio. Am <kbam>Teko:ntlapa:na</kbam>: When it has gotten long, the buds of its flowers appear. <kbam>Teko:ntlapa:na</kbam>: Cuando ya creciólargo, salen los botones de sus flores. topo: xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo Check vowel length. Also check meaning. mimihlo:tl synonym Oa 01576 tsonchichi:hka:yoh xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh tsó:nchi:hká:yoh xnotsó:nchi:hká:yoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl) Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (<kamoa>x-</kamoa> ~) to be unkempt (a woman in regard to her hair); to be disheveled (a woman); to have ones hair not done up in braids (<kamoa>x-</kamoa> ~) estar despeinada; no tener el pelo arreglado (una mujer); estar sin el cabello arreglado en trenzas Pending O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. Am That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and arranged it), it's disheveled. Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días que no se arregla el pelo), estátodo despeinada. Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh. Am Her hair is a disheveled mess, she is well groomed (e.g., in braids). Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no tiene el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas). tson chi:wa Note that in the grammar these forms should be discussed, i.e. ones in which only a negative of an adjective ending in /-ka:yoh/ exists, and the affirmative form does not. Perhaps these are related to Classical forms with /ne-/. Check for correctness of /hka:yoh/ sequence as my original notes had /-chi:wka:yoh/. Make a note or comment that these forms are listed with the 3rd person reflexive, but that the reflexive pronoun changes with the person. This should be mentioned in both the guide to the lexicon. 01577 ma:tetlanwia noma:tetlanwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to trip over ones forelegs (an animal that slips and gets its feet tangled up, e.g., over a root that is sticking out of the ground) (refl.) tropezarse al enredarse las patas de adelante (un animal) Am O:noma:tetlanwih noburroh, o:wets. Am My burro tripped over its front legs, it fell. Mi burro se tropezópor haberse enredado sus patas de adelante, se cayó. (refl.) to get pregnant out of wedlock (refl.) quedarse embarazada fuera del matrimonio Pending ikxitetlanwia ma: -tlan The etymology of this word is parallel to that of <klam>ikxitetlanwia</klam> : in both cases Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the itensifier <kn>te-</kn>, which is an innovation from the Classical form (e.g., <kn>ikxitlanwia</kn>). However, with <kam>ma:tetlanwia</kam> , and unlike <kam>ikxitetlanwia</kam> , only the reflexive is found, since there is no equivalent action of sticking out ones arm in order to trip someone. Note that <kam>ma:tetlanwia</kam> , which has only been documented in the reflexive, refers to the front legs (arms) of an animal, not those in back, for which /ikxitetlanwia/ is used. However, given that animals do not usually trip over their back legs, the verb <kam>ikxitetlanwia</kam> is not used in reference to animals, but to humans. Check whether this verb can be used as a non-reflexive, and whether the action implies falling, or only tripping. ma:kwelpachiwi synonym Oa 01578 xa:k xa:k xa:k xa:k
11/Feb/2006
No V1 P1 V1-b Copular see <klamoa>a:k</klamoa> véase <klamoa>a:k</klamoa> Am, Oa This defective verb, which indicates presence of a subject in a given, often habitual location, is only found in the negative, hence this entry. However, given the variable location of the negative preclitic <kn>x-</kn>, the verb has been entered under <kamoa>a:k</kamoa>. 01579 chikitoltik chikitoltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Mod-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object) estar chueco, torcido o encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado) Am (with long vowel reduplication) windy (a road; see <kloa>kwelpaxtik</kloa>) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sinuoso (un camino; véase <kloa>kwelpaxtik</kloa>) Am Chi:chikitoltik otli. Am The road is windy. El camino es sinuoso chiki tol Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/. kwelpaxtik confer Am, Oa chikino:ltik synonym Oa 01580 yeyekawia kiyeyekawia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia Lex. rdp-s class-2a to whip hard (e.g., with a rope or similar flexible object) azotar; dar látigos a (p. ej., con una soga, laso u objeto similar) Am e:ka wi:teki yeyekawi:teki synonym Am 01581 pilowilia kipilowilia pilowilia kipilowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to hang (sth) on or for colgar (algo) a, sobre o para Pending O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n. Am He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit). Le colgóolotes a tuárbol de limón (para que diera fruta). (refl.) to hang (e.g., a bag) on oneself (refl.) colgarse (algo como una bolsa) Pending Xmopilowili motema:tl! Am Hang your hemp bag on yourself (e.g., over ones shoulders)! ¡Cuélgate tu bolsa de fibra de maguey! O:nimotlapi:pilowilih. Am I've draped a lot of things on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.). Me he colgado muchas cosas (p. ej., muchas bolsas, adornos, etc.). pil Reduplication with long vowel: /O:kipi:pilowilih o:lo:tl molimó:n/ 'He hung corncobs on your lemon tree (so that it would bear fruit).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication given that this is an action that repeats itself one time after another, in a complete format. The same is true of /O:nimotlapi:pilowilih/ 'I've draped a lot of things on me (e.g., many bags, adornments, etc.).' tlapilowilia val_reduce2 Am, Oa pilowa verb_base Am, Oa 01582 tlayewilia tlaiwilia tlayewilia tlayowilia tlayowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-lia class-2a to continue (doing sth) until late in the evening; to be occupied until the late evening hacerse tarde (en la noche avanzada, al seguir trabajando, p. ej., hasta muy noche); estar ocupado hasta bien entrada la noche Am, Oa yowa tio:tlakilia confer Am, Oa 01583 ikxitlapo:wtok ikxitlapo:wtok
24/Oct/2005
Stat N-(tla-V2)-Stat V1-Stat Durative to be with ones legs open estar con las piernas abiertas Am kxi tlapo: Recheck pret. and future forms, etc. for length of /o/. Present seems to neutralized length before /wi/. Finally, check for meaning of words like /o:ikxitlapo:w/ as opposed to /o:nokxitlapoh/. Check transitive form. tlachikipe:lotok synonym Am tlachikipé:lotók synonym Oa 01584 welkaki kwelkaki welkaki kwelkaki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to like the sound of (e.g., sth such as a stated proposal or plan, music, etc.) gustarle como suena (p. ej., algo como un propuesto o plan, música, etc.) Pending Xnikwelkaki tli:n tine:chihlia, xnikchi:was. Am I don't like the sound of what you are telling me, I won't do it. No me gusta como suena lo que me dices, no lo voy a hacer. wel kaki 01585 ko:tsi:liwistli ko:tsi:liwistli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-is Stem 1(l) cramps calambre Am Ne:chasi ko:tsi:liwistli. Am I have a cramp. Tengo un calambre. ko:tsi:l ko:tsi:liwi ítiko:tsi:liwístli confer Oa 01586 mo:ltekon i:mo:ltekon
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b N2 (fig.) cup of tea; what one is cut out for (fig.) mero mole Am I:mo:ltekon un tekitl, xtiktla:nis. Am That job is what he is cut out for. You won't beat him at it. Ese trabajo es su mero mole, no le vas a ganar en ello. Españó:l, Me:roh yewa momo:ltekon! Me:roh tiweltok! Xmistla:ni! Am Spanish! That's your cup of tea! That's what you're good at! He won't get the better of you! ¡Español!¡Es tu mero mole! Es lo que haces bien! No te va a ganar! mo:l tekom As far as I have been able to determine, this word is always possessed and is used metaphorically, referring to something that one (the possessor) is very good at, that he or she can do well. It seems highly likely that this is a calque from the well-known Mexican expression"su mero mole." Check for unpossessed form and for other meanings. 01587 fie:roh fie:roh fie:roh fie:roh
22/Oct/2005
fiero Adj N Adj-loan something ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.) algo muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.) Pending O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n. Am I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place. Olíalgo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso. Fie:roh o:kichi:w. Am He did something bad. Hizo algo mal. 01588 kamotli de pe:pe:to *kamotli de pe:pe:to
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of sweet potato grown in San Miguel Tecuiciapan tipo de camote de San Miguel Tecuiciapan Am kamoh pe:pe:to plant tub plant domesticated hypo kamotli According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of <spn>camote</spn> as the <kam>kuhkamotli</kam>. According to Silvestre Pantaleón this is the name used in Tula del Río for the camote known in Oapan as <kloa>chichi:h kámotlí</kloa>. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had heard of the <kam>kamotli de pe:pe:to</kam>. It is not clear if this plant grows wild or is cultivated. In general, check all camotes for this question (note that in San Francisco I have seen these plants cultivated). Also, check etymology of /pe:pe:to/ (a loan?) and possibility of final /h/. kuwkamotli equivalent Am kohkámotlí equivalent Oa 01589 yetlaxkahli yetlaxkahli yetlaxkahli yetlaxkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 type of tortilla filled with beans, usually either the <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam> or <klam>ista:kyetl</klam> bean tipo de tortilla rellenado con frijol, generalmente del que se llama <klam>kaxtiltsi:n</klam> o el llamado <klam>ista:kyetl</klam> Pending food-maize ye xka The note I have so far does not mention how this is prepared. Check. Check also what other types of beans might be so used. 01590 istayoh istayoh istayoh istayoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be salty estar salado Pending (fig.) unlucky (fig.) salado; tener mala suerte Pending Nistayoh, xkaman nite:tlani. Am I'm unlucky, I never beat anyone. Estoy salado, nunca le gano a nadie. sta Check for verbal derivatives, /istayowa/ and istayotia/. Also determine difference between /poyé:k/ and /istayoh/. 01591 i:xa:wilia ki:xa:wilia i:xa:wilia ki:xa:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to rinse off for enjuagar para Pending Xne:chi:xa:wili nopla:toh! Am Rinse my plate off for me! ¡Enjuage mi plato para mi! i:x a: Cf. notes under /i:xa:wia/. i:xa:wia verb_base Am i:xa:wiya verb_base Oa 01592 pasolowa kipasolowa 'pasolówa pasolowa kipásolówa, kípasolówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b yes-lex to confuse; to sidetrack; to bother (e.g., in terms of hindering the performance of a task or the completion of an action) confundir; desviar; molestar (p. ej., en cuanto a estorbar la realización de una tarea o la terminación de una acción) Pending Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia. Am The loud music bothers me, I can't think. La música fuerte me molesta, no puedo pensar. to get in the way of (physically blocking a path); to block (e.g., the vision or sight line of sb) estorbar (p. ej., la vía en que va uno, o la vista de algn) Pending Ne:chpasolowa i:n. Xkekwani! Am This thing gets in my way (e.g., bothers me, blocks my view, etc.). Move it! Esta cosa me estorba (p. ej., no me deja ver, lo me permite ir donde quiero).¡Quítalo! (with prefix <kn>te-</kn>) to entangle (threads, hair, etc.) (con prefijo <kn>te-</kn>) enredar; enmarañar (hilos, cuerdas, pelo, etc.) Pending (with prefix <kn>te-</kn>) to make a mess of; to scatter all around (con prefijo <kn>te-</kn>) desarreglar; desparramar; dejar en desorden Pending Yo:kipasoloh yeyekatl un monto:nes de wistli. Am The wind has already made a mess of the piles of cleared thorn bushes. El viento ya hizo todo un desorden de los montones de espinas. Yo:kimpasoloka itlake:n. Am He had made a mess of his clothes (e.g., leaving them scattered about). Había dejado su ropa en un desorden (p. ej., dejando todo tirado). pahsol The following phrase /Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia/ was thought up by me during the data entry phrase to illustrate a particular meaning; check and correct if necessary. Make sure that it is correct, change if necessary. Check p-a pattern for Oapan Nahuatl. In my entry found upon review there was no p-a market, but their probably is some pitch-accent that should be expressed or registered in the lexicon. 01593 tetsmitl tetsmitl tetsmitl tetsmitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic name for herbaceous plant that includes two types: <kbam>i:tetsmitl sa:poh</kbam>and <kam>tetsmitl</kam> , the latter being edible nombre genérico para una planta herbácea que incluye dos tipos: <kbam>i:tetsmitl sa:poh</kbam>y <kam>tetsmitl</kam> , elúltimo siendo comestible Am type of wild edible plant, apparently of the purslane family tipo de planta silvestre comestible, aparentemente verdolaga Pending Tetsmitl | Wel nokwa. Wel tihkwa:s ika mo:hli de anjolí:n Am <kam>Tetsmitl</kam> : It is edible. You can eat it with sesame mole. <kam>Tetsmitl</kam> : Es comestible. Lo puedes comer con mole de ajonjolí plant edible tetsmi Check to determine if and how /tetsmitl/ could be possessed. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>verdolaga</spn> of the family Portulacaceae and the genus/species <i>Portulaca oleraceae L.</i>. Schoenhals (1988) under verdolaga gives:"(<i>Portulaca oleracea</i>) 'purslane.' Edible greens. She also has two other listings: verdolaga de agua and verdolaga de puerco. For the former:"(<i>Jussiaea repens, J. suffruticosa</i>) '[family] evening primrose.' A water plant with yellow flowers; common in swamps and other wet locations. Also called clavillo, flor de camarón, hoja de clavo."And for verdolaga de puerco:"(<i>Alternanthera repens</i>) '[type of] alligator weed.' A cosmopolitan herb with small, straw-colored flowers."According to several consultants of Ameyaltepec there are two types of <kam>tetsmitl</kam> : <kam>testmitl</kam> , which is an edible plant, and <kam>testmitl de sa:poh</kam> , which is not edible. According to several people in Oapan the two types of <koa>tetsmitl</koa> are called <koa>tetsmitl</koa>, which is edible, and <kloa>a:itsmitl</kloa>, which is not; the latter grows near the water. Asención Marcelo of Tetelcingo mentioned that there was a male and female variety of this plant. 01594 tlate:ntike:tl tlate:ntike:tl tlaté:ntiké:tl tlaté:ntiké:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 person who sharpens metal instruments (knives, machetes, axes, etc.) persona quien saca filo a herramientas metálicas (a cuchillos, machetes, hachas, etc.) Pending te:n Check for /-ki/. 01595 a:mai:skitl a:mai:skitl a:mai:skitl a:mai:skitl a:mai:skitl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of tree of those generically called <klamoa>a:matl</klamoa>or <klam>a:makuwtli</klam> tipo deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <klamoa>a:matl</klamoa>o <klam>a:makuwtli</klam> Pending A:mai:skitl | San tihkukwa:s. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, bwe:noh para yugoh. Am <kam>A:mai:skitl</kam> : You just chew on its fruit. It's good for firewood, for making yokes. <kam>A:mai:skitl</kam> : Solamente masticas su fruta. Es bueno para leña, para hacer yugos. plant kohtli (pending) a:ma i:ski See entry under <klam>a:makuhtli</klam> and <klam>a:makostli</klam>. 01596 zzz This was an entry for Am /xowa/ but it has been deleted; cf. /xewa/.
30/Jul/2005
 01597 tlakoko:hli tlakoko:hli tlakoko:hli tlakoko:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 wound herida Pending Ne:chamana notlakoko:hlo. Am My wound bothers me. Me molesta mi herida. kowa Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be checked. However, the Oa data seems to confirm a long vowel; nevertheless, check. 01598 yzzz mi:mia:watl mi:mia:watl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 2 spike and flower (of a corn plant) la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz) Oa spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or <kam>zacates</kam>) la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates) Oa small insect as yet unidentified pequeño insecto todavía no identificado Oa animal insect plant part The meaning referring to the spike and flower of corn or other plants (senses 1 and 2) is common to both Oapan <koa>mi:mia:watl</koa> and Ameyaltepec <klam>mia:watl</klam>. However, the reference to a small as yet unidentified insect is not shared by Ameyaltepec <kam>mia:watl</kam>. When possessed to indicate a relation between plant and plant part, <koa>mi:mia:watl</koa> is found with the possessed marker <kn>-yo</kn> : <koa>i:mi:mia:wayo mi:hli</koa>. mia:wa 01599 tetl tetl tetl tetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 stone; rock piedra Pending (poss. with <kn>-yo</kn>) seed pod (pos. con <kn>-yo</kn>) vaina Pending Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo. Am In regards to the plant called <klamoa>sakawistli</klamoa>, its seed pod is thorny. En cuanto de la planta llamada <klamoa>sakawistli</klamoa>, su vaina tiene púas. eggs huevos Pending A:kinon itewa:n ipio? Am Whose chicken's eggs are these? ¿De quién son estos huevos de gallina? plant part te Check whether /teyo/ can also mean 'pit'. Create a category for plant parts. 01600 wa:tsalka:miki wa:tsalka:miki wa:tsalka:miki wa:tsalka:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to completely dry up and become brittle secarse por completo y quedar quebradizo Pending Yo:wa:tsalka:mik iswatl, o:pe:w tetei:ni. Am The corn leaves have gotten brittle from having dried, they've started to crumble into small pieces Las hojas del maíz (zacate) se quedaron todo quebradizo por haberse resecado, ya empezaron a desmenuzarse. wa:k miki Note: cf. if from N-ka:-miki, etc. Cf. /techichikilka:miki. 01601 ia:xi:x bu:rroh kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x bu:rroh ia:xi:x bu:rroh i:a:xi:x burroh Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) type of small mushroom that grows on the ground tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra Am plant mush a: xi:xa Some people use this term to refer to what is more properly called <kam>ikuhsa:wananakayo ia:xi:x burroh</kam> ; cf. entry under this latter term. Determine all types of mushrooms. sósombrerí:toh synonym Oa 01602 si:marro:n kuwtli si:marro:n kuwtli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>cimarron</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) see <klam>si:marrón</klam> véase <klam>si:marrón</klam> Am kow Check vowel length. 01603 toli:na kitoli:na toli:na kitoli:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to crave (a good food to eat that is not available; particularly, but by no means exclusively, said of persons who are sick and desire good food) antojarse de (algo sabroso para comer que no se consigue fácilmente; dicho particularmente, pero no exclusivamente, de personas que están enfermas y que desean algo sabroso para comer) Pending Kitoli:na nakatl. Am He craves meat. Se le antoja carne. Kitoli:na sá:ndiah, kwalo wa:n kelna:miki. Am He craves watermelon, he is sick and he thinks about it (i.e., how delicious it is). Se le antoja sandía, estáenfermo y se acuerda deél (esto es, que tan sabrosa es). Newa xo:tla:k nomi:hlan, niktoli:na sá:ndiah. Am My field did not yield, I have a craving for watermelon. No rindiómi milpa, se me antoja sandía. toli: 01604 i:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia ki:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia i:xté:mpa:ya:tília i:xté:mpa:ya:tilia ki:xté:mpa:ya:tília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 [N-N]-V2 V2-d-ca Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) class-2a yes-rdp to make (sb) have blurry or fuzzy vision; to make seeing difficult for hacer la vista nublada o borrosa a; hacer que sea díficil para ver a Pending Ne:chi:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia, xok ma:s nikita. Am It makes it difficult for me to see things clearly (in this case small letters on an eye chart), I can't see it very well anymore. Me dificulta la vista (en este caso letras chiquitas), ya no lo puedo ver bien. i:x te:n pa:ya: Check reduplication. Note that the base form is /i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti/ whereas the causative form is /i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia/. It may well be that this form should be reduplicated, but only if referring to two eyes??? i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti verb_base Am 01605 chi:lkwitla chi:lkwitla
22/Oct/2005
N(ap) N-N(?) N-ap N1 person who is a big enter of chile persona que come mucho chile Am Xma:s tichi:lkwitla. Am Your're not a big eater of chile. No eres un gran comedor de chile. cho:kwi:tl chi:l kwitla The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain. Determine the plural forms and add above and to grammar. Elicit any other /-kwitla/ forms. Check for final /h/. Investigate etymology of /chi:lkwitla/, /yekwitla/ and /cho:kwitla/. 01606 tso:tso:kwepa notso:tso:kwepa tso:tso:kopa notso:tso:kopa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a (refl.) to turn into a skin sore or pimple (refl.) convertirse en un grano o llaga Pending Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. Am I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. tso: kwepa Check for transitive: /kitso:tso:kwepa/ acceptable? Or is there a causative? 01607 kwa:papayotik kwa:papayotik kwá:papáyotík kwa:papayotik kwá:papáyotík
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-tik-yoh yes-lex; yes-deriv to be crazy; to have lost ones senses estar loco; haber perdido los estribos Pending pahpa Check for stress on first /kwa:-/; check also in in SJ there is an /h/ as in /pahpayotik/. This should probably be removed for the Oapan. The term is /pápáyotí/. Florencia Marcelino later said that the adjectival form /pápáyotík/ is not used. Compare all the words with /papayo.../ in Oapan Nahuatl, i.e., underlying {pahpayoh=}. kwa:papayotik; note that p-a in Oapan form suggests papayotik synonym Am 01608 pachiwi pachiwi pachiwi pachiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to get pressed down; to become or be bent over doblarse; apachurarse; agacharse Pending O:pachiw ima:wa:n wa:xkohtli, melá:k o:tla:k. Am The branches of the guaje tree have bent down toward the ground, it (the tree) is really laden with fruit. Las ramas del guaje se doblaron hacia el suelo, rindiómucha fruta. Ihkó:n inenemiya, pachiwtiw. Am That's the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. Asíes su manera de caminar (un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. pach In reference to trees and their branches, <kam>pachiwi</kam> is used in reference to any fruit-bearing tree or bush (e.g., a <kam>guamúchil</kam> or chile) whose branches droop down from an abundance of fruit. Determine what other subjects can be used with this verb. In one filecard I had /Ihkó:n inenemia, pachiwtik/ 'That is the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.' I think this was probably a typo and haven't entered this word. However, it should be checked. 01609 tetsotsole:wi tetsotsole:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) to become hairless (e.g., a bull) quedarse sin pelo (p. ej., un toro) Am to become featherless (e.g., a chicken) quedar sin plumas (p. ej., una gallina) Am to be left without its skin (a fruit such as wild tomato or tomatillo) quedarse sin cáscara (una fruta como tomate silvestre o verde) Am tsotsoliwi tsol Determine whether /te-/ intensifier is really lexicalized/necessary; cf. to entry for /tsotsoliwi/ Am, which has a cognate in Oapan of /te:tsoliwi/. tsotsoliwi equivalent Am te:tsoliwi equivalent Oa 01610 wa:hlaw wa:hlaw wa:hlaw wa:hlaw
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>wa:hlaw</klamoa> to come venir Am, Oa motion wa:l yaw The inflectional paradigm of <kamoa>wa:hlaw</kamoa> is at present available in the grammar. In Oapan the plural present varies among speakers: <koa>wa:hlaweh</koa> and <koa>wa:hlawih</koa>, as it does for the verb <kloa>yaw</kloa>. Get full range of meanings. 01611 zzz This entry was a duplicate of /kuwxiwtli/ and has been deleted.
18/Jul/2002
 01612 ma:kowa kima:kowa ma:kowa kima:kowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3b(ow) to give manual labor to (sb) in exchange for an obligation for future help prestar mano de obra a (algn) por la obligación (de esta persona) para prestar ayuda después Pending O:mitsma:ko:w, xo:tiktlaxtla:wilih. Am He worked for you in exchange for future labor, you didn't pay him (a wage or similar remuneration). Trabajópor tíen cambio por la obligación para ayudarlo después, no le pagaste (un sueldo o remuneración en especie). Mo:stla nitlama:kowas. Am Tomorrow I'm going to work for someone in exchange for a commitment to return the labor obligation later. Mañana voy a trabajar para alguien quien después me darásu mano de obra en reciprocidad. to give (sth [Obl]) to (sb [PO]) in exchange for the obligation to return the same thing (or value) later (e.g., when one gives a carton of beer to a family whose child is marrying, or a cut of cloth to the bride, etc. in expectation that the same item will later be reciprocated during a similar occasion) dar (algo [Obl]) en cambio a (algn [PO]) por la obligación de devolver el mismo (o el mismo valor) después (p. ej., al regalar un cartón de cerveza a una familia cuyo hijo o hija se casa, o una corte de tela para la novia, en espera que la misma cosa serádevuelta después) Pending (refl.-recipr.) to reciprocal labor exchange, first at one persons worksite then at that of the other (refl.-recipr.) prestar mano de obra de manera recíproca, una persona ayudando a otra y despuéséste ayudando al primero Pending Ma timomakowaka:n, axtopa nia:s motla:lpan! Am Let's exchange labor, first I'll go to work in your fields! ¡Vamos a prestar mano de obra, primero voy a ir a trabajar en tu terreno! (recipr. reduplicated with short vowel, or refl. with oblique: <koa>nó:makówah</koa> or <koa>-wa:n nó:ma:kówa</koa>) to be lesbians; to have a lesbian relationship with (recipr. reduplicado con vocal corta, o refl. con obliqua: <koa>nó:makówah</koa>, o <koa>-wa:n nó:ma:kówa</koa>) ser lesbianas; tener una relación lesbiana con Oa Nochipa nowi:katimi, kas nó:ma:kówah. Oa They always go around together, perhaps they are lesbians. Siempre andan juntos, quizásean lesbianas. ma: ko:wa <kam>Ma:kowa</kam> is etymologically 'hand-buy' and is used in regional Spanish by individuals from towns in which Nahuatl was previously spoken as a borrowing: <spn>macuhuas</spn>. Although it seems most commonly used to refer to labor exchange, it can also refer to the delayed reciprocal exchange of gifts, as occurs in marriage. This delayed reciprocity, indeed, seems to be the essence of <kamoa>tlama:kowa</kamoa>. Note that in Oapan the reciprocal use of this term has the sense of a lesbian, illicit relationship 01613 chikoki:stok chikoki:stok chikoki:stok chikoki:stok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be uneven (e.g., the ends of rods placed together); to be angled or at an angle (e.g., poorly cut cloth) estar disparejo (p. ej., los cabos de varas juntadas en línea, algunos saliendo más adelante que otros); cortado de soslayo (p. ej., tela mal esquinada) Pending Chi:chikoki:stok motlapech. Am Your bed (e.g., the rods of a bed of <klamoa>tlapextli</klamoa>) is uneven (in this case with some rods longer than others and jutting out at the side). Tu cama (esto es, las varas de una cama de <klamoa>tlapextli</klamoa>) es dispareja (en este caso con algunas varas más largas que otras). chiko ki:sa The phrase /chi:chikoki:stok/ is taken from a file card for which vowel length was not checked. It should be checked. The long vowel is based on a similar phrase, cf. phrases under /chikoki:sa/. Illustrate /chi:chikoki:stok motlapech/. See illustration on original file cards. 01614 zzz This entry used to be /tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa/ for Am and /tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa/ for Oa. It has been combined with Ref. 422
30/Jul/2005
 01615 tio:tlak tio:tlak tio:tlak tio:tlak
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1 N1 afternoon (from midday to vespers) tarde (desde mediodía hasta las vísperas) Pending Ye tio:tlak, xok nitekitisneki! Am It's already (late in) the afternoon, I don't want to work anymore! ¡Ya es (avanzada) la tarde, ya no quiero trabajar! (fig.) late in life (fig.) de avanzada edad (en la vida de uno) Pending Xok nitlachia, ye tio:tlak. Am I can't see well anymore, it's late in my life (i.e., I'm getting old). Ya no veo bien, ya estoy de edad avanzada. tio: -tlak In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, <koa>tio:tio:tlahtsi:n</koa>, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in the afternoon. This is in accord with the general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state. It will be necessary to further determine the precise syntactic nature of words like <klamoa>kwalka:n</klamoa>, <kamoa>tio:tlak</kamoa>, <klamoa>ya:lwa</klamoa>, <klamoa>mo:stla</klamoa>and other periods of time or parts of the day. Apparently <kamoa>tio:tlak</kamoa> is the most nominal in that it can function predicatively in <kamoa>ye tio:tlak</kamoa> 'it is already late afternoon' whereas one cannot say ? <kamoa>ye mo:stla</kamoa>, etc. Check carefully how ps will be determined for these cases. Cf. /kwalka:n/, /tlakwalispan/. Reduplication with long vowel: In Oapan the reduplicated form with long vowel, <koa>tio:tio:tlahtsi:n</koa>, indicates a lesser degree of"afternoonness,"i.e., earlier in the afternoon. This is in accord with the general pattern of using long vowel reduplication to indicate a less intense or partial state. 01616 tlanawati:hli tlanawati:hli tlanawati:hli tlanawati:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 order (i.e., items that have been requested and that are"on order,"such as ceramics that a trader has requested be made) pedido (esto es, objetos que han sido pedidos de antes, como la cerámica que un revendedor pidióque se hiciera) Pending Na:nkah ye tlanawati:hli. Yo:ne:chnawatikan, san kwa:hkis ite:ko. Am These here (in this case a batch of fired ceramics) have already been ordered (i.e., they can't be sold). I had been ordered (to make them); now the only thing is for the owner just to come pick them up. Estos (en este caso barro cocido) ya están pedidos (y por eso ya no se pueden vender). Me pidieron (que los hiciera), falta solamente que su dueño venga a recogerlos. Yo:nekok deke ye u:nkah notlanawati:l. Am I've arrived in case my order (e.g., of painted ceramics) is ready. Ya lleguéen caso de que ya estámi pedido (p. ej., de cerámica pintada). act of God's will (particularly in causing illness) acta de la voluntad de Diós (particularmente en causar una enfermedad) Pending Yo:mitsasik tlanawati:hli. Am You have gotten ill by God's will. Te has enfermado por la voluntad de Diós. nawa 01617 pi:tso:ti pi:tso:ti pi:tso:ti pi:tso:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) (for a nursing child o animal joven) to get weak and sickly.because of a mother's pregnancy1 (i.e., from"sibling rivalry") tener chípil; (por un niño, o hasta un animal joven, que todavía estámamantando) enfermarse y ponerse débil a causa de la preñez de la mamá Pending O:itipoti:xatiak. saniman o:pi:tso:t Am He (in this case a child) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling. Aél (en este caso a un niño) se le hinchóla barriga. Se enfermópor el nacimiento de un hermano menor. Pi:tso:tis ikone:w, oksepa o:stli ina:n. Am Her child will get sick and weak from sibling rivarly, his mother is pregnant again. Su hijo se va a poner débil y enfermo de chípil, otra vez estáencinta su mamá. Pi:tso:ti, pe:wa tewa:ki un kone:tsi:ntli kwa:k o:stli ina:n. Am <kam>Pi:tso:ti</kam> (refers to when) a little child begins to get thin when his mother is pregnant. <kam>Pi:tso:ti</kam> (se refiere a cuando) un niñito empieza a adelgazarse al estar encinta su mamá. to have a younger sibling while still very young tener un hermano(a) cuando uno estátodavía muy bebé Pending pi:tso: <kam>Pi:tso:ti</kam> refers to a condition that affects a nursing child when his or her mother gets pregnant: he becomes sickly, his neck and legs gets thin and skimpy, he gets a large belly, he walks awkwardly and falls a lot. itipoti:xah confer Am 01618 -ka:n ye:xka:n -ka:n -ka:h we:ika:h
11/Feb/2006
Rel-stem-sim locative suffix used into indicate the place where a particular action occurs (when added to a verbal stem) or a the existence of a particular state (when added to a nominal or adjectival stem) sufijo locativo que indica el lugar donde una acción en particular occure (cuando se le agrega a una raíz verbal) o la existence de un estado en particular (cuando se le agrega a una raíz nominal o adjetival) Pending kwalka:n Am (in) the morning (lit., 'in a good place') (en) la mañana (lit., 'en un buen lugar') Tlakwalka:n Am It is a good place (e.g., a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.) Es un buen lugar (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.) miahka:n Am (in) many places (en) muchos lugares Ne:chkukwa nopitsahka:n Am My waist hurts me (lit., 'my place of narrowing'). Me duele la cintura (lit., 'mi lugar de estrechamiento'). tlapitsahka:n Am mountain pass (lit., 'a place of narrowing') paso o puerto de montaña (lit., 'un lugar de estrechamiento') -ka:n The preceding senses indicate some of the meanings and used of the <kamoa>-ka:n</kamoa> suffix. A full list can be obtained by searching the lexical database for <kn>-ka:n</kn> in the /xrl field. Set up link to /ka:n/ in the /xrl field. 01619 tsi:nwekalowa kitsi:nwekalowa tsí:nwakalówa tsi:nwakalowa kitsí:nwakalówa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b yes-lex to dig out the bottom of (e.g., a cliff, ridge, or ledge so that a small cave-like area or hollow is formed) excavar el fondo de (p. ej., un risco o saliente para que se haga un pequeño hueco como cuevita) Pending tsi:n wahkal Determine further what this means, how the digging is done, etc. Check to make sure underling {h} is in root of /wehkal/; cf. /wekahli/. 01620 xama:nilia kixama:nilia xama:nilia kixama:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to break up or crumble (sth) into (e.g., dried oregano, red chile, or other brittle seasonings [SO] into a food such as pozole, etc. [PO]); to break up or crumble (sth) for desmoronar, despedazar o romper (algo, p. ej., orégano seco, chile seco u otros condimientos [OS]) en (p. ej., a una comida como pozole, etc. [OP]); quebrar o hacer añicos (a algo [OS]) para (algn) Pending Xxa:xama:nili chi:hli! Am Break up several pieces of that (red) chile into it (e.g., a broth of beans)! ¡Desmorónale pedazos de ese chile (rojo) enél (p. ej., en un caldo de frijol)! xama: <kam>Xama:nillia</kam> in the sense of adding spices to a food refers to the breaking up of a brittle spice with ones hands. It may refer to the crumbling of red chile to put into a dish, but not to green chile, for which the word <kam>ko:koto:nilia</kam> is used, given that the action is one of pulling or ripping off small pieces of green chile, not crumbling a dried object into small pieces. 01621 ma:kana:wa kima:kana:wa ma:kana:wa kima:kana:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) to clear out weeds by hand (in reference to clearing out the largest weeds in a milpa by pulling them up by the roots) desherbar a mano (en referencia a la hierba más grande en una milpa, arrancándola a mano) Pending Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. Am You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. to make (sb's) hand tender (generally from excessive work with the hands; usually the use of the verb <kam>ma:kana:wa</kam> in this sense involves reduplication of the verbal root, <kam>ma:kakana:wa</kam>) hacer que la mano (de algn) quede sensibilizada (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; a menudo este uso lleva la reduplicación de la raíz verbal, <kam>ma:kakana:wa</kam>) Pending ma: kana: It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between <klamoa>tila:wi</klamoa>'to become thick or dense' and <klamoa>kana:wi</klamoa>'to become thin.' In this acceptation of <kamoa>ma:kana:wa</kamoa> the incorporated noun root <kroot>ma:</kroot>is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb <klamoa>ma:kana:wi</klamoa>in which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working hard in th e fields, th ere is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. For another example of how transitivity alternations and noun incorporation interact, see notes under <klamoa>a:pochina:ltia</klamoa>. Recheck for both meanings and their correctness: for ones hand to become worn and to weed. In the phrase about weeding the reference is to thinning out the weeds, uprooting the largest by hand. Noun incorporation: It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between <klamoa>tila:wi</klamoa>'to become thick or dense' and <klamoa>kana:wi</klamoa>'to become thin.' In this acceptation of <kamoa>ma:kana:wa</kamoa> the incorporated noun root <kroot>ma:</kroot>is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb <klamoa>ma:kana:wi</klamoa>in which the incorporated noun stem is"possessed"by the subject (an example of"possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working h a rd in the fields, there is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. 01622 patiltik patiltik patiltik patiltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be inclined; to be leaning over estar inclinado; estar fuera de vertical Pending to be crooked (not in a straight line) estar chueco (no derecho o recto, p. ej., cosas en línea) Pending Patiltik mokorra:l. Am Your fence is crooked (not in a straight line). Tu cerca estáchueca (no en una línea recta). Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh. Am His leg is crooked, he is lame. Tiene la pierna chueca, estácojo. (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be poorly pronounced or constructed (words or speech by one who is not fluent) (a menudo reduplicado tener vocal corta) estar mal pronunciado y formado (palabras o un discurso de algn que no domina la lengua) Pending Sam papatiltik itlato:l, san ke:n ihki yo:ki:itoh. Am His speech is off-base, he uttered his words in just any which way. Sus palabras no son derechas, dijo sus palabras como cualquier cosa. patil 01623 tla:lkaxa:nki tla:lkaxa:nki tla:lkaxa:nki tla:lkaxa:nki
22/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki N1 loose earth tierra suelta Pending Tla:la:wa, san ise:lti xiti:ni, tla:lkaxa:nki. Am The earth comes sliding down the slope, it crumbles by itself, the area has a lot of loose earth. La tierra se desliza por el pendiente, se desmorona por si solo, es unaárea de tierra es suelta. tla:l kaxa: 01624 ti:tlanilia kiti:tlanilia ti:tlanilia kiti:tlanilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to send (sth) to (for the benefit of) mandar o enviar a (para el beneficio de) Pending Konti:tlanilia ikone:w. Am He sends it to his child. Se lo manda a (para) su hijo. ti:tlani ti:tlani verb_base Am, Oa 01625 tla:ltekwio:tia kitla:ltekwio:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V1-para-h/wa/tia Compl class-2a to cover with dust cubrir de polvo Am O:timotla:ltekwyo:tih. Am You got yourself covered with dust. Te hiciste cubrir de polvo. tla:l tekw The p-a in /tlá:ltemolohyó:tia/ may be wrong (though this is now how it is in the /lxo field of the associated entry now); note that in other words with this form (i.e., other derivatives) there is no p-a. tlá:ltemolohyó:tia synonym Oa tla:ltehwi:lo synonym Oa 01626 tsi:ntetepontla:lia kitsi:ntetepontla:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-b class-2a to remove the pants or dress of (e.g., a young child, leaving the rear end exposed) quitarle los pantalones o falda a (p. ej., un niño, dejando las nalgas expuestas) Am tsi:n tepon tla:l Perhaps this entry should be removed. 01627 mapilyestia mapilyestia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) to get a blood blister on ones finger salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo a (algn [S]) Am mah pil yes This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, <kam>xyeski:sa</kam>. mápilyesté:mi synonym Oa 01628 a:pochi:naltia ka:pochi:naltia a:pochi:naltia ka:pochi:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni[+ca] class-2a to soften by soaking in water, so that (the item soaked) becomes fuzzy, loose, and spongy ablandar al remojar, para que (el objeto remojado) se ponga velloso y esponjoso Pending Xka:pochi:nalti un mexkahli para ixtli. Am Soften that cactus in water to make rope (i.e., so that it can be shredded to make hemp twine). Remoja ese cactus en agua para hacer cuerda (esto es, hasta que se ablande y se pueda trizar para hacer cáñamo enroscado). a: pochi: a:pochi:ni; a:yema:nia Although the verbal base <klamoa>pochi:ni</klamoa>forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (<klamoa>pochi:na</klamoa>, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root <kroot>a:</kroot>. Here there transitive alternation is through causative morphology: <klamoa>a:pochi:ni</klamoa>and <kamoa>a:pochi:naltia</kamoa>. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see <klamoa>ma:kana:wa</klamoa>). Note that although the pair /pochi:ni/ and /pochi:na/ exist as nondirected alternation, with the incorporated noun /a:/ it seems that only /a:pochi:ni/ and /a:pochi:naltia/ exist. This shoud be checked and if true, commented on in the grammar. For /a:yema:nia/, which is intransitive, determine whether a transitive exists (e.g., a:yema:nilia, which should if it exists, be added to the dictionary). Noun incorporation; transitivity alternation: Although the verbal base <klamoa>pochi:ni</klamoa>forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (<klamoa>pochi:na</klamoa>, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root <kroot>a:</kroot>. Here the transitive alternation is through causative morphology: <klamoa>a:pochi:ni</klamoa>and <kamoa>a:pochi:naltia</kamoa>. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see <klamoa>ma:kana:wa</klamoa>). a:pochi:ni verb_base Am, Oa 01629 tekitlami tekitlami tekitlami tekitlami
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-mi(a) class-3a(m) to finish working a team of oxen or mules during the planting season (usually the oxen are"released"during the first two weeks of August; note that <kam>tekitlami</kam> refers just to the finishing of this stage, not all fieldwork, which would include the <klam>iswatekilistli</klam> , harvest or <klam>pixkilistli</klam> , etc.) terminar de trabajar la yunta de bueyes o mulas durante la temporada de lluvias (por lo común la yunta se suelta durante las primeras dos semanas de agosto; <kam>tekitlami</kam> se refiere solamente a la terminación del trabajo de la yunta, y no todo el trabajo del campo como el zacateo o <klam>iswatekilistli</klam> , la cosecha o <klam>pixkilistli</klam> , etc.) Pending Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh. Am They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the team of oxen. Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron el trabajo de yunta. O:tekitlamilo:k, xok yekah tekiti. Am The season for working teams of oxen is over, no one is left working (the fields). La temporada de trabajar la yunta se acabó, ya nadie trabaja (el campo). to die morir Am Check to see if /tekitlami/ can also refer to finishing other types of jobs. Check for causative and applicative. tekipanowa confer Am, Oa 01630 pi:nyas pi:nyas pi:nyah pi:nyah
11/Feb/2006
piña N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) pineapple piña Am, Oa In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl borrowing <kam>pi:nyas</kam> is most often found in the"plural." 01631 pakah pakah pakah paah pakah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv(loc)=V1 V1-b Irregular; see <klamoa>kah</klamoa> to be there (in a definite place known through discourse) estar allá(en un lugar definido por el discurso) Pending Pakah nokni:w Cuernavaca. Am My brother is there in Cuernavaca. Mi hermano estáalláen Cuernavaca. Pakah. Ompón iye:wtok. Am It is over there. It is stored right over there. Alláestá. Estáguardado allímismo. kah pa confer Am, Oa 01632 na:palowa kina:palowa na:palowa kina:palowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi[x] class-2b to hug; to hold in ones arms; to gather up in ones arms abrazar; cargar en los brazos; juntar y cargar en los brazos Pending Kina:palotok ikone:w. Am She is holding her child in her arms. Estácargando su niño en los brazos. O:hna:palo:to notlikoh. O:nikwa:hkik nika:n ka:n nitlatlama:malti:s. Am I went to gather up my firewood in my arms. I brought it here where I will load up my animals. Fui a traer mi leña en los brazos. Lo traje aquídonde voy a cargas mis bestias. (refl.) to hug oneself; to wrap ones arms around the body (refl.) abrazarse; colocar los brazos alrededor del cuerpo Pending O:nimona:paloh pa:mpa nisekwi. Am I hugged myself because I'm cold. Me abracéporque tengo frío. to have sex with; to make love to (usually in reference to a man [subject] having sex with a woman) hacer el amor con; tener relaciones sexuales con (usualmente en referencia a un hombre [sujeto] teniendo relaciones sexuales con una mujer) Pending Xkaman kina:palowa suwa:tl. Am He never has sex with a woman. Nunca hace el amor con una mujer. to pass over or extend from one side to another; to pass around the circumference (of a hill, of the back of a beast of burden, etc.) extenderse de un lado a otro; extenderse alrededor de, por la orilla (de un cerrito, del lomo de una bestia, etc.) Pending Kina:palotok lo:mah. Am It stretches over both sides of the hill (in this case a parcel of land that goes from one side of a hill, over the top and then down the other side). Se extiende por los dos lados del cerro (en este caso una parcela de terreno que va de un lado a otro de un cerro, pasando por el punto más alto). na:pal Check to determine if there is an intransitive form, although I do not remember ever hearing one. In general for a grammatical analysis it will be useful to determine which verbs of nondirected alternation are lacking either the transitive or intransitive form. na:palowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa na:palo:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01633 mela:wtok nomela:wtok mela:wtok nomela:htok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat-refl Durative to be lying down (after having lain down) estar acostado (después de haberse acostado) Pending Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw. Am I am lying down, I got tired. Estoy acostado, ya me cansé. mela: Although the fact that the form of the reflexive morpheme varies in accord with the subject suggests that <kam>nomela:wtok</kam> should not be accorded a separate entry, the fact that the meaning of a transitive verb with the <kam>-tok</kam> ending is not a progressive but rather a stative favors a separate entry. A similar decision has been made in regard to <kam>tsontokatok</kam>. Before a final decision is made on whether to accord <kam>nomela:wtok</kam> a separate entry care must be taken to distinguish <kam>mela:wtok</kam> from <kam>nomela:wtok</kam>. Under the former I have the definition of 'to be lying down,' but this might be in error. Perhaps it simply refers to something that has been laid out, and is flat on the ground, but that the reflexive stative is used for people who acquire this position (of lying down) through their own action. mela:wa confer Am 01634 tlankoyaktik tlankoyaktik tlankoyahtik tlankoyahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tlantekoyaktik</kam> (Am) / <koa>tlankoyahtik</koa> (Oa) to be lacking some front teeth tener algunos dientes faltando Pending tlan koya: Perhaps because of its semantic meaning, <kam>tlankoyaktik</kam> is almost always found with the intensifier (i.e., <kam>tlantekoyaktik</kam>) although consultants did accept the form without <kn>te-</kn> as correct; hence this entry has the <kn>te-</kn> as optional. If there are many teeth missing, one would say (in Oapan, with reduced reduplication) <koa>tlá:nkoyáhtik</koa>. There are four additional tokens of this word from 4475; link two of the tokens (female and male) from the set originally at 4475. tlanwá:wakátik synonym Oa 01635 chapa:ni chapa:ni chapa:ni chapa:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl class-3a (often with <kn>wa:l-</kn>) to continuously pour or spill out onto the ground (a liquid such as water spurting out of a tube) (a menudo con <kn>wa:l-</kn>) derramarse o verterse a chorros sobre el suelo (un líquido como agua que sale rápidamente por un tubo) Pending Wa:lchapa:ntok a:tl ipan tla:hli. Am The water is pouring out onto the ground. El agua se estáderramando sobre el suelo. to fall and be lying extended on the ground (sth long and loose such as a rope, a scarf, or long piece of cloth); to be hanging down to the ground caerse al suelo y estar extendido sobre ello (algo largo y flojo como un lazo, o un rebozo, tira de tela o pedazo de ropa); colgarse hacia abajo hasta tirarse sobre el suelo Pending Ma:ka!... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. Am Don't do it!... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground. No lo hagas!... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. Chapa:ni morria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. Am Your lariat falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it is no longer hard and stiff like it should be, but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. Tu reata cae floja a la tierra (esto es, ya no es duro, sino flojo como soga). Ya no sirve para lazar las patas de algún animal. chapa: toya:wi; chapa:ni <kamoa>Chapa:ni</kamoa> is used, for example, if part of a blanket has slid down from a bed and is lying on on the ground. However, if the entire blanket is on the ground the word <kamoa>tlakaltok</kamoa> is used. <kamoa>Chapa:ni</kamoa> is also used to refer to objects such as ropes and hoses that are lying on the ground. When used in reference to water, this verb refers to water pouring onto the ground, e.g., from the top of a house during a storm, or from a pipe or tube. It is not used, however, to refer to water that is spilling out onto the ground over the top of a bucket or a <spn>perol</spn>. In this case the verb <klamoa>toya:wi</klamoa>is used. Cf. illustration on original file card. Also, compare and distinguish /toya:wi/, /tlakali/ and /chapa:ni/. chachapaka frequent Am, Oa 01636 xo:chipaltsi:n xo:chipaltsi:n xo:chipaltsi:n xo:chipaltsi:n xo:chipaltsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 type of flowering plant still not identified tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada Pending Xo:chipaltsi:n | San xo:chitl kokostik. Ne:si Chalacachapa iwa:n kinelowan tixtli kwa:k tamalkwan, para ma kose:wi, kas. Am <kamoa>Xo:chipaltsi:n</kamoa> : It is just a yellowish flower. It seems that in Chalacachapa they mix it in with ground <klam>nextamahli</klam> when they are making tamales, maybe so that it (the dough) becomes yellow. <kamoa>Xo:chipaltsi:n</kamoa> : Es solamente una flor amarillita. Parece que en Chalacachapa se mezcla con la masa cuando se hace tamales, para que se pongan amarillos quizá. plant xiwtli xo:chi pa: RS gives the following entry under <kn>xochipalli</kn> o <kn>xuchipalli</kn> : 'Hierba cuya hoja se parece a la de la artemisa y sirve para teñir las telas de color amarillo rojizo (Hern.); color rojo, rosa.' The root <kn>pal</kn> is thus probably related to that for 'dye.' 01637 kanah kanah kanah kanah
11/Feb/2006
Pr(indef) Pr-indef somewhere; someplace algún lado; algún lugar Pending Xtiá:s kanah tewa? Am Are you going to go somewhere? ¿Vas a ir a algún lado? Ke:mah! Kanah niá:s! Am Yes! I'm going to go somewhere! Si! Voy a ir a algún lado! Kwi:kas kanah. Am He will take it somewhere. Lo va a llevar a algún lado. A:man niá:s kanatsi:n, xok nimose:wi:s. Am Today I'm going to go somewhere, I'm not going to rest anymore. Hoy voy a ir a algún ladito, ya no voy a descansar. Xkanah tikne:xti:s! Am You won't find it anywhere! ¡No lo vas a encontrar en ningún lado! Xniás kanah! -= xkanah niá:s-. Am I'm not going anywhere. No voy a ningún lado. approximately; about; more or less aproximadamente; alrededor de; más o menos; como Pending Kanah o:me pe:soh nikmakas. Am I'm going to give him about two pesos. Le voy a dar como dos pesos. Xniá:s a:man, kanah mo:stla. Am I won't go today, maybe around tomorrow. No voy a ir hoy, quizás como mañana. Kanah <spn>jueves</spn> niá:s. Am I'm going to go around Thursday. Voy a ir como por el jueves. kánatsí:n ka:n <kamoa>Kanah</kamoa> is most often found in a predication that is headed by the negative particular <kamoa>x=</kamoa>, which is usually placed at the left of the phrase. Also, although the vowel is definitely short in <kam>kanah</kam> , the relationship with <kam>ka:n</kam> is clear. A general decision must be made re: roots that show long/short alternations: /toma:wi/ and /tomatl/, /xoko:ya/ and /xokotl/, etc. Also, there is the problem of how to categorize words that may function as various parts of speech. I would think that this should be revised and that there might be multiple /cat fields if words are different parts of speech. Or, perhpas better, a separate entry. Computationally, the easiest might be to have a separate entry. Check whether in Oapan one can say /kánatík/. I seem to hear this form in the 1998 Oapan minpairs tape, about 16:51. Note that the root /ka:n/ shows up short in /kanah/. kánatsí:n confer Oa 01638 tlachipi:ntsi:n se: tlachipi:ntsi:n tlachipi:ntsi:n se: tlachipi:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 drop (of a liquid) gotita (de un líquido) Pending (<kamoa>se:</kamoa> ~) sip; little bit (lit. 'drop,' of a drink, broth, or other liquid) (<kamoa>se:</kamoa> ~) traguito; poquito (lit. 'gotita', de una bebida, caldo u otro líquido) Pending Ma:s san se: tlachipi:ntsi:n xne:chmaka! Am Just give a little sip! ¡Dame nada más un tragito! chipi: In documented occurrences to date, <kamoa>Tlachipi:ntsi:n</kamoa> seems to always to follow the numeral <klamoa>se:</klamoa>. The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> suggests that the verbal stem should be transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is <klamoa>chipi:nia</klamoa>. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected alternation and ending in <kn>-na</kn> or <kn>-nia</kn>, the stem for nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case may be. Here, with <kamoa>tlachipi:ntsi:n</kamoa>, the final two vowels are lost. A similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in <kn>-iwi</kn>, in which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., <klamoa>pa:tsiwi</klamoa>and <klamoa>pa:stik</klamoa>). Nominalization; vowel loss; deverbalization; adjectivalization: The nominalization with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> suggests that the verbal stem should be transitive. However, the transitive form of this verb is <klamoa>chipi:nia</klamoa>. This exemplifies that for transitive verbs within the paradigm of nondirected alternation and ending in <kn>-na</kn> or <kn>-nia</kn>, the stem for nominalization is consonant final, losing either the final vowel or final two vowels, as the case may be. Here, with <kamoa>tlachipi:ntsi:n</kamoa>, the final two vowels are lost. A similar pattern is found in the adjectivalization of verbs ending in <kn>-iwi</kn>, in which the entire -VCV ending is lost (e.g., <klamoa>pa:tsiwi</klamoa>and <klamoa>pa:stik</klamoa>). 01639 chi:ltixtli chi:ltixtli chi:ltixtli chi:ltixtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(x) mixture of chile with other herbs and ground dried items mezcla de chile con varias hierbas y otras cosas molidas Pending chi:l tisi In one original filecard I recorded that <kamoa>chi:ltixtli</kamoa> is simply ground and dried chile, with no <spn>masa</spn>, that is mixed directly with <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>, <kamoa>pimie:ntah</kamoa>, <klamoa>kla:bos</klamoa>and <klamoa>komi:nos</klamoa>. food Check recipe. 01640 i i
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b Bound morpheme: see <klamoa>oni</klamoa>and <klamoa>tlai</klamoa> see <klamoa>oni</klamoa>and <klamoa>tlai</klamoa> véase <klamoa>oni</klamoa>y <klamoa>tlai</klamoa> Pending i: The verb <kamoa>i</kamoa>, which has an underlying long vowel, only occurs with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>, referring to the drinking of an alcoholic drink. For nonalcoholic drinks, <klamoa>oni</klamoa>is used, a verb form that can take both specific (e.g., <kamoa>koni</kamoa>) and nonspecific (e.g., <kamoa>tlaoni</kamoa>) prefixes. oni confer Am tlai val_reduce1 Am, Oa 01641 kwa:pa:ya:tl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n kwa:pa:ya:tl kwa:pa:ya:tl kwa:pa:ya:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 fool; idiot; imbecil; one who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained idiota; tonto; imbécil; persona que estámal de la cabeza Pending kwa: pa:ya: <kam>Kwa:pa:ya:tik</kam> and similar words may refer to someone who is by nature mentally deficient. It is apparently derived from the stem <kroot>pa:ya:</kroot>, which seems to mean 'fuzzy'. It can refer to someone who is like this from birth, a moron, or is temporarily so from drink, or someone who is doing something foolish and senseless. This word is usually found in the diminutive, e.g., <kamoa>kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n</kamoa>, which, perhaps, should in fact be the main entry. However, for now the entry is under the non-diminutive form. kwa:pa:ya synonym Oa 01642 tlaye:kchi:wilia notlaye:kchi:wilia tlaye:hchi:wilia notlaye:hchi:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to arrange a nest for itself (e.g., a chicken, or similar fowl, about to lay its eggs) (refl.) arreglarse un nido (p. ej., una gallina, o ave similar, a punto de poner) Pending Nopióye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. Am My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself. Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Estáa punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido. e:k chi:wa Check orthography of /a:kopilkatinemi/, is the first /a:/ long or not. Check other possible meanings of this term. Check for transitive use. ye:kchi:wilia minus_tla Am 01643 ko:koh ko:koh ko:koh ko:koh
11/Feb/2006
Baby Adj-bb Lex. rdp-l hot (spicy) picoso Pending hot (in temperature) calientito Pending baby koko This is a word used in talking to children. The etymology is uncertain, since it might either be derived from <kam>kokó:k</kam> or <kam>kukwa</kam> , as in <kam>te:kokoh</kam> 'causing pain.' For a discussion of long /u:/, see entry under <klam>lu:loh</klam>. Check to make sure that this word can be used to refer to all the above. I am not entirely certain that it can be used to refer to something hot in temperature. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 01644 xiwyoh xiwyoh xihyoh xihyoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to have a lot of leaves tener muchas hojas Pending to have (an area) many herbaceous plants tener (unaárea) muchas plantas herbáceas Pending xiw 01645 kokone:tl kokone:tl kókoné:tl kókoné:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Reduced rdp-s(pref*) Stem 2 yes-rdp doll; human-like figure (of clay, dough, plastic, etc.) muñeca; figura humana pequeña (de barro, masa, plástico, etc.) Pending Unlike the base form <klamoa>kone:tl</klamoa>'child,' which has an irregular plural form <kamoa>ko:koneh</kamoa>, <kam>kokone:tl</kam> pluralizes with the regular and expected endings <kn>-meh</kn>. Note regular plural form. 01646 te:ntili:ntok te:ntili:ntok te:ntili:ntok te:ntili:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat N-Stat V1-Stat Durative to be with a tight lid, cap, or top (e.g., a pot, container, bottle, etc.) estar con la tapadera bien apretada (e.g., una olla, recipiente, etc.); con el tapón bien metido (e.g., una botella) Pending Te:ntili:ntok. Xwel tlapowi niman ite:ntsahka. Am Its cap (or lid) is on tight, it can't be easily opened. Su tapadera (o tapón) estámuy apretada, no se puede abrir fácilmente. Xwel te:ntlapowi, ke:n te:ntili:ntok. Am It won't open (can't be opened), its top is really on tight. No se puede abrir, su tapadera (o tapa) estámuy apretada. te:n tili: The antonym of <kamoa>te:ntili:ntok</kamoa> is <klamoa>te:nkaxa:nki</klamoa>. te:ntepi:stik; te:ntili:ntok 01647 te:i:xkwilih te:i:xkwilih te:i:xkwilih te:i:xkwilih
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be blinding; to be dazzling; to taken ones vision away momentarily (a bright light) ser deslumbrante o deslumbrador (una fuerte luz) Pending Te:ixkwi:lih to:nahli. Am The sun is dazzling (its light so strong as to momentarily to ones vision away). El sol es deslumbrante (con luz tan fuerte que momentariamente le quita la vista a uno) i:x kwi 01648 pola:n chi:chi:l pola:n chi:chi:l
24/Oct/2005
plátano N N-complex N1/2; Aln(1=2) small type of banana from Veracruz or Tabasco, not found in Guerrero tipo de plátano pequeño de Veracruz o Tabasco, pero no encontrado en Guerrero Am chi:l plátano Check type. Check for the possible existence of a plant named /chi:chi:l/ to determine whether this word is used only as applied to bananas, or whether indeed a simple plant called /chi:chi:l/ also exists. If not then simply add an entry under /chi:chi:l/ and cross-reference here. Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this is the name of a small type of banana that comes from Veracruz or Tabasco but that is not known in this area. He has seen these bananas when he went to Veracruz and Tabasco, sold at the side of the road. 01649 aketsi:lowa aketsi:lowa akétsi:lówa aketsi:lowa akétsi:lówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-2b yes-lex to stand on tiptoe pararse de puntillas Pending Xaketsi:lo para tasis! Am Stand on your tiptoes so that you can reach it! ¡Párate de puntillas para que lo puedas alcanzar! Na:ketsi:lotok. Am I'm standing on tiptoes. Estoy parado en puntillas. ah kehtsi Check for The etymology of <kam>aketsi:lowa</kam> (Am) remains unclear as does the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, where it might be <koa>akétsi:lówa</koa> as written above, or <koa>ákétsi:lówa</koa>. More analysis will need to be conducted. It seems clear, however, that etymologically this verb is related to <kn>omixco tlachixque in aquique mitzontepeuhque immitz onchayauhque.</kn>, the word for the place on the body just above the heel, where a sandal strap passes (however, perhaps simply 'heel' would be a more adequate translation). The pitch accent on both these words suggests an underlying {h}, which would perhaps be located (pending evidence from neighboring dialects) at the coda of the second syllable: {keh + tsi}. This would mean that etymologically the word for heel is not directly related to <kn>ketsa</kn> 'to stand upright.' Note that The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests that there is no underlying {h}; however, this needs to be checked as the most likely etymology would have underlying {ah-} at the be ginning of this word. Molina a has two relevant forms: <kn>quequetzilotiuh. ni</kn> 'andar sobre las puntas delos pies' and <kn>quequetzolli</kn> 'calcañar' both of which mirror the Balsas definitions of the cognate forms: 'to walk on tiptoe' and 'heel.' In modern dialects the only pertinent information is from Northern Puebla, which has <kn>ixoquehtzol</kn> 'talón.' This evidence confirms an underlying {h} in the place posited from the Oapan data. However, the underlying for of the initial /a/ is still unclear. It might well be {ah}. This should lead to high pitch on this syllable (i.e., <koa>ákétsi:lówa</koa>), which might actually be the case. The acoustic evidence is not entirely clear. Check the length of initial /a/, which in one example that I had written on the filecards appears long. Perhaps one of the roots of this word is /ketsa/. aketsi:lowa; check for /ah-/ beginning and /kehtsi:l/. Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec and vowel length and p-a of Oapan. 01650 zzz This used to be the entry for /wetskis yeyekatl/ but it has been eliminated.
30/Jul/2005
 01651 anya:nti anya:nti kaya:nti kaya:nti
09/Feb/2006
gañan No V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to hire oneself out to work the junta, as a <spn>gañan</spn> contratarse como gañan Am, Oa anyá:n Note also the problem of spelling which applies to this verb form, i.e. whether there should be a /i/ or a /y/. 01652 tlapalowilia kitlapalowilia tlápalowília tlapalowilia kitlápalowília
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to greet (sb) for or in representation of saludar (a algn) para o en nombre de Pending Xne:xtlapalowili:ti, nikontla:tlawtia! Am Go give him my greetings, I send him my best regards! ¡Ve a saludarlo de mi parte, le mando mis saludos! tlahpal tlapalowa verb_base Am tlápalówa verb_base Oa 01653 yema:nka:no:tsa kiyema:nka:no:tsa yema:nka:no:tsa kiyema:nka:no:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b class-3a(ts) to speak softly or gently to; to speak to in a soft tone of voice hablar suavemente a; hablar en un tono suave a Pending yema:n no:tsa chika:hka:no:tsa confer Am, Oa 01654 kwitlati kwitlati kwitlati kwitlati
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to become rotten or putrid; to decay pudrirse; echarse a perder Pending Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. Am My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated were stricken by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). Miakpa ipan yo:kiaw, o:kwitlat noswaw. Am It has rained on my corn leaves (stored for fodder) many times, they have become rotten. Muchas veces le ha llovido sobre mi"zacate"(hojas de maíz almacenadas para alimentar a los animales), ya se pudrieron. to get a rash of reddened skin with runny liquid inside small pimples salirle ronchas o sarpullido con un líquido que se escurre Pending Yo:pe:w kwitlati nokone:tsi:n ipan ikechtlantsi:n ika toto:nka:pachiwiya. Ke:n toma:wak. Am My little child has started to get a red runny rash on its neck because he's really fat and the skin there gets hot from folding over on itself. Al cuello de mi niñito se le salieron sarpullido de ronchas rojas de que se le escurre un líquido porque es algo gordito y su piel se calienta al plegarse. kwitla The term <kamoa>kwitlati</kamoa> is most often used to refer to the greenish sludge that forms on plants that lay on the ground for a long time in standing water. In reference to the skin rash, one consultant mentioned that another description of the same phenomena would be <kam>chi:kwati, a:yo:ki:sa</kam> 'he gets a rash, watery liquid seeps out.' kwitlatia equivalent Am, Oa 01655 nakaskukwi nonakaskukwi naká:skwí naka:skwi nonaká:skwí
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-4a yes-rdp (refl.) to scratch the inside of ones ear (generally with a small stick or zacate) (refl.) rasgar la parte interior de la oreja (generalmente con un palito chiquito o un zacate) Pending Xmonakaskukwi! Am Scratch the inside of your ear! ¡Rasgate la parte interior de tu oreja! nakas kwi Check to see if only the reduplicated form is used and if only the reflexive. Check for applicative. 01656 asta sta ta asta asta ta asta
11/Feb/2006
hasta Adv-loan up to hasta Pending A:sta ye:i yuntah o:kitla:lih. Am He worked up to three teams of oxen (in planting his fields). Trabajóhasta tres yuntas (al sembrar sus terrenos). until hasta Pending A:sta a:man chikwe:i niás! Am I won't go until a week from today! ¡No voy a ir hasta de hoy en ocho! Although it seems that <koa>a:sta</koa> is used in Oapan, the more common form seems to be simply <koa>ta</koa>. Note that in another entry (4883) the form /ta/ is used for /hasta/. This seems to be the correct form. Recheck. Perhpas change the main entry to /ta/. Check vowel length. I had the Am. entry with a short /a/ and the Oapan entry with a long /a:/. Check/recheck for final /h/. ta synonym Oa 01657 a:tl a:tl a:tl a:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 water agua Pending Xmaka a:chitsi:n ma:tsi:n! Am Give him a little bit of your water! ¡Dale un poco de tu agua! rain lluvia; las aguas Pending O:ki:s a:tl, ye tiaweh! Am The rain has ended, let's go! Dejóde llover,¡ya nos vamos! (poss. with <kn>-w</kn>, often in the diminutive) fontanelle; the solf spot on the crown of a child's head (Note that <kamoa>i:a:w</kamoa> is used when the soft spot has started to close and harden a little. If still very soft and open, then the diminutive <kamoa>i:a:tsi:n</kamoa> is used.) (pos. con <kn>-w</kn>, a menudo en diminutivo) fontanela (Nótese que se emplea <kamoa>i:a:w</kamoa> cuando la fontanela ya empezóa cerrarse y endurecerse un poco. Si todavía estámuy abierta y suave, el diminutivo <kamoa>i:a:tsi:n</kamoa> se emplea.) Pending Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon. Am If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You take water in your mouth and suck in aire with your mouth on the top of the child's head. Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (esto es, aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). Tomas agua en la boca y respiras jalando aire con la boca puesta sobre su cabeza. (intrinsic possession) juice (of a fruit); broth (of a cooked dish such as beans) (posesión intrínseca) jugo (de una fruta, de un caldo como de frijoles hirviendo) Pending Kipia ia:yo un yetl. Am Those beans have a lot of broth (i.e., there is a lot of water for the amount of beans cooked or served). Esos frijoles tienen mucho caldo (esto es, hay mucha agua para la cantidad de frijoles cocidos o servidos). Xoh kipia ia:yo. Am It doesn't have juice anymore (e.g., a fruit that is somewhat dried out). Ya no tiene jugo (p. ej., una fruta que ya se secóun poco). (poss. with <kn>-yo</kn>) sap (of a tree) (poss. con <kn>-yo</kn>) savia (de unárbol) Pending Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli. Am The sap of that tree is hanging down (from a cut in the bark, having slightly dried). La savia de eseárbol se estácolgando (de una cortada en la cáscara, habiéndose secado ligeramente). a: Check to see if /a:tl/ can also be used to refer to rain, i.e., o:ki:s a:tl. 01658 a:xo:chikuwtli a:xo:chikuwtli ka:rrasal ka:rrasal a:xo:chitl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>a:xo:chitl</klam> véase <klam>a:xo:chitl</klam> Pending plant kuwtli a: xo:chi kow a:xo:chitl equivalent Am 01659 tlateka:xko tlateka:xko tlateka:xko tlateka:xko
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-tla-k(o) Lex. <kn>te-</kn> place in which a small valley (such as the space between two hills) lugar con una pequeña valle (como el espacio entre dos cerritos) Pending place with a small depression or sunken area (also <kam>tlaka:xkotsi:n</kam>) lugar con una parte hundida o con una ligera depresión (también <kam>tlaka:xkotsi:n</kam>) Pending topography ka:x -ko Unlike <klam>-te:nko</klam> , a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no associated relational noun * <kam>-ka:xko</kam> with a similar function. Thus the relationship of <kam>tlate:nko</kam> to <kam>-te:nko</kam> is not mirrored by <kam>tlaka:xko</kam> to * <kn>-ka:xko</kn>. Note that unlike a form such as <klam>-te:nko</klam> , a relational noun that can be marked with a possessive pronominal prefix, there is no form * <kam>-ka:xko</kam> with a similar function. Thus the forms marked N-loc-tla-k(o) are characterized only by the use of /tla-/ or, perhaps, a nominal stem (though this should be checked). There are other relational nouns such as /-te:nko/ that can take a possessor (ite:nko), a noun (kalte:nko) or /tla-/ (tlate:nko). /-i:xko/ manifests the same. 01660 ekuwa kekuwa ékowá ekowa kékowá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4a yes-lex to crawl up on (e.g., an insect [S] on a person's [O] body) subirse a (p. ej., insectos [S] sobre el cuerpo de un animal [O]) Pending Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos. Am The <kbam>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</kbam>it is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body. El <kbam>tlatlatsiwintsi:n</kbam>es un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (al cuerpo, desde suelo). Kemech mitsekotok. Am It is just climbing up on you (e.g., a little animal or insect such as <kbam>tla:lsa:watl</kbam>). Apenas te está subiendo (p. ej., un animalito o insecto como el <kbam>tla:lsa:watl</kbam>). motion ehko te:-tleko:ltia; te:-eko In Oapan this verb can be used to refer to climbing a hill: <koa>ó:kekó:k tepe:tl</koa> whereas in Ameyaltepec for equivalent would be <kam>o:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl</kam>. Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above. tlekowa val_reduce1 Am tlákowá val_reduce1 Oa 01661 tlateliksani tlateliksani tlatelesane tlatelesani tlatelesane
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni N1 animal (or young child) that kicks a lot (particularly a mule or horse that kicks people who get too close) animal (o niño) que patea mucho (particularmente una mula o caballo que patea a la gente que se acerque demasiado) Pending teliksa teliksa Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form <klam>tlateliksani</klam> than ? <klam>te:teliksani</klam>. The reason seems clear: what is being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary consideration. tla- vs. te:- Re the words /te:teliksani/ and /tlateliksani/ Even though what is kicked is often a person, it is more common to find the form <klam>tlateliksani</klam> than <klam>te:teliksani</klam>. The reason seems clear: what is being referred to is the propensity of the animal to kick and the fact that the patient is human is of secondary consideration. Compare this to the use of /tla-/ in /tla:kwa:te:kia/. Here /tla-/ seems to occur because of the semantics of the verb, which preclude any interpretation of a nonspecific object other than as referencing +human. Cf. the discussion in /te:kwa:ni/ and the difference between /te:kwa:ni/ as 'fierce' and /tlakwa:ni/, which is used to refer to an insect or similar animal that eats at things such as grains. A similar use of /tla-/ is found in /tlatelowa:ni/. 01662 tlatetewitska:n tlatetewitska:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n Lex. rdp-l N1(N2-tla) place where the ground is bumpy and uneven (e.g., from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.) lugar donde el suelo es disparejo y lleno de topes (p. ej., de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.) Am Tlatetewitska:n, xi:xmantok Am It's bumpy all over (the ground, covered with small bumps) its surface is not smooth. El suelo estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas, no estáplano. topography tewits -ka:n tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n Check to make sure that both /tlatetewistika:n/ and /tlatetewitska:n/ are correct (and possible) as well as /tla:ltetewitska:n/, which I have as equivalent. Check if /tlatewistika:n/ is the same as /tlawistika:n/ (or if the second indeed exists; and if the first, without reduplication, also exists). Check if /tlatetewistika:n/ is equivalent to /tla:ltetewitska:n/. Note that Florencia Marcelino accepted only /tla:lte:tewitska:h/. I have many, too many, entries for this term and one should be given priority. In general it would seem that there are several parameters of change. The first is /tla-/ vs. /tla:l-/ for the first element. Florencia Marcelino accepted only the latter. The second parameter of variation is whether or not /te-/ is reduplicated, and how it is reduplicated (long or short vowel). It would seem that although perhaps a nonreduplicated form is grammatically correct, it is not common given the semantics of this term. Thus although /tewistik/ is correct, it seems, a nonred uplicated form with /tla-/ would be incongruent given that an area would almost have to have several"bumps."Finally, there is the question of the ending, /-witska:n/ or /wistika:n/. Again, although I have apparently heard the latter, it is the former that seems to be more common. Nevertheless, this too should be checked. Check Am form, as equivalent terms have a long vowel for the reduplicated syllable. tlatetewistika:n synonym Am tla:ltetewitska:n synonym Am tla:lte:tewitska:n synonym Oa 01663 tlako:patli pitsa:wak tlako:patli pitsa:wak tlakó:patlípitsa:wak tlakó:patlípitsa:wak tlako:pahtle pitsa:wak Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 yes-lex-lex <l>Aristolochia orbicularis</l>Duchr., vine of the Aristolochiaceae family and one of the type species of <klam>tlako:patli</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlakó:patlí</kloa>(Oa) <l>Aristolochia orbicularis</l>Duchr., enrededera de la familia Aristolochiaceae y una de las dos especies de <klam>tlako:patli</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tlakó:patlí</kloa>(Oa) Am, Oa plant xiwtli tlako: pah pitsa: tlako:patli 01664 matilowa kimatilowa matilowa kimatilowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to wrap around (passing an object such as a rope around a post or similar structure) rodear; colocar alrededor de (p. ej., un laso cuando lo pasan alrededor de un poste) Pending Xmatilo ne: ipan kuwtli! Ma:ka mitskwi:li:s un rria:tah! Am Wrap it there around the tree! Don't let it (a bull or other lassoed animal) put the lasso away from you! ¡Amárralo allápor elárbol!¡No dejes que te arranque la riata (un toro u otro animal)! to twist (as one does to sb's arm, or to a rope or other similar object) torcer (p. ej., el brazo de una persona, o una soga, riata u otro objeto similar) Pending O:kimatilokeh ima. Am They twisted his arm. Torcieron su brazo. to entwine or twist (one thing around another); to weave (as one does to rods in making a worm fence) entrelazar; entretejer (como en hacer una cerca de bajareque) Pending Axtopa ma nikmatilo nokorra:l. Am First let me put the rods in my worm fence (placing them first in front of and then behind consecutive posts). Primero, déjame entretejer las varas en mi cerca de bajareque (colocándolas primero atras y después adelante de postes consecutivos). Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw i:n i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. Am You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a <kam>taravía</kam> used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo!¡Apriétatelo! Aquíya empezóa quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. Xma:matilotiw un chi:hli para ma:ka chachaya:wtos.! Ma ikato kwahli! Am Go along intertwining (the branches of) the chile bushes around each other so that they won't wind up laying scattered on the ground! They should be nice and upright! ¡Ve entretejiendo (las ramitas de) esas plantas de chile para que no se queden regadas sobre el suelo!¡Quéestén bien paradas! matil Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. For the use of /matilowa/ with making a fence, cf. illustration with filecard. Also correct is /o:kimatilowilikeh i:ma/. matilowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01665 tlatlamo:tlake:tl tlatlamo:tlake:tl tla:mo:tlake:tl tla:mo:tlake:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 hunter (one who uses a firearm, bow and arrow, or even slingshot) cazador (una que utiliza una arma de fuego, un arco o hasta una resortera o honda) Pending mo:tla As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized <kam>tlamo:tla</kam> 'to hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. Thus here the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note, finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in <kn>-ki</kn> accepted by any consultants. tlahtlamo:tlake:tl, tlamohmo:tlake:tl, etc.? Reduplication: Note Am /tlatlamo:tlake:tl/ and Oa /tla:mo:tlake:tl/. As is often the case with reduplication in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, the pattern is slightly different. In this case Ameyaltepec reduplicates the lexicalized <kam>tlamo:tla</kam> 'to hunt by shooting' to form the agentive nominal. Oapan, however, seems to reduplicate the verbal base, which is reduced on the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. Thus here the underlying form would apparently be {tla + reduplicant + mo:tla + ke:tl}. Note, finally, that in neither village was an agentive ending in <kn>-ki</kn> accepted by any consultants. 01666 xeliwi xeliwi xeliwi xeliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to become divided up (among various individuals) dividirse; repartirse (entre varias gentes) Pending Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli. Am The communal land has already been divided up. La tierra comunal ya se repartió. Xexeliwis tla:hli. Am Land will be given out (i.e., divided up). Se va a repartir tierra (p. ej., entre miembros de la comunidad). Yo:pe:w xexeliwi pa:n. Am The bread has started to be given out. El pan ya se empezóa repartir. xel Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in the case of <kamoa>xeliwi</kamoa> this does not seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence <kam>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</kam>) even when there is a clear agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by <spn>someone</spn>) the intransitive is used. Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any, between phrases such as <kam>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</kam> and ? <kam>Yo:noxeloh tekitla:hli</kam>. Make sure that the verb here is /xeliwi/ and not /xe:liwi/. Check for difference between /xeliwi tekitla:hli/ and /noxelowa tekitla:hli/, etc. (with other nouns). Note that even though many material objects do not divide without an active agent, it appears that /xeliwi/ is quite commonly found referring to the dividing of things that require an agent that is not expressed in the verbal phrase. It is important to distinguish /noxelo:s tekitla:hli/ vs. /xeliwis tekitla:hli/. Voice; passive; transitivity; reflexive. Note that in my comments on /koto:ni/ I suggested that /tla:hli/ could not be the subject of the intransitve (like 'brook') because land can not be divided up by itself. However, as the phrase /Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli/ 'The communal land has already been divided up' indicates, an intransitive form can be used when there must by definition be an agent. Although in many cases a transitive verb is used reflexively to indicate a passive or passive-like construction and semantics, in the case of <kamoa>xeliwi</kamoa> this does not seem to be the case. Thus, at least according to the documentation I have to date (for example, the illustrative sentence <kam>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</kam>) even when there is a clear agent to the action (i.e., the communal land was divided up by <spn>someone</spn>) the intransitive is used. Given this, it will be important to determine the difference, if any, between phrases such as <kam>Yo:xeliw tekitla:hli</kam> and ? <kam>Yo:noxeloh t ekitl a:hli</kam>. 01667 nekwahlo:titok nekwahlo:titok ne:nkwáhlotók ne:nkwahlotok ne:nkwáhlotók
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative yes to be tied with a certain type of knot (apparently a hitch or clove hitch) estar atado con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un cabo de vuelta) Pending Nekwahlo:titok, kwahli sa:liwtok. Am It is tied with a hitch, it is well tied. Estáatado con un cabo de vuelta, estábien atado. nekwahlo:tl kwa Statives: Note that the stative <kam>nekwahlo:titok</kam> exists even though there is no intransitive and, moreover, the meaning of the transitive would not seem to accept an intransitive form. This suggests that in certain cases a transitive verb with the"progressive/stative"ending can be used without an object prefix as if it were an intransitive, thus deriving a stative in which the subject is in essence a patient (the object that undergoes the effects of the transitive action in order to arrive at the indicated state). Note that few true transitives act like this verb, <kam>nekwahlo:tia</kam>. In the case of /nekwahlo:titok/ the"stative"seems more like a resultative. 01668 tlikwi tlikwi tlikwi tlikwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-4a to light up (an electric light); to turn on or get turned on (p. ej., an electric appliance) encenderse (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico, etc.) Pending Xwel tlikwi. Am It doesn't turn on (an electrical apparatus, i.e., it doesn't work). No se puede encender (un aparato eléctrico). (with long vowel reduplication) to intermittently turn on and off (e.g., blinking lights such as those used on Christmas trees) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) encenderse y apagarse intermitentemente (p. ej., las luces que se cuelgan de unárbol de navidad) Pending Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi. Am It blinks on and off (in this case lights on a Christmas tree). Se enciende y se apaga (en este caso las luces de unárbol de navidad). Tli:tlikwi abió:n. Am The airplane (i.e., its lights) blink on and off. El avión (esto es, sus luces) se encienden y se apagan. tli kwi tlikwi:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01669 so:ya:kahli so:ya:kahli so:ya:kahli so:ya:kahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 house made of palm (i.e., with a palm roof) casa de palma (esto es, con techo de palma) Am, Oa Nokone:w i:kal, san so:ya:kahli yes. Oa The house of my child, it will only be of palm. La casa de mi hijo, solamente va a ser de palma. kahli so:ya: kal 01670 a:xoxohko a:xoxohko a:xoxohko a:xoxohko
22/Oct/2005
N N-Adj-Rel-k(o) N-loc-1-k(o) N1 place where the water is green or green-blue (because it is deep) lugar donde el agua es verde o verde-azul (por estar algo profunda) Pending A:sta a:xoxohko. Wekatlan. Am It is even a place where the water appears green. It is deep (i.e., not clear, shallow water). Hasta es un lugar donde se ve verde el agua. Es profunda (esto es, no es clara por ser de poca profundidad). a: xowi -ko a:xoxohko; should not have /h/ after first /xo/. But check. Recheck vowel length of second /o/. Note that locatives may be added to adjectivals. Here the locative /ko/ seems to occur on the adjective /xoxohki/. Note that this type of discussion does not seem to be found in classical; ask Launey. 01671 ikxinekwiltik ikxinekwiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a crooked leg tener una pierna chueca Am kxi nekwil Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb <kloa>ixinekwiliwi</kloa>exists, the adjectival * <koa>ixinekwiltik</koa> is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in <kn>-tik</kn> indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., <koa>yo:ixinekwiliw</koa>) indicates a short-term state. Plural, i.e., with both legs crooked, is /ikxinenekwiltik/ (check). Adjectivals; perfectives: Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb <kloa>ixinekwiliwi</kloa>exists, the adjectival * <koa>ixinekwiltik</koa> is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in <kn>-tik</kn> indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., <koa>yo:ixinekwiliw</koa>) indicates a short-term state. 01672 ista:k yeyekatl ista:k yeyekatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 one of the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> uno de los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> Am ritual ista e:ka This <kam>yeyekatl</kam> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Note that white is considered the color of death, and Death dresses in white. Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. 01673 kwe:xtilia kikwe:xtilia kwe:xtilia kikwe:xtilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to grind up finely (in particular, food) for (a person or a specific dish to which the ground up ingredients are to be added) moler finamente para (una persona o una comida preparada a la cual se le va a agregar el ingrediente molido) Pending On ne:nkah suwa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih ika pano:chah para chikola:tl. Am That there young woman quickly did the grinding for it, she ground up panocha for the chocolate. Esa mujercita luego luego moliópara ello, molióla panchoa para el chocolate. Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. Am They pound and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for <klam>yepa:paya:n</klam> , they didn't grind them up finely for it. Machuchan los frijoles blancos para <klam>yepa:paya:n</klam> , no le molieron finamente para ello. to do with a fine-toothed comb; to do (e.g., selling door-to-door, investigating sth, etc.) exhaustively, with great care or attention to detail; to give ones best for buscar algo con lupa (en un lugar); hacer meticulosamente (algo, como vender, indagar acerca de algo, etc.), con gran atención a los detalles; esmerarse en Am Yo:tihkwe:xtilikeh wa:n xtlah. Nochi yo:tikitatin. Am We already gave it our best (in this case going door-to-door trying to sell something), and there was nothing. We went to see them all. Lo hicimos con gran esmero (en este caso yendo puerta a puerta para vender algo) y no hubo nada. Los fuimos a ver a todos. O:nitlakwe:xtilih wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. Am I looked all over with a fine-toothed comb and what I was looking for wasn't there. Busquépor todos lados con lupa, y lo que buscaba no se encontraba. kwe:ch kwe:xtilia; kwe:chowa In <kam>O:nitlakwe:xtiliah wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya</kam> the reference is to a careful and detailed search, i.e. looking for an animal--an oxen, cow, mule, etc.--or going around to many stores looking for a particular item not easily found. Check for argument structure since in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the material that is ground up that is the primary object, whereas in /kwe:xtilia/ it is apparently the food, etc. that receives the ground-up substance. CHECK. Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtili a/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be compared and studied. Antipassive: /Un ne:nkah sowa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih i:ka pano:chah para chikola:tl/ 'That there little woman quickly did the grinding up of panocha for the chocolate.' Note here again the use of the"antipassive"construction. kwe:xtia verb_base Am, Oa 01674 zzz Was /Po:cho:itik Lo:mah/, switched to Toponym database.
09/Dec/2001
 01675 tlane:wi kitlane:wi tlane:wi kitlane:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to borrow (a material object in loan) pedir prestado (un objeto material) Pending San kitlane:wi, xkikowa. Am He just borrows it, he doesn't buy it. Solamente lo pide prestado, no lo compra. (with object prefix <kn>ki-</kn>) to have casual sex (a man [S]) (con prefijo de objeto <kn>ki-</kn>) tener relaciones sexual casuales (un hombre [S]) Pending San kitlane:wi, xka:nas. Am He just has casual sexual relations, he won't marry her. Solamente tiene relaciones sexuales casuales, no se va a casar con ella. tlane: In the sexual sense the object of <kamoa>kitlane:wi</kamoa> is"it"as a"taboo"object. However, note that in <kam>San kitlane:wi, xka:nas</kam> the two referents of <kn>ki-</kn> in the verbs <kamoa>tlane:wi</kamoa> and <kamoa>a:na</kamoa> are distinct. In the first the referent is the female genitalia, that which is"borrowed"; in the second it is the woman with whom casual sexual relations are maintained. The etymology of <kamoa>tlane:wi</kamoa> is uncertain. Note that whereas Ameyaltepec has a documented applicative <kam>tlane:wilia</kam> in Oapan the form <kam>tlane:wia</kam> is used (at least in some ritual speech). The sexual sense of this verb is found in Classical, e.g., Molina has <kn>tlaneuia. ninote</kn> 'putañear el varón.' Valency increase: /tlane:wi/ seems to be one of the few transitive verbs that has both an applicative and causative form. tlane:wiya confer Oa tlane:wtia val_add_caus Am tlane:htia val_add_caus Oa tlane:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01676 kwalakchipik kwalakchipik kwalahchipik kwalahchipik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap drooler; person who is constantly drooling persona que siempre babea Pending Kwalakchipik, sahkó:n itekiw. Am He's a drooler, that's just his nature. Siempre babea, asíes de por sí. Dia:bloh miktlan kwalakchipik! Am You God-damn drooler! ¡Pinche baboso! kwala: chipi: /Dia:bloh miktlah kwalakchipik/ Check and make sure that this is said directly to the person, or whether it is said about a third party. 01677 tlanpopo:yo tlanpopo:yo tlante:poyo tlante:poyo
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Reduced rdp-s(prev-te); Lex. <kn>te-</kn> (Oa) pl. <kam>tlampopo:yo:meh</kam> person with yellowed or blackened teeth persona con los dientes amarillientos o negros Pending disease tlan poyo: Ameyaltepequeños have often commented that this condition is particularly prevalent among the men of Ahuehuepan and Totolcintla. The Oapan form <koa>tlante:poyo</koa> is marked by the use of the intensifier <kn>te-</kn>, which functions also as a light-syllable affix that is lengthened as a reflex of stem reduplication. Check for final /h/ or lack of. Also recheck vowel length; I have /popo:yo:tl/ with the note that the vowel length is definite as recorded. I also have /tlampopoyo specifically marked with a short penultimate /o/ in one case (though long in another). However, for /tlampopoyo:ti/ I have the short penultimate /o/ marked definitely short. Hence I have kept it short here, for /tlampopoyo/, though this should be checked. Cf. FK who has /popoyo:tl/. Originally here I had the definition of"black and rotting teeth."This seems to be in error. Check vowel lenght for both dialects and compare to other words with this morpheme/root. I seem to have heard C. Flores with a long middle /o:/ during the taping of the lexicon headwords. tlante:poyotik confer Oa 01678 tetsi:ltik tetsi:ltik tetsi:ltik tetsi:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope) estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso) Pending to be tightly woven (a cloth) tener el tejido apretado y muy cerrado (una tela) Pending tetsi:l tetsi:l--; ko:tsi:l-- teskaltik; tetsi:ltik (in regard to cloth); tetsi:liwtok; tsa:tsa:stik <kamoa>Tetsi:ltik</kamoa> refers to things that can be tightly wound, such as rope, but not to things such as braids of hair. In regards to a rope, its opposite is <klam>poxa:wak</klam>. po confer Am, Oa 01679 te:mi te:mi te:mi te:mi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-mi[ca] class-3a(m) to become full (a container, usually with liquid or other"flowing"substances, but also with other objects) llenarse (un recipiente, generalmente con un líquido, u otra sustancia fluyente, pero también con otros objetos) Pending O:wa:lte:ntiki:s fle:chah. Am The bus got full on its way here. Se llenóel camión (de gente) de paso hacia acá. to become full (the moon) llenarse (la luna) Pending Yo:nosentechi:w me:stli, yo:te:n. Am The moon has become complete, it became full. La luna ya se hizo completa, ya se puso llena. te:m te:mi:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa te:mi:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01680 toto:nka:maka kitoto:nka:maka toto:nka:maka kitoto:nka:maka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V3 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to radiate heat on (in general with adverse effects on the grammatical object) irradia o echar calor a o sobre (generalmente con efectos adversos sobre el objeto gramatical) Pending Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuwtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is. Am That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiates heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down. Eseárbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas. Tine:xtoto:nka:maka. Am You make me feel hot (i.e., from your body heat, e.g., in sleeping next to me when it is hot out, or in coming near me while sweating). Me echas calor (de tu cuerpo, p. ej., al dormir junto a mi cuando hace calor, o en acercarte a mícuando estás sudando). to:n maka The phrase <kam>Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kuhtli</kam> reflects a belief that the shadows cast by tree branches on a planted field do it harm, that the tree branches are in fact"hot"and thus need to be removed. Valency; incorporation: Note that the word /toto:nka:maka/ is a transitive (divalent) verb that takes as its object an affected part: the person or thing that has heat irradiated onto it. Thus the incorporated participle /toto:nki/ takes one of the argument slots and thus lowers the valency of the basic trivalent /maka/ to a simple divalent transitive. This is interesting in that it shows the rather tenuous distinction in participles between adjectivals and nouns. One would perhaps expect that the incorporation of a participle would be as a"modifying"and not"saturating"element. But this is not the case here as /maka/ is a ditransitive verb while /toto:nka:maka/ is simply transitive. 01681 tsontli tsontli tsontli tsontli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(n) hair (on the head, chest, arm pit, pubic area, etc. of sb) cabello (de la cabeza); pelo (del pecho, sobaco,área púbica, etc.) Pending mane; tail (e.g., of animals such as horses, mules, donkeys, lions, etc.) crines; melena; cola (p. ej., de animales como el caballo, mula, burro, leones, etc.) Pending tson tomio; tsontli <kamoa>Tsontli</kamoa> is used to refer to hair that grows at a specific location of the body. It does not signify the small hairs on the human body or the hairs that cover the bodies of mammals. Thus human arm hair is referred to by <klam>tomio</klam> not <kamoa>tsontli</kamoa>. Likewise, except for that hair found in manes and tails (and, perhaps, a few other parts), the hair on mammals' bodies is referred to as <kam>tomio</kam>. kwilin confer Am, Oa 01682 posa:walistli posa:walistli posa:walistli posa:walistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(:) inflamation; swelling (usually of the neck, belly, chest, of animals) inflamación; hinchazón (generalmente del cuello, barriga, pecho de animales) Pending Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi. Am It is an inflamation, it is it neck that is swollen. Es una inflamación, es su cuello que se hincha. disease posa: According to Cristino Flores <kam>posa:walistli</kam> , at least in Ameyaltepec, refers to swelling that occurs, and is sometimes fatal to, animals. Focus; topicalization: /Posa:walistli, ikechtlan posa:wi/ 'It is an inflamation, it is his neck that is swollen.' Note the SV word order for an intransitive, which in this case seems to indicate focus. 01683 tlatskwepo:ni tlatskwepo:ni tlatskopo:ni tlatskopo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) class-3a to make a hard cracking or snapping sound (e.g., a switch, rope, etc. as it is snapped against a hard surface) emitir un fuerte chasquido (p. ej., una soga o vara al ser azotado contra una superficie dura) Pending Ma tlatskwepo:ni! Am Let it make a hard cracking sound! ¡Quéhaga un fuerte chasquido! (with <kam>-teko</kam> or <kam>-tasi</kam>) to fall hard and hit the ground with a resounding thud (con <kam>-teko</kam> o <kam>-tasi</kam>) caer fuertemente al suelo con un fuerte ruido sordo Pending O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh, o:ne:cha:ltlakal. Am I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it threw me down. Caícon estrépito a la tierra, caíde mi macho, me aventóal suelo. tlats-2- kwepo: Check as to whether /tlatskwepo:nia/ exists, or whether there is only the documented form /tlatskwepo:naltia/. Directionals; aspectuals; /i:pan/: Note the following phrase and how each verbal predicate has an intraverse directional, and each one indicates a fall from an altitude to the ground. Note also how the meaning of /ipan/ changes slightly given that the verbal predicate indicates a fall, not an upward movement (cf. the phrase /tsikwini ipan tepantli/, which is an example sentence somewhere). Thus in the phrase /O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok, o:niwetsiko i:pan noma:choh, o:ne:chwa:ltlakal/ ''I fell to the ground with a resounding thud, I fell off my mule, it through me down' note the use of /-teko/ with the first verb, and /-ko/ and /-wa:l/ in the second and third verbs. This is a good illustration of how /-ko/ indicates subject movement and /wa:l-/ indicates object movement. The phrase should be used as illustrative in the grammar. tlatskwepo:naltia val_add_caus Am tlatskopo:naltia val_add_caus Oa 01684 a:ixwi a:ixwi a:ixwi a:ixwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(w) to become full or satisfied from drinking water or other liquids; to have ones fill of water or other liquids (a human or animate being) llenarse o satisfacerse de beber agua u otro líquido (una persona o animal) Pending Yo:na:ixwik. Am I've had my fill of water. Ya estoy satisfecho de lo que he bebido. Xwe:i koni, saniman a:ixwi. Am He doesn't drink a lot, he gets his fill of water right away. No toma mucha agua, luego luego se satisface. to get a full tank (a car) llenarse el tanque (un coche) Pending a: xwi <kamoa>A:ixwi</kamoa> refers to either a human or animal that gets its fill of water, is satisfied, and does not desire any more. The transitive takes the causative marker <kn>-tia</kn> rather than manifesting <kn>-wi/-wia</kn> non-directed alternation. This suggests that <kamoa>a:ixwi</kamoa> should be considered an unergative, not an unaccusative, verb, a fact quite consistent with the fact that the subject of <kam>a:ixwi</kam> is always an animate. This demonstrates that it is not the phonological structure of the verb (here superficially a <kn>-wi</kn> verb) that is the dominant factor in transitivity alternations, but the argument structure of the verb. Given the nature of the intransitive/transitive alternation, <kn>a:ixwi</kn> is classified as a basic verb with a causative morphologically marked form, <kamoa>a:ixwi:tia</kamoa>. a:ixwi:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01685 zzz This record, asta:man, has been deleted. It included Oapan /ta:mah/.
25/Jan/2005
 01686 tekipan tekipan tekipah tekipan tekipah
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-pan N1(loc) place where fellow members of a village eat during a fiesta; communal kitchen and dining area (this is usually under the sponsorship of the town <klam>komisa:rioh</klam> or <klam>fiská:l</klam> , i.e., <kam>i:na:k komisa:rioh</kam> or <kam>i:na:k fiská:l</kam>) lugar donde los miembros de un pueblo comen durante una fiesta; cocina y lugar de comer comunal (generalmente puesto y costeado por el <klam>komisa:rioh</klam> or <klam>fi:skal</klam> , esto es, <kam>i:na:k komisa:rioh</kam> o <kam>i:na:k fi:skal</kam>) Pending teki -pan In Ameyaltepec the term <kam>tekipan</kam> is mostly used to refer to the communal kitchen and eating area that the village <kam>fi:skal</kam> sets up in Oapan during the Passion of Christ in Holy Week. Apparently a <spn>mayordomo</spn> may also set up a <kam>tekipan</kam> for the fiesta he sponsors. 01687 chino:tilia kichino:tilia chínotília chinotilia kichínotília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes (refl.) to get or have ones hair curled (refl.) enchinarse el pelo Pending Like <klamoa>xi:ma</klamoa>when referring to a haircut, <kam>chino:tilia</kam> is most often documented in the reflexive although it is also found as a fully transitive verb. Check vowel length in /chino:tilia/ (Am and Oa) and change as needed in all fields. 01688 tliko:lo:tl tliko:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of scorpion still not identified tipo de alacrán todavía no identificada Am Tliko:lo:tl | ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n. Am <kam>Tliko:lo:tl</kam> : It is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish. <kam>Tliko:lo:tl</kam> : Ees como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro. animal insect tli ko:lo: hypo ko:lo:tl Florencia Marcelino first identified this as a /tla:lko:lo:tl/, but it might be distinct since there is a separately listed /tla:lko:lo:tl/ in Am. Nahuatl. 01689 tlamo:tla tlamo:tla tlamo:tla tlamo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-4a to throw (sth, indicated obliquely with <kn>ika</kn> ~) aventar (algo, indicado como oblicua con <kn>ika</kn> ~) Pending to hunt cazar Pending Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -=i:ka- wi:lo:meh. Am I'm going to go hunting <spn>huilotas</spn>. Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. mo:tla When the object of the hunter is an animal that is caught in quantity the reduplicated form is used, as exemplified in the phrase <kam>Nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k wi:lo:meh</kam>. Check whether /i:ka/ is really correct in the phrase /Nontlatlamo:tlas i:ka wi:lo:meh/. mo:tla minus_tla Am, Oa 01690 Mankwe:rnas Mankwe:rnas Mankwe:rnos Mankwe:rnos
11/Feb/2006
mancuernas N N-loan N1 constellation of stars still not identified constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada Pending heavens si:tlalin <kam>Mankwerni:tas</kam> perhaps refers to the constellation Gemini. 01691 pipilichiwi pipilichiwi pípilichíwi pipilichiwi pípilichíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[x] Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:pilichíwi</koa> class-3a(w) yes-rdp to become wrinkled (e.g., the skin of an old person) arrugarse (p. ej., la piel de una persona vieja) Pending Yo:pe:w pipilichiwi, xok te:ntok itla:kayo. Am His skin has started to wrinkle, his body isn't filled out anymore (i.e., he doesn't have good skin tone anymore). Ya se le empezóa arrugar la piel, ya no estálleno su cuerpo (con la piel lisa). to shrivel up (a fruit, such as a cantaloupe, that has started to rot) resecarse (una fruta como el melón al empezarse a pudrir) Pending pilich xiwtli: what can happen to: /ixwa/, /pili:ni/, /pipilichiwi/, etc. No unreduplicated form of <kam>pipilichiwi</kam> has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an incorporated noun demonstrate (e.g., <kloa>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</kloa>the reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable. Reduplication; reduction: No unreduplicated form of <kam>pipilichiwi</kam> has been documented and such a form might not exist. Nevertheless, as Oapan forms with an incorporated noun demonstrate (e.g., <kloa>xa:yaká:pilichíwi</kloa>the reduplication is not fully lexicalized and may be reduced if there is a preceding light syllable. This suggests that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between lexicalization in the sense of absence of unreduplicated forms, and resistance to reduction. I have not heard this in a nonreduplicated form; this should be checked, as should the nonreduplicated versions of /pipilixtik/, etc. Also, check for the transitive form. Note that this should be compared to /pili:ni/ which means 'to wither'; in one onomasiological section discuss what can happen to plants: ixwa, pili:ni, etc. 01692 yzzz kwa:té:mí:ntik kwa:té:mí:ntik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-perf-tik Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) to be leafless (a tree or bush) estar sin hojas (unárbol o arbusto) Oa kwa: mi:na The etymology of the final elements of <koa>kwa:té:mí:ntik</koa> is uncertain. Note that the Ameyaltepec cognate contains the elements of <kam>tsomi:n</kam> , which is also found in several Oapan words (e.g., <kloa>tsótsomí:ntia</kloa>). However, Oapan words with <koa>tsomi:n</koa> apparently refer to hairlessness, whereas words with <koa>té:mí:n</koa> refer to leaflessness. Whether this holds true across all lexemes needs to be determined. Check for cognate SJ form. kwa:tsotsomi:n synonym Am 01693 kwa:teh kwa:teh
11/Feb/2006
cuate N N-loan N1; pl. <kam>kwa:tes</kam> one of a pair of twins (plural refers to both twins) uno de un par de gemelos (el plural refiere a los dos) Am O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih un kwa:teh. Am His neck swelled up, that twin (one of a pair) caused his neck to swell up (reflective of the powers that twins are said to have). Se le hinchóel cuello, un gemelo le hizo hinchar el cuello (que refleja los poderes que los gemelos se creen tener). pair of fruit (such as bananas) joined together in one peel or shell par de frutas (p. ej., plátanos) juntas en una sola cáscara Am kowa Apparently Nahuatl <kam>kwa:teh</kam> is a back formation from Spanish <spn>cuates</spn> itself probably derivated from Nahuatl <klam>kowatl</klam> 'snake'. It also refers also to double fruits, such as two bananas in one peel. Custom is that a woman should not eat such fruit if she wants to have children for if she does she might become sterile or might have twins. Check what happens to a woman who eats a doubled fruit. (I do not remember at this point, but either she will become sterile or she will have twins). kowa:tsi:ntih synonym Oa 01694 toma:hka:ki:sa toma:hka:ki:sa toma:hka:ki:sa toma:hka:ki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a to rise thickly (smoke; see <kloa>mimilka:ki:sa</kloa>) salir en una gruesa columna (humo; véase <kloa>mimilka:ki:sa</kloa>) Am Toma:hka:ki:stoya po:ktli. Am The smoke was rising up thickly. El humo estaba saliendo en una gruesa columna. to emerge in a thick stream (water) salir en un chorro grueso (agua) Oa toma: ki:sa The only documentation of this verbal compound for Ameyaltepec is with 'smoke' as subject. In Oapan it is also documented in reference to a stream of water whereas <koa>mimilka:ki:sa</koa> is used with smoke as a subject. Check for other uses; check for /pitsa:hka:ki:sa/. toma:hka:ki:xtia val_add_caus Am 01695 isiwilia kisiwilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to be in a hurry to finish up (an action, the performance of a task) tener prisa para terminar o completar (una acción, el desarrollo de un trabajo o quehacer) Am Tli:no:n tikisiwilitiá:s? Wa:n san tikoxtasi! Am What will you be going around hurrying up? And when you get there you just go right to sleep! ¿Quévas a irle apurando?¡Y al llegar nada más te vas a dormir! hsi The meaning of this term is not entirely clear and should be checked. In Oapan it was not accepted; rather, FM gave /tlásiwí:tia/. Check other meanings and determine the exact status of the object prefix in the example just given above. tlasiwi:tia confer Am tlásiwí:tia confer Oa isiwi verb_base Am 01696 komo:nwetsi komo:nwetsi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b class-3a(ts) to fall hard, hitting the ground with a thud caer fuertemente al suelo produciendo un fuerte ruido sordo al impacto Am contact komo: wets The morphology of <kam>komo:nwetsi</kam> is interesting. Most verb-verb compounds involve an incorporated participial, which performs a modifying function. Here the incorporated element is a short (perfective) stem of the verb. In this sense it is similar to the use of <kn>koch</kn> in similar contexts (e.g., <klam>koxtlakali</klam>). Perhaps note all the irregular cases where it seems that a preterite verb form precedes another (e.g. /kochtlakali/, etc., /komo:nwetsi/ meaning 'to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud'. komo:ni confer Am 01697 we:cho we:cho we:cho we:cho we:cho
11/Feb/2006
viejo(a) N/Adj N/Adj-loan (poss. [noun]) spouse (of either sex); lover (of either sex) (pos. [sustantivo]) esposo o esposa; amante Am to be old (a man or woman) ser viejo(a) Oa In Oapan <koa>we:cho</koa> and <koa>we:cha</koa> are not possessed. It is used adjectivally to indicate advanced age, e.g., <koa>i we:cho</koa> 'he's already well advanced in age.' In Ameyaltepec the form is often (though apparently not always) possessed, e.g., <kam>yewa nowe:choh</kam> 'he is my old man.' If proved to be two parts of speech, as will probably be the case, split into two entries. 01698 temotso:lkuwtia temotso:lkuwtia temotso:lkohtia temotso:lkohtia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-tia class-4d(tia) to become stiff from squatting or bending over quedarse tieso o cansado por estar en cuclillas o agachado Oa temo tso:l kow Note that my original entry for Am for this word was /motso:lkuhtia/. Check to determine whether this is correct or whether the /te-/ is obligatory. I have changed this entry from my original /motso:lkuhtia/ to /temotso:lkuhtia/ based on the Oa evidence and my understanding of Nahuatl morphology and semantics. CHECK Check vowel length as after the recording session I had /temo:tsolkuhtia/, which based on all other evidence of /motso:l/, should have the length on /tso:l/. Check. 01699 tlatekia:n i:tlatekia:n tlatekiya:n tlatekiya:h i:tlatekiya:h
24/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-ya:n N2 the sharp cutting edge of el filo cortante de Pending Teme:melaktik, xtlateki, xkipia itlakekia:n Am It is thick (in this case the edge of an unsharpened machete), it doesn't cut, it doesn't have its sharp cutting edge. Es grueso (en este caso el filo de un machete no afilado), no corta, no tiene su filo cortante. Sana:man kimaka itlatekia:n Am It sharpens it right away. Luego luego le saca filo. teki The stress pattern on the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms is distinct: Ameyaltepec [i: tla 'te kia:n] and Oapan [i: tla te 'ki ya:n]. My original Am entry had /tlatekia:n/ but the example sentences had /i:tlatekia/. Whether or not there is a final /n/ should be checked. If there is no final /n/ then the morphology of the Oa and Am forms is distinct and each should have a separate entry. The Oa would be an obligatorily possessed /-ya:n/ 'its place of cutting' whereas the Am would be derived from a /-ya/"instrumental"form. Check also the spelling/vowel length of /sana:man/. 01700 tlaka:wtli umpa tlaka:wtli tlaka:htli pa tlaka:htli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(w) (<kam>ompa</kam> or <kam>pa</kam> ~ (Am); <koa>pa</koa> ~ (Oa)) for a specific purpose (in regard to a material object); specifically indicated or designed for (a particular task) (<kam>ompa</kam> ~ or (Am) <kam>pa-</kam> (Am); <koa>pa</koa> ~ (Oa)) para un propósito en particular (en cuanto a un objeto material); diseñado para o indicado para (una tarea en particular) Am, Oa On la:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli. Am That pencil is there for that specific reason. Ese lápiz estáallápara un propósito en particular. Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós. Oa The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so. El cachorrito se estáenfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no estáhecho para estar abrazado. ka:wa Oapan only uses <koa>pa</koa> before <koa>tlaka:htli</koa> whereas Ameyaltepec has <kam>ompa</kam>. This phrase is generally used to indicate that a given material object is to be used or specifically designed for a particular purpose. That is, if one breaks a switch while hitting a donkey it might be said: <koa>pa tlaka:htli</koa> 'that is what it's for' (with the 'it' understood from context, in this case 'being broken against a donkey'). With human subjects, the same phrase might refer to a task for which the person is particularly well suited. More generally it might refer to a particular character trait. The translation of /ompa tlaka:wtli/ is problematical. My original filecard has"That woman is that way (asíes), that's her character, it is with her desire (heart, that she does something, i.e., have a lot of novios."There are two problems with this phrase. First, is the definition of /tlaka:wtli/ and, in addition, of the phrase /ompa tlaka:wtli/. The meaning/use of /ompa/ in this context is not altogether clear (i.e., is it a spatial deictic?). The second problem is the adjunct clause /ika itlanekilis/: does this refer to a particular thing that the woman does. Should there be a comma after /itekiw/ or should it be /yewa itekiw ika itlanekilis/ 'that is her character of her free will.' Get native speakers' interpretation of this phrase and its meaning. If they can repeat it, check for a pause before /ika/. Also, a similar problem with /un lá:pis, umpa tlaka:wtli/. The question is whether /umpa tlaka:wtli/ is a set phrase or not. Or is the /umpa/ a deictic/adverb of place? 01701 ma:kwe:xtilia kima:kwe:xtilia ma:kwe:xtilia kima:kwe:xtilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to grind up finely in ones hands (e.g., brittle things such as oregano, dried chile, etc.) moler finamente en las manos (p. ej., cosas quebradizas como orégano, chile seco, etc.) Pending ma: kwe:ch Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtilia/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminaryobservation. The two forms should be compared and studied. 01702 me:ch- me:chpano:ltia me:ch- me:chpano:ltia
11/Feb/2006
Pr-pre-obj you (pl. object) a uds. (objeto) Pending Basic morpheme for the 2nd-person plural object prefix. In Ameyaltepec <kam>ame:ch</kam> is found after overtly marked subject prefixes whereas <kam>me:ch</kam> is found word initially. In Oapan <koa>me:ch-</koa> is found in all positions. Thus cf. Ameyaltepec <kam>name:chpale:wi:s</kam> versus Oapan <koa>nime:chpale:wi:s</koa>. The alternation of /ch/ and /x/ occurs in the usually contexts for each dialect. In Oapan after over subject pronouns the form <koa>-mech</koa> is also used: <koa>nimechmakas</koa>. 01703 i:xpolowa ki:xpolowa i:xpolowa ki:xpolowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to mess up; to disfigure (e.g., a person after a beating); to get or make dirty (ruining the apperance of sth, e.g., an amate by spilling paint on it) desfigurar; maltratar; lastimar (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza); ensuciar (echando a perder la apariencia de algo como un amate al tirarle pintura) Pending O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w. Am He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees. Quedólastimado. se cayó, se raspólas rodillas. O:timi:xpoloh. Am You got messed up (i.e., by dirtying your clean clothes; or becoming badly hurt, bruised, or beaten). Te quedaste hecho un desmadre (p. ej., al ensuciar tu ropa nueva; o te lastimaste y golpeaste). to waste or let go to waste (material and particularly consumible objects such as food or resources such as money) desperdiciar (cosas materiales, particularmente las que se consumen como comida) malgastar (recursos como dinero) Pending Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s. Am Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste. ¡No me sirves mucho! No lo voy a acabar, nada más la voy a desperdiciar. O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Ba, xkwahli! Am He wasted his money. He bought something he liked the looks of. But hey, it wasn't any good! Malgastósu dinero. Compróalgo que le parecióbien (por como se veía).¡Pero pues, no estaba bien! to ruin (sb financially) empobrecer a; arruinar a (a algn, económicamente) Pending Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni. Am You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up. ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! te va a dejar en la pobreza, no es de los que pagan. deflower; to take away the virginity of (a young woman, particularly in reference to causing bleeding upon breaking the hymen) desflorar; hacer perder la virginidad a (una joven, particularmente en referencia a hacer que sangre al romperle el himen) Pending O:tiki:xpoloh, pitentsi:n katka. Am You deflowered her, she was young. Le quitaste la virginidad, era joven. O:tiki:xpoloh un ne:nkah. Xka:wa, ichpokawah katka! Am You deflowered that one there. You wouldn't have thought it, she was a virgen! Le quitaste la virginidad a aquella.¡No era de pensar, era una doncella! i:x pol Check spelling of /asta/ and correct here and elsewhere. In general check very carefully the meaning of /xka:wa/ and check translations in all occurrences. Notice the negative imperative /Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s/ 'Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste' Use of ma:ka + x[verb]. This is the standard pattern. i:xpolowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01704 ikxipatiltik ikxipatiltik ixipatiltik ixipatiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be crooked-legged tener una pierna chueca Pending (with short vowel reduplication; <kam>ikxipapatiltik</kam>) pigeon-footed; with both legs crooked (tener reduplicación de vocal corta; <kam>ikxipapatiltik</kam>) tener las puntas de pies hacia adentro Pending kxi patil <kam>Ikxipatiltik</kam> refers to someone with a crooked leg that is, typically, stiff when the person walks, swinging out as he walks. The acopated form <klamoa>ikxipatil</klamoa>. 01705 iye:wa kiye:wa é:wá é:wa ké:wá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) class-3a(w) yes-rdp to store or put away in the proper place guardar o poner en el lugar indicado Pending O:kiye:w iswaw. Am He stored his fodder of corn leaves. Guardósus hojas del maíz. O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli onkah. Am He stored his maize (in it proper place), it's no longer just laying the ground. Guardósu maíz (en el lugar apropriado), ya no estánomás tirado en el suelo. O:titla:tlaiye:w. Am You stored everything in its proper place, one thing after another. Guardaste todo en su lugar apropiado, una cosa tras otra. ye:wa Underlyingly this is probably the reduplicated {yehye:wa} with phonological changes generalized in Ameyaltepec. Thus San Juan Tetelcingo has <kam>yehye:wa</kam> and Oapan has <kam>é:wá</kam>. In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in <koa>ké:wá</koa> but a leftward shift in <koa>ó:ké:w</koa> and a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in <koa>ó:niké:w</koa>. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent falls to the left of the morphological accent (from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be few other, in any, words that follow this pattern. There is an additional female token from 04872; this should be tagged as 1705. It should also be the female token that is linked since it has better sound quality. Note /O:titla:tlaiye:w/, meaning 'You put everything in its proper place.' The length of the vowel should be checked. But this would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ with a transitive verb creates a new lexical entry, an intransitive, that can be reduplicated. /tlaiye:wa/ would mean 'to put (things, non-countable) away.' Here the long vowel reduplication would seem to indicate repeating the action of"guardando"in an orderly fashion, here and there, at spaced intervals. However, an effort should be made to determine whether /tlatlaiye:wa/ also exists and, if so, its meaning. Clash avoidance: In Oapan the phrasal accent in this word may shift to the antepenultimate syllable. Thus one has rightward shift in <koa>ké:wá</koa> but a leftward shift in <koa>ó:ké:w</koa> and a leftward shift to the antepenultimate in <koa>ó:niké:w</koa>. It appears that as a general rule one can thus state that if phrasal accent falls to the left of the morphological accent (from reduplication) then clash results in a leftward shift of the accent, in this case to the antepenultimate. There appear to be few other, in any, words that follow this pattern. iye:wilia val_add_applic Am é:wiliá val_add_applic Oa 01706 ki:sa ki:sa ki:sa ki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a to emerge; to come into view; to come into; to come up or rise (the sun) salir (p. ej. el sol); salir a (un lugar); llegar a ser visible Pending Xeki:sa to:nahli. Ma tikchiaka:n. Am The sun still hasn't come up. Let's wait for it. Todavía no sale el sol.¡Vamos a esperarlo! Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. Am I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. Salía donde el agua estápoca profunda, ya no es profunda. to finish up (a task, a service, etc.) acabar (una tarea, un servicio, etc.) Pending to go away (an ill effect or sth harmful) partir; salir (algo mal o dañino) Pending Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis. Am Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch so that it makes a crackling sound against his skin) so that his laziness leaves him. Azota fuerte a tu hijo (con un lazo o una varita, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que salga su flojera. to show good results; to turn out ok; to yield a profit (an inversion); to provide a good harvest (a planted field) salir bien; tener un buen resultado; redituar (una inversión); rendir (un sembradío) Pending Xekitilia. Xki:sa. Am He hasn't figured it out (e.g., how to do sth properly, to make sth, to paint amates, to put sth together such as a puzzle, etc.). It doesn't turn out right. No le ve la manera (p. ej., de hacer algo bien, de fabricar algo, de pintar, de armar algo, etc.). No le sale. Xniknamaka pa:mpa xki:sa. Am I don't sell it because it doesn't pay (i.e., doesn't turn out right or profitable for me). No lo vendo por que no sale (esto es, no sale bien, no me reditua). Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli. Am Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that fine-grained sand would, however, be good to plant in). Aquí(en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa por que el suelo es de arenaáspera y pedregosa (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar). to take place llevarse a cabo; suceder Pending Ki:sas a:wihli. Am The Carnival will take place. Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval. (<kn>-tech</kn> ~) to come from (<kn>-tech</kn> ~) salir de Pending Totech ki:sas un tomi:n para nokowas. Am The money to buy it will come from us (e.g., from our contributions to a general fund). El dinero para comprarlo va a salir de nosotros (p. ej., de lo que hemos juntado colectivamente). Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was. Am His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend's pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything. Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a serél quien lo paga todo. (<kn>-tech</kn> ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Oapan <kloa>kalaki</kloa>) (<kn>-tech</kn> ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Oapan <kloa>kalaki</kloa>) Am Itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl. Am The scorpion bite affected him, provoking a delirious state. La mordida del alacrán se le trabó. Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh, kitowan kimiktia. Am The <klam>tla:lko:lo:tl</klam> does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. As for cattle, they that it kills it. The <klam>tla:lko:lo:tl</klam> no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. En cuanto al ganado, dicen que lo mata. (with <kn>wa:l-</kn>) to emerge; to come out of (an enclosed space, such as a house or building) (con <kn>wa:l-</kn>) salir (desde un lugar encerrado, como una casa o edificio) Pending O:wa:lki:s, koxtoya icha:n. Am He emerged, he was sleeping inside his house. Salió, estaba durmiendo dentro de su casa. (usually with a directional affix) to pass through from one side to another (e.g., a nail being driven through a board) (generalmente con un afijo direccional) pasar o salir de un lado a otro; atravesar (p. ej., un clavo que atraviesa una tabla) Pending Yo:ki:sako. Sahkó:n ma noka:wa! Am It's come through to this side (e.g., a nail being hammered through a board or wall). Let it just stay like that! Ya salió(atravesando de un lado a otro).¡Quéquede así! (usually with a directional affix) to finish up or end (a task; the fulfillment of an obligation or performance of an office); to wind up (the telling of a story, giving an address or talk) (generalmente con un afijo direccional) terminar o acabar (una tarea; el cumplimiento de un periodo en un cargo o puesto; una narrativa o ponencia) Pending Ma niki:sati, dya tewa tite:no:tsas! Am Let me finish, then you can speak to people! ¡Déjame terminar, entonces tu puedes hablar a la gente! Kwa:k yewa yo:ki:sako, newa nikalakis. Am When he has finished up (in this case his term in office), I will begin (to serve). Cuandoél ya terminó(en este caso su periodo de comisario), yo voy a empezar. San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s. Am Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up! ¡Vas a terminar uno tras otro (esto es, de una manera ordenada como ocurre, p. ej., a surcar tierra plana y blanda), te debes a apurar! (with short vowel reduplication) to go around from place to place (perhaps visiting, perhaps with no particular destination); to go out on the town; to party from place to place (con reduplicación de vocal corta) andar de un lugar a otro (quizápara andar de visita, quizásin una destinación fija); buscar diversión de lugar a lugar; parandear Pending Nonkiki:sas, mo:stla niwa:lkalakis. Am I'm going to go out on the town, I'll come back (home) tomorrow. Voy a salir de paranda, mañana vengo (regreso a casa). O:nikiki:sako. Nika:n nite:i:xmati. Am I came here to go around the town (e.g., visiting, or perhaps just dropping in here and there, at stores, friends' homes, etc.). I know people here. Vine para andar de diversión (p. ej., visitando gente, o quizásimplemente yendo de un lugar a otro, tiendas, casas de amigos, etc.). Conozco gente aquí. Yo:pe:w ki:kiki:sa. Am He's started to go out now and then. Ya empezóa parandear de vez en cuando. (with short vowel reduplication + <kn>-pan</kn>) to pass over or by (e.g., an event that occurs without one [poss. of <kn>-pan</kn>] noticing) (con reduplicación de vocal corta + <kn>pan</kn>) rebasar o pasar (p. ej., un evento que ocurre sin que uno [pos. de <kn>-pan</kn>] se de cuenta) Pending Nopan o:kiki:s noye:lo:w. Xna:h katka. Kwa:k yo:nekok, yo:pano:k. Am My <spn>elotes</spn>(from my milpa) came and went without me noticing. I wasn't around (when they were ripe). When I arrived, (the season for <spn>elotes</spn>) had already passed by. Mis elotes (de mi milpa) llegaron y pasaron sin que me diera cuenta. No estaba. Cuando llegué, (la temporada de elotes) ya había pasado. (<kamoa>ki:stiki:sa</kamoa> + <kn>-pan</kn>) to run over (sb [poss. of <kn>-pan</kn>], e.g,. a motor vehicle, etc.) (<kamoa>ki:stiki:sa</kamoa> + <kn>-pan</kn>) atropellar a (algn [pos. de <kn>-pan</kn>], p. ej., un vehículo) Pending Mopan o:kiki:stiki:s, xo:timekwanih. Am It ran over you (a car, person, animal, etc.) when it passed by. You didn't get out of the way. Te atropellóal pasar (un coche, persona, animal, etc.). No te moviste. (with the auxiliary <kamoa>-te:wa</kamoa> : <kamoa>ki:ste:wa</kamoa>) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously (con el auxiliar <kamoa>-te:wa</kamoa> : <kamoa>ki:ste:wa</kamoa>) salir impetuosamente, levantarse y salir luego luego Am, Oa O:ki:ste:hkeh, xok kinekih tekipano:skeh. Oa They got up and suddenly left, they no longer want to work. Se levantaron y se fueron, ya no quisieron trabajar. motion ki:sa Whereas <kamoa>o:wa:lki:s</kamoa> indicates emergence from an enclosed location, <kamoa>o:ki:sako</kamoa> refers to the action of emerging from sth transitory, such as a task, a woods that one walks through, or to emerge into view as one passes first behind something such as a large blind. The use of directionals to indicate passing from one side to the other is common. Note also the phrase <kam>Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan</kam>. Here the subject emerges from a deep part of the stream or river to a shallow section. The phrase does not refer to the action of leaving the shallow water, but rather coming into sight from another location. It will be important to discuss and analyze the difference between /ki:sa/ and /wa:lki:sa/. Certain the second is used to indicate emergence from an enclosed space, such as someone emerging from his house. But check as to whether /xeki:sa to:nahli/ is correct, as I have indicated above, or whether it should be /xewa:lki:sa to:nahli/.... or whether both are correct, perhaps with slightly different meanings. For a discussion of /ki:sa/ with directionals cf. Gram 1984-05-06.1 and article on directionals. Future: /San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s/ 'Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up' Note how the future is sometimes used to indicate what seems to be a suggestion, a polite bit of advice. e.g. /titlakwa:s, tla:mo ta:pismikis/ 'you should eat, otherwise you'll get hungry.' Negation; clitics: /Xitech o:ki:s/ 'It didn't affect him (in this case a scorpion bite).' Note that the negative particle /x-/ is here placed to the left of the VP, which includes a locative (single word adverbial, which is usually preverbal) and verb. This location of the negative clitic parallels that of the subject clitic with NPs, as in /niwe:i chichi/. In general it will be necessary to study the location of the negative. Auxiliary; /-te:wa/: (with the auxiliary <kamoa>-te:wa</kamoa> : <kamoa>ki:ste:wa</kamoa>) to get up and suddenly leave, to leave impetuously. Note the use of -te:wa here. -tiki:sa confer Am tlaki:ska:tlan confer Am ki:xtia val_add_caus Am, Oa tlaki:sa val_reduce0 Am, Oa 01707 ikpayo:kopi:na kikpayo:kopi:na ipayo:kopi:na kipayo:kopi:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen N-V2 V2-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a to pull the thread out of deshilar; quitar el hilo de Pending Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s. Am Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again! ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)!¡Que se desbarate!¡Después lo volverás a remendar! kpa kopi: Check for intransitive form of headword. Add entry under /tsomo:ni/. With noun incorporation, note cases of /-yo:/. Here the /-yo:/ does not at all seem part of an abstract noun, but rather is related to part/whole or intrinsic possession; cf. /a:yo:ki:sa/ and other similar words. 01708 sio:tonki soyo:tonki sio:tonki sio:tonki sio:tonki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tesoyotonki</kamoa> to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin) estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel) Pending sio: tom Sound file for /siotonki/ was also at 1853 There are so many variations in the vowel length for this word that it needs to be very, very carefully checked. At times I have /soyotom-/, other times /so:yo:tom-/, etc. The final elements seems clearly to be /tomi/ 'untie', but the first element is unclear. Since variants /sio/ and /soyo/ exist, it would seem that the first vowel should be short. However, the middle /o/ is of uncertain length. I have had much difficulty in determining this in Oa Nahuatl. 01709 a:lamatsi:n a:lamatsi:n a:lámatsí:n a:lamatsi:n a:lámatsí:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex literally the 'old woman of the water'; a being that lives underwater with her husband. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in the river. Offerings are given to appease her and <klamoa>a:we:we:ntsi:n</klamoa>and gain the return of lost and frightened souls. literalmente la 'anciana del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposo: A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a ella y a <klamoa>a:we:we:ntsi:n</klamoa>para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas. Pending Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n. Am Don't let"the old woman of the water"drag you away into the water. No dejes que"la anciana del agua"te jale dentro del agua. a: lamah tlakaka:wa Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/. Add a text on these beings. Illustrate 01710 kwiste:wilia kikwiste:wilia koste:wilia kikoste:wilia No V3 S-Asp V3-d-ap
09/Feb/2006
class-2a to raise (e.g., a switch on an electrical appliance) for subir (p. ej., un botón en un aparato eléctrico) para Pending to draw up (a legal document or certification) for levantar (un acta o documento legal) para Pending to awaken for desperatar para Pending kwiste:wa kwi e:wa Cf. Gram 1984-07-26.1 tlakwiste:wilia val_reduce2 Am tlakoste:wilia val_reduce2 Oa kwiste:wa verb_base Am koste:wa verb_base Oa 01711 pepexte:mi pepexte:mi pépexté:mi pepexte:mi pépexté:mi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-alt-mi Lex. rdp-s class-3a(m) yes-rdp to lie flat on the ground (failing to stay upright usually because of size or weight; particularly used in refers to certain single-stemmed plants such as corriander that have their lower stems grow close to the ground) caerse pegado al suelo; pegarse horizontalmente al suelo o tierra (no manteniéndose vertical generalmente a causa de tamaño o peso; particularmente utilizado en referencia a ciertas plantas con un solo tallo, como silantro, cuyos tallos empiezan a crecer junto y pegado al suelo) Pending O:pepexte:n, o:tsonakayah, yo:wekapaniak. Am It (in this case the lower part of a plant stem) has grown along close to the ground, it leaned over, it had grown very tall. Cayópegado a la tierra (en este caso la parte inferior de un tallo), se fue de lado, ya había crecido demasiado alto. pech te:m <kam>Pepexte:mi</kam> generally refers to what happens to plants when they grow too tall for the thickness and strength of their stems; as a result they can no longer maintain themselves upright. Consequently the lower part of the stem starts to grow close to the ground like a vine. Cristino Flores did not immediately recognize or accept this word and instead gave the reflexive use of <klam>pepexte:ka</klam>. However, he later did accept <kam>pepexte:mi</kam> as possible. Determine the difference between the reflexive use of /pepexte:ma/ and the fully intransitive /pepexte:mi/. 01712 chikipe:lowa kichikipe:lowa chikipe:lowa kichikipe:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to split open or cut open lengthwise so that the sides flare out (e.g., a pig in slaughtering, a maguey stalk that is cut, etc.) reventar o cortar a lo largo y abrir; abrir en canal (p. ej., un marrano, la penca de un maguey, etc.) Pending Xchikipe:lo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli wa:n xma:tokili moburroh! Ke:n kipia sa:watl! Am Split open and flare out (the leaves of) an agave plant lengthwise and rub it (the open part) on your burro! He is really very mangy! ¡Abre las pencas del maguey a lo largo y frótaselo a tu burro!¡Estámuy sarnoso! Kichikipe:lo:skeh un wa:kax. Am They will slice that cattle open along its chest (after the cattle has been killed and flayed, to open its chest and belly, pulling it open and apart). Van a abrir esa res en canal (después de haberla matado y desollado, se abre a lo largo para quitarle las vísceras). Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. Am They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. chiki pe:l tlachikipe:lotok confer Am tlachikipé:lotók confer Oa 01713 tekestok notekestok tekestok notekestok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat-refl Durative to be standing upright (a material object, having been placed in this position) estar parado (un objeto material, después de haber sido colocado en esta posición) Pending Kwahli notekestok. Am It is standing straight up (e.g., a post sunk into the ground). Estábien parado (p. ej., un horcón empotrado en la tierra). to be standing still (an animate, having come to a stop after having been moving) estar parado (un ser animado, de haberse parado después de haber estado en movimiento) Pending San timotekestok. Am You are just standing still (i.e., not moving in any direction). Simplemente estás parado en un solo lugar (esto es, no estás moviendo en ninguna dirección). motion te ketsa The apparent obligatory use of the reflexive with this stative (cf. <klam>mela:wtok</klam>) appears to be related to the absence of an intransitive form of transitive <klamoa>teketsa</klamoa>. To date almost all statives that end in <kn>-tekestok</kn> are reflexive. This contrasts with other cases in which the statives of apparently transitive verbs are not found with the reflexive (e.g., <klam>kukweptok</klam> derived from transitive <klam>kwepa</klam>). In these cases, the reflexive is used to indicate a progressive aspect. Perhaps the presence of a reflexive indicates that the form with <kam>-tok</kam> is always a resultative, and never a stative. There may, however, be other reasons. The form <kam>notekestok</kam> may be used to indicate some object, such as a post or a <klam>komaxahli</klam> , that has been placed upright in the ground (obviously by a human agent). It would be impossible for an object to become upright by itself (unlike with, for example, <klam>koto:ntok</klam> , the subject of which might be an o bject that snapped on its own). Note that with an animate subject, <kam>notekestok</kam> indicates that the subject has come to a stop, for instance while walking, e.g., <kam>notekestok toba:leh, yo:siaw</kam> 'Our friend has stopped (e.g., walking), he is tired. Check and make sure that the form /te:kestok/ as a stative is not correct. Also, check for all stative/resultatives if the reflexive form also exists. Thus can one have both /koto:ntok/ and /nokoto:ntok/ in which the second is not a progressive (which might be the primary meaning/use). The use of /-tok/ needs much fuller exploration. My notes show that /-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue will be obtained from a discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an inanimate derives from the fact that the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus o ne would not say /notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/. Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this state without any external agency, then the argument that the reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthened. This should be checked! Determine difference between /notekestok/ and /ikatok/. I.e.., when does one say of an object that it is /notekestok/ and when does one say /ikatok/. My gut reaction at this point is that the former is a resultative and the latter a stative, though this should be further investigated. -tok My notes show that /-tekestok/ is only used in the reflexive (of whatever person), but can never occur alone, *tekestok. The reason for this is unclear; perhaps a clue will be obtained from a discussion/analysis of the difference between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. My feeling at this point is that the /no-/ or reflexive marker with an inanimate derives from the fact that the form /notekestok/, with an inanimate, is usually a resultative. There are cases (such as a watch that has stopped) when an inanimate can 'be stopped' on its own (i.e., not the result of an action by an agent). In such I seem to remember that the stative-reflexive is not used. Thus one would not say /notekestok moreló:j/, but rather /o:notekets moreló:j/. Yet this should be checked. If it does indeed turn out that /notekestok/ is not used for inanimates that arrive at this state without any external agency, then the argument that the reflexive is used to indicate a resultative meaning is strengthen ed. This s hould be checked! 01714 tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente Am plant kohtli (pending) tsope:l xoko hypo xokotl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam> ; it bears its fruit in late summer, in August and September. See <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam>. None of the three consultants during the first fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this type of <kn>xokotl</kn>. 01715 xoto:ntok xoto:ntok xoto:ntok xoto:ntok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be piled up; to be heaped up (in no particular order, e. g., corn cobs, planks of wood, etc.) estar amontonado o apilado (sin orden particular, p. ej., mazorcas, tablas de madera, etc.) Pending to be bunched up (e.g., curtains, cloth, etc.) estar fruncido (p. ej., cortinas que se plieguen) Pending Xpatla:wa un tlake:ntli, ma:ka sa: ihkón xoto:ntok. Am Spread out that cloth, don't let it just be bunched up like that! ¡Extiende ese tela, quéno esténada más fruncida como está! xoto: 01716 kwa:tepasole:wtok kwa:tepasole:wtok kwa:tépasolé:htok kwa:tepasole:htok kwa:tépasolé:htok
22/Oct/2005
Stat N-Stat Stat Durative yes-lex to be disheveled; to have a tangled or bushy head of hair (particularly sb with very curly hair) estar despeinado; tener el cabello desarreglado o greñudo (particularmente algn con pelo muy chino) Pending kwa:tepasole:wi kwa: pahsol Check as to whether this occurs only with /te-/. If not, change entry and analysis. 01717 iú:n iú:n yoón yoón
11/Feb/2006
Pr(demon) Pr-demon that one there ése; aquel que estáallá Pending yehwa on Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with <klam>iwí:n</klam> whereas the Oapan form contrasts with <kloa>yo yí:n</kloa>. Whether this orthography should be the final form for Oapan Nahuatl is still under consideration. Check vowel length. 01718 i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-tik to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas Am petla: i:x kwa: petla: i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon synonym Am i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl synonym Am i:xkwa:tsotsoltik synonym Am i:xkwa:pestik synonym Oa i:xkwa:tetsotlahtik synonym Oa 01719 tla:laktok tla:laktok tla:lahtok tla:lahtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be buried or stuck in the ground estar metido o empotrado en la tierra Am, Oa Xtepacho un kohtsontetl para ma wepe:wi ne: ka:n tla:laktok! Am Smash a rock against that stump to that it comes out (gets uprooted) from there where it is stuck in the ground! ¡Golpéa fuerte contra ese tocón para que se desarraigue de alládonde estámetido en la tierra! tla:l ak 01720 tlaa:yawtitlan tlaa:yawtitlan
22/Oct/2005
Stat N-loc-1-titlan[tla-] N1(loc) area that is covered with fog área tapada con neblina, con neblina por todos lados Am a:yawi -titlan a:yawtitlan minus_tla Am tlaa:yawpachihtok synonym Oa 01721 tlama:ka:wa tlama:ka:wa tlama:ka:wa tlama:ka:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-[N-V2] V2-b class-3a(w) to let out to pasture (for an extended period, not just overnight) dejar a apacentar (por un periodo extendido, no simplemente por la noche) Pending O:tlama:ka:wato, a:mantsi:n yekos. Am He went to take some animals and leave them out to pasture, he'll be right back. Fue a dejar a apacentar unos animales, ahorita llega. to finish plowing (after going over the field a second time after the maize has sprouted; syn. Am. <klam>tla:lwia</klam>) terminar de arar (al dejar la milpa al hacer el segundo paso por ello después de brotada la milpa; sin. Am. <klam>tla:lwia</klam>) Oa to fart echar un pedo Pending to finish (a man) making love with a woman acabar de hacer el amor (un hombre) con una mujer Am, Oa Yo:tlane:s! Yo:titlama:ka:w? Oa It's dawn! Have you finished making love? ¡Ya amaneció!¿Ya terminaste de hacer el amor? ma: ka:wa Usually used with an extraverse directional, <kamoa>tlama:ka:wa</kamoa> is most often employed to refer to the action of taking animals out and letting them pasture for a long time. It refers to the action of letting the animals go and driving them away, with the idea of not retrieving them for a long time. This can be compared to <klamoa>tlaka:wa</klamoa>, which refers to the action of taking animals out to pasture, often tying them overnight with a lasso, and often retrieving them the following day (see <klamoa>tla:na</klamoa>). tlaka:wa confer Am, Oa ma:ka:wa minus_tla Am, Oa 01722 posteki kiposteki posteki kiposteki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Op. <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(k) to snap or break (sth hard and long such as a stick, a bar, a bone, a handle, etc.) romper o quebrar (algo largo y duro, como una vara, un barra, un hueso, una manga, etc.) Pending Xposteki un tlako:tl! Am Break that stick! ¡Rompe esa vara! O:nitlapostek. Am I broke something (usually in reference to the unintentional breaking of sth being used, such as the <spn>timón</spn> or another part of a plow). Se me rompióalgo (generalmente en referencia a algo que sucede sin la intención de un agente, como cuando se le rompe el timón u otra parte del arado a algn). to bend (sth at its joint, e.g., a microphone stand and boom) doblar (algo a una coyuntura, como la base de un micrófono y su brazo) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to fold sth several times, evenly (such as a letter being mailed, a fan made of paper, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar repetidas veces, parejo y con cuidado (una carta para mandar, un abanico, etc.) Pending posteki tekwia; kwelpachowa; posteki Check re: /o:nitepostek/ for 'I broke a bone' whether /o:nimo(te)postek/ is also acceptable. Note that the form /o:ni(te)postek/ is used for 'I broke a bone' and not ?/o:nimo(te)postek. Whether this latter form is possible should be checked. 01723 kaxto:hli kaxto:hli kaxto:hli kaxto:hli
11/Feb/2006
Num Num-b fifteen (as numerical modifier) quince (como modificador numérico) Am, Oa fifteen (of them) quince (de ellos) Am, Oa (<kamoa>a:man</kamoa> ~) in two weeks (<kamoa>a:man</kamoa> ~) de hoy en quince; en dos semanas Am, Oa A:man kaxto:hli niyá:s. Am I'll go in two weeks. Voy a ir de hoy en quince. (<kamoa>ye a:man</kamoa> ~) two weeks ago (<kamoa>ye a:man</kamoa> ~) hace dos semanas Pending kaxto:l <kam>Kaxto:hli</kam> is seldom if ever used as a numeral. In such cases the Spanish loan <spn>quince</spn> is ubiquitous. However, it is often employed with <klamoa>a:man</klamoa>to indicate a two-week period from the present. 01724 kwa:rtah kwa:rtah kwa:rtah kwa:rtah
22/Oct/2005
cuarta N N-loan N1 distance measure that stretches from the tip of the thumb to the end of the extended middle finger (or, for some, to the end of the pinky) medida de la mano, desde la punta del pulgar hasta la punta del dedo en medio (o, por algunos, hasta el fin del dedo meñique) Pending measure measures 01725 tla:lsa:watl tla:lsa:watl tla:ltsa:watl tla:ltsa:watl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 small red biting insect, still not definitively identified, probably a chigger insecto pequeño y rojo que pica, todavía no identificado plenamente Pending Tla:lsa:watl, ti:roh pitentsi:n, chi:chi:ltiktsi:n. Mitskwa deke yo:mitsekok. Am <kam>Tla:lsa:wtl</kam> : It is really small, it is red. It bites if it gets on you. <kam>Tla:lsa:wtl</kam> : Es muy pequeño, es rojito. Muerde si te alcanza. animal insect tla:l sa:wa Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above. Oapan phonology: Note in /tla:ltsa:watl/ s>ts / l ____. 01726 yzzz ma:tlaki:tsia noma:tlaki:tsia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl. with <kn>-pan</kn>) to rest ones hand on and lean on (refl. con <kn>-pan</kn>) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano Oa ma: ki:tski ma:tlakechia synonym Am 01727 tlima:wa kitlima:wa tlima:wa kitlima:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to have its fire spread to (that is, a section of field deliberately being burned [S] spreads fire to another part [O] that should have been saved to serve as pasture) tener un incendio en un campo extenderse a (esto es; una sección del campo deliberadamente quemado [S] que se extiende a otra parte que hubiera sido guardadoíntegro para forraje de los animales) Pending O:pe:w kitlima:wa un sakayoh. Xmotlalo! Xikse:wi:ti! Am The fire has spread to that grass-covered field. Run! Go put it out! El fuego se ha extendido a estaárea cubierta.¡Córrele!¡Ve a apagarlo! tli ma:wa It appears that <kamoa>tlima:wa</kamoa> always has as an implicit subject a fire that is already burning, and which spreads itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the former the object is implicit in the verbal semantics; with <kamoa>tlima:wa</kamoa> it is the subject that is implicit. In the latter, possessor raising, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed. Note that <kamoa>tlima:wa</kamoa> could be analyzed as 'to spread its fire to,' with the subject being the"possessor"of the fire, i.e., a larger blaze. Check for subject of /tlima:wa/, i.e., can there be an active subject as in /niktlima:was nomi:l/ or, /o:niktlima:w nomi:l/. In the above illustrative sentence it certainly seems that the subject is the grassy field, i.e., the underlying patient. Check ways of expressing theme with /ma:wa/, e.g., /ne:chma:wa ika de:ngeh/, etc. Check for reflexives, etc. Incorporation; transitivity; valency: Re: /tlima:wa/ It appears that <kam>tlima:wa</kam> has an implicit subject that is always a fire already burning, and which spreads itself to a neighboring field. In a sense this is like a mirror image of a cognate object construction or possessor raising. In the first the object is implicit in the verbal semantics; here it is the subject that is implicit. And in possessor raising of transitives, the incorporated noun is implicitly possessed by the object; in <kam>tlima:wa</kam> it is implicitly possessed (in the sense of part of) by the subject. Thus the translation 'to spread its fire to.' 01728 kochwia kikochwia kochwia [koch 'wi ya] kikochwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to take advantage of (sb) while he is sleeping aprovecharse de (algn) mientras que duerma Pending O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya. Am The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over. Los perros se aprovecharon de mícuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando. kochi There are quite a few cases in which the root <kroot>koch</kroot>is incorporated into a verb in a modifying form and as if it were a nominal stem (e.g., <klam>kochpale:wia</klam>). However, <kam>kochwia</kam> is different in that here we have <kroot>koch</kroot>followed by a verbalizing endings used primarily with nouns. Given this fact, it seems that <kam>kochwia</kam> is more akin to an applicative form ending in <kn>-wia</kn> as is <klam>tlaxkalwia</klam> , derived from <klam>tlaxkalowa</klam>. Check correctness of /o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya/; see entry under /tlatlata/. I originally had /nitlatlastoya/ but"corrected"this to /niktlatlastoya/. There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. Oapan phonology: Note that syllabification remains in all verbs ending in /wiya/. This compares to Am /wia/ (as in /kikochwiya/ Oa, and /kikochwia/ Am). 01729 xo:tlaltia kixo:tlaltia xo:tlaltia kixo:tlaltia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to heat up (e.g., sb heating up a branding iron [O] in the fire, the sun heating up water [O] in a canteen, etc.) calentar mucho (p. ej., algn calentando un hierro para marcar [O] en el fuego, el sol calentando agua [O] en una cantimplora, etc.) Pending to cause to get drunk and turn red (ones skin from alcohol) emborrachar y enrojecer (la piel de uno por el alcohol) Pending Yo:pe:w -te-chi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tla:wa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh. Am Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed. Ya empezóa ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se estáemborrachando, se le subióel trago. to arouse sexually; to make horney (lit., 'to make (sb) hot') excitar sexualmente; calentar sexualmente (lit., 'calentar a (algn)') Pending Mitsxo:tlalti:s, tisuwa:nekis. Am It will make you horney, you will want a woman. Te va a calentar, vas a querer una mujer. xo:tla xo:tla verb_base Am, Oa 01730 a:pochi:nki a:pochi:nki a:pochi:nki a:pochi:nki
24/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be soft and fuzzy from haven gotten wet or to have being soaked in water (e.g., tortillas, paper, clothes covered in dirt from which the dirt becomes loose) estar blando o esponjado por haberse mojado o haber estado remojando en agua (p. ej., tortillas, papel, ropa cubierta tener mugre que se había ablandado) Pending a: pochi: a:yema:nki; a:pochi:nki Note that Oapan /á:pochí:ni/ has p-a whereas adjectival /a:pochi:ni/ does not. Check that this is indeed the case, and check for reasons, i.e., is the verbal form given in elicitation just an alternative to a non-reduplicated form. 01731 xaxa:yakate:roh xaxa:yakate:roh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>xaxa:yaka</kn> N N-ag-Sp Lex. rdp-s N1 mask-maker masquero Am xa:yaka xáxa:yakachí:hke:tl synonym Oa 01732 zzz This used to be an entry for /nextika:yeyekatl/ but has been removed. This <kam>yeyekatl</kam> was mentioned by Bacilio Reyes of Ahuelicán; its properties and effects were not described.
11/Feb/2006
 01733 ayuxo:chitl ayuxo:chitl áyoxó:chitl ayoxo:chitl áyoxó:chitl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex flowers of the squash plant flor de calabaza Am, Oa plant domesticated edible ayoh xo:chi 01734 xoko:miki xoko:miki xoko:miki xoko:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to suffer from a sour taste in ones mouth sufrir por un sabor agrio en la boca Pending Melá:k nixoko:miki, ke:n xokó:k i:n xokotl. Am I'm really suffering from a sour taste in my mouth, this wild plum is really sour. Estoy sufriendo por un sabor agrio en la boca, este ciruelo silvestre es muyácido. xoko miki Check length of /o:/. It was recorded long but should be checked. Also, in my original notes I had /i:n xokotl/. This too should be checked, here as with all demonstrative adjectives. 01735 tlaxkalsosohli tlaxkalsosohli tlaxká:sohlí tlaxká:sohli tlaxka:sohlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-suf[sosohli] Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 3 yes-lex old, dried tortilla (such as those used to make <spn>chilaquiles</spn>) tortilla secada (como las que se utilizan para hacer chilaquiles) Pending xka hsol In Oapan the form <koa>tlaxká:sohlí</koa> has been lexicalized and * <koa>tlaxkaté:sohlí</koa> is not accepted. Check to determine whether /te-/ can or should be used: ?/tlaxkaltesosohli/. Oapan phonology: Note that in many cases the liquid /l/ and nasals disappear intervocalicly within words. Here Oapan /tlaxká:sohlí/ manifests l>0 / V _ V. 01736 te:ntsahka i:te:ntsahka te:ntsahka i:te:ntsahka
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-ka N2 top; lid; cover (of a <spn>perol</spn>, jar, etc.); stopper (of a bottle) tapa (de un perol, envase, etc.); tapón (de una botella) Pending San kwahli kite:na:miki ite:ntsahka. Am It's top fits in perfectly. Su tapón le queda justo. te:n tsakwa 01737 chalto:n chalto:n chalto:n chalto:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-b N1 bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l>, or a closely related species ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente <l>Ortalis poliocephala</l>, o una especie cercana Pending Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 221 animal bird chal Some informants identified this as <spn>chachalaca</spn> in Spanish, as do Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959). Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/. chala equivalent Oa chala synonym Oa 01738 ichpo:xchika:wi ichpo:xchika:wi ichpo:xchika:wi ichpo:xchika:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to pass (a female) beyond the customary age for marrying rebasar (una mujer) la edad apropiada para casarse Pending chpo:ch chika: ichpo:xtli Check to determine whether there is a transitive form. ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia confer Am ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia confer Oa 01739 iyo:asi kiyo:asi
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to have the same endurance as; to keep up with; to keep pace with (another person) aguantar el mismo esfuerzo que; mantener el ritmo de (otra persona) Am San yewa ne:chiyo:asis. Nanwameh xnanweliskeh. Am He's the only one who can keep up with me (e.g., running). As for you, you won't be able to. Solamente el me aguanta el ritmo (p. ej., corriendo). En cuanto a ustedes, no van a poder. hyo: ahsi ixíasí synonym Oa 01740 te:ko:ntlapa:na te:ko:ntlapa:na te:ko:ntlapa:na te:ko:ntlapa:na
11/Feb/2006
N N-V2 (Am) N-dvb-0 N1 generic name for morning-glory types of plant, of which type have been collected so far, one with large blue flowers and the other with small purple ones; in local Spanish this is called <spn>quiebra platos</spn> nombre genérico por un tipo de planta todavía no identificada de que hay dos hasta ahora nombradas, una con flores grandes y azules, la otra con flores moraditas y pequeñas; en el español local se le conoce como <spn>quiebra platos</spn> Pending Tekontlapa:na | Kwa:k yo:weyakiak ki:sa itotopoyo para ixo:chio. Am <kam>Tekontlapa:na</kam> : When its gotten long the buds of its flowers appear. <kam>Tekontlapa:na</kam> : Cuando ya creciólargo salen los botones de sus flores. plant xiwtli ko:m tlapa: According to Tomás Muñoz García, a man from Teloloapan now living in Iguala, the Spanish name for the <koa>te:ko:ntlapa:na</koa> is 'quiebra platos', which is a direct translation from the Nahuatl. Cf. comments below on etymology. The question of the phonology and etymology of this word still needs to be fully determined. In Oapan the initial syllable is apparently <kn>te:</kn> whereas in Ameyaltepec, according to some, it is <kn>te</kn>. The /o:/ of both forms is long. Indeed, Chen Díaz was quite certain that the length of the initial /e/ was short and that the name of the plant <kam>teko:ntlapa:na</kam> contrasts with a form such as <kam>te:ko:ntlapa:na</kam> , referring to someone or something that breaks unspecified people's pots. Florencia Marcelino and other consultants from Oapan mentioned that the name derives from the belief that it you grab this plant your pot will break. The plant's name, therefore, is a transitive verb that reflects the effects of this plant on human subjects. In Ameyaltepec I have not been able to document a similar belief. Moreover, according to Inocencio Díaz, the first vowel is definitely short and the name of this plant, <kam>teko:ntlapa:na</kam>. This contrasts as a minimal pair with <kam>te:ko:nt lapa:na</kam> , which refers to a person or thing that breaks people's pots. Nevertheless, in the pronunciation of Cristino Flores, the name of this plant clearly has two long vowels in the first two syllables. A direct comparison of minimal pairs of these two words in both dialects should be recorded. If there is indeed a difference, and this difference reflects etymological variation, then two entries should be created even though the original name of this plant might have been the same in both villages. Asención Marcelo of San Juan was not familiar with this vine. Check vowel lenght as in one file card I have a long initial /e/: /te:ko:ntlapa:na/. Check vl in Oapan and Am; cf. to comments in /nae field. Check plant name and verbal form /te:ko:ntlapa:na/ 'that which/he who breaks peoples pots.' Perhpas this should be divided into two entries. Check vl in both forms and analyze etymology. kohsa:watl confer Oa 01741 kahli kahli kahli kahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 house; shack casa; jacal Pending (part/whole possession) roof (of a house, granery, etc.); covering (of a storage area or other similar space) (posesión parte/entero) techo (de una casa, troje, etc.) Pending O:pe:w isoliwi ikahlo mokal. Am The roof of your house has started to deteriorte. Empezóa deteriorarse el techo de tu casa. Nikpatili:s ikahlo nokosi:nah, yo:isoliw. Am I'm going to change the roofing on my kitchen, it's gotten worn out. Le voy a cambiar el techo a mi cocina, ya se hizo viejo. O:te:n iswakohtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl. Am The tree used for storing corn leaves (<kam>iswatl</kam>) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore. Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (<kam>iswatl</kam>) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua. (usually possessed in 3rd person) nest; hive; in general, the living space of any animal (generalmente poseido en 3a persona) nido; panal; en general el lugar donde vive cualquier animal Pending ikal chi:lpa:n Am wasp's nest panal de avispa Yewa, tekómasólin i:kal. Oa That is the nest of the insect called <koa>tekómasólin</koa>. Ese es el panal del insecto llamado <koa>tekómasólin</koa>. kahli; nests For names of the parts of a house of /sakatl/, cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Get list of all animals that have /i:kal/. kweskomatl confer Am, Oa kakahli confer Am 01742 zzz This used to be an entry for /kwepania/ but was removed: /On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w on so:ya:tl./ 'That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire).' The meaning was given as 'to flare up (a fire)' My notes stated: 'This word is in a text I had under /ma:wa/. It should be checked as it might be in error. If so, change in all entries. Also, determine whether it is part of any paradigm, e.g. --ki/ya/lia. If so, add all entries. I might have simply made an error for /wekapania/. Check.'
11/Feb/2006
 01743 peya:siwtok peya:siwtok peya:sihtok peya:sihtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat V1-Stat Durative to be straight; to be lying straight (sth long such as a stick, straw, etc.) estar derecho o recto (algo largo como una varita, popote, etc.) Pending I:xmonmemelak. San pepeya:siwtok. Notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots. Am He has long, straight eyelashes. They just go straight out. His eyelashes point downward, he doesn't have upward-curling eyelashes. Tiene las pestañas largos y derechitos. Se van derechos. Sus pestañas van hacia abajo, no las tiene rizadas. Sa: weyakixtok, peya:siwtok. Tikito:s o:kuwpitsiw. Am He's just stretched out, he's lying straight out (on his back) from head to foot. You'd think that rigor mortis had set in. Estáno más estirado, estáacostado derechito (sobre la espalda). Dirás que el cuerpo ya estaba rígido por la muerte. peya:s Original of the final sentence had /san weyakixtok/, which I have changed to /sa: weyakixtok/ given my understanding of the meaning of this term. This should be rechecked. 01744 sempwalxiwtli *sempwalxiwtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) type of plant with large green leaves, used in curing; not yet identified un tipo de planta con grandes hojas verdes, empleada como medicina; todavía no identificada Am plant medicine (pend) sem powa xiw See entry under Flk 1984-06-12.1 for an account of the use of this plant. None of the consultants during the first botany fieldwork session (Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, Silvestre Pantaleón) knew of this plant. Inocencio Díaz suggested that this might be a mistake for <kam>se:poxiwtli</kam>. The Folklore notes should be checked and if the properties of"sempwalxiwtli"are the same as <kam>se:poxiwtli</kam> then this entry should be heavily questioned. 01745 ikuw chichi ikuw chichi i:kow chiche Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) generic name for the fruit of two vines called <kam>i:komekayo i:kuw chichi</kam> , one of which has edible fruit (<kam>i:kuw chichi de welik</kam>) and the other has inedible fruit (<kam>i:kuw chichi de welik</kam>) nombre genérico de la fruta de dos enredaderas llamadas <kam>i:komekayo i:kuw chichi</kam> , una de las cuales tiene fruta comestible (<kam>i:kuw chichi de welik</kam>) mientras la otra tiene fruta no comestible (<kam>i:kuw chichi de welik</kam>) Am generic name for the vine which bears fruit of this name nombre genérico de una enredadera que tiene fruta de ese nombre Am plant xiwtli edible kow chichi komekatl Silvestre Pantaleleón did not know of this vine; Asención Marcelo has heard this name but does not know the plant. Inocencio Díaz knows this vine. He said that the fruit itself is called <kam>i:kuh chichi</kam> while the vine is called <kam>i:komekayo i:kuh chichi</kam>. i:komekayo ikuw chichi confer Am 01746 tlaye:hka:n tlaye:hka:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) place that is well cared for and arranged lugar bien cuidado y arreglado Am Tlaye:hka:n u:nkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh. Am It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.) Es un lugar bien cuidado alláen la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.). Tlaye:hka:n ka:n tonkah. Am Everything is in very good order where you are (e.g., your house is neat and well arranged with many good things such as furniture, tools, etc.). Todo estábien arreglado donde estás (p. ej., tu casa es pulcra y bien arreglada con muchas cosas buenas como muebles, herramientas, etc.). ye:k -ka:n tlakwalka:n confer Oa 01747 tsomo:nilia kitsomo:nilia tsomo:nilia kitsomo:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>kitetsomo:nilia</kamoa> class-2a to rip for (sb; e.g., materials such as paper or cloth, and objects such as deeds, blankets, sacks, bags, clothes, etc., usually with an adverse affect on the possessor [PO]) rasgarle a; romperle a (algn; p. ej., materiales como papel o tela, y objetos como títulos, cobijas, costales, bolsas, ropa, etc., generalmente con un efecto adverso al poseedor [OP]) Pending Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n. Am I will rip your clothes up (in various places). Te voy a rasgar la ropa (en varios lugares). O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n. Am He ripped up some clothes on me. Rasgóalguna ropa de mí. tsomo: Antipassive; applicative: In many grammatical notes the antipassive form has been discussed. In the present case, the verb /tsomonilia/ there were two example phrases, one an applicative and one an"antipassive."Thus the applicative /Timistsotsomo:nili:s motlake:n/ 'I will rip your clothes (in various places).' and the antipassive/oblique /O:ne:xtlatsotsomo:nilih ika notlake:n./ 'He ripped up some clothes on me.' The translations in English do not, I think, capture the distinction/difference between the two forms, which is hard to determine. Cf. the difference discussed in such articles as that of Givón on causatives (morphological vs. analytic, and direct vs. obviated causation). A similar problem in Nahuatl exists with applicatives: /moka niwetska/ and /nimitswetskilia/. With the two phrases in this example it might be that the applicative indicates a more direct effect, whereas the antipassive indicates an action that involves another person. Note that with the antipassive the o bli que may be eliminated(thus eliminating the malefactive), whereas with the applicative no such elimination may occur. tsomo:nia verb_base Am, Oa 01748 tlake:ntotopoch tlake:ntotopoch
09/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-N(ap) N-ap Lex. rdp-s N2/Adj (poss.) guayabera, a type of men's shirt typical of Yucatán and southern Mexico, with ruffles (pos.) guayabera, tipo de camisa para hombres tener alforsas y típica de Yucatán y el sur de México Am Kipia itlake:ntotopoch. Am He has a guayabera. Tiene una guayabera. (unposs.) to be clothed in a guayabera (no pos.) estar vestido de guayabera Am ke:m topo: totopoxtli confer Am 01749 nokwa me:stli nokwa me:stli
11/Feb/2006
see <klamoa>me:stli</klamoa>(in Oapan: <kloa>tlami</kloa> <koa>me:stli</koa>) véase <klamoa>me:stli</klamoa>(en Oapan: <kloa>tlami</kloa> <koa>me:stli</koa>) Am 01750 ikxiwi:loh ikxiwi:loh
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap Gender to be lame; to have a bad leg (a human or animal) ser cojo(a); tener una mala pierna (un ser humano o animal) Am kxi wila: Given that this word follows the gender marking of Spanish, it might be a reborrowing of a Nahuatl word. Molina lists <kn>uila</kn> 'persona tollida que anda agatas.' This is apparently derived from the verbal base <kn>uilana</kn> ; Molina has the reflexive form of this verb meaning 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo.' wi:loh (ah) synonym Oa 01751 tsi:na:kan kwitlatl tsi:na:kan kwitlatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 bat dung (used in irrigated gardens to fertilize chile, watermelon, melons, etc.) estiércol de murciélago (utilizado en huertas para fertilizar chile, sandía, melón, etc.) Am tsina:kan kwitla pátlí confer Oa 01752 pexte:kilia kipexte:kilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to tilt horizontally and parallel to the ground against (i.e., in relation to) inclinar horizontalmente y paralelo a la tierra a (esto es, en relación a) Am Xpexte:kili momache:teh! Am Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal to it (apparently, to the trunk of the bush being cut)! ¡Inclina (la hoja de) tu machete para que estémás horizontal (aparentemente, en relación a uno arbusto que se estácortando)! pech te:ka Check whether /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ is correct. Note that I have 'machete' as the object of the applicative in the above phrase, taken from the corpus file cards. However, I seem to remember very well phrases such as /xpexte:ka momache:teh/. These two should be checked for correctness as well as difference.Perhpas a sort of 'leismo' in Nahuatl? Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is any difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this object is not clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in many cases a material object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An e ffort should be made todetermine the nature of the argument structure of the applicative and the identify of the two arguments. Applicative: Note the following from the corpus (it should be checked and compared to /xpexte:ka momache:teh/ to determine if both are correct and, if so, whether there is any difference in meaning and use). The phrase is /Xpexte:kili momache:teh!/ 'Tilt your machete so that it is more horizontal!' implies a secondary object. The identity of this object is not clear. It might be the tree or bush that is being cut and to which the machete will be"applied"in cutting. Or it might be 'the blade of' the machete. Note that in many cases a material object is the primary object of a verb and a part of the material object is the secondary object. An effort should be made to determine the nature of the argument structure of the applicative and the identify of the two arguments. pexte:ka verb_base Am 01753 tatamaltik tatamaltik Adj Lex. rdp-s Adj-denom-tik
09/Feb/2006
to be uneven (have ball-like raised portions on the surface) ser desparejo (esto es, con bolitas por la superficie) Am tamal 01754 pa:ya:xiw i:pa:ya:xiw pa:ya:xiw i:pa:ya:xiw
22/Oct/2005
N N-xiw N2 ones"fellow fool"; one who is a fool like (sb [Poss]) tonto como uno (indicado como [Pos]) Pending Ye wa:hlaw nopa:ya:xiw. Am Here comes my fellow fool. Ya vieneél que es tonto como yo. pa:ya: pa:ya:tl confer Am, Oa 01755 me:me:yahlo me:me:yaho:tsi:n ime:me:yahlo me:me:yahlo i:me:me:yahlo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo Lex. rdp-l N2 sap savia Pending Kipia ime:meyahlo:tsi:n. Am It has sap. Tiene savia. me:ya kuhtli (parts of trees; and plants) Most often <kamoa>me:me:yahlo</kamoa> refers to the thin sap of certain plants that runs out immediately after it is cut. According to several consultants, the following trees have <kamoa>me:me:yahlo</kamoa> (names given are from Ameyaltepec): <kbam>kuwxio:tl</kbam>, <kbam>te:tlatia</kbam>, <kbam>kuwsa:watl</kbam>, and <kbam>toto:roh</kbam>, among others. The same word, <kamoa>me:me:yahlo</kamoa> may also be applied to the milky substance that runs out of certain parts of plants, such as the bulbous root of the Euphorb <l>Dalembertia populifolia</l>Baill. Check Spanish translation. In one entry I have noted that the vowels as recorded above are definitely correct, i.e. the first two vowels are long. Add links for plants in /nse field to Botany encyclopedia. 01756 zzz This entry used to be /tsi:nkamakchikwa:ti/, removed as a 'vacilada.'
25/Jan/2005
 01757 ye:lchikiw i:ye:lchikiw e:lchikiw i:e:lchikiw
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b N2 rib cage caja torácica Pending body e:l chikiw Check translation; FK has 'chest, breast, bosom / los pechos o el pecho.' Check whether all animals have this part of the body. 01758 xo:tla xo:tla xo:tla xo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4a to get very hot, beyond the usual temperature (a solid material object placed in a fire or left in the sun, water that was to have stayed cool for drinking but was in a canteen left in the sun, etc.) calentarse mucho, más que lo normal (un objeto sólido que se dejóen el fuego o el sol, agua en una cantimplora dejada en el sol, etc.) Pending Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. Am The coals are just burning hotly, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. xo:tla tlaxo:tla val_reduce0 Am, Oa xo:tlaltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01759 tekpinyoh tekpinyoh tehpinyoh tehpinyoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans to be flea-ridden; to be covered or full of fleas tener pulgas; ser pulgoso Pending Tekpinyoh un chichi. Xki:xti para kia:wak! Am That dog has fleas. Put it outside! Ese perro es pulgoso.¡Sácalo para fuera! tekp 01760 sio:wia kisio:wia sio:wia [si o: 'wi ya] kisio:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to add a <klam>siyo:tl</klam> to (<klam>tixtli</klam> , or maize dough, being ground on a metate) agregar un <klam>siyo:tl</klam> a (<klam>tixtli</klam> , o masa, que estásiendo molida sobre un metate) Pending Xkaman nitlasio:wia, xnikneki ma sasa:lik. Am I never use a <kam>siyo:tl</kam> , I don't want it (the <kam>tixtli</kam>) to be sticky. Nunca empleo un <kam>siyo:tl</kam> , no quiero que esté(la masa) pegajosa. sio: tortillas; note: get a text on the /siotl/. Check vowel length and cf. to Oapan /siótl/, which I have recorded with a short, stressed /o:/. Tla- : Note use of /tla-/ with /siyo:wia/ in a case where there is no discourse referent. Nevertheless, the referent is recoverable from the context based on the lexical semantics of the verb, which has only one potential object: maize dough being ground on a metate. Based on the theoretical writings about deletable objects, I think it possible to analyze transitive verbs on the basis of three parameters. The first concerns NOUN INCORPORATION 1) noun incorporation: are these verbs ever found with noun incorporation and, if so, what is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. Most notably: how productive is the incorporation. I think that there are three basic parameters. 1) Completely lexicalized: these incorporated forms are never the product of argument manipulation in discourse but are fully lexicalized compounds (e.g., /a:wetsi/, /kone:wetsi/, etc.). 2) Body part incorporation. Here there are a series of verbs that refer to processes or states that can affect body parts (burn, s crape, twist, break,blister, etc.). These verbs seem to be found only with body part incorporation and seldom, if ever, with other items. 3) verbs that take a type of noun in their incorporated paradign, either as a modifying element (mostly with intransitives) or as a theme (with transitives). Thus verbs of"sound-making"(cry, shout, etc.) take an IN that refers to the manner of effecting the action; verbs of transfer or seizing (give, sell, hunt, fill (tema/temi:tia), eat, drink etc.) take an IN of the thing transferred. Most other verbs are not found with incorporated nouns. However, here one caveat is worth noting. There are many cases of incorporation to participial forms (e.g., agentives). These should be considered different from N-V incorporation. Indeed, it in several cases only the participial form exists, but not the verb (e.g., tio:pixki, kalpixki in Classical, etc.). The second concerns NOMINALIZATIONS. Here the question is what verbs form nouns of the"patientive"or"pass i ve"type, and what verbs form nouns of the /-(l)istli/ type. My hypothesis is that the same verbs that allow for"indefinite object deletion"(i.e., the use of /tla-/ in a context not defined by discourse, i.e., verbs such as /kwa/ and /na:maka/) are the ones that also undergo nominalizations with /tla-/. It is an error to assume that all verbs are nominalized in the ways just described, and it would be interesting to determine if there is any commonality among verbs that form nominals.Finally, the third parameter concerns THE USE OF /TLA-/. Here I think that the work on verb classes in English is extremely important, particularly the discussions on types of object deletion. The two basic types developed by Allerton are called CONTEXTUAL DELETION and INDEFINITE DELETION. In the former the object can be reconstructed from context; in the latter it is"not recoverable, because it has not been thought of and it is not expected that the listener should concern himself with it"(Allert on 19 7 5 : 214). In English, these two types of deletion are optional (as opposed to obligatory deletion in cases such as"I reminded him of that he was late">"I reminded him that he was late."In Nahuatl, contextual deletion occurs when the referent is already a topic of discourse (e.g., with words such as /posteki/, /teki/, etc.) Note, for example, that /nitlatekis/ would be an unusual utterance in isolation. This is not the case with an inanimate subject: /tlateki/ 'it cuts (i.e., 'it is sharp'). With inanimate we are talking about a property (cf. the article, I think by Lehrer, which talks about object deletion and properties) and there is no concern about what the action patient is. This should be included in the grammar and perhaps in the lexicon). Finally, a type of indefinite deletion is that for which the semantic specificity is verb dependent. Thus /chi:wa/ can take a wide range of objects. However, the isolated form /tlachi:wa/ refers to engendering an offspring. Thus a bull used a s a s tud is called /tlachi:hki/. Or, note that with /te:mowa/ the use of /tla-/ plus a directional has the sense of 'to search the plains for animals (left out to graze).' Here no context is necessary. However,the lexicalization is only valid without reduplication. Thus: /nontlatete:mo:s/ is unrecoverable and represents contextual deletion. Given this, it would not be uttered out of context. However, the /tla-/ of /nontlate:mo:s/ is recoverable out of context, thus it represents a type of indefinite deletion. To summarize, there are the following types of deletion: 1) Contextual (can only occur when there is some discourse referent); 2) Noncontextual (can occur out of context). The Noncontxtual deletion itself can be divided into two types: a) Indefinite (tlakwa); and b) lexical (tlachi:wa). IN SUM, there is the possibility of using the three parameters as DIAGNOSTICS. For each verb (not a denominal verb) the following questions can be asked: 1) what type of nominalizations occu r ; 2 ) is t here any incorporation and, if so, of what type; and 3) what type of object deletion does/can occur. Thus /siyo:wia/ ischaracterized by"indefinite deletion."No possible incorporation and, perhaps, a nominalization of action: /tlasio:wilistli/?? Finally, one addendum: what is the relation of object deletion to the antipassive. For me, while a passive implies an agent (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable), an antipassive implies a patient (unexpressed, or perhaps unexpressable). Here there is a divergence in Nahuatl. Thus the reflexive marker can be used to signal a passive /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built' and it can also be used to signal an anticausative (inchoative or middle). Obviously with /nochi:wa/ only a passive interpretation is possible. With /notsakwa/ either a middle/inchoative or passive interpretation is possible. Cf. this to /tlatsakwalo/ 'closing occurred' (i.e., of a store). In /tlatsakwalo/, moreover, it would appear that the object deletion i s lexi caliz e d. Cf. this to /nitlatsakwas/, which can be either contextual, but is usually indefinite or lexicalized. Also, if I remember there was a case that I commented on in regard to /o:tlapi:tsiw/ in reference to a path/opening in a fence that had narrowed because rocks had fallen down. The phrase is: /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli./ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).' In the case of /o:tlapi:tsiw/ the deletion of /tla-/ is the result of contextual deletion, here of a subject. Yet this impersonal is not"subjectless"in the sense that there is no recoverable. Indeed, the next verb has the subject marker (zero) for the 3rd person (it is the wall as subject). What is interesting is that the cont extu a l del etion o f subject is here (check whether impersonals may have subjects expressed obliquely (like the object in tlakwa ika nakatl). I believe that I have such an example. sio:tl confer Am 01761 na:walchichi na:walchichi na:walchichi na:walchichi
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-ap N1 person with a dog as his <spn>nahual</spn> persona con un perro como su nahual Pending na:wa:l chichi Check for other animals that might be used in such compounds. Probably coyote would be so used, e.g., ?na:walko:yo:tl. Note that I originally had this with a long second vowel /na:wa:lchichi/ but have changed this to a short vowel given that I have /na:wahli/ with a short vowel. The words /na:wahli/, /na:walchichi/ and /na:walkwa/ should all be rechecked. 01762 tepe:sa:po tepe:sa:po tepe:sa:po tepe:sa:po
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>sapo</spn> N N-N N-loan N1 type of toad (lit. 'hill toad') tipo de sapo (lit. 'sapo de cerro') Pending animal lizard tepe: Under /sa:po/ I have noted that the absence of final /h/ is definite and that there is a glottal stop here. Check for other types of toads and frogs. xo:pántla sá:po confer Oa 01763 kwitlatlayehli kwitlatlayehli kwitlátlayéhli kwitlatlayehli kwitlátlayéhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex dysentery disentería Pending disease kwitla pi:l tlahyel The Ameyaltepec form might well be in error as the Oapan etymology and form seems more natural. However, if both forms as recorded are correct, then the Ameyaltepec entry should be made separate and given a new number (and a different etymology). Finally, if the Am entry is correct, then the length of the /i/ in /kwitlapil/ should be checked as it is uncertain (cf. the comments by FK on this). Note that the Oapan form was listed in the dictionary as /kwitlatlayehli/. But based on my orthography of /tláyehlí/ I have changed this present headword to one with pitch-accent, which I have written at the location I think it would occur. However, this must be checked. 01764 kechkoxtlan ikechkoxtlan kechkoxtlah i:kechkoxtlah
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-loc-tlan N2 nape of the neck nuca Pending body kech kochi -tlan The form <kam>kechkoxtlan</kam> is more common in Ameyualtepec that <kam>kechkoxtitlan</kam> , although the latter is also employed. One speaker, Pánfilo Lorenzo, mentioned that <kam>kechkoxtitlan</kam> is used in San Juan Tetelcingo and in Oapan. However, this has not been confirmed in consultation with speakers from the latter village (though it might be true for Tetelcingo). Check whether animals also have this body part. Recheck the precise identification of it. Check to determine whether an alternate with final /n/ is possible in Oapan. kechkoxtitlan equivalent Am 01765 xoxo:wia [xo 'xo: wia] xoxo:wia xoxo:wia [xo xo 'wi a] xoxo:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-4b(ya-x) to turn a dark green or almost purplish color enverdecer; volverse un verde oscuro o hasta algo morado Pending Ye xoxo:wixtok, yo:pe:w itlakawi un nakatl. Am It's turning a dark greenish color, that meat has started to rot. Se estáagarrando un color como verde oscuro, esa carne ya empezóa pudrirse. to get a bruise; to form a bruise salirsele o salir un moretón; Pending O:xoxo:wiak. Am It formed a bruise (e.g., where I got struck). Se salióun moretón (p. ej., donde me golpeé). O:nixoxo:wiak, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. Am I got bruised, I got struck by a rock. Se me salióun moretón, me alcanzóuna piedra. color xo: Check use of the intransitive; my documentation to this point has been only of the impersonal. Make better example sentences. Also get full list of things that can be subjects of this verb. This will give a great idea of its range of use. tlaxoxo:wia val_reduce0 Am, Oa 01766 tlayo:wia tlayo:wia tláyo:wía tlayo:wia ['tla yo: 'wi a] tlayo:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-2a yes-lex to suffer from want sufrir por necesidad Pending Tlayo:wia, xtlah kipia. Am He is poor, he has nothing. Es pobre, no tiene nada. Tlayo:wi:lo. Am There is suffering. Hay sufrimiento. to suffer (from illness) sufrir (por enfermedad) Pending hyo: <koa>Tlayo:wia</koa> is acceptable though apparently rarely used in Oapan; more common is <kloa>toli:nia</kloa>used reflexively: <koa>notoli:nia</koa>. Note that in this dictionary I had a xref to /tlayo:wiltia/, but this is not in the dictionary now. Check to see if this word exists, and make the changes as necessary. iyo:wia minus_tla Am íyo:wíya minus_tla Oa 01767 tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-owa Lex. rdp-s class-2b to give a light spanking to dar unas ligeras nalgadas a Am Kitsi:ntlatlaxkalowa, ke:n cho:kani. Am He gives him (in this case a child) a light spanking, he cries an awful lot. Le da unas ligeras nalgadas (en este caso a un niño), llora mucho. (refl.) pat or slap oneself on the hips or thighs (often in joy) (refl.) darse palmadas por las caderas o muslos (generalmente por felicidad) Am Notsi:ntlatlaxkalotok. Yo:kontak ina:n, pa:ki. Am He (in this case a young child) is slapping his hands against his thighs. He has caught sight of his mother, he is happy. él (en este caso un niño) estádándose palmadas sobre los muslos. Alcanzóa ver a su mamá(viniendo), estáfeliz. tsi:n xka <kam>Tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa</kam> has only been documented with a reduplicated verb stem, perhaps an indication not simply of the repetitiveness of the action (since one frequently slaps ones thighs or rear several times) but to the fact that the action of slapping of patting is a metaphoric extension of the motion involved in making tortillas. tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa; tsi:ntlatsi:nia Get all words with /tlaxkalowa/. Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Check Oapan cognate. Valency; noun incorporation: Note that the verb /tlaxkalowa/ is an intransitive denominal verb derived from the nominal stem. Nevertheless, in several compounds the verbal /tlaxkalowa/ seems to increase in valency. Thus one has /ma:tlatlaxkalowa/, which is used reflexively (if not transitively) to indicate 'applaud.' And /tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/ has an incorporated noun that in essence describes the location at which (i.e., someone's rear end) the slapping or patting (i.e., the 'making of torillas') will take place. It might be the case that noun incorporation as possessor raising adds a core argument to the verbal compound. Thus /nitlatlaxkalowa ipan itsi:ntew/ becomes, through possessor raising, /ni-k-tsi:ntlatlaxkalowa/. However, note that in most cases raising occurs with a core argument: /nihkwa mokxi/ becomes /nimitsikxikwa/. The foot (/ikxi/) is a core argument. 01768 kwa:te:kia kikwa:te:kia kwa:te:kia kikwa:te:kia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to baptize bautizar Pending Yo:nokwa:te:kih. Am He is already baptized. Ya se bautizó. Nikontas deke tlakwa:te:ki:s. Am I will go see if he (a priest) will be conducting baptisms. Voy a ver si estállevando a cabo bautizos (un sacerdote). to christen; to name for the first time bautizar; darle un nombre por primera vez (e.g., a una cosa que antes no tenía nombre) Pending Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pa:mpa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan. Am It (in this case <klam>teposto:to:tl</klam>) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse. Es (en este caso <klam>teposto:to:tl</klam>) una palabra de aquí, es asícomo bautizaron el avión, porque asíplacticaban la gente de antes. to pull a fast one on engañar a; hacerle una jugarreta a; verle la cara a Pending O:kinkwa:te:kite:w pa:mpa o:kinkakaya:wte:w. Am He put one over on them upon leaving because he deceived them just before he left. Les vióla cara al salir porque los enganójustamente antes de partir. kwa: a: te:ka Although further analysis is necessary, <kam>kwa:te:kia</kam> appears to be an alternative applicative form ending in <kn>-ia</kn>. The use of <kn>-ia</kn> as a valency increasing device is not altogether uncommon. Note also that this verb inevitably refers to human patients (as grammatical objects) it also inevitably takes the non-specific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> rather than <kn>te:-</kn>. The phrase with /oihkón/ is found on directional tape #1, 011. This should be rechecked. If confirmed, enter this into the grammar as an example of the nature of the perfective clitic /o:-/. /Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pampa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan/ 'It (<kam>teposto:to:tl</kam>) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse.' Discuss the applicative verbs in /a/>/ia/ as in /-ka:wia/, /-te:kia/, /-te:mia/, etc. Cf. Launey's discussion. Note that the applicative of these only seems to occur when there is in IN. kwa:te:kilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01769 ta:sawia kita:sawia tá:sawía ta:sawia ['ta: sa 'wi a] kitá:sawía
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>tasa</spn> No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a yes-loan (usually with short vowel reduplication) to"cup"(i.e., to cure by filling a cup or glass with alcohol, lighting it, and with the suction created, attach the cup to the body of the pacient) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) poner una tasa a (esto es, curar al llenar una tasa con alcohol, encenderlo y con las succión que resulta pegarla al cuerpo del enfermo) Pending medicine Determine precise nature of process, the remedies it is used to cure, and how it actually cures. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used in Spanish is <spn>ventosas</spn> Check Oapan p-a. Oapan pitch accent. If confirmed after listening, note that in /kitá:sawíya/ the p-a does not shift onto the prefix. Note that this suggests a tendency for I/O identity maintenance. 01770 a:matl a:matl a:matl a:matl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic name for a group of trees called <spn>amates</spn> in Spanish (syn. <klam>a:makuwtli</klam>) nombre genérico de un grupo de arboles llamados amates en español (sin. <klam>a:makuwtli</klam>) Pending paper papel Pending I:n na:nkah a:matl, nihkwis. Am This piece of paper here, I'll take it. Esta hoja de papel, yo me la tomo. title or deed; contract título (de propiedad); contrato Pending Yewa moa:maw. Am That one is your title. Ese es tu título. Xkipia a:matl. Am It doesn't have a title (e.g., a piece of land). No tiene título (p. ej., un terreno). A:matl | San tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo. Am <kam>A:matl</kam> : You just chew on its fruit. <kam>A:matl</kam> : Solamente masticas su fruta. See entry under <klam>a:makuwtli</klam> and <klam>a:makostli</klam>. plant kohtli a:ma a:makuhtli The Nahuatl word <kamoa>a:matl</kamoa> has a short second /a/ whereas the reborrowing from the Spanish <spn>amate</spn> has a long second /a:/. The back loan (in Nahuatl <kamoa>ama:teh</kamoa>) is used to refer to painted amates, sold to tourists and collectors. There are many types of <kamoa>a:matl</kamoa> trees. They are not particularly common in the Balsas region, but the following types have been documented in a wild state: <kbam>a:mai:skitl</kbam>, <kbam>a:makostli</kbam>and <kbam>a:matl de un uwe:i</kbam>. According to the three consultants of the first fieldwork session there is only one tree called specifically <kamoa>a:matl</kamoa>, and there is no gender distinction between male and female. Inocencio Díaz mentioned that some grow to a very large size, while others do not. He also said that this tree is sometimes referred to as <kam>a:matl de un uwe:i</kam>. He also added that the tree itself is more accurately referred to as <kam>a:makuhtli</kam> and the word <kam>a:matl</kam> to the fruit itself. Check existence of /a:mayo/ for title to a property; also /a:mayoh/ for sth titled. Check to see if this is a tree or only a reference to a group of trees. Check what /san tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo/ means. Check for possibility of /i:a:mayo/. 01771 tlakpasuwa:montli *tlakpasuwa:montli tlahpasiwa:montli tlahpasiwa:montli
24/Oct/2005
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(n) wife of one's stepson esposa de un hijastro Am, Oa kin tlakpa sowa: mon Cristino Flores had never heard this word although once explained he understood it. It is most likely a product of elicitation although I do not remember the exact circumstances of its original documentation in Ameyaltepec. 01772 tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh tlayo:lkimichin de chi:noh
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>chino</spn> N N-loan N1/2; Aln type of white maize (also referred to as simply <kam>chi:noh</kam>), perhaps that called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish tipo de maíz blanco (también simplemente llamado <kam>chi:noh</kam>), quizáel que se llama 'arrocillo' en el español local Am Tlayo:hli de un chi:noh, a:kawtik. Am It is a strain of maize of the type called <kam>chino</kam> , it is light. Es semilla de maíz del variante que llaman 'chino', es ligero. food-maize plant domesticated tlayo:hli According to notes from my original fieldwork, <kam>tlayo:hli de un chi:noh</kam> refers to a type of maize which is very 'light' in weight. It is no longer planted in Ameyaltepec, but used to be planted here, as well as in Santa Teresa where, I was told, it is also no longer planted. Some consultants mentioned that it is the same as the maize called <spn>arrocillo</spn> in local Spanish while others suggested that the two were different. It is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <klam>tlayo:hli</klam>. 01773 si:tlalin si:tlalin si:tlalin si:talih; si:tlalih si:tlalin si:tlalih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 star estrella Am, Oa heavens si:tlal The pronunciation <koa>si:talih</koa> by Florencia Marcelino appears to be rather rare in Oapan, perhaps idiosyncratic. Here husband Inocencio Jiménez gave <koa>si:tlalih</koa> (cf. linked sound files). 01774 a:la:wa ka:la:wa a:la:wa ka:la:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to pull or push down (items piled in a heap) jalar o empujar hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas) Pending Xka:la:wa: sintli para ma tpixkaka:n! Am Pull down the <spn>mazorcas</spn>(from the top of a pile down to where we are sitting on or close to the floor) so that we can shuck it! ¡Jálale la mazorca (desde el tope de un montón hacia donde estamos sentados por el suelo) para que asípodremos deshojarla! to smooth down and remove bumps (over an area) aplanar y quitar las protuberancias (en unárea) Pending Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani! Am Smooth that earth down (where it is slightly raised in a mound) so that the ground becomes even! ¡Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano! Xka:la:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok para ma chaya:wi! Am Push that earth down there where it is piled up so that it spreads out (and the ground becomes more even)! Jálale a esa tierra donde allídonde estáalgo amontonada para que se extienda (y que se alise la tierra)! Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto! Am Knock down that earth (where it is piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth! ¡Jálale a esa tierra (donde estáapilada) para que quede el suelo liso! a:la: The most common sense of <kamoa>a:la:wa</kamoa> is to push, knock or pull a material such as earth, grain, etc. from a heap, pulling down the sides so that it comes sliding or falling down. Thus one illustrative sentence refers to a situation in which people are sitting in front of a mound of maize shucking the corn or shelling it. In this context one person may say to another:" <kamoa>xka:la:wa</kamoa> "so that the second individual pulls down some of the mazorca so that it is right in front of the workers.' This verb may also be used to refer to the action of pulling and pushing down earth that is heaped up over an area. As an intransitive it refers to soil that slides down along slopes with loosely packed earth. In some entries I have recorded a long initial vowel whereas in others I have recorded a short /a/. This should be definitely checked. Check also whether the intensifier /te-/ can be used since it is recorded as possible with /a:la:wi/. 01775 no:hki no:ihki no:hki no:hki no:ihki no:hki
09/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-uncl likewise; also in the same way or manner también de esa o de la misma manera Pending San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chitsi:n ok sekneka. Am It (e.g., how sb is doing sth) is just the same as you are doing it, it's not even a little bit different. Es (p. ej., la manera como algn hace algo) de la misma manera que túlo estáhaciendo, ni un poco diferente. no: iw Check difference between /no:/ and /no:yhki/ as in /newa no:/ and /newa no:yhki/. Check pronunciation as perhaps this is /no:ihki/ or even two words /no: ihki/. Recheck /o:ksekneka/. Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan. 01776 pitelo:ntsi:n pitelo:ntsi:n pixtelo:ntsi:n pitelo:ntsi:n pitelo:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tsi:n tiny, very small (e.g., an object, a piece of land, etc.) chiquitito, muy pequeño (p. ej., un objeto, un terrenito, etc.) Pending size piten It seems that <kamoa>pitelo:ntsin</kamoa> is etymologically related to <kamoa>pitentsi:n</kamoa>, although <kamoa>pitelo:ntsi:n</kamoa> apparently intensifies the smallness of the referenced object. In speaking to children adults often palatalized [ts]; this is evidenced in the derived Ameyaltepec form <klam>lonchin</klam>. The degree to which palatalization is also used in speaking to children with the full form <kamoa>pitelo:ntsi:n</kamoa> has not yet been determined. The same palatalization most likely accounts for the related Oapan form <koa>pixtelo:ntsi:n</koa>. Check length of /o:/. Check to see if final syllable is often palatalized. If /pitelo:ntsi:n/ (check vowel length) is related to /pitentsi:n/, this reflects an interesting case of infixation of an element that is not elsewhere recorded. lonchin confer Am lonchin confer Am 01777 zzz This entry was a toponym and has been put in a separate database/dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
 01778 kuwbu:rroh kuwbu:rroh kohbu:rroh kohbu:rroh
11/Feb/2006
burroh N N-N N-loan N1 (often in the diminutive: <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam> (Am)) three-pronged stick placed upright in the ground and usually used to hold a bowl of water, the <klamoa>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</klamoa>that is placed next to the metate, or the tray (<klamoa>kwexomatl</klamoa>) onto which the maize is ground (a menudo en el diminutivo: <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam> (Am)) palo con tres salidas que generalmente se empotra junta al metate y se utiliza para sostener un plato hondo, el <klamoa>a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl</klamoa>, con agua o bien para sostener el (<klamoa>kwexomatl</klamoa>) donde se junta la masa molida Pending Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian 'kuwburri:toh.' Am A small piece of wood that has three branches, it is called a <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam>. Un pedazo de madera con tres salidas, le dicen <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam>. type of small packframe of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a <kloa>wetskistli</kloa>carries pots and other kitchen items to the house of the bridgegroom tipo de pequeño suporte hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional sobre el cual un <kloa>wetskistli</kloa>lleva ollas y otros trastes a la casa del novio Oa kow Check vowel length in /-tsitsiwan/. Perhaps should be /tsitsi:wan/. 01779 itlah tli:no:n itlah tli:no:n ítla tlí:no:n itlah tli:no:n ítla tlí:no:n
11/Feb/2006
Pr(indef) Pr-indef yes-lex something algo Pending Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:no:n, wa:n xmelá:k. Am He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other (e.g., the sound of a moving animal) and it's not really there. Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo (p. ej., un animal corriendo) y no es de a de veras. (<kamoa>xtlah tli:non</kamoa>) You're welcome! (<kamoa>xtlah tli:non</kamoa>)¡De nada! Am, Oa itlah tli:n Note that in practical orthography, in which pitch accent from underlying {h} is not marked, the lexical entry <koa>ítla tlí:non</koa> is written <koa>itlah tli:non</koa>. Determine pitch accent of Oa /xtlah tli:non/. 01780 chapolin chapolin chapolin chapolih chapolih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 generic name for grasshopper, of which there are almost 20 types nombre genérico de chapulín, de que existen casi 20 tipos Pending specific type of grasshopper, also known as <kboa>kwahli chapolin</kboa> tipo específico de chapolin, también conocido como <kboa>kwahli chapolin</kboa> Oa animal insect chapol chapulin There are the following types of <kamoa>chapolin</kamoa> identified by several Oapan consultants: <kboa>sásajosé:ntsi:n</kboa>, <kboa>malintsi:n</kboa>, <kboa>to:topo</kboa>, <kboa>kwíkwitlaxaterí:toh</kboa>, <kboa>kó:skayá:ntsi:n</kboa>, <kboa>chowilili</kboa>, <kboa>ye:lo:chapolin</kboa>, <kboa>tso:tsopa</kboa>, <kboa>te:si:s</kboa>, <kboa>kwahli chapolin</kboa>, <kboa>a:kayo:chin</kboa>, <kboa>a:kayo:pestli</kboa>, <kboa>te:poyo</kboa>(which, according to Moises Domínguez, from Oapan, has 3 different types), <kboa>chochoteya</kboa>, <kboa>tlako:me:meka</kboa>, and <kboa>tepachichi</kboa>. I believe there is another type called in Ameyaltepec <klam>chiya:wak chapolin</klam>. This should be checked in Oapan. There are the following types of <kam>chapulin</kam> : <klam>te:si:s</klam> , <klam>ye:lo:chapolin</klam> , <klam>tlakome:meka</klam> , <klam>totopo</klam> , and <klam>chiya:wak chapolin</klam>. 01781 tetsa:wi tetsa:wi tetsa:wi tetsa:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to thicken; to become thick (a liquid) espesarse; hacerse más espeso (un líquido) Pending Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! Am The paint has thickened. Pour a little water into it and shake it (the bottle) deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)! Se puso espesa la pintura.¡échale un poquito de agua y agítalo (en el frasquito) deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya! Un tetsa:wtok, ke:mah no: welis tikito:s pa:mpa ke:itlah yewa, ke:itlah kemech, ke:itlah kemech tetsa:wtok, xe kwaltia kwahli. Am 01781_01_am CF Dict Disc 07001-07050/06:17 <kam>Tetsa:wtok</kam> , yes you can also say it (in addition to <klam>tetsa:hki</klam>) because it's like, like it just, like it is just thickening, it hasn't yet gotten to the right stage. <kam>Tetsa:wtok</kam> , sítambién lo puedes decir (además de <klam>tetsa:hki</klam>) porque eso, es como apenas, apenas están quedando espeso, todavía no se ponga bien. tetsa: 01782 tlapechko tlapechko tlapechko tlapechko
22/Oct/2005
Loc N-loc-1-k(o) in bed en la cama Pending Ok tlapechko nemi. Am He is still in bed. Todavía estáen la cama. pech -ko 01783 tlapachiwi tlapachiwi tlapachiwi tlapachiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to get covered over taparse Pending tlapach Check meaning; I only had this word listed with no illustrative sentences. It frequently appears, however, in compounds. Note that this intransitive is not found in RS. 01784 tsi:npo:ntok tsi:npo:ntok tsi:npo:ntok tsi:npo:ntok
24/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be positioned with the bottom in a slightly raised position (e.g., a bucket or container so that any liquid will flow and then drip out) estar posicionado con la parte posterior ligeramente alzada (p. ej., una cubeta o recipiente asícolocadas para que cualquier líquido pueda salir) Pending to be leaning over or be in a position so that ones rear end is sticking up in the air; to be with ones buttocks showing (e.g., peeking out from behind clothes such as loose pants) estar agachado o en una posición con las nalgas hacia arriba; estar con las nalgas visibles (p. ej., asomándose desde tras la ropa) Pending O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah Am He fell to the ground (in this case falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting up into the air. Se cayóal suelo (en este caso al caerse de un animal), se fue cayendo con las nalgas mirando hacia arriba. tsi:n po: For all statives elicit possibility of /-tiw/ and related endings. Cf. to forms such as /westitiw/, /ikatitiw/, /pilkatitiw/? or /pilkatiw/? Check all. Statives; aspectuals: Note /O:wetsiko, o:tsi:npo:ntiah/ 'He fell to the ground (e.g., in falling off an animal), he went with his rear end jutting into the air.' Here as in many other cases the aspectual replaces the stative /-tok/ but has the same positional meaning, i.e., to be going along/moving, while in the position indicated by the stative. Determine the rules for one or the other form. 01785 tlane:wtia kitlane:wtia tlane:htia kitlane:htia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to lend out to (either with or without a charge) prestar o alquiler a (con o sin un pago) Pending Xne:xtlane:wti moko:n, ma timitschichiawili! Am Lend me your pot, let me sear the bottom of it for you (by placing it on the hearth)! ¡Préstame tu olla, déjame chamuscártela (al colocarla sobre una fogata)! Kite:tlane:wtia. Am He lends it out. Lo presta. (with object prefixes <kn>ki-</kn> and <kn>te:-</kn>) to offer sexual favors or services (a woman [S], either for some compensation such as a gift, or for free) (con los prefijos de objeto <kn>ki-</kn> y <kn>te:-</kn>) ofrecer favores o servicios sexuales (una mujer [S], quizápor regalos o sin ninguna reciprocidad) Pending Kite:tlane:wtia -=note:tlane:wtia-, xkwahli ke:n kichi:wa. Am She offers sexual favors, it's not right what she does. Ofrece servicios sexuales, no estábien lo que hace. tlane:wi In the verbal form <kam>kite:tlane:wtia</kam> the secondary object <kn>ki-</kn> is a"taboo"reference to the sexual organ or, more abstractly, to sexual favors. In this case it functions much the same as <spn>lo</spn> in <spn>lo hiciste</spn> and 'it' in 'did you do it?' tlane:wi val_add_caus Am 01786 bajare:keh bajare:keh
11/Feb/2006
bajareque N N-loan N1 type of <kam>chinamíl</kam> fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground tipo de <kam>chinamíl</kam> una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra Am kweskomatl de bare:jeh Check to see if the Nahuatl should be /bajare:keh/ abare:keh equivalent Oa 01787 yo:lka:ikni:wtli i:yo:lka:ikni:w yo:lka:ihni:htli i:yo:lka:ihni:w
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) (often possessed) fellow animal that an animal [marked as possessor] feels comfortable with (i.e., that he grazes with, follows around, etc.) (a menudo poseído) animal compañero con que un animal [señalado como el poseedor] se siente cómodo (p. ej., apacentando conél, etc.) Pending Kitoka iyo:lka:xiw, iyo:lka:ikni:w. Am It follows another animal just like it, its fellow animal of the same species. Sigue otro animal comoél, su compañero de la misma especiecategoría. yo:lka:xiw yo:l kni:w The unpossessed form occurs only in the plural: <kam>yo:lka:ikni:wteh</kam> , <koa>yo:lka:ihni:htih</koa> yo:lka:xi:w; yo:lka:ikni:wtli 01788 montone:ros montone:ros
11/Feb/2006
montonero see <klam>tejo:meh de montone:ros</klam> véase <klam>tejo:meh de montone:ros</klam> Am This word should perhaps be removed from the dictionary. It was said once in reference to tejones that ran around together. My impression at that time was that the speaker, from Ameyaltepec, considered that there were two types of tejones, ones that traveled in packs and others that traveled separately. He referred to the two as /montone:ros/ and /solita:rioh/, respectively. 01789 tixtla:lia kitixtla:lia tixtla:lia kitixtla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to turn into <klamoa>tixtli</klamoa>(e.g., by grinding on a metate the 3rd and final time in preparing tortillas) volver masa (p. ej., al moler sobre el metate la tercera yúltima vez en preparar tortillas) Pending O:niktixtla:lia ipan metlatl. Am I ground it into dough (<kamoa>tixtli</kamoa>) on a metate. Lo convertíen masa sobre el metate. tisi tla:l My original notes on <kamoa>tixtla:lia</kamoa> read:"It appears that the correct usage of <klamoa>tisi</klamoa>is to grind maize with a mill and that <kamoa>tixtla:lia</kamoa> is used to refer to the act of grinding maize again, this time on a metate."It appears, then, that <kamoa>tixtla:lia</kamoa> refers to the process of regrinding <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa>on a metate after it has first been ground in a hand or electric mill. The reason this is done is to make the dough finer and more pleasing to the taste, as <kam>nextamahli</kam> ground in a metal mill (hand or electric) is not fine and often contains lumps of poorly ground maize. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are 3 stages in grinding on a metate: <kam>kipapaya:na</kam> , <kam>kiyema:nia</kam> and <kam>kitixtla:lia</kam>. 01790 tetsi:liwi tetsi:liwi tetsi:liwi tetsi:liwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to become tightly twisted (wire, cord, lasso, etc.) retorcerse apretadamente (alambre, cordón, riata, etc.) Pending tetsi:l 01791 a:to i:a:to
11/Feb/2006
hato N N-loan N2 flesh around the neck of a bull or steer carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res Am Kipia ia:to. Am It has flesh around its neck (e.g., a bull) Tiene carne por su cuello (p. ej., un toro) <kam>Kipia i:a:to</kam> is said of a live bull that is fattening up during the rainy season and builds up a layer of flesh around its neck. Although this is clearly a Spanish loan, the way in which this borrowing acquired its present meaning is not clear. One common meaning of <spn>hato</spn> is 'herd' (of cattle) or 'flock' (of sheep). However, it may also refer to bundles (of clothes or food) taken on a journey. Thus the Porrua dictionary definition of <spn>hato</spn>: 'Provisión de víveres que se abastece a pastores y mineros'). In Nahuatl this is usually referred simply as <kam>i:kechpan</kam>. Check to determine whether there is or not a final /h/, which does not appear in my notes. 01792 temetlatl temetlatl temetlatl temetlatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 specific type of metate (usually locally made) that has no legs and is placed directly on a support fashioned out of red earth tipo de metate (generalmente fabricado localmente) que no tiene patas y que se coloca directamente sobre un soporte de tierra arcillosa y rojiza Pending tool te metla hypo metlatl 01793 to:nalte:kokoh to:nalte:kokoh to:nalte:kokoh to:nalte:kokoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-perf to have a strong soul tener la alma fuerte Pending Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis. Am You have a strong soul, if you get into an argument with someone, he will get sick. Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar. to:na koko Check etymology. Check length of /te:/ in /to:nalte:kokoh/, perhaps it is short. 01794 ichwa kichwa ichwa kichwa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b class-4a i>0 to excavate or dig at (a particular place with a pick, crowbar, <kam>witso:ktli</kam> , etc.) cavar o excavar a (un lugar en particular con un pico, barreta, <kam>witso:ktli</kam> , etc.) Pending Nikichwas. Am I'm going to dig there (i.e., in a particular place). Le voy a cavar (e.g., en un lugar en particular). Tlachwalo:s. Am People will dig. Habrágente cavando. chwa ichwa <kamoa>Ichwa</kamoa> refers to the action of loosening earth with a pick, crowbar, or spade. It is a transitive though it is most often used with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn>. For shoveling, Ameyaltepequeños use the compound word <klam>tla:lxi:nia</klam>. Determine what the patient of /ichwa/ is, i.e. whether the place dug, etc. Elicit a full sentence with use. 01795 i:xmati ki:xmati i:xmati ki:xmati
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> (often used in progressive) to recognize; to know (a person, from the appearance or looks of) (a menudo utlizado en el progresivo); conocer; reconocer (a una persona, por su apariencia) Pending Timitsi:xmastok. Am I know you. Yo te conozco. Niki:xmastoya. Am I used to know him. Lo conocía. (often with <kam>le:trah</kam>) to know how to read and write (a menudo con <kam>le:trah</kam>) saber leer y escribir Pending LL GT Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati. Am He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read. Lo perdona porque no sabe leer. i:x mat i:xmachilia val_add_applic Am, Oa i:xmachi:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa tlai:xmati val_reduce0 Am, Oa 01796 kwa:papayoh kwa:papayoh kwá:papáyoh kwa:papayoh kwá:papáyoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-yoh yes-lex to be crazy; to have lost ones senses estar loco; haber perdido los estribos Pending kwa: pahpa The etymology of <kam>kwa:papayoh</kam> is not apparent. The <kn>kwa:-</kn> element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival <kn>-yoh</kn> are transparent. This leaves <kn>papa</kn>, which, like <klam>papayoh</klam> and related forms, is not attested in any of the other sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be * <kn>pa</kn>, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form * <kn>papatl</kn> or * <kn>patl</kn>. It is conceivable that <kam>papayoh</kam> derives from a reinterpretation of <klam>pa:ya:tl</klam> , which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., <klam>kwa:pa:ya:tl</klam>), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of <kam>kwa:papayoh</kam> and <kam>papayoh</kam> , as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined. Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. Check on basis of information given above. Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. Check for /h/ or two /h/s. pápáyotsí:n synonym Oa pápayóh synonym Oa 01797 kochmiki kochmiki kochmiki kochmiki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to be in a deep sleep estar en un sueño profundo Pending Milá:k yo:kochmik, xkineki isas. Am He's really fallen into a deep sleep, he doesn't want to wake up. De veras se cayóen un sueño profundo, no se quiere despertar. kochi miki My notes should be checked. However, I seem to remember that this verb may also refer to what happens when one is in bed and wants (or in a dream) wants to move (from fear perhaps) but cannot, one feels incapable of moving, shouting, etc. But perhaps the word for this is /tla:lmiki/. Check. 01798 pila:nilia kipila:nilia pila:nilia kipila:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to baby-sit for, to take care of a youngster for; to be a nursemaid for cuidar un niño pequeño para; trabajar de niñera para Pending Timistlapila:nili:s deke xtikpia pila:nke:tl. Am I will baby-sit for you if you don't have a babysitter. Voy a cuidar a los chiquitos para tísi no tienes niñera. pil a:na pila:na verb_base Am, Oa 01799 kwitlaxkohli kwitlaxkohli kwitlaxkohli kwitlaxkohli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 intestines tripas; intestinos Pending body kwitla xkol The etymology of <kam>kwitlaxkohli</kam> suggests a compound of <kroot>kwitla</kroot>with <kam>ko:l</kam> , indicating curvature. However, the vowel length discrepancy is unexplained as is the presence of /x/. For this reason the etymology has been given as <kroot>kwitla</kroot>and <kn>xkol</kn>. Although in Ameyaltepec and other reported dialects <kam>kwitlaxkohli</kam> has a short final /o/, the sequence <kam>kol</kam> seems clearly related to <kroot>ko:l</kroot>, a root found in many words indicating curvature. 01800 tekoncho:ktia kitekoncho:ktia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to cause to emit a loud, hollow, resonant sound hacer emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco Am A:sta kitekoncho:ktia a:tlawtli. Am He (in this case sb chopping wood with an axe) is making a deep, hollow sound resound through the ravine. Hasta está(en este caso un leñador con hacha) haciendo la barranca emitir un sonido fuerte y hueco. sound-material tekoma cho:ka tekoncho:ka verb_base Am tekóntsatsí:tia synonym Oa 01801 kemech kayo:tl kemech kayo:tl kámach káyo:tl kamach kayo:tl kámach káyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-kayo:tl Stem 2 yes something from just recently; something not very old; person just recently born algo recién hecho; algo no muy antiguo; persona recién nacida Pending Kemech kayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko. Am It's recent (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday. Es reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació. kemech kayo: This noun is used to refer to something that in reference to a particular moment in time, usually speaker present, only recently came into existence. It most often refers to a person or animal recently born. The reason for pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear; see <kloa>kámách</kloa>. xo:koyo:tl confer Am, Oa 01802 soli:toh soli:toh
11/Feb/2006
solito Adv Adv-loan Gender by oneself (word used in talking directly to young babies, encouraging them to walk by themselves) solito (palabra utilizada en hablar a niños chiquitos para animarlos a caminar solito) Am baby In Oapan the Nahuatl form <koa>san táwatsí:n, san táwatsí:n</koa> is often used in a similar situation. Check to make sure that both genders are used. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1. 01803 i:skia:to:hli i:skia:to:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 type of atole, made with toasted maize tipo de atole, hecho con maíz tostado Am food i:ski a:to:l a:to:hli See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. a:to:hli de i:skitl equivalent Am 01804 kiawi kiawi kiawi kiewi kiawi
11/Feb/2006
No V0 V0-b class-3a(w) to rain llover Pending Kiawisneki. Am It looks like rain. Parece que va a llover. I:pan o:kiaw, o:pa:tsiw. Am It rained on it (e.g., clothes left outside to dry), it got wet. Lloviósobreél (p. ej., ropa dejado afuera para secarse), se mojó. ki yawi This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. In Oapan I have heard the form <kloa>tlakiawi</kloa>uttered by Emiliana Domínguez in the question <koa>¿Tlakiawi Chicago?</koa>. At first I thought that this was a type of impersonal form with the meaning 'to rain constantly (all over)' but this does not seem to be the case. For further discussion, see <kloa>tlakiawi</kloa>. Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent. Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms. tlakiawi synonym Oa 01805 pipi:na kipipi:na pipi:na kipipi:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s* class-3a to suck on; to suck or nurse on (the udder or breasts of a mammal) chupar; mamar (p. ej., el ubre de una vaca o los senos de otra mamalia) Pending Xka:wili! Ma kipipi:na ichi:chiwal. Am Leave him alone (in this case a calf that is nursing)! Let him nurse on her udder. ¡Déjalo bien (en este caso un becerro que estáamamantando)!¡Deja que le chupe el ubre! to inhale (on a cigarrete or other similar object) inhalar; chupar (un cigarro u otro objeto similar) Pending Xpipi:na, ma niktlikwi:lti! Am Inhale on it (a cigarrette), let me light it! ¡Inhala (un cigarro), deja que lo prenda! pi:na pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi Check to see if intransitive or unreduplicated form exists. Check vowel length. In several entries I had a long second /i:/ and in others a short vowel. Zacapoaxtla has a long vowel, which might be expected in this phonological context. Directly compare pronunciation and vowel length with /pipi:nki/. Check vowel length. 01806 ixtla:wate:roh ixtla:wate:roh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>ixtla:watl</kn> N N-loan N1 type of squash tipo de calabaza Am plant domesticated ixtla:wa a:yotli According to Luis Lucena, the <kam>ixtla:water:roh</kam> is also called <kam>pípian</kam>. 01807 zzz
27/Jul/2001
Here /tsi:nkoya:wak/ has been removed from dictionary 01808 a:te:mi a:te:mi a:te:mi a:te:mi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-mi class-3a(m) to become filled with water (a ditch) llenarse de agua (una zanja) Pending Yo:a:te:n kwentli. Am The furrows have gotten filled with water (e.g., after a heavy summer rain). Los surcos se han llenado de agua (p. ej., después de una lluvia fuerte de verano). O:pe:w kiawi, yo:a:te:n. Am It has started to rain, it (e.g., a ditch) has filled up with water. Empezóa llover, ya se llenócon agua (p. ej., una zanja). to be almost ripe; to be just getting juicy (a fruit as it"fills up with water"and is still not fully ripe, but is"full of water"and can be eaten; a fruit that is <kam>a:te:nki</kam> is between <kam>selik</kam> and <kam>yo:iksik</kam> ; it is still not ripe, <kam>xechika:wi</kam>) estar casi a sazón; estar poniéndose jugoso (una fruta al"llenarse de agua"; todavía no estácompletamente madura, pero está"llena de agua"y ya se puede comer; una fruta que está <kam>a:te:nki</kam> estáentre <kam>selik</kam> and <kam>yo:iksik</kam> , pero todavía no madura, <kam>xechika:wi</kam>) Pending Kemech a:te:mis un xokotl. Am That plum is on the verge of becomeing ripe. Esa ciruela estáa punto de madurarse. Yo:pe:w aga:te:mi. Ye totoma:wtok, ye yaw para iksis. Am They (pieces of fruit such as mango, <klamoa>xokotl</klamoa>, tomato, watermelon, etc.) have started to get ripe (but are still somewhat green). They are getting fat, they are on their way to ripening. Ellas (piezas de fruta tales como mango, ciruela, tomate, sandía) ya empezaron a sazonarse (pero están todavía verdes). Se están quedando gordas, ya están para ponerse maduras. San a:te:ntok un xokotl. Am That plum is becoming ripe. Esa ciruela estácasi madura a: te:m tla:kihli (i.e., stages of) When a fruit is <kamoa>a:te:nki</kamoa> it is not fully ripe, it is still somewhat green and just starting to fill out. It is hard but it is edible. Thus, according to one Ameyaltepec consultant, when the <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> is <kam>a:te:ntok</kam> it is also called <kam>xokotl de tlatlatstopo:ni</kam> ; it is not fully ripe but rather greeen and thus makes a crunching sound while being eaten. <kam>A:te:mi</kam> can be used in a vulgar sense, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to a pregnant woman, the subject of the verb: <kam>On ne:nkah sowa:tl, yo:pe:w a:te:mi, ne:si ye o:stli</kam> 'That woman over there, she's has a swollen belly, it appears that she is pregnant.' ('Aquella mujer, ya tiene la barriga hinchada, parece que ya estáembarazada.'). Create an onomasiological section for fruits in which their growth cycle is discussed, the laws for fruit, etc. Apparently can also refer to the inside of a house getting filled with water, etc. Check this. Also check whether when referring to a person it can only be used to indicate pregnancy and whether in refering to pregnancy it can be used to refer to any animal. 01809 te:nkoya:wa kite:nkoya:wa te:nkoya:wa kite:nkoya:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>te:ntekoya:wa</kamoa> class-3a(w) to stretch or widen the opening of (a sack, a pot being made, a well, etc.) ensanchar o ampliar la boca o apertura de (un costal, una olla cuando se fabrica, un pozo, etc.) Pending Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa! Am The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, make it wider! La boca de tu cantimplora estámuy cerrada,¡ensánchale bien! te:n koya: 01810 pa:stik pa:stik pa:stik pa:stik
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be wet; to be moist estar húmedo; estar mojado Pending Ok nipa:stik. Am I've still wet (e.g, haven't dried off from the rain). Todavía estoy mojado (p. ej., todavía no me he secado bien de la lluvia). to be fresh (meat in a marketplace) estar fresca (carne en el mercado) Pending Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh -=o:temotso:lihkeh-. Am When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron. to be green; to not be dried (grains such as beans, firewood, etc.) estar verde; no estar seco (granos como frijoles, leña, etc.) Pending Pa:stik yetl, xe wa:ki. Am The beans are still fresh, they haven't yet dried. Los frijoles están verdes, todavía no se secan. pa:ts Number agreement: /Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man i:ka o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh (=o:temotso:lihkeh)./ 'When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.' Note the variation in number agreement. The first phrase is in the singular and there is no evidence of plurality until the second phrase, in the adjective /we:weyak/. Thus there is disagreement between the subject of the verb /pa:stik/ and the adjective. It appears from this (and from other evidence) that adjectives are the most prone to showing number, particularly through reduplication. The second sentence shows a singular object on /o:tikto:naya:nwikeh/ and a plural subject of /o:tso:lihkeh/. Clearly the reference in both cases is the same. This and other examples (e.g. /nikpia o:me nokone:wan/ suggest that plural object marking is the least likely to show up in the case of plural referents, particularly if these referents are s everal tokens of a type. 01811 mekawtli mekawtli mekahtli mekahtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) male lover (of a woman) amante (masculino, de una mujer) Pending meka <kam>Mekawtli</kam> is derived from the nominalization of the possessed <kam>-mekaw</kam> , 'lover.' The term usually refers to the male lover of a married or widowed woman. However, it may refer to the male lover of a homosexual. I should recheck the correctness of the nominalized absolutive form, although I do have it in my notes. The woman with a lover may be married or widowed; check to see if the lover of an unmarried woman is also her /-mekaw/. Finally, check whether this term can also be used for the male lover of a gay man. Nominalization: Note with /mekawtli/ it is clear that the nominalization takes place on the possessed stem. Apparently this also occurred with words such as /ikniwtli/ and /ixwiwtli/. 01812 tla:litik tla:litik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-loc-1 covered with a layer of loose earth cubierto o tapado con una capa de tierra suelta Am Tla:litik pa:mpa xna:ichia. Am There is a cover of loose earth because it has't had water sprinkled on it. Hay una capa delgada de tierra suelta porque todavía no se ha rociado con agua. tla:l The fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form is <koa>tla:hlo:tik</koa> suggests the possibility that historically <kam>-itik</kam> as an adjectival ending derives from <kn>-yoh</kn> plus <kn>-tik</kn>. Determine etymology and make sure that the form is with /ihtik/ 'inside' and is not an adjectival with /-tik/. Check for other words ending in /-itik/. Check to make sure that /xna:ichia/ is correct. I have /a:ichwia/ in other entries. If /a:ichia/ is correct then add an entry for this term and discuss the distinction between this and /a:ichwia/. If it is not correct, then change the orthography in the example sentence. tla:litik. Check for /yohtik/, /ihtik/, etc. /-itik/ Note that the fact that the Oapan equivalent of the Ameyaltepec form <kn>tla:litik</kn> is <koa>tla:hlo:tik</koa> suggests the possibility that historically <kam>-itik</kam> as an adjectival ending derives from <kn>-yo:</kn> plus <kn>-tik</kn>. tlá:hlotík synonym Oa 01813 i:xwia ki:xwia i:xwia [i:x 'wi ya] ki:xwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to give the evil eye to echarle mal de ojo a Pending O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. Am They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. O:ki:wikeh nokone:w saka ke:n o:kwelitakeh. Am They gave my child the evil eye just with the fact that they liked the way he looked. Le dieron mal de ojo a mi hijo, nada más con esto de que les gustócomo se veía. i:x This and related words in general refer to the effect of evil eye, which often affects a young child, an animal, etc. that is adored, or liked and coveted by someone who is a <kam>tlai:xwia:ni</kam> , someone who is noted for or can give the evil eye. In such cases the affected child or animal gets sick, doesn't eat, has runny eyes and often dies. i:xwilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01814 tsonwia kitsonwia tsowia [tso 'wi ya] kitsowia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to lasso lazar; echarle el lazo a Pending to entrap (e.g., a person in an obligation) entrapar (p. ej., una persona en una obligación) Pending tson tsonwia; tsonwaswia 01815 tlaxomo:lko tlaxomo:lko tlaxomo:lko tlaxomo:lko
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-3 interior corner (of a house, field, small valley, etc.) esquina interior (de una casa, campo, valle pequeño, etc.) Pending A:sta ne:yhka ipan tlaxomo:lko umpakah. Am It is over there, way in the corner. Estáallálejos, en la esquina. xomo:l -ko The difference between <kam>tlaxomo:lko</kam> and simply <kam>xomo:lko</kam> is not yet entirely clear. Perhaps it is parallel to that between <klam>nepantlah</klam> and <klam>tlanepantlah</klam>. Note that in Oapan, at least to date, xomo:lko minus_tla Am 01816 seseltsi:n seseltsi:n séseltsí:n séseltsí:h séseltsí:h
11/Feb/2006
yes see <klam>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</klam> véase <klam>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</klam> Pending sel At present <kam>seseltsi:n</kam> is linked to <klam>kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n</klam> , which only has been documented in Ameyaltepec. The precise definition of <koa>séseltsí:n</koa> in Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword. /tsi:n/; stems: Note the way in which /-tsi:n/ is used here after a root; cf. to /seliktsi:n/, the regular diminutive. 01817 mediani:toh mediani:toh mediani:toh mediani:toh
11/Feb/2006
medianito N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) quarter-size amate (just under 20 x 30 cm) amate de quarto tamaño (casi 20 x 30 cm) Pending a:matl The non-diminutive form <kamoa>media:noh</kamoa> is also used. A full-size amate is called <kam>kwadra:doh</kam> Originally I had this described as a half-sized amate. But given that an amate measures about 40 x 60 cm. In /ono give a description of different sizes, the terms used in painting, texts on how amates are painted, and how they are bought, painted, and sold. 01818 to:ko:ni to:ko:ni to:ko:ni to:ko:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-instr-ni N1 pole or shaft of a <klam>witso:ktli</klam> or other similar instrument (e.g., <klam>tewitso:ktli</klam> or <klam>espá:tulah</klam>) vara de madera de un <klam>witso:ktli</klam> u otro instrumento parecido (p. ej., <klam>tewitso:ktli</klam> o <klam>espá:tulah</klam>) Pending To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah. Am A <kam>to:ko:ni</kam> , it is the shaft of your <kam>witso:ktli</kam> or your <kam>espá:tulah</kam>. Un <kam>to:ko:ni</kam> , es la vara de tu <kam>witso:ktli</kam> o tu <kam>espá:tulah</kam>. planting stick in general (the shaft and the metal end considered as a complete tool) coa (la vara y punta juntas como un solo herramienta) Pending to:ka The definition of <kam>to:ko:ni</kam> as referring only to the wooden part of the planting tools mentioned above was given by Luis Lucena, of Ameyaltepec, other Ameyaltepequeño speakers seem to use <kam>to:ko:ni</kam> to refer to the digging stick (stick and metal tip) in its entirety. However, according to several Oapan consultants, in this village <koa>to:ko:ni</koa> is used to refer to a digging stick that is sharpened at the end with no metal tool attached. Possession: Note the possessive form of /to:ko:ni/: /noto:ko:n/. 01819 te:palwia note:palwia te:palwia [te: pal 'wi ya] note:palwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a +Refl/-trans (refl.) to get caught up with others; to suffer the same fate as the rest (generally, in having sth bad occur) (refl.) salir con los demás (generalmente en algo mal que sucede); sufrir la misma suerte con los demás Pending O:timote:palwi:to, no: o:tikwalo:k. Am You got caught up there with the rest, you also got sick. Fuiste a salir con los demás, también te enfermaste. O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. Am You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano. Timote:palwi:s, te:wa:n ihkón mitschi:wili:skeh. Am You will get caught up with the rest, they will do it to you like they did to the others. Vas a salir con los demás, a títe lo van a hacer como les hicieron a los otros. -pal To date only a reflexive use of <kam>te:palwia</kam> has been documented. The verb refers to the fact that by being in a certain location an individual (or individuals) is affected, apparently always adversely, along with others that are present, with the added implication that the subject (of the reflexive verb) is not the intended party but was included with the others only by the chance circumstance that he, or they, were at a given location where something negative occurred. Check to determine how best to represent elements such as /pal/ used in this way. The same problem occurs with /pan/ as in /kechpanowa/. Perhaps eliminate the hyphen. -wia; verbalization: The use of /-wia/ is quite widespread and has a quite varied semantic content. Only a detailed study of verbalized forms ending in /-wia/ will provide an adequate sample. Here, with /te:palwia/ note how the verbalizing ending is added to a relational noun compound. 01820 chikwe:i chikwe:i chikwe:i chikwe:i
11/Feb/2006
Num Adj-num pl. <kamoa>chikwe:imeh</kamoa> eight ocho Pending (<kamoa>a:man</kamoa> ~) in a week from today (<kamoa>a:man</kamoa> ~) de hoy en ocho; en una semana de hoy Am, Oa Niá:s lunes chikwe:i. Am I will go one week from Monday. Voy a ir de lunes en ocho. (<kamoa>i a:man</kamoa> ~) a week ago today (<kamoa>i a:man</kamoa> ~) hace una semana (de hoy) Am, Oa (<koa>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</koa>) every week (<koa>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</koa>) cada semana Oa chik ye:i Reduplication; numerals: Note Oapan / <koa>ka:dah chi:chikwe:i</koa> / with long vowel redupication indicating 'each and every'. This should be compared to short vowel redupication as in /náná:wi/ i.e., 'four by four' (in planting seeds). 01821 xa:yakaomio i:xa:yakaomio xa:yakakomiteyo xa:ya:komiteyo i:xa:yakakomiteyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-yo N2 cheekbone pómulo Am, Oa body xa:yaka omi As is often the case, in Oapan intervocal /k/ is deleted, leading to the shortened form with lengthened vowel: <koa>i:xa:ya:komiteyo</koa> 01822 tla:lto:ntsi:n tla:lto:ntsi:n tla:lto:ntsi:n tla:lto:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1; pl. <kam>tla:lto:ntsitsi:nteh</kam> (Am) / <koa>tla:lto:ntsitsi:ntih</koa> (Oa) type of Motmot, apparently the Russet-crowned Motmot, <l>Momotus mexicanus</l>, or a closely related species tipo de"Motmot,"aparentemente el"Russet-crowned Motmot," <l>Momotus mexicanus</l>, o una especie cercana Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 34, p. 438 animal bird tla:l The etymology of this name is unclear. If the element <kam>-ton</kam> is the modifying suffix, then perhaps it is long (this should be checked). Although some Ameyaltepec consultants identified this bird as the <spn>correcaminos</spn>, consultants from Oapan identified this as the Russet-crowned Motmot. Check length of /to:n/. 01823 ma:we:weyak ma:we:weyak ma:we:weyak ma:we:weyak
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Lex. rdp-l to have long arms tener los brazos largos Pending Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin. No: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. Am The <kam>tlako:me:meka</kam> , it is similar to the <kam>chapolin</kam>. It is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only it has long arms. El <kam>tlako:me:meka</kam> , es parecido al <kam>chapolin</kam>. También es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. ma: weya Reduplication: long and short vowels: 01824 i:yo:wia ki:yo:wia í:yo:wía i:yo:wia ['i: yo: 'wi a] kí:yo:wíya
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a yes-lex to put up with; to suffer (the behavior of sb; the difficulty of certain situations); to endure (a challenge, a difficult task, temperature extremes of hot or cold); to bear up (under a burden) soportar; aguantar (el peso de algo, el comportamiento de algn, un desafío, una tarea difícil); padecer (penas, situaciones adversas, el clima muy caluroso o frío, etc.) Pending Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. Am I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. Xtikiyo:wi:s un tekitl. San mitsnawatitos. Deke yo:tekok, okse: la:doh misti:tlanis, okse: tekitl mitsnawati:s. Am You won't be able to put up with that job. He'll just be ordering you around. From the moment you arrive, he'll send you off in one direction, he'll order you to do something else. No vas a aguantar ese trabajo. Nada vas te va a estar ordenando. Desde el momento que llegues te va a mandar a otro lado, te va a mandar hacer otro trabajo. Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xka:wa, miák nokone:wa:n. Am He goes along putting up with me (in this case said by a woman accepted into her brother's household, speaking of the head of the household). You wouldn't think it with all the children I have (i.e., I am expensive to maintain). Me va aguantando (en este caso dicho por una mujer aceptada en la residencia de su hermano). No era de esperar dado que tengo muchos niños (y es caro mantenerme). Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xne:chpachiwi:tia ma:ski kitan nitlatsiwi. Am He goes along putting up with me (e.g., letting me continue to live in the household). They don't kick me out even though they see (realize) that I am lazy. Me va aguantando (esto es, dejándome quedar en la casa donde resido). No me corren aunque ven que soy flojo. to last or hold up (an item of clothing, shoes or sandals, tools) aguantar o durar (algo de ropa, zapatos o huaraches, herramientas) Pending Xtlah kiyo:wia nowe:rach. Am My sandals don't hold up at all. No aguantan nada mis huaraches. hyo: xi:kowa; iyo:wia Classical Nahuatl has <kn>ihiouia</kn> or <kn>ihiyouia</kn> Apparently this is the same root as <kam>iyo:tl</kam> although the precise way in which the meanings given above derive from this derivation is not clear. The difference between <kam>iyo:wia</kam> and <klam>xi:kowa</klam> seems mostly to rest on the fact that the former is often used to signify putting up with a type of behavior or with difficult situations. Thus Molina has under <kn>ihiouia. nitla</kn> 'padecer necesidad el pobre, o adquirir con trabajo lo necessario a la vida.' <kam>Iyo:wia</kam> may also be used to indicate a human's ability to endure a physical burden or task (such as carrying a weight, lengthy time spent doing manual labor, etc.) or a tool's resistance to breaking down. But much more common in such situations is the verb <klam>xi:kowa</klam> , which in general refers to physical burdens or situations that may cause exhaustion and debilitation (of a person) or the wearing out of a tool or material object (e.g,, may say of a tool that is being used for a chore for which it is not suited: <kam>xkixi:ko:s</kam> 'it won't hold up.' Check for presence of initial /h/. Check for causative /iyo:wiltia/ tlayo:wia tlayo:wi:ltia val_add_caus Am tláyo:wí:ltia val_add_caus Oa tlayo:wia val_reduce1 Am tlayó:wiyá val_reduce1 Oa 01825 zzz This used to be an entry for /kexsasawatia/; like /kexsasawati/ this does not seem to be a word. Rather Am has the form /kexsasawa/ or /kexsasawak/ indicating 'to be hoarse' and uses the copula for tense/aspect inflection.
24/Oct/2005
 01826 te:ntok te:ntok te:ntok te:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat V1-Stat Durative full lleno Pending Wa:lte:ntiw. Am It is coming along full (e.g., a water jug or similar type of container, a bus, etc.). Viene lleno (p. ej., un cántaro u otros recipientes parecidos, un camión, etc.) (with nominal plural subject and often with short vowel reduplication) well placed or set in order on the ground (con sujeto plural nominal y a menudo reduplicación de vocal corta) bien colocados o ordenados sobre el suelo Pending San xi:ntok, xtete:ntok. Am It is just scattered on the ground (in this case <klam>iswatl</klam>), it is not arranged neatly (on the ground). Estánada más regado por el suelo (en este caso hojas de maíz arrancadas del tallo), no están bien ordenados (sobre el suelo). te:m For more complete examples of the use of <kam>te:ma</kam> in the plural to indicate the laying of objects in orderly fashion on the ground, see entry under <klamoa>te:ma</klamoa>. It may be that <kamoa>te:ntok</kamoa> in the sense of 'full' and <kamoa>tete:ntok</kamoa> meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion,' see <klamoa>te:ma</klamoa>. If <kamoa>te:ntok</kamoa> meaning 'full' and <kamoa>tete:ntok</kamoa> meaning 'laying on the ground in ordered fashion' are derived from different verbs (at least in regard to valency), then two entries should be made. Aspectuals; statives/resultatives: Note that most statives/resultatives ending in /-tok/ can alternative with /-tiw/-final forms that indicate a state with the subject (of the intransitive stative/resultative) being in motion. Thus from /te:ntok/ one has /te:ntiw/ 'to go along being in the state of fulness' (or sth equivalent). This is true of many. Also in my examples is /kwetla:ntok/ and /kwetla:ntiw/, in which the former indicates being in a state while stationary, and the latter indicates being in the same state while in movement. However, there are a few other verbs/statives in which the motion is added onto a verbalized /-ti/ form. This is the case of those statives that deal with bodily positions: /ikatok/ and /ikatitiw/, /westok/ and /westitiw/, and /ye:watok/ and /ye:watitiw/. I am not sure of the way in which /mela:wtok/ can be expressed, if indeed it is possible. A speaker should be asked for the possible correctness of /mela:wtiw/ and /mela:wtitiw/. Also, perhaps with this word the reflexive isused, i.e., /nomela:wtiw/? At any rate note that for two of the statives that use /-titiw/ to indicate movement there is no verbal form. /Wetsi/ also seems to be an unergative verb by certain tests (e.g., causative formation) but an unaccusative by others (-tok as a stative). In general much work has to be done on statives and resultatives. 01827 suwa:kochi suwa:kochi siwa:kochi siwa:kochi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(ch)(Am:long) to sleep with a woman; to have sexual intercourse with a woman acostarse con una mujer; tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer Pending O:suwa:kochito. Am He went to sleep with (have sex with) a woman. Se fue a acostar con (tener relaciones sexuales con) una mujer. Gender: male sowa: kochi Perhaps change stem for /sowa:tl/ to /siwa:/ throughout dictionary. 01828 a:wayowa a:wayowa áwayówa awayowa áwayówa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia class-4a yes-lex ~Trans to get covered with small, prickly hairs (sb or a material object such as clothing) cubrirse o llenarse aguates (algn o bien un objeto material como ropa) Pending O:na:wayowak, o:niswate:kato. Am I got covered with small prickly hairs, I went to strip leaves from the maize plants. Me llenéde aguates, me fui a zacatear. ahwa Check vl in both Am and Oa dialects. 01829 tlakaki tlakaki tlakaki tlakaki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-3a(k) (often used in the negative) to be obediente (often a person, particularly a child, though also an animal); to listen to and obey (a menudo utilizado en el negativo) ser obediente; escuchar y obedecer Pending Xtlakaki, xkipia itlakakilis. Am He is disobediente, he doesn't pay heed. Es desobediente, no hace caso. to have good hearing oir bien Pending kaki kaki minus_tla Am, Oa 01830 tlayo:lkostli tlayo:lkostli tlayo:lkostik tlayo:lkostik
11/Feb/2006
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Stem 1(s) yellow maize maíz amarillo Oa food-maize plant domesticated o:ya kos tlayo:hli This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see <klam>tlayo:hli</klam>. kostik tlayo:hli synonym Am 01831 te:kekexkilih te:kekexkilih te:kekexilih te:ké:kexílih
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be itchy dar comezón o causar que uno se sienta un escocer Pending Te:kekexkilih sa:watl. Am Mange is itchy. La roña da comezón. kex The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <koa>te:kekexilih</koa> would be used. This is the headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form <koa>te:ké:kexílih</koa> is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that those found in such pairs as <kloa>pepetlaka</kloa>and <kloa>pé:petláka</kloa>. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV syllables where the one most to the left is a reduplicant. However, <koa>te:ké:kexílih</koa> is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative form. Reduplication Oapan: The Oapan form cited in this entry (/te:ké:kexílih/) refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <koa>te:kekexilih</koa> would be used. Note how in this case the reduplication is added to the first syllable of a word that seems to already have a reduplicated stem. This is quite common and can be found in cases such as /pé:petláka/ and /né:nemí/. Also: The Oapan form cited in this entry refers to something that causes itching all over; if the reference were to a single place, then <koa>te:kekexilih</koa> would be used. This is the headword citation form. However, in actual usage the"reduplicated"form <koa>te:ké:kexílih</koa> is used. The patterns here are identical in phonetic form and semantics to that those found in such pairs as <kloa>pepetlaka</kloa>and <kloa>pé:petláka</kloa>. The exemplify the general tendency in Oapan Nahuatl to avoid a sequence of three identical CV syllable s where the one most to the left is a r eduplicant . However, <koa>te:ké:kexílih</koa> is one of the few examples of such"reduction"of reduplication on a non-frequentative form. 01832 o:- o:kitek o:- o:kakistik
11/Feb/2006
Prefix Pref-inflect clitic used to mark the perfective and past perfective aspect clítico empleado para marcar el aspecto perfectivo y perfectivo pasado Pending O:nitlakwah. Am I ate. Comí. O:nitlakwaka. Am I had eaten (and then got hungry again). Yo había comido (y después otra vez tuve hambre). Compare the present tense <kamoa>tlakwa</kamoa> with the perfective <kamoa>o:tlakwah</kamoa> in which the perfective is marked by final <kn>-h</kn> and <kn>o:</kn>. The past perfective is similarly marked and most often indicates an action the effects of which are no longer present. In careful speech the <kn>o:-</kn> is always present in the appropriate aspects although it does occasionally disappear in conversational discourse. 01833 tla:lxi:kotli tla:lxi:kotli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(h) type of bee-like insect, still not identified, that forms its nest on the ground tipo de insecto como abeja, todavía no identificado, que hace su nido sobre la tierra Am Tla:lxi:kotli, miák, cha:ntin itik tla:hli, wel patla:nin. Pe:nas kokostiktsitsi:nteh. No tekwa:nimeh. Am The <kam>tla:lxi:kotli</kam> , they are found in bunches, they live in the ground, they can fly. They have a little bit of yellow. They also bite. Los <kam>tla:lxi:kotli</kam> , se encuentran muchos juntos, viven en el suelo, pueden volar. Son algo amarillitos. También pican. animal insect tla:l xi:koh Check whether /tla:lxi:kotl/ is also correct since in one filecard I had this form written down. 01834 kwa:chipa:wi kwa:chipa:wi kwa:chipa:wi kwa:chipa:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey ponerse canoso Pending kwa: chipa: Check for transitive form. Check the extent to which /kwa:istaya/ and /kwa:chipa:wi/ are synonymous kwa:istaya confer Am 01835 yewalowa kiyewalowa yewalowa kiyewalowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b ~Intrans to walk completely around the perimeter of; to circle completely around caminar en un círculo por el perímetro de Pending Tikyewalowa ika yewahli pa:mpa ke:n tlakwan tejo:meh. Am You completely walk around it (in this case your corn field) at night because a lot of <spn>tejones</spn>(enter into the field and) eat (the maize). Andas por el perímetro de tu milpa en la noche porque los tejones (entran y) comen. (refl. often with rdp-l) to coil up on a circle (e.g., a snake) (refl.) a menudo con rdp-l) colocarse en un círculo (p. ej., una culebra) Pending Koxtok noye:yewalowa, dya: no: tikihlian tekwixtok pa:mpa hkon ye:yewaliwtok u:nkah. Am 04339_02_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 17:40 It (a snake) makes itself up into a circle, and we also say that it is coiled because it is in a circle like that. Se pone en un círculo, y también le decimos que estáenrollado porque estáen un círculo así. (recipr.) to gather around in a circle (recipr.) juntarse en un círculo Pending Xwa:lmoyewalo:ka:n, ma timonono:tsaka:n! Am Come gather around in a circle, let's talk! ¡Vengan a juntarse en un círculo, vamos a hablar! yewal tlayewalowa val_reduce1 Am, Oa 01836 siahka:wa nosiahka:wa siahka:wa siehka:wa nosiahka:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1(refl/only) V-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a(w) (refl.) to get tired of waiting (usually a person, or people, waiting for others; maize or a cornfield for water, etc.) (refl.) cansarse de esperar (generalmente una persona o personas a otros; el maíz o la milpa para el agua, etc.) Pending O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko. Am Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived. Tu esposa se cansóde esperar porque no has llegado. Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato. Am I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up heading back here. Estaba esperando mis peones. No vinieron, me canséde esperar, al fin me regreséhacia acá. O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. Am My maize got tired of wating. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. Mi milpa se cansóde esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. sia ka:wa Check roots of /siahka:wa/. Check /xo:kiaw/. Apparently there is no glide. Recheck /kiyawi/. Compounds (verbs): the compound /siahka:wa/ (refl.) 'to get tired of waiting' seems to be a compound made up of a perfective (short) verb stem (from /siawi/) followed by /ka:wa/, which is an element that often has a sense of 'to remain.' This would seem to be the most likely etymology. The question of why one does not find */siahka:ka:wa/ is still unanswered. It could be that, like /kochi/, /siawi/ occassionally combines with a verbal stem without the /ka:-/ participial ending. The change from /siaw-/ to /siah-/ is predictable in the phonology of Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (given the change of /w/ to /h/ before /k/). Yet the question of the etymology of /siahka:wa/ still needs to be resolved (though it would appear to be /siawi(perfect.) + ka:wa/. Directional: /Nikchi:xtoya nopio:nes. Xo:wa:hlakeh, o:nimosiahka:w, o:niwa:le:wato/ 'I was waiting for my workers. They didn't come, I got tired of waiting, I wound up heading back here.' The use of directionals in /o:niwa:le:wato/ is unusual and deserves comment. Clearly, there are two lexicalized forms of /e:wa/ with directionals: /one:wa/ 'to depart (from here to there) and /wa:le:wa/ ('from there to here'). Thus in the preceding phrase the ending /o:niwa:le:w/ would be correct and mean, simply, 'I headed back' or 'I left for home (here).' The use of /-to/ seems to indicate that this was the end result of a process (here the process of waiting). It will be important to work with a native speaker to determine the difference between /o:niwa:le:w/ and /o:niwa:le:wato/, but my first impression is that /-to/ has a temporal sense. 01837 tlaxi:nia tlaxi:nia tlaxi:nia tlaxi:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to divine by throwing maize and copal into a bowl (<spn>jícara</spn>) of water adivinar al echar suertes, echando maíz y copal dentro de una jícara de agua Pending Tlachia, wel tlaxi:nia. Am He sees things (through divination), he knows how to throw maize and copal in a bowl of water. Sabe adivinar, sabe echar suertes. Tlatete:moke:tl, wel tlaxi:nia para mistete:mowili:s mokokoxka:w, ke:no:n u:nkah ika kwalo. Am He is a diviner, he knows how to read things that he has tossed down (e.g., maize and copal into a bowl of water) so that he can find out about a sick member of your family, about the source of his illness. Es un adivinador, sabe echar suertes (p. ej., echando maíz y copal a un plato de agua) para buscarle al miembro de tu familia la razón con que estáenfermo. xi: xi:nia minus_tla Am, Oa 01838 no:sta no:sta
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>hasta</spn> Adv Adv-uncl and even; to boot; as well hasta también Am No:sta tisani! Am To boot, you're an early riser too! ¡Además, eres un madrugador también! no: <kam>No:sta</kam> appears to be derived from Nahuatl <klam>no:</klam> cojoined to Spanish <spn>hasta</spn>. <kam>No:sta</kam> is used often in a response or comment to a situation that one did not at first believe but that, after all, is seen to be true. For example, one may see someone who is sickly looking but is, nevertheless, a hard worker. One might then comment <kam>No:sta tekitini</kam> 'after all he's a hard worker too' or 'he's even a hard worker as well.' Check for final /h/ and the length of /o:/. Also recheck meaning. 01839 a:mantli a:mantli a:mantli a:mantli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(n) standing water agua estancada Oa a: man a:manahli synonym Am 01840 patlachiwi patlachiwi patlachiwi patlachiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to get flattened and widened aplanarse y ensancharse; prensarse Pending Nika:n o:patlachiw se: imeló:n. Yo:iksika:mik. Am One of his melones got flattened here. It got overripe. Aquíse aplanóuno de sus melones. Pasóde maduro. patlach pa:xiwi; patlachiwi (particularly when referring to fruit) Determine what things can be subjects of /patlachiwi/. 01841 toto:nia kitoto:nia toto:nia kitoto:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Lex. rdp-s class-2a to heat up (food that has already been prepared) recalentar (comida ya preparada) Pending Kitoto:ni:s para tihkwa:skeh. Am He will heat it up so that we can eat it. Lo va a recalentar para que lo podamos comer. to heat in the sun (e.g., grain to kill any insects with which it might be infested) calentar en el sol (p. ej., granos para matar cualquier bicho que le hubiera infestado) Pending Xtoto:ni motlayo:l, tla:mo kukwalo:s! Am Spread out your maize to be heated by the sun, if you don't it will get eaten by bugs! ¡Pon tu maíz en el sol para calentar, si no se va a picar! to:n toto:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01842 kukwi:tska:miki kukwi:tska:miki kwíkwi:tska:míki kwíkwi:ska:míki kwikwi:ska:miki kwíkwi:tska:míki; kwíkwi:ska:míki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:kwi:tska:míki</koa> class-3a(k)(Am:long) yes-rdp to be unhappy in a place and for this reason be sad, waste away, and often die (e.g., an animal that did not accustom itself to a new place) no hallarse en un lugar, no habilitarse, y por eso demacarse, ponerse triste y hasta morir (p. ej., un animal que no se acostumbróa un lugar) Pending kwi:ts miki Check to see if non-reduplicated form is also correct: ?kwi:tska:miki. Participals; /-iwi/: Note that /kukwi:tska:miki/ is another example of a participial form of a /-iwi/ verb that loses the entire verbal ending (e.g., /tlatski/ and /tlatsiwi/, etc. Cf. /tli:liwi/ and Am /tli:ltik/ vs. Oapan /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/. 01843 yeyekakiawi yeyekakiawi yéye:kakiáwi yeye:kakiawi yéye:kakiáwi
09/Feb/2006
No V0 N-V0 V0-b class-3a(w) yes for there to be a tempest; to rain, accompanied by a driving wind haber una tempestad; llover, acompañado con un fuerte viento Pending O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli, yo:kokoto:n. Kas yeyekakiawis. Am The cloud cover has ripped open, it has split apart. Perhaps there will a strong rain accompanied by sweeping winds. Las capa de nubes se desgarraron, se abrieron en muchos lugares. Quizáva a llover fuerte, acompañado de fuertes vientos. weather e:ka ki yawi This verb is irregular in that like other weather phenomena it occurs only in the 3rd-person singular. Check Oapan form as originally I had written /yéyé:kakiáwi/. 01844 komalakawistli komalakawistli komalakawistli komalakawistli komalakawistle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of vine (or perhaps a thorn bush) of the Rosaceae family tipo de bejucco (o tal vez un arbusto con espinas) de la familia Rosaceae Pending ko malaka wits komekatl Apparently the <kam>komalakawistli</kam> is a small bush, <kam>kuhtsi:ntli</kam> , although in one entry I have noted that it is a"type of vine with thorns": (<kam>komekatl, kipia iwitsio</kam>). According to Emigdio Rosendo the branches of this bush are occasionally used for <klam>china:ntli</klam>. This is not listed in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo knew this tree; Silvestre Pantaleón has seen this and could describe it, but was unsure of its name. However, other consultants mentioned the name as <koa>komalakawistli</koa>, though this needs to be rechecked. Check to see if this is indeed classified as a <kam>komekatl</kam> or <kam>kuhtsi:ntli</kam> , vine or bush. 01845 zzz This was an entry for the toponyms Am /Kwa:tsonitlan/ and Oapan /I:pan Kwa:tsoneh/, which are now in a toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 01846 welatia welatia welatia welatia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to be unable to walk (completely, not even lame) no poder caminar (completamente, más alláde estar simplemente cojo) Pending wila: Check whether this is the same was /welati/. Originally I had noted, as evidenced above, that /welatia/ refers to a complete inability to walk. However, an example sentence under /welati/ is /O:welat, xok wel nenemi/ 'His legs got sore (e.g., from walking or running).' Check if the two are identical in meaning. I would assume they might well be. Also check whether /welatia/ is the same was /uwelatia/. In an original filecard I had /o:niuwelatiak/ 'Se me quedaron adoloridas las piernas (por cansancio).' Check. 01847 zzz This used to be /teteilpia/ but was removed as a duplicated entry.
03/Mar/2002
 01848 zzz This was an entry for the toponym of Am, /Tla:lnextipan/, which is now in its own database.
30/Jul/2005
 01849 chichi:na kichichi:na chichi:na kichichi:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b rdp-s- class-3a to absorb a liquid; to let a liquid filter through (e.g, a wall, such as of fired clay) absorber un líquido; dejar filtrar un líquido (p. ej., a través de una pared, como una de barro cocido) Pending Yo:tlan kichichi:na. Am It has finished absorbing the water (e.g., a dirt floor, or the wall of a ceramic pot). Ya terminóde absorber el agua (p. ej., un piso de tierra, o la pared de un objeto de barro cocido) Yo:tlan kichichi:na ika ye:nkwik i:n na:ko:n. Am Given that my water storage jug here is new, it has finished letting water filter through it (refering to the fact that the water leaks out slowly, filtering out through the walls) Dado que mi tinaja es nueva, ya terminóde dejar que el agua se filtrara por ella (refiere al hecho de que el agua se transmina despacio, por las paredes) chi:na a:kwa; chichi:na Several consultants mentioned that the usual subjects of <kam>chichi:na</kam> are ceramics or objects made of earth. Check possible subjects. a:kwa confer Am, Oa 01850 kamakwi kikamakwi kamakwi kikamakwi
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to take in ones mouth (e.g., a morsel of food to eat, a small amount of liquid to drink) tomar en la boca (p. ej., un poco de comida para comer o un líquido para beber) Pending Axtopa xkamakwi a:tl para timokamapapa:kas. Am First take water in your mouth so that you can rinse it out. Primero toma agua en la boca para después enjuagarla. kama kwi Check usage in context. 01851 ma:chia tlama:chia ma:chia tlama:chia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to wait around a long time for quedar a la espera de Pending San nitlama:chi:xtok. Am I've just been waiting around for a long time. Nada más he estado a la espera mucho tiempo. Mitsma:chi:xtok ika motlaxkal. Am She is waiting around for you with your tortilla. Te estáesperando con tu tortilla. Titlama:chi:xtokeh. Am We are waiting around. Estamos esperando. ma: chia: chia; ma:chia <kam>Ma:chia</kam> indicates that the subject refrained from going someplace or doing something because he was waiting, usually for someone who said he would show up. The implication is that the person waited a long time just for that reason. One consultant suggested that in the phrase <kam>mitsma:chi:xtok i:ka motlaxkal</kam> "you"went someplace and haven't returned, and the subject of the phrase is waiting around for you. There is a sense that you are causing her to delay something, that she would go someplace else otherwise. Some persons said that <kam>ma:chia</kam> and <kam>chia</kam> are equivalent, others that <kam>ma:chia</kam> is more respectful. Still others indicated that <kam>ma:chia</kam> indicates a longer time of waiting. My impression at this point is that <kam>ma:chia</kam> differs from <kam>chia</kam> in that it suggests a longer period of waiting, some annoyance related to the fact that the person doing the waiting was expecting an earlier arrival, or could have done something else. Perhaps more i mportant, <kamoa>chia</kamoa> cannot be used with the nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn> without a significant change in meaning (see <klamoa>tlachia</klamoa>) whereas <kamoa>tlama:chia</kamoa> indicates a generate state of waiting with the object that is being waited for expressed only obliquely at best. In Spanish perhaps the difference is communicated by"estar a la espera"vs."esperar." The etymology of <kamoa>ma:chia</kamoa> seems to clearly comprise the root <kroot>chia</kroot>as well as <kroot>ma:</kroot>, which may or may not be related to an alternate root of the Nahuatl word for 'hand.' In Ameyaltepec I have almost always heard it with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. And for Oapan, Florencia Marcelino stated that only the form with <kn>tla-</kn> is acceptable. With all class 3 irregular 1a verbs elicit perfective and progressive to determine whether vowel is long.There appears to be some variation. Also, check length of the final vowel (i.e. in the imperfective); check in other tenses, and length of final /a/. Check difference between /chia/ and /ma:chia/; possibly the second implies more that the waiting was long, interfered with other activities, etc. If future study demonstrates that only <kamoa>tlama:chia</kamoa> is used, then the primary entry should be changed from <kamoa>ma:chia</kamoa> to <kamoa>tlama:chia</kamoa>, with pointers for clarification from the non-used form to that which is used. 01852 po:ktik po:ktik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be sooty or covered with soot estar cubierto tener hollín Am Nochi popo:ktikeh mokone:wa:n. Am Your children are all covered with soot. Tus niños están todo cubiertos con hollín. po:k po:chaktik; po:ktik po:hyoh synonym Oa 01853 soyo:tonki sio:tonki soyo:tonki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>teso:yo:tonki</kam> to be unstiched (the seam of clothes, sacks, or similarly sewn items, including stiches in skin) estar descosido (la costura de ropa, costales o otras cosas cosidas, incluyendo las costuras de las heridas en la piel) Am Tesoyo:tonki, o:kokoto:n i:loh. Am It is (has become) unstiched at the seam, the thread broke (in several places). Estádescosido por la costura, se rompióel hilo (en varios lugares). distort-fissure sio tom This entry used to be /siotonki/ for Am and Oapan. However, since there was already an entry (1708) for /siotonki/, this present entry has been changed to /so:yo:tonki/, only for Am, and headword /siotonki/ for Oapan Nahuatl has been moved to 1708. Thus the sound link for /siotonki/ in Oapan should be at 1708. Check vl sio:tonki synonym Oa 01854 iwí:n iwí:n yóyí:n yóyí:h yoyí:n yóyí:n
11/Feb/2006
Pr/Adj(dem) Dem-Dem Pr/Adj-dem (~ [noun]) this here [noun] (~ [sustantivo]) este [sustantivo] aquí Pending Tose:pa:nya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! Am Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! in i:n A plural Ameyaltepec form <kam>i:nwí:n</kam> 'these here <kam>chi:ka:lin</kam> ' has been documented (Inocencio Díaz text on <kam>chi:ka:lin</kam> 3:02) and the vowel here seems to be acoustically long, which would be understandable if the initial element of these demonstratives is, or has been (re)analyzed, as a pronominal possessor prefix. More study needs to be conducted, for now the initial vowel in both singular and plural has been analyzed as phonologically short. The pronounciation of the Oapan form seems to vary between <koa>yóií:h</koa> and <koa>yóyí:h</koa>. Measurements of Ameyaltepec pronunciation in general seem to show a short initial vowel and long second vowel. Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with <klam>iún</klam> whereas the Oapan form contrasts with <kloa>yoón</kloa>. Finally, note that the entire question of the length of /i/ in <kamoa>i:n</kamoa> needs to be resolved in a definitive way; it is still unclear. At times it seems as if used pronominally the /i:/ is long, whereas used adjectivally it is short, /i/. Nevertheless, this is only a preliminary observation. Recheck the correctness of /iwi:n/ as a demonstrative adjective. The above sentence was taken from my corpus, but perhaps /in tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli/ would be more appropriate. Check! 01855 tla:ki tla:ki tla:ki tla:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to bear fruit (a tree, a grass such as maize, etc.) rendir (fruto, p. ej., unárbol, un grano como maíz, etc.) Pending Ye tla:ktok. Am It is already bearing fruit. Ya estácargándose con fruto. Xo:tla:k nomi:hlan. Am My maize field did not bear fruit. Mi milpa no rindió. for there to be a good harvest (of maize) haber una buena cosecha (de maíz) Pending Se:xtli xo:tla:k. Am Last year there wasn't a good harvest (e.g., of maize, etc.) El año pasado no rindió(p. ej., de maíz, esto es, no hubo una buena cosecha). tla:ki:tia tla:ki For a discussion of the impersonal form <kamoa>tlatla:ki</kamoa> (Am and Oa) and the reduplicated impersonal <kam>tlatlatla:ki</kam> (Am) / <koa>tlá:tlá:ki</koa>, see the discussion under <klam>tlatlatlami</klam> / <kloa>tlá:tlamí</kloa>(Oa). The verb <kam>tla:ki</kam> is not listed in the Classical sources. It refers to the bearing of fruit by any plant: a fruit tree, a maize plant, sesame, etc. Apparently it can be used to refer to both edible and non-edible fruits, though it is most commonly used in reference to edibles. In its unmarked form it is generally taken to refer to the yield of a milpa, e.g., <kam>se:xtli o:tla:k</kam> 'last year there wasn't a good harvest.' tla:ki:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01856 miakpa miakpa miahpa miahpa
22/Oct/2005
Adv Adv-tm many times muchas veces Pending miak -pa 01857 xe xe kichi:wa xi xi tlakwa
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Neg-Adv Adv-tm not yet todavía no Am, Oa Xe itlah. Am There still aren't any. Todavía no hay. ye The negative phrase <kam>Xe itlah</kam> 'There still aren't any' contrasts in meaning with <kam>Xtlah</kam> 'There aren't any,' which has no temporal reference. 01858 kuwilia kikuwilia kowilia kikowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to buy (sth) for (i.e., in benefit of) or from comprarle (algo) a o para (p. ej., en beneficio de) Pending Nokuwilia tlayo:hli -=kinokowilia tlayo:hli- Am He buys maize for himself. Se compra maíz para si mismo. Timitskuwili:s tlayo:hli. Am I'm going to buy maize for (or from) you. Voy a comprar maíz para (o de) tí. O:nimotlakokuwilih. Am I bought myself lots of things. Me comprémuchas cosas. ko:wa In Ameyaltepec in particular it is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be present in reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs. Thus although <kam>kinokowilia</kam> is possible, it is rare. Such forms with a specific and reflexive object in a divalent verb seem to be more common in Oapan. Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it was already sore or hurt). There are some tentative additional tokens from 282. These should be tagged as 1858, but not linked. Re: /Nokowilia tlayo:hli (=kinokowilia tlayo:hli)/ 'he buys maize for himself.' It is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be marked object is used in forms such as <kam>kinokowilia</kam> although it is possible. Such forms seem to be more common in Oapan. Note that in a discussion with C. Flores he accepted /kinokuwilia/ as correct but denied the acceptance of ?/nikmokuwilia/ or /niknokuwilia/. Instead he gave /nimokuwilia/. kowa verb_base Am, Oa 01859 tale:gah talegi:tah tale:gah tele:kah tale:kah teleki:tah tele:'ah tele:kah
11/Feb/2006
talega N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) hemp bag (made of maguey fiber) talega (morral hecho de fibra de maguey) Pending tool The Nahuatl borrowing retains the semantics of the Spanish source, which the <kn>Diccionario de la Real Academia</kn>defines as 'Saco o bolsa ancha y corta, de lienzo basto u otra tela, que sirve para llevar o guardar las cosas.' Determine names for all types of bag. Check the nature of the sound between /e:/ and /a/ in Ameyaltepec. It might be a very open voiced velar fricative. Perhaps the /g/ should be changed in the orthography. Illustrate with photo and 01860 tlaxkalwia kitlaxkalwia tlaxkalwia [tlax kal 'wi ya] kitlaxkalwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to make tortillas for hacer tortillas para Pending Ma timistlake:wa! Xne:xtlaxkalwi! Am Let me hire you (e.g., as a <kam>molende:rah</kam>)! Make tortillas (and the accompanying meal) for me! ¡Deja que te contrate (p. ej., como molendera)!¡Haz tortillas (y la demás comida) para mí! Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, ke:n chichi tihtlaxkalwiya! Oa Your tortillas are really thick, it's like you were making tortillas for dogs (who like thick tortillas)! ¡Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, es como le estuvieras haciendo tortillas para perros (a quienes les gustan tortillas gruesas)! cook xka The applicative nature of <kam>tlaxkalwia</kam> is obvious from its semantics. For applicatives ending in <kn>-lwia</kn>, see Launey (1992:188-89) and Canger (1981: chap. 3). 01861 tekiwi:ka tekiwi:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-4a to be fulfilling a <spn>cargo</spn>, or annual community service obligation; to have a <spn>cargo</spn> estar llevando un cargo, o puesto de servicio anual, de la comunidad Am teki wi:ka tekiya:na synonym Oa 01862 tsi:npan itsi:npan tsi:mpan i:tsi:mpan
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-poss-pan N2(rel) posterior part of the back of (a beast of burden, on which one may ride bareback, holding on behind the saddle) parte posterior del lomo de (una bestia, sobre que una persona puede montar a pelo, agarrándose atrás de la silla) Pending body animal tsi:n -pan The only documented uses of <kam>-tsi:npan</kam> from Ameyaltepec are in references to the back of an animal that may be mounted. However, it is quite possible that other acceptations are possible. 01863 sana:man sana:man saniman saniman
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm right away inmediatamente; luego, luego Pending Sana:man kichi:was. Am He will do it right away. Lo va a hacer luego luego. san a:man san niman; sana:man; san a:man It appears that <klam>san niman</klam> refers in a general sense to 'earliness' when an event is considered in its entirety. Thus, considering a 'day' as a block of time, <kam>san niman</kam> refers to the initial part of this time. <kam>Sana:man</kam> , on the other hand, refers to a nearby point in time, in relation to another, often the speaker present. Nevertheless, further contextual evidence of the difference between these two forms should be gathered. The complex form <kam>san a:man</kam> means 'only/just today' as in <kam>san a:man timitspale:wi:s, mo:stla xok</kam> 'It is only today that I will help you, tomorrow I won't (lit. 'tomorrow no more'). The difference between Am /san ninam/ and /sana:man/ should be carefully documented and then the proper Oapan cognates/synonyms should be given in the same entry. It is not clear that there are two forms in Oapan, and it might be that this entry, 1863 should simply point to Oa for entry 3772. NOTE TO SELF: Cf Oa for 1863 to Oa for 3772 and perhaps eliminate or change one entry. 01864 aki aki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(k) see <klamoa>onaki</klamoa> véase <klamoa>onaki</klamoa> Pending ak This verb has been lexicalized in the Balsas River region with the directional prefix <kn>on-</kn>. 01865 tlamanilia kitlamanilia tlamanilia kitlamanilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to give an offering to (a deceased relative on All Saints Day) hacer una ofrenda a (un pariente fallecido en Todos Santos) Pending Niktlamanili:s nokoko:l. Am I will give an offering to my grandfather (on All Saints Day). Voy a darle una ofrenda a mi abuelo (en Todos Santos). (often with short vowel reduplication) to patch; to lay a patch on; to sew up (an item of clothing, or other cloth-like materials that are ripped) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) remendar; coser (una prenda de vestir u otros materiales que están rotos o rasgados) Pending Niktlamanili:s nokoto:n. Am I'm going to put a patch on my shirt. Le voy a poner un remiendo a mi camisa. Niktlatlamanili:s nokosta:l, tsomo:nki. Am I'm going to patch up my sack, it is ripped Voy a remender mi costal, estárasgado. clothing religion man Apparently the primary meaning of <kam>tlamanilia</kam> refers to the placing of something flat such as an offering that is laid out for someone, or a patch that is placed on something that has become ripped. Nevertheless, it seems that in the latter case, of fixing something torn, the verb <kam>tlamanilia</kam> can also (by extension) refer to the simple sewing up of the torn section. For comments on the valency of this verb, see <klamoa>manilia</klamoa>. The example phrases above suggest that the object of <kamoa>tlamanilia</kamoa>, in the sense of 'to patch,' may either be the material object that is patched or the person for whom the patching is done. Thus one phrase is <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> in which the object is the material repaired (patient) while in another phrase, <kam>tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> , in which the human benefactive is the primary object and the material repaired is the secondary object (not overtly marked on the verb). Thus in this case it is clear that the verb <kam>tlamanilia</kam> acts trivalently; see following entry. Check to see if /tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n/ refers only to the placing of a patch on, or, as indicated in one filecard, also to sewing up a ripped part. manilia confer Am, Oa mana verb_base Am, Oa manilia minus_tla Am, Oa 01866 yo:lki:xtia kiyo:lki:xtia yo:lki:xtia kiyo:lki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to remove the seeds from inside of (e.g., a watermelon, melon, chile, etc.) quitarle las semillas de adentro de (p. ej., de una sandía, melón, chile, etc.) Am, Oa yo:l ki:sa In the transitive use of <kamoa>yo:lki:xtia</kamoa> the general object is a plant such as squash from which the seeds are removed. It may also be used to refer to the effect on a <kam>na:wahli</kam> when his animal is killed. Note that although one person accepted that the object of <kam>yo:lki:xtia</kam> could have a slaughtered animal as its subject. But this appears unusual and the usual form for this is <kam>kiki:xtilia i:yo:l</kam>. Check that the transitivity use of /yo:lki:xtia/ indeed exists in Ameyaltepec. My documentation of use to date is an an intransitive from a story by C. Flores. 01867 tlapolo:ltia kitlapolo:ltia tlapolo:ltia kitlapolo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to entice (to do sth one should not or does not wish to do, as the serpent to Eve) animar (a hacer algo que no iba a o debe hacer, como la serpiente a Eva) Oa (refl.) to bring shame upon oneself (particularly a woman [S] with a man, having sexual relations and getting pregnant) (refl.) avergonzarse (particularmente una mujer [S] con un hombre, p. ej., al tener relaciones sexuales y quedar embarazada) Pending O:notlapolo:ltih iwa:n se: tla:katl. Am She brought shame upon herself with a man. Se avergonzócon un hombre. (with long vowel reduplication) to bother and confuse; to distract (while sth occurs, e.g., a child [O] in order to keep his mind off sth) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) confundir y aturidr; distraer o entretener (mientras que algo pase, p. ej., a un niño [O] para que no piense en otra cosa) Pending Ne:stla:tlapolo:ltia. Na:n nitlakwilotok, ne:chi:ihlia tlato:hli, xihki o:niktla:lih, o:nikpo:poloh. Am He confuses me. I am writing here, he says things to me, I didn't write it down correctly, I messed it up. Me distrae. Aquíestoy escribiendo, me dice cosas, no lo puse bien, lo hice mal. Mitstla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:ch ika mitstlaxtekilian. Am He will distract you while they rob you. Te va a estar distrayendo (entreteniendo) mientras que te roben. pol Determine whether /polo:ltia/ can occur without /tla-/, i.e., with a specific primary and secondary object given that the only phrases and examples that I have are with /tla-/ reduplicated with a long vowel. If only forms with /tla-/ are acceptable, then the entry should perhaps be changed to /tlapolo:ltia/. Also, determine the precise meaning of /notlapolo:ltia/. Actually, it may be that /polo:ltia/ is not a ditransitive with /tla-/ occupying one slot, should rather be considered a transitive as /tlapolo:ltia/ in which the /tla-/ is obligatorily present and thus changes the valency from 3 arguments to 2. Also check whether it is possible to reduplicate the verbal root ?/tlapo:pololtia/. If /polo:ltia/ exists without /tla-/ determine the difference between /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. It appears that one is a causative and the other not. Change entry under /polo:ltia/ accordingly. Causative; transitivity: One question concerns whether there is a difference between nondirected transitive alternations and morphological causative, and how this interacts with other transitivity affecting devices. Thus note the case of /poliwi/, /polowa/ and /polo:ltia/. The first is intransitive (with one syntactic argument) and the second is transitive (with two syntactic arguments). The third is a causative formation from /polowa/ and thus is trivalent. However, this form has only been documented with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/. Whether /polo:ltia/ can exist with three overt arguments (S, PO, and SO) is uncertain. However, the increase in valency through the causative of a transitive (from /polowa/ to /polo:ltia/) simultaneous with valency reduction through the use of /tla-/ is interesting. In essence it is a device that switches the the only object (patient) of a transitive to the Primary Object (benefactive/malefactive) of a ditransitive without introducing an overt Se condary Object that canbe expressed by a NP. The Secondary Object is represented by /tla-/, which in this case is an indefinite null complement with a noncontextually determined meaning. Again, it will be necessary to determine whether words such as ?/ne:chpolo:ltia NP/ are correct. polowa verb_base Am, Oa 01868 zzz This entry used to be for /ilpikatl/. It was a duplicate and has been combined with 1149.
30/Jul/2005
This is a duplicate entry. Tag with number 1149. 01869 eskaltia *noskaltia eskaltia keskaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to raise (children) criar (a niños) Pending skal This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec. The initial vowel may be maintained <kam>neskaltia</kam> or deleted <kam>noskaltia</kam>. Note that several Ameyaltepec words show initial /e/ for what in neighboring dialects is initial /i/ (e.g., <klam>elka:wa</klam> and Oapan <kloa>ilka:wa</kloa>). According to Cristino Flores this word is rarely used and when it is used it is employed in the reflexive: <kam>noskaltia</kam> , which is the equivalent of <kam>we:iya</kam>. 01870 zzz This entry for /kuhtsotsol/ has been removed.
27/Jan/2002
 01871 itki kitki ihti kihti
11/Feb/2006
No V2 ih-initial; i-epen V2-b class-4a to carry away (sth in ones hands, on ones shoulders, etc.) llevar (algo en la mano, sobre los hombros, etc.) Pending tki This is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and apparently only as a"borrowing"from other villages. The common term with this significance is <klam>wi:ka</klam>. In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix <kn>k-</kn> is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus <koa>nihtis</koa> 'I will carry it.' Orthographically this is represented as <koa>n'ihtis</koa>. See discussion under <kloa>ilka:wa</kloa>. I have added this Amyeltepec entry from memory; check. The Oapan term is documented. tlatkitia val_add_caus Am, Oa 01872 piltsi:n i:piltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N2 very young baby or child (used almost exclusively in reference to Jesus as the son of God) bebéo niño muy pequeño (utilizado casi exclusivamente en referencia a Jesús como hijo de Diós) Am Dió:s ipiltsi:n, Dió:s te:tatsi:n Am the child of God, God Our Father el hijo de Diós, Diós nuestro padre fetus fetu Am pil <kam>Piltsi:n</kam> is used, possessed, almost exclusively to refer to the child of God. Otherwise, i.e., to refer to a human baby, it is used almost exclusively (though rarely) by older people. 01873 kwa:po:xa kwa:bo:lsa i:kwa:po:xah kwa:po:xah i:kwa:po:xah
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>bolsa</spn> N N-N N-loan N2 bonnet gorrita Pending skull-cap (such as those worn by bishops) solideo (como los que utilizan los obispos) Pending white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo, presentada semana santa en Oapan Pending kwa:xikipihli confer Am 01874 akokwilia kakokwilia ákokwília akokwilia kákokwília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 Adv-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to pick or lift up for recoger o levantar para Pending Xne:chakokwili! O:nikwa:ltlakal. Am Pick it up for me! I dropped it (or knocked it down to the ground). ¡Recógemelo! Se me cayó(o lo tiréal suelo). Xkakokwili iko:lah moma:choh! Am Lift up the tail of your mule! ¡Levántale la cola a tu macho! Xkakokwili! Xkwa:lmaka! Am Pick it up for him! Reach over here and give it to him! ¡Levántaselo!¡Extienda el brazo hacia aquípara dárselo! Tewa tine:chakokwili:s. Newa xniweli, yetí:k. Am You're the one to lift it up for me. I can't, it's too heavy. Túeresél que lo va a levantar para mí. Yo no puedo, pesa demasiado. ahko kwi In one entry I had /akokwilia/, reflecting the common /o/ - /u/ variation. In another entry I had a long /i:/, i.e. /akukwi:lia/. These issues should be checked. Perhaps change this to /akukwilia/ for Am practical orthography. Check vowel length of both dialects. Cf. to all other words with /ahko/ as a stem/root. akokwi verb_base Am ákokwí verb_base Oa 01875 tsi:nkuwtia tsi:nkuwtia tsí:nkohtiá tsí:nkohtia tsí:nkohtiá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia rdp-s/h Oa class-4b(ya-x) yes to feel stiffness in ones rear end; to get a sore rear end (e.g., from sitting too long in one position) sentirse adolorido y tieso las nalgas (p. ej., por estar sentado por demasiado tiempo sin moverse) Pending ma:kuwtia tsi:n kow There are many words in Oapan Nahuatl that include the final verbal predicate <koa>kohtia</koa> to indicate stiffness of a body part. Apparently most, if not all, such words are marked for pitch accent, as they would be if the verbal stem were reduplicated. There is no other factor (e.g., an underlying {h}) that could explain the pitch-accent contours. Reduplication Oapan: Note that in several other examples I have noticed that the reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl can create pitch accent on a syllable that has a long vowel with a coda nasal. The present case seems to confirm this. Thus /tsí:nkuwtiá/ in Ameyaltepec is /tsi:nkuwtia/ with no reduplication. But the pronunciation here in Oapan is /tsí:nkohtiá/ which would seem to indicate reduplication (the pitch accent pattern is not explainable elsewise). Nevertheless, this should be checked (i.e., whether /tsi:nkuhtia/ exists with no unusual pitch). tsi:nkuhtia 01876 na:wi na:wi na:wi na:wi
11/Feb/2006
Num Num-b four cuatro Pending (<kam>i:pan ~</kam>) the fourth time (<kam>i:pan ~</kam>) la cuarta vez Pending I:pan na:wi to:kas. Am He will plant on the fourth time (he passes the plow over the field). Va a sembrar la cuarta vez (que pasa su arado sobre el terreno). (with short vowel reduplication) four by four; in fours (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cuatro por cuatro; en cuatros Pending San nana:wi xto:katiw! Am Go along planting four (seeds) at a time! ¡Ve sembrado de cuatro (semillas) en cuatro! num na:wi tla:hli; agriculture, Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. Ameyaltepequeños commonly plant either the third or fourth time they plow a particular field; the more time one passes over the earth, the fewer weeds survive to compete with the maize plants but the greater the labor investment in farming. Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. pl. /na:wimeh/ (used for people, live animals that are counted). Reduplication: Numerals: cf. Oapan /náná:wi/"four by four"to /ka:dah chi:chikwe:i/"each week." nana:wi confer Am 01877 itkitia itkitia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a see <klamoa>tlatkitia</klamoa> véase <klamoa>tlatkitia</klamoa> Pending tki I have no record of this word without the /tla-/ prefix. Check. itki verb_base Am ihti verb_base Oa tlatkitia val_reduce2 Am, Oa 01878 kukuwtitlantsi:n kukuwtitlantsi:n kókotitlántsi:n kókotitlántsi:n kohtitlantsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-rdp type of maguey as yet unidentified whose fibers, called <klam>ixtli</klam> , are used in hemp bags tipo de maguey todavía no identificada cuyos fibras, llamadas <klam>ixtli</klam> , se emplean en tejer bolsas Pending Kukuwtitlantsi:n | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para tema:tl Am <kam>Kukuwtitlantsi:n</kam> : It is good for string, for woven bags (of the type called <klam>tema:tlatl</klam>). <kam>Kukuwtitlantsi:n</kam> : Es bueno para hilo, para bolsas tejidas (de las que se llaman <klam>tema:tlatl</klam>). plant xiwtli kow -titlan The etymology of <kam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</kam> is uncertain. Apparently it contains lexicalized reduplication of what was historically <kn>kwaw</kn>. The meaning of the <kam>-titlan</kam> sequence is uncertain, it might be related to the ligature of this same form. The fibers of the <kam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</kam> are not used in snares (as it other maguey hemp) because its fibers are too thin. The vowel length as I have recorded it was in a final, final check and they are correct as noted and should be changed to the above in all entries. In spite of the assertion that all but the last vowels are short, the length of the /a/ should be rechecked as in one entry I do have it long. There seems to be quite a bit of disagreement or debate among my consultants in regard to the identity of this maguey. Cf. the master database and the entries #252 and #290. Check for p-a in Oapan, as well as vl. to:to:lasi:toh confer Am mexkahli -de- kukuwtitlantsi:n synonym Am 01879 we:ixtok we:ixtok we:ixtok we:ixtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative big shot pez gordo Am, Oa We:ixtok, kinemilia san yewa tla:katl. Am He (thinks he) is a big shot, he thinks he's the only one who is a man. (Se cree que) es un pez gordo, piensa que solamenteél es hombre. we:i 01880 wel wel tekiti wel xwel tekiti
11/Feb/2006
Aux (~ [verb]) can [verb] (~ [verb]) poder; saber [verbo] Pending Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti. Am I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself. Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) del agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por símismo. Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech. Am You won't be able to reach (e.g., sth hanging) because you are short. No vas a poder alcanzar (p. ej., algo colgado) porque eres chaparrito. Xwel mela:wis. Am It can't be straightened out. No se puede enderezar. (~ <kam>melá:k</kam>) when you come right down to it; the real truth is (~ <kam>melá:k</kam>) a fin de cuentas; la mera verdad es Pending Wel milá:k, xtikmatin. Am The real truth is, we don't know. La mera verdad es, no sabemos. Ke:no:n tlachia wel melá:k? Am How does it really truely look? ¿Cómo se ve de veras? San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlowa wel mlá:k ka:nas. Am He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry. Estáabrumado por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener cuatro novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar. (~ <kam>miák</kam>) for there to be truely a lot (~ <kam>miák</kam>) haber de veras mucho Pending Wel miák a:man. Se:xtli xo:ki:s. Am There are truely a lot now (in this case maize in a harvest). Last year there was a poor yield. Hay de veras mucho ahora (en este caso maíz de una cosecha). El año pasado no rindió. weli wel weli <kam>Wel</kam> is a modifier of a verbal predicate and always precedes the verb phrase. In Oapan the affirmative is with <kloa>kwahli</kloa>as in <kloa>kwahli nihchi:wa</kloa>but the negative uses <koa>xwel</koa> as in <koa>xwel nihchi:wa</koa>. Check whether /wel miák/ is a correct term or phrase. 01881 tewitso:ltia kitewitso:ltia tewitso:ltia kitewitso:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca from nondirected alternation class-2a to heap up; to pile up high (e.g., a container filled with material such as grain, chile, earth, sand, etc., so that a mound forms in the center) copetear; amontonar (p. ej., algún recipiente con material como granos, chiles, tierra, arena, etc., para que quede copeteado, con un montículo en medio) Pending tewits The intransitive form of <kamoa>tewitso:ltia</kamoa> appears to be <klamoa>tewitsiwi</klamoa>. Unlike most verbs that end in <kn>-iwi</kn> the transitive form is not a verb ending in <kn>-owa</kn> but rather one ending in <kn>-ltia</kn>. Nevertheless, given that most verbs that end in <kn>-o:ltia</kn> derive from intransitives ending in <kn>-owo</kn> (cf. <klamoa>cholowa</klamoa>and <klamoa>cholo:ltia</klamoa>), the precise the derivational process is not clear. Check for intransitive form, ?/tewitsiwi/, /tewitsowa/, etc. Illustrate. tewitsiwi verb_base Am, Oa 01882 tlakotlapa:nki tlakotlapa:nki tlákotetlapá:nki tlákotetlapá:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Mod-Adj Adj-dvb-ki Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tlakotetlapa:nki</kam> (Oa) yes-lex to be broken in half (e.g., sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic plate, either fissured or with a small section broken off) estar roto o quebrado por la mitad (p. ej., algo duro y quebradizo como un plato de cerámica, tener una hendedura o faltando un pedazo) Pending tlahko tlapa: Florencia Marcelino of Oapan gave only the form with the intensifier <kn>te-</kn>, which might not be optional in Oapan. However, in Ameyaltepec the corresponding form without <kn>te-</kn> is well documented. Cristino Flores denied that the adjectival with <kn>te-</kn> was acceptable. Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:na/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how verbal semantics affects reduplication. 01883 totopo totopo tótopóntsi:n tótopóntsi:n tla:ltetekontsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-rdp type of plant with leafy parts that form a ball-like object that can pop tipo de planta con partes como hojas en forma de pelota que se pueden reventar Pending Totopo | Boboli:tah itla:kihlo. San xiwtli, wel tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. Am <kam>Totopo</kam> : Its fruit is a little ball. It's just a plant, you can eat its fruit. <kam>Totopo</kam> : Su fruta es una bolita. Es solamente una planta, puedes comer su fruta. plant xiwtli(pending?) topo: Check for final sound: glottal stop or /h/. Check for similarity of pronunciation with /totopo/ as a type of grasshopper. Recheck vowel length. Reason for short final /o/ not clear. 01884 ma:te:ka kima:te:ka ma:te:ka kima:te:ka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to weed (a field, garden, etc.) with ones hands or a digging stick (<kam>witso:ktli</kam> ; as opposed to with a plow) desherbar (un campo, huerta, etc.) con las manos o con coa (<kam>witso:ktli</kam> ; y no con un arado y yunta) Pending Tlama:te:ka, kima:te:ka imi:l. Am He is weeding, he is weeding his cornfield. Estádeshierbando, le estáquitando yerba a su milpa. Kima:te:kas iyew. Am He will weed out his beans (i.e., where they are planted, removing weeds from around them). Va a deshierbar sus frijoles (esto es, quitándoles la maleza donde están sembrados). ma: te:ka mi:hli In Ameyaltepec <kamoa>ma:teka</kamoa> refers to the action of weeding with ones hands or a digging stick; if a plow is being employed, then the correct word is <klamoa>xihki:xtia</klamoa>. In Oapan the terms vary slightly. Here there are three words for weeding: <koa>tlama:te:ka</koa> decribes weeding with a digging stick, <koa>tlawíwitlá</koa> and <koa>tlamá:kwí</koa> refer to weeding with ones hands, and <koa>tlaxihki:xtia</koa> is a more generic term that does not imply any particular tool or process. Apprently the object of <kam>ma:te:ka</kam> can either be the plant (or type of plant) that is cleared of weeds or the field itself. 01885 ma:teki kima:teki ma:teki kima:teki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to cut the branches off of (a plant or tree) cortarle las ramas a (una planta oàrbol) Pending to cut the hand of cortarle la mano a Pending Ma:ka xki:tski! Mitsma:tekis! Am Don't grab it! It will cut your hand! ¡No lo agarres!¡Te va a cortar la mano! ma: teki Check for forms such as /ma:teteki/ and /ma:te:teki/. 01886 po:tsakilia kipo:tsakilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tepo:tsakilia</kam> class-2a to stuff or push into, filling an opening (generally affecting an animate [PO], often adversely, by stuffing its mouth, an open wound, etc., to an exagerrated extent) meter a presión o a fuerza, atestando un hueco (afectando generalmente un animado [OP], a menudo en forma adversa, al atestarle la boca, una herida abierta, etc., de manera exagerada) Am Timistepo:tsakili:s, xkwa! Am I'm going to stuff it into your mouth, eat it! Te lo voy a meter en la boca,¡Cómetelo! Xpo:tsakilia! Ma mikika:n un kwilimeh! Am Push it into it (in this case medicine or poison into an animal's wound or open sore)! Let's hope that the worms die (from the medicine or poison)! ¡Méteselo bien (en este caso un remedio o veneno a una llaga de un animal)!¡Esperemos que se mueran los gusanos (al ser matados por el veneno)! po:tsaki po:tsa ak <kam>Po:tsakilia</kam> is a ditransitive applicative of transitive <klam>po:tsakia</klam>. The primary object of <kam>po:tsakilia</kam> seems always to be the animate being (or perhaps material object) that has a part into which something is pushed. It appears that this part (e.g., a mouth, wound, etc.) is not overtly expressed but rather understood in context. Whether or not the actual opening can be expressed as a secondary object is not clear. The roots <kroot>po:tsa</kroot>and <kroot>po:ts</kroot>are probably related. The former is found with a preceding element in the word for 'to burp' (i.e., <klam>ilpo:tsa</klam> or <klam>elpo:tsa</klam>) and the latter is found in words whose basic meaning seems to refer to a state of being bloated or stuffed (e.g., Classical from Molina <kam>yacacuitlapopotz</kam> 'mocoso' as well as nominalizations such as azcaputzalli 'hormiguero.') po:tsakia verb_base Am 01887 pokia:ntsi:n pokia:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 a little, bitty bit a drink (i.e., alcohol) un poquitito de trago Am Xtikpia a:chitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n? Am Do you have a little bitty bit (particularly in reference to a drink)? ¿Tienes un poquitito (particularmente en referencia a un tragito>? The etymology of <kam>pokia:ntsi:n</kam> is uncertain. It might be a partial loan from Spanish <spn>poco</spn> combined with a <kam>-ya:n</kam> ending (such as that found in words such as <klam>no:wiá:n</klam>. <kam>Pokia:ntsi:n</kam> is particularly used to refer to a <spn>tragito</spn>, a small bit of drink, and is somewhat playful, often used in jest. Ask speakers what the derivation might be, and determine whether /pokia:ntsi:n/ can be possessed. The syntax of /Xtikpia achitsi:n pokia:ntsi:n?/ is unusual and should be checked. If /achitsi:n/ modifies /pokia:ntsi:n./ then the former should be an adjective and the latter a noun. Check if this is the case. 01888 kwe:tli de tlahikotektli kwe:tli de tlachikotektli
24/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 1(k) type of dress that has a horizontal seam in the middle joining the skirt to the blouse, and in which the skirt part is made of two or three pieces of cloth that are sewn together smoothly, with the seam inside and without pleats tipo de vestido que tiene una costura en medio donde su junta la falda a la blusa, y en que la falta se hace de dos o tres pedazos de tela que se cosen lisamente, con la costura para adentro y sin pliegues o tablitas Am kwe: chiko teki kwe:tli kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli tlaí:lakastéhtli confer Oa 01889 xo:chitla:wi:hli xo:chitla:wi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 candle used in a religious ceremony (particularly those used in church or during the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam>) vela utilizada en una ceremonia religiosa (particularmente las que se llevan a la iglesia o que se emplean durante la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' o <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam>) Am xo:chi tla:wi:l list of things connected with /tlakaka:walistli/, etc. 01890 ilpihlo *i:lpihlo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo; N-dvb-pas N2 cord used to tie the diaper of (sb [Poss]) cordón utilizado para atar el pañal de (algn [Pos]) Am Ok tikone:tsi:ntli, ok tikpia molpihlo. Am You're still a little child, you still have your diaper cord. Todavía eres un niño chiquito, todavía tienes un cordón para tu pañal. Xkonkwi ilpihlo! Am Go get the cord used to tie his diaper on! ¡Ve por el cordón que se usa para atar sus pañales! ilp ilpihlo; ilpikatl; ma:ilpikatl; tsi:nilpikatl, etc. Apparently the obligatorily possessed <kam>ilpihlo</kam> is used only to refer to a diaper cord, whereas <klam>ilpikatl</klam> is more general, and includes sashes and other similar objects. Oapan has <kloa>ma:ilpikatl</kloa>and Ameyaltepec <klam>tsi:nilpikatl</klam> , all apparently with similar meanings. Although the possessor of <kam>ilpihlo</kam> in the phrase <kam>ok tikpia molpihlo</kam> is the person wearing a diaper, it is possible that the <kn>-yo</kn> possessed suffix is used because the cord is part of a diaper (much as in the phrase <kam>i:kahlo mokal</kam> 'the roof of your house,' the <kn>-yo</kn> is used because the roof is part of the house). In this case the possessor of <kam>i:lpihlo</kam> would actually be the diaper, i.e., 'its cord,' and the construction <kam>molpihlo</kam> would be a metaphoric extension. Check the difference between /ilpikatl/ and /ilpihlo/, and possible other uses of each word. Apparently the first is simply a band of cloth, and the second more particularly that used to tie diapers. Check. Recheck the correctness of /-ilpihlo/. ilpikatl confer Am, Oa tsi:nilpikatl synonym Am ma:ilpikatl synonym Oa 01891 zzz This entry has been removed as a duplicate of 4777
09/Aug/2005
Check the p-a patther of the Oapan words originally elicited here and cf. to the words at 4777, which I had transcribed with a different p-a system even though the same word. 01892 tlakakapatsa tlakakapatsa tlakakapatsa tlakakapatsa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-3a(ts) to flap ones wings intensively (a chicken or other similar fowl) aletear fuertemente (una gallina u otro ave) Am Tlakakapatsa un piópa:mpa ye miktok. Am That chichen is flapping its wings hard because it is dying. Esa gallina estáaleteando fuerte porque ya estámuriendo. to stomp (e.g., a horse its hooves) pisotear (p. ej., un caballo con sus patas) Oa kapa: My original file card of Nahuatl to Spanish says 'vease nota con 'aletear.' This should be checked. Check full meaning in Oa and Am. tlakakapachilia val_add_applic Am kakapatsa minus_tla Am 01893 tlachinowa tlachinowa tláchinówa tlachinowa tláchinówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-tla class-2b yes-lex to set fire to brush in a a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting quemar campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar Pending O:pe:w tlachino:lo. Am People have started to clear the fields by burning. Se ha empezado a limpiar el campo al quemarlo. (fig.) to smoke together (fig.) fumar juntos Pending hchina There are several verbs in Nahuatl that have one form with specific (invariably 3rd-person) objects and another form, with an initial /h/ (on the surface or underlyingly), when the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> is used. Examples are {ki + mati} and {tla +hmati}, {ki + pia} and {tla + hpia}, and {ki + chinowa} and {tla + hchinowa}. Ask about the following: Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as a null complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated form: /nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an indefinite null complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may a lso be used with thereduplicated form, but here the /tla-/ is contextually specified. At least this is my interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a referent. For example (and this is based on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/; perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null complements. tlahchinowa? kichinowa? Reduplication; indefinite null complement: The case of /tlachinawi/ and /tlachinowa/ is interesting. It seems that the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ functions as a null complement with a culturally specified meaning: /tla-/ = 'field cleared and to be planted.' It is also interesting how the null complement interacts with reduplication. As a null complement the verb is not reduplicated. Note that a similar phenomenon occurs with /te:mowa/, although here the specific object seems to always occur with a reduplicated form: /nontlate:mo:s/ but /nikontete:mo:s nowa:kax/. With /chinowa/ the situation is different. In the sense of 'to burn a field' it occurs unreduplicated with either /tla-/ (as an indefinite null complement) or with /ki-/ as a specific object: /nontlachino:s/ and /nikonchi:no:s sakayoh/. When reduplicated it refers to the searing of specific material objects, e.g., /nikchichino:s noko:n/ 'I will sear (the bottom of) my pot.' Apparently /tla-/ may also be used with the redu plicated form, but herethe /tla-/ is contextually specified. At least this is my interpretation at present. Thus /nitlachichino:s/ can only be uttered when some aspect of context (e.g., previous discourse, etc.) establishes a referent. For example (and this is based on my understanding, it should be checked with a consultant), one can say /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa titlachichino:s/; perhaps the best translation would be 'I'll grab this pot and you'll do the searing' (cf. /newa nihki:tski:s in ko:ntli, tewa tikchichino:s/. This is perhaps a good example for the grammar of the difference between indefinite and definite null complements. chinowa minus_tla Am, Oa 01894 tlatlako:hli tlatlako:hli tlátlakó:hli tlátlakó:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 yes-lex sin pecado Pending Xmelá:k tlatlako:hli. Am It's not really a sin. No es un pecado de veras. fault culpa Pending Tikpia tlatlako:hli. Am You are to blame. Tienes la culpa. Holy Week Semana Santa Pending Yo:asik tlatlako:hli. Am Holy Week has arrived. Ya llegóSemana Santa. Ye tlatlapowtok umpa o:tlan tlatlako:hli. Am The saints are having their eyes uncovered, Holy Week has ended over there. Se están destapando los ojos de los santos, alláterminóla Semana Santa. htlak Make sure that /tlatlapowi/ or /tlatlapowa/ is in the dictionary; determine whether it should have a separate entry as a /xv1 form. 01895 mixtlatlama mixtlatlama mí:xtlamá mí:xtlama mí:xtlamá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-[tla-V2] V1-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-1 yes-rdp to fish with a net (as opposed to with line and hook) pescar con una red (y no con cuerda y anzuelo) Pending Mixtlatlamatinemi. Am He goes along fishing. Anda pescando. Wel mixtlatlama. Am He is good at fishing. Sabe pescar. mich ma hunting Check for the presence of {h} in the incorporated reduplication. Also check if the non-reduplicated form exists (and if the simple /tlama/ exists). Note that Karttunen has /tlahtlama/ with the preterite /o:tlahtlamah/. Check the final vowel length and the /h/ in the preterite (i.e. as in inflection paradigm of /tlakwa/). Check to see if this only refers to fishing with a net, or can be used for fishing with a hook or trap. Cf. /tlapilowa/ or /tlapipilowa/. tlapilowa confer Am, Oa pilowa; tlama confer Am, Oa 01896 mihka:tlatlaxistli mihka:tlatlaxistli mihka:tlatlaxistli mihka:tlatlaxistli
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-is Lex. rdp-s* Stem 1(s) whooping cough tosferina Am, Oa disease miki tlatlasi Phonology: note the palatalization here: tlatlasi>tlatlaxi+(i)stli. I am not sure that this occurs in other derivations. 01897 pionakatl pionakatl pio:nakatl pio:nakatl
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>pio</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 2 chicken meat carne de pollo Am, Oa Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl. Am I don't eat meat, not even chicken. No como carne, ni de pollo. food pio naka Check vowel length in both forms. Check possibility for possessed form, which I have already coded here. 01898 i:xtekiki:sa i:xtekiki:sa i:xté:kí:sa i:xtékikí:sa i:xté:kí:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-3a to open ones eyes wide in a blank stare; to open ones eyes wide in fright; to make a threatening, challenging (as if ready to fight), or angry gesture with ones eyes by intensely staring out abrir (o abrirsele a uno) bien los ojos en una mirada perdida; abrirse los ojos mucho en miedo o susto; hacer una cara como de amenanza (como para pelear) y enojo al clavar los ojos en una mirada fijada Pending I:xtekiki:sa, kwala:ni. Am He makes a threatening gesture with his eyes, he is mad. Hace una cara amenazante con sus ojos, estáenojado. Yo:i:xtekiki:s. Yo:mik. Am His eyes stayed open in a wide, blank stare. He is dead. Se le quedaron los ojos abiertos y vacíos. Ya se murió. (fig.) to become startled (fig.) asustarse; espantarse Oa Ikwá:k itláh mitsmóhti:s, ti:xté:kí:sas. Oa When something frightens you, you get startled. Cuando algo te espanta, te asustas. i:x te ki:sa At least in Oapan, <koa>i:xté:kí:sa</koa> may refer to an actual state of the eyes, or figuratively to fright and being startled. In Oapan (as in usual in such cases) the nonreduced reduplicated form <koa>i:xtékikí:sa</koa> is also correct. However, the reduced form <koa>i:xté:kí:sa</koa> is more common. Note that the potential reduplicated form * <kam>i:xteki:ki:sa</kam> is not acceptable, at least not in Ameyaltepec. Check for Am causative form. Determine how to treat roots like this: use /i:xte/ and have a note there, or have two levels with /i:x/ and /te/ on one level and /i:xte/ on the other. Determine difference between /i:xte:n/ and /i:xte/, which one is used in which combination. Make illustration i:xté:ki:sáltia val_add_caus Oa 01899 tlatlakowa tlatlakowa tlátlakówa tlatlakowa tlátlakówa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V1-b class-2b yes-lex to sin pecar Am, Oa Mlá:k o:nitlatlakoh, mlá:k miak yo:nikimimiktih pitsomeh iwa:n wa:kax. Am I have really sinned, I have killed a whole lot of pigs and cattle (said by a butcher who thought that it might be a sin to kill animals). He pecado de a de veras, he matado muchos marranos y reses (dicho por un carnicero que piensa que puede ser un pecado sacrificar a animales) htlaka itlakowa minus_tla Am ítlakówa minus_tla Oa 01900 koma:hli koma:hli koma:hli koma:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 round clay griddle used for cooking, often placed on three stones directly over a fire, although at times an adobe-like stove may be constructred, with the comal"built in"; a metal griddle in the shape of a <kam>comal</kam> comal (de cerámica y, ahora, también de metal) Pending (<kam>pia</kam> or <koa>piya</koa> ~ [possessed]) to have a pain in ones stomach or intestines (<kam>pia</kam> o <koa>piya</koa> ~ [poseído]) tener un dolor en el estómago o intestinos;"tener vaso" Pending Nikpia nokoma:l, ne:chkukwa niti. Am I have a stomach pain, my belly hurts me. Tengo mi vaso, me duele el estómago. tool disease koma:l A great number of consultants translated <kam>kipia i:koma:l</kam> as 'tiene su vaso.' kitchen Check meaning of /kipia ikoma:l/ in reference to illness. 01901 pepextli pepextli pépextlí pépextlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-wi Lex. rdp-s Stem 1(ch) yes-rdp (<kam>i:pepech</kam> or <koa>í:pepéch</koa> <kamoa>ko:ntli</kamoa>) grating placed on the bottom of pots to separate the food being steamed from the boiling water (in particular, this is used in cooking tamals) (<kam>i:pepech</kam> o <koa>í:pepéch</koa> <kamoa>ko:ntli</kamoa>) rejilla colocada al fondo de una olla para separar lo que se estácociendo al vapor del agua hirviendo (empleada particularmente en cocinar tamales) Pending tool-cook pech Undoubtedly the reduplicated stem of Oapan <koa>pépextlí</koa> would be reduced to lengthening on a previous light syllable if there were such a prefix. But the semantics of <koa>pépextlí</koa> make it so that the only prefix that has been documented in the long voweled 3rd-person possessive prefix <kn>i:-</kn>. Nevertheless, reduction of the reduplicant does occur on certain incorporated nouns with final light syllables: <kloa>saká:pextlí</kloa>and <kloa>té:pextlí</kloa>, among others. Make sure that Oapan cannot reduce. Check for all ways in which /pepextli/ can be used. Illustrate; see illustration on original file card. sakapepextli confer Am sakápextlí confer Oa 01902 zzz This was a duplicate entry for /tla:lakatetl/ and has been removed.
18/Jun/2002
 01903 to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli to:motlaxkaltsi:ntli to:motlaxkahli de un nososowa pan tla:hli tó:motlaxkáhli tó:motlaxkáhli no:chahwatl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex type of small cactus growing low to the ground of the family Cactacea and genus <l>Opuntia</l>, as yet unidentified with fruit that is sometimes eaten by children by mistake tipo de cactus pequeño que no crece muy alto, de la familia Cactaceae y género <l>Opuntia</l>, hasta ahora no identificado con fruta que a veces la comen niños por equivocación Pending plant cactus to:moh xka The identity of this cactus in Oapan and in Tetelcingo Nahuatl needs to be further examined given that for both dialects I have two names at this point. For Oapan there is <koa>tó:motlaxkáhli</koa> and <koa>nó:chmatlapáhli</koa> ; for Tetelcingo I have noted both <ktet>to:motlaxkahle</ktet>and <ktet>no:chahwatl</ktet>. This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for food. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. organi:toh equivalent Am nó:chmatlapáhli equivalent Oa 01904 yzzz po:n po:h po:n
22/Oct/2005
buey Baby N-bb ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns) buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos) Oa Mistewi:s po:h. Oa That ox is going to gore you. Te va a cornear el buey. baby buh synonym Am 01905 tla:lxina:chin tla:lxina:chin tla:lchina:chih tla:lchina:chin tla:lchina:chih
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of insect, apparently a species of termite, that forms large nests around the major branches of certain trees tipo de insecto, aparentemente una especie de termita, que construye nidos grandes sobre las ramas principales de algunosárboles Pending animal insect tla:l xina:ch The nest of this insect is called <klam>tla:lxina:chkahli</klam> ; if I remember correctly it is often built on the branches of the <klam>po:cho:tl</klam>. Oapan phonology: note x>ch/ l ___ /tla:lchina:chih/. There are other cases of this palatalization of fricatives. 01906 kwa:papayoti kwa:papayoti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti Lex. rdp-s class-3d(ti) to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses enloquecerse; perder los estribos Am kwa: pahpa Although <kam>kwa:papayoti</kam> is classified as a denominal verb, there is no direct evidence of the nominal form. Thus the classification is based on analogy with other similar derivations including the intransitive marker <kn>-tia</kn>. However, note that it is the semantic equivalent of <klam>papayowa</klam>. Thus, documented so far is the relationship of <klam>kwa:papayoh</klam> to <kam>kwa:papayo:ti</kam> and <klam>papayoh</klam> to <kam>papayowa</kam>. The first pair follows the pattern for adjectives and verbs derived from a nominal root, the second pairs follows the pattern for adjectives ending in <kn>-yoh</kn>, intransitive verbs ending in <kn>-yowa</kn>, and transitive verbs ending in <kn>-yo:tia</kn>. Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive form /-papayo:tia/? Note that I originally had /kwa:papayo:tia/ and changed to /kwa:papayotia/ based on comparative evidence. According to Chen Díaz this is not used, rather one finnds /kwa:papayowa/. Perhaps it should be deleted. papayowa equivalent Am pápáyotí equivalent Oa 01907 tilikichowa kitilikichowa tilikichowa kitilikichowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to sew (a material object) leaving a poorly joined seam (with a protruding ridge where the two sides of the seam are joined) coser (un objeto material) dejando una costura mal hecha (con una protuberancia donde se juntan los dos lados de la costura) Pending O:kitilikichoh mokoto:n. Am She left a poorly sewn seam on your shirt. Dejóuna costura mal hecha en tu camisa. tilikich Undoubtedly <kamoa>tilikichowa</kamoa> 01908 to:motsotsohli to:motsotsohli tó:motsotsóltik tó:motsotsóltik de kwa:ichkatetsi:n tó:motsotsóltik
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 3 yes-lex type of cactus with edible fruit, still not identified, in Spanish called <spn>pitaya</spn> tipo de cactus con fruta comestible hasta ahora no identificado, llamado pitaya Am, Oa plant cactus edible to:moh tsol Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of this cactus, a member of the Cactaceae family, as <spn>tuna pelona</spn>, as does Ramírez and Dakin (1979). For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. 01909 okwilxi:ni okwilxi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a to get worms agusanarse Am okwil xi: okwihlowa; okwilxi:ni Oapan has the cognate <kloa>kwikwilxi:ni</kloa>but this refers to worms falling off an infected animal, such as a dog as it enters a house, and not worms infesting an animal, as Ameyaltepec <kam>okwilxi:ni</kam> indicates. Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia. kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni confer Oa okwihlowa synonym Am 01910 kwa:na:miki kikwa:na:miki kwa:na:miki kikwa:na:miki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) (for an idea [S]) to sit well with (a person [O]) parecerle bien (una idea [S]) a (una persona [O]) Pending Nikwelkaki ke:n tikitowa, ne:chkwa:na:miki. Am I like the sound of what you are saying, it sits well with me. Me gusta lo que dices, me parece bien. (refl. + <kn>-wa:n</kn>) to get along with (refl. + <kn>-wa:n</kn>) llevarse bien con Oa Xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki Juan. Oa Juan does not get along with him. Juan no se lleva bien con. (recipr.) to have ones heads resting against each other (recipr.) estar con las cabezas cargadas una contra la otra Pending Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli. Am They've even got so that their heads are resting one against the other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground. Hasta sus cabezas están descansando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo. kwa: na:miki In Oapan this word can mean 'to appear to be a good idea to,' 'to fit the head of' or in a phrase like <koa>xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki</koa> 'to not get along with.' It is also used to refer to what happens when two people are working together and do not see eye to eye, do not get along or feel comfortable with each other. Check etymoloyg of /na:miki/ as possibly divisible into /na:/ and /miki/. Cf. other words with /na:C/. 01911 pala:naltia kipala:naltia pala:naltia kipala:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) class-2a to rot; to cause to rot (e.g., water that gets into wood) pudrir; hacer pudrir (p. ej., agua que le entra a madera) Pending O:kipala:naltih a:tl. Am The water rotted it. El agua lo hizo pudrir. to let (through carelessness) spoil or rot (particularly edible things but not prepared food itself) dejar (por descuido) que se eche a perder, que se pudra (particularmente cosas comestibles pero no comida preparada) Pending O:titlapapala:naltih. Am You let things rot. Dejaste algunas cosas pudrir. pala: Distinguish /pala:ni/, etc. from /itlaka:wi/ or /itlakowa/. Causative: The ways in which the causative can indicate either fairly direct causality or a more mediated process captured by the English auxiliary 'let' is indicated by /pala:naltia/ and two example sentences above: /O:kipala:naltih a:tl/ 'The water rotted it.' and /O:titlapapala:naltih/ 'You let things rot.' In the first sentence the water is the direct causal agent of the process. This is the prototypical causative construction: Inchoative: 'the wood rots'; Causative 'water MAKES the wood rot'. In the second phrase the subject is not the causal agent but, in effect, the accomplice, the entity that allows something to take place by not intervening (e.g., to dry sth, in this case). Givón and others have talked about"let"and causatives.This verb can be perhaps used as an example. pala:ni verb_base Am, Oa 01912 kwitlatia kwitlatia kwitlatia kwitlatia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 class 4c V1-d-tia class-2a to become rotten or putrid; to decay pudrirse; echarse a perder Pending kwitla The verb <kamoa>kwitlatia</kamoa> can be used to refer to watermelon or cantaloupe that starts to rot on the inside, becoming soft and black. It can also be used to refer to a wound that putrifies, becoming soft and somewhat fuzzy and black. In general it refers to the black rottenness that affects fruit, vegetables, and other organic substances. kwitlati equivalent Am, Oa 01913 mexkahli mexkahli mexkahli mexkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 generic name for the agave plant nombre genérico para el maguey Pending plant aga mexkal mexkahli Etymology might contain {ksi}, cf. /tlaxkahli/, and the root /me/. In my original card under /mexkahli/ I have a note which states that the vowel length as follows: /kaxti:hla:n mexkahli/ is definitely correct. Nevertheless, I think it best to rechecked all vowel lengths. And, each type of maguey, of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. To date, the following types of <kam>mexkahli</kam> have been noted: <kam>sakamexkahli, mexkaltompestsi:n, mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, kaxti:hla:n mexkahli,</kam> and <kam>mexkahli de kukuhtitla:ntsi:n.</kam>. Each of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions this as <spn>maguey</spn>, of the family <i>Amaryllidaceae</i>and scientific name <i>Agave sp</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not list magueyes. Schoenhals (1988) lists maguey, maguey manso, and maguey pulquero. Re: the first two, of the maguey she mentions:"(<i>Agave</i>spp. e.g., <i>A. atrovirens</i>'century plant,' 'maguey,' 'pulque maguey'. Mezcal and pulque are the intoxicating drinks from the maguey. In the north, the plant is also called mezcal. Also called maguey manso."Note that it would appear that the plants whose name starts with <kam>mexkal</kam> are agave plants; the plants discussed by Bravo (1932), see entry under <klam>tlapextli</klam> are cactuses. 01914 asitok asitok ásitók asitok ásitók
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative yes-lex to be complete or whole ser completo o entero Pending Xasitok ite:n. Am His lip isn't complete (said of sb with a harelip). Su labio no estáentero (dicho de algn con labio leporino) ahsi <kam>Asitok</kam> may also have a progressive sense, often preceded by the adverbial particle <klam>ye</klam> , as in <kam>ye tasitokeh</kam> 'we are (already) arriving there.' 01915 tekilia kitekilia tekilia kitekilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to cut for cortar para Pending Xmotekili tlako:tl para ika titlape:wi:s! Am Cut yourself a switch with which to drive animals along! ¡Córtate una varita para que con ella puedes arrear! (often with long vowel reduplication) to plow for (i.e., to"cut"furrows for) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) arar para (esto es,"cortar"surcos para) Pending Xmotekili ok ke:ch surkos, tiktekis! Am Plow a few more furrows for yourself, you will plow them! ¡Hazte unos poquitos surcos más, los vas a arar! teki teki teki verb_base Am, Oa 01916 tlatska:kwepa kitlatska:kwepa tlatska:kopa kitlatska:kopa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b class-3a to accuse of being lazy; to make out to be lazy (see <kloa>tlatska:te:ne:wa</kloa>) acusar de ser flojo (véase <kloa>tlatska:te:ne:wa</kloa>) Am O:ne:chtlatska:kwep. Am He accused me of being lazy. Me acusóde ser flojo. to turn over (e.g., a tortilla) disdainfully (angrily, without 'ganas') voltear (p. ej., una tortilla) de mala gana Oa tlats kwep 01917 sampú:n sampú:n sampaon sampaon
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-pl just right there (not any further; in sight of speaker) solamente allímismo (y no más lejos; dentro del alcance visual del hablante) Pending san on -pa ompún; sampún Apparently <kam>sampún</kam> is a contraction of <kam>san</kam> and <klam>ompún</klam>. Check vowel length of final /u/. Perhaps /sampú:n/. Note that this word is repeated at #3214. When you get to 3214 the 4 tokens there need to be given instead #01917, with letters"c","d"... etc. as needed. 01918 ma:se:ka:nowa kima:se:ka:nowa ma:se:ka:na kima:se:ka:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2b to sling over ones shoulders (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder) colgar por el hombro (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro) Pending ma:se:ka:titlan ma: se:; -ka:n At first I had this defined as to sling across ones chest. Apparently some people use this word in this sense, but many consultants have corrected the definition to indicate something that crosses in front of ones chest. Check that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is equivalent to /se:ka:no:ltia/. Check vowel length, since I might have been influenced here by by understanding of the etymology. Check and change for /ma:se:ka:nowa/, /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/, /se:ka:nowa/, and /se:ka:no:ltia/, Apparently /ma:se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc. ma:se:ka:no:ltia val_add_caus Am ma:se:ka:naltia val_add_caus Oa se:ka:nowa synonym Am 01919 tlatopo:nia tlatopo:nia tlatopo:nia tlatopo:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to set off fireworks echar o quemar cohetes Pending topo topo:nia minus_tla Am, Oa 01920 nana:mik i:nana:mik
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Lex. rdp-s N1 helper (in reference to one who helps by performing the same repeated task as the principal worker, helping again and again to complete each repetition, such as weeding rows in a cornfield) ayudante (generalmente en referencia a una persona que le ayuda a otra en una tarea que implica la repetición continua de una misma tarea, como limpiar los surcos en una milpa) Am Kipia inana:mik. Am He has his helper. Tiene su ayudante. na:miki In general <kam>nana:mik</kam> is used to refer to a child helper, who goes with an adult (often his father) and helps by starting at the other end of a chore (such as weeding a row of plants) and repeatedly comes to meet the principal worker. Oapan has the verbal form, e.g., <koa>mí:sna:míki</koa> but not the nominalization. I have never heard /-na:miki/ used in a nonpossessed form, though its possibility should be check. In general this word refers to someone, usually a child, who helps another in a task, particularly work in the"surcos,"coming to help someone so that he does not lag behind the rest, who are faster. Cf. entry under /na:miki/. 01921 welis welis welis welis
22/Oct/2005
Modal Modal perhaps; it is possible that; maybe (modal indicating possibility of a action or event taking place) quizá; es posible que (palabra modal indicando la posibilidad que una acción o evento acontecerá) Pending Welis timitspale:wi:s. Am It is possible that I will help you. Quizáte voy a ayudar. Mo:stla welis nia:s. Am Tomorrow I might go. Quizávoy a ir mañana. No: welis ihkón nikito:skia. Am DT #1:120 It also possible that I might have said it like that. También es posible que yo lo hubiera dicho así. wel 01922 tlawe:hli tlawe:hli tlawe:hli tlawe:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 bad temper; hot headedness; quick temperedness mal genio Pending Ma ki:sa itlawel! Am Let his bad temper go away! ¡Quése le quite su mal genio! (<kam>kipia</kam> ~) to be in a bad mood; to be angry (<kam>kipia</kam> ~) estar de mal humor; estar enojado; estar de mal genio Pending Nochipa nankipian tlawe:hli, xkaman nanpa:ktokeh. Am You all are always in a bad mood, you are never happy. Ustedes siempre están de mal humor, nunca están felices. (<kam>-asi</kam> ~) to get affected by colic (a young baby [O]) (<kam>-asi</kam> ~) tener cólico (un bebé[O]) Pending Yo:kasik tlawe:hli, san nokwala:nitokeh itah iwa:n ina:n. Am He's become colic, his mother and his father are always getting mad at each other. Tiene cólico, su mamáy su papásiempre se enojan uno con el otro. tlawe:l tlawe:lxiw confer Am, Oa 01923 -tiwetsi cho:katiwetsi -tiwitsi -tiwetsi cho:katiwitsi
11/Feb/2006
Associated motion ending aspectual class-3a(ts) to do [verb] hurriedly to do [verbo] de prisa Am, Oa Xtlakwatiwetsi! Ye tiaweh! Am Eat quickly! We're on our way! ¡Come rápido!¡Ya nos vamos! San tepitsi:n, xne:xchixtiwetsi! Am Just a moment, just hold up (wait) for me for a second! ¡Un momento, aguántame (espérame) un poquito más! wetsi The aspectual marker <kam>-tiwetsi</kam> may combine with all directional markers. In Oapan the middle vowel of <koa>-tiwitis</koa> seems to vary slightly between /i/ and /e/, with the former much more common. Verbal forms with <koa>-tiwitsi</koa> (Oa) / <kam>-tiwetsi</kam> (Am) are often used as a sort of mitigated imperative. Thus a host might well say <koa>xtlákwatiwítsi</koa> which is more equivalent to the Spanish 'llégale a la comida' or something equivalent, rather than 'come rápido!' 01924 pu:n pu:n pao:n pon po paon, pao o:nkah
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-loc yes right there (in reference to a place visible to speaker) allímismo (en referencia a un lugar visible para el hablante) Pending Ma:ka timoteketsas pu:n itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis. Am Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off. No te vayas a parar allípor la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar. Pon tiá:s, pu:n tlanakastlan. Am You will go over that way, there around the side of the hill. Para alláte vas, allápor el lado del cerrito. pa o:n ne:, na:n, nika:n, ne:yhka, umpa, etc. <koa>Paon</koa> seems to refer to a location that is within the sight of the speaker. It is used in a slightly different way than <kloa>pa</kloa>. The latter is used to refer to a place already mentioned in discourse and is followed usually by a verb. <koa>Paon</koa> seems to be used for places that are in sight of a speaker, <koa>ne:</koa> for places out of sight. Thus if Jorge is in his house, out of sight, <koa>ne: nemi Jorge, i:cha:n</koa>. Some consultants would accept <koa>pa nemi i:cha:n</koa>, others did not. However, it seems that <koa>paon</koa> is only used for places in sight of the speaker. The Oapan sequence <koa>páo:n</koa> is always stressed (high pitch) on the first syllable, even within the phrase <koa>páo: o:nkah</koa> ; <koa>o:nkah</koa> receives phrasal intonation (stress/pitch). The absence of the final nasal of <koa>páo:n</koa> in <koa>páo: o:nkah</koa> is through a general rule in Oapan Nahuatl that often eliminates word-final nasals before vowel-initial following words. Note also that it appears that <koa>o:nkah</koa> also has a long vowel. Note the use of /tla:mo/ in the above phrase. I have generally heard this word used in a dependent clause after a positive injunction: /xne:chtlane:wti tomin, tla:mo xkaman timitsmakas/. Here note, however, that /tla:mo/ is used after a negative. This should be checked. There are two more tokens each, female and male, at entry 4228, that should be tagged as 1924 and two should be linked to the second pronunciation above /pao: onkah/. ompú::n confer Am 01925 ichpo:xtsi:ntli ichpo:xtsi:ntli ichpo:xtsi:ntli ichpo:xtsi:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-tsi:n Stem 1(ch) very young girl or maiden, between some 8 and 13 years of age muy joven muchacha o niña entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad Pending age te:lpokatsi:n chpo:ch ichpo:xtli Check difference between /ichpo:tsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Note that the original Ameyaltepec entry had /ichpo:tsi:h/. FM rejected this and gave /ichopo:xtsi:h/, the diminutive of /ichpo:xtli/. ichpokatsi:n synonym Am ichpakatsi:n synonym Oa 01926 xte:h tikpale:wi:s xte:h?
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj no then? isn't it true? ¿no pues?¿no es cierto? Am O:mitspale:wi:ki, xte:h? Am He came to help you, isn't it true? Te vino a ayudar,¿no es cierto? teh The use of <kam>xte:h</kam> , i.e., the negative form of <kam>teh</kam> , is considered by Oapanecos as marking speech from Ameyaltepec. That is, while <kamoa>te:h</kamoa> is common to both dialects, the negative form is not used in Oapan. Indeed, one evening some friends from Ameyaltepec and Oapan were discussing whether my speech was more like Ameyaltepec or Oapan, and those from Ameyaltepec repeatedly mentioned my use of <kam>xte:h</kam> as proof that I spoke as an Ameyaltepequeño. te:h confer Am te:n confer Oa xmelák confer Oa 01927 mi:mih mi:mih mi:mih mi:mih
11/Feb/2006
Baby N-bb meat carne Pending body (of a young girl, used by young boys) cuerpo (de una muchacha, dicho por jovenes) Pending Kwaltsi:n mi:mih! Am She has a nice body! ¡Québonito cuerpo! baby mi The etymology of this word is uncertain. It follows the usual pattern for baby talk of a reduplicated heavy syllable with long vowel, and final /h/. The word is used in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec. Occasionally it may be used figuratively by men to indicate"flesh,"i.e., sex (as in <koa>tihneki mi:mih</koa> 'You want sex). Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 01928 a:wilmati ka:wilmati á:wilmáti á:wilmati ká:wilmáti
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> yes-rdp to treat like a joke or to not take seriously tomar como broma o no tomar en serio Pending Ka:wilmati. Kinemilia kichi:was, wa:n xmilá:k. Sahkó:n noka:wtia:s. Am He treats it like a joke, He thinks about doing it and it isn't true. It just gets left like that (e.g., the task that was going to get done). No lo toma en serio. piensa hacerlo, pero no es cierto. Asíse va dejando (p. ej., la tarea que iba a hacer). a:wil mati Oapan Nahuatl often shows reduplication on the first syllable of the root <kroot>a:wil</kroot>; see <kloa>á:wihlí</kloa> The length of the first /a/ still needs to be determined. The reason for the high pitch in ON is not clear. 01929 se:boti se:boti xé:potí xe:poti xé:potí
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>sebo</spn> No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) yes to congeal (fat, lard, or grease) cuajar (el sebo o grasa) Pending Yo:pe:w se:boti un ka:ldoh, ye sese:xtok, xtoto:ni! Am The lard in that soup stock has started to congeal, it is cooling off, heat it up! La grasa en ese caldo ya empezóa cuajar, ya se estáenfriando,¡caliéntalo! Originally (first recording pass) Oapan entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of all the sessions. Check vowel length. Originally Oapan (first recording pass) entry had /sé:botí/ since changed. This should be rerecorded. Note that it was and is apparently at the end of all the sessions. Note that there are 4 additional tokens of this verb at 7177. These should be tagged as 1929 and the linked files should be chosen from the tokens originally at 7177 since the quality is better. se:botia equivalent Am, Oa se:botia equivalent Am xé:potiá equivalent Oa 01930 tili:ni tili:ni tili:ni tili:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl/+Caus class-3a to become tight or taught (a bag or sack from being stuffed, a knot from being pulled hard, a rope tightly wound, a post as earth is packed around it, clothes that are too small, a screw completely inserted, etc.); to become tightly packed in (e.g., earth that is pounded down) quedar apretado o muy ajustado (un costal o bolsa al atestarse, un nudo al jalarse fuertemente, una soga al torcerse mucho, un poste al macizar la tierra a su alrededor, ropa que queda chica, un tornillo al meterse por completo, etc.); quedar macizo (p. ej., tierra que se golpea) Pending Xtepi:tso in tla:hli!. Ma tili:ni, kaxa:ntok. Am Make this ground hard (e.g., by pounding on it)! It should get tightly packed, it's loose (right now). ¡Haz que esta tierra se quede maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)!¡Quése macice, estáalgo suelto (ahora)! Xtepo:tskalakti, ma tili:ni! Am Stuff them in (e.g., corn husks into a sack) so that it (the sack) gets stuffed tight! Mételos (p. ej., el <klam>to:tomoxtli</klam> en un costal) para que se apriete (el costal)! to become swollen (in reference to the tightness of skin around an infection or swollen area) hincharse (en referencia a lo apretado que queda la piel alrededor de una infección o inflamación) Pending O:pe:w tili:ni ka:n o:mitskwah chi:lpa:n. Am It's started to get swollen where the wasp bit you. Se empezóa hinchar donde te picóuna avispa. tili: 01931 tekomoltik tekomoltik tekomoltik tekomoltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik see <klamoa>komoltik</klamoa> véase <klamoa>komoltik</klamoa> Pending komol 01932 kochi:lia kikochi:lia kochi:lia kikochi:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to accompany during the night, sleeping nearby (but remaining alert for any problem) acompañar en la noche, al dormir cerca (pero manteniéndose pendiente de cualquier problema) Pending Yo:nekok. Nika:n nikochis, timitskochi:li:s. Ma:ka timomowis! Am I've arrived. I will sleep here, I will accompany you during the night. Don't be afraid! Ya llegué. Voy a dormir aquí, te voy a acompañar durante la noche.¡No tengas miedo! kochi <kam>Kochi:lia</kam> refers often to the action of spending the night at someones side, someone who is sick or perhaps in some other way incapacited, so that in case of an emergency he or she is accompanied. In Oapan this is used to refer to accompanying somebody during the night but not sleeping, even though the other person might. Applicative; comitative: Apparently this is an example of a comitative use of the applicative. Cf. Peterson's discussion of applicatives. He mentions a comitative applicative in Haka Lai. It is unclear how common this is in Nahuatl, but it does add to the typology: beneficiary, maleficiary, comitative, It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long /i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked. 01933 te:nkwepo:nia kite:nkwepo:nia te:nkopo:nia kite:nkopo:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to fold back the edge or lip of; to turn the edge or lip of inside out doblar la orilla o labio de; invertir la orilla o labio de Pending Xte:nkwepo:ni para wel tikonxi:ni:skeh tli:n otko:wkeh! Am Turn the edge of it inside out (a sack or bag) so that we can throw what we bought into it! ¡Dóblale la orilla (de un costal o bolsa) para que le podamos echar lo que compramos! te:n kwepo: Check for intransitive. 01934 zzz I originally this /ka:milowa/, but this appears to be in error.
11/Feb/2006
In Oapan the transitive form is not used, see <kloa>ka:miliwi</kloa>. Originally I had this definition: 'to cause to turn purple (e.g, sb's skin through blows or punches); to cause welts to form on the body of', Thus /O:tine:chka:miloh, o:tine:chwi:tek./ 'You bruised me, you whipped me.' Also, another sense: /to cause to darken (e.g., stones with smoke, or ceramics by a poor firing)/. However, neither was accepted by C. Flores, F. Marcelino, etc. 01935 iska:n iska:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm see <klam>xiska:n</klam> or <kloa>xíská:n</kloa> véase <klam>xiska:n</klam> o <kloa>xíská:n</kloa> Pending This word is only found in the negative. Check vl and p-a in Oapan /xí:ská:n 01936 pa:chaka:ti pa:chaka:ti pa:chika:ti pa:chika:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to shrivel and dry up (particularly objects that had been full and often somewhat meaty; fruits that lose their juices, particularly those are formed within pods or similar objects, limbs that shrivel and wither after an accident, an eye that seems to dry up inside its socket) marchitarse y secarse (particularmente objetos que estaban llenos y algo carnosos; fruta que pierde su jugo, especialmente las que se forman dentro de una vaina, un ojo que se seca dentro de la cuenca del ojo, una extremedad del cuerpo que se seca y se muere dejando solamente el hueso) Pending Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh. Am Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall. Se va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo. O:pa:chaka:t i:xtew. Am His eye shriveled up and died (e.g., from a blow, blood stopped circulating and the eye died). Se secósu ojo (e.g., a causa de un golpe se dejóde circular sangre y se murióel ojo). Wel pa:chaka:tiitla:kihlo komo:chitl. Am The fruit of a <kam>guamúchil</kam> tree can remain puny and poorly developed in the pod (and for this reason inedible). La fruta del guamúchil se puede quedar vano (sin formarse o mal formada dentro de la vaina, y por eso no comestible). pa:chaka:tl pa:chaka: me:tsikwalo:; pa:chaka:ti In regards to an eye, <kam>pa:chaka:ti</kam> refers to the eye itself disappearing and drying up, causing blindness. In regards to a fruit (such as that of the <kam>guamúchil</kam>) the reference is usually to a seed or some bean that is poorly formed inside the pod, that is small, dry, and inedible. Create a single entry/discussion under the root /pa:chaka:/ or /pa:chika:/. The root here might well best be analyzed as /pa:chi/ or /pa:chika:/. Check and compare. 01937 wetskiswa:xin wetskiswa:xin wetskiswa:xin Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 4 type of guaje as yet unidentified with fruit that is edible though not often eaten tipo de guaje hasta ahora no identificado cuya fruta es comestible aunque generalmente no se come Am Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikuwyo, xtlah para. Am The <kam>wetskiswa:xin</kam> , it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (i.e., its fruit) is edible. It's trunk (and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything. El <kam>wetskiswa:xin</kam> , rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su tronco es muy delgado, no sirve para nada. tree that bears fruit of this name; also called <klam>wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli</klam> árbol que da fruto de este mismo nombre; también llamado <klam>wetskiswa:xkuhtsi:ntli</klam> Am plant kohtli (pending) wetskits wa:x According to one consultant, if one eats the fruit of the <kam>wetskiswa:xin</kam> one will just be laughing, <kam>san tiwetskas</kam>. Apparently the name derives from the fact that although this <spn>guaje</spn> is edible, its fruit is very small. Note that this tree was photographed and assigned a number (318), but apparently not collected. Check etymology of this name and any possible attributes of the tree that it might signal. Note that on one file card I had recorded /wetskitswa:xin/. Check whether this should be /wetskiswa:xin/ or /wetskitswa:xin/. 01938 mahki mahki mahki mahki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki see <klam>i:xmahki</klam> véase <klam>i:xmahki</klam> Pending mawi According to Florencia Marcelino of Oapan, <koa>mahki</koa> is used to refer animals that are wild and run away (e.g., zebras). <koa>I:xmahki</koa> refers to an animal that is easily scared, such as certain burros. There is also <koa>ma: hki</koa> (also written <koa>ma:hki</koa>) which is a negative imperative '¡Quéno lo hagas!' Make sure that /ma:hki/ is the same as /i:xmahki/. Note that even though here I have notes that FM made a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/, for the latter there is no Oapan entry, only one from Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked. Check lenght of /mahki/ and /ma:hki/. Make sure second has a long /a:/. 01939 yzzz iswaabi:yah iswaabi:yah
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>avío</spn> N N-loan N1 a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the <spn>zacateo</spn>(<klam>iswate:kilistli</klam>) and that is later tied = together with palm to be stored for fodder. manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje Oa swa After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a <spn>manojo</spn>, or bundle. Usually one <kam>abi:yah</kam> is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two <kam>abi:yas</kam>. Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una <kam>abi:yah</kam> se ata en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos <kam>abi:yas</kam> se juntan en un manojo. Illustrate abi:yah synonym Am 01940 piotetl piotetl piotetl piotetl
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>pio</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 2 chicken egg (from a range chicken) huevo de una gallina (de rancho) Pending edible te Check to make sure that a possessed form in acceptable. 01941 kukuwilia kikukuwilia kókowília kokowilia kí:kowília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:kowília</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to chop wood for leñar para Pending Xne:chkukuwili:ti! Am Go chop wood for me! ¡Ve a cortar leña para mi! kow Benefactive; applicative: Note that this is an"applicative"of an intransitive that has a benefactive meaning. Cf. Shibatani's article. kokowi verb_base Am kókowí verb_base Oa 01942 ma:tli ma:tli ma:tli ma:tli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(:) hand mano Am, Oa arm brazo Am, Oa blow with the hand or fist golpe con la mano Pending Timistlakwalti:s ika ma:tli. Am I'm going to give you a slap in the face (said, e.g., by a parent to a disobedient child). Te voy a dar de comer con mi mano (dicho, p. ej., por un padre o madre a un hijo desobediente). O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. Am You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocóun golpe con la mano. forelegs (of most four-footed animals) patas delanteras (de la mayoría de animales con cuatro patas) Pending legs (of certain insects; e.g., centipedes) patas (de ciertos insectos, p. ej., el cienpiés) Pending ima:tsitsi:wan petlasolkowatl Am legs of a centipede de un cienpies branches (of a tree) ramos; ramitas (de unárbol) Pending Miák kipia ima:wa:n un kuwtsi:ntli. Am That small tree (or bush-like tree) has a lot of branches. Ese arbolito (o arbusto) tiene muchas ramas. Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian kuwburri:toh Am A small piece of wood that has three branches, they call it a <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam>. Un trozo de madera que tiene tres ramitas, le dicen <kam>kuwburri:toh</kam> / knots (in a piece of wood) nudos (en un pedazo de madera) Pending Kipia ima:wa:n un tlikuwtli. Am That piece of firewood has knots (i.e., places where smaller branches used to join the main branch). Ese pedazo de leña tiene nudos (esto es, donde las ramas menores se juntaban con otras ramas más grandes). Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n. Am That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a lot of knots. Ese palo de madera estánudoso, tiene muchos nudos. unit of measure from the end of one extended arm to the other brazada, una unidad de medir que va del punto extendido de un brazo al otro Pending O:nkow de san se: ma:tli. Am I bought it (e.g., a piece of cloth) that just measures the distance from one extended arm to the other. Lo compré(p. ej., un pedazo de tela) que mide solamente una brazada. (poss.) part of an apron that goes over ones shoulders and is joined in the front and back to <koa>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</koa> (pos.) parte de un delantar que va sobre los hombros y se cose enfrente y atrás a <koa>i:mekayo yóya nosa:lowa</koa> Oa (<kam>i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój</kam>) the hands of a watch (<kam>i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój</kam>) las manecillas del reloj Pending (<kam>te:ma</kam>) follower; one who tags along; one who just goes along with or accompanies others; bit player (<kam>te:ma</kam>) uno que solamente acompaña o sigue a otros; elemento menor Pending San te:ma: katka. Am He just accompanied the others. Solamente acompañaba a los demás. (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~ [possessed]) passed from, or passed down from, the hands of (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~ [poseído]) entregado, o heredado, de las manos de Pending I:pan moma: ma wa:le:wa! Am Let it come from you (i.e., from your hands, in this case in reference to a drink being passed around)! ¡Quévenga de tu mano (esto es, de tus manos, en este caso en referencia a una bebida compartida entre varios)! (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~ [possessed]) during the term of office or period of rule of (<kam>i:pan</kam> ~ [poseído]) durante el periodo de Pending I:pan ima: Juan de la Rosa, o:nochi:w. Am It occurred during the time that Juan de la Rosa was 'comisario.' Aconteciódurante el tiempo que Juan de la Rosa fue comisario. body measure ma: The composition <kam>te:ma</kam> can refer to someone in a dance, such as <kam>Kone:jos</kam> who is not the principle character but simply formed part of the line of the line dance. Note that in regard to four-footed animals <kamoa>ma:tli</kamoa> is used to refer to the front legs only; for certain small animals and bugs <kamoa>ma:tli</kamoa> refers to what in English are called the animal's legs. Check for vowel length in termination /-tsitsiwan/. Also check for final /h/ in /kuhburri:toh/, e.g. the instrument that is used to hold the /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/. Check /i:ma:tsitsi:wa:n/ in regard to centipedes. ma:xiw confer Am 01943 tlakoko:hloh tlakoko:hloh tlakoko:hloh tlakoko:hloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to have a wound or wound tener una herida o heridas Pending Nitlakoko:hloh, xwel nitekiti. Am I have wounds, I can't work. Tengo heridas, no puedo trabajar. kowa Note that this entry was taken from an original file card with vowel length not marked. Thus the final long /o:/, which is expected and reported for Xalitla, should be checked. The Oapan variant should also be checked; I believe it is long as indicated. 01944 i:xwi:teki ki:xwi:teki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand) despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta) Am Xki:xwi:teki para ipan timotla:li:s! Am Dust its surface off (by striking it with sth) so that you can sit on it! ¡Quítale el polvo de encima (al azotarla) para que te puedas sentar! contact i:x wi:teki Discuss the possibility of /wi:teki/ and other words with /wi:/ as possibly having sth in common; also the presence of /teki/ here: crossreference to /teki/. í:xtsetselówa synonym Oa 01945 sotla:wi sotla:wi sotla:wi sotla:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to faint desmayarse Pending I:xtetletlekowa. O:sotla:w. Am His eyes have rolled up and back in his head. He fainted. Sus ojos fueron para atrás. Se desmayó. Xtekontetso:tsona mopio:tsi:n ika wekahli, o:sotla:w! Am Hold a gourd over your chick and tap on it lightly, it fainted! ¡Acércale una jícara a tu pollito y darle golpecitos, se desmayó! sotla: The transitive alternation is to <klam>sotla:wia</klam> in Ameyaltepec and to <kloa>sotla:wa</kloa>in Oapan. Note that in Oapan the transitive is <kloa>sotla:wa</kloa>. Recheck as originally I had /sotla:wa/ for the Ameyaltepec headword; also check the transitive since the Oapan /sotla:wa/ is certain. 01946 chaltlatowa chaltlatowa cháltlatówa chaltlatowa cháltlatówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-[tla-V2] V2-b class-2b yes-lex to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) Pending Chaltlatowa mopla:toh; sio:tonki. Am Your plate makes a hollow ringing sound; it is fissured. Tu plato hace un sonido hueco; estároto. sound-material chala: hto page on sounds; in general pages on all semantic fields Apparently <kam>chaltlatowa</kam> is the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <klam>chaktlatowa</klam> , which has not been documented in Oapan. Check correctness of this term. Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by <kam>chaktlatowa</kam> as <kam>nokomo:nilia</kam> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. chaktlatowa synonym Am 01947 metohlowa metohlowa metohlowa metohlowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Adj; ~Trans class-4a to get covered with worms (maggots?) cubrirse de gusanos Pending Metolimeh, ke:n kwilintsitsi:nteh pero totomiokeh. Unkah ipan nakatl deke o:tikiye:w ika kostá:l. Niman metohlowa. Ipan ke:soh, no: metohlowa. Am <kam>Metolimeh</kam> are like little worms, but they are fuzzy. They are found on meat if you stored it in a sack. It quickly gets covered with worms. The surface of cheese also can get covered with such worms. Los <kam>metolimeh</kam> son como gusanitos, pero peludos. Se hallan sobre la carne si la guardas en un costál. Luego luego se cubre de gusanos. La superficie del queso también se puede cubrir de tales gusanos. metol In my original notes for this sentence I recorded /metolowa/; this is undoubtedly an error and I have changed to /metohlowa/. Nevertheless, the correct pronunciation should be checked with a native speaker and corrected throughout, if necessary. Determine the Spanish name for these. RS has for /metolloa/ 'apoillarse, hablando de vestidos'; thus check as to whether the metolin do appear on clothes. Note that I have no adjectival or transitive forms; check. Check for /hl/ sequence. 01948 zzz This was a duplicate entry for /xa:yakatsotsoneh/ and has been removed.
30/Jul/2005
 01949 kuwtekomatl kuwtekomatl kohtekomatl kohtekomatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 tree of the trumpet-creeper family, named <l>Cresentia alata</l> árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae, llamado <l>Cresentia alata</l> Pending Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k nopale:wia suwa:tl, koni kuwtekomatl itla:kihlo. Ma poso:ni itik a:tl. Kipale:wi:s suwa:tl deke koni. Am Pánfilo Lorenzo <kam>Kuhtekomatl</kam> : When a woman is giving birth, she drinks the fruit of the calabash tree. It should be boiled in water. It will help the woman if she drinks it. <kam>Kuhtekomatl</kam> : Cuando una mujer estápor dar a luz, bebe la fruta del cuatecomate. Se debe hervir en agua. Va a ayudar a la mujer si se la bebe. Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k tikpia go:lpeh, tla: o:mitswi:sohkeh noso san tewa o:tiwets, wa:n o:mitsaxi:lih itlah tli:no:n, wel tikoni:s kohtekomatl para ma se:wi, para ma tipati. Tihki:xtili:s de tlaitik itla:kihlo, kipia tli:ltik itik wa:n tihki:xti:s. Itik a:toto:nihli tiktla:li:s, ihkón tikoni:s wa:n tipatis. Xok tikpias go:lpeh, xok mitskoko:s. Am Cristino Flores <kam>Kuwtekomatl</kam> : When you have a bruise, or you got beaten up, o perhaps you just fell by yourself and something hit you, you can drink [the fruit of] the calabash tree so that it (the bruise and pain) calms down, so that you get better. You will take out what is inside [the fruit], it is black inside and you will take it out. You place it in hot water, you drink just like that and you'll get better. You won't have bruises anymore, it won't hurt anymore.. <kam>Kuhtekomatl</kam> : Cuando tienes un golpe, o te golpearon o tal vez solamente te caiste por tísolo y te alcanzóalgo, bien puedes tomar [la fruta d]el cuatecomate para que se apague, para que te alivies. Le quitas lo que estáadentro de su fruta, adentro tiene algo negro. Lo pones en agua caliente, asíte lo tomas y te vas a aliviar. Ya no vas a sentir los golpes, ya no te va a doler. Kuwtekomatl | Itla:kihlo para kikokoyo:nian, kitlapahlo:tian para nito:tikeh ia:yekach. Ikuwyo para si:yah. Am <kam>Kuwtekomatl</kam> : They perforate its fruit, they paint it, for dancers' rattles. Its wood (is used) for chairs. <kam>Kuwtekomatl</kam> : Agujerean su fruta, la pintan para las sonajas de los danzantes. Su madera (se usa) para sillas. Kuwtekomatl | Deke o:mitsmak go:lpeh kiposo:nian itikwitl. Tikoni:s. Koni:ltian deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. Am <kam>Kuwtekomatl</kam> : If you have gotten bruised, they boil the inside of its fruit. You drink it. They give it to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps. <kam>Kuwtekomatl</kam> : Si tienes golpes hierven la parte interior de su fruta. Te la bebes. Se lo dan de beber a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago. plant kohtli -pl-med kow tekoma Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>sirián</kam> ; Ramírez (1991) identifies it as of the family <kam>Bignoniaceae</kam> and more specifically as <kam>Crescentia alata</kam>. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention <kam>sirián</kam> but does have an entry for cuautecomate:"(<kam>Crescentia</kam> spp., e.g. <kam>C. cujete, C. alata</kam>) 'gourd tree,' calabash tree' The fruit resembles a large gourd, the dried shell of which is used for containers and bowls called jícaras. The gourds can be trained into different shapes by tying them while still green. Hard shells can be polished. Also called calabazo, cimo, cujete, guaje, güiro, jícaro, morro, tecomate."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:180) mention a tree of the <i>Bignoniaceae</i>family named <i>Crescentia alata</i>, also known in Spanish as <spn>cirián</spn> or <spn>tecomate</spn>. The root /tekoma/ might well be related to /ko:m/, as in /ko:ntli/. Comment on. 01950 tlatla:hlo:tia kitlatla:hlo:tia tlátla:hló:tia tlatla:hlo:tia kí:tla:hló:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia Compl Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:tla:hló:tia</koa> class-2a yes-rdp to make dirty; to cover with earth or dirt ensuciar; cubrir con tierra o mugre Pending Ma:ka tikma:ma:s, tla:mo mistlatla:hlo:ti:s wa:n tewa chipa:wak motlake:n! Am Don't carry it on your shoulders, if you do it will get you dirty and your clothes are clean! ¡No te lo vayas a cargas, si lo haces te va a ensuciar y tu ropa estálimpia. (refl.) to get oneself dirty (refl.) ensuciarse; hacerse ensuciar Pending Timotlatla:hlo:ti:s deke timomi:milo:s ipan tla:hli. Am You'll get yourself dirty if you roll back and forth on the ground. Te vas a hacer ensuciar si revuelcas de un lado a otro en el suelo. tla:l 01951 bu:rroh me:soh bu:rroh me:soh bu:rroh maye:soh ['bu: rro ma 'ye: soh] bu:rro maye:soh
11/Feb/2006
manadero N N-loan (?) N1 donkey (or type of donkey) used to impregnate mares and thus sire mules burro (o tipo de burro?) utilizado para impregnar a las yeguas y producir mulas y machos Am, Oa <kam>Me:so</kam> has only been documented in the phrase <kam>burroh me:soh</kam>. Note that in Oapan these types of donkeys are called <koa>ma:ye:soh</koa>. The words <kam>me:soh</kam> and <koa>maye:soh</koa> are probably derived from Spanish, although the source term has not yet been determined. Check for final /h/ in both /burro/ and /me:so/. Check to see if /me:so/ occurs in other instances rather than only after /burroh/. 01952 texkahli texkahli texkahli texkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 stony area, covered almost completely with large, round stones pedregal Pending te xka The word <kam>texkahli</kam> is used in a manner that makes it virtually equivalent to <klam>texkahloh</klam> , the denominal adjectival form, though the latter is much more common. Indeed, <kam>texkahli</kam> is rarely used. Molina has for <kn>texcalli</kn> 'peñasco, risco, o horno.' RS has for the same word 'roca, elevación, lugar escarpado, caverna, madriguera de fieras; horno, hornada; <kn>texcalli ouitica</kn>, roca escarpada, difícil de escalar. Con la posp. <kn>co: texcalco,</kn> en la caverna, en el horno; <kn>texcalco icucic texcalli</kn>, pan cocido al horno.' 01953 techichikiltik techichikiltik téchichikíltik téchichikíltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s yes-rdp to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not to have grown to full size) estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) Pending Techichikiltik, kas kwalo. Am He is skin and bones, perhaps he's sick. Estáenclenque, quizáestáenfermo. puny; tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out, a plant or part of a plant that is very small) chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca, una planta o parte de una planta que es muy chiquita) Pending te- chikil Luis Lucena accepted the form <kam>chichikiltik</kam> as equivalent to <kam>techichikiltik</kam> although I have only heard the former in conversation a few rare times. Thus although there is an entry under <klam>chichikiltik</klam> with the observation that this may take the intensifier <kn>te-</kn>, the major entry is <kam>techichikiltik</kam>. Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. chichikiltik confer Am 01954 yetla:hli yetla:hli yetla:hli yetla:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 land on which beans only are planted tierra sembrada sólo con frijoles Pending ye tla:l tla:hli Get names for other types of lands in reference to what is planted on them (tlayo:ltla:hli? a:yotla:hli?, etc.). Make sure that this term is correct. 01955 a:wa:xkuwtli a:wa:xkuwtli
22/Oct/2005
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 1(w) <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l>(Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit <l>Leucaena leucocephala</l>(Lam.) DeWit, <spn>guaje</spn> de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles Am plant kohtli a: wa:x kow a:wa:xinkuwtli equivalent Am kalwa:xkohtli equivalent Oa kalwa:xin equivalent Oa 01956 mela:hka:n i:mela:hka:n mela:hka:n mela:hka:h i:mela:hka:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ka:n N2 right in front of directamente enfrente de Pending Me:roh tomela:hka:n o:wets. Am It fell over right in front of us (i.e., in the direction we were going). Se cayódirectamente enfrente de nosotros (esto es, por donde nosíbamos). I:mela:hka:n kasti:yokuwtli o:notla:lih. Am He sat down right in front of the post used for securing the <spn>castillos</spn> upright. Se sentódirectamente enfrente del poste utilizado para amarrar a los castillos. mela: -ka:n Most often <kamoa>mela:hka:n</kamoa> is used to refer to the place right in front of where a person (or animal) in motion is heading, although apparently at times it may also refer to the place in front of a stationary object. Confirm observation in /nse field re: semantics of this word. 01957 iyá:k iyá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia to be foul-smelling (<kbam>yepakihli</kbam>, <klam>nextamahli</klam> , corpses) ser apestoso (<kbam>yepakihli</kbam>, nixtamal, cadáveres) Am smell hya: smells (again; ency for all semantic fields) Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. 01958 tlixo:xtli tlixo:xtli tlixo:xtli tlixo:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(ch) ember; coal (of a fire) brasa Pending Tlixo:xtli san xo:tlatok, xtekwi:ntok, xtetekwikatok, xwekapan ki:stok itliyo. Am The coals are just burning bright, the flames are not rising, they are not crackling, their flames are not rising very high. Las brasas solamente están encendidas, no están llameando, no están crepitando, sus llamas no salen muy altas. tli xo:ch Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has <kn>tlexochtli</kn> and <kn>tlexuchtli</kn>, both glossed as 'brasa o asqua.' I would imagine the possibility of a possessed form, but have not coded it pending documentation. 01959 tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 2 small winged bug that develop in stored maize pequeño insecto con alas que salen del maíz almacenado Oa animal insect pa:lo: o:ya pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli synonym Am 01960 yzzz po:nkah po:nkah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv(loc)=V1 V1-b zIrregular to be right there estar allímismo Oa on ka -pa adverbs In Oapan one uses <kloa>kah</kloa>for inanimate objects and <kloa>nemi</kloa>for animates. Thus <koa>ponkah mosombre:roh</koa> but <koa>páon nemi moburroh</koa>. Apparently Oapan <koa>ponkah</koa> is equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kloa>ompakah</kloa>. However, there might be some semantic difference that has not yet been documented. Deixis: In Oapan one uses <koa>kah</koa> for inanimate objects and <koa>nemi</koa> for animates. Thus <koa>ponkah mosombre:roh</koa> but <koa>páon nemi moburroh</koa>. Check and confirm. This is in the entry. u:mpakah synonym Am 01961 tenexa:tl tenexa:tl tenexa:tl tenexa:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 water, mixed with lime, used for making <klam>nextamahli</klam> and for whitewashing walls (when employed for this latter purpose a little salt is added to the water so that the whitewash does not get on the clothes of people who lean up against the wall) agua mezclada con cal utilizada para hacer nixtamal y para pintar paredes (para esteúltimo uso se le agrega un poquito de sal para que no manche a la ropa de las personas que se recarguen sobre la pared) Pending material te nex a: There is no documentation of the possessed form, but I have nevertheless coded it. Note that I originally had this defined as mortar/mezcla. tenexa:wi:teki confer Oa 01962 xa:yakatili:ni xa:yakatili:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a for ones face to swell or puff up hincharse la cara a Am O:xa:yakatili:n. O:wets. Am His face swelled up. He fell. Se le hinchóla cara. se había caido. xa:yaka tili: Check for transitive form, not documented to date. Note that in reviewing this entry under /lxo there was only"see <koa>xa:yakaposa:wi</koa>."However, under the /lxoc field I had /xa:yakatili:ni/, which seems to indicate that the verb is acceptable. My recollection is that in Oapan the use of /tili:ni/ for swollen is not correct, so this entry should be rechecked. First, check to make sure that /xa:yakatili:ni/ was actually pronounced. If there is a recording/elicitation of /xa:yakatili:ni/ for Oapan, don't create an entry and link until checking the validity of this form. xa:ya:posa:wi synonym Oa 01963 monextik monextik mónextík mónextík
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>temonextik</kam> yes-lex to be dusty; to be covered with dust; to be dirty estar empolvoreado, estar cubierto de polvo; estar sucio Pending to be the color of light dirt estar el color de polvo Pending San temonextik, o:notla:lmi:miloh. Am He's covered with dust, he (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.) rolled around back and forth on the ground. Estácubierto de polvo, se revolcó(p. ej., un niño, un borracho, etc.) de un lado a otro por la tierra. color mohnex Determine whether /monextik/ and /temonextik/ are equivalent, and if /te-/ should be considered the intensifier. Also compare to other grey colors (e.g., /kwitlanextsi:n/). 01964 totopoka totopoka totopoka totopoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] Compl class-4a to make a sputtering sound (an engine or mechanical device); to make a popping sound (e.g., <spn>guaje</spn> seeds when being toasted on a griddle); to crackle (e.g., certain crunchy foods when eaten) petardear; hacer un sonido como de pequeñas explosiones (semillas de guaje al tostarse sobre un comal); hacer un sonido como chasquido (p. ej., ciertas comidas al comerse) Pending Totopokatok a:tl, kemech poso:ni. Am The water is making a popping sound, it is just at the point of boiling. El agua estáhaciendo un sonido como de"pum, pum", estáa punto de hervirse. to growl (ones stomach) gruñir (el estómago) Pending Totopoka nitik, nimotla:lili:s tlikonextli. Am My stomach is growling (from being upset, it hurts), I will put ashes on it (as a cure). Mi estómago estágruñiendo (por estar mal, adolorido), me lo voy a poner cenizas (para curarlo). sound topo: kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling; see /itikukwalaka/ and check for /ititotopoka/); check /kokomoka/ vs. /totopoka/, etc. Note that I had 'The bus is coming sputtering along.' but no Nahuatl. The Nahuatl might be /Wa:ltotopokatiw fle:chah/; in another entry I have /Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah/. Check whether /totopoka/ is correct here. topo:ni ni_base Am, Oa 01965 zzz Here the word /to:xtsotsol/ has been removed from the dictionary.
27/Jul/2001
 01966 tlatlawi:teki kitlatlawi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) see <klam>tlawi:teki</klam> véase <klam>tlawi:teki</klam> Am wi:teki 01967 koxtlalowa nokoxtlalowa koxtlalowa nokoxtlalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-refl class-2b +Refl/-trans to sleepwalk sonambular Pending Nokoxtlalowa. Nokwiste:wa san ikochipan. Am He sleepwalks. During his sleep he gets up. Sonambula. Se levanta durante el sueño. kochi tlalo Recheck whether /tlalowa/ is only used in the reflexive here. Check also to see if there is any transitive form. Etymology should be checked. Determine the proper way to give the stems of transitive verbs ending in /-owa/. 01968 tlako:lo:lto:ka kitlako:lo:lto:ka tlako:lo:lto:ka kitlako:lo:lto:ka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V1 V2-b +Spec class-4a to plant a <klamoa>tlako:lo:hli</klamoa> sembrar un <klamoa>tlako:lo:hli</klamoa> Pending (with object marker) to plant (a specific hill or location) as a <kamoa>tlako:lo:hli</kamoa> sembrar (un cerro o lugar en particular) como un <kamoa>tlako:lo:hli</kamoa> Pending agriculture tlako:l to:ka 01969 ma:wia kima:wia ma:wia [ma: 'wi ya] kima:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to use ones hands for (a particular activity) or on (a particular object) utilizar las manos para (alguna actividad) o sobre (un objeto en particular) Pending Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. Am I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. San o:nikma:wih, xo:nkalaktih wa:kax. Am I just worked it (in this case a field) with my hands, I didn't use (a team of) oxen. Nada más lo trabajé(en este caso un terreno) con las manos, no le metí(una junta de) bueyes. ma: Refers to the action of using ones hands, in apparently any activity. Check for full range of use. There is an extra token of this word at 5776. ma:tlapa:na confer Am, Oa 01970 a:kestok a:kestok
11/Feb/2006
Adv-V1 Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a"face"or"mouth") estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una"boca"o"cara") Am Xki:xakamana, ma:ka ihkón a:kesto. Am Place it upside-down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket) don't let it stay upright. Colócala boca abajo (un plato, taza, cubeta), que no estéboca arriba. Nika:n na:kestok. Am Here I am lying face-up. Aquíestoy acostado boca arriba. ah ketsa a:kestete:ka One finds both <kam>ta:kestok</kam> and <kam>tia:kestok</kam>. Carochi (f. 127; Lockhart p. 466) distinguishes <kn>a:quetza</kn> with a long vowel, from <kn>àquetza</kn> with a 'saltillo.' The former he glosses as 'larga, colgar el agua, como lo haze quien haze cacao para que haga espuma.' The latter as 'alço la cabeça.' Yet it seems that, at least occasionally, underlying {ah} in Ameyaltepec is realized as a long /a:/. Thus if the vowel length of <kam>a:kestok</kam> is confirmed as long, this would simply reflect lengthening of underlying {h} and not historical length. In Oapan one finds <kloa>ákestewéstok</kloa> Determine whether other aspectual endings may be used and the form: /akestitiw/ or /akestiw/. Note that the differences between /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/, etc. should be discussed here; cf. the entries in Molina. Check vowel length here as my original notes were inconclusive as to the length of the initial vowel. For determining length it might be best to elicit a form with an initial stop: /ta(:?)kestok/, etc. The stative meaning of this form suggests that it is derived from an underlying unaccusative (intransitive), which would be ?/ketsi/ (cf. /a:ntok/, etc. Note that in Molina one finds /anqui/ and /titlantli/. Cf. comments by Launey on these derivations from transitives. ákestewéstok synonym Oa 01971 xawa:nia kixawa:nia xawa:nia kixawa:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to crunch sth brittle in ones mouth, making crackling sounds (e.g., old dried tortillas, <kam>chicharrón</kam> , <klamoa>totopoxtli</klamoa>) mascar (p. ej., tortillas viejas, chicharrón, <klamoa>totopoxtli</klamoa>) Pending Melá:k tikxawa:nitok un xokotl. Am You are really crunching that plum in your mouth, making it make a cracking sound. De veras estás mascando esa ciruela en tu boca, haciendo que suenen los crujidos. xawa: Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has the same word but with a different meaning: <kn>xauania. nitla</kn> 'vaziar agua o cosas liquidas.' Although no intransitive form ? <kn>xawa:ni</kn> has been documented for Ameyaltepec and Oapan, Carochi (f. 75, Lockhart 276) does given have <kn>xaua:ni</kn> 'caer gole de agua,ôotras cosas líquidas.' This verb is not in Molina. Determine the precise difference between /xaxawatsa/ and /xawa:nia/, if in both cases it refers only to things cruched in ones mouth, etc. Also determine whether /xawa:ni/ exists. xaxawatsa frequent Am, Oa 01972 te:ntia kite:ntia te:ntia kite:ntia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to sharpen (a knife, ax, machete, etc.) afilar; sacarle filo a (un cuchillo, machete, hacha, etc.) Pending te:n 01973 dále dále te:h dále dále té:h
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>(án)dale</spn> Interj Interj Ok then! ¡ándale pues! Pending ¡Dáleka:n! Oa Hurry up then! ¡ándele Uds.! teh This interjection is used in response to a statement that the first party is going to do something, usually leave a place. It is the same as /ándale téh/ and is a Spanish borrowing meaning 'ándale pues.'For example, after someone says <kam>ma nia</kam> ('I'm going now!') in taking leave, the one remaining behind may respond <kam>dale téh</kam> , i.e. 'Ok then!' Note the use of the plural imperative marker <kn>-ka:n</kn> with this interjection in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with <kloa>mo:stla</kloa>as in the greeting used to take leave of more than one person: <koa>mo:stlaka:n</koa>. Imperative, optative: Note the use of the plural imperative marker <kn>-ka:n</kn> with this interjection /dáleka:n/ in Oapan. Cf. a similar use with <kloa>mo:stla</kloa>as in the greeting used to take leave of more than one person: <koa>mo:stlaka:n</koa>. 01974 sa:yo:ltlakwahli sa:yo:ltlakwahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 to be bitten (a human) by a lot of mosquitos tener (una persona) muchos piquetes de mosquito Am sa:yo:l kwa Check meaning and contextual use, e.g, ?/sayoltlakwahli mokxi/, etc. This may simply have been a 'vacilada' from some young men in Ameyaltepec and not a word that should be entered in a lexicon. 01975 kuwyo:lki kuwyo:lki
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ki N1; pl. <kam>kuwyo:lka:meh</kam> wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, <kam>tejón</kam> , that lives <kam>i:tik kuwyoh</kam> 'in the woods or forest') animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive <kam>i:tik kuwyoh</kam> 'en el bosque') Am animal cat kow yo:l tepe:yo:lki equivalent Oa 01976 i:wia:ntilia ni:wia:ntilia noi:wia:ntilia í:wia:ntília í:wia:ntilia ní:wia:ntília
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca +Refl/-trans class-2a yes to get it together (in terms of getting a job done, picking up sth that one is being taught) ponerse listo o abusado (en cuanto a cumplir con una tarea o captar bien lo que se le enseña) Pending Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti! Am Get it together! Get a move on! ¡Ponte listo!¡Apúrate! i:wia:n Note that the verb here refers to the action of"getting smart", i.e."ponerse listo". Check to see if the derived form /iwia:nti/ exists; and also if the verb /iwia:ntilia/ is used only in reflexive. Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check. 01977 te:tlamakake:tl te:tlamakake:tl te:tlamakake:tl te:tlamakake:tl
24/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 woman who brings food to people (in general a woman who stays home while the men go to the field, she then cooks and brings them the food at midday) mujer que lleva comida a la gente (en general una mujer que se queda atrás en la casa mientras que los hombres vayan al campo a trabajar, ella cocina y después les lleva la comida caliente a mediodía) Pending maka tlamaka confer Am, Oa 01978 ita kita ita kita
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>ita</klamoa> i>0 +Appl; +Caus to see ver Pending O:tikitak un te:lpokawah? San mitsiistok. Am Did you see that boy? He's just looking you over (e.g., because he likes you). ¿Viste ese muchacho? Se la pasa echándote ojo (p. ej., porque le gustas). Xne:cha:lita, xniwetska! Am Look over here at me, I'm not laughing! ¡Mírame hacia acá, no me estoy riendo! Nostoyan. Am They were looking at each other. Se estaban viendo. to figure out; to decipher; to find a solution (to a problem) descifrar; ver como (hacer una cosa); solucionar (un problema) Pending Xekita ke:n kichi:was. Am He still hasn't figured out how he will do it (i.e., still hasn't found the way or solution, or hasn't learned the process). Todavía no le ve cómo lo va a hacer (esto es, todavía no lo soluciona, todavía no ha aprendido cómo hacerlo). Kita ke:n yes, ke:n kichi:wili:s. Am He's figured out how it will be, how he will do it (i.e., arrange it). Ve cómo va a ser, cómo le va a hacer (esto es, arreglarlo, etc.). (recipr. 1st person pl., usually future) see you around; be seeing you (used in taking leave of sb) (recipr. 1a persona pl., generalmente futuro) nos vemos (utilizado como palabras de despedido) Pending Timotaskeh! Am See you around! ¡Nos vemos! (<kam>ke:n</kam> ~) to be a relative of (note: does not include husband and wife) (<kam>ke:n</kam> ~) ser pariente de (nota: no incluye a un esposo y su conyuge) Pending Ke:n timitsita. Am I am a relative of yours. Soy pariente tuyo. Ke:no:n tikita? Am How is he related to you? Cúal es su relación de parentesco contigo? Xke:n notan. Am They are not relatives. No son parientes. Xke:n nikita. Am I am not related to him. No tengo una relación de parentesco conél. Yon neyásiwa:tl, ke:n ni:ta. Oa That there woman, I'm related to her. Esa mujer allá, es mi pariente. (<kam>ipan</kam> (Am) <koa>i:pan</koa> (Oa) ~) to respect (<kam>ipan</kam> (Am) <koa>i:pan</koa> (Oa) ~) to respetar Xakah ipan kitas. 01978_01_am Cristino Flores: 2002_08_06_CF1_Am.wav / 1:40 He will not respect anyone. No va a respetar a nadie. (with long vowel reduplication) to stare at; to look over; to fix ones eyes on (e.g., in looking at a statue or work of art; or in being circumspect in going around a tree, an animal that is sleeping, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) mirar intensamente a; echarle ojo a; clavar la vista a (p. ej., en observar un monumento u obra de arte, o en ir esquivando un animal peligroso) Pending San ne:chi:ita. Am He's just staring at me (looking me up and down). Solamente me estáojeando (viéndome desde arriba hasta abajo). (with intraverse directional and <kamoa>-tiki:sa</kamoa>) to grow up seeing; to see in passing as one matures or gets older (con una direccional intraversa y <kamoa>-tiki:sa</kamoa>) ver algo al crecer o al avanzar de edad Pending Ihkón o:nikistiki:sako. Am That's the way I saw it when growing up. Asílo vi en mi niñez. ta In the use of <kamoa>ita</kamoa> to indicate kinship relations it is not clear whether <kam>Ke:non tikita?</kam> is more correctly interpreted as 'How is he related to you?' or 'How are you related to him?' It appears that the first interpretation is the correct one. Determination of use in context and the proper response to such questions would clarify the precise meaning of the construction. In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the initial /i/ of <kamoa>ita</kamoa> is dropped after the directional <kn>on-</kn> : <kamoa>Ma nikonta</kamoa> 'Let me go take a look at it!' Compare this to <kamoa>kwa:litas</kamoa> 'He will come look at it', in which case the initial /i/ is not dropped. In the negative expression <klamoa>xta</klamoa>both the subject and object pronouns are deleted. In Oapan the intervocalic <kn>k-</kn> is often deleted with a subject pronoun having final /i/. This is written as, for example, <koa>ni'ita</koa> in transcriptions; the initial sound of this <kn>i-</kn> initial word seems to be different (i.e., a double articulation of the initial vowel) than that of other <kn>i-</kn> initial words that lose the object prefix, e.g., <kloa>ilna:miki</kloa>, cf. <koa>nilna:miki</koa>. Determine difference between /iita/ and /i:ita/. Also determine difference between forms such as mitsiita and mitstlatlata. Check whether /ke:non tikita/ means 'how is he related to you?' or 'how are you related to him?' Oapan phonology: Note that when a /k/ is lost between a subject prefix and an initial short /i/ of a verbal stem, the resulting /i/ is long: /ke:n ni:ta/ or /ní:towá/, or /ni:lka:wa/. tlatlata confer Am tlátlatá confer Oa ititia val_add_caus Am, Oa itilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 01979 tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n tlatlachpa:nwa:stsi:n tlatlachpa:nwa:htsi:n tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n tlatlachpa:wa:stsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-wa:s Lex. rdp-s* N1 generic name of several herbaceous plants that have still not been properly identified nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas todavía no identificadas Pending plant xiwtli chpa: Consultants mentioned that this plant is not used for anything: <kam>xtlah para</kam>. It thus is probably not used in brooms despite its name. Given the use of reduplication in Nahuatl to indicate metaphoric extension Oapan phonology: Note n-to-0 01980 zzz This entry was for Oapan /no:chma:tlapahli/ and has been removed as it was duplicated.
30/Jul/2005
 01981 wi:loh wi:loh wi:loh wi:loh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>wi:lah</kn> Adj(ap) Adj-ap lame cojo Pending Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh. Am His leg is crooked, he is lame. Tiene la pierna chueca, estácojo. wila: <kamoa>Wi:loh</kamoa> is undoubtedly related to Classical <kn>uila</kn>, glossed by Molina as 'persona tollida que anda agatas,' itself related to the Nahuatl stem <kroot>wila:</kroot>(as in Classical <kn>uila:na. nino</kn> 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo' and <kn>uilantli</kn> 'tollido que anda agatas.' The fact that the Balsas region has final <kn>-oh</kn> and a long initial /i:/ suggests that <kn>wilah</kn> might have been reanalyzed as a gender specific Spanish word. This would explain the shift to final <kn>-oh</kn> and the lengthening of the initial (here penultimate) syllable. Check whether gender marking occurs here as /wi:lah/. 01982 onaki onaki onaki onaki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Dir-V1 V2-alt-ki(a) ~Trans (Oa) class-3a(k) to fit into (implicitly, a tight space, or a narrow space such as a bed) caber dentro de un lugar (implícitamente ajustado o apretado, incluyendo cosas como camas) Pending Xtonakiskeh. Am We won't fit (e.g., in a small car). No vamos a caber (p. ej., en un coche pequeño). Xo:nonak. Am I didn't fit (in given reduced space). No cupe (en un espacio reducido). to be appropriate (to a situation) ser apropriado para (una situación) Pending Umpa xonaki un tlato:hli. Am That word is not correctly used (not appropriate) there. Esa palabra no es apropiada allí(no le queda allí). on- ak kalaki In Ameyaltepec <kam>onaki</kam> refers to objects or persons that fit into a relatively tight space (e.g., people in a car, a crowded room, papers in a drawer, etc.). <kam>Kalaki</kam> , on the other hand, does not have this sense of"fitting"; rather it seems most often to refer to material objects or animate beings that enter into a large space, such as a person walking into a room or a drawer entering a chest. The intransitive form <kamoa>aki</kamoa> occurs only with the"directional"prefix element <kn>on-</kn> ; it does not accept <kn>wa:l-</kn>, i.e. * <kam>wa:laki</kam> is not acceptable. Note that where as Ameyaltepec has a transitive form <kam>akia</kam> , Oapan does not, instead using only the verb <kloa>kalahtia</kloa>to indicate the act of placing an object (or animate being) inside something. Make sure that /wa:laki/ is not correct. Make sure that Oapan does not have /akia/ as a transitive. akia confer Am onahtok confer Oa 01983 koska:tlatla:ltsi:n koska:tlatla:ltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Part-Adj Adj-denom-tik Lex. rdp-s to be yellowish earth-colored ser el color como tierra amarilla Am ko:s tla:l Reduplication is characteristic of Nahuatl color terminology in the Balsas region; <kam>ko:skatlatla:ltik</kam> follows this tendency. Apparently this is derived from the root <kroot>ko:s</kroot>'yellow' and <kroot>tla:l</kroot>'earth.' The <kn>-ka-</kn> syllable might be misrepresented as having a short vowel where a long one is expected if the etymology is from the root for 'yellow.' Recheck length of /a/ in /ka/ syllable. Recheck meaning and how applied, and also check morphology. The vowel is probably long and and miswritten/heard as short. Check. Reduplication: Note the reduplication in /ko:skatlatla:ltik/ 'yellowish earth-colored' The reduplication seems to be a generality of color terminology. 01984 po:chaktik po:chaktik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik to be black and dirty (but from sth that does not include soot) estar negro y sucio (de algo que no sea hollín) Am Xki:xti motlake:n! Melák po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak. Am Take off your clothes! They are really black and dirty, you got covered with earth. ¡Quítate la ropa! Estámuy negra y sucia, te cubriste de tierra. po:ch Distinguish between the various words that indicate a blackening, e.g. /po:chaktik/, /po:ktik/, /tli:liwi/, etc. Although Luis Lucena mentioned that <kam>po:chaktik</kam> refers to something that has become black, but not from soot, the Classical sources give similar words (such as <kam>pochectia</kam>) as meaning things such as 'ahumarse, ennegrecerse, tomar el color del humo.' An association with smoke and soot would be expected from the root, so the definition given above should be checked. Check to see if this is should be /po:chektik/, from the verb /po:che:wi/, which would put the adjectival formation in the same group as /tetomaktik/, though without the intensifier. Also, check to determine if /po:chaktik/ does accept the intensifier, which it might well. Check for /po:cha:wak/. Note that Luis Lucena mentioned that /po:chaktik/ is used for sth that has become black, but when this is not from soot. Check. 01985 yzzz teo:lo:tl teo:lo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 instrument used to shell maize, consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (<spn>cincho</spn>) or rope instrumento para desgranar maíz, que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales y amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga Oa tool o:lo: te See illustration on original filecard. Noun compounding: Note that in several cases the order of compounding in Oapan and Ameyaltepec is completely reversed. Thus in the present case Oa has /teo:lo:tl/ whereas Ameyaltepec has /o:lo:tetl/. They both refer to the same instrument for shelling corn. There are other examples. If I remember correctly one of these is /tamaliswatl/ (Oa) and /iswatamahli/ (Am), both of which refer to the wide leaves of corn plants that are used for wrapping up certain types of tamales. o:lo:tetl synonym Am 01986 maxaktlapa:na kimaxaktlapa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni class-3a to split right at the point of bifurcation (e.g., a thick, forked wooden pole, <kam>horcón</kam> , a branch of a tree, etc.) hendir (p. ej., un horcón, una rama donde se junta al tronco, etc.) justamente en el punto de una bifurcación Am maxa tlapa: -ko kamachaltlapa:na synonym Oa 01987 peto:nilia kipeto:nilia peto:nilia kipeto:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to detach for; to loosen for; to unsnag for aflojar o desatar para; desprender para Pending to unbutton for (e.g., a shirt [SO] for sb [PO]) desabrochar para (p. ej., una camisa [SO] para algn [PO]) Pending (refl. with <kn>tla-</kn>) to lose hold (of sth that one is grasping or holding on to, e.g., a tree that one is climbing) (refl. con <kn>tla-</kn>) caer al no poder mantenerse agarrado (a algo que uno estásujetando o donde uno estáagarrado, p. ej., unárbol que uno estátrapando) Pending Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s, tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos. Am Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground. No te vayas a resbalar (p. ej., al no mantenerte agarrado a algo que estátrepando, como unárbol, risco, etc.), te vas a caer al suelo, te vas a romper la cabeza al estallar contra el suelo. peto: Applicative: Note the following interesting use of an applicative and non-specific object: /peto:nilia/ (refl. with <kn>tla-</kn>) to lose hold of. E.g.. /Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s, tiwa:lwetsis, tikwa:tlapa:ntekos/ 'Don't lose hold (e.g., in climbing a tree, a cliff, etc.), you'll fall to the ground, you'll split your head open when you hit the ground' Applicative; /tla-/: Note that in /notlapeto:nilia/ one has a trivalent verb that takes two objects. Note the difference between /peto:ni/, intransitive, /tlapeto:nia/, transitive with a nonspecific object, and /notlapeto:nilia/, which is reflexive and has a nonspecific object /tla-/. peto:nia verb_base Am, Oa 01988 sakachocholtsi:n sakachocholtsi:n saká:choltsí:n saká:choltsí:n sakachohcholtsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) N1 type of very short grass tipo de zacate muy corto Am, Oa Sakachocholtsi:n | Xtlah para, itlakwal burroh. Am <kam>Sakachocholtsi:n</kam> : It's not used for anything, it's fodder for donkeys. <kam>Sakachocholtsi:n</kam> : No se usa para nada, es comida de burros. plant xiwtli saka chol Apparently the use of <kam>-chocholtsi:n</kam> refers precisely to the shortness of this grass. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions that this is a member of the family <kam>Gramineae</kam> and gives its Spanish name as <kam>zacate pisado</kam>. Nominalization: Note the use of /tsi:n/ to create nominal forms. Thus from /cholowa/, or the stem of this verb, the /tsi:n/ creates what appears to be a nominal form. 01989 ikxine:stok ikxine:stok ixine:stok ixine:stok
22/Oct/2005
Stat N-V1 Stat Durative for footprints to be visible (from a human or the back legs of an animal) estar visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o las piernas traseras de un animal) Pending Ikxine:stokeh, nika:n o:pano:lo:k. Am There are footprints visible, people passed by here. Se pueden ver huellas de pie, aquípasógente. to have ones legs exposed tener las piernas expuestas Pending kxi ne:si 01990 tla:ltextia tla:ltextia tla:ltextia tla:ltextia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become close to the ground (e.g., sth heavy that is hanging and slowly stretches, getting closer to the ground, a car that is overloaded, etc.) acercarse a la tierra o suelo (p. ej., algo pesado que estácolgado y poco a poco se estira, acercándose a la tierra, un coche con un sobrecargo de gente, etc.) Oa tla:l -tech Verbalization /-tia/: here note the use of /-tia/ to verbalize a locative construction with the relational noun /-tech/. tla:ltechiwi equivalent Am 01991 tekamotli tekamotli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(h) type of <spn>camote</spn> or sweet potato that is most commonly found in the Chilpancingo and Tixtla areas; still not identified tipo de camote, nativo a los alrededores de Chilpancingo y Tixtla; todavía no identificado Am plant tuber (pending) edible te kamoh kamotli My notes to date do not indicate whether this type of sweet potato is cultivated or wild. 01992 chakayoltik chakayoltik chakailtik chakailtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be pockmarked; to be rough; to be uneven and not smooth; to be bumpy (said of a surface such as that of a good metate) estaráspero; estar rasposo; estar disparejo y no liso; estar cacarañado (se dice de la superdicie de un objeto como la de un metate) Pending texture chakayol chakayoltik; tesontik, tewistik; tsotsokoltik Molina has <kn>chacayulli</kn> 'callos delos pies, o de las manos.' This is a nominal form that is clearly the base for the Balsas region adjectival. However, there is no other documentation of this root in the sources consulted. Determine other surfaces that are /chakayoltik/; also determine whether this can refer to ones hands Add an onomasiological entry on surfaces: rough and smooth: the words used to define these and typical objects. Note that /chacayohli/ (callos) and /chacayoliui/ (tener durezas, callos) are both in RS. Thus /chakayoltik/ can be considered Adj-part-wi-tik or Adj-denom-tik. A surface of a good metate is /chakayoltik/. Oapan phonology: It is not uncommon for Oapan Nahuatl to manifest a change of yo>i. There are other examples, such as /tepailowa/ cf Am /tepayolowa/. 01993 nexwah nexwah nexwah nexwah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1 type of snake, apparently grey- or ashen-colored, not yet identified tipo de culebra, aparentemente color gris o de ceniza, todavía no identificado Am, Oa animal sn nex wah One consultant, don Luis Lucena, described this snake as <klam>tekwitlanextik</klam> (i.e., 'ashen' or 'grey') and as <kloa>te:muhtih</kloa>('fierce' or, in Spanish, 'bravo'. Although the etymology of <kam>nexwah</kam> is uncertain, it apparently contains the element <kam>nex</kam> 'ash' and a termination <kam>-wah</kam> that is found with other snake names, e.g., <klam>a:palwah</klam> , which apparently comprises this same 'snake' root <kroot>wah</kroot>. kowatl 01994 mumuwilistli mumuwilistli mómowilístli mómowilístli
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-is Lex. rdp-s Stem 1(s) yes-rdp fear, fright miedo; susto; terror Pending O:ne:chasik se: mumuwilistli. Am A fear took hold of me. Me agarróun miedo. mowi In phrase above, check for correctness of /se:/ as originally recorded in my notes. Check for other uses of this nominalization. Note that originally I had mumuwistli, but C. Flores corrected this to /mumuwilistli/. 01995 che:ncheh moche:cheh xmoche:ncheh che:ncheh che:ncheh moche:ncheh che:ncheh
11/Feb/2006
siéntate Baby V2-loan sit down! ¡siéntate! Pending Nika:n che:ncheh! Am Sit down here (as used in talking to babies)! ¡Siéntate aquí(empleado solamente al hablar con bebés)! Xmoche:ncheh! Am Sit down (baby-talk)! ¡Siéntate (palabra de niños)! baby <kamoa>Che:ncheh</kamoa> is used in speaking to very young children. It may be used not only in the form listed as the headword but also as <kamoa>moche:ncheh</kamoa>, and <kamoa>xmochencheh</kamoa>. This word is a borrowing from Spanish 'siéntate' with palatalization, as is common in babytalk. tla:lintsi:n synonym Oa 01996 i:xkwa:tetl i:xkwa:tetl i:xkwa:tetl i:xkwa:tetl
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 2 forehead (of both humans and animals) frente (de la cabeza, de tantos los humanos como los animales) Pending body i:x kwa: te <kamoa>I:xkwa:tetl</kamoa> is found almost exclusively in the possessed form, e.g., <kamoa>ni:xkwa:tew</kamoa>. See note below re: grammar. It is uncertain whether words such as /i:xkwa:tetl/ should be entered in the dictionary with the possessed termination, i.e., as /i:xkwa:tew/ or whether the absolutive form should be used, even though it might never be heard. My tendency at present is to change the coding and organization. These words should be entered in the absolutive with a parenthetical code indicating that almost always, or always perhaps, the noun is found in possessed form. 01997 pala:ni pala:ni pala:ni pala:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) +Caus/-Trans class-3a to rot (wood that has gotten wet, plants that are lying on the ground) echarse a perder; pudrirse (madera que se moja, plantas que están tiradas por el suelo) Pending Tlapala:ni ika iswatl. Am There's been some rotting of the corn leaves. Se ha pudrido algo de las hojas de maíz. pala: Check to determine if ?pala:nia exists. Determine all things that can be incorporated. Determine whether intensifier can be used. pala:naltia val_add_caus Am 01998 tla:ltepi:tsiwi tla:ltepi:tsiwi tla:ltepi:tsiwi tla:ltepi:tsiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) for the earth to harden (particularly that of a dirt floor from having been repeated walked on or soaked with water) endurecerse la tierra (particularmente la de un piso de tierra por haber sido mojado muchas veces, o pisada continuamente) Pending Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi. Am I am sprinkling water on the ground so that the earth (floor) gets hard. Estoy rociando agua para que la tierra quede maciza. tla:l tepi:ts 01999 netextik netextik netextik netextik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik ~Base to be close together estar juntos; estar pegados; estar cercanos uno al otro Pending Netextik xtla:li! Am Place them close together (e.g., two sacks of maize, etc.)! ¡Pónlos pegados unos a otros (p. ej., dos costales de maíz)! Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik! Am Don't place them far apart, place them close together! No los coloques muy apartados (o abiertos), pónlos pegaditos (cerca unos a otros)!. netech <kamoa>Netextik</kamoa> refers to things such as the rods in a roof of a house, mesh wiring, etc. that are placed or woven close together. Although the transitive <klamoa>netechowa</klamoa>has been documented in both dialects, the associated intransitive ? <kn>netechiwi</kn> has not been noted, either in conversation or in any extant text. Classical Nahuatl likewise has <kn>netechoa</kn> but not ? <kn>netechiui</kn>. Check all the things to which /netextik/ can be applied; also check to determine whether the nonreduplicated form can be used, although one of sentences above has such a usage (recheck). Finally, check for verbal forms. See illustration on original filecard. Cf. diagram with netestik Adjectival derivation from intransitive: Statives marked -x are those for which a corresponding intransitive does not exist, although the meaning of the stative and the derivational process in general is based on intransitives (and unaccusatives). Apparently, as /netextik/ demonstrates, this situation can also occur with adjectivals. That is, the form /netextik/ is apparently related to an intransitive ?netechiwi. This verb has not been found in the corpus, though perhaps it will be. At any rate, the question is whether the derivational process illustrated here can be related to"intransitives"that do not exist in the lexicon. Or, viewed another way, are all adjectivals forms from -iwi/-owa verbs based simply on a stem (withouth the -iwi/-owa) or should they be considered derived from the intransitive. It will be important to determine for all Adj-part-wi-tik adjectivals whether the intransitive exists. Hence: check for ?netechiwi. 02000 xokopepenke:tl xokopepenke:tl xokó:penké:tl xokó:penké:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 person who gathers up wild plums scattered on the ground persona que pepena ciruelas regadas por la tierra Oa xoko pena 02001 pano:ltilia kipano:ltilia pano:ltilia kipano:ltilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to pass to; to relay to; to cede to (a material object [SO]); to relate or pass on (a message [SO]) to pasar o ceder (un objeto [SO]) a; relatar (un mensaje [SO]) a Pending Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko! Am Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone! ¡Pásame ese plato alla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)! Xne:chka:wili, newa nikpano:ltili:s. Nikihli:s ika yo:tiwa:hlah. Am Leave it to me, I'll pass it on to him! I'll tell him that you've already come. ¡Déjamelo, yo se lo voy a relatar! Le voy a decir que ya veniste. Xne:chpano:ltili motla:l! Am Give your land to me (in a sale)! ¡Dáme tu terreno (en una venta)! A:man bwe:noh tine:chimpano:ltili:skia un tobaki:tas para no: newa nikimpias. Am Now is a good time for you to pass some of our cows on to me, so that I can also take care of them (in this case said by a man to his elder brother after their father's death, given that the elder brother had been caring for all the cattle by himself). Ahora es bueno ahora que me pases algunas de nuestras vacas para que yo también las pueda cuidar (en este caso dicho por un joven a su hermano mayor que había estado cuidando todas las vacas que su recién fallecido padre les había dejado). pano: pano:ltia verb_base Am, Oa 02002 zzz This was the entry for /ma:kokoh/. It has been removed and placed as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/.
30/Jul/2005
 02003 xoto:nia *kixoto:nia xoto:nia kixoto:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to pile up; to heap up or place in a heap amontonar; apilar Pending Kixoto:ntokeh ikal. Am They are piling up (the pieces of) their house (i.e., after having taken it apart). Están amontonando (las piezas de) su casa (esto es, después de haberla desbaratada). xoto: Although this word has been documented in Ameyaltepec, it is more a word used in Oapan. The equivalent Ameyaltepec term, in regards to the taking apart of a house, is <klam>xiti:nia</klam>. See also <klam>xoto:ntetla:lia</klam>. 02004 wi:lo:tlama wi:lo:tlama
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-[tla-V2] V1-b class-1 to hunt <spn>huilotas</spn>(with a net, rifle, slighshot, etc.) cazar huilotas (con una red, rifle, resortera, etc.) Am wi:lo: ma tlama (whole page on hunting, fishing, etc.) When <kamoa>tlama</kamoa> occurs with noun incorporation, the presence or absence of short vowel reduplication (cf. <klam>chapoltlatlama</klam> (Am)) indicates the manner in which the hunting or gathering takes place. For those animals that are collected in groups, the reduplicated form is used, such as occurs with <kam>chapoltlatlama</kam> and <klam>mixtlatlama</klam>. In other cases, with animals that are hunted individually, there is no reduplication, as with <klam>masa:tlama</klam>. Thus the fact that <kam>wi:lo:tlama</kam> occurs without reduplication of the intransitive verbal stem suggests that <spn>huilotas</spn> are hunted individually. Check to make sure that in /huilo:tlama/ they are indeed hunted individually; and check whether /wilo:tlatlama/ exists (and is different in meaning). tlama confer Am, Oa to:to:tlama synonym Oa 02005 kwa:chakwa:nia kikwa:chakwa:nia kwa:techakwa:nia kikwa:techakwa:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b ~Intrans Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Am) <kam>kwa:techakwa:nia</kam> ; Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Oa) class-2a to hit on the head (particularly on the side) golpear en la cabeza (particularmente por el lado) Pending Kikwa:chakwa:nitokeh mokone:w. Am They are hitting your child on the side of the head (i.e., holding the side of his head and lightly pounding on it with their fists). Le están golpeando a tu niño por el lado de la cabeza (esto es, agarrándole la cabeza y ligeramente golpeándola con sus puños). (~ <kn>i:pan</kn> [noun]) to bang or hit the head of against [noun] (~ <kn>i:pan</kn> [sustantivo]) golper la cabeza contra [sustantivo] Pending Timitskwa:chakwa:ni:s ipan tla:hli. Am I will bang your head against the ground (e.g., holding you by your hair and hitting your head against the ground). Te voy a golpear la cabeza contra el suelo (p. ej., agarrándotela por el cabello y golpeándola contra el suelo). (repr.) to butt heads (e.g., animals in fighting) (repr.); embestirse (p. ej., animales al pelear); darse cabetazos o topetazos Pending Nokwa:chakwa:nian to:ros kwa:k nomailian. Am When bulls fight they butt their heads together. Cuando se pelean, los toros se embisten. O:nokwa:techakwa:nikeh. Am They butted (or banged) their heads together. Se dieron cabetazos, uno contra el otro. contact kwa: chakwa: Check for how verb should be categorized, as a cognate with /-ni(a)/ lacking the intransitive, or as a basic verb. Check for use of /te-/ which is common in such verbs, i.e., /kwa:techakwa:nia/. Check for intransitive since I do have /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ recorded as a lexeme. 02006 tesokitl tesokitl tesokitl tesokitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 heavy clods or balls of mud from black earth (usually formed in planted fields after a heavy rain) terrones de de tierra negra (que generalmente se forman en los terrenos sembrados después de una fuerte lluvia) Pending soil te soki sokitl; tesokitl <kam>Tesokitl</kam> is used to refer to the condition of wet or moist black earth, which forms heavy clods or balls of mud. The term <klam>sokitl</klam> , on the other hand, can both refer to the red clay used in ceramics or to the mud that forms on paths after a rain, etc. 02007 chichi:k tlako:tl chichi:k tlako:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 type of small tree (or perhaps plant) of the family Lamiaceae tipo deárbol chiquito (o tal vez planta) de la familia Lamiaceae Am plant xiwtli chichi: tlako: The accentual pattern of <kam>chichi:k tlako:tl</kam> suggests an analysis as two words, as opposed to <klam>chichi:hkamotli</klam> in which the accentual pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. Check note: The accent pattern indicates two words, as opposed to <kam>chichi:hkamotli</kam> where accent pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. 02008 amo kwahli amo kwahli amo kwahli amo kwahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 3 the Devil el diablo; el demonio Pending no good person (an adult who does sth wrong, a mischievous child) sinvergüenza (un adulto que hace mal, un niño latoso) Pending Amo kwahli tla:katl, o:tine:chtlapa:nilih notepalkaw. Am You no good man! You broke my bowl! ¡Sinvergüenza!¡Rompiste mi plato! ahmo kwal Although <kam>amo kwahli</kam> can be used to refer to the Devil himself, it is is occasionally used as an exclamation or address term (it is never used with a person prefix, e.g., <kn>t-</kn>, even though the following verbal predicate does use a person marker, as in the above illustrative phrase) to express displeasure with a certain person for something he or she did. The only use of <kam>amo</kam> that I have documented in Ameyaltepec is in this set phrase used to curse people, adults as well as children (e.g., a mischievous child). In regard to Oapan, Florencia Marcelino has heard this word (or phrase) used in Oapan but has never understood what it means. Thus the pitch-accent pattern in her utterance might be in error. Xye:ktli confer Am 02009 moya:wak moya:wak moya:wak moya:wak
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-k to be muddied (e.g., a river during the rainy season); stirred up and dirty (e.g., a liquid with sediment) estar revuelto y sucio (p. ej., un río durante la temporada de lluvias, un líquido tener su poso, etc.) Pending Moya:wak a:tl, xnima:ti:sneki. Am The water (or river) is dirty (from having sediment on the bottom stirred up), I don't want to go swimming. El agua (o río) estásucio (por estar revuelto con sedimento), no me quiero bañar. Xchipa:wak un tra:goh, moya:wak. Am That drink isn't clean, its dirty. Ese trago no estálimpio, estárevuelto y sucio. moya: 02010 tla:lkokone:tl tla:lkokone:tl tlá:lokóne:tl tlá:lokóne:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 yes-rdp tlalconete, type of lizard still not identified, said to be poisonous tlalconete, tipo de lagartija, todavía no identificado, que se dice ser venenoso Am, Oa animal lizard tla:l kone: Under tlalconete Schoenhals (1988:334) states:"(<i>Bolitoglossa</i>spp.) 'salamander.' A type of salamander to which various repulsive practices are ascribed in folklore. Bright red-orange with black spots. Also called salamandra. Check to determine if this is a type of /kowi:xin/. Oapan phonology: Note the k>0 change. This is not entirely unheard of in Oapan Nahuatl: /kikokowa/ 'it hurts him' and /ne:chokowa/ 'it hurts me.' It is not clear if there is a specific phonological environment that motivates this change. 02011 tsonwa:swia kitsonwa:swia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to lasso (by hiding in a tree and tossing a lasso down on an animal as it passes) lazar; echarle un laso a (un animal; al esconderse una persona en unárbol y aventarle un laso desde arriba a un animal cuando pase) Am Kitsonwa:swi:skeh. Kwa:k kasin kaba:yoh kichian ipan kuwtli. Kwa:k panowa, kwa:ltlakalilian rria:tah. Am They are going to lasso it. When they (go to) catch a horse they wait for it in a tree. When it passes by they throw the lasso onto it. Lo van a lazar. Cuando agarran un caballo, lo esperan en unárbol. Cuando pase, le echan el lazo. tson tsonwaswia; tsonwia hunting Although the nominal <kam>tsonwastli</kam> , which Molina glosses as 'lazo para caçar algo' is not yet documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the verbalized <kam>tsonwastli</kam> is. In terms of the difference between <kam>tsonwaswia</kam> and <kam>tsonwia</kam> , one consultant mentioned that" <kam>tsonwia, san ipan tla:hli</kam> ,"i.e., that the verb <kam>tsonwia</kam> is used when the agent is on the ground (implying, it seems, that <kam>tsonwaswia</kam> is used when the agent is above ground, for example in a tree waiting for an animal to pass by). tsowa:stla:lia synonym Oa tlá:mekatla:lília synonym Oa 02012 a:tlakali ka:tlakali á:tlakáli á:tlakali ká:tlakáli
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a yes-lex to throw into the water (sth or sb, either in play or to kill the person, perhaps throwing him off a ledge into the water, tied up or with rocks as weights) aventar al agua (algo o a algn, tal vez jugando o hasta para matar, aventando la persona de lo alto, quizás atada o con piedras amarradas) Pending Mitsa:tlakaliskeh. Am They will throw you into the water. Te van a aventar al agua. (refl.) to dive or jump into water (from outside, e.g., the bank of a river) (refl.) clavarse o saltar al agua (desde afuera del agua, p. ej., la ribera de un río) Pending Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon -=yo:panwetskeh-! Am Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (in this case after having used a <spn>máquina</spn> to fish, stunning them so they surface)! ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua!¡Ve que tantos pescados ya subieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una"máquina"para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)! Check to determine whether in Oapan this always occurs with pitch accent. For now lxop has been given as /á:tlakáli/ a: tlahkali 02013 to:ne:wa kito:ne:wa to:ne:wa kito:ne:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the skin of hacer arder la piel de (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) Pending Ne:xto:ne:wa un chi:hli, o:nikwa:lma:mah. Am That chile causes my skin to burn, I carried it here on my back. Ese chile me hace arder la piel, lo carguéa cuestas hacia acá. to:n Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root. 02014 tetso:tsona kitetso:tsona tetso:tsona kitetso:tsona
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-l class-3a to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock (e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail, etc.) golpear repetidas veces con una piedra (p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo, etc.) Pending te tsona Only the reduplicated form of this verb has been documented, with a long vowel that indicates repeated action at measured intervals. The verb for striking an object once with a rock has not been determined, but simply <kamoa>te:tsona</kamoa> has not yet been documented. Check whether /tetsona/ or /tetsotsona/ exist. Reduplication: It appears that /tsona/ occurs only in reduplicated form. Note, therefore, that on the one hand one has /tsotsona/ meaning 'to play an instrument (such as those that involve strumming). On the other hand one has /tetso:tsona/, which refers to the repeated action of striking sth with a stone. Check whether ?/tetsotsona/ exits. te:tso:tsonilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02015 tlawe:lxiw i:tlawe:lxiw tlawe:lchiw i:tlawe:lchiw
22/Oct/2005
N N-xiw N2 person who makes one [possessor] mad or angry, that irks one, with whom one is constantly engaging in fights and disputes persona que hace enojar a uno [poseedor], con quien uno siempre estápeleando, molesto Pending Yewa notlawe:lxiw. Am He's the one who makes me mad. él es el que me hace enojar. So:lo yewa notlawe:lxiw pa:mpa ne:chkwala:nia de melá:k, melá:k niktlawe:lita. Am He's the only one who irks me because he really gets me mad, I really despise him. Sóloél me hace enojar porque me fastidia mucho, lo odio de a de veras. tlawe:l Make sure that the subject can be both a person or object/event, etc. Phonology Oapan: Note that in Oapan it is common for fricatives to become affricates in certain phonological contexts. The present is one: x>ch / l __. tlawe:hli confer Am, Oa 02016 noxi:kwa:n- noxi:kwa:nyo:lki noxi:kwa:n- noxi:kwa:ntlatki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-ap (~ [noun]) damn [noun] (~ [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo]; [sustantivo] escandaloso Pending Noxi:kwa:nyo:lki! Xkineki notlama:malti:s. Am Damn ! He doesn't want to be loaded up. ¡Pinche animal! No se deja cargar. Noxi:kwa:nkone:tl! Am Damn kid! ¡Pinche niño! xi:kwa: <kam>Noxi:kwa:n</kam> is a term (basically a reflexive verbal form used as a modifier) affixed to a noun and meaning something like 'God-damn' or 'Damn.' In Ameyaltepec I have heard it used as <kam>noxi:kwa:nyo:lki</kam> and <kam>noxi:kwa:nkone:tl</kam> , as the above examples indicate. In Oapan the only documented form to date is <koa>noxi:kwa:ntlatki</koa> ; Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez Clearly <kamoa>noxi:kwa:ni</kamoa> thus used is an apocopated form of <kamoa>noxi:kwa:ni</kamoa>, a name used for the Devil. The loss of the final /i/ of the"agentive"or"eventual" <kn>-ni</kn> is not uncommon is derivations from these forms (as is a modifying use). In Oapan only the form <koa>noxi:kwa:ntlatki</koa> is used. noxi:kwa:ni confer Am 02017 popoí:toh popoí:toh pópoí:toh pópoí:toh
11/Feb/2006
pollo (?) N N-loan Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-rdp type of herbaceous plant tipo de planta herbácea Pending Popoi:toh | Xiwtli, wel ka:wiltian ko:koneh. Nowapa:wa derechi:toh, xma:s wekapan, wa:n kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan. Wa:n de o:me nasin, timopilo:s, dya yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin, kimailian. Am Gabriel de la Cruz (personal conversation) <kam>Popoi:toh</kam> : It is a weed, children can play with it. It grows straight up, it's not too high, and it has a small, round bud on the top. And if two are intertwined, you pull down and the one that snaps off at the neck, that is the one that is beaten, that is the one that is beaten up on. <kam>Popoi:toh</kam> : Es un tipo de maleza, niños pueden jugar con ello. Crece derechito, no es muy alto y tiene un pequeño capullo arriba. Y si dos se entrelazan, te jalas y el que se revienta por el cuello, a ese le ganaron, a ese le dieron. plant xiwtli Given the description of this plant, it seems to be a clear borrowing from Spanish. One Ameyaltepec consultant mentioned that it is called <kamoa>popoí:toh</kamoa> because if two are intertwined they fight, a child pulls on one of the two to see which one loses the bud on the top, which snaps off. The two plants are thus said to fight like cocks. There seem to be several plants with this name. 02018 to:ka kito:ka to:ka kito:ka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Spec class-4a (with no object marker) to plant (sin marcador de objeto) sembrar Pending O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch, o:nikto:kak wa:n o:noka:wato itik tla:hli. Am I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using), I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth'). Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando), lo sembréy nunca germinó(lit. 'se fue a quedar dentro de la tierra'). (refl.) to be planted (a field) (refl.) sembrarse (un campo o terreno) Pending Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka. Am It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted. Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra. (with short vowel reduplication and the aspectual ending <koa>-tiw</koa>, usually used in the imperative or optative) to walk quickly (con reduplicación de vocal corta y la terminación <koa>-tiw</koa>, usualmente utilizado en el imperativo o optativo) caminar rápido Oa Xtoto:katiw! Oa Walk quickly! ¡Camina rápido! (<koa>ke:n i:to:ka: on</koa>) tip of the tongue phenomenon used in Oapan, particularly in storytelling, when the narrator is momentarily unable to find the correct words (<koa>ke:n i:to:ka: on</koa>) frase hecha utilizada en Oapan cuando alguien, particularmente el narrador de un cuento, momentariamente no puede encontrar la palabra o frase adecuada Oa to:ka tla:hli Note that <kam>to:ka</kam> meaning 'to plant' does not usually take an object prefix, given that it is most often used in the canonical sense of 'to plant a maize field.' When it does take an object, it accepts only a specific one, as in a sentence above. In most instances the specific object refers to the seed planted; however I also seem to remember utterances in which the grammatical object referenced the field, i.e., <kam>nikto:kas notla:l</kam>. Note, however, that with the meaning 'to bury' an object must be used (hence the separate entry) including the nonreferential object <kn>te:-</kn>, e.g., <kam>te:to:kalo:s</kam> 'a burial will take place.' Apparently Ameyaltepequeños use the reduplicated form <kam>to:to:ka</kam> , with a long vowel. This is not a word from Ameyaltepec, but rather from Oapan. However, it is understood by Ameyaltepequeños who occasionally use it in jest, with the same meaning it has in Oapan. In Oapan, however, there is a short vowel in the reduplicant and no coda glottal stop {to + to:ka}. This is what FK reports: short vowel reduplication (and no glottal stop), i.e., <kn>toto:ca</kn> 'to run, to hurry, for illness to worsen / ir de priesa o correr, empeorar, crecer la enfermedad (M).' Despite the apparent affinity of meaning, this is not derived by reduplication from TOCA 'to pursue someone,' since they differ in transitivity and in vowel length. C contrasts this with TO:TOCA 'to run after something,' which is a genuine reduplicated derivation from TOCA."The Oapan form agrees with the information in FK in that the verbal stems is <kn>to:ka</kn> and there is no glottal stop in the reduplicant. Note, finally, th at in Ameyaltepec there are many verbs of motion that with long vowel reduplication indicate 'hurrying': Cf. <klam>tlaksa</klam> , <klam>cholowa</klam> , <klam>nenemia</klam> , and <klam>weliwin</klam>. The use of <koa>toto:katiw</koa> is particular to Oapan, although Ameyaltepequeños know this term. The first syllable can be reduplicated (reduced), leading to the form <koa>tó:to:katiw</koa>. Check vowel length in /to:to:ka/. Check what the object marker /ki/ refers to in /kito:kas/, i.e., the seed planted or the field planted in (or perhaps either, i.e., either all speakers accept both, or some speakers accept one and others another). For a diagram as to the different way in which one plows a field depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with <kam>o:melia</kam> filecard. The Oapan form <koa>xtoto:katiw</koa> is definite as recorded (the Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked). Reduplication with long vowel: cf. /to:to:ka/ here 'to walk quickly' to /cho:cholowa/ 'to walk quickly.' Cf. also /tlaksa/, which manifests the same type/meaning of reduplication. Passive: Note the following: /Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka/ 'It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted.' There have been many previous examples of passive constructions with inanimate (or non-human) objects. Generally the functional equivalent of a passive with inanimates is a reflexive construction. Thus /ne:kchi:was/ 'it will be fixed' or /nochi:was mokal/ 'your house will be built.' All these verbs, however, are transitive. With intransitive verbs the pattern is different."Unaccusatives"(or perhaps in general those verbs with inanimate subjects) take the /tla-/ prefix. Thus /tlakoto:ni/ 'things will become snapped.' However, this is not a passive since there is no implied agent; likewise the simple /koto:ni/ is an intransitive (with no similarity to a passive). However, note that with the meaning of sembrar /to:ka/ is often found without any object. Here a zero morpheme, not /tla-/ is the indefinite null complement. Nev e rtheless, with a specific object the marker /ki-/ can occur. What is interesting is that a"passive"construction does exist with /to:ka/ in which it is the specific, definite field (planted) that is the new subject. to:kilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02019 teyo:ti teyo:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to increase in bulk or become abundant (grains such as beans or rice cooked in a pot, or maize planted in a field) llegar a ser abundante, o incrementar en cantidad (granos como frijoles o arroz cocidos en una olla, o maíz sembrado en el campo) Am te <kam>Teyo:ti</kam> is often stated to be equivalent to <klam>miakia</klam> although there is an important difference between the two terms. <kam>Teyo:ti</kam> suggests an abundance in general, but not necessarily in an individual count. It seems to be used with mass nouns. <klam>Miakia</klam> , on the other hand, is apparently reserved for (or principally applied to) reference to countable objects. Thus, <kam>teyo:ti</kam> is most commonly used to refer to grains that, when boiled, increase in bulk. For example, one takes a handful of beans or rice and places them in boiling water. As a result one gets many servings: <kam>o:teyo:t yetl</kam> , 'the beans become plentiful.' <kam>Teyo:ti</kam> may also be used to indicate corn that yields when planted in a fertile field: a few seeds are planted and much corn is the result. Check potential subjects of /teyo:ti/. ma:teyo:ti confer Am 02020 a:matl de un uwe:i a:matl de un we:i a:matl de un we:i a:matl yón wéwé:i a:matl yón wéwé:i
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-rdp species of tree of those generically called <klam>a:matl</klam> especie deárbol de los genéricamente llamados <klam>a:matl</klam> Pending plant kohtli a:ma we:i a:makuhtli See entry under <klam>a:makuhtli</klam> and <klam>a:makostli</klam>. 02021 te:kilia kite:kilia te:kilia kite:kilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to pour (a liquid) onto or into verterle (un líquido) sobre o dentro de Pending Xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl! Am Pour water onto it (in this case a wound) so that it gets cleaned, so that the watery blood goes (gets washed) away! ¡échale agua (en este caso a una herida) para que se limpie, para que salga (para que se lleve por el agua) la sangre aguada! a:te:kia a:te:kiya te:ka With <kam>te:kilia</kam> , as is often the case, the nonspecific object is used to indicate a"taboo."Here in Ameyaltepec and in speech restricted to men, it has a vulgar reference to the sexual act as it is performed on a woman. Thus a vulgar use would be <kam>O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah</kam> 'You had a quickie with your girlfriend' ('Le echaste una rapadita a tu novia'). The liquid is the semen, which is"poured"by the man [agent] into the woman [recipient]. <kam>Te:kilia</kam> is a trivalent verb with the primary object being the thing onto or into which a liquid is poured. The secondary object must be overtly expressed or recoverable from immediate context (e.g., <kam>Xte:kilia a:tl moxo:chiw</kam>). Thus simple ? <kam>Xte:kilia moxo:chiw</kam> is infelicitous. An interesting problem is the relationship between <kamoa>te:kilia</kamoa> and <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa>, which are both ditransitive verbs (i.e., trivalent). However, in the first the primary object is the object into, onto, or for which a liquid is poured (i.e., a recipient, a flower, a person who benefits from the pouring) and the secondary object is the liquid that is poured. In <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa>, however, the primary object is the benefactive (the person for whom pouring is down) and the secondary object is the object onto or into which a liquid is poured (e.g., <kamoa>xne:cha:te:kili noxo:chiw</kamoa>). The liquid that is poured is water and is manifested in the incorporated noun root <kroot>a:</kroot>. The question for grammatical analysis is the relationship of the two forms, <kamoa>te:kilia</kamoa> and <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa>. One analysis would have <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa> as <kamoa>te:kilia</kamoa> with an incorporated noun that does not reduce valency, i.e., a"modifying"incorporation. However, this would not account for the different objects of the two verbs under consideration. Another analysis would have <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa> as the applicative of the ditransitive <klamoa>a:te:kia</klamoa>'to pour water on' yielding 'to pour water on for.' Here the change in valency from <kamoa>a:te:kia</kamoa> to <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa> is transparent: the increase that is expected in applicative derivations. The question, however, is shifted to another level: the nature of the transitive of <kamoa>a:te:kia</kamoa> and its relation to <klam>te:ka</klam>. For this, see discussion under <klamoa>a:te:kia</klamoa>. For /O:tikontlate:te:kilitiwets mono:biah/ confirm that the reduplication is with long vowel and that it is necessarily. te:ka verb_base Am, Oa 02022 zzz This was an entry for /nakaskaki/ which is repeated. Only 01011 has been kept.
30/Jul/2005
 02023 takalowa takalowa kitakalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b see <klamoa>ta:takalowa</klamoa> véase <klamoa>ta:takalowa</klamoa> Pending When possible remove the Oapan token from the links. This word, as far as I can tell, is never uttered in a non-reduplicated form. 02024 tlai:xwi:hli tlai:xwi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 evil eye mal de ojo Am O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. Am They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. child or small animal that is the victim of evil eye niño o pequeño animal que ha sido víctima de mal de ojo Am i:x It is not entirely certain that <kam>tlai:xwi:hli</kam> can refer to the child or animal who is a victim of evil eye, or only to evil eye itself. Check to determine if /tlai:xwi:hli/ can indeed refer to the victim of 'evil eye' or whether it refers only to the act of casting evil eye itself. For example, check to determine whether /nitlai:xwi:hli/ is correct. i:xwi:hloh confer Oa 02025 adobe:tsi:n *adobe:tsi:n
22/Oct/2005
adobe Adj Adj-tsi:n to be the color of beige ser el color beige Am color colors 02026 munye:koh munye:koh
11/Feb/2006
muñeco N N-loan N1 see <klam>kweskomatl de munye:koh</klam> véase <klam>kweskomatl de munye:koh</klam> Am 02027 chikote:roh chikote:roh
22/Oct/2005
chicote N N-loan N1 type of small snake not yet identified tipo de culebra pequeña, todavía no identificada, aparentemente llamada chicote Am animal snake kowatl I have here that /chikote:roh/ and /kowi:xkowatl/ are identical. But under 02028 te:mpupwa kite:mpupwa té:mpopówa te:mpopowa kité:mpopówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s yes-rdp Irregular, see <klam>kukwa</klam> (Am), <kloa>kokowa</kloa>(Oa); irregular: perf. <kam>o:te:mpopo:w</kam> ; fut. <kam>kite:mpupwas</kam> ; prog. <kam>kite:mpopo:wtok</kam> ; dir. <kam>o:kite:mpupwato</kam> to clean or wipe off the mouth of (e.g., a child who has eaten sloppily, the top of a bottle from which one is to drink, etc.) limpiar la boca de (p. ej., un niño que ha comido sin cuidado, la boca de una botella de que se va a beber, etc.) Pending Xte:mpupwa, kwalahki:stok! Am Wipe off his mouth, he is drooling! ¡Límpiale la boca, estábabeando! ¡Xmote:mpupwa! O:mitsaski ipan mote:n tli:n tihkwatoya. Am Wipe off your mouth! Something that you were eating is stuck around it. ¡Límpiate la boca! Algo que estabas comiendo se te quedópegado. te:n po:wa 02029 tlakpamona:ntli tlakpamona:ntli tlahpamona:ntli tlahpamona:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N Adj-N N-b Stem 1(n) stepmother of ones spouse (wife or husband) padrastra del esposo (mujer o hombre) de uno Pending kin tlakpa mon na:n 02030 xi:hla:nki:tskia noxi:hla:nki:tskia xi:hla:nki:tsia kixi:hla:nki:tsia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a (refl.) to be with ones arms (or one arm) akimbo (see <kloa>pitsa:hka:nki:tsia</kloa>) (refl.) estar con los brazos (o un brazo) en jarras (véase <kloa>pitsa:hka:nki:tsia</kloa>) Pending Timoxi:hla:nki:tskitok. Am You are (standing) with your arms akimbo. Estás con los brazos en jarras. xi:lla:n ki:tski Note that in my original notes from Am I stated that this verb was used only in the reflexive. However, in elicitation with Florencia Marcelino (Oa) she gave a fully transitive form. Thus probably it is not used only refllxively, but this should be checked (as well as the meaning of a nonreflexive use). See note under /xi:hlan/. 02031 komo:nia nokomo:nia komo:nia nokomo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] +Refl/-tran Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tekomo:nia</kamoa> class-2a (refl., usually with <kn>te-</kn>) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a bird such as a turkey; see <kloa>xi:hkomo:nia</kloa>) (refl., generalmente con <kn>te-</kn>) extender y abrir su plumaje (un ave como el guajolote; véase <kloa>xiñhkomo:nia</kloa>) Pending Notekomo:nitok nowexo:lo:w. Am My turkey is spreading out and ruffling its feathers. Mi guajolote estáextendiendo y abriendo su plumaje. Notekomo:nia wexo:lo:tl kwa:k yo:isak. Am The turkey puffs up its feathers when it awakens. El guajolote extiende y abre su plumaje cuando despierta. Wexo:lotl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n. Am The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey. El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra. (refl.) to spread outs its branches and become full and bushy (a plant) (refl.) empezar a extender sus ramas y llenarse de foliaje (una planta) Pending Yo:pe:w nokomo:nia nochi:l. Am My chile plants have started to spread out their folliage, becoming full and bushy. Mis plantas de chile han empezado a extender sus ramas (y llenarse de foliaje). komo: All examples with the meaning of a turkey opening and ruffling its feathers have the intensifying prefix <kn>te-</kn>. Indeed, whether or not this verb occurs without the intensifier, and the degree to which such"non-intensified"forms exist, needs to be determined. Molina has <kn>comonia. mo</kn> 'alterarse, o alborotarse la gente' and <kn>comonia. nite</kn> 'alterar, o alborotar la gente.' For the intransitive <kn>comoni</kn> he has 'encenderse y echar llama el fuego.' Note that this verb has two transitive, <kn>comonia</kn> and <kn>comonaltia</kn>. Make sure Oa is /xihkomo:nia/ as indicated here in xref. Entry is 06466. Also, determine the degree to which /komo:nia/ occurs without the intensifier, and if there is any precise semantic distinction between forms with and without (e.g., with only referring to turkeys ruffling their feathers, etc.). Check the differences between /komo:nia/, /tekomo:nia/, /komo:naltia/, /tekomo:naltia/. Check other meanings of /komo:nia/ (perhaps for a dress to billow out as a dancer spins?) and whether it is always used in the reflexive. If used with a transitive object determine the meaning. Note that RS lists all uses: refl"agitarse, moverse, alborotarse, dispersarse, hablando de una multitud; te:-"agitar, amotinar a la gente. tla-"golpear, batir una cosa, sublever a la multitud. Thus greater care needs to be paid to variation in modern. Also, most of my examples include /te-/. Thus cf. in regards to the turkey: /notekomo:nia/. Check whether this could also be said without /te-/. In general check for difference between /te-/ and non-/te-/ forms with /komo:ni/ and /komo:nia/. Perhaps there should be separate entries. Check also difference between /komo:naltia/ and /komo:nia/. Note that in general many meanings of /komo:/ words have to do with things ruffling out in circles (e.g., feathers, a dress billowing, etc.). 02032 awia:ya awia:ya áwiá:ya awia:ya áwiá:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to become fragrant or sweet-smelling llegar a ser fragrante y aromático, o oler bien Pending to become flavorful; to become good-tasting agarrar un buen sabor; volverse o hacerse sabroso Pending ahwi hya: a:wiá:k confer Am áwiá:k confer Oa 02033 pi:stik pi:stik pi:stik pi:stik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be narrow (an opening in sth such as a sack or bag, an entranceway where sth has to fit through, a pass such as where a river runs, etc.) ser angosto (una apertura como en un costal o saco, una entrada apretada donde algo tiene que pasar, un paso como por donde corre un río, etc.) Pending Ti:roh pi:stik ite:n ma:tekon, xikte:ntekoya:wa! Am The opening of your gourd canteen is really narrow, widen it out! La boca de tu cantimplora estámuy apretada,¡ensánchale bien! to be tight-fitting (e.g., clothes, shoes, etc.) estar apretado (p. ej., ropa, calzado, etc.) Pending Pi:stik itlake:n. Am His clothes are tight-fitting. Estáapretada su ropa. (pl. with short vowel reduplication) close together; narrow (e.g., furrows plowed in a field, or rows close together between which sth has to pass) (pl. tener reduplicación de vocal corta) juntos; cercanos (p. ej., los surcos hechos en un terreno, o filas muy cercanas en medio de las cuales algo tiene que pasar) Pending Pipi:stik -=pipitsa:wak- kwentli. Am The furrows are close togther (i.e., the mounds in the middle are narrow). Los surcos están muy juntos (esto es, los montículos en medio se quedaron angostos). patla:wak pi:ts tla:hli In the sense of furrows plowed close together, <kamoa>pipi:stik</kamoa> is the antonym of <kamoa>kokoya:wak</kamoa> and <kamoa>papatla:wak</kamoa>. 02034 kwa kikwa kwa kikwa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-1 to eat comer Pending Ke:n titlakwa:ni, we:i tihkwa! Am How big an eater you are, you eat a lot! ¡Quécomelón eres, comes mucho! Xok tlakwa, yo:tlanaw. Am He doesn't eat anymore, he is in a grave state. Ya no come, estágrave. to bite morder Pending O:ne:chkwah motskwin. Am Your dog bit me. Tu perro me mordió. O:nimokwah. Am I bit myself (my tongue or lip). Me mordí(el labio o lengua). to sting (certain insects and other animals, e.g., bees, wasps, scorpions, etc., and certain plants with small fuzzy thorns) picar (algunos insectos y otros animalitos, p. ej., abejas, avispas, alacranes, etc., y ciertas plantas cubiertas con púas pequeñas) Pending Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n Am It (in this case the <kbam>te:kwa:nxiwtli</kbam>) will sting you like a <kbam>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kbam>. Te va a picar (en este caso el <kbam>te:kwa:nxiwtli</kbam>) como un <kbam>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kbam>. (<kamoa>wel</kamoa> ~) to like the taste of (<kamoa>wel</kamoa> ~) gustar el sabor de Pending Xwel kikwa. Am He can't eat it (in the sense of not being accustomed to the type of food). No lo puede comer (en el sentido de no estar acostumbrado a comer ese tipo de comida) to burn the skin or surface of (the sun, acid or any similar substance) quemar la piel o superficie de (el sol,ácido u otra substancia parecida) Pending O:nima:xixio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. Am My arm peeled, I got burnt by the sun. Se me pelóel brazo, me quemóel sol. (with short vowel reduplication) to chew; to gnaw; to nibble on (the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> is acceptable here; for indefinite null complement, see <klam>tlakukwa</klam>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) masticar; roer (el intensificador <kn>te-</kn> aquíes aceptable; para complemento nulo indefinido, véase <klam>tlakukwa</klam>) Pending Kikukwatok kupahli. Am He is chewing gum. Estámasticando chicle. ¡Ma:s san un chi:lxoxo:hki, xtekukwa! Am Even though it's just that green chile, nibble on it! ¡Aunque sea nada más ese chile verde, másticalo! (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog at a person; see <klam>tlayawa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tláyawá</kloa>(Oa)) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrarle a (un perro a una persona; véase <klam>tlayawa</klam> (Am) / <kloa>tláyawá</kloa>(Oa)) Am, Oa Ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin. Oa Your dog barks at me. Me ladra tu perro. (with long vowel reduplication) (for scissors, or similar tools) to fail to cut (but simply to"bite down"on the material) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) no poder cortar (tijeras o herramientas parecidas, pero simplemente abrir y cerrar sobre el material) Pending San kikwa:kwa tlake:ntli, xoh kiteki. Am It (in this case scissors) just bites down on the cloth, it doesn't cut it anymore. Nada más (en este caso tijeras) muerden la tela, ya no la cortan. (with long vowel reduplication) to scar or mark up (con reduplicación de vocal larga) picar o cicatrizar Pending Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl. Am He has a pock marked face, sores left it scarred up in places (e.g., from a very bad case of acne). Es cacarizo, su piel se picópor los granos (p. ej., tiene acné). (with long vowel reduplication) to open and close on top of; to move up and down on, or side to side against (con reduplicación de vocal larga) abrir y cerrar sobre; mover para arriba y abajo contra; o de lado a lado contra Pending Yo:kaxa:n noburrosi:yah, san tlakwa:kwatok, mláyo:kaxa:n, ne:chkwa:kwa. Am My burro's saddle has become loose, it is moving up and down (i.e., opening up and away, then closing, from the animal's body). It's really loosened up, it pinches me (as it moves up and down, i.e., <kam>nopan notekwaltia</kam>). La silla de mi burro ya se aflojó, se mueve de un lado a otro (esto es, abriendo y cerrando un espacio entre ella y el cuerpo del animal). De veras estáflojo, me pellizca (mientras se mueve de un lado a otro, esto es, <kam>nopan notekwaltia</kam>). (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog [S]) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrar a (un perro [S]) Pending Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan. Am When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him. Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran. (<kam>nokwa</kam> <klam>to:nahli</klam>) for there to be a solar eclipse (<kam>nokwa</kam> <klam>to:nahli</klam>) haber un eclipse solar Pending Nokwa:s to:nahli. Am There will be a solar eclipse. Va a haber un eclipse solar. (<kam>nokwa</kam> <klam>me:stli</klam>) for there to be a lunar eclipse (<kam>nokwa</kam> <klam>me:stlii</klam>) haber un eclipse lunar Pending Nokwa:s me:stli. Am There will be a lunar eclipse. Va a haber un eclipse lunar. kwa The word <kam>tlakukwa</kam> meaning 'to graze' is used to refer to a pasturing animal that is eating where there is wild grass or bush (i.e., it is <klam>xiwioh</klam> , 'covered with grass' or <klam>sakayoh</klam> 'covered with zacate'). However, if the animal enters into a planted corn field that has not been harvested, the form <kam>tlakwa</kam> 'to eat' is used. Thus the difference between <kam>kukwa</kam> and <kam>kwa</kam> in regards to animals concerns not so much the action of eating itself, but the material eaten. With forms such as <kam>tlakwa:kwa</kam> in relation to an animal opening and closing its mouth, I have been told that only the female donkey does this not, for example, the cow. Nevertheless, the same long vowel reduplication can be used to indicate a dog barking or people yelling. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <kam>tla:tlakwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on <kn>tla-</kn> is the equivalent of the more common <kam>tlakwa:kwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. Re: solar eclipse cf. Flk 1984-05-13.2 I have recorded that a partial eclipse is indicated by /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n sitlalin/ whereas a total solar eclipse is /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n me:stli/. However, this should be checked. Re: /tekukwa/. It is not clear whether /tekukwa/ is semantically distinct from /kukwa/, however, it may well be. I have understood /kukwa/ to mean to chew or masticate (i.e. gum, a cow on its cud, etc.) whereas /tekukwa/ has more the sense of 'nibble'. However, this should be checked. When I asked about /tekukwa/ one person said it is used to refer to the action of nibbling on chile verd, e.g. with one's tortilla if there is no chile sauce. One person state taht this verb form /-tekukwa/ could also be used to refer to the eating of green mangos. Check other meanings and decide whether it should be given a separate entry given that unlike other uses (optional) of the intensifier /te/ (e.g. /(te)koto:ni/) in which the semantics do not change much, here they appear quite different between /-kukwa/ and /- tekukwa/. NOTE: I have decided to give a separate entry under /tekwa/ meaning 'to pinch or catch something between two things' and thus perhaps /-tekukwa/ should be placed under /te kwa/. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <kam>tla:tlakwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on <kn>tla-</kn> is the equivalent of the more common <kam>tlakwa:kwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. This should be checked. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, <kam>tla:tlakwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on <kn>tla-</kn> is the equivalent of the more common <kam>tlakwa:kwa</kam> , with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. Both mean (or can mean) 'to bark' If this is true, then record in the grammar in regards to reduplication. tekwa confer Am kwa:lia val_add_applic Am, Oa kwaltia val_add_caus Am, Oa kwaltilia val_add_applic.caus Am, Oa tlakwa; tlakukwa; tlakwa:kwa val_reduce1 Am tlakwa; tlá:kwá; tlakwa:kwa val_reduce1 Oa 02035 komo:chikuwtli komo:chikuwtli komo:chikohtli komo:chikohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) 'ape's earing,' or 'blackbead bush,' type of tree with edible fruit (called <spn>guamúchil</spn> in Spanish) guamúchil, tipo deárbol con fruta comestible que crece cerca de los ríos Pending plant kohtli ko mo:ch <kam>Kuhtli, nokwa itla:kihlo</kam> 'It is a tree, its fruit is edible.' Schoenhals (1988:54) states under <kam>guamúchil</kam> " <kam>Pithecolobium</kam> spp., e.g., <kam>P. dulce</kam> 'ape's earing,' 'blackbead bush' Relative of the soap-bark tree with edible fruit in twisted pods. Whilte or yello, acacia-type flowers; pods also resemble those of the acacia. The coiled pods are evidently the source of the English name. Also spelled huamúchil. Also called guajilla, hormiguillo, patzagua, tenaza."Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this simply as <spn>huamúchil</spn>. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as <kam>Pithecollobium dulce</kam>. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:109) also identify this as of the family <kam>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</kam> and the genus-species <kam>Pithecellobium dulce</kam> (Roxb.) Benth. ko mo:ch kow komo:chitl equivalent Am, Oa 02036 zzz This entry was removed; it was /tsonaka westok/. Now a single entry is under /tsonakawestok/.
30/Jul/2005
 02037 tsonchichi:wa kitsonchichi:wa tsó:nchí:wa kitsó:nchí:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-3a(w) to arrange the hair of (particularly in reference to a woman braiding her hair; usually used reflexively) arreglarse el pelo o cabello (particularmente en referencia a una mujer poniéndose trenzas; generalmente utilizado en reflexivo) Pending O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa. Am Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it). Estádesgreñado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello. tson: chi:wa 02038 kets kets kets kets kets kets
11/Feb/2006
Call Onom ribbit (the sound of a frog) el sonido que hace una rana Am sound-animal animal sounds Documentation of this word to date is always with it being repeated three times, <kam>kets kets kets</kam> , to imitate the sound a frog makes. Check to make sure that this is always repeated 3 times. Check for other animal sounds. 02039 nopih nopih nopih nopih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1(Poss-N2) see <klamoa>-pih</klamoa> véase <klamoa>-pih</klamoa> Am, Oa pih 02040 si:tlaltik si:tlaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> to be striped (particularly watermelon and melon) ser rayado (particularmente sandía o melón) Am color si:tlal The only documented form to date is with the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> ; whether or not ? <kam>si:si:tlaltik</kam> is correct still needs to be determined. Note, however, that Oapan cognates apparently have short vowel reduplication and may occur without the intensifier <kn>te-</kn>. Thus one has Oapan <koa>sísi:tláltik</koa> and <koa>i:xté:si:tláltik</koa>, in which case the <kn>te-</kn> is part of the noun stem <koa>i:xtetl</koa> and not the intensifier. Determine all objects that can be /tesi:si:tlaltik/, if only referring to white spots, etc. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if /te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked. See illustration on original filecard. Check length of reduplicant and cf. to Oapan. tesi:si:kwiltik synonym Am i:xté:si:tláltik synonym Oa sísi:tláltik synonym Oa 02041 kwitlap:ihli kwitlapi:hli kwitlapi:hli kwitlapi:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 tail (of an animal) cola (de un animal) Pending Ma:ka xki:tski ikwitlapi:l chichi! Am Don't grab the tail of a dog! ¡No agarres la cola de un perro! (<koa>te:kwitlapil</koa>) person (usually a child) who always follows others around (i.e., sb's"shadow") (<koa>te:kwitlapil</koa>) persona (generalmente un niño) que sigue o camina atrás de los demás (como"sombra"de algn) Oa body kwitla pi:l The Oapan expression <koa>te:kwitlapi:l</koa> is used occasionally and jokingly by parents to describe a child who is always following them around. In Ameyaltepec <kam>kwitlapi:hli</kam> is seldom used; rather the Spanish loan <kam>ko:lah</kam> is common. Check to determine what animals have /-kwitlapi:l/. Check the effects of grabbing the tail of a dog. My notes have a short penultimate /i/ in Am and a long one in Oapan. Check Oapan recording and measure. 02042 montatli montatli móntatlí móntatlí
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b yes-lex Stem 1(h) father-in-law suegro Am, Oa kin mon tah 02043 tsope:lik xokotl tsope:lik xokotl tsope:lixokotl tsope:lixokotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex(Am) Stem 2 type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente Pending tsope:l xoko kos plant kohtli (pending) xokotl Although Cristino Flores gave several types of <kam>tsope:lik xokotl</kam> he mentioned that in general they are all referred to simply as <kam>tsope:lik xokotl</kam> and not further distinguished, at least not in general conversation. Whether or not the Oapan <koa>tsope:lixokotl</koa> should be written as two words or one is not immediately clear. Certainly there is no final /k/ that would inequivocably indicate the word-final stop. However, final consonants in Oapan Nahuatl often delete in Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam> ; it bears fruit in late summer, during August and September. This is perhaps the same plum also known as <klam>kostik xokotl</klam> , although this needs to be clarified. See <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam>. 02044 tlaawia:ka:n tlaawia:ka:n tlaáwiá:ka:n tlaawia:ka:n tlaáwiá:ka:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) yes-lex fragrant place; place that is sweet-smelling (e.g., a flower shop) lugar fragrante (p. ej., donde se venden flores) Pending O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n Am I smelled how it was a fragrant place. Olíque tan fragrante era este lugar. ahwi hya: 02045 cho:mboh cho:mboh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-loan (?) Gender blind ciego Am The etymology of <kam>cho:mboh</kam> is uncertain, it is probably borrowed from some word in Spanish. 02046 kwepo:nilia kikwepo:nilia kopo:nilia kikopo:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to make (sth) turn up or back (affecting a person or object) hacer volver o voltear hacia arriba (afectando a una person u objeto) Pending O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak. Am The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard. El viento alzósu falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento. to thrash or hit hard with (a switch, lasso, etc.) dar látigos a con (algo como una vara, etc.); golpear fuerte a con (una vara, soga, etc.) Pending O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl. Am He thrashed him three times with a switch. Le diótres latigazos. contact kwepo: Check for other meanings of /kwepo:nilia/. kwepo:nia verb_base Am kopo:nia verb_base Oa 02047 ne:xtia kine:xtia ne:xtia kine:xtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to find; to locate (an object) hallar; encontrar; localizar (un objeto) Pending Xok kine:xti:s,itekiw yo:poliw. Am He won't find it anymore, surely it's gotten lost. Ya no lo va a encontrar, seguro ya se perdió. Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtiaitomi:ntsi:n. Am He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there. Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí. to guess at (for example, the answer to a riddle) adivinar (p. ej., la respuesta a una adivinanza) Pending Xne:xti ke:ch nokone:wa:n! Am Guess how many children I have! ¡Adivina cuantos hijos tengo! to solve; to find (a solution to a problem) solucionar; encontrar (la solución a un problema) Pending Xtiknexti:s ke:no:n, xtiwelis. Am You won't find a way (to do sth, to solve a problem), you won't be able (to do it). No le vas a solucionar, no vas a poder. (refl.) to become or get wealthy (refl.) hacerse o volverse rico Pending Sana:man riko:ti, kemech none:xtitok. Am He got rich right away, he is just now getting wealthy. Luego luego se enriqueció, apenas se estávolviendo rico. ne:si ne:si verb_base Am, Oa 02048 ikximo:motsi:ni ikximo:motsi:ni iximo:motsi:ni iximo:motsi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans Lex. rdp-l?; Op. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>ikxitemo:motsi:ni</kam> class-3a to get cracks in ones legs (e.g., from contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.) agrietarsele a uno las piernas (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, etc.) Pending to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin to dry and crack on one's leg secarsele y agrietarsele una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por la pierna a Pending Xonitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n. Am All the dirt didn't come off (my leg), I was left with a thin layer of dry cracked dirt on my leg. No saliótoda la mugre (de mi pierna), se me quedóuna capita de mugre secada y agrietada sobre la pierna. Melánikximo:motsi:ni. Am The back of my heel (most commonly, although can refer to other parts of one's foot) is really cracking from dryness. De veras se me estáagrietando mi talón (o, tal vez, la piel de otras partes del pie) por seco. kxi motsi: As with most verbs containing the element <kam>motsi:ni</kam> the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. Often this verbal stem is used to refer to situations such as when after bathing some soap or dirt remains on one's body and it dries, leaving a thin crackled layer or pattern on ones skin. Or perhaps one has walked through muddy water, and the water dried leaving a thin cake of dirt, which dries and crackles. The verb may also refer to a layer of dried, cracked skin, such as might occur on one's foot or leg. Apparently this meaning is communicated only with long vowel reduplication. Documentation to date does not indicate whether only the reduplicated forms exists. Nor is the difference between long and short vowel reduplication clear. It appears that the Oapan headword form has short vowel reduplication and no pitch-accent, indicative of the lack of underlying {h}; the Ameyaltepec headword according to my original written notes, has long vowel reduplication. It is possible that this is in error. Check vowel length in /mo:motsi:ni/ as well as other uses of this term. Check to whether a nonreduplicated form can exist, and the difference between the two types of reduplication, with long and short vowels. Note: check to see if a transitive form exists. Check etymology, particularly formation of words with /mots.../. In one entry I have a long first /o:/, i.e. /ikxitemo:motsi:ni/. Recheck vowel length. Also, in this second entry I have /te/ in parentheses, suggesting that it is optional, not required, i.e. that /ikximo:motsi:ni/ is also correct. Note that for Oapan I had this first recorded as short reduplicant. But after doing the entry for /ma:mo:motsi:ni/, it appears that the /o:/ is long there, therefore I have changed it here, pending further analysis. Check vl and p 02049 tsi:ntewila:na kitsi:ntewila:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b ~Intrans Op. inf. <kn>te-</kn> ; <kam>tsi:ntewila:na</kam> class-3a (refl.) to drag oneself along the ground on ones rear end, using ones hands to pull the body forward (a young child unable to crawl, an animal such as a pig that has been shot in the rear and cannot use his hind legs, a person sitting on a river bottom struggling to move against the current, etc.) (refl.) arrastrarse por el suelo sobre las nalgas, utilizando las manos para jalar el cuerpo adelante (un niño pequeño, un animal como un marranito que ha sido pegado con un tiro por las nalgas y no puede utilizar sus piernas de atrás, una persona sentada por un río con un fuerte corriente que se mueve arrastrándose con las nalgas asentadas sobre el fondo del río, etc.) Am Wa:lnotsi:ntewila:ntiw. Kemech pe:wa wel ma:nenemi. Am He comes dragging himself along the ground on his butt (a baby still not able to crawl on hands and knees). He's just beginning to learn how to crawl. Viene arrastrándose por las nalgas (un bebésentado que todavía no sabe gatear). Estáapenas aprendiendo andar a gatas. motion tsi:n wila:na ma:nenemi Check whether /tsi:nwila:na/ and /tsi:ntechiwila:na/ are synonymous, at least in some circumstances. THIS SHOULD BE /kitsi:ntewila:na/ which CF later said was the correct form. Correct if possible. tsí:ntechiwilá:na synonym Oa 02050 a:kin a:kin kineki a:kin a:'in a:'in
11/Feb/2006
Reltz Pr-rel who (as relative pronoun) quien (como pronombre relativo) Am Nika:nas se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chtlasotlas. Am I'm going to marry a man who will love me. Me voy a casar con un hombre quien (que) me vaya a querer. who; the one or person who (in a headless relative clause) el que; la persona que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza) Am Nikwi:kas a:kin kineki. Am I will take whoever wants (to go). Me voy a llevar a quien quisiera (ir). a:kin The precise conditions of use of <kam>a:kin</kam> as a relativizer as opposed to <klam>yewan</klam> are not clear and need to be completely researched. In Ameyaltepec <kam>a:kin</kam> is used both in relative clauses that are headless and those that have a nominal head. Thus one can say <kam>niktete:mo:s a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s</kam> 'I am looking for someone who will help me' (in reference to anyone, e.g., man, woman, child, etc.) or one can say <kam>niktete:mo:s se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s</kam> 'I am looking for a man who will help me.' Apparently in Oapan the equivalent I have the following phrases in my notes, but they should be checked: /akin okse:?/ Who else? Quién más? Check to see if this is correct as I would expect /akinon okse:?/; perhaps /akin okse:?/ is simply contextually shortened. Likewise, check /akin kineki/, which according to my understanding now is a dependent/subordinate clause, and as a question should be /akinon kineki?/. Thus, check the correctness of the recorded phrases /akin okse:?/ and /akin kineki/. Perhaps in both cases the use of /akinon/ is called for given the interrogatory nature of the phrase. Also check vowel length. Note the possible relation to /a:k/. Likewise, check /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/, which, given its status as a complement, I would expect to be /a:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/. I have translated /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we'll see who arrives first'/'Ahora veremos quién llega primero.' In addition, since I made the sentence up as an example, check /nika:nas se: tla:katl ak in ne:chtlasotlas/. Finally, check for possibility of sequences such as /in akin/. Check vowel length of /a:/. yon confer Oa 02051 i:n i:n tla:katl nikpale:wi:s i:n yo i:n tekitl
11/Feb/2006
Pr/Adj(demon) Adj-dem this; these este; estos Pending Ma:ka i:n me:sah, un ne:nkah! Am Not this here table, that one there! ¡No este mesa, aquella allá! Xnihkwa:s i:n nakatl. Am I'm not going to eat this meat. No voy a comer esta carne. Ná:wiltiáya: i:n ka:rroh. Oa He is playing with this car. Estájugando con este carro. i:n In some notes I have mentioned that <kam>in</kam> with a short vowel is used as a demonstrative adjective ('this,' or Spanish <spn>este</spn>) as in <kam>xkwa in tlaxkahli</kam> 'eat this tortilla,' whereas with a long vowel it is used as a demonstrative pronoun ('this one,' or Spanish <spn>éste</spn>) the vowel is long and stressed, e.g., <kam>xne:chmaka i:n</kam> 'Give this one to me!' However, in other notes I mention that both seem long, both the demonstrative adjective and the associated pronoun. Nevertheless, this needs to be checked. Check vowel length of /i:n/, perhaps it should be long. I have noted that /in/ can be used for singular or plural, check. Correct whatever is determined. I was entirely inconsistent in my recording of this particle. Since then I have standardized, without checking, to /in/. This needs to be checked. My understanding from memory is that as a demonstrative the /i/ is short, as in /xne:chmaka in tlake:ntli/ 'give me this piece of cloth.' However, unlike Classical, /in/ does not function as a relativizer. Finally, note that Launey discusses the vowel length of the demonstratives:"La vocal de los demostrativos puede ser facultativamente alargada: /Ca tetl i:n, ca calli o:n, in pilto:ntli i:n, ino:n piltontli (sic), etcetera."All this should be carefully checked. Note that perhaps as a pronoun there is a long vowel: /nikneki i:n/ as opposed to a demonstrative /nikneki in xo:chitl/. Check. A subsequent recording of /i:n/ has been made: /yói:n tekitl nikchi:was/. The Am word was originally written short. It is very hard to determine proper length. At times it seems as if the adjectival element is /in/ and the pronominal is /i:n/, stressed and phrase-final, but this needs to be thoroughly checked. 02052 tlamati tlamati tlámatí tlamati tlámatí
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> V1-tla yes-lex to be skilled; to be an expert tener habilidad; ser experto Pending hmati The base verb, {hmati} has not been documented with a specific object prefix. Nevertheless, FK states that the initial /i/ of the underlying form {ihmati} Make sure that Ameyaltepec has /tlamati/ with this sense, cognate to Oapan /tlámatí/. Also make sure (cf. discussion under /mati/) that this verb occurs only with the /tla-/ prefix and cannot take specific markers (e.g., for Oapan *kímatí) This is a defective verb in that it apparently occurs only with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. In Ameyaltepec the underying {h} is lost whereas in neighboring dialects it is preserved. Thus in Oapan one finds <kloa>tlámatí</kloa>while in San Juan Tetelcingo one finds <kam>tlahmati</kam>. Make sure this occurs only with /tla-/ and that forms such as ?/kihmati/ are not acceptable. Check to see that the /i/ never appears (e.g., /nimati/). Cf. FK (p. 99) who states that the /i/ is maintained before the reflexive. 02053 xi:lo:ti xi:lo:ti xi:lo:ti xi:lo:ti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to form a <klam>xi:lo:tl</klam> (i.e., for a maize plant to be at the stage of development where the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just forming) salirse un jilote (esto es, estar una planta de maíz en el mero momento cuando se le salen los jilotes) Pending Kemech xi:lo:ti. Xe ye:lo:ti, kemech xi:lo:titok. Am It is just forming <spn>jilotes</spn>. The <spn>elotes</spn> haven't yet started to form, the <spn>jilotes</spn> are just starting to emerge. Apenas están formándose los jilotes. Los elotes todavía no salen, apenas están saliendo los jilotes. Kemech xi:lo:titok nomi:l. Am My cornfield is just at the stage where the <spn>jilotes</spn> are forming. En mi milpa apenas estásaliendo los jilotes. plant stage xi:lo: 02054 chi:chitia kichi:chitia chi:chitia kichi:chitia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to nurse; to breast-feed dar pecho o leche a (un niño) Pending chi:chi chi:chi verb_base Am, Oa chi:chitilia val_add_applic Am 02055 tlapayawto:to:tl tlapayawto:to:tl tlapayahto:to:tl tlapayahto:to:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of swift, in Spanish <spn>golondrina</spn>; apparently this term covers birds in the genera <l>Cypseldoides</l>, <l>Streptoprocne</l>, and <l>Chaetura</l>, and <l>Panptila</l>, though perhaps also the <l>Aeronautes saxatalis</l>. The bird appears in the Oapan area from the south, allegedly from Ostotempan, around May, and immediately leave. They fly high and cry as they go. tipo de golondrina, aparentemente incluye aves en los genera <l>Cypseldoides</l>, <l>Streptoprocne</l>, <l>Chaetura</l>y <l>Panptila</l>, y quizátambién <l>Aeronautes saxatalis</l>. El ave aparece en Oapan desde el sur, supuestamente de Ostotempan, en mayo y luego luego se va. Vuela alto, y va gritando cuando va. Pending Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 28, various Kitowa deke ne:si tlapayawto:to:tl, wa:hlaw. Kwa:hki a:tl. Tlapayawis, kiawis. Am It is said that if a <kam>tlapayawto:to:tl</kam> appears, it (the rain) will come. It brings the rains. It will drizzle, it will rain. Se dice que si aparece un <kam>tlapayawto:to:tl</kam> , va a venir (el agua). Trae las aguas. Va a lloviznar, va a llover. animal bird tlapa yawi to:to: Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'golondrina.' Note that in early June 2003 I saw what appeared to be several of these birds (I was alone at the time and could not consult a native speaker) and they had one white stripe on the underside of each wing. 02056 me:mela me:mela me:mela me:mela
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap Lex. rdp-l N1 thick oval-shaped tortilla made quickly, often when there is no time to make flat tortillas, and that is generally eaten spinkled with salt tortilla gruesa y ovoide hecha rapidamente, a menudo porque no hay tiempo para hacer tortillas normales, que generalmente se come rociada con sal Pending Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli. Am A <kam>me:mela</kam> , it's not thin, it's a thick tortilla. Una <kam>me:mela</kam> , no es delgada, es una tortilla gruesa. food-maize mela: The etymology of this is uncertain, but it probably derives from a reduplicated form of <kam>mela:wa</kam>. Note how reduplication is often used in metaphoric lexemes, although here the reduplication is with a long vowel. Note, however, that long vowel reduplication (with final /h/) is used in baby talk. Perhaps there is some relationship to these forms here. Check for presence of final /h/ here. The <kam>me:mela</kam> is like what is expressed by the Spanish <kam>huaraches</kam> (a type of tortilla or gordita), but the <kam>me:mela</kam> is plain (i.e., it is not made with beans, nor is anything but salt placed on top). Reduplication: /Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli/ In the phrase note how the short vowel reduplication is used with /kana:wak/ and /tila:wak/, and would seem to indicate"somewhat". Perhaps this should be investigated. Also, however, it is used because the left placement of /me:mela/ indicates a generic sense, and these are not countable but plural. 02057 tlakotia:n i:tlakotia:n tlákotiá:n i:tlákotiá:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 yes-lex waist cintura Pending Ne:chkukwa notlakotia:n. Am My waist hurts me. Me duele la cintura. Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! Am Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! middle (of sth long) mitad o parte en medio (de algo largo) Pending Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli. Am It's a dress with a seam between two pieces of cloth haflway down. Es una falda que a la mitad tiene una costura entre dos pedazos de tela. Pakah ne:, itlakotia:n tlakaltech. Am It is there, halfway up the steep slope. Alláestá, a la mitad de la cuesta muy inclinada. Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. Am The insects called <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). Los insectos llamados <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). halfway point (of a period of time) a mediados (de un periodo de tiempo) Pending Yekos itlakotia:n i:n me:stli. Am He will arrive in the middle of this month. Va a llegar a mediados de este mes. body tlahko Although <kam>tlakotia:n</kam> has been considered an obligatorily possessed form, in one phrase it appears unpossessed (<kam>tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh</kam>). I had also documented it as having final stress in this form. It might be best considered an abbreviation, or perhaps a single word (<kam>tlakotia:npipitaktikeh</kam>). The absence of the possessed marker and the final syllable stress need to be checked. Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from Oapan, utters a final /h/. Although I have coded this as an obligatorily possessed form (which I will leave as is for now), I have one example where /tlakotiá:n/ is not possessed (and where, moreover, it is stressed on the final syllable). This should be checked. It might be that /tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh/ is simply an acopated form of the possessed. Or it might even be an"incorporated"form, ?/tlakotia:npipitsaktikeh/. All these possibilities should be checked. Note that in the pronunciation Inocencio Jiménez the final /n/ is clear; Florencia Marcelino, also from Oapan, utters a final /h/. Check and make sure this is manifested in the selection of material. Oapan phonology: Note that in the recording of this word the final /n/ is clear in Inocencio Jimenez; Florencia Marcelino utters this with a final /h/. tlamia:n confer Am pe:wya:n confer Am tlamiya:n confer Oa pe:hya:n confer Oa 02058 sa:ndiakokone:tl sa:ndiakokone:tl sa:ntiá:koné:tl sa:ntiá:koné:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 small watermelon that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck (i.e., a pointed end) sandía que se formócon un cuello largo, delgado y encorvado (esto es, tiene la punta alargada y delgada) Pending plant domesticated kone: Apparently the use of <kam>kokone:tl</kam> with certain fruits is related to their resemblance to a doll. Query if this is an actual type of watermelon (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that it is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance. Check for other fruits/vegetables that may contain the /kokone:tl/ term. Check the length of the first /a/ in the Oapan form; it may be short. Illustrate with picture or line drawing. a:yukokone:tl confer Am ayó:koné:tl confer Oa 02059 te:siawi:tih te:siawi:tih te:siawi:tih te:siawi:tih
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be tiring or exhausting (a task or sth that requires physical exertion); to cause tiredness ser cansado (una tarea o algo que requiere un esfuerzo físico); causar cansancio Pending siawi te:siawi:tih; te:kuhtilih etc., i.e., different words that apply to the difficulty of different tasks. 02060 chi:chi:le:wi chi:chi:le:wi chi:chi:le:wi chi:chi:le:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Lex. rdp-l; Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>techi:chi:le:wi</kamoa> class-3a(w) to redden or become red ponerse rojo Pending Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok. Am Go take a look at your milpa! It's all turning red, it's already begun to dry up. ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Estáquedándose rojo, ya se estásecando. color chi:l It is interesting that the color red (and not brown or black) is used to refer to a milpa that is drying up. This may be compared to the use of the term for 'to become black,' <kam>tlitli:le:wi</kam> , which is used to refer to a healthy"green"milpa, particularly one that might result to use of a good fertilizer. In regard to the variation between <kam>chi:chi:le:wi</kam> and <kam>chi:chi:liwi</kam> , many consultants consider them equivalent. However, when questioned about the phrase <kam>Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok</kam> Luis Lucena remarked that <kam>sa: chi:chi:liwtok</kam> would not be correct. chi:chi:liwi equivalent Am, Oa 02061 petla:naltia kipetla:naltia petla:naltia kipetla:naltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b(ni/altia) class-2a to shine (e.g., a surface such as that of shoes, a table, etc.); to make sparkle lustrar (p. ej., una superficie como una mesa, etc.) sacarle brillo a; pulir hasta que brille; bolear Pending Kipetla:naltia sapa:tos un kone:tl. Am That child shines shoes. Bolea zapatos ese niño. petla: Check whether transitive /petla:nia/ exists. petla:ni verb_base Am, Oa 02062 tlachi:xtok tlachi:xtok tlachi:xtok tlachi:xtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be conscious (e.g., after having fainted); to be recovered (e.g., after an illness); to be sober (e.g., after a bout of drinking) ser conciente (p. ej., después de haber desmayado, etc.); ser recuperado (p. ej., después de una enfermedad); estar sobrio (p. ej., después de una borrachera) Pending Ma:ski o:tlai:lo:k, pero yewa xo:tlai:k. Tlachi:xtok. Am Even though people drank, he didn't. He is sober. Aunque la gente tomaba,él no tomó. Estásobrio. to be looking good; to be looking healthy; to have a good appearance (a person, animal, plant, etc.) verse bien, con saludo; tener buena apariencia (una persona, animal, planta, etc.) Pending Melá:k tetomaktik mokaba:yoh, tlachi:xtok. Am Your horse is really hefty, it's looking good. Tu caballo estámuy robusto, se estáviendo bien. Xkowili un iyo:lka:w. Yewa tlachi:xtok. Am Buy that animal from him! That one looks to be in good shape (i.e., healthy, robust, filled out, etc.) ¡Cómprale su animal!ése se ve bien (esto es, con buen salud, llenito, fuerte, etc.). Ye tlatlachi:xtok nomi:l. Xka:wa, ya:lwa pili:ntoya. Am My maize field is looking good. You wouldn't have guessed it, yesterday it was drooping. Mi milpa se estáviendo bien. No lo hubieras pensado, ayer se estaba secando. chiya tlachia confer Am, Oa 02063 sepo:wa kisepo:wa sepo:wa kisepo:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3b(ow) to anesthesize anestesiar Pending Kisepo:was motlan para ma:ka mitskoko:s. Am He will anesthesize your tooth so that it won't hurt you (i.e., when he drills into it). Te va a anestesiar el diente para que no te vaya a doler (esto es, cuando te lo trabaje con la fresa). to cut (with a machete) partially through (the branches of felled trees in order to be able to flatten them down, for example, so that they may serve as a barrier or fence; the tree, not the branches, is [O]) cortar (con un machete) y atravesar parcialmente (las ramas deárboles tumbados para poder aplastarlas y colocarlas cerca del tronco, p. ej., para que sirvan como cerca o barrera; nótese que elárbol, no las ramas, es el [O]) Pending Xiksepo:wa un kohtli! San tlakotipantsi:n xtsonteki, ma kwelpachiwi! Am Chop through (the branches of) that tree! Just cut halfway through, let them (the branches) fold over! ¡Córtale (las ramas a) eseárbol!¡Córtale a la mitad nada más para que se puedan doblar! sepo: Further check meaning. Check inflection carefully. Record and perhaps acoustically measure forms. Illustrate the reference to tree. ma:sepo:wa confer Am, Oa 02064 kuch uch kuch kuch uch kuch
11/Feb/2006
cochino (?) N; Interj N-loan N1 sound used for driving away pigs sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos Pending piggy marranito Pending Ne:nkah kuch! Am There's a piggy there! ¡Hay un marranito allá! baby <kamoa>Kuch</kamoa> might well be derived from Spanish <spn>cochino</spn>. Its use as a noun apparently derives from, or is at least related to, the sound used to drive away pigs. As a noun, <kam>kuch</kam> is used by very young children, before they can talk well. It is also used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. Also as a noun, <kam>kuch</kam> is equivalent to <kam>uch</kam> , although one consultant, Juana Rodríguez, mentioned that the former is used by slightly older children and that the youngest, unable to pronounce the /k/, say <kam>uch</kam>. uch equivalent Am, Oa 02065 wi:tsapo:lin wi:tsapo:lin wí:tsapó:lin wí:tsapó:lin wi:tsakapo:lin Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 4 small grass still unidentified, of the family Poaceae tipo de sacate pequeño, de la familia Poaceae Pending Wi:tsapo:lin | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:n akistiwewetsi. Te:sok itla:kihlo. Am <kam>Wi:tsapo:lin</kam> : It is a small plant like the <klam>akistewe:wetsi</klam>. It's fruit pierces the skin. <kam>Wi:tsapo:lin</kam> : Es una plantita como la <klam>akistewe:wetsi</klam>. Se puede espinar con su fruta. plant xiwtli wits apo:l According to the original notes on this plant, it is the same as another called <klam>tsontekomawistli</klam>. However, in the first fieldwork session of September-October 2001, no consultant knew that <kam>witsapo:lin</kam> was identifical to <klam>tsontekomawistli</klam> , nor had even heard of this latter plant. Check stress pattern in Oapan forms as I did not hear the pitch accent in the pronunciation of Silvestre Pantaleón. According to one person in Oapan this is the name given to the seeds of a certain type (or certain types?) of zacate. Check. Check vowel length of first /i:/??? Check for all forms/dialects. Extract pronunciation form Silvestre Pantaleón and chec 02066 i:xpoye:lia ki:xpoye:lia i:xpoye:lia ki:xpoye:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia ~Adj/-Intrans class-2a to sprinkle salt on the surface of echarle sal sobre la superficie de Pending Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. Am Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! If you do, it will get really salty échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado! i:x poye: Check to see if an intransitive form /i:xpoye:ya/ exists. Provisionally I have marked the /tran field for no adjectival and no intransitive. Check all paradigms for these alternations. 02067 mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-comp N1 yes see <klam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</klam> véase <klam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</klam> Pending plant aga mexkal kow -titlan 02068 kamane:lowa kikamane:lowa kamane:lowa kikamane:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to toss around in ones mouth (e.g., a person sucking on a candy, an animal with a bone in its mouth, etc.) agitar dentro de la boca (p. ej., una persona chupando un dulce, un animal con un hueso en la boca, etc.) Am, Oa (~ <kam>tlato:hli</kam>) to mumble or not pronounce or articulate clearly (see <kloa>popoloka</kloa>) (~ <kam>tlato:hli</kam>) no pronunciar bien; hablar entre dientes; mascullar (véase <kloa>popoloka</kloa>) Am Kikamane:lowa tlato:hli, xkipanki:xtia kwahli, xtihkakis. Am He mumbles his words, he doesn't pronounce them clearly, you won't understand what he says. Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia bien las palabras, no le vas a entender. kama ne:l 02069 tsi:tsikiltik tsi:tsikiltik tsi:tsikiltik tsi:tsikiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-l to be in zig-zag (e.g., a line drawn, the edge of certain fruit bowls, some dress hems, etc.) estar en zig-zag (p. ej., una línea dibujada, la orilla de ciertos fruteros, el dobladillo de algunas faldas, etc.) Pending tsikil Both <kam>tsi:tsikiltik</kam> and <klam>tsi:tsikiltsi:n</klam> refer to zig-zag patterns. However, the diminutive form indicates a more closed pattern, with the lines closer together. Consultants indicated that <kam>tsi:tsikiltiktsi:n</kam> is also correct, though less common. However, I do not remember hearing it in natural discourse. In Oapan <koa>tsi:tsikiltik</koa> is used to refer to clothes with a zig-zag edge. If the zig-zag is on lace <koa>tsi:tsikiltsi:h</koa> is used. A ceramic fruit bowl, like those sold in Oapan, is referred to as <kloa>te:ntsi:tsikiltik</kloa>. Illustrate. See illustration on original 3x5 card. Check vowel length of first syllable; check whether /tsitsikiliwi/, /tsitsikiltik/ with short first vowel exists. Adjectivals in /-tik/; diminutives. Note that the diminutive of adjectivals ending in /-tik/ appears to involve simply the replacing of /-tik/ with /-tsi:n/. Thus one has /tsi:tsikiltik/ and /tsi:tsikiltsi:n/. 02070 te:kwa:nxiwtli te:kwa:nxiwtli te:kwa:nxihtli te:kwa:nxihtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) type of plant as yet unidentified tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada Pending Te:kwa:nxiwtli | Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n. Am <kam>Te:kwa:nxiwtli</kam> : It will sting you like a <kbam>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kbam>. <kam>Te:kwa:nxiwtli</kam> : Te va a picar como un <kbam>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kbam>. plant xiwtli kwa xiw 02071 itika:xowa nitika:xowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-trans; Compl class-2b (refl.) to sink or pull in ones stomach or midsection (refl.) sumirse el estómago o barriga Am Xmitika:xo! Am Suck in your gut! ¡Súmete la barriga! hti ka:x ítiko:pa:xówa synonym Oa 02072 kwa:tsonawatl kwa:tsonawatl kwa:tsónawátl kwa:tsónawátl
24/Oct/2005
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex scalp disease in which a person's hair falls out in a round, expanding area (ringworm?) enfermedad del cabello en que se le va cayendo el pelo en un círculo redondo y expandiendo (tiña?) Pending disease kwa: tson ahwa-2- Check Oapan and San Juan cognates for probable presence of /h/; cf. in Karttunen /ahhuayowa/ 'to have an itch'. In the meantime I have recorded the root as /ahwa/. Also determine proper name of the disease, which I have temporarily given as ringworm. kwa:tenextli synonym Am, Oa 02073 tlakwahli tlakwahli tlakwahli tlakwahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 food comida Pending (fig.) bites (of insects) (fig.) piquetes (de insectos) Pending Nochi tlakwahli mokxi. Am Your leg is all bites. Tu pierna es puros piquetes. (<koa>tlá:tlakwál</koa>) favorite dish of (sb) (<koa>tlá:tlakwáli</koa>) el antojito de (algn) Oa kwa Cristino Flores did not accept /nochi tlakwahli mokxi/ but rather /nochi mokxi i:tlakwal sa:yo:lin/. tlakukwahli confer Am tlá:kwahlí confer Oa 02074 yzzz i:xtetla:katsi:n i:xtetla:katsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N2 colored part (pupil and iris) of the eyes parte de color (pupila e iris) del ojo Oa body i:x te tla:ka In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan <kloa>i:xtetla:katsi:n</kloa>refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. However, Roberto Mauricio stated that this term refers only to the pupil. There is no reduplication in Oapan <koa>i:xtetla:katsi:n</koa>, whereas the Ameyaltepec cognate form does manifest reduplication. Note also that whereas the initial stem in Oapan is <koa>i:xte-</koa>, in Ameyaltepec it is <kam>i:xte:n-</kam> I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te:/ is long and there is no reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. Check to make sure no reduced reduplication on /te/. i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n synonym Am 02075 tisi kitisi tisi kitisi
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Spec class-3a to lightly rub against (an object) frotar contra ligeramente (un objeto) Pending O:kwa:ltistiah. Am It came along rubbing lightly against it (e.g., a rope against the saddle of a burro, or water canteens and other objects against ropes to which they are tied) Venía frotándose contra ello (p. ej., una soga contra la silla de un burro, o cantimploras u otros objetos contra un laso) tisi techiki Determine the exact context in which /tisi/ can be used with the sense of 'to lightly rub against' and check for the difference between /tisi/ so used and /techiki/. 02076 kuwsa:watl kuwsa:watl kosa:watl kosa:watl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 generic name for a type of tree, the <kam>cazahuate</kam> , that includes two types: <kbam>kuhsa:watl</kbam>and <kbam>tenexkuhsa:watl</kbam> nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el <kam>cazahuate</kam> , que incluye dos tipos: <kbam>kuhsa:watl</kbam>y <kbam>tenexkuhsa:watl</kbam> Pending specific type of <kam>cazahuate</kam> , known simply as <kbam>kuhsa:watl</kbam>; tree of the family Convolvulaceae and genus species <l>Ipomoea pauciflora</l> tipo específico del cazahuate, conocido simplemente como <kbam>kuhsa:watl</kbam>;árbol de la familia Convolvulaceae and genus species <l>Ipomoea pauciflora</l> Pending Kuwsa:watl | Xtlah serbi:rowa, san deke timopo:ktla:lili:s. Kana:wak ixiwyo. Am <kam>Kuwsa:watl</kam> : It is not good for anything, except if you want to use it to emit smoke around yourself (e.g., to keep mosquitos away while one is sitting). Its leaves are thin. <kam>Kuwsa:watl</kam> : No sirve para nada, solamente si quieres echarte humo (esto es, para ahuyentar a los mosquitos cuando uno estésentado). Sus hojas son delgadas. plant kohtli kow sa:wa According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of <koa>kosa:watl</koa> very similar in appearance and both called by the same name, with no distinguishing clause. One is found in Oapan and the other near Ameyaltepec, with the latter having slightly thicker leaves than the former. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>cuasahuate</kam> , as does Ramírez (1991), who identifies it as of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Ipomoea murucoides</i>. Schoenhals (1988) under the name cazahuate mentions:"(<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory tree' See palo blanco."Under this entry, she states:"(<i>Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides</i>) 'morning-glory tree' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (<i>Acacia willardiana</i>) '[type of] acacia' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coast al mountains of Sonora. 3. (<i>Maytenus phyllantoides</i>) 'Florida mayten' See mangle dulce. 4. (<i>Roseondendron donnell-smithii</i>) 'spring bellos.' See primavera. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have two trees that are relevant, both of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. The first (p. 173) is <i>Ipomoea arborescens</i>, known in Spanish by the names of <spn>sacamanteca</spn> or <i>cazahuate</i>. The second (p. 174) is the <i>Ipomoea wolvottiana</i>, known in Spanish as <spn>cazahuate</spn>. According to Lupe Domínguez, the <koa>kohsa:watl</koa> is considered to <kboa>te:ko:ntlapa:na</kboa>because if one grabs its flowers when they have just come into bloom, <koa>tiko:ntlapa:nis</koa>. However, she did not consider <koa>te:ko:ntlapa:na</koa> itself to be the name of a plant. Check last name of Lupe, wife of Victorico Jimenez. Check for the presence of /h/ in the Oapan version, i.e., the possibility that the spelling is /kohsa:watl/. I originally had this without /h/ but have since changed it without checking the recording. te:ko:ntlapa:na confer Oa 02077 xkaman xkaman xkaman xkamah xkaman
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm never nunca Pending Xoh kaman wi:ts. Am He will never come again. Nunca jamás vendrá. U:mpa xniá:s kaman, ke:n weka. -=Umpa xkaman niá:s, ke:n weka.- Am I will never go there, it's too far away. Nunca voy a ir allá, es demasiado lejos. kaman <kamoa>Kaman</kamoa> is almost found in the negative, although the clitic <kn>x=</kn> may (rarely) be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial <kam>kaman</kam> afterward (e.g., <kam>Xniá:s kaman</kam>). However, although the negative clitic is at the left end of the verbal predicate, the predicate modifier <kamoa>kaman</kamoa> can be pre- or postverbal (with the former apparently more common). Thus one can also have both <kam>xkaman niá:s</kam> or, in a marked form <kam>niá:s xkaman</kam>. Nevertheless, the preverbal position is more common and one is much more likely to find <kam>xkaman nihkwa nakatl</kam> than <kam>xnihkwa nakatl kaman</kam>. Check possible difference in meaning/emphasis between /ompa xniá:s kaman/ and /ompa xkaman niá:s/. Check whether one can say both /xkaman niaw/"I never go"and /xniaw kaman/. It appears that the future form with /kaman/ at the end and the negative with the verb is the more common syntax. Check vowel length; cf. to /ke:mman/ in other dialects. The lexeme <kam>kaman</kam> is only found in the negative, although the clitic <kam>x</kam> may be placed before a the verbal head of the phrase, with the adverbial <kam>kaman</kam> afterward. However, in general this syntax seems limited, and one is much more likely to find <kam>xkaman nihkwa nakatl</kam> that <kam>xnihkwa nakatl kaman</kam>. kaman confer Am, Oa 02078 chika:hka:no:tsa kichika:hka:no:tsa chika:hka:no:tsa kichika:hka:no:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b class-3a(ts) to talk to in a loud voice (sometimes for being somewhat annoyed) hablar a en una voz alta (y a veces algo molesto) Pending Kichika:hka:no:tsa, ye kwala:ni. Am He speaks to him in a loud tone of voice, he is getting mad. Le habla algo molesto y en voz muy alta, ya se enoja. chika: no:tsa yema:nka:no:tsa confer Am, Oa 02079 yzzz chi:kanahtik chi:kanahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik to be very thin (e.g., a cloth, flat things whose"thickness"can be measured or judged) ser muy delgado (p. ej., una tela, cosas planas que tienen grosor) Oa chi: kana: The close relationship between <kn>te-</kn> and <kn>chi:-</kn> as affixal intensifiers is demonstrated by similarity in meaning between the two terms, Ameyaltepec <kam>tekanaktik</kam> and Oapan <koa>chi:kanahtik</koa>. Whether or not /tekanaktik/ exists in Oapan needs to be checked, likewise /chi:kanahtik/ in Ameyaltepec. Note that in general the position of /te-/ is obligatory with forms such as /tekanaktik/ (cf. kana:wak), /tetomaktik/ (cf. toma:wak), etc. tekanaktik synonym Am tekanahtik synonym Oa 02080 matekia kimatekia mátekía matekia ['ma te 'ki ya] kimátekía
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a yes-lex to pour water over the hands of (so that they may wash them) echarle o verterle agua a las manos de (para que las lave) Pending Xne:chmateki, ye titlakwa:skeh. Am Pour water over my hands so that I may wash them, we're about to eat. Viérteme agua sobra las manos para que las puedo lavar, ya vamos a comer. (refl.) to wash ones hands (refl.) lavarse las manos Pending Xmomateki! Am Wash your hands! ¡Lávate las manos! mah teki Although <kam>matekia</kam> would seem to be related to <kam>a:</kam> 'water' and <kam>te:ka</kam> 'to pour' (cf. <kam>kwa:te:kia</kam> 'to baptize'), the form as noted has both a short /a/ and short /e/. If this were to hold up under analysis, then the etymology of <kam>matekia</kam> would be problematical. FK notes under <kn>mahtequia</kn> "C[arochi] contrasts this with the imperfect form of <kn>ma:tequ(i)</kn> 'to cut one's hand.' This would seem to be from <kn>ma:(i)-tl</kn> 'hand and <kn>a:te:quia:</kn> 'to sprinkle water on something,' but the vowel length pattern is completely wrong. Even deriving it with <kn>mah</kn> the alternative stem of <kn>ma:(i)-tl</kn> and <kn>te:quia:</kn> 'to sprinkel something,' there remains a discrepancy. X[alitla] has <kn>ma:</kn> for <kn>mah</kn>. Apparently in Oapan it is more common to use <koa>ma:pa:ka</koa> although this should be checked. Check length of /e/. Check neighboring dialects for /h/ after /a/. Check vl in both dialects. 02081 ma:temetsakia kima:temetsakia ma:temetsakia [ma: te me tsa 'ki a] kima:temetsakia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to pound with ones fist on the arm of golpear con el puño el brazo de Pending temetsakia ma: temets ak Recheck length of penultimate /a/. Check whether forms such as /temetsakia/, /ma:metsakia/, etc. exist. 02082 ka:ldoh ka:ldoh
22/Oct/2005
caldo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) clear soup (particularly made of chicken stock) caldo Am food chi:la:tl synonym Oa 02083 ma:a:la:wi ma:a:la:wi ma:a:la:wi ma:a:la:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to scrape ones arm or hand rasparse el brazo o la mano Pending O:nima:aga:la:w. Am I scraped my arm (in various places, e.g., in falling). Se me raspóel brazo (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme). a:la:wi ma: a:la: Check for glottal stop in Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of /ma:a:la:wi/. Also check for /g/ in Am between stem and reduplicant. Oapan phonology: Note that here and elsewhere Inocencio Jimenez seems to insert a glottal stop or pause between the IN and the V [ma:? a:la:wi]. This should be checked. Ameyaltepec phonology: in /o:nima:aga:la:w/ note that there is a voiced stop, [g] between the reduplicant and verb stem. This should be confirmed and if it is present, the contexts in which 0>g occurs should be established. 02084 yo:li:k yo:li:k yo:li:k yo:li:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj TM; PM Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Intrans;-Trans pl. <kamoa>yo:li:kmeh</kamoa>, <kam>yo:likeh</kam> (as adjective) to be slow (como adjectivo) ser lento Pending Yo:li:kmeh, ke:n sasa:lmeh. Am They take their time about it, they are slowpokes. Toman su tiempo, son lentones. (as predicate modifier) slowly (como modificador de un predicado) despacio Am, Oa Yo:li:k xyatiw! Am Go along slowly! ¡Ve yendo despacio! Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok. Am My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's already tired. Mi burro he hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se cansó. (as predicate modifier) quietly; at a low volume (como modificador de un predicado) bajito; a un volumen bajo Pending Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak! Am Play it softly, not loudly! ¡Tócalo despacito, no fuerte! Yo:li:k tlatowa. Am He speaks softly (or, 'he speaks slowly'). Habla despacito (en cuanto a volumen o rapidez). yo:l The utilization of <kamoa>yo:li:k</kamoa> to mean 'softly' or 'at a low volume' might be a calque from Spanish 'despacio,' which also has both meanings. It is unclear what the best interpretation of the form <kam>yo:li:k</kam> is. One possibility is to analyze it as a deverbal adjectival, a participial form of the verb <klamoa>yo:li</klamoa>. Another would be to consider it a denominal adjective (as it has been coded above) along the lines of <klam>istá:k</klam> , <klam>yenkwik</klam> , etc. However, the problem with this interpretation is that no corresponding verbal forms have yet been documented in the corpus. Note that originally for Am I had a short final /i/. This has been changed here but should be checked. 02085 ma:tetepon ma:tetepon ma:tetepoh ma:tetepon ma:tetepoh
09/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s to be one-armed (usually because one arm has been amputated) ser manco (generalmente a causa de una amputación) Pending to be short-sleeved (a shirt) ser de manga corta (una camisa) Pending Tine:cha:lkwi:li:s notlake:n de ma:tetepon. Am You will bring me my short-sleeved shirt. Me vas a traer mi camisa de manga corta. ma: tepon tetepon 02086 molo:naltia kimolo:naltia molo:naltia kimolo:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) class-2a to let rot and get fetid (particularly meat) dejar que se eche a perder y agarre un mal olor (en particular la carne) Am, Oa Xniman o:hte:tek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw. Am You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad. No cortaste esa carne luego luego. Dejaste que empezara a pudrir, se echóa perder. molo:nia molo: Check whether in ref. to cotton, etc. only the reduplicated form with a long vowel is used. Also, determine what the precise action is. Check for use and meaning of /molo:ni/ and whether ?molonia exists. Apparently this might be in error and the form /momolo:nia/ more correct. Causative: /Xniman o:htetek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw/ 'You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad.' Here note how the causative assumes a 'let' semantics (cf. tlanemi:tia). The subject of /molo:naltia/ does not make the meat go bad, but allows this to occur. Note that the subject of the intransitive is not a potential agent. momolo:naltia confer Am molo:nia verb_base Am, Oa 02087 xo:chia:pa:ntli xo:chia:pa:ntli xo:chiá:pá:ntli xo:chiá:pá:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(n) yes pattern of leaves (only of certain appropriate plants) that are placed as a bedding under the offering of <klam>yo:ltamalteh</klam> as part of the 'soul-raising ceremony known as <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam> ; the <kam>xo:chia:pantli</kam> may be in various forms, depending upon the requisites of the ceremony; see <kloa>á:pá:ntlí</kloa>) arreglo de hojas (de solamente ciertas plantas) que se colocan como colchón abajo de la ofrenda de <klam>yo:ltamalteh</klam> que forman para de la ceremonia de 'levantamiento de sombra' que se conoce en náhuatl como <klam>tlakaka:walistli</klam> ; el <kam>xo:chia:pantli</kam> puede estar en varias formas dependiendo de los requisitos de la ceremonia; véase <koa>á:pá:ntlí</koa>) Am garland of marigolds or <kboa>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</kboa>that are placed around the necks of saints (syn. Oa <koa>á:pá:ntlí</koa>) guirnalda de sempoalxochitl o <kboa>sásanmigé:ltsi:n</kboa>que se colocan por los cuellos de los santos (sin. Oa <koa>á:pá:ntlí</koa>) Oa xo:chi a: pa:n tlakaka:walistli Check the vowel length in the Oapan form. During the recording I heard a long vowel in /pa:n/. However, if it were long it should retain the pitch-accent. Thus even though I have heard it long, I have written short. Check. I have checked this with R. Mauricio and it appears to definitely have a long penult vowel that retains p-a. In the def. for Ameyaltepec I have a reference at the end:"see <koa>á:pantlí</koa>. This originally was and nlo tag... but I don't have a lexical entry for Oaá:pantlí. Hence I have changed this to and no tag. Nevertheless, check this and either create appropriate entry or delete the xref here. 02088 zzz This entry for /xtopa/ has been eliminated as a repete. The speech token from this present word (2088) should be tagged with number 4374.
30/Jul/2005
 02089 tlatlako:lkwi:lia kitlatlako:lkwi:lia tlátlako:lkwí:lia tlatlako:lkwi:lia kitlátlako:lkwí:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to mock (sb) for being unable to do sth burlarse de (algn) por no poder hacer algo Am O:kwetskilih, o:kitlatlakolkwi:lih. Am He laughed at him, he mocked him for something (e.g., a task or job) that he couldn't do. Se riódeél, se burlódeél por algo (p. ej., una tarea o trabajo) que no pudo hacer. Kitlatlako:lkwi:lia, kuwetskilia ke:n xweli. Am He mocks him for not being able to do something, he laughs at how he can't do it. Se burla deél por no poder hacer algo, se ríe de comoél no lo puede hacer. to take the sin of (e.g., if one murders sb who has himself murdered another, then the first person will suffer the sin in Hell while the other will be absolved; see <kloa>chipawi:lo</kloa>) cargarse con el pecado de (p. ej., si una persona mata a algn que ha matado, el primero se carga con el pecado y va al infierno a sufrir mientras que la otra, que primero mató, se absuelve; véase <kloa>chipawi:lo</kloa>. Am, Oa htlako <kam>Tlatlako:lkwi:lia</kam> refers to the action of mocking someone who is attempting to do something that he can't do well such as dancing, painting, or other activities involving skill. It would seem that <kam>tlatlako:lwilia</kam> would be an applicative of the transitive verb ? <kam>tlatlako:lwia</kam>. However, this latter has not been yet been documented in any of the sources used. Note that in one filecard I had written /tlatlakolwilia/. This might be in error as another filecard had /tlatlako:lkwi:lia/ with the same meaning. This should be checked and corrected. Cf. also the entry for /wetskilia/ where one of the above phrases is entered. Check whether /tlatlako:lwia/ is a word, in either dialect. 02090 sie:mpreh sie:mpreh sie:mpre sie:mpre
11/Feb/2006
siempre Modal Modal in any case; after all; in the end; after all is said and done en todo caso; después de todo; a fin de cuentas Pending Sie:mpreh tiá:s. Am In any case, you'll wind up going. En todo caso, vas a ir. Sie:mpreh se:se:wa. Am After all is said and done, it is still cold. Después de todo, hace algo de frío. The Spanish loan <kam>sie:mpreh</kam> is not used in the sense of 'always' but rather to indicate that 'in the final analysis' something is bound to occur, a certain state is deemed to exist, etc. Thus it suggests a speaker's evaluation of the probability that an event will occur or that, after much debate, a certain state exists. Check for glottal stop; originally I had Am with final /h/; this should be checked. Apparently Oa has glottal stop. Chech the final glottal stop (phonetic) in Oapan [sie:mpre]. Also, do the same in Ameyaltepec. 02091 tlamemekawia tlamemekawia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-wia Lex. rdp-s class-2a tool to use a string or cord to set a snare trap (for birds, e.g., in a field where sesame has been cut and birds alight to feed) utilizar un mecate para tender una trampa (para atrapar pajaritos, p. ej., en un campo donde se ha cortado anjolin y donde los pájaros van a comer) Am O:nitlamemekawi:to. Am I went to set traps with a string. Fue a tender trampas con un mecate. me:ka hunting The verb <kam>mekawia</kam> refers to setting a"trigger"trap, which consists of a noose set on the ground for trapping birds who are caught by tripping a cord. Although <kam>tlamemekawia</kam> would suggest a form <kam>memekawia</kam> or <kam>mekawia</kam> that would take specific object markers, neither of these has been yet documented. Note that although it is possible that an unreduplicated form exists ? <kam>tlamekawia</kam> , this too has not been documented. An unreduplicated form with specific objects is documented in Classical. Molina has under <kn>mecauia. nitla</kn> 'caçar fieras con lazos, o ligar algo con cordeles.' Determine whether specific object can be used. Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most used. It appears that in the above the reduplicated form was used because in the situation of utterence various traps were being set. I have only heard this used in reduplicated form; check for the possibility of a nonreduplicated form. Also check the possibility of a form without /tla-/, e.g., /mekawia/, etc. Illustrate. Give a description of the various types of traps and hunting/fishing that occurs. Add illustration of how these traps are set. tlá:maná synonym Oa 02092 tla:lte:mia kitla:lte:mia tla:lte:mia kitla:lte:mia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to cover with a thin layer of dirt (either on purpose or accidentally); to place dirt on, around, or in cubrir con una delgada capa de tierra (a propósito o por casualidad); colocar tierra alrededor, sobre o en Pending A:man x'tla:lte:mi, dya xtetso:tsona para ma tepi:tsiwi! Am Now cover it with earth, and then pound it with something heavy so that it (the ground) becomes hard! ¡Ahora cúbrele con tierra y después golpéalo con algo pesado para que se macice (la tierra)! X'tla:lte:mi! Ma tili:ni, ma:ka wetsis. Am Fill it with earth (in this case the space around a post being placed in the ground)! Let it get firmly held in place so that it doesn't fall over! ¡échale tierra (en este caso alrededor de un horcón recién metido en la tierra)!¡Quése quede apretado para que no caiga! Xtla:lte:mitiw kwahli! Am Go along covering it nicely with dirt (e.g., while planting, to go along pushing dirt with ones feet to cover the seeds dropped on the ground)! Ve tapándolo con tierra (p. ej., al estar sembrando, ir empujando tierra con los pies para cubrir las semillas que uno va dejando caer al sembar). to throw dirt on (e.g., a person one is angry with) echarle tierra a (p. ej., una persona con quien se estápeleando) Pending Ma:ka xne:xtla:lte:mi! Newa xtlah timitschi:wilia. Am Don't throw earth on me! I don't do anything to you. ¡No me eches tierra (p. ej., sobre el cuerpo, en la cara, etc.)! No te hago nada. tla:l te:m The valency of <kam>tla:lte:mia</kam> (and <klam>tla:lte:milia</klam>) presents an interesting problem. Clearly <kam>tla:lte:mia</kam> is transitive, taking a subject and object marked on the verb. It also has an incorporated noun. If this incorporated noun had"saturated"the verb, taking up an argument slot, then <kam>te:mia</kam> , which has not been independently documented in the sources for this dictionary, would have to be basically ditransitive. If the incorporated noun root <kam>tla:l</kam> is"modifying,"then <kam>te:mia</kam> would be transitive. This question is discussed to a greater extent in the grammar. Cf. <klam>tla:lka:wia</klam> and <klam>a:te:kia</klam>. Check for other verbs ending with te:mia, e.g., xa:lte:mia. tla:lte:milia val_add_applic Am 02093 zzz This entry was repeated and has since been removed.
29/Jan/2002
 02094 tlampwe:rtah tlampwe:rtah
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>puerta</spn> Adj(ap) N-loan to be missing ones front teeth, particularly the upper front teeth faltarle los dientes frontales, particularmente los de arriba, a (algn [S]) Am tlan tlantra:nkah synonym Oa tlantrá:nkatík synonym Oa 02095 zzz This entry used to be kwa:wawa:tsa, but this has been deleted and /kwa:wawatsa/ considered a secondary or alternative pronunciation of /kwa:uwa:tsa/ in Ameyaltepec.
09/Aug/2005
 02096 tlapalo:ma:ma kitlapalo:ma:ma tlapalo:ma:ma kitlapalo:ma:ma
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-1 to carry (e.g., a young child) behind ones back, horizontally and half-way down the back (or on the shoulders) cargar (p. ej., un niño) por la espalda y horizontalmente, a la mitad del cuerpo (o por los hombros) Oa sex tlapalo: ma:ma My notes for this verb, taken from conversations with male consultants, indicate that the sexual relations are often not with the full consent of the woman. This is not clear, but may refer to the position, which most men consider to be somewhat"aggressive." Etymologically <kamoa>tlapalo:ma:ma</kamoa> is derived from a modifying incorporated stem and a verb, <klamoa>ma:ma</klamoa>. The grammatical category of <kroot>tlapal</kroot>, however, is not clear. It does not fall neatly into the nominal or adjectival categories. Check meaning of this term; also check the meaning of /ma:ma/, which I believe also can involve sexual activity though this signification is not now listed under /ma:ma/. I have deleted this sense. '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with (a woman [O]) horizontally and from behind)' Ilustrate this. Perhaps a page of all the things that can be done sideways. 02097 a:xi:xtekomatl a:xi:xtekomatl a:xi:xtekomatl a:xi:xtekomatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 bladder vejiga Pending body a: xi:xa tekoma Reconfirm that the unpossessed also exists. This would seem to be the case given that in elicitation for the Oapan form I believe that the unpossessed form was given. Check length of final /o/ and check whether unpossessed form also exists. 02098 i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes tener ojeras Am Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki. Am My eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy. Tengo ojeras porque tengo sueño. i:x te:n ko: pi:l Oapan has a cognate form <koa>i:xté:xo:pi:liwi</koa> Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether /ko:/ should be a separate root. /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw i:ka nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /i:ka/ with adverbial phrase, giving the cause of the i:xté:xo:pi:liwi synonym Oa 02099 ye:ktli ye:ktli ye:htli ye:htli
11/Feb/2006
N(at) N-b Stem 1(k) sth good; sth well made algo bueno; algo bien hecho Pending to be good looking (a man or a woman, an animal, etc.) ser bien puesto o puesta (un hombre o una mujer, an animal, etc.) Pending Ye:ktli un suwa:tl. Am That's a good-looking woman. Es una mujer bien puesta. see <klam>xye:ktli</klam> (Oapan synonym <kloa>xkwahli</kloa>) véase <klam>xye:ktli</klam> (sinónimo de Oapan <kloa>xkwahli</kloa>) Am ye:k In Oapan <koa>ye:htli</koa> is rarely used and when it is, almost always by groups of men (as Florencia Marcelino said: <koa>nolo:kama:wah</koa>) to refer to young women. 02100 tlapayawi tlapayawi tlapayawi tlapayawi
09/Feb/2006
No V0 V0-b class-3a(w) to drizzle lloviznar Am, Oa Xsan tlachi:chipi:ni. Tlapayawi. Am It's not that just a few drops of water are falling. It's drizzling. No es que solamente se están cayendo unas gotas de agua. Estálloviznando. weather tlapa yawi 02101 kalaki kalaki kalaki kalaki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to enter (an animate being, able to act under its own volition, into a closed space, or an object that goes into a recepticle or container, such as a coin in a piggy bank) entrar; pasar a (un ser animado, capaz de actuar por su propia cuenta, que entra a un espacio como un cuarto, o un objeto que se mete dentro de un recipiente) Pending I:kochipan kakalakisnekiya. Am He repeatedly tried to get in (in this case a man into a woman's hut) while she was sleeping. Quería entrar cuando estaba durmiendo (en este caso un hombre que trataba de entrar donde una mujer estádurmiendo) to set or go beneath the horizon (the sun or moon, or stars during the course of the night) ponerse o meterse abajo del horizonte (el sol o la luna, o estrellas que se meten abajo del horizonte durante la noche) Pending I kalakis to:nahli Am The sun is about to set. El sol ya se va a poner. (often with <kam>ika</kam> or <koa>ya</koa>) to contribute (e.g., money to a collection) to participate (e.g., with work in a joint effort, etc.) (a menudo con <kam>ika</kam> or <koa>ya</koa>) contribuir (p. ej., dinero a una colección); participar (p. ej., con trabajo en un esfuerzo conjunto o comunal) Pending Nikalakis ika tomi:n. Am I'm going to contribute with money. Voy a entrarle con dinero. Tika:kalakiskeh ika tomi:n. Am Each of us is going to contribute money, one after the other. Cada uno de nosotros va a contribuir con dinero, uno tras otro. to begin a task or job (particularly a cargo, or obligatory community service) empezar un trabajo o comenzar una tarea (particularmente, entrar en un cargo, un trabajo obligatorio de la comunidad) Pending De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis. Am There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (in this case his <spn>cargo</spn> as juez) or he won't. Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo (en este caso el cargo de comisario del pueblo), o no lo acepta. (<kn>-tlak</kn> ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Am <kloa>ki:sa</kloa>) (<kn>-tlak</kn> ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Am <kloa>ki:sa</kloa>) Oa Notlak o:kalak. Oa It affected me causing delirium (a scorpion bite). Se me trabó(el piquete de un alacrán). motion kochia:n -tech -tlak kalak Recheck correctness of /ika/ and /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis/. Perhpas /de o:me unkah, kalakis, noso xkalakis/. Check. Check to see if only a scorpion bite can cause /motlak kalaki/; add same information to Am /motech ki:sa/, under /ki:sa/. Note use of /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah/ also note use of /ika/. Place under both. Perhaps historically the root /kalaki/ is related to both /kal/ and /aki/. kalaktia val_add_caus Am kalahtia val_add_caus Oa kalakilia val_add_applic Oa kalaktilia val_add_applic.caus Am kalahtilia val_add_applic.caus Oa 02102 kwa:istaluwitla kikwa:istaluwitla kwa:istalwí:witlá kwa:istalwí:witla kikwa:istalwí:witlá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s class-4a yes-rdp to pull out the grey or white hairs of arrancarle los canos de la cabeza a Pending Xne:chkwa:istaluwitla! Am Pull out my grey hairs! ¡Arráncame los canos! kwa: sta witla kwa:istalwiwitla. Check for /h/ after reduplicant. Check vl of the Oapan form. I would have expected reduction of the reduplicant and lengthening of the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem /kwa:istal/. It may be that the final /a/ of /kwa:istal/ should be long, this would explain the lack of reduction. Or it may be that the reduplicant (the first /wi/ of /wiwitla/) is long (i.e., wi:witla). Note that in other Oapan entries with /wiwitla/ there is no reduction (e.g., /tlawíwitlaké:tl/) there is no reduction; and in some (e.g., /kiwiwitla/) there is no pitch-accent. These entries should be checked, but the absence of reduction and p-a might be due to the lexicalization of the reduplicated form (even though apparently nonreduplicated examples, e.g, /witla/, do exist). This verb is somewhat problematical for p-a and it should be extensively discussed. Check all instances of /witla/ as my notation is not consistent. tlawí:witláke:tl confer Oa 02103 tsonto:ka kitsonto:ka tsonto:ka kitsonto:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to point downward; to make (sth) point downward apuntar o hacia abajo Pending (refl.) to be with ones head bowed down (refl.) estar cabizabajo Pending Xmee:kchi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsonto:ka! Am Look alive, don't just be there with your head bowed over! ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada! (refl.) to dive down headfirst (a bird diving for its prey, a plane in a dive, a firework that heads to earth, etc.) (refl.) clavarse de cabeza hacia abajo (una ave buscando su presa, un avión que se desciende en picada, un cohete que se tira hacia abajo, etc.) Pending tson to:ka There is an extra token, /notsonto:ka/ at 4558. I originally had this, rejected by C. Flores /O:timotsonto:kak i:tik a:tl./ You dove headfirst down into the water (i.e., while already in the water). 02104 cholwia kicholwia cholwia [chol 'wi ya] kicholwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to take quick leave of; to run off to avoid seeing (e.g., in seeing that sb is coming to visit) de repente salir de la companía de; despedirse rápidamente de (algn); huir (al ver a algn acercarse, para evitar hablar conél) Pending O:tikincholwih. Inwa:n timonono:stoya wa:n o:tikinka:wte:w. Am You took sudden leave of them. You were carrying on a conversation with them and then you got up and left them behind. Saliste rápido de su companía. Estabas hablando con ellos y de repente te paraste y los dejaste al salir. cholo This is an applicative of the intransitive verb <kamoa>cholowa</kamoa>, manifesting the metathesis that Canger (1980) describes. Apparently this is an applicative of an intransitive, with the metathesis described by Canger. Check if the conditions for such metathesis are filled. 02105 tepexiwia notepexiwia tepexiwia [te pe xi 'wi ya] notepexiwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to fall down a steep slope (refl.) desbarancarse; caerse por una cuesta muy inclinada Pending O:notepexiwih nowa:kax. Am My head of cattle (e.g., a cow, bull, steer, etc.) fell down a hill. Mi ganado se desbarrancó. osto:wia tepexi The lack of pitch accent in Oapan suggests the absence of an internal {h}. The San Juan Tetelcingo dialect should be checked since underlying {h} is there retained in most cases. FK remarks for this verb:"This is abundantly attested in T[etelcingo, Morelos], where the internal glottal stop is missing. B[ancroft] has a single attestation with the glottal stop (f. 1v). The high frequency in T is due to compounding with many possible locations, <kn>cuauhtepehxihuia:</kn> 'to hurl something down from a tree,' <kn>tlapechtepehxihuia:</kn> 'to knock someone out of bed,' etc."Note that FK inserts an {h} in these two forms even though none is present in the original source. North Puebla Nahuatl has an /h/: <kn>quitepehxihuiya</kn>. tepe:xiwia; osto:wia Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be explored. Check presence of glottal stop and vowel lenght in this word, /tepexiwia/. Also, as with /osto:wia/, make sure that only the reflexive is used. Probably this is not the case, but examples should be obtained of non-reflexive use. Finally, confirm the difference between /osto:wia/ and /tepexiwia/ as I have noted in the former entry. Check for noun form /tepe(h)xitl/. Check for nonreflexive use of this verb. Check for /h/. Check for p-a in Oapan. In other dialects one finds 02106 tlakotsi:n tlakotsi:n tlákotsí:n tlákotsí:h tlákotsí:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex half; portion, piece, or part (of approximately one-half the total item or size) mitad; porción o sección (de aproximadamente la mitad de todo el objeto) Pending tlahko The use of <kn>tsi:n</kn> in a nominalized construction is clear here. However, more research should be conducted on the range of possible syntactic uses of <kam>tlakotsi:n</kam>. Cf. the entry under <klamoa>tlákó</klamoa> 02107 xihki xihki xki xkíi:n xki
24/Oct/2005
Adv Adv-man yes not in this manner; not that way no así; no de esta manera Pending Xihki! Ma:ka hkó:n xikchi:wa! Am Not that way! Don't do it that way! ¡Asíno!¡No lo hagas así! Xihki ke:n o:nchi:w! Am The way I did it (e.g., made sth) is not the right way! ¡La manera en que lo hice (p. ej., en fabricar algo) no es la correcta! iw Recheck Oapan form. Originally I had this as /xihki/ but several people have corrected this to simply /xkí/ with the observation that /xihki/ is not from Oapan but, perhaps, an Ameyaltepec word. However, check the recorded sound token. Recheck final stress in Oapan, i.e., where stress falls on this word. ihki confer Am 02108 ista:k xo:chitl ista:k xo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 2 white flower (of any plant) flor blanca (de cualquierárbol) Am ista xo:chi This tree is not in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a flower by the name of <spn>flor blanca</spn>. Although 4 trees in Guizar and Sánchez have 'blanco' in their name, none is readily identifiable as the <kam>ista:kxo:chitl</kam>. 02109 i:xmana ki:xmana i:xmana ki:xmana
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni Compl class-3a to smooth or level the surface of; to plane nivelar o poner lisa la superficie de; aplanar Pending O:ntewitso:ltih nokube:tah. Xo:niki:xman. Am I piled my bucket high (e.g. with maize, <klam>nixtamahli</klam> , etc., leading to the formation of a small mound in the center), I didn't level it off at the rim. Copeteémi cubeta (p. ej., con maíz, nixtamal, masa, etc., dejando un montículo en medio). No la nivelépara que estuviera plana con la orilla. Tlai:xmana. Am He is smoothing over the surface (of something that is uneven, often by running ones hands in small circles, smoothing out sth such as a dirt floor). Estáaplanando la superficie (de algo, a menudo al mover la mano en círculos chiquitos para alisar algo, como un piso de tierra). Xki:xmana! Ma:ka ihkón witsiwtok! Am Level it off! Don't let it be piled up like that (e.g., a bucket of maize, a <spn>cuartillo</spn> being measured, etc.)! ¡Pónlo nivelado!¡Quéno estécopeteado así(p. ej. una cubeta de maíz, un cuartillo de algo medido, etc.)! i:x man i:xpetsowa In Oapan at least, <kloa>i:xmaniltia</kloa>refer to smoothing down a measure of grain with ones hand; when on uses a wooden stick the word <kloa>i:xteki</kloa>is used. Check in above sentence if /witsiwtok/ should be /witsiwto/ Add entries /witsiwi/ and /(te)witso:ltia/; or check whether they should be added. i:xmani:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02110 sepa sepa sápá sapa sápá
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-uncl yes again otra vez Pending Yo:kito:tokaya isuwa:w pero a:man sepa yo:kipepechoh. Yo:wa:hlah icha:n. Am He had kicked his wife out of the house but now he has brought her back again. She's come back to his home. Había corrido a su esposa de la casa, pero ya otra vez la trajo. Ya vino (ella) a su casa. Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. Am When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas. Am Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again. Ya se le empezóa llenar la cara, quizás otra vez estáembarazada. sek -pa Apparently <kam>sepa</kam> is the same as, an apocopated form of, <kam>oksepa</kam>. Check that /oksepa/ and /sepa/ are virtual equivalents. Check length of /e/ in /sepa/ as FK gives a long vowel (but also /seppa/). There are four tokens of this word associated with entry 03577, which used to have /sápá/ in the /lxo field. oksepa confer Am 02111 teskaltik teskaltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik to be tightly woven or stiched, with the threads very close together estar tejido o cosido muy finamente; tener los hilos muy apretados Am Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. Am It is tightly stiched, it is finely sewn. El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik. Am You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together. Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino. teskal RS lists <kn>tezcalli</kn> as 'marmol.' He does not give the source for this word and gloss; it is not in the vocabularies of Molina or Olmos, nor is it apparently mentioned by Carochi. It may be that the adjectival meaning of Ameyaltepec <kam>teskaltik</kam> derives from the primary meaning 'marble' and refers to the glossiness of something tightly woven. 02112 xi:lo:kakamatl xi:lo:kakamatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 (intrinsic possession) small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear (posesión intrínsica) jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal Am Kipia ixi:lo:kakamayo. Am It has its little ears of green corn located just below the fully formed cobs. Tiene sus jilotes vanos ubicados justamente abajo de los elotes bien formados. Xi:lo:kakamatl, xye:lo:ti. Unkah itik ito:tomo:chio ye:lo:tl. Am A <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> , it doesn't mature into a green ear of corn (i.e., a <klam>ye:lo:tl</klam>). [Rather], it is found inside the husk of an <spn>elote</spn>. Un <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> , no madura para convertirse en elote. [Al contrario] se encuentra dentro de las hojas de la mazorca. (fig., rit.; poss. with <kn>-w</kn>) young tender daughter (so referred to during an Ameyaltepec bride-asking speech when her hand is being sought) (fig., rit.; pos. con <kn>-w</kn>) hija tierna y joven (asíllamada durante una petición Ameytepequeña de novia cuando se le pide al padre en matrimonio) Am O:kontakeh moxi:lo:kakamaw. Am Your young precious daughter has been noticed. Se han fijado en tu hija tierna y preciosa. plant mi:hli xi:lo: kama The possessive forms of <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize plant and the possessor is the entire plant, the <kn>-yo</kn> possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it refers to a figurative kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the <kn>-w</kn> possessed marker is used. Second, although <kn>-yo</kn> is used to expressed the possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> is used, when the simple terms <klam>xi:lo:tl</klam> and <klam>ye:lo:tl</klam> are used, only the <kn>-w</kn> possessed marker is employed (e.g., <kam>ye kipia i:xi:lo:w</kam>). The reason for this is not clear given that with words such as <kam>iswatl</kam> , the <kn>-yo</kn> possessed marker is used. Note that here I have stated that the possessed form of /xi:lo:kakamatl/ is /i:xi:lo:kakamayo/. However, note that for /xi:lo:tl/ and /ye:lo:tl/, the possessed is with /-w/: /ixi:lo:w/ and /iye:lo:w/. All this needs to be checked. Cf. comments in /nae and /grm. Possession: The possessive forms of <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> illustrate an interesting aspect of Nahuatl possessive structures. First, when it refers to a part of the maize plant and the possessor is the entire plant, the <kn>-yo</kn> possessor construction is used, as is to be expected with part/whole relations of plants. However, when it refers to a figurative kinship relation among human (a daughter in relation to her father), the <kn>-w</kn> possessed marker is used. Second, although <kn>-yo</kn> is used to expressed the possessed relation between a maize plant and its small ear of corn when the word <kam>xi:lo:kakamatl</kam> is used, when the simple terms <klam>xi:lo:tl</klam> and <klam>ye:lo:tl</klam> are used, only the <kn>-w</kn> possessed marker is employed (e.g., <kam>ye kipia i:xi:lo:w</kam>). The reason for this is not clear given that with words such as <kam>iswatl</kam> , the <kn>-yo</kn> possessed marker is used. kakamatl synonym Am, Oa ye:lo:kakamatl synonym Am, Oa 02113 nowitike:tl nowitike:tl nówitíké:tl nowitike:tl nówitíké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes-lex passer-by, traveler; person who passes by or through a given place caminante; persona que pasa por un lugar sin quedarse Pending O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl. O:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl. Am I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield). He plucked off some green corn as he went by. Me chingóun caminante (en este caso algn que pasópor mi milpa); arrancóunos elotes al pasar. oh <kam>Nowitike:tl</kam> is a nominalized form of <kam>(o)witia</kam>. The form * <kam>nowitiki</kam> does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface <koa>wítiké:tl</koa> here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the <koa>wi</koa> syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from <koa>wi</koa> to <koa>ti</koa> because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., <koa>nówí-</koa>). Or the middle accent is retained on <koa>tí</koa> because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to <koa>wi</koa> (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pi tch accen t on the initi al syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., <kloa>te:máxtiké:tl</kloa>) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on <koa>ti</koa>. I have one entry which gives simply /owitikeh/, rather than /nowitikeh/. This is probably in error. Check for acceptability of <kam>nowitiki</kam>. Check short /i/ before the causative. Antipassive: /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note again, as in many other examples, how the nonspecific /tla-/ is used and then an oblique phrase introduces the object, that which was affected by the action of the verb. Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the form /nówitíké:tl/ in Oapan. Here the underlying form is {nohwitihke:tl}. If high p-a is on the nucleus with {h} coda, then there is no readjustment here: /nówitíké:tl/. <kam>Nowitike:tl</kam> is a nominalized form of <kam>(o)witia</kam>. The form *<kam>nowitiki</kam> does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface <koa>wítiké:tl</koa> here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the <koa>wi</koa> syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from <koa>wi</koa> to <koa>ti</koa> because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., <koa>nówí-</koa>). Or the middle accent is retained on <koa>tí</koa> because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to <koa>wi</koa> (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pitch accent on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., <kloa>te:máxtiké:tl</kloa>) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on <koa>ti</koa>. Check this and similar words (e.g., /nowitia/) in SJ. It will be very important to get the pitch-accent contour on the Oapan word since there are two p-a forming segments {nohwitihke:tl}. Check. For #1534, since deleted, Florencia Marcelino gave two different pronunciations for this word. I believe that the one recorded was <koa>nówítiké:tl</koa> while the other was <koa>nówitíke:tl</koa>. However, this should be checked. If both are there, add to /lxoa field and /grm Agentive; reflexive: Note that according to C. Flores the 1st person is /nimowitike:tl/ and the 2nd is /timowitike:tl/. NOTE WELL. owitia confer Am 02114 to:motlaxkahli to:motlaxkahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 yes-lex type of large wild cactus as yet unidentified, like the nopal cactus but not edible, either its flesh nor its fruit tipo de cactus hasta ahora no identificado, como el nopal pero no comestible, ni sus hojas ni su fruta. Pending plant cactus to:moh xka to:motli This type of cactus is not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). It is similar to the nopal cactus, with broad flat leaves, though it is not used for food. (It may be a variety of this cactus so-called for not growing high off the ground.) For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. Its fruit is eaten by the <kam>tekoch</kam> (i.e., woodpecker). Note that originally Florencia Marcelino identified the Ameyaltepec form /to:motlaxkahli/ as /tó:motlaxkáhli/, but this has since been corrected since this word in Oapan refers to the small variety. The large unedible cactus, like a nopal cactus, is /nó:chmatlapáhli/. Note also that at one time Asención Marcelo stated that the San Juan Tetelcingo word was /mahno:chtlapahli/. However, during fieldwork the form now listed in the headword was given. The correctness of the previous mahno:chtlapahli should be checked. Confirme absence of /h/ in SJ form. nó:chmatlapáhli equivalent Oa 02115 Dió:s ipiltsi:n Dió:s ipiltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) see <kam>piltsi:n</kam> véase <kam>piltsi:n</kam> Am pil 02116 yeski:sa yeski:sa yeski:sa yeski:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a to bleed sangrar Pending O:timoma:tlakokowilia ka:n o:timotek. Oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa. Am You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself. Once again it's started to bleed. Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado. Otra vez empezóa sangrar. es ki:sa yeski:xtia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02117 zzz This used to be an entry for /onkah/, which is now an alternate form of /unkah/.
30/Jul/2005
 02118 tepa:nyo:tia kitepa:nyo:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to put or construct a ridge around the walls of a house (that previously had only posts and a roof) (ponerle un risco a una casa (donde la genge puede descansar) Am Kitepa:nyo:titok ikal. Am He is putting walls on his house. Le estáconstruyendo paredes para su casa. te pa:m As in other cases of verbalization with the ending <kn>-yo:tia</kn> the nominal stem is that without <kn>-yo:tia</kn> not simply without <kn>-tia</kn>. Thus the base form is <klam>tepa:ntli</klam> and not ? <kn>tepa:nyo:tl</kn>. Check to see what the possessed form of /tepa:ntli/ is in a phrase such as 'the wall of your house' (/itepa:n mokal/ or /itepa:nyo mokal/)? Verbalization; /-tia/ Note the formation /tepa:nyo:tia/ in which an inalienably possessed construction. Similar constructions are found in, for example, /a:yo:tia/ 'to make watery' in which /a:yo:tl/ does exist (meaning 'broth,' 'juice,' etc.). However, with /a:yo:tia/ I know for a fact that the construction /ia:yo/ exists 'its broth,' 'its caldo,' 'its juice,' etc. However, I am not certain whether /-tepa:nyo/ exists with a parallel meaning. china:ntia confer Oa 02119 tsi:ntlawi:teki kitsi:ntlawi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 [N-N]-tla-V2 V2-b Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>tsi:ntetlawi:teki</kn> class-3a(k) to push causing to fall on the ground (e.g., a tree that has a rotten bottom and is pushed over and uprooted) empujar hasta tumbar al suelo (p. ej., unárbo que estápodrido por las raíces y se puede tumbar sacudiéndolo y empujándolo) Am tsi:n wi:teki This word can have a vulgar sexual connotation and is thus seldom used. It is not entirely clear whether the second syllable <kn>te</kn> is part of the compound noun <kn>tsi:ntetl</kn> or the verbal intensifier of the same form, here before the verbal compound <kam>tlawi:teki</kam>. Note also that in <kam>tlawi:teki</kam> the <kn>tla-</kn> is the nonspecific object prefix incorporated as a modifying element; see <klam>tlawi:teki</klam>. wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; tsi:ntetlawi:teki Determine whether /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ is used only in reference to having sexual relations on the ground, etc. I had originally had the definition of /tsi:ntetlawi:teki/ as 'to lay down flat on the ground (a woman on her back [O] in order to have sexual intercourse)' / 'acostar por la espalda en el suelo (un hombre [S] a una mujer [O] para tener relaciones sexuales)'. I have removed this; add to the censored section of the dictionary 02120 tira:nteh tira:nteh tra:nteh tra:nteh
11/Feb/2006
tirante N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) ridge beam (although slightly lower, directly on the wall, than ridge beams usually are): thick beams that are placed on the <kam>sole:ras</kam> or <kam>kontrasole:ras</kam> ; they cross the width of a house at a level near the top of the walls, which they serve to hold in, keeping them from leaning and falling outward tirante (aunque algo más bajo, directamente sobre la pared, de donde generalmente se colocan los tirantes): vigas gruesas que se colocan sobre las soleras o contrasoleras; cruzan lo ancho de una casa a un nivel cerca del punto más alto de las pareded, que jalan para adentro, evitando que caigan hacia afuera Pending Kipia ye:i itira:nteh nokal. Am My house has three crossbeams. Mi casa tiene tres tirantes. (poss) the bone at the top of ones shoulder (on which burdens are born, hence the name: e.g., <kam>notira:nteh</kam>) (poss) el hueso en la parte superior del hombro (y sobre que se cargan cosas, por eso el nombre, p. ej., <kam>notira:nteh</kam>) Pending body kahli In general the <kam>tira:nteh</kam> , as pertaining to house construction, refers to part of a thatched-roof hut, not of a house made of brick. Nevertheless, cement houses with pointed teja roofs do occasionally have the equivalent of wooden <kam>tira:ntes</kam> , i.e., thick cement beams that cross the width of the house and hold up the posts on which the high center of the roof is supported. Cement houses with flat roofs do not, however, have <spn>tirantes</spn>. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed. Illustrate this and other house elements. 02121 zzz This was an entry for Am toponym /I:a:pan Peri:koh/ now in a separate database.
30/Jul/2005
 02122 pa:smoh pa:smoh
11/Feb/2006
pasmo N N-loan N1 severe infection associated with convulsions; tetanus severa infección asociada con convulsiones; tétano Am (<kam>kasi</kam> ~) to get an infection (<kam>kasi</kam> ~) infectarse Am O:ne:chasik pa:smoh. Ne:chkukwa nokxi. Am I got an infection. My foot hurts me. Me agarróuna infección. Me duele el pie. Check definition and further define. The definition above is taken from the Real Academia definition of 'pasmo.' Check vl in verbal forms here xref'd and change if needed. pa:smayowa confer Am pa:smarowa confer Oa 02123 im- imina:n i:m- i:minakaw
22/Oct/2005
Pref(pos) Pr-pre-poss their su (de ellos) Pending A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the singular /i-/. 02124 pi:na:wilia kipi:na:wilia pípi:na:wília pipi:na:wilia kí:pi:na:wília
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a yes to feel embarrassment in comparison to (sb [O]) sentir pena en comparación con (algn [O]) Am Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pa:mpa ma:s niweli iswate:ka. Am He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I am better at stripping corn leaves off the stalks. Se siente pena en comparación conmigo porque soy mejor para el zacateo. to feel embarrassment for (sb) and as a result not reveal (sth, e.g, that the person has little to eat, etc.) sentir vergüenza por (algn) y como resultado no revelar algo (que podría causarle pena) Oa pi:na:wi In the above sentence, check the clause /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Or should it be /ma:s weli niswate:ka/ or /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. The definition of this is that the subject suffers a feeling of embarrasment in the face of another person (object) who can do something better (adjunct) should be rechecked. Other example sentences obtained. Comparative; subject clitic and clause structure: /Yewa ne:chpi:na:wilia pampa ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ 'He is embarrassed in comparison to me because I can strip corn leaves off the stalks better than him.' Note that the comparative is expressed by a Spanish loan /ma:s/, which can be translated as 'better' in the present context, i.e., /ma:s niweli/ 'I am better able [to verb].' In general, then, a comparative is expressed by /ma:s/ placed before a predicative expression. Thus /ma:s nitla:katl/ 'I am more of a man' and /ma:s nitlakwa/ 'I eat more' and /ma:s niweli + verb/ 'I can [verb] better.' Also important is the placement of the subject marker: /ma:s niweli niswate:ka/. Here /iswate:ka/ functions as a non-finite verb, since it is not marked for person. It is important, however, to examine the difference between /wel niswate:ka/ and /niweli iswate:ka/. Apparently they are similar. Ameyaltepec, if I remember correctly, uses the first form, in which /wel/ is an auxiliary, while a villa ge such as San Juan utilizes /niweli niswate:ka/, in which there are two finite verbs. However, the form /niweli iswate:ka/ is found in the Ameyaltepec phrase /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/. Perhaps they could also say /ma:s wel niswate:ka/, although this should be checked. However, the fact that one does find /ma:s niweli iswate:ka/ suggests both the Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has non-finite verbs and that /ni-/ is a preclitic, placed at the leftmost edge of a predication (including a modifier), although in this case the loan /ma:s/ is left of the verb. Applicative of intransitive. Note the meaning of /pi:na:wilia/ 'to feel embarrassment in comparison to.' Here the object is the cause or source of the feeling. A similar analysis could be offered for /cho:kilia/ as in /nikcho:kilia notah/ 'I cry for my father (who recently died)' and /nikwetskilia/ 'I laugh at him (i.e., he is the reason for my laughter).' In a certain sense, even, an applicative of an intransitive can be considered a type of reversed causative, albeit a mediated causative. That is, in all the following /ne:chpi:na:wilia/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ and /ne:chwetskilia/ I, the object, am the source or cause of the emotion or event. One can interpret this as the incorporation of an argument that was an obliquely expressed subordinate adverbial clause. Thus /ne:chpi:na:wilia/ is /pi:na:wi pampa ni+Verb/, /ne:chcho:kilia/ is /cho:ka pampa ni+Verb/, and /ne:chwetskilia/ is /wetska pampa ni+Verb/. This might be a way to think of applicatives of intransitive verbs. 02125 ko:stamal i:ko:stamal
24/Oct/2005
N N-b N2 calf pantorilla Am body ko:ts tamal Originally this had /ixia:po:tetl/ for the Oapan entry. However, this word is found in 06249. Thus tag the pronunciations/citations of this word here with the reference number 06249 and the letters z, y, etc. ixia:po:tetl synonym Oa ixitoma:hka:n synonym Oa 02126 kayo:tl yo:weka:w kayo:tl kayo:tl i wéka:wi káyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
Clit Clit ([period of time] ~) of that time (i.e., of the time expressed in the immediately preceding phrase) ([periodo de tiempo] ~) de ese tiempo (esto es, del tiempo expresado anteriormente) Pending Asta de o:me xihpan kayo:tl. Am It is from two years ago (e.g., grain left over after two years from the harvest have passed). Se queda de desde hace dos años (p. ej., grano que todavía no se ha consumido dos años después de la cosecha). San se: we:i tikayo:meh Oa We are all of the same age. Somos todos de la misma edad. Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl. Am It is from the year 1932. Es del año 1932. Ye weka:wi kayo:tl. Am It's from a long time ago. Es de ya hace mucho tiempo. Se:pan tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh. Oa We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year. Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año. kayo: <kam>Kayo:tl</kam> is a seemingly highly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some Ameyaltepec speakers accepted <kam>weka:wkayo:tl</kam> , while others did not, accepting only <kam>weka:wikayo:tl</kam>. Note that once in Oapan, in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said <koa>San Pedro kayo:tl</koa>. Whether or not <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa> should be written as part of the previous word or separate has not been definitively determined. More documentation on the phonology of compound forms needs to be obtained as well as examples of use. However, as the Oapan phrase <koa>Se:pan tikayo:meh</koa> and <koa>San Pedro kayo:tl</koa> as well as Ameyaltepec <kam>Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl</kam> exemplify, at least in some cases <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa> should be written separately, as it apparently was in Classical. The Classical equivalent of Balsas region <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa> was apparently <kn>cauitl</kn>, which Molina glosses as 'tiempo.' Carochi (f. 59; Lockart p. 226) gives this with a long vowel. Cf. Gram 1985-02-24.1 and 1985-11-12.2 on the use of /kayo:tl/. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/.Perhaps a special study should be conducted on this particle to determine the full extent of its productive use. Check. Discuss orthographic conventions The recorded entry for this headword was for Oapan /o:mexkayo:tl/. However, /=xkayo:tl/ has now been given a separate entry (#2163) and the elicitation audio file for /o:mexkayo:tl/ should be linked there. Note that the use of /kayo:tl/ in the construction /weka:wi kayo:tl/ with the present tense of the verb seems to indicate that /kayo:tl/ should be considered a spearate and unbound morpheme. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/. <kam>Kayo:tl</kam> is a seeminly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some speakers accepted <kam>weka:wkayo:tl</kam> , while others did not. In Oapan in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said <koa>San Pedro kayo:tl</koa>. -xkayo:tl confer Am, Oa 02127 komo:naltia kikomo:naltia komo:naltia kikomo:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tekomo:naltia</kamoa> class-2a to make (sth such as a drum) emit a booming, thundering sound; to beat (causing a thundering sound) hacer que (alg como un tambor) resuene fuertemente, como un trueño; golpear fuertemente (causando un sonido como de trueño) Pending Kwaltsi:n kikomo:naltitok. Am He is beating it (in this case a large drum) nicely, causing it to emit a deep resonating sound. Lo estátocando bien (en este caso un tambór), haciendo que resuene fuerte. Kitekomo:naltia, ti:roh chika:wak kwi:teki. Am He makes it resound heavily from a blow, he really beats it hard (e.g., a drum, an animal or person, or other things that give off a loud sound when beaten). Le hace resonar fuerte de un golpe, de veras le da golpes muy duros (p. ej., un tambór, un animal o persona, o cualquier cosa que resuene al ser golpeada). to give a thrashing to (sb, hitting them hard with ones hand or some object) darle una tunda a (algn, golpeándolo fuertemente con la mano o algún objeto) Pending Milá:k o:ne:chtekomo:naltih notah, o:nitla:wa:n. Am My father really gave me a thrashing, (because) I got drunk. Mi padre me dióuna tunda, (porque) me emborraché. sound contact komo: Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. komo:ni verb_base Am, Oa 02128 zzz This entry used to be /piya:sowa/. Now this is entered as an alternate pronunciation of /peya:sowa/
30/Jul/2005
 02129 tsope:lilia kitsope:lilia tsope:lilia kitsope:lilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to sweeten for endulzar para Pending Xmotlatsope:lili! Am Sweeten it up (sth such as coffee that is already known from context) for yourself! ¡Endúlcetelo (algo como café)! tsope:l The morphology of <kam>tsope:lilia</kam> as an ditransitive applicative is unclear. The sequence <klam>tsope:lik</klam> , <klam>tsope:lia</klam> , and <klam>tsope:lilia</klam> as adjectival, intransitive verb, and transitive verb is common in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, with <kam>-lia</kam> functioning as a causative ending. This pattern is the same as that found in Classical Nahuatl. Thus, for example, Molina has <kn>tzopelic</kn> 'cosa dulce,' <kn>tzopelia. ni</kn> 'endulcecerse,' and <kn>tzopelilia. nitla</kn> 'endulcecer algo.' This is the pattern found in Ameyaltepec. In Tetelcingo, Morelos, however, there is only a listing for the adjectival <kam>tzopielic</kam> 'dulce, miel,' the transitive <kam>quitzopielia</kam> 'lo endulza,' and the ditransitive application <kam>quitzopielilia</kam> 'se lo endulza.' Tetelcingo does not list an intransitive form 'to become sweet' (although such intransitive morphologies do exist, e.g., <kn>yemönia</kn>, (the dierethis over the /o/ is representative of what in other dialects i s a long /a:/) which follows the Classical and Ameyaltepec paradigm. Thus, it might be that in Tetelcingo <kam>tzopielic</kam> is irregular, or there might be an error. Given this caveat it is still not clear whether Ameyaltepec applicative <kam>tsope:lilia</kam> (this present entry) as an applicative of a transitive follows the Tetelcingo pattern or whether the Ameyaltepec ditransitive has been mistakenly recorded for ? <kam>tsope:lililia</kam>. Further research will clarify this question. Note that in Oapan Roberto Mauricio only accepted <koa>kitsope:lilia</koa> as the transitive (V2) form whereas the younger speakers Jeremías Cabrera and Emiliana Domínguez accepted both <koa>kitsope:lilia</koa> and <koa>kitsope:lia</koa> as the transitive. For Roberto Mauricio <koa>tsope:lia</koa> is only an intransitive and he would not See /nae field and query /Xmotlatsope:lili/, perhpas it should be /Xmotlatsope:lilili/. On base of answer add /xvb field. 02130 masa:tlama masa:tlama masa:tlama masa:tlama
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-1 to hunt deer cazar venado Am, Oa Kwahli masa:tlama Am He is good at hunting deer. Caza venado muy bien. masa: ma tlama tlama confer Am, Oa 02131 tetekets tetekets tetekets tetekets
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) to be always taking breaks, always stopping (e.g., a worker, particularly one who works while walking such as in the harvest, who every few steps stops to rest) siempre tomar descanos, parándose en seguida (p. ej., un trabajador, particularmente uno que trabaja caminando como en cosechar, que seguido se para) Pending Ke:n titetekets. Am You really take a lot of breaks (e.g., while picking squash, harvesting corn, etc.). De veras tomas muchos descansos (p. ej., al recoger calabaza, piscar maíz, etc.) to be always standing up, unable to sit or lie down (e.g., a person who is nervous, an animal, etc.) estar siempre parado, no sentándose ni acostándose (p. ej., una persona nerviosa, un animal, etc.) Oa teketsa te ketsa At least the Oapan variant <koa>te:tekets</koa> may be analyzed as an apocopated form of the deverbal adjective <kloa>te:tekestik</kloa>, apparently derived from the transitive verb <kloa>teketsa</kloa>. In my original dictionary filecards the Ameyaltepec form was noted down with a short vowel and the meaning of 'person who always takes breaks.' This is slightly different than the definition given by Florencia Marcelino for Oapan <koa>te:tekets</koa> 'person who is always standing up, unable to sit or lie down.' It might be that there is a semantic difference based on the different vowel length of the reduplicants. Or, my initial notes for Ameylatepec <kam>tetekets</kam> might be in error.The Oapan form <koa>te:tekets</koa> might be analyzed as an deverbal adjective derived from the perfective form of the verb <kloa>teketsa</kloa>(much like <kloa>te:mihtih</kloa>'fatal' is derived from <koa>te:mihtia</koa>), or it might be considered an apocopated form of a deverbal adjective ending in <kn>-tik</kn>. However, note that Oapan <kloa>tétekéstik</kloa>has a different semantic meaning from <koa>te:tekets</koa>, and it has short vowel reduplication as opposed to the long vowel form of the present entry. However, it remains to be determined whether there is also a form ? <koa>te:tekestik</koa>, in which case the present entry might indeed be an apocopated form. Finally, there is the question of the vowel length of the initial syllable and its morphological analysis. Note that although there is only a transitive form of the verb, <klamoa>teketsa</klamoa>'to stand upright,' the adjectival forms seem to result from reduplication with no nonspecific prefix that would saturate the verbal valency as is usually required in nominal and adjectival derivations from verbs. Classical Nahuatl has the deverbal <kn>tequetz</kn> (i.e., <kn>te:kets</kn>), which Molina glosses as 'cosa que haze parar al que camina.' This is a regular formation: clearly the verbal <kn>quetza</kn> (the Classical cognate of Balsas Nahuatl <kamoa>teketsa</kamoa>) plus the n onspecific human object <kn>te:-</kn>. It might be that Oapan <koa>te:tekets</koa> is simply the modern equivalent (the result of the verbal equivalence of Balsas <kamoa>teketsa</kamoa> having the same meaning as Classical <kn>quetza</kn>). However, given the semantic difference between the two terms (Oapan <koa>te:tekets</koa> does not refer to sth that stops a walking person, but rather to the person himself), it would appear quite possible that the first syllable <kn>te:-</kn> in Oapan <koa>te:tekets</koa> is not the object prefix but a long vowel reduplicant and the entire form might be an apocopated variant of ? <koa>te:tekestik</koa>, even though this has not yet been documented. The Ameyaltepec form here has a short vowel as based on my original filecard documentation. This needs to be checked since it too appears quite distinct in meaning from the adjectival <klam>tetekestik</klam>. Check vl of both Am and Oapan entries here. Cf. discussion in /nae. Check for /h/. There are 8 additional tokens of this word at 6226; these should be tagged as 2131 and should be encoded here, given that the former entry, 6226, was a duplicate of the Oapan form here. Note that the two linked (f and m) files should be from those that were originally at 6226. 02132 tlauwitlake:tl tlauwitlake:tl tlawí:witláke:tl tlawí:witlake:tl tlawí:witláke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa) Stem 2 yes-rdp person who pulls out plants, roots and all (either in weeding, for transplanting, or even in harvesting such plants as onions) persona que arranca plantas con las raíz y todo (o para desherbar, para transplantarlas o hasta para cosechar, p. ej., cebollas) Pending witla The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: <koa>wiwitla</koa>, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and <koa>wí:witlá</koa>, which has a reduced reduplication on the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of <koa>wiwitla</koa> mirror those of frequentatives such as <kloa>pepetlaka</kloa>and <koa>pé:petláka</koa>. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and in that for <kloa>kwa:istalwí:witlá</kloa>it is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with /w/- or /m/-initial stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel. The form * <kam>tlauwitlaki</kam> is not acceptable. Check vowel length of /i/. Check whether this can refer to one who plucks feathers out of hens. The Oapan data suggests two forms of this verb: <koa>wiwitla</koa>, which has a lexicalized reduplicated stem, and <koa>wí:witlá</koa>, which has a reduced reduplication on the first CV syllable of the lexicalized reduplicated stem (what I have called"triplication"). In this sense the forms of <koa>wiwitla</koa> mirror those of frequentatives such as <kloa>pepetlaka</kloa>and <koa>pé:petláka</koa>. All show pitch accent, indicative of a reduplicant with final {h}. However, in this entry and in that for <kloa>kwa:istalwí:witlá</kloa>it is interesting the Ameyaltepec cognates manifest a short vowel reduplication (apparently without a coda {h} as is common with /w/- or /m/-initial stems) whereas Oapan forms manifest the"triplication"forms in which the reduplicant of a reduplicated stem receives a lengthened and high-pitched vowel. tlawiwitlake:tl. Check for tlawihwiwitlake:tl, etc. Check length of first /wí:/. It seems long, but this would require an analysis that would differentiate this word from the Am cognate. 02133 kamakekexkia kamakekexkia kamaké:kexiá kamaké:kexia kamaké:kexiá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k] Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa) class-4b(ya-x) yes-rdp to have or feel itching in ones mouth escocerle a uno la boca Pending kama kex The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, <koa>kekexia</koa>, which does not occur unreduplicated (* <koa>kexia</koa>). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan <koa>kamaké:kexiá</koa> would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recorded) it might be that Oapan ? <koa>kamakekexia</koa> is also acceptable. This should be checked. For possible presence of /h/ after reduplication check Oapan or San Juan pronunciations. Check length of final /a:/ in the imperfective, and as with all forms with /kekexkia/, check whether this is indeed a class 4 irregular 1a verb. For grammar notes, determine in general nature of"causatives"ending in /-lia/. Check all forms of Oapan /kekexia/ for reduced reduplication on initial CV syllable of reduplicated stem! Oapan reduplication: Note the following reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/. Although I did not elicit the"unreduplicated"form, it is obvious from other entries that this would be /kamakekexia/ (i.e., cf. /kekexia/). The reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/ is similar in structure to that of /pé:petlaka/ (cf. /pepetlaka/) and /né:nemí/ (cf. /ne:nemi/). Indeed, not reflecting on it the final form is interesting because the basis of /né:nemi/ is probably /ne:nemi/, which is quite different from the relationship of /pepetlaka/ and /pé:petláka/). Later I noted: The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, <koa>kekexia</koa>, which does not occur unreduplicated (* <koa>kexia</koa>). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan <koa>kamaké:kexiá</koa> would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recor ded) it might be that Oapan ? <koa>kamakekexia</koa> is al so a cceptable. This should be checked. kamakekexkilia val_add_caus Am 02134 zzz This entry was /tla:kakone:wati/ and has been removed. It still might be checked as a possible word but according to Florencia Marcelino, whose argument made eminent sense, one would never say this because one never knows if the child is a boy or girl. (And perhaps even if one did know, it wouldn't be expressed in this way but rather analytically). Nevertheless, ask Am speakers about this word.
24/Oct/2005
 02135 i:xpapa:ya:ti i:xpapa:ya:ti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti Lex. rdp-s class-3d(ti) to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight) llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala) Am i:x pa:ya: I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:yati/; the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. í:xpapayá:tik confer Oa i:xpa:ya:tilia val_add_caus Am i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti synonym Am 02136 te:nwiwiyoka te:nuwiyoka te:nwiwiyoka te:nwiwiyoka te:nwiwiyoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a for ones lips to tremble (from the cold, fear, sickness, etc.) temblarsele los labios a (por frío, miedo, enfermedad, etc.) Pending Tite:nwiwiyokatok, tikwalo. Am Your lips are trembling, you are sick. Se te están temblando los labios, estás enfermo. te:n wiyo: Check to determine whether /te:nwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases. Perhaps simply null. Frequentatives: Note that to date (Jan. 2002) I have only documented /te:nuwiyoka/ Am and /te:nwiwyoka/ Oa. The nonfrequentative form /te:nwiyo:ni/ has not been found. This should be noted in the grammar, much as in many case N-V2 compounds when V2 is of nondirected alternation do not have corresponding N-V1. 02137 te:ntsonaka te:ntsonaka
11/Feb/2006
N/Adj N-PM Mod N1 person who eats sloppily, letting food or drink fall from the mouth (particularly someone ill) persona que come descuidadamente, dejando caer comida o bebida de la boca (particularmente algn enfermo) Am Tite:ntsonaka, ke:n kone:tsi:ntli titlakwatok. Am You are a sloppy eater, you are eating like a child. Comes descuidadamente, estás comiendo como un niño. te:n tsonaka Literally <kam>te:ntsonaka</kam> is 'mouth-tilted' and follows the usual pattern for possessor raising in which a noun incorporated into a predicate (in this case adjectival) has its possessor expressed as a core argument of the predication. Incorporation: The order of incorporation and other elements within compounds needs great exploration. Note that in this case /te:ntsonaka/ it is the modifying element that is final. This same order is found in many word, e.g., /chi:lposo:nki/, /a:chipa:wak/, etc. The complete list of these should be made, but they seem to be categorized as N-Adj or, as in the present case, N-Mod (considering /tsonaka/ as a"modifying"element). However, with other types of incorporation, the participial element is first. This is definitely the case with a verbal predicate: /kwala:nka:no:tsa/. It is also the case with nominal, human predicates: /kaxa:nka:sowa:tl/. The reason for this variation is not immediately clear and should be investigated (check Launey). 02138 e:ktla:lia ke:ktla:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to set right; to fix componer; dejar bien (algo roto, como una máquina, etc.) Am Oksepa nike:ktla:li:s. Am I'll set it right again. Una vez más lo voy a dejar bien. e:k tla:l e:ktla:lia; e:kchi:wa; kwaltla:lia kwaltla:lia equivalent Am kwehtla:lia equivalent Oa e:kchi:wa confer Am e:hchi:wa confer Oa 02139 tso:tso:yo:tik tso:tso:yo:tik tso:tsó:yotík tso:tsó:yotík
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tik-yoh yes Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tetso:tso:yotik</kam> ; <koa>tetso:tsó:yotík</koa> to have bad spots on its surface (e.g, a fruit from worms) tener parte de la superficie mal (p. ej., una fruta tener gusanos) Pending Xtihkowaskia. Tetso:tso:yotik. Am You shouldn't have bought it (in this case some fruit). It's covered with bad spots (e.g., from worms). No lo hubieras comprado (en este caso unas frutas). Estácubierto de manchas (p. ej., a causa de gusanos). tso: Oapan <koa>tso:tsó:yotík</koa> is equivalent to <koa>tso:tso:tik</koa>. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of certain avocados, etc. Florencia Marcelino also gave <koa>tsótso:tsó:tik</koa> although no explanation of the difference with <koa>tso:tso:tik</koa> was offered. However, the difference is probably parallel to that between <koa>pepetlaka</koa> and <koa>pé:petláka</koa>. The Am form originally had a long /o:/ in /tso:tso:yo:tik/. I changed thsi but it should be rechecked. Check difference of Oa /tso:tsó:yotík/ from /tsótso:tsó:yotík/. If not on the recording, tape this latter form. Triple reduplication The Oapan form <koa>tso:tsóyotík</koa> is equivalent to <koa>tso:tso:tik</koa>. It was used to describe"bubble wrap"for shipping, the surface of certain avocados, etc. Florencia Marcelino also gave <koa>tsótso:tsó:tik</koa> although no explanation of the difference with <koa>tso:tso:tik</koa> was offered. However, the difference is probably parallel to that between <koa>pepetlaka</koa> and <koa>pé:petláka</koa>. 02140 patiliwi patiliwi patiliwi patiliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Compl class-3a(w) see <kam>patile:wi</kam> véase <kam>patile:wi</kam> Am, Oa patil patile:wi equivalent Am, Oa 02141 te:mpatiliwi te:mpatiliwi te:mpatiliwi te:mpatiliwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to get a twisted mouth, one that goes off to one side tener o adquirir una boca torcida, que va hacia un lado; torcersele los labios Pending Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero x itla:katilis. Am Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital to them. A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento. te:n patil te:mpatiliwi; te:nkwepaliwi Check for other subjects, e.g., a ceramic bowl's lips? Determine how to write negative forms such as /x itla:katilis/. Elicit minimal pairs such as /x a:tli/ as a negative and /xa:tli/ as an imperative. Later female token is found at 3946. 02142 tlanchachawatik tlanchachawatik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Lex. rdp-s to have yellowed teeth tener los dientes amarillientos Am tlan chawa Apparently <kam>tlachachawatik</kam> and <kam>chachawatik</kam> are synonyms, the compounded noun stem <kroot>tlan</kroot>. Molina has <kn>chachaua</kn> 'moho, o vello deárboles'; the use to indicate rottenness of teeth is undoubtedly related to the semantics of the word reported in Classical Nahuatl. Check presence of /h/ in reduplication. Check whether /chachawa/ is equivalent in meaning. Check for unreduplicated, with /te-/, etc. chachawatik synonym Am tlante:poyotik synonym Oa 02143 sekwtli sekwtli sehtli sehtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(w) coldness frío Pending Ye nimiktok ika sekwtli. Am Already I'm freezing to death. Ya me estoy muriendo del frío. ice hielo Oa se kwi Whether or not this is a deverbal noun is unclear. The roots <kroot>se</kroot>and <kroot>sek</kroot>are abundantly attested in words that refer to coldness. The potential root <kn>sekw</kn> would, however, be attested only in this present entry, <kam>sekwtli</kam> or <koa>sehtli</koa>. Therefore it might well be that this present entry represents a deverbal noun, derived from the perfective stem of the verb <klamoa>sekwi</klamoa>. Recheck pronunciation for possibility that this should be /sektli/. 02144 temo:ltilia kitemo:ltilia temo:ltilia kitemo:ltilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap[ca] class-2a to take down for; to lower for; to unload for bajar para; descargar para Pending Xne:cha:ltemo:ltili, newa yo:nisiaw! Am Reach over here and take it (a load) off me (or, lower it, for example off a beast of burden, for me), I'm tired! ¡Descárgamelo, ya me cansé! to lower (a price) for reducir (un precio) para Pending Xne:xtemo:ltili, mlá:k patioh! Am Lower the price for me, it's really expensive! ¡Bájame el precio, es muy caro! O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia. Am He lowered the price for you, he takes pity on you. Te bajóel precio, te tiene compasión. temo: Apparently <kam>temowia</kam> is a synonym of <kam>temo:ltia</kam> although the former seems much less common. temowa verb_base Am, Oa temowia synonym Am 02145 tsakwa kitsakwa tsakwa kitsakwa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(kw) to close (a drawer, a chest, etc.) cerrar (un cajón de un mueble, un baúl, etc.) Pending to button (clothes) abrochar (ropa) Pending Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n. Am He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons his clothes. Anda en público con su camisa abierta hasta el pecho. Nunca abrocha su ropa. Niktsatsakwas nokoto:n. Am I'm going to button up my shirt. Voy a abrochar mi camisa. to jail; to lock up (a prisoner) encarcelar; encerrar (un prisionero) Pending Ya:lwa o:kitsahkeh, xe ki:sa. Am Yesterday he was locked up, he still hasn't gotten released. Ayer lo encarcelaron, todavía no sale. to block the way of (sb moving in a particular direction, such as when walking along a path); to block the view of estorbar (p. ej., el paso de algn que camina por una senda, o la vista de algn que quiere mirar en algna dirección) Pending (refl.) to overgrow and cover completely (plants or trees over a given area) (refl.) cubrir (plantas o arbustos sobre unaárea dada) Pending Notsakwas mo:nteh, ye weka:wi xnoto:ka. Am It will become overgrown with bushes and weeds, it's been a long time since it's been planted. Se va volver monte (a cubrirse con maleza y arbustos), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no se siembra. Notsakwtok notla:lpan un a:yokilhi. San kanatsi:n tlapo:wtok. Am The squash plants are overgrowing my field. Only in a few places is it (still) clear. Las plantas de calabaza están apoderándose de mi milpa. Estáabierta en solamente algunos lugares. (refl.-anticaus.) to close (e.g., a door by itself, as when hit by a gust of wind); to heal by closing up (e.g., a wound) (refl.-anticaus.) cerrarse (p. ej., una puerta por si solo, como cuando la empuja algo de viento); sanar y cerrarse (p. ej., una herida) Pending (refl. + <klam>tlato:hli</klam>) for an agreement to be reached (particularly in regard to a marriage) (refl. + <klam>tlato:hli</klam>) llegar a un acuerdo (particularmente en cuanto a un matrimonio) Pending A:man in to:nahli tio:tlak notsakwas tlato:hli. Notla:li:s kamanon tlai:lo:s, tla: ika mú:sikah noso tla: sahki. Am Today this day, in the afternoon, an agreement will be reached (in regard to a marriage ceremony). It will be determined when the fiesta will be, if with musicians or just simple. Hoy en este día, en la tarde, se va a llegar a un acuerdo, se va a decidir cuando va a ser la fiesta de la boda, si serácon música o solamente sencillo. (with short vowel reduplication +h) to fill in (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing) (con reduplicación de vocal corta +h) rellenar (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores) Am, Oa ¡Ma kitsatsakwa mokone:w! Am Have your child fill it in (e.g., an amate painting still not colored)! ¡Quélo rellene tu hijo (p. ej., un dibujo sobre amate, todavía en blanco y negro). ¡Tewa xtlatli:lwi:teki, newa nitlatsatsakwas! Am You paint the outline in black, I'll fill in the colors! ¡Tútrazas las figuras en tinta negra, yo las voy a rellenar con colores! (with long vowel reduplication) to shut one after another (e.g., to go around a house shutting all the windows and doors) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrar uno tras otro (p. ej., ir por una casa cerrando las ventanas y puertas) Pending Nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal. Am I will close up everything in my house (i.e., shutting all the windows and doors). Voy a cerrar todo en mi casa (esto es, cerrando todas las ventanas y puertas, una tras otra). (with long vowel reduplication) to close (a door, a bottle, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrar (una puerta, una botella, etc.) Oa to turn down; to lower the volume of (e.g., a radio) bajar el volumen de (p. ej., un radio) Oa Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh! Oa Turn the volumen down a little on your radio! ¡Bájale un poquito el volumen a tu radio! tsakwa amate (see /tlakalilia/) Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec <klam>tlatsakwa</klam> has the lexicalized meaning of 'to close (a building)' in general, the form <kam>tlatsa:tsakwa</kam> makes more specific reference to shutting one thing after another, of going around and closing various objects (such as windows in a house) one after the other. In Oapan, however, the form with long vowel reduplicated seems to be the more common form used to mean simply 'to shut.' Thus one may simply say <koa>xtsa:tsakwa on tewi:lo:tl</koa> 'close that small glass bottle.' Roberto Mauricio said that the two forms, <koa>tsakwa</koa> and <koa>tsa:tsakwa</koa> have the same meaning. The phrase /nitlatsa:tsakwas nokal/ is problematical in that it would appear that as a transitive verb if /nokal/ were to be an argument, one would have /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/. However, this is also problematical given that it is not really the house that is closed, but the parts of it. What this suggests, and this should be checked, is that /nokal/ indicates more of a locative, i.e., where the action of 'closing iteratively' takes place. This needs to be checked (i.e., can one say /nitlatsa:tsakwas ipan nokal/, or /niktsa:tsakwas nokal/, etc. /-tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ as a diminutive with the following verb: /Xtsakwatsi:n mora:dioh!/ 'Turn the volumen down a little on your radio!' One can also say: /xtse:witsi:n/. Oapan phonology. Note the s>ts in /xtse:witsi:n/ 'turn it down (e.g., the loudness of a radio). tsakwilia; tsakwililia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlatsakwa; tlatsatsakwa val_reduce1 Am tlatsakwa; tlá:tsakwá val_reduce1 Oa 02146 kabe:sah kabe:sah
11/Feb/2006
cabeza N N-loan N1 principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the <kam>sole:ras</kam> and <kam>kontrasole:ras</kam> and go to the part of a house of palm or grass called <kam>kaltsonko</kam> , where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a <kam>nekoxtli</kam> that passes through and joins all four <kam>kabe:sas</kam> vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las <kam>sole:ras</kam> y <kam>kontrasole:ras</kam> hacia la parte de una casa de palma o zacate que se llama <kam>kaltsonko</kam> , donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado <kam>nekoxtli</kam> , que atraviesa las cuatro <kam>kabe:sas</kam> Am construct-part kahli Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/. kaltlama:stli synonym Oa 02147 pe:wa pe:wa pe:wa pe:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(w) to begin empezar Pending Kwa:k timoxi:ma, petse:wi motsontekon, xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. Am When you get a haircut, your head becomes smooth, you no longer have curly hair. But when it grows out, once again it begins (to get curly). Cuando te cortas el cabello, tu cabeza se pone lisa, ya no tienes el pelo chino. pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los chinos). Newa nipe:was. Am I'll begin (e.g, a task, telling a story, etc.). Voy a empezar (p. ej., una tarea, contando una historia, etc.). pe:wa Check to see if a form such as /kipe:was/ exists. I seem to remember this, but would like to check. pe:waltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02148 kuwtlapextli kuwtlapextli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(ch) scaffold, trunks laid flat on supports to help workers reach high places andamio, ramas o troncos deárboles que se colocan sobre soportes para que los trabajadores pueden alcanzar lugares altos Am kow pech Make sure that possessed form is correct. I have coded this entry as possibly possessed, but it is not yet documented nor checked with a native speaker. Illustrate 02149 a:kino:n a:kino:n a:kino:n a:'ino:n a:kino:n
11/Feb/2006
Pr(int) Pr-int pl. <kam>akinono:meh</kam> ; <kam>a:kino:meh</kam> who? (in terms of the identity of a person) ¿quién? (en cuanto a la identidad de una persona) Pending A:kinon? Am Who is it (that is being referred to, that will do sth)? ¿Quién es (al que se refiere, que haráalguna cosa)? A:kinono:meh? Am Who (pl.) are they? ¿Quiénes son ellos? A:kinon tewa? Am Who are you? (in the sense of 'Who do you think you are?'). ¿Quién eres tu? (en el sentido de '¿Quién te crees?'). A:kinon kineki? Am Who wants (to do) it? ¿Quién lo quiere (hacer)? A:kinon nanwameh? Am Who (pl.) are you? ¿Quiénes son ustedes? A:kinono:meh ya:skeh? Am Who are the one who are going to go? Quiénes van a ir? A:kinon ia:xka -iwa:xka-? Am Whose is it? ¿De quién es? A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh? Am Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? ¿Quiénes vienen?¿son de aquí? A:kinon iwa:n. Am With whom (e.g., are you going)? ¿Con quién (p. ej., vas a ir)? to be someone (usually used in the negative, i.e., to be no one important) ser alguien (usualmente empleado negativamente para indicar no ser nadie importante) Pending Newa xnia:kino:n, ma:ka xne:xchi:wili kwe:ntah. Am I'm a nobody, don't pay attention to me. No soy nadie, no me hagas caso. Newa xnia:kino:n, newa xnikmati. Am I'm not anybody, I don't know. No soy nadie, no lo sé. Xa:kinomeh katkan, xtlah kimatin. Am They weren't anyone (important), they know nothing about it. Ellos no son nadie (importante), no saben nada acerca de eso. who (in an embedded question as complement) quien (para introducir una cláusula complementaria) Pending Xnikmati a:kino:n ya:s. Am I don't know who will go. No séquien va a ir. what (in reference to animates) que (en referencia a seres animados) Oa Xnihmati a:ino:n! Oa I don't know what it is (e.g., in reference to an animal such as a bug)! ¡No séque es! (p. ej., en referencia a un animal como un insecto)! ma:san ma:si san a:kin In Oapan the term <koa>a:inon</koa> or <koa>a:kinon</koa> can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say <koa>a:inon?</koa> 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative <kloa>tli:non</kloa>is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. Occasionally some Ameyaltepec speakers will use <kam>akino:meh</kam> although the majority seem to accept only <kam>akinono:meh</kam> as the plural. In terms of agreement, one can say both <kam>a:kinon nanwameh</kam> and <kam>a:kinono:meh nanwameh</kam>. Note that the length of the final vowel in Ameyaltepec is problematical. Inocencio Díaz gave a long final /o:/ for <kam>ke:no:n</kam> , <kam>ka:no:n</kam> , <kam>tli:no:n</kam> and a short final /a/ for <kam>kamanon</kam> and <kam>a:kinon</kam>. These are the forms that have been entered in the lexicon although there seems to be some variation or disagreement among different speakers. Add reference and sentence to nika:meh under nika:n. As checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. '86: /akinon/ was compared at this time with /misto:n/ which has a def. long final /o:/. In a final check of June 1986, the vowel length of /akinono:meh/ was found as indicated, i.e. with a long final /o:/. This should be the pattern recorded in all entries. At the same time I checked /akinon/ and perceived a short initial /a/. However, In a recent recording of Oapan Nahuatl I seemed to perceive a long initial /a:/. This should be checked both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec. For now the /a/ has been considered long in both dialects. This might be erroneous, at least for Ameyaltepec. Akinono:meh wa:hlaweh?, de nika:meh? Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? Note the pluralization of /nika:n/ here! Thus the form /nika:n/ should be considered an adjectival. Animacy: In Oapan the term <koa>a:inon</koa> or <koa>a:kinon</koa> can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say <koa>a:inon?</koa> 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative <kloa>tli:non</kloa>is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. 02150 tlai:ni tlai:ni tlai:ni tlai:ni
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 alcoholic; person who drinks a lot alcohólico; persona que bebe mucho Pending i: 02151 yo:lkwi:tia kiyo:lkwi:tia yo:lkwi:tia kiyo:lkwi:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to take confesion from (e.g., a priest [S] from a believer [O]) tomar confesión de (un sacerdote [S] de un creyente [O]) Pending to get (sb) to reveal their inner feelings or secrets inducir a (algn) a revelar sus sentimientos internos Pending (refl.) to take confession; to confess (in the religious sense of revealing a sin, or in the sense of externalizing ones feelings and emotions) (refl.) confesarse (en el sentido religioso de revelar un pecado, o en el sentido de externalizar los sentimientos y emociones) Pending Kwa:k timona:mikti:s, timoyo:lkwi:ti:s. Am When you get married your will confess (to a priest). Cuando te cases te vas a confesar (a un sacerdote). yo:l kwi kwi:tia confer Am, Oa 02152 yzzz xi:kama xi:kama
22/Oct/2005
N N-ap N1 jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada Am, Oa plant xiwtli edible xi:kama Schoenhals (1988) states"(<i>Pachyrrhizus</i>spp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when plant is young."Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets. Check for presence/absence of final /h/. jí:kamah equivalent Am 02153 sampa sampa sampa sampa
11/Feb/2006
Adv-place Adv-pl right there (neither more nor less; e.g., in turning up the heat, in moving in a particular direction, etc.) allímismo nomás (p. ej., en subir la temperatura, en ir moviendo en una cierta dirección, etc.) Pending Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. Am The small ears of maize known as <kam>kakamatsitsi:nteh</kam> , they just dry up at the side of the <spn>jilote</spn>(i.e., that's the only place they are found). Los pequeños elotes llamados <kam>kakamatsitsi:nteh</kam> , allínada más se secan al lado del jilote. sa: on- -pa adverbs, e.g., cf. sampa to ne:, etc. sayhkó:n The relationship of <kam>sampa</kam> to <klam>ompa</klam> seems quite similar to the relationship of <klam>sayhkí:n</klam> and <klam>sayhkón</klam> to <klam>ihkí:n</klam> and <klam>ihkón</klam> , respectively. That is, unlike <kam>ompa</kam> , <kam>sampa</kam> indicates that there was a process or progression (generally spatially but at times also temporally). Thus the semantics of <kam>sampa</kam> would seem to indicate a compound with <klam>sa:</klam> and not <kam>san</kam>. One test would be to question whether <kam>sampa</kam> is equivalent to <kam>sa: umpa</kam> or <kam>san umpa</kam> ; an equivalent"test"with <klam>saka</klam> suggests that the full form is <kam>sa: ika</kam> and not ? <kam>san ika</kam>. One consultant suggested that <kam>sampa</kam> is used in actions such as the movement of a person in a given direction (<kam>sampa</kam> would indicate that the process of moving, or even of sth such as increasing the heat of a fire, should not proceed further). There also exists the form <koa>sa: mpa</koa> (Oa) or <kam>sa: umpa</kam> (A m) with a slightly different sense. Thus cf. in Ameyaltepec <kam>sampa xtla:li</kam> 'Ponlo alli nada más' (Just put it there!)' and <kam>sa:mpa unkah</kam> 'Nada más allíhay' (There is just some there, i.e., and nowhere else).' Check to see if"careful"pronunciation of /sampa/ is /san umpa/ or /sa: umpa/, or perhaps it is simply /san + pa/, with no presence of /ompa/. In general the question might be phrased as to whether /sampa/ means 'only there' as in 'You will only find it there' (/san ompa tikne:xti:s/), i.e., not in any other location, or whether it means 'just right there (and no further)' as suggested in the definition and the /nte field. Discuss the fact that combination form of /sa:/ appears to be /sa/ as in /saka/, /sayhki/, /sampa/, etc. 02154 mawistlatowa:ni mawistlatowa:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ni N1 (ritual) father of the bride (ritual) padre de la novia Am ritual mawis hto This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's = father in addressing the bride's father. Nevertheless, although in the bride-asking speech <kam>mawistlatowa:ni</kam> is used in a parallel construction with <kam>mawistla:katl</kam> , don Luis Lucena thought that <kam>mawistlatowa:ni</kam> referred to the bridegroom's representative, i.e., the very person who utters the ritual speech. This interpretation seems more in accord with the meaning of the term, although the only documented use is in a parallel construction with <kam>mawistla:katl</kam>. Although the nominal ? <kam>mawistli</kam> has not been documented in Ameyaltepec or Balsas region Nahuatl, it did exist in Classical: Molina gives 'miedo, o persona digna de honnra.' For this reason Ameyaltepec <kam>mawistlatowa:ni</kam> has been considered a N-N compound. mawistla:katl synonym Am 02155 tlaka:wia kitlaka:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to save or leave (sth such as food, a material object, etc.) for guardar o dejar (algo como comida, bebida, un objeto material, etc.) para Am Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n! Am Save a little (e.g., food) for me! ¡Guárdame un poquito (p. ej., de comida)! ka:wa The argument structure of <kam>tlaka:wia</kam> seems to involve mechanisms that both increase (applicative) and decrease (the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>) verbal valency. Thus the transitive <kam>ka:wa</kam> has an applicative formation <kam>ka:wia</kam> , which would thus be a ditransitive verb with three arguments (S, PO, and SO). The prefixation of <kn>tla-</kn> marks the secondary object as nonspecific and determines that in the phrase <kam>Xne:chtlaka:wi a:chitsi:n!</kam> the word <kam>a:chitsi:n</kam> modifies the nonspecific secondary object. Note that Molina has <kn>cauia. nicno</kn> 'dexar algo para siél que reparte algo a otros' and <kn>tlacauia. nino</kn> 'dexar o guardar algo para si, merendar, o hazerse fuerza para echar de si el empacho y verguenza.' This argument structure (<kn>tlacauia</kn> as a transitive) in Classical matches that of Ameyaltepec except that in Classical only the reflexive use is documented in Molina whereas in Ameyaltepec, to date, only the transitive is documented. Apparently ? <kam>ka:wia</kam> wi thout the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix is not used in Ameyaltepec (whereas Molina does have it, but only documents a reflexive use). Check to determine whether a phrase such as /ne:chka:wia nakatl/ is correct. Apparently it is not, and one has instead /ne:chka:wilia nakatl/. Cf. other cases, e.g., /tla:lka:wia/ in which /ka:wia/ is found only with an incorporated noun. Cf. also forms like /a:te:kia/, etc. There is a good discussion of thsi word under /tlakawilia/ at 7641 02156 masa:tlama:ke:tl masa:tlama:ke:tl masa:tlámaké:tl masa:tlámaké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes deer hunter cazador de venado Pending masa: ma Apparently the /a/ is short in Oapan and long in Ameyaltepec, though in the latter this word is seldom used. More common in Ameyaltepec is <klam>masa:te:roh</klam> ; in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan one also finds <klam>masa:te:moke:tl</klam> (Am) / <kloa>masa:té:moké:tl</kloa>(Oa). Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable. 02157 palowa kipalowa palowa kipalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to sop or scoop up (e.g., a dish of food with a tortilla); to dunk in and eat (e.g., bread or doughnuts in coffee) sopear (p. ej., una caldo, salsa, frijoles, etc., con una tortilla; cafécon pan o una dona) Pending Xikpalo un tlakwahli. Am Dip your tortilla into that food (to eat it). Sopéa esa comida con tu tortilla (para comertela). Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n. Am Some people sop up their coffee with bread. Algunos sopean el cafécon pan. Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tikpalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis. Am Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked. ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! Nada más lo vamos a sopear, no se va a cocinar bien (esto es, no se va a quedar duro). (with short vowel reduplication) to lick (con reduplicación de vocal corta) lamer Pending Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. Am It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. Xotpix kwida:doh, yo:kipapalo:ko chichi. Am You weren't careful, a dog came and licked it. No tuviste cuidado, un perro vino a lamerlo. Nó:palówaíkwá:k nokokowa i:pa i:xi. Oa It licks itself when its leg hurts. Se lame cuando le duele la pierna. Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k. Am If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say that evil eye tastes salty, some say that it is bitter. Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas porél que echa mal de ojo a la gente. Algunos dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo. pal Note that the reduplicated form of <koa>palowa</koa> is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however <koa>nó:kwáh</koa> and a person licking his lips <koa>noté:mpalówa</koa>. Check vowel length of /o:tpix/. Note that originally in /Xtlikonexpo:poxo on to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis./ I had /te/, but C. Flores said this was incorrect. It has thus been changed, particularly given that this form with /te/ seems unusual here. Oapan reduplication: Note that the reduplicated form of <koa>palowa</koa> is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however <koa>nó:kwáh</koa> and a person licking his lips <koa>noté:mpalówa</koa>. Note in /noté:mpalówa/ how reduplication reduces on a long vowel of an incorporated noun. Again, however, note how the heavy syllable had a nasal as a coda (a characteristic of those heavy syllables that accepted reduced reduplication manifested by p-a. 02158 tlapupwalistli tlapupwalistli tlá:powalístli tlá:powalístli
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 1(s) yes-rdp action of clearing a field of brush and thorn bushes in preparation for planting acción de limpiar un terreno de arbustos y espinas en prepararlo para la siembra Pending po:wa 02159 ma:pala:ni ma:pala:ni ma:pala:ni ma:pala:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a for one's hand to rot podrirsele la mano a uno Pending for the branch (of a tree) to rot pudrirsele la rama (a unárbol) Pending ma: pala: It is said in Ameyaltepec, for example, that if one points at a rainbow, ones hand will rot (<kam>tima:pala:nis</kam>). Check to determine transitive form of the verb /pala:ni/ and if a transitive form exists with this compound verb. Also redetermine what precisely this means and whether it is used in other contexts. Check if this verb can be used to refer to tree branches. For future reference: the initial sound here should be compared to 2939, which seems to devoice. 02160 albe:stoh albe:stoh
22/Oct/2005
asbestos N N-loan N1 asbestos sheeting used for house roofs lámina de asbesto para techar Am lá:minah synonym Oa 02161 nesawahli nesawahli nesawahli nesawahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas-ne Stem 3 fast (from not eating) ayuno Pending O:kite:makaton nonesawal. Am They went to give word of my fasting. Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. Kinekis nesawahli. Xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w! Am It (e.g., a particular remedy or curing ceremony) needs (to be accompanied by) fasting. Fast so that the ill member of your family will get better! Necesita (p. ej., un remedio o ceremonia en particular) que participe alguien en ayunas.¡Ayuna túpara que se levante tu pariente que estáenferma. sawa The phrase <kam>o:kite:makaton nonesawal</kam> was uttered by a person who fasted halfoodays (till noon) every Wedensday and Friday, as is the custom with some during Lent, and whose children went to church on the Saturday after Good Friday to give word of this fasting to the village saint. The father had fasted so that he would not get sick, would have good luck, etc. Check that /nesawahli/ can refer to the person who fasts. O:kite:makaton nonesawal. 'They went to give word of my fasting.' Note that the object here is not something that is actually given, but something about which word is given. 02162 tli:hli tli:hli tli:hli tli:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 3 soot (e.g., at the bottoms of pots and pans, the roofs of kitchens, etc.) tizne; hollín (p. ej., sobre los fondos de ollas y sartenes, en el techo de una cocina, etc.) Pending O:ne:chasik itli:hlo tli:n o:tlatlaka ka:n o:nitlachinoh. O:nitlitli:hlowak. Am The soot of what had burned when I set fire to the brush to clear the field got on me. I got covered with soot. Me alcanzóel hollín de lo que se había quemado cuando quemécampo por limpiar un terreno. Me cubrícon hollín. tli:l Check meaning of /tli:hli/ as soot. Also check meaning of 'black paint.' I.e., does one say /xtla:lili tli:ltik/ or /xtla:lili tli:hli/. Check all uses and meanings. 02163 -xkayo:tl ye:ixkayo:tl -xkayo:tl se:xkayo:tl; o:mexkayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N Num-Clit N-d-kayo:tl to be from the number of years ago indicated by a numeral that in incorporated to this bound verb (particularly used in reference to maize and beans left over from a harvest the indicated numbers of years ago) ser del número de años que se indica por un número combinado a este verbo (particularmente en referencia a maíz y frijoles que se quedan de desde hace el número de años indicado) Pending Se:xkayo:tl notlayo:lxina:ch. Am My maize seed is one year old (i.e., from last year's harvest). Mi semilla de maíz tiene un año (esto es, viene del año pasado). xiw kayo: Apparently <kam>se:xkayo:tl</kam> is nearly equivalent, if not equivalent, in meaning to <klam>pochawistli</klam>. In the corpus <klam>se:xkayo:tl</klam> , <klam>o:mexkayo:tl</klam> , and <klam>ye:ixkayo:tl</klam> have all been independently documented. It appears that <kamoa>-xkayo:tl</kamoa> is an apocopated form of <kam>xiwkayo:tl</kam> , much as <klamoa>se:xtli</klamoa>might also be as well. In general it appears that although <klamoa>kayo:tl</klamoa>is best considered a separate lexeme in many cases, it does combine with certain stems (e.g., CHECK VOWEL LENGTH! Apparently this can be formed with other temporal terms. Check for possible form /se:xiwkayo:tl/ and whether this is the same or different than /se:xkayo:tl/. Check /o:mexkayo:tl/ or /o:me xiwkayo:tl/ etc., and which is correct. My original notes give /se:xkayo:tl/ as the same as /pochawistli/. Check the meaning and possible meaning differences, particularly in collocates. If completely identical, then add each to the /syn field in the other's entry. In one entry I have a long /a:/; this should be checked. Also in one entry I have a reference to cf. /-xkayo:tl/. For this entry take the elicitation audio file that was recorded for /=kayo:tl/ (entry 2126), i.e., /o:mexkayo:tl/ and link it here. Check vowel length of all words that have this /kayo:/ is the root. For /se:xkayo:tl/ it seems short, though acoustically not overly so. kayo:tl confer Am, Oa 02164 zzz This used to be an entry for /tetlawi:teki/ but has been combined with /tlawi:teki/.
30/Jul/2005
 02165 nekwahlo:tl nekwahlo:tl ne:nkwahlo:tl ne:nkwahlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') Pending nekwahli kwa The etymology of this noun, and related forms, is not clear. For now the Ameyaltepec and Oapan entries have been left as one, with the assumption that the difference between one and the other is phonetically motivated. However, they may reflect two different (re)interpretations. Ameyaltepec might be a nominalization of <kam>kwa</kam> used reflexively; Oapan may be a incorporated form with <klam>ne:n</klam> incorporated into the same verb <koa>kwa</koa>. Perhaps neighboring dialect form will clear up the nature of this. No cognate has yet been found in Classical or other Nahuatl dialects. Check SJ here and with all related forms. Check length here and in all related forms. nekwahli synonym Am ne:nkwahlo synonym Oa 02166 chika:hka:miki chika:hka:miki chika:hka:miki chika:hka:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to die from old age morir de viejo Am to have gotten to a state (an animal that is to be eaten) so that its meat is tough and does not cook rapidly haber llegado a un estado (un animal para comerse) en que la carne se cocina muy despachio Oa to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside llegar a un estado (p. ej., una sandía) en que aunque pequeño se abre sin tener casi nada adentro Oa chika: miki Perhaps elicit a list of the stages through which a fruit passes. The precise meaning of the second Oapan definition needs to be clarified: 'to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside' 02167 tli:ltsapotl tli:ltsapotl tli:ltsapotl tli:ltsapotl
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 black zapote fruit fruta del zapote negro Pending tree from which the black zapote comes, still not definitively identified árbol que da el zapote negro, todavía no identificado definitivamente Pending plant kohtli (pending) edible tli:l tsapo Schoenhals (1988) mentions under zapote negro:"(<i>Diospyros digyna</i>) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' See zapote prieto."And under zapote prieto:""(<i>Diospyros digyna</i>) 'black sapote,' 'Indian ebony persimmon.' Related to the persimmon. Immature fruits are bitter and pucker the mouth. Pulp of the fruit is 'axle-grease black.' Wood is reported to have teh properties of typical ebony. Also called zapote negro." 02168 -me:sti se:me:sti -me:sti se:me:sti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Num-V1 V1-d-ti var class-4a to complete the number of month's time indicated by an incorporated numeral completar el número de meses que se indica por un número incorporado Am, Oa Ye wi:kpla o:nise:me:stik. Am Yesterday I completed one month. Ayer cumplíun mes. Nio:meme:stis. Am I will complete two months. Voy a completar dos meses. Ye wi:kpla se:me:stitoya. Am Yesterday was its one-month anniversary. Ayer cumplía un mes. me:ts Determine the difference between /o:se:me:stik/ and /se:me:stitoya/. 02169 uwelowa kuwelowa té:welówa té:welowa té:welowa kité:welówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wi Compl Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) class-2b yes-rdp to take apart (sth built and put together, such as a house) desarmar (algo construído, como una casa) Pending Nikuwelo:s nokal, oksepa nimokalti:s. Am I'm going to take down my house, I'm going to build me a new one. Voy a desarmar mi casa, me voy a hacer otra. to break (a material object or machine that functions) descomponer (un objeto material que funciona) Pending (with <kn>tla-</kn>) to put together carelessly so that everything comes apart (con <kn>tla-</kn>) armar sin cuidado para que todo se derrumbe Pending Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok. Titlauwelo:s. Am You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule). You're doing things in such a way that everything will come apart on you (i.e., the knots, the firewood, etc., so that it all falls to the ground). No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula). Estás haciendo las cosas (con tanto descuidado) que todo se te va a derrumbar. uweliwi wel uwelowilia val_add_applic Am té:welowília val_add_applic Oa 02170 ikni:wtia kikni:wtia ihni:htia kihni:htia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-d-tia Refl>V3(Oa) class-2a to place together in a single space; to merge or join with others of the same (animals in a corral, items in a pile or bag, etc.) juntar cosas iguales en un solo espacio (animales en un corral; objetos sueltos en una pila o bolsa) Pending Xkikni:wti un yetl. Am Place those beans together with the rest (e.g., in a sack). Junta esos frijoles con los demás (p. ej., en un costal). O:nikimikni:wtih. O:nikwi:kak ika ikni:wa:n para wa:hla:skeh. Am I placed them together (in this case animals from one stable that were difficult to manage with other animals from another stable that were more manageable). I took them along with their mates so that they would come back. Los junté(en este caso animales de un establo que eran difíciles de arrear con los de otro establo más mansos). Los llevécon sus compañeros para que vinieran juntos. to think that (sb) is the sibling of another person one has seen pensar que (algn) es el hermano de otra persona que uno ha visto Oa (refl. with object) to treat and call (sb [O]) as ones sibling (when the person is not in fact) (refl. con objeto) tratar y llamar (a algn [O]) como si fuera hermano (cuando no es de veras) Oa Kinohni:htia, kitlásotlá. Oa He treats him as if he were his brother, he loves him. Lo trata como si fuera su hermano, lo quiere. kni:w In the case of grains, this word refers to the action of receiving a certain portion and placing it in a sack with other portions of grain that have already been received (e.g., during a wake when relatives and friends bring grain to help defray the costs of the ceremony). This verb can also refer to the action of writing something on paper and putting this paper with others that have already been written on. The Oapan form <koa>kinohni:htia</koa> manifests a reflexive formation that is benefactive in its sense, since the referent of the grammatical subject/reflexive is at one time both agent and benefactive. However, there is no overt marker that increases valency. The cognate use in Ameyaltepec has still not been determined (by cf. <klamoa>na:ntia</klamoa>), i.e., whether one has a form such as ? <kam>kinokniwtia</kam> or whether the object is expressed obliquely. Also, it has not yet been determined whether variations in valency such as that of the present verb should be given separate entries. They probably should be, which would mean that the two senses of <koa>ihni:htia</koa> documented to date should receive separate entries. 02171 kwa:tlapa:na kikwa:tlapa:na kwa:tlapa:na kikwa:tlapa:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni Compl class-3a to split the head open of descalabrar Pending O:kikwa:tlapa:nkeh, o:kikwa:temo:tlakeh ika tetl. Am They split his head open, they threw a rock at his head. Lo descalabraron, le tiraron una piedra en la cabeza. (refl.) to rack ones brains out (refl.) romperse la cabeza para hallar una solución Pending Timokwa:tlapa:ntok, xtikne:xtilia. Am You are racking your brains (trying to figure something out), you can't find the solution. Estás rompiéndote la cabeza (para desifrar algo), no le hallas la solución. kwa: tlapa: 02172 se:pa:n se:pa:n tia:skeh se:pa:n se:pa:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man all together todos juntos Pending Se:pa:n ma tiá:n! Am Let's go all together! ¡Vamos todos juntos! Ma tise:pa:nya:ka:n! Am Let's go all together! ¡Vamos todos juntos! Se:pa:n tia:skeh! Am We will go all together! ¡Vamos todos juntos! Xtikneki tise:pa:nya:skeh? Am Do you want us to go all together? ¿Quieres que vayamos todos juntos? Se:pa:n tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh. Oa We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year. Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año. se: pa:n In Ameyaltepec occasionally the sequence <kam>se: ipan</kam> 'on one' is reduced to <kam>se:pan</kam>. The adverbial element <kamoa>se:pa:n</kamoa> may be expressed as a preclitic, preceding the verbal predication, or it may be incorporated adjacent to the verbal stem. Note that the Nahuatl text to the following sentence was inadvertently deleted: 'Let's eat together!' Recheck vowel length; check for any utterance with final /h/. 02173 pexo:ntok pexo:ntok pexo:ntok pexo:ntok
22/Oct/2005
Stat V1-Stat Durative to be filled to the brim (a liquid inside a recepticle); to be overflowing estar lleno hasta el tope; a punto de desbordarse (un líquido dentro de un recipiente) Pending pexo: 02174 almo:n almo:n a:lmo:n a:lmo:n
11/Feb/2006
almud N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. <kam>almo:meh</kam> ; poss. <kam>noálmo:n</kam> , <kam>noalmó:n</kam>. reed basket (typically of <klam>o:tlatl</klam>) used to hold or transport items, particularly dried ears of maize, shelled maize, ceramics, etc. canasta, tipicamente de otate, usada para guardar o transportar cosas, particularmente mazorca, maíz, cerámica, etc. Pending measure Although originally an <kam>almud</kam> referred to a particular measure (of 4 <spn>cuartillos</spn>, which equals 1/24 of a <spn>carga</spn>; an <spn>almud</spn> is also 7.568 liters or 6.88 dry quarts), in the Balsas area this term no longer a particular measure but rather a basket that can be various sizes: 4, 5, 6, or more <spn>cuartillos</spn>; the largest are 12 or even 25 <spn>cuartillos</spn>. Also determine the number of liters in a cuartillo for my notes above. Check vowel length: one instance had short final /o/. In general vowel length is difficult to record in final /on/. Perhaps accent shift affects length in this borrowing. Probably the Am form has a long initial /a:/. Check and confirm. 02175 a:makuwtli a:makuwtli a:makohtli a:makohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) generic term for groups of trees, all of which have <klamoa>a:matl</klamoa>in their name nombre genérico por un tipo deárbol, todos los cuales tienen <klamoa>a:matl</klamoa>como parte de su nombre Pending plant kohtli a:ma kow super a:makuhtli The following types of <kamoa>a:matl</kamoa> have been documented: <klam>a:mai:skitl</klam> , <klam>a:makostli</klam> , and <klam>a:matl</klam> or <klam>a:makuhtli</klam> , also called <klam>a:matl de on uwe:i</klam>. Consultants varied slightly in their information as to the identification of the <klam>a:matl de on uwe:i</klam> , but it seems that this is simply a further specification of the tree called simply <kam>a:matl</kam> or <kam>a:makuhtli</kam> , names that apply both to the group in general and to a specific species within this group. Marcelino Venancio mentioned that there were two types of <kam>a:makuhtli</kam> that are named by gender: <kam>a:matl de susowa:tl</kam> , which has large leaves (<kam>we:i i:xiwyo</kam>), and <kam>a:matl de tlatla:katl</kam> , which has small leaves (<kam>pi:pitik i:xiwyo</kam>). However, Cristino Flores mentioned that he did not know of the male and female name references. Under <kam>a:matl</kam> Ramírez (1991) simply gives the family name <spn>Moraceae</spn> and the scientific name as <i>Ficus</i>sp. However, Guizar and Sánchez list the following Moraceae: <i>Chlorophora mollis</i>(with no Spanish name given); <i>Ficus cotinifolia</i>(in Spanish <spn>texcalamate</spn> or <spn>higo</spn>); <i>Ficus goldmanii</i>(with no Spanish name given); <i>Ficus mexicana</i>(called in Spanish <spn>higo</spn>); and <spn>Ficus petiolaris</spn>(called in Spanish <spn>amate amarillo</spn>). a:matl equivalent Am, Oa a:matl confer Am 02176 ma:ne:xtia kima:ne:xtia ma:ne:xtia kima:ne:xtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to find through divination (with cards, copal, or other items that a person throws to the ground, into water, or lays out with his hands) adivinar la suerte de (con naipes, copal u otras cosas que uno"echa"al agua o al suelo con las manos) Am to acquire with ones"hands"(i.e., labor) adquirir con las"manos"(esto es, con el trabajo) Oa ma: ne:si Check the range of types of divination covered by this term; apparently all involve items that are scattered by hand and then read. Document meaning. ma:ne:si verb_base Am, Oa 02177 zzz This was an entry for /tlanchikol/ with xref to /tlanchikohlo/. It has been removed and the major entry is /tlanchikohlo/. Also /tlanchikohli/ is still an entry.
09/Aug/2005
 02178 toli:nwia notoli:nwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to cause oneself suffering for lack of food induced by fasting (refl.) hacerse sufrir por falta de comer a causa de estar en ayunas Am Nimotoli:nwia. Ke:n nimosawa para ma:ka itlah tli:n kokolistli kasis noyo:lka:w. Am I make myself suffer from lack of food. I fast so that no disease affects my animals. Me hago sufrir por falta de comer. Me pongo en ayunas para que ninguna enfermedad agarre a mis animales. toli: Cristino Flores did not accept the validity of this word, which he said was from Oapan. However, Oapan consultants also did not know this word. Despite this fact the word <kam>toli:nwia</kam> has been retained pending further consultation. Check for nonreflexive use, other meanings. toli:nia synonym Oa 02179 yzzz estapa:do:r estapa:do:r
11/Feb/2006
destapador N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) bottle opener destapador Oa Vowel length in Spanish borrowings is often difficult to determine. In the present case the length of /a/ at times appears short, at times not. The final vowel is difficult to determine given voicing of the syllable-initial stop [d] and the following /r/. In Ameyaltepec the full Spanish loan is used: <kam>destapado:r</kam>. Check vowel length. 02180 makate:wa kimakate:wa makate:wa kimakate:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-asp V3-b class-3a(w) to leave in inheritance to legar a Pending O:ne:chmakate:w noba:leh kwa:k o:mik. Am My friend left it to me in inheritance when he died. Mi amigo me lo dejócomo herencia cuando se murió. maka e:wa makate:wa; ka:wilite:wa <kam>Makate:wa</kam> may have both the lexicalized meaning of 'to leave in inheritance to' and the more literal meaning 'to give to upon taking ones leave' as in <kam>timitsmakate:was notomi:n kwa:k yeniaw</kam> 'I will give you your money when I leave.' maka confer Am, Oa 02181 pa:ktia kipa:ktia pa:htia kipa:htia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to make happy hacer feliz a Pending Xne:chpa:ktia, xnikwelita. Am It doesn't make me happy, I don't like it. No me hace feliz, no me gusta. pa:ki Determine if this can also mean 'to make healthy' /ne:chpa:ktia reme:dioh/? pa:ki verb_base Am, Oa 02182 kuwia kikuwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to beat with a stick pegar con un palo Am Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkuwia. Am A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. kow Recheck /kowia/ karro:tewiya synonym Oa 02183 sokito:ka nosokito:ka sokito:ka nosokito:ka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-4a (refl.) to sink into the mud (e.g., up to ones calf, just below the knees, etc.) (refl.) hundir en el lodo (p. ej., hasta la pantorilla, la rodilla, etc.) Pending O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak. Am I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud. Me atoréen el lodo porque elárea estácubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra estámuy blanda, me hundíen el lodo. soki to:ka The difference between <kam>sokito:ka</kam> , <klam>sokitla:laki</klam> , and <klam>sokipolaki</klam> is still not clear. For now I have translated <kam>sokitla:laki</kam> as more concerned with getting stuck in the mud, and the other two with sinking into it. The construction <kam>tlasokito:ka</kam> is unusual if <kam>sokito:ka</kam> is always considered a transitive (bivalent) verb. However, if it is also acceptable as an intransitive meaning 'to sink into the mud' (in which case a separate entry should be established) then <kam>tlasokito:ka</kam> is clearly interpretable as a subjectless impersonal, i.e., 'there is sinking into the mud' or 'the area is deep with mud (into which things sink).' The possibility of a monovalent <kam>sokito:ka</kam> should be checked and, if it is so interpretable, the difference between <kam>sokito:ka</kam> and the reflexive <kam>nosokito:ka</kam> should be stated in the lexicon. sokipolaki; sokito:ka; sokitla:laki; check meaning of /tlasokito:ka/ 02184 chi:pi:lin chi:pi:lin chi:pi:lin chi:pi:lih chi:pi:lih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 generic name for a group of plants that include the <kamoa>chi:pi:lin</kamoa>, <kamoa>tepe:chi:pi:lin</kamoa>, and another plant with various names in the Balsas River basin nombre genérico de un grupo de plantas que incluye <kamoa>chi:pi:lin</kamoa>, <kamoa>tepe:chi:pi:lin</kamoa> y otra planta cuyo nombre varia en la región del Balsas Am, Oa edible plant apparently of the family Leguminosea and genus <l>Crotolaria</l> planta comestible, aparentemente de la familia Leguminosea y género <l>Crotolaria</l> Am, Oa (<kam>i:xixi:tew</kam> ~) frutescence of the <kam>chi:pi:lin</kam> (and other plants of this genus) (<kam>i:xixi:tew</kam> ~) frustescencia del <kam>chi:pi:lin</kam> (y otras plantas de este género) Pending plant edible chi:pil Note that in one example phrase I have recorded /chi:pi:lin/ in a previous entry example phrase. In other cards I have /chi:pilin/. However, in my botany notes the vowel is long. Also note that that Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give /chipi:lin/, which they identify as chipil or chipilín. Vowel length should be rechecked. Schoenhals (1988:42) gives"chipilín de monte (<i>Crotalaria</i>spp., e.g. <i>C. longirostrata</i>) 'rattlepod,', has yellow flowers and grows in the corn fields; the leaves are eaten like spinach or used as a cooking herb. Also called chepil, tronadora."Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name as <spn>chipile</spn> and the family as <i>Leguminosae</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>chipil</spn> or <spn>chipilin</spn>. 02185 tlanxi:nia tlanxi:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2a see <klam>tlanxixi:nia</klam> véase <klam>tlanxixi:nia</klam> Pending tlan xi: 02186 fa:ltoh fa:ltoh
22/Oct/2005
falto Adj Adj-loan Gender foolish; simple (in the sense of mentally challenged) tonto Am Ma:ka xfa:ltoh! Am Don't be foolish! ¡No seas tonto! /ma:ka/; negation: note that /ma:ka/ can be used with nominal predicates. The structure is as indicated: /ma:ka xfa:ltoh/. Check for other occurrence of this negative form with nonverbal predicates. 02187 xihki:xtia kixihki:xtia xihki:xtia kixihki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca ~Intrans class-2a to weed by passing over the milpa with a plow just after the maize has sprouted desherbar con un arado, volteando la tierra poco después de que brote el maíz Am Kixihki:xti:s un imi:l. Am He will weed his maize plants. Va a quitarle la maleza alrededor de sus plantas de maíz. to weed (particularly a cornfield) by hand desherbar (particularmente una milpa) con la mano. Oa xiw ki:sa mi:hli In Ameyaltepec <kam>xihki:xtia</kam> refers to the action of using a plow to turn over the earth and kill weeds. In this village <kam>ma:teka</kam> is the proper word for when one is using ones hands or a digging stick (<klam>witso:ktli</klam>) to weed. <kam>Xihki:xtia</kam> is used in Ameyaltepec, but not in Oapan, to refer to the action of passing the plow over the field soon after the maize has sprouted. Most often this verb is found with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> (e.g., <kam>nitlaxihki:xti:s</kam>) 'I'm going to weed (my field with a plow)' although occasionally it occurs with a specific object prefix when a particular field is the topic of discourse. In Oapan the equivalent term for use with a plow is <kloa>ó:meliá</kloa>. Oapan has a synonym for <koa>xihki:xtia</koa> which is <kloa>má:kwí</kloa>. For a fuller discussion of terms used for plowing, see entry under <klamoa>teki</klamoa>. Check for /h/ in Oapan /kixih.../ Check why I have this as an entry for Oapan when in the /nse field I mention that this word is not used in Oapan. 02188 tlatla:hlowa tlátla:hlówa tlátla:hlówa tlatla:hlowa tla:hlowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia Compl Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:tla:hlówa</koa> class-4a yes-rdp to get covered with earth, dirt, grime, etc. llenarse, ensuciarse o cubrirse de tierra o mugre Pending Xki:xti motlake:n! Melá:k po:chaktik, o:titlatla:hlowak. Am Take off your clothes! They are really dirty and black, you got covered with dirt. ¡Quítate la ropa! Están muy negros y sucios, te llenaste de tierra. O:nitlatla:hlowak pa:mpa o:nitla:lxi:nih wan tla:ltektlan. Am I got covered with dirt because I shoveled earth and it was dusty (i.e., the earth was very loose and dry). Me ensuciéde polvo porque echétierra con una pala y había mucho polvo (esto es, la tierra estaba muy suelta y seca). tla:l Although the headword for this intransitive verb and for the other lexical elements of the paradigm (<klam>tlatla:hloh</klam> and <klam>tlatla:hlo:tia</klam> are all reduplicated, the fact that the elicitation form here for the Oapan sound file it is clear that a nonreduplicated form is correct, though undoubtedly rarely if ever used. Nevertheless, despite this fact the headword here has been entered as reduplicated in order to maintain the paradigmatic relationship with the other forms. 02189 kwi:katia nokwi:katia kwi:katia nokwi:katia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a (refl.) to sing (refl.) cantar Pending Wel nokwi:katia. Am He can (knows how to) sing. Sabe cantar. (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing (a particlar song or tune [O]) (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar (una canción o son en particular [O]) Pending (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing about (a person [O]) (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar acerca de (una persona [O]) Oa kwi:ka My written documentation from Ameyaltepec includes only the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd-person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like <kam>ito:tia</kam>. Launey (1992:189) mentions that in Classical Nahuatl the verb <kn>cui:catia</kn> is one of the two common verbs in which causative morphology (<kn>-tia</kn>) has an applicative sense. In Classical, the simple intransitive <kn>cui:ca</kn> means 'to sing' and the derived causative <kn>cui:catia</kn> means 'to sing for' (i.e., an"applicative sense"). Thus Classical <kn>¿Cuix tite:chcui:cati:z?</kn> means '¿Cantarás para nosotros?' The other principal verb with causative morphology in an applicative sense is <kam>na:mactia</kam> 'to sell to.' I have only wrriten down the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like <kam>ito:tia</kam>. Also, if used with other objects, make sure to note whether they can be animate, first and second, etc. Determine whether there is a way of indicating 'to sing to' as in 'she sings to her baby' Whatever the answers to these questions might be, adjust the /cat field accordingly. I have recorded an Ameyaltepec applicative/causative /kwi:katilia/. Check. 02190 na:wati na:wati na:wati na:wati
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3d(ti) to utter a sound; to make oneself heard hacer un sonido; hacerse escuchar Pending Niman o:na:wat. Am He spoke up right away. Luego luego se hizo escuchar. Xekah na:wati, xekah mitsna:nkilia. Am No one speaks up, no one answers you. Nadie habla, nadie te contesta. Ma:ka xna:wati, ye wa:hlaw tla:wa:nke:tl! Am Don't make a sound, here comes a drunk (i.e., keep quiet so that he doesn't notice us)! ¡No hagas ruido, acáviene un borracho (esto es, para que no se fije en nosotros)! na:wa Determine to what types of animals and sounds the word /na:wati/ can be applied. Note that I have checked several times and the initial /a:/ is definitely long. na:watilia val_add_caus Am 02191 nekoko:hli * nekoko:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas-ne Stem 3 pain (from an illness or disease, not from physical injuries such as cuts, broken bones, etc.) dolor (de una enfermedad, no de una herida, hueso roto, etc.) Am Kipia nekoko:hli. Kwalo. Am He is in pain. He is ill. Tiene dolor. Estáenfermo. Cristino Flores rejected thsi form. kowa 02192 welitilia kwelitilia welitilia kwelitilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 Mod-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to envy the looks of (sth that sb has) tenerle envidia (a algn) de la aparencia de (algo que tiene) Pending Ma:ka timotsi:nki:xti:s, sie:mpreh tika:nas mono:biah! Ke:n timitswelitilia. Am Don't back out, in the end you'll wind up marrying your girlfriend! I really envy you her good looks. ¡No te reniegues, siempre te vas a casar con tu novia! De veras te tengo envidia por la guapa que se te ve contigo. wel ita Check final /h/ of /sie:mpreh/. welita verb_base Am, Oa 02193 sakakaltia kisakakaltia sakakaltia kisakakaltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to build a grass thatched roof house for construir una casa con techo de pasto para Pending Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl. Am When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it (<klam>me:kotlako:tl</klam>) in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again. The rod is not visible. Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso (<klam>me:kotlako:tl</klam>) lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no estávisible. saka kal 02194 kwe:xtia kwe:xtia kwe:xtia kwe:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) to become finely ground quedarse bien y finamente molido Pending kwe:ch Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending <kn>tia</kn>, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, <kamoa>kwe:xtia</kamoa> is related to <klamoa>kwe:chiwi</klamoa>, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in <kn>-iwi</kn> often lose the entire <kn>-iwi</kn> ending in derivational forms. Thus from <klamoa>tlatsiwi</klamoa>one derives <klamoa>tlatski</klamoa>and from <klamoa>kwe:chiwi</klamoa>one derives <klamoa>kwe:xtik</klamoa>. Thus it seems that the root or stem of <kn>-iwi</kn> verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without <kn>-iwi</kn>. Check for existence of /kwe:xtli/. My original notes say that this word is often used to refer to finely ground chile, or to sand (or other objects) that is not naturally coarse. Check how this might be used to refer to sand, since one might expect an adjectival, not inchoative. /-iwi/ verbs: Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending <kn>tia</kn>, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, <kamoa>kwe:xtia</kamoa> is related to <klamoa>kwe:chiwi</klamoa>, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in <kn>-iwi</kn> often lose the entire <kn>-iwi</kn> ending in derivational forms. Thus from <klamoa>tlatsiwi</klamoa>one derives <klamoa>tlatski</klamoa>and from <klamoa>kwe:chiwi</klamoa>one derives <klamoa>kwe:xtik</klamoa>. Thus it seems that the root or stem of <kn>-iwi</kn> verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without <kn>-iwi</kn>. kwe:xtilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02195 tlakwa:lia kitlakwa:lia tlakwa:lia kitlakwa:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to eat the milpa of (sb [O], an animal that enters ones field) comer la milpa de (algn [O] un animal que entra el campo) Am, Oa kwa Like <klamoa>tlakwa</klamoa>, <kamoa>tlakwa:lia</kamoa> may have a lexically specified sense (along with a more context-dependent sense of 'to eat (sth) of sb'). It refers most often to an animal that enters somone's field and eats his maize, e.g., <kam>o:ne:xtlakwalih mowa:kax</kam> 'your cattle got into and ate up my field (on me).' Check meaning and if one can refer to someone eating another's apply, for instance, as /o:kitlakwalikeh/. Also check antipassive. tlakwa verb_base Am, Oa kwa:lia minus_tla Am, Oa 02196 zzz This entry was originally /o:kpaikniwtli/ 'half-sibling (brother or sister)' but it seems to be in error: The expressions <kam>noo:kpaikniw</kam> and <kam>i:ka o:kpa nokniw</kam> are equivalent. Note that <kam>o:kpaikniwtli</kam> is rarely found in unpossessed form.
11/Feb/2006
N 02197 tlakwi:xwilia kitlakwi:xwilia tlakwi:xwilia kitlakwi:xwilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to make a hissing sound at (e.g., with a 'ts ts' sound in order to call the attention of or to chase away) hacerle un sonido como de silbido a (p. ej., con un sonido como de 'psst' para llamar la atención de o para ahuyentar a algn) Pending O:ne.chtlakwi:xwilih pero xo:nikchi:wilih kwe:ntah. Am He called to me with a hissing sound, but I didn't pay any attention. Me llamócon un sonido como silbido, pero no le hice caso. kwi:x Check for the possibility that a form without /tla-/ occurs. tlakwi:xwia verb_base Am tlakwi:xwiya verb_base Oa 02198 chi:boh chi:boh
11/Feb/2006
chivo N N-loan loan found only in a collocation with <klam>itakatl</klam> or compounded with the stem of <klam>yetl</klam> préstamo utilizado solamente en colocación con <klam>itakatl</klam> o compuesto con la raíz de <klam>yetl</klam> Am itakatl yechi:boh confer Am ítakachí:boh;ítakátl confer Oa 02199 yesa:tli kiyesa:tli yesa:tli kiyesa:tli
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-[N-V1] V2-b class-4a(oni) to drink the blood of chupar o beber la sangre de Pending Kanah u:nkah kuwatl mitsyesa:tli:s. Kihlian tli:lkowatl. Kikalakti:s iko:lah itik moyekatso:l, kwa:kon kiki:xti:s yestli. Am There's a snake somewhere that drinks your blood. It is called a 'black snake.' It puts its tail into your nose, then it takes out blood. Hay una culebra en algún lugar que te bebe la sangre. Lo llaman 'serpiente negra.' Mete su cola por la nariz, entonces te chupa la sangre. es a: i: Like <kamoa>a:tli</kamoa>, <kam>yesa:tli</kam> can be both intransitive (with incorporated noun as patient) and transitive (with incorporated noun an example of"possessor raising"and not reducing valency). Reconfirm that this can be a transitive verb, this would agree with the transitivity of /a:tli/, /po:ki/, etc. which are also both intransitive and transitive. 02200 xiwtli xiwtli xihtli xihtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(w) generic term for herbaceous plant término genérico para planta herbácea Pending weeds maleza Pending Miák xiwtli ika tila:wtok nomi:l. Am My corn field is becoming overgrown with weeds. Mi milpa se estácubriendo con maleza. (intrinsic possession) leaves; foliage (as part of trees, bushes, plants, etc.) (posesión intrínseca) hojas; follaje (como parte de unárbol, arbusto, planta, etc.) Pending Kwaltsi:n ixiwyo. Am It's leaves are pretty. Son bonitas sus hojas. Kipia ixiwio un kuwtli. Am That tree has its foliage. Eseárbol tiene su follaje. plant part xiw When asked the definition of <kam>xiwtli</kam> , Luis Lucena extended his hands flat and made a horizontal sweeping motion. Thus it would appear that one of the defining features of this term is that the plant grows close to the ground and not high. Unlike other plant parts such as <klamoa>xo:chitl</klamoa>, which is found as <kam>i:xo:chiw</kam> (e.g., a flower belonging to a person) and <kam>i:xo:chio</kam> (e.g., a flower of a plant), <kam>xiwtli</kam> (or <koa>xihtli</koa>) is found only unpossessed, referring in general to herbaceous plants, or with the <kn>-yo</kn> possessed suffix. Check Oapa: /i:xo:chyo/ or /i:xo:chiyo/. Where is the stress, etc. There is an extra female token at 5491. 02201 tso:tso:ti tso:tso:ti tso:tso:ti tso:tso:ti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3a to get sores or infected pimples on ones skin salirsele llagas o granitos infectados en la piel a Pending Yo:nitso:tso:t. O:ne:chkwah tla:la:jeh; o:nikuwa:n wa:n o:notso:tso:kwep. Am I got sores on my skin. <spn>Ajes</spn> bit me; I scratched them and they (the bites) turned to sores. Se me salieron granos en la piel. Ajes me mordieron; los rasquéy (las mordidas) se volvieron llagas. tso:tso: tso:tso:tilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02202 wi:pa:na kwi:pa:na wi:pa:na kiwi:pa:na
11/Feb/2006
V2-alt-ni ~Intrans class-3a to line up (individual objects) one after another alinear (objetos individuales) una cosa tras otra Pending to interlace; to tie together in order, one after another (e.g., the rods of the <klam>tlapextli</klam> cactus in making a bed) entrelazar; atar una cosa tras otra (p. ej., las varas del cactus llamado the <klam>tlapextli</klam> al hacer una cama) Pending wipa: Check for use of /te-/. 02203 ma:tsiwi ma:tsiwi ma:tsiwi ma:tsiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become folded or doubled over (sth pliable that gets slightly crushed and folded over) quedarse doblado sobre si mismo (algo suave que se aplasta ligeramente) Pending I:pan o:kitla:lilikeh itlah tli:no:n, o:ma:tsiw nosombre:roh. Am They laid something on top of it, my hat got crushed and doubled over. Le dejaron algo encima, mi sombrero se quedóapachurado y doblado. O:ma:tsiw un mange:rah. Am The sides of that hose have gotten crushed together and flattened out (e.g., for having had sth heavy placed on it). La mangera se quedóaplastada (p. ej., a causa de haber tenido algo pesado encima). ma:ts In reference to the hose, determine whether this refers to the sides coming together, or to the hose folding in two after getting bent. 02204 tla:wiltia tla:wiltia tla:wiltia tla:wiltia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-2a to ride a bull in a rodeo or <spn>jaripeo</spn> montar un toro en un jaripeo Pending Tla:wilti:s. Mlá:k tla:katl! Am He will ride a bull (in a rodeo). He's a real man!. Va a montar un toro (en un jaripeo).¡Quéhombre! Tla:wilti:lo:s. Am There will be a rodeo. Va a haber un jaripeo. a:wil a:wiltia minus_tla Am, Oa 02205 tlakaka:hke:tl tlakaka:hke:tl tlá:ká:hke:tl tlá:ká:hke:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 person who performs the ceremony known in Spanish as <spn>levantamiento de sombra</spn> persona que lleva a cabo la ceremonia conocida como 'levantamiento de sombra' Pending ka:wa tlakaka:wa tlakaka:wa confer Am 02206 masa:xokotl masa:xokotl masa:xokotl masa:xokotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of wild plum and, by extension, the plum tree it grows on tipo de ciruela silvestre y, por extensión, elárbol en que crece Pending plant kohtli edible masa: xoko xokotl Ramírez (1991:175) identifies this only as a member of the family <kam>Rosaceae</kam>. The <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> is a specific type of plum whose fruit is green when young and becomes redder when ripe: <kam>tla:ki kware:smah</kam> 'it comes to fruit in March to April.' There are two types of <kam>ma:saxokotl</kam> : <kam>ma:saxokotl</kam> and <kam>mihka:xokotl</kam>. Under <spn>ciruelo</spn> Schoenhals has two genera: <i>Spondias</i>and <i>Prunus</i>. The second is identified as the commercial plum. Re: the former, Schoenhals notes:"(<i>Spondias</i>spp. e.g. <i>S. purpurea</i>) 'plum', 'hog plum', 'mombin', Plums that grow in a hot climate. Fruit may be red or yellow. Also called jocote, jobo."The color identification of red or yellow fits in with most of the wild plums of the Balsas River area. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) seem to have two species of the <i>Anacardiaceae</i>family that bear edible fruit. One is the <i>Spondias purpurea I</i>known in Spanish as <spn>ciruelo</spn> or <spn>ciruelita de cerro</spn>. Of th is:"El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera."This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>known as <spn>coco de cerro</spn>. Of this:"Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales."It seems clear that one of the two is the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> and the other is the <kam>kopaxokotl</kam>. At this point my guess is that of the two the <kam>kopaxokotl</kam> might well be <i>Cyrtocarpa procera</i>, while the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> would seem to be the <i>Spondias purpurea</i>. See <klam>masa:xokotl</klam>. See <klam>kopaxokotl</klam>. According to C. Flores there are 4 types of /masa:xokotl/: /masa:xokotl de xokó:k/, /mihka:xokotl/, and /masa:xokotl tsope:lik/ of which there are two types: /kostik/ and /chi:chi:ltik/. The sweet are found in Tonalapa del Sur, Tecuescontitlan, Xalitla, etc. xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni confer Am masa:xokokuwtli equivalent Am masa:xokokohtli equivalent Oa 02207 kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n* kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of large bird, apparently a <kam>kwi:xin</kam> or <spn>gavilán</spn>, still not positively identified tipo de ave grande, aparentemente un <kam>kwi:xin</kam> or gavilán, todavía no identificado plenamente Am name given by Cristino Flores animal bird kwi:x pitsa: kwi:xin kwi:xin synonym Oa 02208 xkon xihkón xihkón xkión xkon xihkón xkión
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Neg-Adv-Demons Adv not in that way no asíde esa manera Pending iw on The sense of <kam>xihkón</kam> or <koa>xkiyon</koa> is that of a comment by speaker that a certain situation or event is not, in his judgement, how it should be. The difference between <kam>xihkón</kam> and <klam>xihki</klam> appears to be one that is simply of deixis, of the referent of the final demonstrative of these compounds. Check for the best representation in the orthography for this sound; get from phoneticial precise phonetic transcription of sounds here and perhaps include somewhere in pronunciation guide. Recheck p-a pattern for both. Oa stress on /i/ is not written given its penultimate position. There are 4 addition tokens of this word at 5617. They should be tagged with 2208. The link to the present headword should be a soundfile from 05617 since this is better quality sound than the 2208 recordings. I.e., as is usually the case, the later sounds should be better and therefore the links should be made with the later recordings. 02209 kwa:temasol kwa:temasol
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-N N-ap Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> to have disheveled hair tener el cabello despeinado Am kwa: masol kwa:temasol; kwa:tepasol The etymology of <kam>kwa:temasol</kam> is uncertain, though the similarity in meaning and form to <kam>kwa:tepasol</kam> is striking. Given this similarity, I have analyzed the <kn>te-</kn> of <kam>kwa:temasol</kam> as the intensifier morpheme, although this decision might be modified with subsequent data. It might be, however, that this present entry is in error and that the speaker had confused one consonant with another. kwa:tepasol synonym Am kwa:tépasól synonym Oa 02210 pa:lakachowa kipa:lakachowa pa:lakachowa kipa:lakachowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to spin (an object) in a circle, around a center point; to make gyrate girar o hacer (a algn) dar vueltas en círculos, alrededor de un punto en medio Pending Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s. Am The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it. Estádando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir. Se: kone:tsi:ntli, kasin ipanima:tsitsi:wa:n dya wel kipa:pa:lakachowan. Am A little child, they grab him by his arms and then they can spin him around and around (i.e., either with his feet flying around in a circle, or spinning around while standing on the ground). Un niño, lo agarran por las manitas y entonces lo pueden hacer girar (o con sus pies volando hacia afuera, o bien girando con los pies en el suelo). motion palakach pa:lakachowa; kwepa; malakachowa. The Check vl for the Am form; Oa is definitely long. 02211 kwa:xtli kwa:xtli kwa:xtli kwa:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) type of padding made of palm bark that is placed under wooden saddles used for donkeys and mules tipo de cobija hecho de palma que se coloca abajo de las sillas de madera utilizadas para burros o mulas; cuaxtle; Pending good, old friend (vocative, or possessed as a predicate; often used as a vocative without the absolutive: <kam>kwa:ch</kam>) buen amigo (vocativo, o poseído como predicado; a menudo utilizado como vocativo sin el absolutivo: <kam>kwa:ch</kam>) Am Kwa:xtli! Am Hey buddy! ¡Amigo! Yo:yah nokwa:ch, a:man xnikmati a:kino:n iwa:n nima:wilti:s. Am My friend's gone, now I don't know whom I'll play with. Ya se fue mi cuate, ahora ya no sécon quien voy a jugar. kwa:ch Apparently <kamoa>kwa:xtli</kamoa> is also used as padding in loading shotguns. <kam>Cuaxtle</kam> ' is the regional Spanish term for this item. According to Gabriel de la Cruz, the use of <kam>nokwa:ch</kam> meaning 'my friend' is a re-borrowing from the Spanish 'cuate' and instead of saying <kam>nokwa:teh</kam> say <kam>nokwa:ch</kam>. Thus, according to de la Cruz the usage does not derive from a metaphoric extension of <kam>kwa:xtli</kam>. Neverthless, although the original etymology might be from <spn>cuate</spn> Ameyaltepec speakers have reanalyzed this and made it into a Nahuatl noun through the use of the absolutive. If the above proves to be true, i.e., /nokwa:ch/ as a re-borrowing, then a separate entry should be given for /kwa:ch/. I had"suadero"as /ss, i.e., translation for kwa:xtli. Check if /suadero/ is an accurate term. 02212 kechkuwyo:tl kechkuwyo:tl kechkohyo:tl kechkohyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 neck cuello Pending body kech kow Check for /kechkuhio:tl/ as well as, e.g., /nokechkuh/. It is interesting that apparently all body parts that end in /kuh/ utilize /-yo/ except penis (which is /nokuh/). Perhaps this is because both 'neck' and 'thigh' (metskuhio) can be alienably possessed. Note that /h/ is a bilabial fricative allophone. These are the only body parts that use /-yo/. Finally, perhaps /kwaw/ root should be simply given as /kuh/ for easier comparison although it hinders some cross-references with difference dialects. Perhaps in root dictionary an entry should be made for /kwaw/ and an explanation that this root occurs under /kuh/, or vice versa. 02213 arrosi:yoh arrosi:yoh
22/Oct/2005
arrocillo N N-loan N1 type of white maize with large kernels tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes Am maize 02214 tlamantli tlamantli tlamantli tlamantli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(n) group (e.g., of dancers in religious dances) grupo (p. ej., de danzantes en un baile religioso) Pending Unkah o:me tlamantli. Am There are two groups (e.g., of 'danza de bola'). Hay dos grupos (p. ej., de 'danza de bola'). offering (e.g., left before a cross or saint) ofrenda (p. ej., dejada frente a una cruz o santo) Pending man 02215 terra:yah terra:yah tera:yah terra:yah tera:yah; terra:yah
24/Oct/2005
atarraya N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) large round fishing net with small lead weights around the bottom of a cuff that is sewn back into the interior of the net; it is cast from the shoulders and spun out so it hits the water fully extended in a circle, then sinking rapidly to the river's bottom atarraya, tipo de red de pescar Pending O:xo:pi:liwtasik noterra:yah. Am My <spn>atarraya</spn>(a woven circular fishing net) wound up oval-shaped as it hit the water. Mi atarraya quedóen forma ovalda al entrar en el agua. tool-hunt Although occasionally speakers will pronounce /r/ for /rr/, in general the Spanish phonology is used. In one recorded pronunciation, Florencia Marcelino definitely had an /rr/; it is not clear whether this should be the form of the headword. Check Ameyaltepec forms. Note: in linking the sound use /tera:yah/ from Florencia, /terra:yah/ from her husband. 02216 tsetselowa kitsetselowa tsétselówa tsetselowa kí:tselówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>kí:tselówa</koa> class-2b yes-rdp to shake out (e.g., a blanket of dust, a plant so that the earth falls off its roots, a grain plant so that the seeds or kernels fall to the ground, etc.) sacudir (p. ej., una cobija que tiene polvo, una planta o maleza arrancada para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices, o la planta de un grano para que se caiga la semilla, etc.) Pending Xtsetselo mopetl! Yo:tla:ltekwyowak. Am Shake out your petate! It's gotten dusty. ¡Sacude tu petate! Ya se cubrióde polvo. Xtsetselo moanjóli:n, yo:wa:k. Am Shake your sesame plants (to dislodge the seeds), they have dried. Sacude tus plantas de anjojolí(para sacar la semilla), ya se secaron. to make (sth) shake (an object or small structure) agitar; hacer vibrar o temblar (un objeto o pequeña estructura) Pending O:nikonkak a:sta kitsetselotoya tlapextli. Am I overheard how he even made the bed shake (in this case from having sexual intercourse). Pude escuchar allácomo agitaba la cama (en este caso por estar haciendo el amor). to make shake or shiver (the cold [S]) hacer temblar o tiritar (el frío [S]) Pending O:hmat pero a:sta ne:xtsetselotok sekwtli. Am I felt it (in this case the cold), it was so cold as to make me shiver. Lo sentí(en este caso el frío), hacia tanto frío que me hacía temblar. to strain (e.g., coffee to get the grinds out, atole to remove the thick portions, etc.) colar (p. ej., cafépara quitar los asientos, atole para sacar los desperdicios lo que no se molióbien) Oa tsel Check spelling of /tla:ltekwyowak/. Make sure applicative has p-a. See note there. Reduplication: the verb /tsetseliwi/ and /tsetselowa/ is a good example of lexicalized reduplication, a reduplication based on the nature of the action. Similar cases arise with other verbs that my definition involve repeated actions: /mimiliwi/, /po:poxowa/, etc. The spacing of the repeated action determines whether the reduplication is with long or short vowel. tsetselowilia val_add_applic Am tsétselowília val_add_applic Oa 02217 tlimiktilia kitlimiktilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap[ca] class-2a to slightly cook for (usually things such as meat that are place on a <klam>koma:hli</klam> , though occasionally on embers, in order to prevent spoilage from the sun) cocer ligeramente sobre el fuego para (algn, p. ej., carne con el fin de evitar que se eche a perder con el calor) Am Xne:chtlimiktili para ma:ka itlakawis! Am Heat it up slightly for me so that it doesn't spoil! ¡Caliéntelo ligeramente (p. ej., sobre un comal) para mípara que no se eche a perder! cook tli miki Check whether /tlimiki/ exists as an intransitive. tlimiktia verb_base Am tlipili:naltilia synonym Oa 02218 tema:tlatl tema:tlatl tema:tlatl tema:tlatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of bag made from maguey fiber (from <kbam>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</kbam>, <kbam>sakamexkahli</kbam>, or <kbam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</kbam>) and used, in particular, to carry squash and maize that is being harvested tipo de bolsa hecha de fibra de maguey (de <kbam>ka:ka:lo:te:ntli</kbam>, <kbam>sakamexkahli</kbam>, o <kbam>kukuwtitlantsi:n</kbam>) y empleada especialmente para cargar fruta en la cosecha de maíz y calabaza Pending te ma:tla tool medicine ma:tlatl; nets According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec (check whether this is also true of Oapan), the <kamoa>tema:tlatl</kamoa> is also used in curing <klam>mihka:siwi</klam> 'whooping cough'; the sick person's body is beaten with the bag as the main action of the cure. See Flk-1984-03-12.1 for a description of this cure. 02219 pasoliwi pasoliwi pásolíwi pasoliwi pásolíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>tepasoliwi</kam> (Am); <koa>tépasolíwi</koa> (Oa) class-3a(w) yes-lex to become tangled; to get knotted up (thread, string, etc.) enredarse; enmarañado (hilo, cuerda, etc.) Pending O:tepasoliw noi:loh. Am My string got all tangled up. Se enmarañómi hilo. to become disheveled and tangled (hair, particularly of women whose braids become undone, or who don't brush their hair for several days) desarreglarse y despeinarse; enredarse (pelo, particularmente de mujeres a quienes se le desatan las trenzas o quienes no cepillan su cabello por varios días) Pending O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. Am That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and arranged it), it's disheveled. Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días que no se arregla el pelo), estátodo despeinada. O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa. Am Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it). Estádesarreglado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello (esto es, al cepillarlo o ponerlo en trenzas). to annoy or bother one another (several people in close proximity over long periods of time) molestarse unos con otros (varias personas que están encimadas por un largo tiempo) Pending Yo:pe:w pasoliwin. Xka:wa, xkaman nokwala:nia:yan. Am They've started to annoy each other (e.g., people in one household). You'd never have thought it, they never used to get angry with each other. Ya empezaron a molestarse (p. ej., varias personas en una sola casa). No se hubiera pensado, no solían enojarse antes. to get mixed up (in a task one is performing); to get sidetracked; to stop progressing in a certain direction or manner (e.g., for a person or a plant to stop growing) confundirse (en la realización de una tarea); distraerse; desviarse (de una dirección en que va; p. ej., una planta que deja de crecer) Pending Ikwa:k tlakwa kwilin, pe:wa pasoliwi mi:hli, xok tla:ki. Am When worms start to eat, the corn plants begin to stop growing, they don't produce a yield. Cuando empiezan a comer los gusanos, el maíz empieza a dejar de crecer, ya no rinde. pahsol Determine precise meaning of /pasoliwi/ when referring to plants, to what plants this can refer. My first understanding was that /pasoliwi/ was used here because it referred to the leaves become meshed and tangled together. But on reflection the use of /pasoliwi/ seems to refer to a process becoming metaphorically"entangled,"i.e., stopped, to become sidetracked in a particular task. Check phrases like /yo:pe:w pasoliwin/ 'they've started to annoy each other' and check whether /yo:pe:w nopasolowan/ would be more"accurate."Certainly the use of the intransitive here seems unusual. Also check dif. between /pasoliwi/, /papasoliwi/ and /tepasoliwi/, etc. 02220 xixitika xixitika xixitika xixitika
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] class-4a to crumble down or to topple down (e.g., a cliff, pile of rocks, etc.) making a sound as it goes desmoronarse o desbaratarse (p. ej., un peñasco, cerca de piedras, etc.) haciendo un sonido al caerse Pending O:nikonkak milá:k xixitika tli:nonon, kas notekorral. Am I heard something (that I wasn't sure what it was) fall down, perhaps it was my fence of lose stones. Escuchéalgo (pero no estaba seguro que) desbaratándose, quizáera mi cerca de piedras apiladas. Yo:pe:w xixitika osto:tl, nikonkaktok. Am The cliff has started to crumble down, I can hear it over there. El peñasco empezóa desmoronarse, lo puedo escuchar desde allá. Tlaxixitikatiw temantli. Am The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years, but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e., as the plow passes close by, pushing them over). Las piedras que habían sido amontonadas en línea entre las matas de maíz (en años anteriores, y que se quedaron apiladas) se van desbarratánose (por el paso del arado) haciendo un ruido al caerse. sound xiti: Check whether /tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ is correct, or whether it should be /tlaxixikatiw ika temantli/. From my understanding of Nahuatl grammar the latter should be the"correct"form; perhaps I made an error in the transcription of speech. Check spelling of /tekorral/. Check spelling of /tli:nonon/. /tla-/; impersonal passive: There have been several cases of /tla-/ being prefixed to an intransitive verb where there is a definite subject. I have noticed /nitlachichipi:ni/ and /tlapepetlaka ba:rah/ (check this last one). Here one finds /Tlaxixitikatiw temantli/ 'The stones that had been piled up in rows between the maize plants (in previous years, but have remained in place) go toppling down making a sound as they fall apart (i.e., as the plow passes close by, pushing them over).' My feeling is that in general the statement that /tla + V1/ is an impersonal and subjectless is true. Check with this case, though. xiti:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02221 pi:pitik yetl pi:pitik yetl pi:pitiketl pi:pitihyetl pi:pitiketl; pi:pitihyetl
11/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Stem 2 type of small, black bean that is planted between corn plants tipo de frijól pequeño y negro que se siembra entre el maíz Pending plant domesticated pi ye yetl In Ameyaltepec <kam>pi:pitikyetl</kam> is apparently also referred to as <kam>pi:pitik yetl de tl:ltiktsi:n</kam>. According to my original notes, it used in the following foods: <klam>yetamahli</klam> , <klam>yepa:paya:n</klam> , <kam>yexoxo:hka:tsi:n</kam> , <klam>itakatl</klam> , and <klam>a:to:hli</klam>. In Oapan occasionally the alternate form <kloa>yepi:pitik</kloa>is heard, though it is rare. In Ameyaltepec the difference in pronunciation between <kam>pi:pitik yetl</kam> and <kam>pi:pitikyetl</kam> is stress placement, and this is reflected in the orthography. The former is [pi:pitik 'yetl] and the latter [pi:pi'tik yetl]. Check to make sure that /pi:pitik yetl/ is the same as /pi:pitik yetl de un tli:ltiktsi:n/. Note that a possessed form might well exist, but I have not coded it so far. This should be checked. Note that FM stated /pi:pitiketl/ whereas her husband gave /pi:pitikyetl/ yepi:pitik synonym Oa 02222 ma:nepanowa noma:nepanowa ma:nepanowa noma:nepanowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-tran class-2b (refl.) to cross ones arms (refl.) cruzarse los brazos Pending (refl.) to clasp ones hands (e.g., as those of a deceased person in a casket; Ameyaltepec synonym <klam>ma:nekwahlo:tia</klam>) (refl.) agarrarse las manos con los dedos entrelazados (p. ej., como las de un muerto en un ataúd; sinónimo de Oapan <klam>ma:nekwahlo:tia</klam>) Oa ma: nepan For Am check length of first /a:/ since the file card is a first series one with no vowel length recorded. Nevertheless, Oapan has clear /a:/. 02223 nemilia kinemilia nemilia kinemilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to think about contemplar; ponderar; pensar sobre Pending Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. Am I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. Xnemili! Am Think about it! ¡Piénsalo! Ne:si xkwahli tli:n kinemilitok. Am It seems that he's not thinking about anything good. Parece que no estábien lo que estápensando. nemi nemi verb_base Am, Oa 02224 yo:lkaxa:nki yo:lkaxa:nki yo:lkaxa:nki yo:lkaxa:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be weak-willed; to be sensitive (e.g., sb who cannot bear punishment or scolding, or who backs down right away when confronted) ser débil deánimo o espíritu (p. ej., algn que no aguanta el castigo o regaño, o que cede luego luego de que se le enfrenta) Pending character yo:l kaxa: 02225 tlapi:lia kitlapi:lia 'tlapí:lia tlapi:lia kítlapí:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to take care of; to watch over (e.g., an animal, a field, a house, etc., to make sure sth doesn't happen) cuidar; poner guardia sobre (algo como un animal, un campo, una casa, etc., para asegurar que no pase algo) Pending Kitlapi:lia nomi:l, milá:k miák ka:ka:lo:meh. Am He is watching over (caring for) my cornfield, there really are a lot of crows (there). Estácuidando mi milpa, de veras hay muchos ciervos. Ne:xtlapi:lia ne: nocha:n, kitlapi:lia nokal, nia:s ne:yhka. Am He is watching over my home for me there, he is taking care of my house, I am going away. Me estácuidando la casa allá, estácuidando mi casa, voy para alláde viaje. Kitlapi:litok pitso, ke:n tlayehli. Am He is watching over the pig, it's really mischievous. Estácuidando el marrano,¡quélatoso es! Sa: tlawe:i xi:ntikah nosen. I niatok, nóntlapí:li:s. Oa My <spn>mazorcas</spn> are just all spread out in one huge area (cleared for the purpose, e.g., <koa>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</koa>). I'm about to go, to go keep an eye on it. Mi mazorca estátodo extendido en un solo lugar (limpiado para tal fin, p. ej., <koa>o:kitlawe:ika:tílikéh</koa>). Ya me voy a ir, a cuidarla. hpia The present entry is the applicative of <koa>tlápiyá</koa> which has an underlying {h}, i.e., {tlahpiya}. Note that in Ameyaltepec there is no way to determine the presence of an underlying {h}. Apparently this is the applicative of /tlapia/, which perhaps should be considered as distinct from /pia/, the former meaning 'to watch over' and the second 'to have.' Moreover, the former would have an underlying {h} whereas the second would not. To determine this, the cognate forms in Oapan and Tetelcingo should be checked. Note also the question of the object of this word, whether it can be a human for whom the action is done, or the object watched over. Check to determine whether /ne:chtlapi:lilia/ is correct. Check the correction pronunciation.. Re-record. tlapia verb_base Am tlápiyá verb_base Oa 02226 ayukihli ayukihli áyokíhli áyokíhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo Pending plant xiwtli ayoh kil flower In Oapan only the form <koa>áyokíhli</koa> is used whereas in Ameyaltepec ones hears both <kam>ayukihli</kam> and <kam>ayuxiwtli</kam>. Determine if this can be possessed: /ia:yokihlo/?? As with all words contained /ayutli/ check length of initial vowel. This is hard to determine in Oapan with the pitch accent. ayuxiwtli synonym Am 02227 wa:hkihli wa:hkihli wa:hkihli wa:hkihli
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 3 <l>Amaranthus hybridus</l>, edible plant of the Amaranthaceae family grown in riverbank gardens, called <spn>huazontle</spn> in Spanish <l>Amaranthus hybridus</l>, planta comestible de la familia Amaranthaceae que se cultiva en huertas ribereñas; comunmente llamada huazontle Pending plant domesticated wa:w kil In some other dialects this plant is known as <kn>wa:wtli</kn> ; in the Balsas River villages the {wk} sequence surfaces as [hk]. Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name of <kam>wa:hkihli</kam> as <spn>wajquelite</spn> or <spn>quintonil</spn>. She states it to be a member of the <i>Amaranthaceae</i>family. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as <spn>huajquelite</spn>. Check vowel length. 02228 tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n tlátla:lwa:xtsi:n tlátla:lwá:stsi:n tlátla:lwá:xtsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s yes-rdp N1 type of inedible plant still not identified, like the <klam>tla:lwa:xin</klam> but different tipo de planta no comestible como el <klam>tla:lwa:xin</klam> pero diferente; todavía no identificada Pending Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n | Tlachia ke:n tla:lwa:xin, pero xwe:lik. Am <kam>Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n</kam> : It looks like the <kbam>tla:lwa:xin</kbam>, but it is not edible. <kam>Tlatla:lwa:xtsi:n</kam> : Se ve como el <kbam>tla:lwa:xin</kbam>pero no sabe bien. plant xiwtli tla:l wa:x Check for /h/. Apparently this is plant #124. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez apparently knew of this plant and gave it in elicitation, Silvestre Pantaleón did not. This should be checked with other consultants. Check vowel length and pitch-accent. Check final sequence. 02229 i:xtekoyak i:xtekoyak
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> Voc to have empty-eyeballs (insult term used as a vocative) tener las cuencas de los vacíos (vocativo utilizado para insultar) Am I:xtekoyak timikis! Am Empty-eyeballs, you will die! ¡Cuenca-de-ojos-vacío, te vas a morir! i:x koya: There is a belief that a tecolote may call out your name followed by this phrase, announcing your death. It is likely that the <kn>te-</kn> element is the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> and not the noun stem <kroot>te</kroot>that is found in <klam>i:xtetl</klam> , the word for 'eye.' Note that in the similar term <kam>i:xte:ntekoyaktik</kam> , cf. <kam>tekoyaktik</kam> and not from <kam>i:xtetl</kam> , as is clearly the case with <kam>i:xte:ntekoyaktik</kam>. Note that there is no adjectival form ending in <kn>-tik</kn> associated with <kam>i:xtekoyak</kam>. Recheck whether /te-/ is part of the noun or verb. Note that apparently adjectives with suppression of /-tik/ indicate a type of insultive name or label. i:xte:ntekoyaktik confer Am 02230 a:wakakuwtli a:wakakuwtli a:wakakohtli a:wakakohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) avocado tree árbol de aguacate Pending plant kohtli (pending) edible a:waka kow Ramírez (1991) gives this of the family <i>Lauraceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Persea americana</i>. It is not listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988) under aguacate states:"(<i>Persea</i>spp., e.g, <i>P. americana</i>) 'avocado,' 'alligator pear.' Refers to the edible varieties. The Guatemala type has thick, warty, and brittle skin. The West Indian varieyt is a smooth-skinned, enourmous fruit such as can be obtained in Yucatán. The Mexican type is often considered the choiciest. Also calledlaurelillo, pagua."Apparently this tree is cultivated in the Balsas region, but does not grow wild. According to Marcelino Venancio there is a female and male variety of this tree. Vowel length of the first /a/ is hard to determine, but it seems long. A definite comparison should be made of all words with the nominal root /a:waka/. a:wakatl equivalent Am, Oa 02231 mi:xiwi mi:xiwi ni:xiwi ni:xiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b ~Caus class-3a(w) to give birth (for animals that do not lay eggs; see <klam>tlatla:sa</klam>) dar a luz (para los animales que no ponen huevos; véase <klam>tlatla:sa</klam>) Pending to yield a profit or earning rendir una ganancia Pending Ari:nah mi:xiwi. Am Flour yields a profit (i.e., buying flour and making bread yields a gain on the money invested). La harina rinde una ganancia (esto es, el acta de comprar harina y hacer pan rinde una ganancia sobre el dinero invertido). mi:x birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) In regards to giving birth, <kam>mi:xiwi</kam> is used in reference to women only by very elder speakers, but others it is even considered vulgar when so employed. Some younger speakers will even say that <kam>mi:xiwi</kam> is incorrect when used to refer to women. Instead, most Ameyaltepequeños now use the more euphemistic <kam>nopale:wia</kam>. In this sense its use parallels that of the Spanish 'parir.' Oapan phonology: The switch from initial /m/ to /n/ in Oapan is not motivated by any known rules or context. Nevertheless, the /m/- ~ /n/ variation is not unheard of (e.g., nochi for mochi, etc.) 02232 sese:ya sese:ya sese:ya sese:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl Lex rdp-s* class-4b(ya-x) to cool off; to become cold or cool enfriarse; refrescarse Pending Xikchia, ma sese:ya! Am Wait for it, let it cool off (e.g., a hot drink)! ¡Espéralo, que se enfrie (p. ej., una bebida caliente)! Ye sese:xtok. Am It's already cooling off (getting cold). Ya se estáenfriando. se Check whether this can refer to animates, or all possible subjects. Check for /h/ in first syllable coda. 02233 ichpokawah ichpokawah ichpakawah ichpakawah
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap i-loss; N1/2; Aln (irregular: <kamoa>nochpo:ch</kamoa> ; pl. Am: <kam>ichpokameh</kam> ; Oa: <koa>ichpakameh</koa>) young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad Pending age chpo:ch ichpo:xtli Check difference between /ichpo:xtli/ and /ichpokawa/ if there is any. In another entry I had recorded that the two were synonyms. ichpo:xtli synonym Am, Oa 02234 tlakwalo:tla tlakwalo:tla tlakwalo:tla tlakwalo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-d-tla class-4a to have a sick person in ones family estar con un miembro de la familia enferma Pending Nitlakwalo:tla, yewa ika xkanah niaw. Am One of my family is ill, that is why I don't go anywhere. Uno de mis gentes estáenferma, por eso no voy a ningún lado. kwa Check to make sure that this verb is used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. check possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/, apparently always with /tla-/: nitlakwalo:tla 'one of my family is ill.' Cf.this to causatives. My original notes reported that this verb only occurs with /tla-/ prefix; i.e., one cannot say ?/kikwalo:tla/. Nevertheless, this should be checked. If only the /tla-/ form occurs, keep the entry under /kwalo:tla/ and x-ref to /tlakwalo:tla/. kwalo:tla minus_tla Am, Oa 02235 suwa:montli suwa:montli siwa:montli siwa:montli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b daughter-in-law nuera Pending wife of ones grandson (more precise is <klam>ixwi:wsowa:montli</klam>) esposa de un nieto (más preciso es <klam>ixwi:wsuwa:montli</klam>) Pending fiber brush used to dust and clean off the <klamoa>koma:hli</klamoa>before using it to cook (particularly tortillas; syn. Am <klam>tlai:xtechiko:ni</klam> , Oa <kloa>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</kloa>) escobilla de fibras utilizada para limpiar el comal antes de utilizarlo para cocinar (particularmente tortillas; sin. Am <klam>tlai:xtechiko:ni</klam> , Oa <kloa>tlaí:xtechikó:ni</kloa>) Am, Oa kin sowa: mon Determine all the possible relationships covered by this term. ixwi:wsuwa:montli confer Am 02236 kamaxikipi:lko i:kamaxikipi:lko kamaxikipi:lko i:kamaxikipi:lko
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-loc-k(o) N2 area inside the mouth where the top and bottom jaws meet área dentro de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas superior e inferior Pending O:sa:liw notlaxkal ipan nokamaxikipi:lko. Am My tortilla got stuck in the inside of my cheeks. Se atorómi tortilla en la parte interior de las mejillas. body human kama xikipi:l -ko My original definition form Ameyaltepec had:"the little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet"or"la parte como bolsita al interior de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas."Florencia Marcelino and her husband gave a different definition, the one that I have entered for simply <kamoa>kamaxikipi:hli</kamoa>. It might be the case that the two villages have different definitions, or that definitions vary across speakers. This needs to be checked. However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/. 02237 tla:lxi:nia tla:lxi:nia tla:lxi:nia tla:lxi:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to shovel (earth) echar tierra (con una pala); palear Pending Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s. Am It is with a shovel that you shovel earth. Es con una pala que paleas tierra. tla:l xi: tla:lxi:nia; tlachwa Apparently the verb <kamoa>tlachwa</kamoa> is used for digging with a pick, <klam>witso:ktli</klam> , or crowbar ('barreta'); <kamoa>tla:lxi:nia</kamoa> is reserved for the use of a shovel. Check for intransitive and meaning! 02238 -tetl koxtetl -tetl koxtetl
11/Feb/2006
Nomlz Suf suffix used on short verbal stems to indicate an individual with particular characteristics indicated by the verb sufijo utilizado con las raices cortas verbales para indicar a una persona con las características particulares sugeridas por el verbo Pending suffix used to pronominalize numbers sufijo utilizado para pronominalizar números Pending San na:wtetsi:n timitskowili:s. Am I'm just going to buy four (of them) from you. Solamente te voy a comprar cuatro (de ellos). te To date, the following words have been documented with this ending: <klamoa>koxtetl</klamoa>, <klam>mumuhtetl</klam> or <kloa>muhtetl</kloa>, and <klam>nakatetl</klam> or <kloa>a:latetl</kloa>. Note also that this suffix is used with numerals, giving them a pronominal sense: <kam>na:htetsi:n</kam> 'four' (of a particular item referenced in the discourse). 02239 tlakwilo:hloh tlakwilo:hloh tlákwiló:hloh tlákwiló:hloh
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denon-yoh yes-lex to have writing on it (e.g., a piece of paper) tener escritura (p. ej., una hoja de papel) Pending Ye tlakwiloloh. Am It already has writing on it. Ya estáescrito. hkwil Check precise meaning. I imagine that it refers to a piece of paper with writing, but it might refer to an event that has been recorded. Note that the first pairs here are the impersonal forms /tlákwiló:lo/ whereas the second set are those for this headword, /tlákwilo:hloh/. Make sure the proper files are the ones that are linked. 02240 i:xkoihlia ki:xkoihlia i:xkoihlia ki:xkoihlia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-lia class-2a to throw back in the face of; to give a guilt trip to (in the sense of reminding sb of favors that they had received) echar en la cara a (en el sentido de acordarle a algn todos los favores que se le habían hecho) Pending hli -i:xko <kam>I:xkoilia</kam> is used when a person confronts another with the favors and help that they had received from this person in the past. For example: Juan has done a lot for Jorge and then asks Jorge for a favor, if Jorge refuses to help and then Juan reminds him of all he had done for Jorge in the past, then one could say <kamoa>ki:xkoilia</kamoa>. Or if Juan sees Jorge wearing a shirt that Juan had given him and he reminds him of this fact, then again one can use the verb <kamoa>i:xkoilia</kamoa>. The present verb, <kamoa>i:xkoilia</kamoa> manifests the verbalization of a relational noun expression. However, the origin of the intermediate /i/ is not clear. Verbalization; /-lia/: Note the use of /-lia/ in /i:xkoilia/. Check about the morphological basis of the intermediate /i/. CHECK IN OAPAN WHETHER THE FORM HAS /IHLIA/. IF NOT, CHANGE ENTRY. It clearly has an /h/ in Ameyaltepec. 02241 yzzz to:lowatsi:n to:liwatsi:n; tóto:liwátsi:n to:lowatsi:n; to:liwatsi:n to:tolo:ktsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Op. rdp-s N1 wild fruit resembling grapes in appearance fruta silvestre parecida a uvas Oa vine (by extension) on which the former fruit grows bejucco (por extensión) que produce la susodicha fruta Oa plant xiwtli to:toloktsi:n plant xiwtli tol Whereas the variation between /owa/ and /iwa/ in the various Oapan Nahuatl forms is not entirely unexpected, more problematical is the distinction between the Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo forms on the one hand, and the Oapan forms on the other. Likewise, the etymology of this word is unclear. Although it would seem that there is a common etymology among the dialect variations, it is not clear what this might be. More comparative evidence is needed from other dialects. The vowel lenght of the Oapan form needs to be checked. It is unclear why the first syllable here is long but in the cognate forms from other dialects the stem-initial syllable is apparently short. These should be rechecked. However, note that Oapan Nahuatl frequently deleted intervocalic stops between two identical vowel. Make sure to include two different pronunciations of the Oapan speakers on linked file. The clearest pronunciation of a long vowel in this word is that of Hoyo de la Rosa on MD 0013_07_000_99 at 19 secs. to:toloktsi:n synonym Am 02242 mahka:ki:sa mahka:ki:sa mahka:ki:sa mahka:ki:sa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a (usual with aspectual ending <kamoa>-te:wa</kamoa>) to leave in fright (a menudo con la terminación aspectual <kamoa>-te:wa</kamoa>) salir de miedo Pending O:mahka:ki:ste:w. Am He suddenly got up and left in fright. De repente se paróy salióde miedo. mawi ki:sa Check translation and other uses of /mahka:ki:sa/. 02243 zzz This used to be /wa:lki/, but it has been changed to an alternate and rare pronunciation of /wa:hki/.
30/Jul/2005
 02244 pi:na:wistli pi:na:wistli pi:na:wistli pi:na:wistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(:) type of non-biting insect still not identified tipo de insecto que no muerde, todavía no identificado Pending (often reduplicated with short vowel: <kam>pipi:na:wistli</kam> (Am)) shame (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta: <kam>pipi:na:wistli</kam> (Am)) vergüenza Am, Oa to be full of shame (a person) sentir pena o vergüenza (una persona) Am animal insect pi:na: The possible motive for naming an insect <kamoa>pi:na:wistli</kamoa> is not clear: no obvious link with the deverbal noun <kamoa>pi:na:wistli</kamoa> (or the verb <kamoa>pi:na:wi</kamoa>) is apparent. 02245 chi:koya:wi chi:koya:wi chi:koya:wi chi:koya:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 M-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <kn>techi:koya:wi</kn> class-3a(w) to develop a long, open split; to open up wide (e.g., a hole in cloth, a thatched roof, an opening in the ground, etc.) abrirse en forma ancha o ensanchándose; partirse a lo largo, quedando muy abierto (p. ej., un agujero en una tela, un techo de zacate, una abertura en la tierra, etc.) Pending chi:- koya: 02246 le:cheh a:to:hli le:cheh a:to:hli lé:chea:tó:hli le:cheh a:to:hli lé:chea:tó:hli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>leche</spn> N N-complex Stem 3 type of atole made with milk and <klam>tixtli</klam> (and sometimes beans) tipo de atole hecho con leche y masa (y a veces frijoles) Pending food a:to:l a:to:hli Check for possibility of possessed form. See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. 02247 tla:lmiki tla:lmiki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to be frightened in ones sleep and temporarily remain immobilized in bed, unable to move or shout (see <kloa>kochsotla:wi</kloa>) estar asustado entre sueño y quedar en la cama momentariamente sin poder moverse ni gritar (véase <kloa>kochsotla:wi</kloa>) Am O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis. Am I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep. Me asustéentre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustóen mi sueño. tla:l miki Some Ameyaltepec consultants translated <kam>tla:lmiki</kam> as 'to get dirty or covered with earth,' the meaning it has in Oapan. However, others denied this interpretation and proposed the one given above about being frightened in ones sleep. Unfortunately there is no documentation in the corpus of this use and meaning. Get text on /tla:lmiki/. Review meaning. 02248 tesomoka tesomoka tésomóka tésomóka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(pref-s) class-4a yes-lex to snort (a pig, dog, snake, wild boar, etc.) bufar; resoplar (un marrano, perro, culebra, jabalí, etc.) Pending Tesomokatok un pitso pa:mpa kwala:ni. Xe tiktlakwaltia. Am That pig is snorthing because it is mad. You haven't fed him yet. Ese marrano estábufando porque estáenojado. Todavía no le has dado de comer. to hiss (a snake) sisear (una culebra) Pending sound-animal tehsomo In general <kam>tesomoka</kam> refers to the sound made by breathing out through ones throat and nose. Consultants mentioned that the only animals to which this verb can apply are pigs and snakes. The etymology of <kam>tesomoka</kam> or <koa>tésomóka</koa> is unclear. Tetelcingo, Morelos has <kn>tesomo:ni</kn>, glossed simply as <spn>gruñe, ronca</spn>. Often, verbs of this phonological form are related to frequentatives, with an open-syllable as reduplicant, vowel shortening of the stem-final /o:/, and a /-ka/ termination. The Balsas form does not manifest the reduplication that would occur with a frequentative (i.e., ? <kn>tetesomoka</kn>). Yet clearly the Balsas and Morelos forms are closely related. There is also the question of the source of Oapan pitch-accent. The Tetelcingo, Morelos, cognate shows no underlying {h}, but this is not a decisive fact. Nor would the Oapan form seem to be the result of reduplication; if it were the underlying form would have to be {te + rdp-s + somoka}, which does not seem likely. It would also require that the initial syllable have a long pitch-accented vowel <koa>té:</koa>. This might be the case as the length of the initial syllable might in fact be l ong (m ore analysis is pending). Another possibility is that there is an underlying {h}; the form would have to be ?{tehsomoka}, ?{tesohmoka}, or ?{tesomohka}. Given the lack of comparative evidence no determination is possible, although the elicitation of a cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo would clarify matters. Get SJ or other forms to determine whether there is an underlying {h}. Check the length of the first syllable in the Oapan form. Recheck vowel length of first syllable in Oapan form. 02249 tlapi:stika:n tlapi:stika:n
11/Feb/2006
N(loc) N-loc Loc narrow place (such as a corredor or passageway) lugar apretado o angosto (como un corredor o pasillo) Am pi:ts tlapi:htsi:n; tlapi:tsko, etc. Apparently this is a diminutive of a locative formation, /tlapi:tska:n/. Determine whether this is a regular process, i.e., whether most or a lot of locative formations with /-ka:n/, derived from verbs, can take a diminutive like this. Also, recheck the form. /-tsi:n/: It seems that /tlapi:htsi:n/ is a definitive derived diminutive though the source is not clear. It is probably /tlapi:tsko/. tlapi:tsko synonym Oa 02250 mapil bie:joh i:mapil bie:joh mápil bié:joh mápil bié:joh
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex N2 yes-lex thumb dedo pulgar Am, Oa body human mah pil Check citation form for Oapan. mapil we:i synonym Am mápil wéi synonym Oa 02251 kwa:kuwtetekestik kwa:kuwtetekestik kwa:kohtétekéstik kwa:kohtétekéstik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-pref-tik Lex. rdp-s yes-rdp to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point straight upward teniendo (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan directamente hacia arriba Pending kwa: kow te ketsa kwa:kuhtli Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. Although in Oapan Nahuatl reduplicants usually reduce on a preceding short vowel, this does not occur in <koa>kwa:kuhtétekéstik</koa>. This is probably because /u/ is a derived phoneme (i.e., historically derived from another sequence) and this letter does not manifest a meaningful length distinction. 02252 kamatekoyakxiw i:kamatekoyakxiw kamatekoyaxiw i:kamatekoyaxiw
11/Feb/2006
N N-Adj-xiw Suf-poss N2 big drinker, eater, or talker like (possessor) uno que bebe, come o habla tanto que (el poseedor) Pending Yewa nokamatekoyakxiw, yewa no: tlai:ni. Am He's a big drinker like me, he also gets drunk often. Es tan bebedor como yo,él también se emborracha. kama koya: -xiw It is not clear whether this refers only to liquids, or can also be used to refer to eating (or even"blabbing"). This should be checked. And even if referring only to drinking, check to see if it applies to all liquids. Check for absence of /h/, etc. before /-xiw/ in Oapan form. Check for presence of /k/ in Ameyaltepec. Check. 02253 sa:sa:ne:hli sa:sa:ni:hli sa:sa:ne:hli sa:sa:ni:hli sa:sa:ni:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 3 riddle adivinanza Pending charm; spell; any short saying, utterance, or prayer meant to affect a certain situation or person (see <klam>sowa:sa:ne:hli</klam>) hechizo; encanto; dicho o pequeña oración para influir o afectar una situación o persona en particular (véase <klam>suwa:sa:ne:hli</klam>) Pending Yewa weli isa:sa:ne:l ko:lo:tl. Am She knows the scorpion's spell (meant to counter the effects of a scorpion bite) Ella sabe el hechizo para alacranes (dicho para que no se le trabe a uno el piquete de un alacrán) short, amusing stories cuentitos; historias cortas y graciosas Pending speech types of speech; and link to Tlalocan text on adivinanzas sa:ne:l The pronunciation <kamoa>sa:sa:ni:hli</kamoa> is common in Xalitla and Oapan though extremely rare in Ameyaltepec, where I heard it only once in various years. The standard form in Ameyaltepec is <kam>sa:sa:ne:hli</kam>. There are four extra tokens of this word at 5165. Those from 5165 should be tagged with the reference for 2253. Note that the tokens that should be linked are those originally from 5165, not here at 2253, because the later tokens have cleaner sound. suwa:sa:ne:hli confer Am 02254 tsi:na:kan tsi:na:kan tsona:ka tsona:ka
11/Feb/2006
N(ap) N-ap N1 bat, species still not identified murciélago, especie todavía no identificada Pending animal mammal tsina:kan In Ameyaltepec what was historically a final {n} surfaces as /h/. In compositions, however, the final /n/ appears. In Oapan the cognate form is vowel final: <koa>tsona:ka</koa>. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Northern Puebla both have <kn>tsina:katl</kn>, which indicates a lack of final /n/ or /h/, as occurs in Oapan (which also has no absolutive suffix). Check final /h/. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have /tsina:can/. 02255 kosta:l kostá:l kosta:l koxta:l koxta:l
24/Oct/2005
costal N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) sack costal Am, Oa Phonology: Note the very long and drawn out vowel in the Oapan form, close to 180 ms. Also, the palatalization of /s/ is noteworthy, perhaps the result of an early borrowing from Spanish. 02256 a:michin a:michin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 type of small fish that sparkles, still not identified but perhaps the <spn>platilla</spn> tipo de pescadito que brilla, todavía no identificado pero quizáel que se conoce como platilla Am A:michin, yewa pepetlaka. Am The fish named <kam>a:michin</kam> , they sparkle (glitter). El pez llamado <kam>a:michin</kam> , brilla. animal marine a: mich Confirm that /a:michin/ is identical to /michpe:petla:ni/. michpe:petla:ni synonym Am michpe:petla:n synonym Oa 02257 rrea:lixtli rrea:lixtli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>real</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 1(ch) type of hemp fiber that yields long strands (see <klam>to:to:lasi:toh</klam>) tipo de fibra de maguey que rinde hebras muy largas (véase <klam>to:to:lasi:toh</klam>) Am material ich Note that it possible that my comments that this is related to /to:to:lasi:toh/ are equivocated. They should be checked and /to:to:lasi:toh/ should be more carefully documented, checked as to meaning. 02258 yzzz tlá:mpatíhli tlá:mpatíhli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-iwi Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) yes-rdp row of crooked teeth hilera de dientes chuecos Am, Oa tlan patil Given the semantics of this compound, that more than one tooth is crooked, it has only been documented with a reduplicated verb root, here reduced to lengthening on the previous short vowel of an incorporated noun stem. The Oapan form <koa>tlá:mpatíhli</koa> was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kam>tlampapatil</kam>. However, it might be semantically (as well as obviously morphologically) distinct. The Oapan form is clearly nominal; it might then refer to a crooked row of teeth and not to a person who has crooked teeth. This will need to be clarified. The Ameyaltepec form, on the other hand, seems to follow the general pattern of"apocopated"adjectivals, and is related to the nearly synonymous <klam>tlampapatiltik</klam>. Make sure that the nasal is actually an /m/ and not an /n/, since the sequence /np/ does seem to occur in other cases. 02259 nomaxtike:tl nomaxtike:tl nomáxtiké:tl nomáxtiké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes cantor (of a church); one who leads prayer cantor (de la iglesia); uno que encabeza las oraciones religiosas Pending student estudiante Pending mati The most common acceptation of <kam>nomaxtike:tl</kam> is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way to express the concept of 'student' is simply through the reflexive: <kam>Nomaxtia nokone:w</kam> 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Perhaps this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. * <kam>Nomaxtiki</kam> was not accepted by any consultant. Check for possible possessed form. Note that <kam>nomaxtike:tl</kam> uses the reflexive particle for verbs, and not the form used in nominalizations, <kam>ne</kam>. Check to determine whether ? <kam>nemaxtike:tl</kam> is acceptable. Also interesting is the use of /no-/ in the nominalized form, as opposed to /ne-/. This should be discussed in the grammar. The most common acceptation of <kam>nomaxtike:tl</kam> is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way in which the concept of 'student' is expressed is simply through the reflexive: <kam>Nomaxtia nokone:w</kam> 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Apparently this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. 02260 a:poso:nki a:poso:nki a:poso:nki a:poso:nki
24/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki N1 water that has been boiled agua hervida Am, Oa A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. Am It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). Es agua hervida, ya se había hervido (pero ahora no estáhirviendo, puede ser que ni estácaliente). a: poso: Check for possible possessed ?na:poso:nka:w. If this is correct change /infn coding. A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). Note how the pluperfect is used here to indicate that the water had been boiled; it is boiled, but not boiling, water. 02261 kaltori:toh kaltori:toh kalto:roh kalto:roh
22/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>toro</spn> N N-N N-loan N1 type of small thatched roof hut, low to the ground and perhaps 3 to 4 meters wide, with low walls tipo de casita con techo de palma o zacate, muy pegada al suelo y tal vez solamente 3 a 4 metros de ancho, con paredes muy bajitas Pending kal kahli Check reason for naming this /kaltori:toh/, perhaps relationship to /tori:toh/ firework structure. 02262 ekwania kekwania ékwaniá ekwania íkwaniá kékwaniá
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a yes-lex to move from one spot or place to another (generally so that the object moved is no longer in the way) mover de un lugar a otro (generalmente para que el objeto movido ya no estorbe) Pending Xkekwani! Nika:n nipano:s! Am Move it out of the way! I'm going to pass through here! ¡Quítalo!¡Aquívoy a pasar. (refl.) to move oneself (from one spot to another, e.g., a person changing homes or simply sliding down a little at a table, or animals left to graze who go to a new location, a (refl.) moverse (de un lugar a otro, p. ej., una persona que cambia de residencia o que simplemente se hace a un lado alrededor de una mesa, o también un animal dejado a apacentar que va a un nuevo lugar) Pending Xmekwani, nika:n ma nimotla:li! Am Move over, let me sit here! ¡Hazte a un lado, aquíme voy a sentar! motion hkwani Etymology uncertain. Check. ekwanilia val_add_applic Am ékwanília val_add_applic Oa tlayekwania val_reduce1 Am tláyekwánia val_reduce1 Oa 02263 ixkwa:ki:tskia nixkwa:ki:tskia i:xkwa:ki:tsia i:xkwa:ki:tia ni:xkwa:ki:tsia; ni:xkwa:ki:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to grab ones forehead; to put ones forhead in ones hands (refl.) agarrarse la frente; descansar la frente en las manos Pending i:x kwa: ki:tski Oapan forms vary in pronunciation. The dropping of the [s] in the affricate [ts] leaves the sequence /tia/, which palatalizes, as is noticeable in Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation in the recording. Check whether transitive form can be used. Also, determine two different types of coding: for reflexive verbs such as /tlalowa/ that are transitivized (perhaps +Refl/+Caus and for verbs that are generally used reflexively (perhaps +Refl/-trans). 02264 kokoxoktik kokoxoktik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik Lex. rdp-s to be loose and floppy; to be baggy (e.g., clothes) holgado y flojo (p. ej., ropa, o algo como una bolsa poco llena) Am to be loosely packed (sth that is filled with items or material that moves from side to side) estar medio vacío y poco apretado Am Xsan kokoxoktik kosta:les. Am The sacks were not just loosely filled (i.e., they were tightly stuffed or packed). Los costales no eran nada más medio llenos (esto es, no estaban llenados hasta apretarse). koxo: tata:nah; tata:natik; kokoxoktik In general it seems as if Ameyaltepec uses <kam>kokoxoktik</kam> whereas Oapan uses <kloa>tekoyahtik</kloa>as a modifier with which nouns have been compounded. The relevant word go far beyond the few that are listed above; a search on the relevant forms (e.g., <kn>kokoxoktik</kn>, <kn>tekoyak</kn>, etc.) will reveal more lexical items. kwe:kokoxoktik confer Am kalso:nkokoxoktik confer Am kwe:tekoyak confer Oa kotontekoyak confer Oa 02265 tla:ltso:ltik tla:ltso:ltik
24/Oct/2005
N N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik N1 worked land that has short furrows tierra trabajada con surcos muy cortos Am domesticatedivated land tla:l tso:l tla:hli; mi:hli Check for other shapes of land: short, long, narrow, wide. Note that /tla:lwe:yaktli/ is a nominalization and /tla:ltso:ltik/ is an N-Atributive compound. Check for other forms (?/tla:lpitsa:wak/ or /tla:lpitsa:ktli/, etc.) Check also whether /tla:lwe:yaktli/ can be expressed as /tla:lwe:yak/. 02266 tsonakate:ka kitsonakate:ka tsonakate:ka kitsonakate:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-4a to tilt to the side (p. ej., a bottle to serve its contents); to push or move sideways into a position closer to the ground inclinar o acostar (hacia una posición más horizontal, p. ej., una botella para servir su contenido); empujar hacia un lado para que quede en una posición más pegado a la tierra Pending Xtsonakate:ka moara:doh! Xtlanekwilwi, ma:ka kasis un kuwtsontetl! Am Tilt your plowshare over to the side! Make it (the plow) move around it so that it doesn't hit that stump! ¡Empuja la reja de tu arado a un lado!¡Desvíalo para que no le pegue a ese tocón! Xtsonakate:ka para na:tli:s! Am Tilt it over to the side (in this case a filled water jug) so that we can drink! ¡Inclínalo hacia un lado (en este caso un cántaro de agua) para que podamos beber! (refl.) to lie down on ones side (e.g., a person going to sleep) (refl.) acostarse por el lado (p. ej., una persona al dormir) Pending Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika! Am Lie down on your side facing this way! ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá! motion te:ka 02267 tla:kawi:ka tla:kawi:ka tla:kawi:ka tla:kawi:ka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to go around with men (e.g., a young maiden) andar o salir con muchos hombres (p. ej., una doncella o muchacha) Am Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi. Am They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men. Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen).¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres. tla:ka wi:ka The Oapan definition appears erroneous, or at least unclear. It should be further specified or investigated. I had also for Oapan /to not be able to get along with men (e.g., a husband)/ 02268 tlapayawtli tlapayawtli tlapayahtli tlapayahtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(w) drizzle llovizna Am, Oa weather tlapa yawi 02269 sakate:ma kisakate:ma
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-mi class-3a(m) to thatch a house roof with grass techar una casa con zacate Am saka te:ma te:ma confer Am 02270 zzz
30/Jul/2005
This entry for /Tepona:sko/ has been removed and placed in the topofinal database. 02271 xkwahli xkwahli xkwahli xkwahli
11/Feb/2006
N Neg-N N-b Stem 3 (~ <klam>tla:katl</klam>) Devil (~ <klam>tla:katl</klam>) diablo Am Devil (Ameyaltepec synonym: <klam>xye:ktli</klam>) diablo (sinónimo en Ameyaltepec: <klam>xye:ktli</klam>) Oa In Oapan <koa>xkwahli</koa> is occasionally used to name the Devil, though it is most often simply a negative of <kloa>kwahli</kloa>. There are several Ameyaltepec terms for the Devil, including <klam>xye:ktli</klam>. Apprently the collocation <kam>xkwahli tla:katl</kam> is also used in Ameyaltepec as a term for the Devil. 02272 lije:roh lije:roh
09/Feb/2006
ligero Adv-manner Adv-loan suddenly; without warning de repente; inadvertidamente Am O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lije:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh, o:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. Am The mule whipped me around hard, it bucked without warning, it made my lower back sore. El macho me zangoloteófuerte, se encabritósin aviso, me lastimóla parte baja de la espalda. Check other uses and meanings of /lige:roh/. Note that at first I had in the /cfo field /ísihtími/, which should perhaps be /ísitími/. However, this word seems quite different in meaning. 02273 tlatskapa:ni tlatskapa:ni tlatskapa:ni tlatskopo:ni tlatskapa:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) +Caus class-3a to make a slapping, wet sound (like wet clothes being washed and slapped against a flat stone to get the soap out, mud or dough being slapped down on a hard surface, or two pieces of leather or skin coming together hard, such as occurs when bodies slap against each other during sexual intercourse) emitir un sonido como de palmada (como ropa mojada que al lavarse se azota contra una piedra plana para que salga el jabón, o de lodo o masa al golpearse contra una superficie dura, o de cuero o piel que se golpea fuertemente, como ocurre con dos cuerpos durante el acto sexual) Pending Tlatskapa:ntiw mowera:ch, ke:n kaxa:nki. Am Your sandal goes along making a slapping sound, it is loose (as the sole goes flopping along against the ground). Tu huarach va haciendo un sonido como de palmada, estáfloja (y la suela se va golpeando el suelo). tlats-2-; kapa: kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia The root <kam>tlats</kam> is found in Classical Nahuatl in <kam>tlatscotoni</kam> , which RS glosses as 'estallar, romperse, hablando de un hilo.' For <kam>tlatscotona</kam> , the same author has <kam>nite</kam> pellizcar, irritar, hostigar a alguien.. <kam>Nitla</kam> o <kam>nic</kam> romper, cortar un hilo.' For both entries he lists the root <kam>tlatz</kam> followed by a question mark. tlatskapa:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02274 we:ilia kwe:ilia we:ilia kiwe:ilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-2a to enlarge; to make bigger hacer grande Pending Nikuwe:ilia ni:xtewa:n kwa:k niktlatlata. Am I make my eyes bigger (to him) when I stare at him. Le hago los ojos grandes cuando le clavo la vista. we:i we:ililia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02275 xaxakwaxtik xaxakwaxtik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be wrinkled (clothes and cloth, paper) estar arrugado (ropa, papel) Am xakwach xakwach-; xakwal-. Note that apparently /xakwach-/ only occurs in Ameyaltepec. Check to make sure that this only occurs in reduplicated form. texoloxtik synonym Oa 02276 i:xte:nkwitlanex i:xte:nkwitlanex i:xte:nkwitlanex i:xte:nkwitlanex
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap to have ones eye covered with a thin white film tener carnosidad en un ojo Pending i:x te:n kwitla nex Determine whether there is a form /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and, if so, the difference with this form. Also determine whether /i:xte:nkwitlanex/ is only used as an address term. 02277 tsi:na:la:wi tsi:na:la:wi tsi:na:la:wi tsi:na:la:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> ; <kamoa>tsi:ntea:la:wi</kamoa> class-3a(w) to scrape ones rear end rasparse las nalgas Pending O:nitsi:nteaa:la:w ipan burroh. Am I scraped my rear end badly (by riding) on a donkey. Se me rasparon mucho las nalgas (al ir montado) sobre el burro. tsi:n a:la tsi:na:la:wi; tsi:nxi:pe:wi Ameyaltepec has a phonological rule that velarizes nasals in word final position or before words that are vowel-initial. In Oapan /n/ drops in certain prevocalic contexts not yet fully defined; they also weaken in word-final position, at times going to [h] and at times even disappearing (as a result leading to the insertion of a glottal stop in phrase-final position). However, velarization also sometimes occurs. This is the case in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez of this headword (see above). In Ameyaltepec a voiced velar stop is occasionally inserted between two /a/'s (e.g., [ <kn>o:nitsi:nteaga:la:w</kn>]). Note velarization: Make sure that Inocencio's sound clip is the one that is velarized /tsi:nga:la:wi/. 02278 yzzz ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok ixipantalo:ntekwixtok ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>pantalón</spn> Stat *V1-Stat Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) Durative yes-lex having ones trousers rolled up con los pantalones arremangados Oa tehkwia The verb <kloa>'tekwíya</kloa>always assigns pitch-accent on the syllable preceding the verbal stem given that there is an {h} in the underlying stem {tehkwiya}. With <koa>ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok</koa>, however, the verbal stem is reduplicated given the nature of the action involved (rolling up ones pants); but given the fact that the final vowel of the incorporated noun stem is short, the verbal reduplication is reduced onto this vowel, which is lengthened and assigned pitch accent. ixikasó:ntekwixtok synonym Oa ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok synonym Oa ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok synonym Oa pantalontetekwixtok synonym Am 02279 para:kah para:kah
11/Feb/2006
paraca N N-loan N1 type of tree of the family Leguminosae, called in Spanish <spn>paraca</spn> tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae Am Para:kah | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh. Kitetsotsonan para xixi:pe:wi. Ki:sa ikakawayo, konamakan ika kosta:les ina:k kurtidó:r. Am <kam>Para:kah</kam> : It is good for <spn>timbre</spn>. They pound it with a rock so that it peels. Its bark comes off, they go sell it in sacks to a leather worker. <kam>Para:kah</kam> : Es bueno para timbre. Lo golpean con una piedra para que se pele. Sale su cáscara, la van a vender en costales a un curtidor. plant kohtli This tree is found in the higher regions around Ameyaltepec. Thus although during fieldwork in September 2001 a small tree of this type was found by the river at A:molo:nka:n, the consultants at that time (Silvestre Pantalón, Inocencio Díaz, and Asención Marcelo) all agreed that the seed must have been washed down from the hills to the north during the rainy season. This name is common in the Nahuatl of the region, though it is a borrowing from Spanish. Ramírez (1991) gives this as of the family <i>Leguminosae</i>, of the genus/species <i>Cassia sp.</i>and, in Spanish, <spn>paraca</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give a tree named <spn>paraca</spn> of the family <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i>and the scientific name <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. Schoenhals (1988) does not list this species, but does have several other trees of the genus <i>Cassia</i>. 02280 po:nia nopo:nia po:nia nopo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a)[ca] class-2a (refl.) to suddenly reappear (refl.) aparecer de repente Pending Ne:nkah tsi:kameh o:tikpawika, oksepa o:nopo:nikeh, oksepa o:pe:w kikwan mi:ltsi:ntli. Am Those <kam>tsi:kameh</kam> there, you had poisoned them, [but] once again they've showed up, again they've started to eat the young maize plants. Estos <kam>tsi:kameh</kam> que están por allá, ya los habías envenenado, [pero] otra vez se hicieron aparecer, otra vez empezaron a comer las plantas chiquitas de maíz. po: Check for other meaning of /po:nia/ and determine precise nature of difference between /po:nia/ and /po:naltia/. Make sure that the sound files linked here are of the singular, with final glottal stop. tlapo:nia val_reduce1 Oa 02281 tsakwililia kitsakwililia tsakwililia kitsakwililia
11/Feb/2006
No V4 V4-d-ap[ap] class-2a (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of for (e.g., an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.) (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un animal) para (p. ej., un vaquero o chivero que para su jefe estátratando de bloquear la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir) Pending Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh! Am Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)! ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro para mí(para que no vaya o no se escape)! tsakwa Check for /kitlatsa(tsa)kilia/, perhaps in the sense of 'to fill sth in for sb' (e.g., nextlatsatsakwilia, newa san nitlatli:lwi:tekis). Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following: /Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form /tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of /tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me (where 'it' is 'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether a verb phrase such as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an argument could be made that /tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive (kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say /kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc. Indefinitive null complement; Applicative: There seem to be a few cases of applicatives of applicatives, i.e., verbal predicates with four arguments. One case is the following: /Xne:xtsakwilili noburroh!/ 'Head off my donkey for me (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)!' The base verb is /tsakwa/ (2 arguments) which has an applicative form /tsakwilia/. Note that /tsakwilia/ however, is a divalent verb based solely on its derivational morphology. The secondary object seems to be implied in the acceptation of /tsatsakwilia/ as 'interfering with'. Thus /ne:chtsakwilia un kuhtli/ the implied second object is 'where I want to see' (as in 'that tree blocks my vision (lit., 'blocks it to me (where 'it' is 'from where I want to see'). Likewise in the sense of 'to head off/block the path of' the secondary object is implied. Thus in one sense one may question whether a verb phrase such as /Xiktsakwili noburroh!/ is in fact a ditransitive, or whether it should be considered a semantic t ransitive (with 2 arguments). Thus, perhaps an argument could be made that /tsakwilia/ is a ditransitive morphologically but semantically acts as both a ditransitive (xne:chtsatsakwili noa:maw) and a transitive (kitsakwilia noburroh). It is in this second sense only that a further transitivization can occur. One test would be to determine whether the second sense of /tsakwilia/ can overtly express the secondary object, i.e., cna one say /kitsakwilia noburroh otli/ or /kitsakwilia noburroh ka:n yaw/, etc. tsakwa verb_base Am, Oa 02282 te:telowa:ni te:telowa:ni te:telowa:ni te:telowa:ne te:telowa:ne; te:telowa:ni
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 fighter; bully; person who goes around beating up on people peleador; bravucón; persona que anda golpeando o peleándose con la gente Am, Oa tel tlatelowa:ni synonym Am, Oa 02283 kili:n kilí:n ikili:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N2 bristly hairs found on the back of some jabalís (and, in the past, allegedly on some bulls) creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís (y, en el pasado, supuestamente sobre algunos toros) Am ikilí:n kuwpitso Am the bristles on the back of the jabali la creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís. kili:n The etymology of this word is uncertain; perhaps the word is related to <kn>kilitl</kn>. This word was not heard by any of the workshop participants. It is probably a Spanish borrowing. 02284 te:nka:yoh xte:nka:yoh te:nka:yoh xte:nka:yoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(intrans) (<kamoa>x</kamoa> ~) to be insatiable; to be unable to get full (an animate, with food) (<kamoa>x</kamoa> ~) ser insaciable; no poderse llenar nunca (un ser animado, con comida) Pending Xtite:nka:yoh, xtikmati tixwi. Am You never get your fill (you are a bottomless pit), you don't know what it is to be satiated (with food). Tienes panza de músico, no sabes quedar satisfecho (con comida). te:m This form is derived from the verb <klam>te:mi</klam> 'to get or become filled' and not from the nominal <klam>te:ntli</klam>. 02285 zzz This entry was originally /atopa kayo:tl/ but has been deleted as it is a repeat of entry 3564.
24/Oct/2005
Check /ixto:pakayo:tl/, whether it is an alternative form, as I may have simply misrecorded it for /axto:pakayo:tl/; cf. Gram 1984-04-30.2 Recheck vowel lengths. Several entries had a long /ka:/ although it sounds short in the Oapan elicitation. Also, my notes varied occasionally with a short /o/ and sometimes a long /o:/ in the second syllable. This entry has been removed; tag all speech tokens to 03564 02286 tepayolsa:lowa tepayelsa:lowa kitepayolsa:lowa tepayolsa:lowa kitepai:lsa:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to hogtie (a hog or steer, or even a drunk to keep him from going anywhere) atar de pies y manos (en particular un marrano o becerro, o hasta un borracho para que no se vaya a ningún lado) Pending te payol sa:l Classical Nahuatl has <kn>tapa-</kn> for Balsas Nahuatl <kamoa>tepa-</kamoa>. Thus the etymological division here, of <kroot>te</kroot>and <kroot>payol</kroot>is not entirely coincident with the Classical forms although the presence of <kroot>te</kroot>'stone' in the etymology of words having to do with roundness would not be surprising. Check vowel length; /i/ of /pail/. tepayoltik confer Am 02287 zzz This was an entry for /xoxo:pantsi:n/ with a xref to /xo:pantsi:n/, but it has been deleted.
30/Jul/2005
 02288 techichikiliwi techichikiliwi téchichikilíwi techichikiliwi téchichikilíwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) yes-rdp to become haggard and drawn; to waste away (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) demacrarse; quedarse raquítico o enclenque; consumirse (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) Pending O:techichikiliw. Kwalo, xok tlakwa. Am He has wasted away (to skin and bones). He is sick, he no longer eats. Se consumió(hasta quedarse enclenque). Estáenfermo, ya no come. te- chikil Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. Here p-a should be marked. techichikile:wi equivalent Am téchichikilé:wi equivalent Oa 02289 papatlaka papatlaka papatlaka papatlaka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to flap repeatedly (e.g., from the wind or from the movement of the subject); to make a noise of flapping and rustling revoltear o aletear repetidamente (p. ej., por el viento, por el movimiento del sujeto); hacer el sonido de un revolteo Pending Melá:k papatlakatiw nokoto:n pa:mpa nimotlalotiw. Am My shirt is really flapping around because I am running along. Mi camisa se va revolteando mucho porque voy corriendo. Tlapapatlaka. Am There is a fluttering sound all over (e.g., of wings as many birds take flight at the same moment). Hay un sonido de revolteo por todos lados (p. ej., de alas cuando muchos pájaros toman vuelo al mismo tiempo). patla: This verb can be used for clothes flapping in the wind, certain birds (such as chickens, zopilotes, wexo:lo:tl, etc.), paper, sheets, a nylon sheet, etc. In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: <koa>ta tla:patlaka</koa> 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.' Reduplication: In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: <koa>ta tla:patlaka</koa> 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.' Link last two. patla:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02290 zzz This entry was for Am /axka/, which had no definition, etc. It has been placed as a headword to record 6529.
30/Jul/2005
 02291 xoxoko:ktsi:n xoxoko:ktsi:n xóxokó:htsi:n xóxokó:htsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex rdp-s N1 yes-rdp type of small herbaceous plant still unidentified, but apparently of the Oxalidaceae family tipo de pequeña planta herbácea todavía no identificada, pero aparentemente de la familia Oxalidaceae Pending Xoxoko:ktsi:n | Xiwtsitsi:nteh, san ye:i ixiwyotsitsiwa:n kipia, seki nana:wi. Xokó:k ixiwyotsi:n Am <kam>Xoxoko:ktsi:n</kam> : They are little plants with just three leaves, some have four. Its leaves taste sour. <kam>Xoxoko:ktsi:n</kam> : Son plantitas con solamente tres hojitas, algunas tienen cuatro. Sus hojitas son agrios. plant xiwtli xoko Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo was not familiar with this plant. However, we did collect a plant that he later called by this name; cf. #288. Check. 02292 ichpo:chkwa:naka ichpo:chkwa:naka ichpo:chkwa:naka ichpo:chkwa:naka
22/Oct/2005
N(ap) N-(N-N) N-ap N1 young hen that is not yet laying eggs gallina joven que todavía no pone Pending animal domes chpo:ch kwa: naka kwa:naka; perhaps on barnyard animals, hens, etc. Check for possibility of possessed form. 02293 ma:s ma:s nikneki ma:s ma:s
11/Feb/2006
más Adj Adj-compar more más Pending Newa ma:s niwe:i. Am I am bigger. Yo soy más grande. Ma:s awiá:k ki:sa tlakwahli pa un de tla:hli, wa:n de wa:n un pan tepostli ne:kchi:wa Am 02293_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 13:54 Food tastes better when made in [pots] of clay, [better] than that which is made in metal pots. Más sabrosa sale la comida de las [ollas] de barro, [más] que la que se prepara en ollas de metal. (~ [predicate] ma:ka [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than (~ [predicado] ma:ka [pronombre independiente]) ser más [predicado] que Pending Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa. Am You are older than I am. Eres más grande que yo. Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec. Am Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec. Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec. (<kamoa>xma:s</kamoa>) not much; not that (<kamoa>xma:s</kamoa>) no mucho; no tan Pending Xma:s nikochisneki. Am I'm not very tired. No tengo mucho sueño. Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo. Am He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore. Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se estárecuperando, ya no estátan enfermo. The loan <kamoa>ma:s</kamoa> is most often used in pronominal function to indicate"more"of a given item, understood in the discourse: <kam>Xne:xte:kili ma:s</kam> 'Pour me some more.' It is also often used in a comparative function: <kam>Newa ma:s niweli</kam> 'I am better able (to do it)' or <kam>Newa ma:s niweli ma:ka tewa</kam> 'I am better able (to do it) than you.' Note, finally, that in Ameyaltepec <kam>ma:s</kam> is often found as <kam>ma:san</kam> and interrogative pronouns (e.g., <kam>ka:non, ke:non, tli:non, katlewa, akinon</kam>); these phrases function like the <kn>-ever</kn>words in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: <kam>Xtla:li ma:san ka:non</kam> 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, <kam>Ma:san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was</kam> 'I 'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which <kam>ma:san ke:non</kam> introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase <kam>Ma:san akinon kichi:was</kam> , 'Anyone will do it,' th e phrase <kam>ma:san akinon</kam> functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase <kam>kichi:was</kam>. And in the phrase <kam>Xne:chaka ma:san katlewa!</kam> the function of <kam>ma:s san katlewa</kam> is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement. Note, however, that although Ameyaltepec has <kam>ma:san</kam> , Oapan has <kloa>ma:si san</kloa>. This suggests that <kam>ma:san</kam> is not derived from the Spanish loan <kam>ma:s</kam> plus Nahuatl <klam>sa:n</klam> , but from Nahuatl <klam>ma:ski</klam> (Oapan <kloa>ma:si</kloa>). Check other uses of /ma:s/. Comparison: Note the comparative, first 'more' and then 'more than' with the /wa:n de wa:n un.../. Note /Ma:s awiá:k ki:sa tlakwahli pa un de tla:hli, wa:n de wa:n un pan tepostli ne:kchi:wa/ 'Food tastes better when made in [pots] of clay, [better] than that which is made in metal pots. ma:san confer Am 02294 te:toma:w *te:toma:w te:toma:w te:toma:w
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-part to be fattening; to cause weight gain ser engordante; causar que la gente se engorde Pending Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah, te:toma:w. Am It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening. Se dice que los huevos de tortuga engordan. toma: Here, as in many cases, the simple verbal form may be used to the same semantic effect, i.e., <kam>Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa</kam>. Adjectivals; verbs Note that consultants gave the phrase /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:w/ as equivalent to /Kitowa ito:toltew tortugah te:toma:wa/. This indicates a problem of analysis between participals that act as modifiers and a verbal form. Perhaps one way to consider the difference is between /is + adjectival/ vs. /verb predication/. In this framework the perfective form /te:toma:w/ would be 'It is said that tortoise eggs are fattening' whereas the fully verbal form does not have the copula: 'It is said that tortoise eggs fatten people.' Note that in the workshop Roberto and Chen both accepted /te:toma:w/ as an adjectival, but Emiliana did not recognize it. Instead she used /te:toma:wa/. The use of the perfective seems to be limited (or getting lost). 02295 kwa:tlastopo:naltia kikwa:tlastopo:naltia kwa:tlastopo:naltia kikwa:tlastopo:naltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-[Mod-V2] V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) ~Intrans class-2a to crack over the head (i.e., with a stick or similar object, making a loud, sharp sound) darle un golpe fuerte sobre la cabeza a (p. ej., con un palo u otro objeto parecido, causando un fuerte chasquido) Pending kwa: tlats-2-; topo: Check if an intranstive form exists. 02296 kokoxka:ti kokoxka:ti kokoxka:ti kokoxka:ti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) to become ill enfermarse Pending O:kokoxka:t pa:mpa xo:tma:lwih. Am It got ill because you didn't take good care of it. Se puso enfermo porque no lo cuidaste bien. koya kwalo Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Check why 'it' in the example; can it refer to an animal? Perhaps, in fact, both /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ refer to animals. Check. kokoxka:tia equivalent Am, Oa kokoxka:tilia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02297 kasti:yoh kasti:yoh kasti:yoh kasti:yoh
22/Oct/2005
castillo N N-b N1/2; Aln(1=2) tower of fireworks made of reeds upon which the fireworks (such as spinning wheels of color) slowly move up and around the structure till reaching the top castillo de cohetes Am, Oa 02298 sentla:lia kisentla:lia sentla:lia kisentla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-b class-2a to gather or collect in one place (things that are scattered and disperse, usually referring to things of one kind) juntar y poner en un solo lugar (cosas esparcidas y dispersas, generalmente en referencia a cosas de un solo tipo) Pending Niá:s nomi:hlan, niksentla:li:s ayotli. Am I'm going to my milpa, I'm going to collect squash. Voy a mi milpa, voy a juntar calabaza. Xikse:sentla:li moyew! Am Put your beans together in one place (in an open space such as the ground or a mat, in a sack, etc.)! ¡Junta tu frijol en un solo lugar (en un espacio abierto como sobre el suelo o un petate, o en un costal, etc.)! to collect (a liquid in a depression) juntarse (un líquido en una depresión) Pending Nosentla:lia a:tl nika:n. Am Water collects here (e.g., in a puddle). Aquíse junta el agua (en una depresión donde se puede estancar). (recipr.) to meet; to get together (a group of people) (recipr.) reunirse; juntarse (un grupo de gente) Pending Mo:stla nosentla:li:lo:s. Am There will be a meeting tomorrow. Mañana habrájunta. sem tla:l The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house collecting the finished product and placing them in his truck. Reduplication: Note the difference in meaning and use of the following, with different reduplicative patterns: The long vowel reduplicated form is used for actions such as gathering squash into piles during harvest, creating mounds of squash throughout the milpa. The short vowel reduplicated form may be used for actions such as gathering together ceramics that have been left off at peoples' houses to be painted. The merchant goes from house to house collecting the finished product and placing them in his truck. se:ntla:lia; sepantla:lia sentla:lilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02299 te:mi:ltia kite:mi:ltia te:mi:ltia kite:mi:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to fill up; to top off llenar; terminar de llenar Pending Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s. Am Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field). El año pasado no le llenépor completo (en este caso un terreno con maíz), ahora (este año) lo voy a llenar por completo. Xte:ma, xte:mi:lti kwahli! Am Fill it up, fill it all the way to the top! ¡Llénalo, llénalo bien! te:ma; te:mi:tia te:m te:mi:ltia; te:mi:tia; te:ma. The deletion of subject and object in the phrase <kam>a:man 'te:mi:lti:s</kam> (for <kam>a:man nikte:mi:lti:s</kam>) is marked with an appostrophe. This same illustrative phrase <kam>Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man 'te:mi:lti:s</kam> also clearly shows the use of <kam>te:mi:ltia</kam> to indicate the filling up of a space (in this case a field for planting); the first year it was not"filled up"and the second year it was. The verb <klam>te:ma</klam> is not correct here, although the precise lines of distinction between <kamoa>te:ma</kamoa>, <kamoa>te:mi:tia</kamoa>, and <kamoa>te:mi:ltia</kamoa> are not entirely clear. Check vowel length of /te:mi:ltia/, long /i:/? Null complement; pluperfect; the phrase /Se:xtli xo:nte:mi:ltika, a:man te:mi:lti:s/ 'Last year I didn't fill it up (in this case a field being planted with maize seed), now (i.e., this year) I'll fill it up (i.e., plant the entire field)' illustrates several interesting aspects of Nahuatl morphosyntax. First, note the use of the pluperfect. This is because the effects of the action (here"not completely planting an area") are no longer present, given that the field has this year, now, been completely filled). Note also the complete deletion of /nik/ from /te:mi:ltia/. This type of suppression seems to be partially conditioned by the phonology and partially by tense/aspect system. It needs to be further explored. te:mi verb_base Am, Oa 02300 kwepaltik kwepaltik kopaltik kopaltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be warped (a record, a ceramic bowl along the edges) estar combado; estar alabeado (un disco, un plato hondo de cerámica) Pending to be twisted; to be bent (a long stick or rod) estar torcido (un palo o vara) Pending kwepal Elicit other items to which this can refer. Oapan phonology: Note kw>ko here in Oapan. 02301 yo:ltsi:n i:yo:ltsi:n yo:ltsi:n i:yo:ltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N2 heart corazón Pending Te:tekwi:ni toyo:ltsi:n. Am Our heart beats strongly and continually (e.g., after hard exercise). Nuestro corazón late fuerte y continuamente (p. ej., después de hacer ejercicio). beloved (said of ones romantic partner) amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa) Pending Me:roh yewa noyo:ltsi:n. Am It's him who is my beloved. Esél quien es mi amado. seed (in diminutive, of almost any fruit that does not have a single pit) semilla (en diminutivo, de casi cualquier fruta que no tiene hueso) Pending heartwood (often in nondiminutive form) madera dura del centro del tronco (a menudo en forma no diminutiva) Pending plant-part yo:l The word for 'heart' is either <kamoa>yo:hlo</kamoa> or <kamoa>yo:ltsi:n</kamoa>. The former is used in the figurative sense, as in <kam>koxtok i:ka i:yo:hlo</kam> 'he is peacefully sleeping' (lit. 'with his heart'). The latter is used in the sense of the body organ (of a person or animal). In regard to plants, either the nondiminutive or diminutive form may be used, though the former is perhaps more common. <klam>Yo:hlo</klam> is the virtual synonym of <kam>yo:ltsi:n</kam> though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content. Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/. Check for difference between /noyo:hlo/ and /noyo:ltsi:n yo:hli confer Am, Oa 02302 tlikonexpo:poxowa kitlikonexpo:poxowa tlikonexpo:poxowa kitlikonexpo:poxowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. rdp-l class-2b to push into the ashes of a hearth by wiggling (the item [O] back and forth, e.g., a chickens foot to be able to peel it) meter y agitar en las cenizas calientes del hogar (el objeto [O]) de un lado a otro, p. ej., las patas de gallinas para poder pelarlas) Pending Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis. Am Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked. ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! tli nex pox -ko Check vowel length for all words in /popoxowa/. I had first head it long, but certain evidence from Oapan suggests a short vowel. All entries with this should be checked; also, it is possible that there are two forms and that speakers have varied between one and the other. Check thoroughly. Check vl of verb stem reduplicant /po:poxowa/. In other instances of this lexically reduplicated stem it seems to be long, here that is not clear. Check all words with /po:poxowa/ to get a comparison with different noun incorporations. 02303 nemi nemi nemi nemi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(m) (with an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to be present at; to be at (con un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar; estar presente a o en Pending Nika:n nemilo. Am People live here (e.g., a house that is occupied, or a place that is inhabited). Aquívive gente (p. ej., una casa que estáocupada o un lugar que estáhabitada). A:i:xko nemi. Am It floats on the surface of the water. Flota sobre la superficie del agua. Xakah nemi, xakah a:k. Am No one is around (here), no one is present. Nadie está(aquí), nadie se encuentra. U:mpa ne:nemis. Am He will be around there occasionally (i.e., not always or continuously, but at times). Va a andar por allíocasionalmente (esto es, no va a estar allícontinuamente, pero solamente de vez en cuando). (with long vowel reduplication and an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to spend a short time at (the place indicated) (con reduplicación de vocal larga y un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar presente (en el lugar indicado) por un breve periodo) Am, Oa Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n! Oa Let's stay here for a short time! ¡Vamos a quedarnos aquípor un rato! to be alive estar vivo; vivir Pending Ok nemi motah? Am Is your father still alive? ¿Todavía vive tu papá? (~ <kn>i:pan</kn> + [noun]) to be engaged in (what [noun] signifies); to be doing a job in relation to (the indicated [noun]); to be concerned with (what [noun] signifies) (~ <kn>i:pan</kn> + [sustantivo]) andar en (p. ej., un trabajo relacionado con [sustantivo]); hacer un trabajo relacionado con (el sustantivo expresado) Pending A:mantsi:n nemi ipan iswate:kilistli. Am Now he is occupied in stripping the corn leaves from the stalks. Ahorita anda en el zacateo. Xi:pan tinemin, pero niktete:mo:s. Am We aren't concerned with that right now (in this case two people are doing sth and one brings up sth such as a debt, which was not the topic of the conversation), but I'll look for it (i.e., money to repay the debt). Ahorita no andamos en esto (en este caso dos personas trabajan y uno sale con algo, una deuda por ejemplo, que no venía directamente al caso), pero lo voy a buscar (p. ej., dinero con que pagar la deuda). (with intraverse directional) to be born (con direccional intraversa) nacer Pending Ya:lwa o:nemiko. Am He was born yesterday. Nacióayer. Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, i:ksan o:tinemiko:ya. Am A <klam>tla:lme:stli</klam> ,' if it passes under you (i.e., between your legs) you were been born a long time ago (i.e., you will soon die). Un <klam>tla:lme:stli</klam> ', si pasa abajo de tí(esto es, entre tus piernas), ya hace mucho te naciste (esto es, pronto te vas a morir). Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi -=xo:tinemiko-. Am It's as if you weren't born. Es como si no hubieras nacido. nemi In Oapan <koa>nemi</koa> is used where in Ameyaltepec the verb <kam>ka</kam> ('to be (at a location)') is used. Oapan Nahuatl shows a double reduplication (reduced) of this verb with the meaning 'to live/reside.' Thus one finds <koa>né:nemí</koa> with the meaning of <koa>san wá:waká</koa>, i.e., 'to live spaced out/far apart.' The use of the intraverse directional to indicate 'to be born' usually has the suffixes when possible. However, some Oapan consultants did accept <koa>o:wa:lnen</koa> 'he was born' as an alternative to the more common <koa>o:nemiko</koa>.Long vowel reduplication in a phrase such as <kam>pa ne:nemis</kam> indicates that the subject will be visiting, going here and there, to people's houses. Given the semantic difference, <klam>nenemi</klam> / <kloa>nénemí</kloa>is listed as a separate entry. Reduplication: Note that the long vowel reduplication can have the meaning of a shorter or mitigated action: Cf. Nika:n ma tine:nentoka:n 'let's stay here for a short time!' nenemi confer Am nénemí confer Oa nenemi confer Am nemi:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa nemilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02304 kose:wi kose:wi kose:wi kose:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to turn yellow (e.g., certain plants from drying, blight, or too much water; or other things as part of a natural process, e.g., lemons, grapefruits, squash, etc.) amarillarse; amarrillentarse (ciertas plantas al secarse o ahogarse; u otras cosas naturalmente, p. ej., limones, toronjas, calabaza, etc.) Pending Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. Am Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. Tu milpa ya se pone amarilla, ya le empezóa hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). Yo:tlaki:s, yo:pe:w kose:wi kuwxiwtli. Am The rainy season has ended, the bushes have started to turn yellow. Ya se acabóla temporada de lluvia, los arbustos ya empezaron a amarillarse. (with <kn>tla-</kn>) for things to turn yellow all over (con <kn>tla-</kn>) amarillarse todo, por todos lados Pending Sa: tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik. O:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli. Am The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off). The ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and turned yellow). El suelo estáregado de chile, adentro se agusanó(la planta del chile, haciendo que se cayera el fruto). El suelo estátodo amarillo (por el chile que se cayóy amarrillentó). kos Check absence of transitive form *kose:wia and cognate intransitive *kosiwi The etymology and classification of those verbs which manifest a physical characteristic such as color, surface, etc. and which contain /e:wi/ instead of or in addition to /iwi/ should be examined. It does seem that many of the /-e:wi/ verbs do related to color or other physical characteristics. This should be checked, perhaps by eliciting, if possible, verbs that end in /-e:wi/. 02305 tlayawa tlayewa tlayawa tláyawá tlayawa tláiwá tláyawá, tláiwá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-4a yes-lex to howl or bark (a dog, coyote, etc.) aullar o ladrar (un perro, coyote, etc.) Pending Te:ixtakakwa:ni, xtlayawa. Am It bites without warning, it doesn't bark. Muerde sin aviso, no ladra. Tlayawatokeh chichimeh, o:kinsa:lo:ton mi:hlan. Am Dogs are barking, they went to tie them up in the corn fields (to scare away animals that might eat the corn). Los perros están ladrando, fueron a amarrarlos en las milpas (para espantar a los animales que podrían comer la milpa). hyawa This verb refers to barking or howling but not at anyone (or anything) in particular. To express the concept of 'to bark at' the reduplicated (with long vowel) form of <klamoa>kwa</klamoa>is used in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan: <kamoa>ne:chkwa:kwa motskwin</kamoa> 'your dog barks at me.' <kam>Tlayawa</kam> apparently includes the nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn> : a transitive form has not been found in the corpus. According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, <kam>tlakwa:kwa</kam> means 'to bark several times with a short interrupted sound' whereas <kam>tlayewa</kam> refers to a steady howling or extended sound, like that of a coyote or dog. Although more information needs to be gathered, it appears that <kam>tlayewa</kam> is more common than <kam>tlayawa</kam> in Ameyaltepec. The Classical cognate appears to be <kn>uaualoua</kn>, which Molina gives only with nonspecific object markers: <kn>uaualoa. nitla</kn> 'ladrar el perro' and <kn>uaualoa. nite</kn> 'ladrar el perro a alguno.' Carochi (see Lockhart p. 280) gives <kn>ne:chhuàhualtza</kn> 'me ladra'; <kn>tlahuahualtza</kn> 'ladra.' There is perhaps an error here since in the former, with a specific object, the coda of the first syllable is a glottal stop (marked in Jesuit orthography with the grave accent in word-internal position) while the second form has an open syllable. It is not clear which is correct. In the Balsas region the cognate term includes Ameyaltepec <kam>tlayawa</kam> and Oapan <koa>tláyawá</koa>. The source of the pitch-accent in the Oapan form is not immediately apparent, it most like derives from an underlying {h} although if the annotation is erroneous and the initial syllable is lengthened (i.e., <koa>tlá:yawá</koa>) then the source might be a reduplicant. For now the root analysis posits <kroot>hyawa</kroot>, but this will undoubtedly change with future data and analysis. Other dialect variants from the region should be determined to better understand the etymology of this word. Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'. Check vowels. There are 4 additional tokens at 4019. The analysis of <kam>tlayewa</kam> as containing the root <kroot>yewa</kroot>will perhaps result a temporary solution to the question of etymology pending further comparative data. Classical Nahuatl has <kn>uaualtza</kn> or <kn>uaualowa</kn>, probably related to the Ameyaltepec form. 02306 zzz This entry used to be /kweya:ya/ but was in error for /kweya:wa/. It has thus been eliminated.
30/Jul/2005
 02307 iki:saya:n to:nahli iki:saya:n to:nahli i:ki:saya:n to:nahli i:ki:saya:n to:nahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n Stem 3 the east el oriente Am, Oa space-earth ki:sa to:na -ya:n The citation form includes <kn>i:-</kn> a prefix cross-referencing the possessor, in this case <kamoa>to:nahli</kamoa>. The length of the middle /i/ of <koa>i:ki:saya:n</koa> seems rather short, but this acoustic information would not seem to negate the fact that this is an underlyingly long vowel. Check for any other use of /ikisa:yan/, similarly for /ikalakia:n/. Make sure to check all possessives /i/ for length when this is finally determined. Make note for orthography that /iya/ is used whether the /i/ is stressed, otherwise /ia/, as in /ikalakia:n/ which is [ikalákia:n]. 02308 tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík tsope:lik xokotl yón kókostík
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 yes type of plum that includes several subvarieties tipo de ciruelo que incluye algunos variantes Pending plant kohtli (pending) tsope:l xoko Consultants did not entirely agree on the number of the subvarieties. All gave the <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xa</klam> as one subvariety. Some others mentioned the <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik</klam> while others mentioned <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</klam>. Several consultants mentioned all three varieties. All these plums bear fruit in late summer. 02309 pipi:liwi pipi:liwi pípi:líwi pipi:liwi pípi:líwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Lex. rdp-s(sem) class-3a(w) yes-rdp to hang down in clumps (particularly strands of sth wet that sticks together such as hair, hemp fiber, and wet clothes, such as those hung out to dry that are rained upon) estar colgado y pegado (particularmente algo mojado que se pega junto como cabello, fibra de maguey, y ropa mojada, como la que estácolgada y se moja por la lluvia) Pending O:pipi:liw mokoto:n. O:tikpa:tsoh, xok wel patla:wi. Am Your shirt is hanging down in a clump.You let it get wet, it can't be spread out flat anymore. Tu camisa estácolgada todo juntada. Lo dejaste mojar, ya no se puede ponerse plana. Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. Am There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. pi:l pipi:ltia; ko:pi:liwi; pipi:liwi Determine whether unreduplicated form occurs, and if there is a transitive. <kam>Pipi:liwi</kam> (and <klam>pipi:ltia</klam>) refer to such things as the way clothes hang down in strands after getting wet. These verbs may also refer to how plants look when withering, or to hair that is washed and left hanging down in strands. In regard to hair, see <klam>koko:pi:liwi</klam>. Discuss the root /pi:l/ in /pipi:liwi/, /koko:pi:liwi/ and /pipi:ltia/ and cf. to /pil/ in /pilkatok/. Make sure vowel length is correct as recorded in each. tsompipi:liwi confer Am tsó:mpi:liwi confer Oa 02310 ma:rkah de jue:goh ma:rkah de fwe:goh ma:rkah de jue:goh
22/Oct/2005
marca de fuego N N-loan N1 brand used on small animals hierro o marca de hierro candente utilizado con animales pequeños Am tepostli confer Am 02311 yestlami yestlami yestlami yestlami
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(m) to lose blood until dying from loss of blood perder la sangre hasta morir de la pérdida de sangre Pending O:yestlan, o:kitsopi:nikeh. Am He died of blood loss, he got stabbed. Se murióde pérdida de sangre, lo acuchillaron. es tlami yestlami; yeska:wa Check for causative? or applicative? /kiyestlamia/ or /kiyestlamilia/. 02312 xi:nilia kixi:nilia xi:nilia kixi:nilia
11/Feb/2006
V3-d-ap class-2a to throw or toss (sth, e.g., the ground or some flat surface) for or in relation to (i.e., tossing corn cobs [SO] out from a sack [PO], cutting the branches [SO] off of a tree [PO], etc.) aventarle al suelo (algo) de o para (algo, p. ej., aventar mazorcas [OS] a un costal [OP], sacándolas o metiéndolas, o tirándole ramas [OS] a unárbol [OP]) Pending Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n. Am Go cut the branches of the top of this tree. Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize) Cut its top branches down! ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de esteárbol!¡Quéno vaya a pegar (elárbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más altas! Ma nxi:xi:nilitiw yo:li:k! Am Let me go along slowly sprinkling it (in this case the insecticide called <spn>polidor</spn>) on it (maize plants to kill worms that had infected them)! ¡Déjame ir rociándoselo despacio (en este caso polidor, una insecticida, a la milpa)! xi: Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/ 'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check. xi:nia verb_base Am, Oa 02313 ke:nkah san ke:nkah ke:nkah san ke:nkah
11/Feb/2006
Adv-man (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~) as always (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~) como siempre Pending Hkon o:h'ne:xti:to san ke:nkah notekwixtok. Am 02313_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 18:26 I went to find him like that, as always wrapped up (in his blanket, i.e., he still hasn't gotten out of bed). Asílo fui a encontrar como siempre envuelto (en una cobija, esto es, todavía no se levanta). San ke:nkah kwahli. Am It is good as always. Estábien, como siempre, Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. Am Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. San ke:nkah ichpokawah. Am She's an unmarried girl, just as she was. Es una doncella, tanto como era. San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka. Am It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed. Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava. ke:n To date I have only heard <kamoa>ke:nkah</kamoa> uttered when preceded by <kamoa>san</kamoa>. In Oapan apparently before statives <koa>san ke:n</koa> is used instead of <koa>san ke:nkah</koa>. Thus one finds <koa>san ke:nkah we:i</koa> but <koa>san ke:n pilkatok</koa> or <koa>san ke:n te:ntok</koa>. However, this is uncertain and needs further study. Although one might write <kamoa>ke:n kah</kamoa> as two words, for the moment I have decided to write them as one, consistent with other cases such as <kamoa>na:nkah</kamoa>, <kamoa>nika:nkah</kamoa>, etc. Although perhaps the entry should be /ken kah/ I have decided in all cases of words ending in /kah/ to write them as one. Add the /san ke:n/ to /ke:n/. ke:n confer Oa 02314 tlatswi:teki kitlatswi:teki tlatswi:teki kitlatswi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to whip; to give a thrashing to; to hit hard (especially with a rope, whip, switch, etc.) azotar; dar una paliza a (particularmente con un laso, látigo, vara, etc.) Pending tlats wi:teki tlatskowa; wi:teki; tlatswi:teki; telowa According to one consultant, <kam>tlatswi:teki</kam> is the same as <klam>wi:teki</klam>. However, the possibility that the former indicates a harder blow should be considered likely at this point. 02315 to:kilia kito:kilia to:kilia kito:kilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap +Spec class-2a to plant for sembrar para Pending Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas. Am Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt. ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies. to:ka Check to see if one can state, e.g., /nikto:kili:s yetl nomi:hlan/. to:ka verb_base Am, Oa 02316 kwihlo:tl kwihlo:tl kwihlo:tl kwihlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 wattle: the rods made of <klamoa>tlapextli</klamoa>that are laid down horizontally in the frame of the roof of a thatched house and to which the thatching (palm or grass) is attached. The <kam>kwihlo:tl</kam> are placed on the inside of the house, attached to the <klamoa>a:kapilo:hli</klamoa>, before the thatching process begins. Once the thatching process begins, these same types of rods are laid on the outside part of the roof, on top of the thatching to hold it in place. cañas o varas hechas de <klamoa>tlapextli</klamoa>que se colocan horizontalmente dentro del armazón del techo de una casa de palma o zacate, y al que se ata el material del techo. Los <kam>kwihlo:tl</kam> se colocan adentro de la casa, atados a los <klamoa>a:kapilo:hli</klamoa>antes de empezar a poner el techo. Después, durante el proceso de atar el zacate o palma, se van colocadando más varas de <kam>kwihlo:tl</kam> afuera de la casa y encima del zacate o palma, para mantenerlo en su lugar. Pending kwi kahli The nominalization <kam>kwihlo:tl</kam> seems to be derived from the verb <klamoa>kwi</klamoa>, probably given that it is to the <kam>kwihlo:tl</kam> that the zacate and palma is tied. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has /kwilo:tl/ meaning 'stick' or 'palo.'. Cf. notes in Fld 1984-04-29.1 Illustrate. 02317 yeyekayoh yeyekayoh yéye:káyoh yéye:káyoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>tí:ye:káyoh</koa> yes-rdp to be affected by the <spn>aires</spn> ser afectado por los aires Pending yeyekatl e:ka yeyekatl 02318 ma:xakwaliwi ma:xakwaliwi ma:xakwaliwi ma:xakwaliwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) for ones arm to get weak and rubbery from weakness and exhaustion quedarse el brazo débil y agotado, como"hule", quizápor un sobrecargo de trabajo Pending Yo:nima:xaxakwaliw, yo:nitekichi:w. Am My arm has gotten weak and exhausted, I did some work. Mi brazo se quedóagotado, hice trabajo. for ones arm to get scraped (e.g., from a hard fall) rasparse la mano (p.ej., de una fuerte caida) Pending ma: xakwal ma:kuhtia In Oapan at least, and perhaps in Ameyaltepec, this word can also be used to descrobe the effect on ones arm after repeatedly hitting a object. In general check for all the different words that refer to some sort of body exhaustion: /kuhtia/, /xakwaliwi/, /kwetlaxiwi/, etc. Perhaps include this in a section on the cultural encyclopedia referring to bodily"functions." Check for possibility of further dividing morpheme /xakwalV/. 02319 tlakwalchi:hke:tl tlakwalchi:hke:tl tlakwalchi:hke:tl tlakwalchi:hke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 cook; person who prepares food (as a job) cocinera(o); persona que prepara la comida (como oficio) Am, Oa kwa chi:wa Check whether this is the same as /molende:rah/. Make sure that the possessd form is possible; I have coded /infn as N1/2 based on my feeling of the possibility of a possessed form, not on any such form that is documented. 02320 chi:lwa:ktli chi:lwa:ktli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(:) chile <spn>huajillo</spn>, a type of dried red chile chile huajillo, un tipo de chile seco y rojo Am plant domesticated chi:l wa: Recheck the entries for /lxa: chi:lwa:hki, chi:lwa:ktli, and chi:hli de wa:ktli. Make sure that the definitions I gave were correct. Check for possessed form. chi:hli de wa:ktli equivalent Am chi:lwa:hki confer Am, Oa 02321 ma:tsaya:nia kima:tsaya:nia ma:tsaya:nia kima:tsaya:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a to split or pull apart at a point of bifurcation (e.g., where a branch joins the trunk of a tree) jalar y partir en el punto de una bifurcación (p. ej., una rama donde se junta con el tronco de unárbol) Pending Xma:tsaya:ni se: tlako:tl! Am Rip off a switch (pulling on the thin branch of a tree or bush so that it splits or rips off)! Sácale una varita (jalándole una ramita de un arbolito o arbusto para que se divida)! ma: tsaya: Cf. illustration with original filecard. Check other possible meanings. Check also if intransitive form exists. 02322 tso:lowa kitso:lowa tso:lowa kitso:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi te- class-2b to make shorter; to make smaller (removing sections or parts of) acortar; achicar (generalmente quitando partes o secciones de) Pending Xtso:lo moka:ltson, ke:n weyak! Am Take up (the legs of) your cotton pants (<spn>calzones</spn>), they are really long! ¡Haz más cortos a (las piernas de) tus calzones, son muy largos. Xtso:lo morria:tah! Ma:ka a:sta ihkón weyak xka:wili ika tiktila:na! Am Make your rope shorter! Don't let it be so long for pulling it (in this case a donkey) along! ¡Acorta tu laso!¡No lo dejes tan largo para irlo jalando (en este caso a un burro)! Xtso:lo un ma:choh, milá:k weyak sa:liwtok! Am Shorten (the tether on) that mule, (the rope with which) it is tied up is really long! ¡Acórtale (el laso con que estáatado) ese macho, de veras estámuy largo! to reduce; to cut back (e.g., a salary or other sort of compensation) reducir; bajar (p. ej., un sueldo u otro tipo de remuneración) Pending O:htso:loh notlaxtla:wi:l! Am You cut back my salary! ¡Redujiste mi sueldo! tso:l Check vl in /ka:lson/ in above example. pi:tsowa confer Am tso:lowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02323 toto:nka:kochi toto:nka:kochi toto:nka:kochi toto:nka:kochi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-3a(ch)(Am:long) to sleep nice and warm dormir bien calientito Pending to:n kochi 02324 kwitlakuwtli kwitlakuwtli kwitlakohtle Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) tree identified as <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l>Domin of the Hernandiaceae family árbol identificado como <l>Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius</l>Domin de la familia Hernandiaceae Am Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para si:yah. Para tlapechbanki:tos no: bwe:noh; de ka:mpa peya:stik para mori:yoh. Am It (the <kam>kwitlakuwli</kam>) is good for boards, for saddles. It is also good for the base of beds; and if it is straight, it's good for beams. (El <kam>kwitlakuwtli</kam>) es bueno para tablas, para sillas (de animales). Y también es bueno para las bases de cama; y si es derecho, es bueno para morillos. plant kohtli kwitla kow papatla:ntsi:n equivalent Oa 02325 zzz This used to be the entry for /mehkasiwi/ but the correct form is /mihka:siwi/.
30/Jul/2005
 02326 tlaxtla:wihli tlaxtla:wihli tlaxtla:wi:hli tlaxtla:wi:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 salary; pay; recompense (for labor) sueldo; pago (por trabajo) Pending Xo:ne:chma:keh notlaxtla:wil. Am They didn't give me my pay. No me dieron mi sueldo. xtla: Check vl here against other /-wihli/ endings. Note that in general the second formant just increases across the articulation of the vowel. 02327 ma:xi:lo:w i:ma:xi:lo:w
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N2 large biceps bíceps grandes;"conejos" Am Niktla:kaita ima:xi:lo:w. Am I'm amazed at his large biceps. Me asombran sus bicéps grandes. body human ma: xi:lo: In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a <klam>xi:lo:tl</klam>. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/. Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common. Make sure link to /ma:a:po:te/ (Oa) is corrected as necessary. ma:a:po:te equivalent Oa ma:ponchá:doyó confer Oa 02328 -ko:ya o:tekipano:ko:ya -ko:ya o:tekitiko:ya
11/Feb/2006
Suf Dir inverse directional suffix used in the"pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone sufijo direccional de acción inversa utilizado en el"pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido Am, Oa O:wi:tsa, o:tlakwa:ko:ya. Am He came and went, he came to eat (and has now left). Vino y ya se fue, vino para comer (y ya se fue). This suffix, which has a plural <kam>-ko:yan</kam> in Ameyaltepec and <koa>-ko:yah</koa> in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with <klamoa>-ki</klamoa>and <klamoa>-ko</klamoa>. The form <kam>-ko:ya</kam> has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (<kamoa>-ko</kamoa>) compounded with the past perfective marker <kn>-ya</kn>. The perfective ending <kn>-ya</kn> may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect <kn>-ka</kn>. In addition there are a few cases in which <kn>-ya</kn> is still the perfective as in <kamoa>o:to:kaya</kamoa> instead of the expected * <kn>o:to:kaka</kn> for 'he planted (and has since taken in the harvest).' This contrasts with <kamoa>to:kaya</kamoa> 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and <kamoa>o:to:kak</kamoa> 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the field).' Note that the <kn>-ya</kn> of <kamoa>o:to:kaya</kamoa> has a parallel meaning to the <kn>-ya</kn> of <kamoa>-ko:ya</kamoa> in that the effects of the action (in the first case 'planting' and in the second c ase 'coming') are no longer i n effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come). 02329 tlapetla:nahli tlapetla:nahli tlapetla:nahli tlapetla:nahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 lightening (heat or bolt) relámpago; rayo Pending weather petla: Determine all the different types of thunder, lightening, etc. Weather phenom. in sky. It might not be that these two types of lightening are synonyms. Check and adjust as needed. In one case the final /a/ vowel of Florencia seems long, but it should be short by derivational morphology. tlapetla:nalistli synonym Am, Oa 02330 tlikwi:ltilia kitlikwi:ltilia tlikwi:ltilia kitlikwi:ltilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap[ca] class-2a to light (a fire) for; to light a candle for (e.g., a saint) prender (un fuego) para; prender una vela para (p. ej., un santo). Pending to turn on (e.g., a light, an electric appliance) for encender (p. ej., un foco, un aparato eléctrico) para Pending tli kwi The phrase /Nikwentia notlayo:l. Nochi nosemi:yah nikontlatlikwi:ltilia ipan se: ilwitl/ is highly problematic. I'm not sure what /wentia/ means, i.e., either 'to give in offering' or 'to make an offering to.' This should be checked. Also, my original filecard had /nochi nosemi:tas/ rather than /nochi nosemi:yas/. I assumed this was a typo, but it may have been correct and should be checked. Also, the precise meaning and use of /tlatlikwi:ltilia/ is not clear. Apparently it means 'to light (a candle in offering) for'; but this too should be checked. Recheck to make sure that the Oapan form is with an /l/ before the causative. Check Oapan and Am forms for all these verbs. Also check all links. I originally had /tlikwi:ltia/ and /tlikwi:ltilia/ for both dialects, but entry 2330 was checked and Oa has /tlikwi:tilia/. Whatever the answer is, /-tia/ or /-ltia/ for the causative check, and discuss if there is a difference in one form. tlatlikwi:ltilia val_reduce2 Am tlatlikwi:tilia val_reduce2 Oa tlikwi:ltia verb_base Am, Oa 02331 i:xmumuwi i:xmumuwi í:xmomówi i:xmomowi í:xmomówi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-s class-3a(w) yes-rdp to be afraid of heights tener miedo a la altura Oa i:x mawi Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ is semantically equivalent to Oa /í:xmumúwi/. Get full range of contexts, uses, situations, etc. See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/. Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/. i:xtlamumuwi equivalent Am 02332 kwa:komitl kwa:komitl kwa:komitl kwa:komitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 antlers; horns (only unpossessed, i.e., not part of a live animal) cuernos; cornamento de un animal (solamente no poseido, esto es, no parte de un animal vivo) Pending body animal kwa: omi <kamoa>Kwa:komitl</kamoa> refers only to animal horns when they are not possessed, e.g., deer antlers that are lying around the house. The presence of the /k/ is interesting. In Oapan the word for 'bone' is <koa>komitetl</koa>, apparently for both possessed and unpossessed forms (i.e., <koa>nokomiteyo</koa>). The form <kam>kwa:komitl</kam> in Ameyaltepec suggest that the presence of /k/ might not be wholly idiosyncratic to Oapan. It might even be a reduced form of the stem <kroot>kuh</kroot>, i.e., that <kamoa>kwa:komitl</kamoa> is reduced from ? <kamoa>kwa:kuhomitl</kamoa>. Note that when possessed by the animal (i.e., 'its horns') the form <kam>kwa:kuh(tli)</kam> is used. Check other language cognates for presence of /k/. Also determine the difference, or recheck the difference, between /kwa:komitl/ and /kwa:kuhtli/. kwa:kohtli confer Am 02333 a:tl tsope:lik a:tl tsope:lik
11/Feb/2006
N N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Intrans; ~Trans N1 sweet water agua dulce Am Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tl tsope:lik. Noposo:nia ixiwio. Am It (in this case <kbam>damia:nah</kbam>) is good for coffee, for sweet water. Its leaves are boiled in water. Es (en este caso <kbam>damia:nah</kbam>) es bueno para café, para agua dulce. Se hierven sus hojas en agua. a: tsope:l Noun incorporation; compounding 02334 pino:hli pino:hli pino:hli pino:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 <kam>pinole</kam> , or corn flour ground with other ingredients pinole, o maíz molido con otros granos molidos Pending any finely ground grain cualquier grano finamente molido Pending (intrinsic possess) sawdust or powder (of a log or piece of wood [Poss] that is eaten by bugs, woodworm, termites, etc.) (posesión intrínseca) el polvo que se forma (sobre o en un pedazos de madera o tronco [Pos] que se empieza a carcomer por la polilla, gusanos, etc.) Pending Kipia ipino:hlo. Yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo. Am It has powder (e.g., a piece of wood, a beam, etc.). It's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs). Ya estácarcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga). Yya empezóa llenarse de polvillo, ya empezóa carcomerse. food pino:l Determine the precise ingredients of /pino:hli/. 02335 chia:wilia kichia:wilia chia:wilia kichia:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to put grease on (e.g., a certain spot [SO] of a material object [PO]) echarle grasa a (p. ej., una cierta parte [SO] de un objeto material [PO]) Pending chiya: The Oapan vowel in the first syllable of the stem is much further back, and lower, than the Ameyaltepec vowel. Perhaps it should be written as /i/ anyway. But for now phonetic considerations have led to writing this as indicated. Determine if correct: Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. Vowel quality of first vowel in Oapan. chia:wa verb_base Am chia:wa verb_base Oa 02336 kwa:polokayoh kwa:polokayoh kwa:popolokayoh kwa:popolokayoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-d-yoh ~Trans to have dandruff tener caspa Pending kwa: poloka 02337 tlakpana:ntli tlakpana:ntli tlahpana:ntli tlahpana:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N Ajd-N N-b Stem 1(n) stepmother madrastra Pending kin tlakpa na:n kin: have kin terminology, marriage customs, etc. 02338 temotso:lowa notemotso:lowa temotso:lowa notemotso:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-trans; Compl class-2b (refl.) to huddle over; to curl up in a ball (as if in pain, for example mice that have been poisoned) (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse (como de dolor, p. ej., ratoncitos que han sido envenenados) Pending temo tso:l Check p-a since /'motso:lówa/ does have p-a in Oapan. 02339 tlai:xmatki tlai:xmatki tlai:xmatki tlai:xmatki
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ki N1 person who knows how to read; literate person persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado Pending (with short vowel reduplication) person knowledgeable about many things (con reduplicación de vocal corta) persona que sabe de muchas cosas Pending Tlatlai:xmatki katka JoséGarcía. Am JoséGarcía was knowledgeable about many things (knowing how to read and write). JoséGarcía sabía de muchas cosas (sabiendo leer y escribir). i:x mati Determine the difference between /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/. My notes suggest that the latter indicates someone who is knowledgeable about many things. This might be related to /tlahmati/. Check. Check /tlai:xmatki/ and /tlatlai:xmatki/. a:mai:xmatke:tl synonym Am, Oa 02340 xi:kotli xi:kotli xí:kotlí xí:kotlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex type of large, black stinging insect, still not identified but perhaps a type of bee tipo de insecto grande y negro, y que pica, todavía no identificado pero quizáun tipo de abeja Pending DT#8: 248 To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:kotli, san se: tlachialistli. Am The <kbam>to:ma:ya:tl</kbam>and the <kam>xi:kotli</kam> have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). El <kbam>to:ma:ya:tl</kbam>y el <kam>xi:kotli</kam> tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). Xi:kotli, nemi ipan kuwtli. Kikoyo:nia, itik cha:nti. Am The <kam>xi:kotli</kam> lives in trees. It makes holes in them, it lives in them. El <kam>xi:kotli</kam> habita losárboles. Les agujerea, vive en ellos. animal insect xi:koh Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'jicote, animalito que agujera la madera.' 02341 tlatsotsona tlatsotsona tla:tsona tla:tsona
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-3a Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) to play the guitar (or other instruments that are strummed or played with a bow) tocar la guitara (u otros instrumentos que se rasguean o se tocan con un arco) Pending to play music on an instrument (generic term including all types of instruments, from drums to horns) tocar música con un instrumento (término genérico que incluye todos tipos de instrumentos, de tambores a trompetas) Pending to play music (through an electronic device such as a radio, record player, etc.) tocar música (un aparato electrónico como un radio, tocadiscos, etc.) Pending tsona music In its generic sense, <kam>tlatsotsona</kam> includes the playing of instruments that may be indicated by other, more specific verbs. Thus <klamoa>wi:teki</klamoa>is used for drums and other instruments that are beaten; and <klamoa>pi:tsa</klamoa>is used for wind instruments. Check other words for other instruments. tsotsona minus_tla Am, Oa 02342 kwa:tekwia kikwa:tekwia kwa:tekwía kwá:tekwia ['kwa: te 'kwi a] kikwá:tekwía
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3c(pia) yes-lex to wrap the head of up (particularly with cloth) envolver la cabeza de (particularmente con tela) Pending O:mitskwa:tekwixkeh. Saihkón xyeto! Am They wrapped your head up (e.g. with a blanket or cloth). Just stay that way! Te envolvieron la cabeza (p. ej. con una cobija o tela).¡Quédate así! Xkwa:tekwiaka:n. Am Wrap his head up! ¡Envuélvele la cabeza! kwa: te hkwiya Recheck preterite form. Recheck vowel length of /saihkón/ and similar words; if the /o/ is found to be long, then it should be changed through a search and replace. 02343 xi:hla:n ixi:hla:n xi:hla:n xi:hla:h xi:hla:n i:xi:hla:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 flank; side (the lower part of a human torso that covers ones lower ribs; the corresponding part of animals) costado; flanco (la parte del cuerpo al lado de las costillas inferiores; la parte correspondiente de los animales) Pending body xi:lla:n Most people state that this word refers to ones flank, the area on either side of the navel. However, a few others have given this word to mean the part of ones body directly in front, i.e., the abdomen. The length of the final vowel still needs to be made definite through further analysis and comparison of all the contexts (compounds) in which this word occurs. A preliminary analysis of Oapan <koa>xi:hlan</koa> shows that the initial /i:/ is definitely long; the length of the /a/ appears short, but measurements are made difficult by the preceding liquid and following aspiration (in Oapan). More study should resolve this issue. FK notes in regard to this word:"There is disagreement across sources on vowel-length patterning for this item. It is attested twice in B[ancroft], both times with the vowel of the second syllable marked long, once with the first vowel specifically marked short. C[arochi] follows suit once in marking the vowel of the second syllable long, but in four other attestations leaves both vowels of the stem unmarked. T[etelcingo, Morelos] consistently has the reflex of a long vowel in the first syllable and a short vowel in the second, <kn>xi:llantli</kn>. If the second el eme nt is the postposition <kn>-tlan</kn> 'beneath,' the /a/ should be short.' Determine vowel length. Note that RS has the absolutive form /xillantli/. In my notes I have the phrase /xunkah un xi:hla:n patli tikoni:skian?/ 'Is there any 'trago' we were going to drink?' I don't now understand the meaning or translation and these should be checked. The roots of this is unclear; FK reports great variation across dialects in vowel length. 02344 tlako:wia kitlako:wia tlako:wia [tla ko: 'wi ya] kitlako:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to hit with a rod, switch, or flexible stick pegar con una vara o palo flexible Pending contact tlako: The length of /o:/ in Oapan is definitely long. The Ameyaltepec cognate needs to be rechecked after recording, but it might also be long. I originally had this comment"Although in Ameyaltepec <kam>tlakowia</kam> meaning 'to hit with a rod' and <klam>tlakowia</klam> meaning 'to divide in half between' are homophonous, this is because of two general phonological rules in Ameyaltepec. The first form, 'to hit with a rod,' manifests neutralization of the long /o:/ before /w/; hence underlying {tlako: + wia} surfaces as <kam>tlakowia</kam>. The second form, 'to divide in have between,' manifests loss of {h} in non-phrase final position; hence underying {tlahko + wia} surfaces as <kam>tlakowia</kam>."However, this is unclear and it should be checked, i.e., whether the /o/ of this entry is indeed short. And whether 02345 kuwtsotsoyoktli kuwtsotsoyoktli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-? Lex. rdp-s Stem 1(k) sap of firewood that seeps out when it is burning savia de leña que fluye y sale cuando se estáquemando Am plant ant-part kow tso In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood as it is burning the verb <kloa>a:yo:ki:sa</kloa>is used, with the firewood as subject, e.g., <koa>a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli</koa>. The etymology of <kam>kuhtsotsotl</kam> is not clear, but the final sequence may be related to <kn>tsotl</kn>, which enters into various words having to do with the sap or resin of trees (e.g., Molina has <kn>quauhocotzotl</kn> as 'resina deárbol'). Whether the Ameyaltepec <kam>-tsotsoktli</kam> is a deverbal noun or not is also not clear, although the form seems similar to that of words like <kam>poposoktli</kam>. In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood being burnt the verb <kloa>a:yo:ki:sa</kloa>is used (e.g., <koa>a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli</koa>). 02346 yzzz ka:ka:walxihtli ka:ka:walxihtli
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 1(w) type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae Oa plant fl ka:wa xiw kostik xo:chitl uwe:i equivalent Am 02347 te:- te:pale:wia te:- te:pale:wiya
22/Oct/2005
Prefix Pr-pre-obj prefix indicating an nonspecified human object, i.e., 'someone' prefijo que indica un objeto humano no especificado, a veces traducible como 'alguien' Pending Mo:stla nite:pale:wi:s, a:man san nimose:wi:s. Am Tomorrow I'll help (sb known from context), today I'm just going to take it easy. Mañana voy a ayudar (a algn conocido por el context), hoy nada más voy a descansar. 02348 toponwia kitoponwia tópowía topowia ['to po 'wi a] kitópowía
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a yes-lex to cause swelling to develop at the side of the neck or throat of hacer salir un hinchazón al lado de la garganta o cuello de Pending O:kitoponwih kwa:tes. Am Twins caused swelling to developed at the side of his throat. Gemelos le hicieron salir un hinchazón por el lado de la garganta. disease topontli tohpon Oapan phonology: Note n>0 in Oapan before the verbalizing ending. Apparently the /n/ of the noun /tópontlí/ is lost in Oapan before /wiya/. The question is whether the p-a is the result of a reinterpretation of /n/ as {h}. This might well be the case, as appears to occur with /í:xmotlí/. Check. 02349 witskuwtli witskuwtli witskohtli witskohtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) thorny tree, i.e., tree or bush with thorns árbol espinoso, esto es, con muchas púas o espinas Pending alternate name, less commonly used, for the <klam>witspatlaxtli</klam> , a member of the Leguminosea family nombre alternativo, menos común, del <klam>witspatlaxtli</klam> , miembro de la familia Leguminosea Pending plant kohtli (pending) wits kow Just used for firewood. Check to make sure that this is indeed the same as /witspatla:xtli/. Also note that according to my research there are two types of /witspatla:xtli/. It needs to be determined whether /witskuhtli/ refers to both. witspatla:xtli synonym Am, Oa 02350 yekah yakah yekah yekah ya'ah yakah yekah
11/Feb/2006
Pr(indef) Pr-indef someone alguien Am, Oa Xok yekah kimati. Am Nobody knows anymore. Ya no sabe nadie. Xnikneki yekah kimatis i:n tlato:hli. Am I don't want anyone to know this word. No quiero que nadie sepa esta palabra. ak For the negative form of this pronoun, see <klam>xakah</klam> (Am) or <kloa>xikah</kloa>(Oa). Oapan has a shortened form, <koa>yah</koa>, as in <koa>yah wa:hla:s</koa> 'someone is coming.' There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5729. They might be better recordings, but use your judgement. yá:h synonym Oa 02351 to:roh to:roh to:roh to:roh
22/Oct/2005
toro N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) bull toro Pending 02352 tlikonexpachowa kitlikonexpachowa tlikonexpachowa kitlikonexpachowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to cover with the hot ashes of a hearth or fire (e.g., sweet potatoes in cooking them) cubrir o tapar con las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón (p. ej., camotes al cocinarlos) Pending tli nex pach -ko tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia; tlikonexpo:poxowa tlikonexakia synonym Am 02353 chi:ltlama:tsowahli chi:ltlama:tsowahli chi:ltlama:tsowahli chi:ltlama:tsowahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 taco made of a tortilla folded over while hot, with chile sauce spread in the middle taco hecho de una tortilla caliente doblada con salsa de chile en medio Pending food chi:l ma:ts Although a possessed form has not been documented, I have included it as part of the code in the /infn field. Nevertheless, this should be checked. Rootnote for /ma:tsiwi/: this is undoubtedly related to the root for hand, /ma:/ or /mah/. Either this should be added as a note to both roots ma:tsV and ma: or ma:tsV should be considered a secondary root. chi:ltoto:roh synonym Am 02354 elpo:tsa ilpo:tsa nilpo:tsa ípó:tsa ipo:tsa nípó:tsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl/only) S-V2 V2-b +Refl; +Caus class-3a(ts) yes (refl.) to burp; to belch (refl.) eructar Pending O:nimelpo:ts, we:i o:nikoni:k. Am I burped, I drank a lot. Eructé, bebímucho. functions l po:tsa Although both <kam>elpo:tsa</kam> and <kam>ilpo:tsa</kam> are utilized in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the latter is much less common. The pitch accent of the Oapan form <koa>ípó:tsa</koa> probably derives from underlying {h} (which might be present in San Juan Tetelcingo). Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, Zacapoaxtla, and Northern Puebla all have <kn>ihpo:tsa</kn>. Check to see whether /ilpo:tsa/ or /elpo:tsa/ is more common. Check also length of final /a/. Check to see if specific object indicates place: ne:chilpo:tsa? The reason for the pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear. This should be rechecked. The possibility that I obtained a"reduplicated"form should be checked. Check for /h/ Note the variation between /il/ and /el/. Note the general correspondence between words that begin in /el-/ and those in /il-/ (e.g., <kam>elpo:tsa</kam> and <kam>ilpo:tsa</kam> , <kam>elka:wa</kam> and <kam>ilka:wa</kam> , <kam>elna:mik</kam> and <kam>ilna:miki</kam> , etc. Yet considering the lose of /i/ after the nonspecific object marker (e.g., in <kam>tlalna:miktia</kam>) the /i/ of /il/ has been considered epenthetic. There are four extra tokens of this word at entry 3992 (which has been deleted as a duplicate). There are also 4 additional tokens of this word from 7138, which should also be tagged s 2354. ilpo:tsaltia val_add_caus Am ípo:tsáltia val_add_caus Oa 02355 pixkilistli pixkilistli pixkilistli pixkilistli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(s) maize harvest cosecha del maíz Pending Nemi ipan pixkilistli. Am He is involved in the harvest. Estátrabajando en la cosecha. action of husking maize acción de quitar la chala al maíz cosechado Pending pixka Enter under activities associated with planting. Determine whether this refers only to action in regards to maize, or also with beans, etc. 02356 maka kimaka maka kimaka
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to give (sth) to dar (algo) a Pending O:kima:keh tomi:n, we:i kiwi:kilia:yan. Am They gave money to him, they owed him a lot. Le dieron dinero, le debían mucho. Xakah kimakas. Am He won't give it to anyone (or, without contextual clarification, 'no one will give it to him'). No se lo va a dar a nadie (o, sin clarificación contextual, 'nadie se lo va a dar'). Mitsma:makaskeh. Am They will give it to you (i.e. several people [S] in several places, over time). Te los van a estar dando (esto es, varias personas [S] en varios lugares, a través del tiempo). (with 3rd-person sg object) to give (implicitly, something valuable) to (con objeto de 3a-persona sg) dar (implicitamente, algo valioso) a (with a directional prefix and <kn>te:-</kn>) to send (e.g., money, a letter, etc.) with someone (toward or away from a deictic point of reference) (con un prefijo direccional y <kn>te:-</kn>) mandar (algo como dinero, una carta, etc.) con algn (hacia un punto de referencia deíctica o alejándose de tal punto) Pending O:kwa:lte:mak. Am He sent it back here with someone (i.e., gave it to someone there so that they could bring it back). Se lo dióa alguien para traer acá. (<koa>te:maka</koa>, with no second specific object) to fight (<koa>te:maka</koa>, sin otro objeto específico) pelear Oa On toba:leh milak te:makani. Oa That friend of ours really gets into a lot of fights. Ese amigo es bien peleonero.. (with a directional prefix and <kn>te:-</kn>) to give word of (con un prefijo direccional y <kn>te:-</kn>) dar noticias de Pending O:kite:makaton nonesawal. Am They went to give word of my fasting. Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. (with deletion of specific second object) to give"it"(taboo: sex, ones body) to (con supresión del objeto secondario) darle (sexo, el cuerpo) a Pending Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chmakas. Am She covets my money, she will give it (her body) to me. Desea mi dinero, me lo va a dar (su cuerpo). makate:wa confer Am, Oa makilia val_add_applic tlamaka val_reduce2 Am, Oa maka In Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Oapan, check) the root-initial /m/ often deletes after affricate-final object prefixes: <kam>ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-,</kam> and <kam>(a)me:ch</kam> : <kam>ne:chakas tomi:ntsi:n</kam> 'he will give me some money.' The verb <kam>maka</kam> is often used, when uttered by a man to a woman, in a sexual sense. Thus a man in walking by a woman may say <kam>xtine:chmakas?</kam> 'Will you give it (sex) to me?' (similar to the use of 'it' in English in 'Can we do"it"?') The use of a directional prefix with <kam>te:maka</kam> often means 'to send [O] with sb toward/away from.' This is particularly true in the tenses and aspects that use a directional prefix. Thus <kam>o:nikonte:mak</kam> can only mean 'I sent it along there with someone.' However, <kam>nikonte:makas</kam> may either mean 'I will send it along there with someone' or 'I will go there to give it to someone.' The verb <kamoa>maka</kamoa> is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>te:-</kn>. Thus one may say <kamoa>kite:ma:maka nakatl</kamoa> 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: <kamoa>nite:ma:makas</kamoa> or <kamoa>nite:makas</kamoa>. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, <koa>on toba:leh te:makas</koa>, --- <koa>tli:non kite:makas?</koa>, <koa>kite:makas tomi:n</koa>. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that <kamoa>tlamaka</kamoa> has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form <kamoa>te:tlamaka</kamoa> has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that <kamoa>te:maka</kamoa> (or <kamoa>te :ma:maka</kamoa> can be used in lieu of <kamoa>te:tlamaka</kamoa> or <kamoa>te:tlama:maka</kamoa> given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. Determine extent of loss of /m/ after objects. One of the few bitransitive basic verbs. Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1. I have added the definition of /tlamaka/ based on my own memory of Nahuatl. This should be checked. Note word order: /Xakah kimakas/ 'he won't give it to anyone.' As far as I can tell, the order ?kimakas xakah, with the object following is not correct. This might have to do with the nature of the preclitic /x-/. This clitic modifies the entire phrase and thus must be at the left. Possible is, however, /xkimakas yekah/. Transitivity alternations: The verb <kamoa>maka</kamoa> is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>te:-</kn>. Thus one may say <kamoa>kite:ma:maka nakatl</kamoa> 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: <kamoa>nite:ma:makas</kamoa> or <kamoa>nite:makas</kamoa>. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, <koa>on toba:leh te:makas</koa>, --- <koa>tli:non kite:makas?</koa>, <koa>kite:makas tomi:n</koa>. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that <kamoa>tlamaka</kamoa> has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form <kamoa>te:tlamaka</kamoa> has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that <kamoa>te:maka</kamoa> (or <kamoa>te:ma:maka</kamoa> can be used in lieu of <kamoa>te:tlamaka</kamoa> or <kamoa>te:tlama:maka</kamoa> given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. 02357 tetsoko tetsoko
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-ap Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) to be short (in stature) ser bajo (en estatura) Pending te- tsoko tetsoko; tetsapa The Balsas River forms have a cognate in Classical <kn>tsoco</kn>, which RS glosses as 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' He does not indicate his source, but it is in the Spanish-Mexicano side of Molina. Ameyaltepec <kam>tetsoko</kam> would seem to be the same word, with the <kn>te-</kn> intensifier element as a prefix. In Oapan the stem seems to be reduplicated, with the reduplication reduced on the intensifying element <kn>te-</kn>. In addition, it would appear that the intervocal /k/ is deleted and a final <kn>yo</kn> added (or perhaps <koa>tsoko</koa> reduces to <koa>tso:yo</koa>). At any rate the terms from each village seem closely related. For Classical Nahuatl RS reports <kam>tetsocoton</kam> as a diminutive adjective meaning 'pequeño, muy pequeño.' This suggest that the <kn>te-</kn> is the"intensifier"common in Ameyaltepec. Consultants gave <kam>tetsoko</kam> as the equivalent of <kam>tetsapa</kam>. Check whether simply /tsoko/ exists. This should be given a separate entry in Oapan. The four tokens here should be tagged as 6538. The Oapan entry/word that was elicited here at 2357 has been deleted as a duplicate of 6538. Check for reduplication and presence of /h/. Check as many other dialects are possible. té:tso:yótik equivalent Oa té:tsó:yo equivalent Oa tetsapa confer Am, Oa 02358 se:to:nalowa se:to:nalowa se:to:nalowa se:to:nalowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Num-V1 V1-d-owa ~Trans class-2b to spend the whole day (doing sth) pasar todo el día (haciendo algo) Oa se: to:na Check for transitive form to:nalowa equivalent Am to:nalwia synonym Am 02359 kwa:i:xiwinti kwa:i:xiwinti kwa:i:xiwinti kwa:i:xiwinti kwa:i:xiwinti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>kwa:tei:xiwinti</kamoa> class-4a for ones head to spin; to feel dizzy (from being ill; from alcohol, etc.) girarle a uno la cabeza; sentir mareos o vértigo (por una enfermedad, por el alcohol, etc.). Pending Yo:pe:w nikwa:i:xiwinti. Am My head has started to spin. He empezado a sentir mareado. Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis. Am Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning. Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza. kwa: i:x iwin Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. The length of the initial /a:/ and /i:/ are difficult to determine accoustically. The length of the segments /kwa:i:-/ is slightly over 200 ms., perhaps somewhere around 230. This strongly suggests the possibility of one, probably two, long vowels. 02360 kwalka:n kwalka:n kwalka:n kwalka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-ka:n N1(loc) the following day in the morning el día siguiente en la mañana Pending Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:n. Am You will help me tomorrow in the morning. Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. Mo:stla kwalka:n tia:skeh. Am We will go tomorrow in the morning. Vamos a ir mañana en la mañana. (<kam>ye:wa</kam> ~) this morning (<kam>ye:wa</kam> ~) hoy en la mañana Pending kwal -ka:n Although my memory suggests that <kam>kwalka:n</kam> refers to a period very early in the morning, my notes mentioned that the time period is about 3:00 am to noon. Note that often <kam>kwalka:n</kam> refers to the morning of the following day. kwalka:ntipan confer Am 02361 a:mo:hli a:mo:hli á:mó:hli á:mó:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex <l>Ziziphus amole</l>(Sessé&Moc.), tree of the family Rhamnacea whose fruit is crushed and, once dried, used as shampoo or soap <l>Ziziphus amole</l>(Sessé&Moc.), arbol de la familia Rhamnacea cuya fruta es triturada, y una vez seca usada como champúo jabón Pending shampoo (by extension from the basic meaning) champú(por extensión de su significación básica) Pending plant kohtli medicine (pending) ahmo:l If the long initial vowel in Ameyaltepec is confirmed, it would apparently reflect lenition of {h}, which would then have two reflexes: pitch accent in Oapan and length in Ameyaltepec. However, all long initial vowels in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl have to be carefully confirmed. Note that the cultural encylopedia will have an ethnobotanical section under which the description and application of /a:mo:hli/ will be indicated. Note that originally for Ameyaltepec I had a long vowel here; given comparative documentation from the region I have temporarily changed this to a short vowel. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <spn>amole</spn>, of the family Romnaceae and the genus/species <i>Stegnosperma halimifolium</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish name as <spn>amol</spn>. Guizar and Sáchez (1991) have two trees that might correspond. One (p. 158) is the the family Sapindaceae and genus/species <i>Sapindus saponaria</i>; they state that the Spanish name is <spn>coyul</spn>. The other is a species (p. 159) with <i>amole</i>in its name, the <i>Ziziphus amole</i>of the family Rhamnaceae, which they state is called <spn>capulincito</spn> in Spanish. Check first vowel of Am form. In C. Flores' pronunciation it appears long. Initial /a/ of Am uncertain in length. 02362 se:wia kise:wia se:wia [se: 'wi ya] kise:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi(a) class-2a to put out (a fire, embers) apagar (un fuego, brazas) Pending Xsese:wi un tekohli! Am Put out those embers! ¡Apaga esas brazas! to turn off (e.g., an electrical aparatus, a motor, a stove or burner, a light, etc.) apagar; cerrar (p. ej., un aparato eléctrico, un motor, una estufa o parilla, una luz, etc.) Pending (refl.) to rest (refl.) descansar Pending Nimose:wi:s nika:n mocha:n. Am I'm going to rest here in your house. Voy a descansar aquíen tu casa. Xmose:wi:ki! Am Come in (and rest, i.e., sit down for a while)! ¡Pásale (esto es, ven a descansar un rato)! (refl.) to calm down (a person who is agitated) (refl.) calmarse (una persona agitada) Pending Xmose:wi! Sie:mpreh kite:powili:s, yo:kinek. Am Calm down! In the end he will tell the story (i.e., what happened), he's agreed to it. ¡Cálmate! De por si lo va a contar (esto es, hacer público), ya estuvo de acuerdo. (with short vowel reduplication) to put out (e.g., a fire, such as that of a house burning, a wood stove, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apagar (p. ej., un fuego, como la de una casa en llamas, un hogar, etc.) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to cool (e.g., a hot liquid by pouring it from one container to another) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enfriar (p. ej., un líquido caliente al vertirlo de un recipiente a otro) Pending se: Check to determine whether /nose:wia/ can be used with a subject that is a disease or pain, e.g. /nose:wi:s kokolistli/, etc. Check final /h/ in /sie:mpreh/ in one of the example sentences above. Note that there is an obvious connection between /sektli/, /setl/, etc. on the one hand, and /se:wa/, /se:wi/, and /se:wia/ on the other. Perhaps a long vowel should be given as a root. Or two roots should be given (e.g., {se} and {se:}). The problem here is that of establishing a common root in /se:wi/ and /se:wa/. For now, the root determination of /se:wi(a)/ follows that for /-wi/ verbs in general. Plural; reduplication: note that in the phrase /xsese:wi un tekohli/ 'Put out those embers' the reduplicated form is used, according to one consultant, because there are various coals. According to Inocencio Díaz, the nonreduplicated form is used only in reference to lights (apparently only in reference to things that are put out all at once). For things that involve a repeated action of"putting out"apparently the reduplicated form is most often used, although a non-reduplicated form may also be used, e.g., <kam>xse:wi</kam> or <kam>xsese:wi</kam>. However, for lights and other electrical appliances only the non-reduplicated form is used. se:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02363 xola:wa noxola:wa xila:wa noxila:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-trans; ~Intrans class-3a(w) (refl.) to slip (as on a slippery surface or slope, ones feet flying out from under) (refl.) resbalarse (p. ej., sobre una superficie o piso resbaloso, una cuesta con la tierra floja, con los pies yendo rápidamente por adelante o atrás) Pending O:nimoxola:w, tlapa:stika:n. Am My feet slipped out from under me, the whole area is wet. Se me fueron los pies desde abajo, toda laárea estaba mojada. Tlaxola:wa, ma:ka timoxola:was. Am The area is slippery (e.g., an incline covered with loose earth, or that is wet, or that is smooth and hard, etc.), don't let your feet slip out from under you. Es unaárea resbalosa (p. ej., una cuesta mojada, o cubierta con tierra suelta, o con una superficie lisa y dura), no te vayas a resbalar. move xola: xola:wa; peya:wi <kam>Xola:wa</kam> has only been documented in reflexive form. Thus Molina gives <kn>xolaua. nino.</kn> 'resvalar.' RS adds a metaphoric use of <kn>tlaxolaua</kn> from Olmos <kn>tla-</kn> en s.f. respetar una cosa; <kn>tla-xolaua in ichantzinco in Dios</kn> (Olm.), 'la casa de Dios es venerada.' In its primary sense the verbal action refers to that of slipping on a wet surface, such as a slippery floor, and having ones feet slide out from under. The reflexive form (as opposed to an intransitive ? <kn>xola:wi</kn> most likely reflects that fact that this is a"one-person event"in which agent and patient reference the same individual. Oapan shows a vowel change from /o/ to /i/. The use of <kam>tlaxola:wa</kam> is a locative sense (e.g., a place that is slippery) is not entirely clear and should be further researched. One filecard has /sola:wa/. This is probably in error, but check. Check for possible transitive form with specific object. In one entry I had /sola:wa/. I have changed this: check. Also, determine the grammatical nature of /tlaxola:wa/, perhaps it is 'place that 'makes people slip''. Re: anticausative and nondirected alternation (also voice). Note that this verb apparently exists only in the transitive, but is used exclusively, or almost exclusively (this should be checked) in the reflexive. Certainly it would be a good idea to determine the nondirected alternation verbs that have only a transitive form often used reflexively to indicate a"one-person"event. Cf. /ala:wi/ and note that used intransitively it refers to things falling down (as in an avalanche type motion). Oapan phonology: Note change of o-to-i in /xila:wa/; other dialects have /xola:wa/. Note that both <klam>xola:wa</klam> and <klam>a:la:wa</klam> have meanings related to sliding and slipping. It would seem possible that <kam>xola:wa</kam> contains the root <kam>xo</kam> , related to 'foot' or 'leg.' 02364 temantli temantli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(n) rows of stones that have been lined up in-between the maize plants of a milpa hileras de piedras que han sido puestas en fila en medio de las matas de maíz de una milpa Am Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli. Am There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (the plow in this case) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been placed in the corn field. Va habiendo un sonido hueco, (la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz. domesticatedivate temana te man temantli; tewipa:ntli These rows of stones are placed along the mounds separating the furrows, in-between the maize plants. Often, after a field has been abandoned for several years, the <kam>temantli</kam> (rows of stones), are left behind on the surface, a visible reminder that the land had once been planted. My notes here are unclear. Under /lxo I have originally written"see <kloa>temantli</kloa>"; but this is not an entry for Oapan Nahuatl. Perhaps I had meant to write /temana/. 02365 yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia kiyekachi:lmo:lkwaltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-[N-N]-V3 V2-d-ca class-2a ~Intrans to give a bloody nose to sacarle sangre a la nariz de Am, Oa yeka chi:l mo:l kwa yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia Make sure that both /yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia/ and /yekachi:lmo:ltia/ are correct and identical in meaning. yekachi:lmo:ltia synonym Oa 02366 sakawa:wtli *sakawa:wtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-N Stem 1(w) type of grass not yet identified tipo de zacate o pasto todavía no identificado Am Sakawa:wtli | Wekapan, xkanah nokwi. Am <kam>Sakawa:wtli</kam> : It is tall, it's not used anywhere. <kam>Sakawa:wtli</kam> : Es alto, no se usa en ningún lado. plant xiwtli saka wa:w Although this name was in my notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores (Aug. 2001) stated that he was not familiar with this type of grass. None of the three consultants during the first botanical fieldwork session (Sept. 2001) were familiar with this grass. If no confirmation is forthcoming the entry should be removed. Check whether this is actually a type of /sakatl/. I had it recorded in only one place. If it is confirmed, then add it to the /ncx field under /sakatl/. 02367 tsakwtok tsakwtok tsahtok tsahtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat *V1-Stat Durative closed (a drawer, chest, etc.) cerrado (un cajón, baúl, etc.) Am, Oa jailed; locked up; incarcerated encarcelado Am, Oa tsakwa tlatsakwtok val_reduce0 Am tlatsahtok val_reduce0 Oa 02368 zzz This entry was originally /tlatlamanilia/. It has been deleted, at least temporarily, pending further research as to whether it needs a separate entry from /tlamanilia/. Check both /kitlatlamanilia/ and /tlatlamanilia/, etc.
24/Oct/2005
 02369 kwepa kikwepa kopa kikopa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a ~Intrans to turn over (sth lying flat, such as a tortilla on a <klamoa>koma:hli</klamoa>, a pillow on a bed, clothes inside-out, etc.) voltear (algo echado horizontalmente, como una tortilla sobre un comal, una almohada sobre una cama, ropa de adentro para afuera, etc.) Pending Xkwepa, tla:mo tlatlas! Am Turn it over (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle), if you don't it'll burn! ¡Voltéelo (p. ej., una tortilla sobre un comal), si no, se va a quemar! Xmokwepa, xkita! Am Turn around, look at it! ¡Voltéate, velo! to return (e.g., sth borrowed) regresar (p. ej., algo pedido prestado) Pending to change; to shift; to modify (a position, an opinion, sth said that one no longer maintains, etc.); to overturn (a decision) cambiar; modificar (una posición, algo dicho que ya no mantiene, etc.); voltear (una decisión) Pending (refl. + [noun]) to turn into [noun] (refl. + [sustantivo]) convertirse en [sustantivo]; volverse [sustantivo] Am, Oa Nopo:poxowa, nokwepa chichi. Am He rolls back and forth on the ground, she turns into a dog. Se menea sobre la tierra, se vuelve perro. (with <kam>tlato:hli</kam> or another indication of a communicative speech event) to translate; to interpret (con <kam>tlato:hli</kam> u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) traducir Pending Yewa kikwepas motlato:l, weli. Am He will translate your words, he can do it. él va a traducir tus palabras,él puede. Kikwepas tli:n nikito:s. Am He'll translate what I say. Va a traducir lo que digo. (refl. with intraverse directional prefix) to turn back; to start out and then turn back to where one departed (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) volverse (a medio camino); partir y regresar hacia donde se había salido Am, Oa Ikwa:k o:mitsitakeh, o:wa:hnokopkeh. Oa When they saw you, they turned back (to the place from which they had departed) Cuando te vieron, regresaron (hacia donde habían partido). Ipan o:me to:nahli o:niwa:lmokwep. Am I headed back after two days (there). Regresédespués de dos días. (refl. with extraverse directional suffix) to go and come back (refl. con prefijo direccional intraverso) irse (a un lugar) y regresar Am, Oa San o:nokwepato, xo:wekaw. Am He just went and came back, he didn't spend a long time there. Sólamente se fue y regresó, no tardóallá. (with <kam>tlato:hli</kam> or another indication of a communicative speech event) to miscommunicate; to change the meaning of (con <kam>tlato:hli</kam> u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) cambiar en significado de Pending (refl.) to turn around (e.g., a person, to look in a new direction) (refl.) voltearse (p. ej., una persona, para mirar en una dirección nueva) Pending (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to rotate or turn around; to toss and turn (e.g., while sleeping) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar vueltas; girar; agitarse, de un lado a otro (p. ej., en la cama al estar durmiendo) Pending Nokukwepa un letre:roh. Am That sign rotates. Ese letrero gira. Timokukwepa ika yewahli. Xkwahli tikochi. Am You toss and turn from one side to the other during the night. You don't sleep well. Das vueltas de un lado a otro durante la noche. No duermes bien. (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to go back and forth (e.g., walking in one direction then turning around and going back, moving to one side and then back to another, etc.) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir de un lado a otro (p. ej., caminando primero en una dirección para después voltearse hacia la otra, deslizándose a un lado y después al otro, etc.) Pending San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. Am You just go back and forth (come and leave), you are always forgetting something. Nada más vas y vienes, siempre se te olvida algo. Nokwe:kwepa, kaxa:nki moburroh. Am It slides from one side to the other (in this case a load tied on both sides of a donkey that wobbles, starting to fall over to one side, and then to the other), the load on your donkey is loose (i.e., the saddle to which it is tied). Se desliza de un lado a otro (en este caso una carga sobre un burro and va de un lado a otro), la carga estáfloja (esto es, estáfloja la silla a que estáamarrada). Tli:no:n o:kelka:w. Segi:doh nokwe:kwepa. Am What has he forgotten? He is always going back and forth. ¿Quése le habráolvidado? seguido va y viene. San onokwe:kwepa. Am He just goes there making trips back and forth (in this case from his house to the well, back and forth, one trip after another). Nomás va y viene, haciendo viajes hacia allá(p. ej., de su casa a un pozo, yendo y viniendo, un viaje tras otro). (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to have second thoughts; to oscillate back and forth (in ones opinion or decision; though often this is given as <kam>noyo:lkwe:kwepa</kam>) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) dudarse (en hacer algo); debatir con si mismo (en cuanto a tomar alguna acción; a menudo se da este como <kam>noyo:lkwe:kwepa</kam>) Pending Pe:wa nokwe:kwepa. Kamantika xoh kineki. Am She's begun to have second thoughts (in this case about marrying her boyfried). Occasionally she no longer wants it (the marriage). Ha empezado a tener dudas (en este caso de que si quiere casarse con su novio). De vez en cuando ya no quiere. (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to rotate; to revolve (e.g., a sign on a post) (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) revolver; girar (p. ej., un anuncio sobre un poste) Pending motion kwepa kweya:wa, etc. The difference between forms such as <kam>o:wa:lnokwep</kam> and <kam>o:nokwepato</kam> is difficult to precisely specify. It seems that the first is used more, particularly in Oapan, to indicate a situation in which the subject heads off in a certain direction and turns back before arriving at his or her destination. The second form seems to indicate that the subject arrived and then came back rapidly. However, the two forms may overlap in signification as indicated by the Ameyaltepec phrase <kam>Ipan o:me to:nahli o:niwa:lmokwep</kam>. Perhpas the difference rests on the intentionality or purpose of the subject, with the prefixed form indicating a turning back from a trip that had no specific goal whereas the suffixed form indicates going and coming back after achieving an intended purpose. Inocencio Díaz (Am) accepted the form <kam>o:nokwep</kam> as indicating a turning back whereas Roberto Mauricio (Oa) stated that <koa>o:nokop</koa> is used only to indicate a turning over in a single place. Check the wide ranges of meanings. Check whether /kwepa/ is used for turning clothes inside out, or whether one uses /i:xkwepa/. Check the meaning of nokweptok and whether it is only a progressive or can also mean something like a tortilla that is turned over, e.g., on a griddle. Oapan phonology: note kw>ko here, as in many places. kwepilia val_add_applic Am kopilia val_add_applic Oa 02370 kamanon kamanon kamano:n kamano:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-interog Adv-int when? at what time? ¿cuándo? Pending Kamanon tia:skeh? Am When will we go? ¿Cuándo vamos a ir? when (with embedded questions) cuando (con preguntas enterradas) Pending Xeniktla:lilia kamanon niá:s. Am I still haven't made a final decision as to when I will go. Todavía no he puesto la fecha para cuándo voy a ir. ma:san ma:si san kaman Check difference between /kamaniá:n/ and /kama:ntika/ and recheck vowel length. This will be applicable to /kamanon/. Vowel length of initial /a/ is problematic. It appears to be short, however. Nevertheless, this needs to be carefully studied as in one pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the acoustic duration seemed rather high for a short vowel. Check in other forms such as /kamantika/, /kamaniá:n/, etc. Definitely much study needs to be done on the length of final /on/ sequences. Oapan phonology: The final /o/ of Oapan Nahuatl /kamano:n/ seems definitely long. Whether this reflects a phonological rule for lengthening is not clear. 02371 zzz This entry was for /kuwtlatlatsi:n/ and it has been deleted as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
 02372 te:tsotsopits te:tsotsopits te:tsó:tsopíts te:tsó:tsopíts
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf yes to be prickly causar picor; picar Pending Te:tsotsopits xi:lo:motsontli. Am Corn tassles are prickly (e.g., when they enter ones eyes). Los pelos de elote causan picor (p. ej., al entrar en los ojos). tsopi: Check out all perfective base adjectivals. Adjectivals: Note /te:tsotsopits/, which is a perfective participle of /tsotsopitsa/. The grammatical formation is the same as that of /te:miktih/, etc. In general elicit all deverbal adjectivals by departing from transitive verbal bases. 02373 ekwanilia kekwanilia ékwanília ekwanilia kékwanília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to move (sth) for or on (sb) mover (algo) para, de o a (algn) Pending O:nitsi:ntechakwa:n, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah. Am I banged my rear hard (on the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me. Me golpeédura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla. hkwani tla-; indefinite null complement. Note that following phrase: /Xne:xtlayekwanili! O:kse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wan!/ 'Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another place.' In the first sentence or phrase the nonspecific object marker /tla-/ is used. Here it is not a case of ekwania verb_base Am ékwaniá verb_base Oa 02374 ma:ki:xtia kima:ki:xtia ma:ki:xtia kima:ki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to save (from danger, an attack, etc.) salvar (de un peligro, un ataque, etc.) Pending to free from an obligation (e.g., by performing community <spn>cargo</spn> service for, for taking on the obligations of, etc.) librar de una obligación a (p. ej., al cumplir con el cargo de, o asumir la obligación de algn) Pending Kima:ki:xtitok, ipa:mpa tekiti. Am He is assuming an obligation for him (in this case a village <spn>cargo</spn>), he is working (performing service) in his stead. Estácumpliendo con una obligación deél (en este caso un cargo del pueblo), estátrabajando (haciendo servicio) en su lugar. ma: ki:sa This verb is often used to refer to holding a <kam>cargo</kam> for someone else, either as a favor (for a relative or household member) or for pay. Note that I originally had a note that the verb /ma:ki:xtia/ was used ONLY to refer to holding a cargo in someone's stead. However, it would seem that the meaning of 'to save' is also valid. I have added this on the basis of my own understanding of Nahuatl, but it should be checked with a native speaker. ma:ki:sa verb_base Am, Oa 02375 plo:wetia pro:betia plo:wetia pró:wetiá pro:wetia poró:wetiá pró:wetiá, porówe:tiá
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>pobre</spn> No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) yes to become poor, broke, or destitute empobrecerse; quedarse sin dinero Am, Oa There are 4 additonal tokens from 5432. These should be tagged with 2375. As well, the four tokens from 5432 should provide the two that are linked here, since the quality of the recordings are better toward the end. Note that the 2nd male token from 5432 should be linked, as an example of /porówetiá/. plo:wetilia val_add_applic Am pro:beti synonym Am pró:wetí synonym Oa 02376 kukwepoka kukwepoka kokopoka kokopoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to bubble up (particularly water from a spring) burbujear (particularmente agua de un manantial) Pending kwepo: kwepo:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02377 nekwilkochi nekwilkochi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 S(iwi)-V1 V1-b class-3a(ch)(Am:long) to sleep crookedly dormir chueco Am O:ninekwilkoch, ne:chkukwa nokechpan. Am I slept crookedly, my upper back hurts. Dormíchueco, me duele la parte superior de la espalda. nekwil kochi Determine how to record the morphology (com category) of these types of compounds. Perhaps /-iwi/ verbs that form adjectives in /-tik/ incorporate in this manner. I do not remember any cases of /-iwi/ verbs that incorporate with the /-ka:/ participial form. Nor, for example, does /kochi/ incorporate with a participial form. In general all X-V forms should be analyzed and then a determination on compounding should be made. Certainly the most common are N-V and V-ka:-V; but S-V (where S= not noun/not participal) should be investigated. kechnekwilkochi synonym Oa 02378 monexe:wi monexe:wi mónexé:wi monexe:wi mónexé:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Op. pref. <kn>te-</kn> : <koa>temónexé:wi</koa> (Oa) class-3a(w) yes-lex to get dusty; to get covered with dust (particularly from white, dusty earth) empolvorearse; cubrirse de polvo (particularmente de tierra blanca y polvorosa) Pending to fade (e.g., clothes) desteñirse (p. ej., ropa) Pending O:monexe:w motlake:n. Am Your clothes have faded. Tu ropa se ha desteñido. mohnex monexe:wi; nexe:wi; tla:ltekwi:lo; kwitlanextla:lia; Cf. note for this root under <kam>ma:temonex</kam>. Check whether /monexiwi/ is correct and has an identical meaning. Check and compare to /nexe:wi/. Apparently these two words, /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also, it appears that /temonexe:wi/ and /temonexiwi/ are also equivalent to /monexe:wi/, but check. It is interesting that there are 3 forms: /nexe:wi/, /monexe:wi/ and /temonexe:wi/ that seem synonymous. Check carefully. Obviously /nex/ is a root as in /tlikonextli/, etc. The form /temonexe:wi/ is also found with the same apparent sense. However, to my knowledge /nexe:wi/ is not correct. Also note that a code for words ending in /e:wi/ should be developed. Check for the transitive form of this verb and whether if follows /tli:liwi/, /tli:le:wi/ and /tli:lowa/, or /chichi:liwi/, /chichi:le:wi/ and /chichilowa/. See also /nexe:wi/. nexe:wi confer Am monexiwi equivalent Am mónexíwi equivalent Oa 02379 cholowa cholowa cholowa cholowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b +Caus class-2b to flee; to run away fugarse; huir Pending O:choloh, o:nomamuwtih. Am He ran away, he got frightened. Huyó, se espantó. (often with <kn>-wa:n</kn>) to elope (with) (a menudo con <kn>-wa:n</kn>) fugarse (con) Pending I:wa:n cholo:s ino:bioh; itekiw kwala:niskia itah. Am She will elope with her boyfriend; her father would have gotten mad at any rate. Se va a fugar con su novio; de todos modos se hubiera enojado su papá. (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) to run over; to trample (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) atropellar; pisotear Pending Xmekwani! Ma:ka mopan cholo:s! Am Get out of the way! Don't let it trample you (e.g., an animal)! ¡Quítate!¡Quéno te vaya a atropellar (p. ej., un animal)! (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) to disobey; to counter and challenge (an authority such as parents) (<kn>-pan</kn> ~) desobedecer; desafiar; afrontar o arrollar (una autoridad como los padres) Pending Nopan o:choloh nokone:w. Xok ne:xtla:kamati, kimati san yewa tla:katl! Am My son has challenged me. He doesn't obey me anymore, he think's that he's the only man (e.g., in this household). Mi hijo ya me afrontó. Ya no me obedece, el cree que el es elúnico hombre (p. ej., en esta casa). (with long vowel reduplication) to walk or move fast (con reduplicación de vocal larga) caminar a prisa Am Ma:ka timoka:was! Xcho:cholo! Am Don't lag behind! Get a move on! ¡No te quedes rezagado!¡Apúrate! Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san. Am You will walk fast (in this case between a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go. Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten. Deke tito:kas ika ma:chos, melá:k ticho:cholo:s. Am If you plow with a team of mules, you'll be moving quickly (behind them). Si siembras con una yunta de machos, vas a estar corriendo (atrás de ellos). motion cholo Get all motion verbs that reduplicate with a long vowel to show fast motion. Note that the reduplication with a long vowel for certain verbs of movement indicates to move quickly, cf. /xne:nenemi/ and /xtla:tlaksa/, In Oapan I believe is /xto:toka/, check. I have not run into this use of long vowel reduplication elsewhere. Cf. my notes in Gram 1986-08-14.1. Cf. /cholwia/ and determine whether applicative in /cholowilia/ exists. cholo:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02380 ikxinekwil ikxinekwil
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap see <klam>ikxinekwilin</klam> véase <klam>ikxinekwilin</klam> Am heavens kxi nekwil ci:tlalin ixinekwilih synonym Oa 02381 zzz This was /xi:tekwetlaxio/ 'scrotom.' It has been removed from the dictionary.
30/Jul/2005
Only male: isolate but do not link in final dictionary version. 02382 tlatska:kwi:tia kitlatska:kwi:tia tlatska:kwi:tia kitlatska:kwi:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to infect (sb such as a work partner) with ones laziness contagiar (algn como un compañero de trabajo) con flojera Pending Mlá:k tine:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ke:n titlatski! Am You really infect me with your laziness, you are really lazy. De veras me contagias con tu flojera, eres muy flojo. to cause one to not want to work or carry out a task or chore (particularly tasks [S] that cause either physical or mental exhaustion) darle flojera a (particularmente tareas o acciones [S] que causan agotamiento físico o mental) Pending Ne:chtlatska:kwi:tia, ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltia. Am It makes me not want to do it, it exasperates me. Me da flojera hacer, me exaspera. tlats kwi <klamoa>Tlatsiwilia</klamoa>and <kam>tlatska:kwitia</kam> are in some ways similar, with the task being the grammatical object of the former and the grammatical subject of the latter. Compound forms of verbs; participles: Note that in /tlatska:kwi:tia/ the first element is a shortened participial form of /tlatsiwi/. This shortening seems to occur only, or mostly, with /-iwi/ intransitives. 02383 polo:ltia polo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a see <klamoa>tlapolo:ltia</klamoa> véase <klamoa>tlapolo:ltia</klamoa> Pending pol <kamoa>Polo:ltia</kamoa> is a causative of the transitive <klamoa>polowa</klamoa>but has not been documented yet in the Balsas region without the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. However, Classical Nahuatl (Molina) gives many acceptations of <kn>pololtia</kn>, all as trivalent verbs: <kn>pololtia. nicno</kn> 'desechar, o olvidor el enojo, o pena que tenía' and <kn>pololtia. nicte</kn> 'hazer desechar a otro el enojo, o el vicio que tiene.' Perhaps this entry should be removed. tlapolo:ltia val_reduce2 Am, Oa 02384 xoko:hka:poyé:k xoko:hka:poyé:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj Part-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia -Intrans; ~Trans to taste bitter and salty ser amargo y salado Am xoko poye In the one documented case of <kam>xoko:hka:poyé:k</kam> , it was used to refer to the taste of Alka-Seltzer. 02385 yo:ltepi:stik yo:ltepi:stik yo:ltepi:stik yo:ltepi:stik
24/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be tough of character; to be hard-hearted; to be tenancious; to be able to endure adversity (e.g., a person who does not cry or break down when scolded or beaten, or who shows little tendency to back down when their compasion is appealed to) tener un caracter duro; estar firme en el parecer; ser tenaz; no perder el control; tener un caracter que no se rinde y no se da por vencido (p. ej., algn que no llora y no pierde el tenertrol al ser regañado o golpeado, o que no cambia de parecer frente a súplicas que buscan compasión) Pending character yo:l tepi:ts Mention the possibility of this root containing /te/ of /tetl. 02386 ma:imati ma:yemati noma:imati má:yemáti ma:yemati nomá:yemáti
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> yes-lex (refl.) to have hands that are accustomed (e.g., to a given sequence of motions or tasks, to a certain tactile situation, etc.) (refl.) acostumbrarsele las manos a (algn, p. ej., a una dada secuencia de movimientos o tareas, a una cierta sentir de las cosas, etc.) Pending Yo:nimoma:imat, o:nikelka:w o:kekwanikeh. Am My hands have gotten accustomed (in this case to the presence of an object in a given place), I forgot that they moved it. Mis manos se acostumbraron (en este caso a la presencia de un objeto en un lugar dado), se me olvidóque lo movieron. ma: hmati It is not clear which of the two pronunciations (with /ye/ or /i/) is more common; my impression at this point is that the former is more common. In the example sentence above the original transcription has <kam>ma:imati</kam> and this has been retained here for now. It also seems for the Oapan form that the Check meaning again. Perhaps 'to be agile with ones hands' Check form for presence of /h/: mahihmati, ma:ihmati??? etc. Check vl as carefully as possible. The sound on both of FMs pronunciation is very tinny and this word should be re-recorded. Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ Cf. notes under Gram 1985-07-22.1. Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ 02387 tekimiktia kitekimiktia tekimihtia kitekimihtia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca ~Intrans class-2a to exhaust from overwork; to overwork agotar con trabajo a; hacer trabajar demasiado causando agotamiento a; sobrecargar de trabajo a Pending Kitekimiktia isuwa:w, kikokoxka:tilia. Am He overworks his wife, he makes her sickly. Hace trabajar demasiado a su esposa, la hace enfermar. teki miki Check for intransitive form of this verb. Perhaps get a less offensive illustrative phrase. 02388 tlama:kwe:cho:hli tlama:kwe:cho:hli tlama:kwe:cho:hli tlama:kwe:cho:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 sth ground up in ones hands (such as dried hot red peppers) algo molido o triturado en las manos (como chile rojo) Oa ma: kwe:ch Check to determine that the ending is /-chihli/ and not /cho:hli/. Recheck length. 02389 xa:yakamomotsowa kixa:yakamomotsowa xa:ya:te:motsowa kixa:ya:te:motsowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Oa); Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Am): <kam>xayakatemomotsowa</kam> rdp-s Am, Oa te- Oa class-2b to grab and scratch the cheek or face of (e.g., in a fight) jalar o rasgar la mejilla de (p. ej., en una pelea) o a la cara de Pending Xikxa:yakamomotso! Am Grab him by the cheek! ¡Agárrale por la mejilla! xa:yaka mots According to Florencia Marcelino the form <kn>xakayamomotsowa</kn> is not correct because <kn>momotsowa</kn> refers to the action of pulling out completely (e.g., in weeding). However, in this case with <koa>te:motsowa</koa> one only grabs at. This entry, along with several others containing the verbal stem <kamoa>momotsowa</kamoa> manifest several interesting aspects of Oapan phonology. In the present case, intervocalic /k/ is lost, leaving what appears to be a long vowel, at least acousticallly. It has so been transcribed. Consultants in Ameyaltepec indicated that the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> is possible in this construction as a infix to the left of the verbal stem. However, in Oapan it seems to have been lexicalized as functions here as a"dummy"morpheme, manifesting the reduplicant as a lengthened vowel in the syllable <kn>te:-</kn>. Particularly important here will be to determine whether there is an underlying {h} in /momotsowa/. Check for /h/; it should be absent. Second female pronunciation is better than first. 02390 zzz This entry was originally /tlatekokopi:nilia/ with the sense of 'to give a hand job to.' I have eliminated it and need to check its correctness.
09/Aug/2005
Perhaps thsi word should be eliminated. Check with Christino. I do not have the meaning; if this is eliminated, also eliminate the xref to it in entry #5425. 02391 tlatla:sa tlatla:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V1-b class-3a to abort (an animal) abortar (un animal) Am O:tlatla:s moburrah, o:kone:wets. Am Your donkey aborted, it lost its offspring. Tu burra abortó, perdiósu cría. to lay eggs (birds and fowl) poner huevos (pájaros y aves) Am birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) tla:sa birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) Determine whether /tlatla:sa/ can be used for snakes, turtles, and other animals that lay eggs. tla:sa minus_tla Am 02392 pawia kipawia páwiá pawia ['pa wi 'a] kipáwiá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a yes-lex to sprinkle poison on (e.g., an anthill to kill the ants); to sprinkle pesticide on (plants) echar o rociar veneno a (p. ej., un hormiguero para matar a las hormigas); echar o rociar pesticida a (plantas) Pending Kipawi:s un tsi:kameh. Am He's going to sprinkle poison on those ants. Va a rociarle veneno a esas hormigas. to poison; to give poison to (e.g., animals such as dogs) envenenar (p. ej., a animales como perros) Pending to fertilize; to place fertilizer on or around (plants; particularly with <kam>tsina:kankwitlatl</kam> or <kam>tsontekwitlatl</kam>) fertilizar; echar fertilizante a (plantas; particularmente con <kam>tsina:kankwitlatl</kam> o <kam>tsontekwitlatl</kam>) Pending Kipawi:s ichi:l. Am He will place fertilizer on his chile. Le va a echar fertilizante a su chile. pah agriculture (perhaps have a special section on fertilizers, etc.) In Ameyaltepec <kam>pawia</kam> is used most commonly to refer to the action of sprinkling some sort of poison on an anthill of <kam>tsi:kameh</kam> in order to kill them, or on other animals to kill them or make them go away. One may also use <kam>pawia</kam> to refer to the action of poisoning a dog, with <klam>patli</klam>. Note that <kam>pawia</kam> refers to the action of killing something with"yerba"and not to the action of curing with medicine. However, it is also used to indicate the action of fertilizing a plant, apparently by sprinkling fertilizer at its roots (much as one does with pesticide). Finally, note that Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan <kloa>pátlí</kloa>as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec <klam>tsina:kankwitlatl</klam>. On one file card I mention that when ants are poisoned, they are poisoned with /patli/, which consists of panela and tlayoltixtli. Check this. Oapan orthography: A distinction should be made between the orthography used in the lexicon and the practical orthography. One convention might be for p-a lexical items that are two-place predicates (or transitive verbs). When these are consonant initial then it seems that a preceding apostrophe might be appropriate as the p-a will always fall on the preceding morpheme (usually an object marker). 02393 kabaye:teh kabaye:teh
11/Feb/2006
caballete N N-loan N1 tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small"beam,"usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called <klam>tlapextli</klam> , that are bundled together in a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called <klam>kaltsonko</klam> caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la"viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado <kam>tlapextli</kam> , que corre por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como <klam>kaltsonko</klam> Am contruct-part kahli Occasionally the <kam>kabaye:teh</kam> is made of a bundle of <kam>tlapextli wa:n sakatl</kam> 'cactus rods and straw.' Note that FM and IJ gave /tsopilote:rah/ as equivalent to Am /kabaye:teh/. However, in the entry for Am /tsopilote:rah/ there is also Oa /tsopilote:rah/. Thus it may well be that the two terms are equivalent and that the Oapan equivalent of /kabaye:teh/ is distinct. Check. Check for possessed form. Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1 tsopilote:rah confer Oa 02394 chachakwa:toh chachakwa:toh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-hisp Gender; pl. <kam>chachakwa:tos</kam> to have a rough or pockmarked face (a person) ser cacariso(a) Am Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl Am He has a pockmarked face, pimples (i.e., a bad case of acne) roughened up his skin. Es cacariso, las espinillas que se le salieron (por la cara) le dejaran la piel muyáspera. chakwa: Apparently <kam>chachakwa:toh</kam> is derived from Nahuatl <klamoa>chachakwaka</klamoa>. There is Spanish influence in the vowel lengthening and <kam>-toh</kam> ending, as well as in the plural formation and gender specificity. The meaning is probably related to <kn>chachakwa</kn>, which RS glosses as 'ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto.' Molina does not list this intransitive but has <kn>chachaquatza. nitla</kn> 'chapatear en el lodo.' Check to make sure this can only refer to humans. Also elicit the word /chachakwa/ and cf. to RS definition:"ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto."Determine whether any other iterative forms are nominalized. Perhaps /kwa/ of /chakwa/ is related to the root /kwa/ 'eat:' Cf: entry under /chakayolowa/. ta:takaltik confer Oa 02395 tomioh tomioh tómiyóh tómiyóh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-denom-yoh yes (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be hairy; to be fuzzy (an animate) (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (un ser animado) Pending (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to be fuzzy (objects such as felt) (por lo común reduplicado tener vocal corta) ser pelludo (objetos como el terciopelo) Pending tohmi Check that felt can be described as /totomioh/. 02396 ki:xtia kiki:xtia ki:xtia kiki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to take out or remove (from inside a container, as a rabbit from a hat, or a person from a house) sacar (de un recipiente, como un conejo de un sombrero, o de un lugar encerrado, como una persona de una casa) Pending O:kwa:lki:xtih itomi:n, yewa kitlaxtla:was. Am He took out his money, he will be the one to pay. Sacósu dinero, va a serél quien paga. to obtain a good result from; to successfully complete (a task) obtener un buen resultado de; cumplir conéxito (una tarea) Pending Xo:kiki:xtih kwahli, a:man oksepa kichi:was. Am He didn't get a good result (of sth he was attempting to do or make, i.e., it didn't turn out well for him), now he's going to have to do it again. No le salióbien la primera vez (algo que estaba intentando hacer), ahora le toca volverlo a hacer. (refl.) to engender a child with ones looks (said of the mother or father; lit. 'to copy oneself') (refl.) engendrar un hijo con la apariencia de uno (dicho de la madre o del padre, lit. 'copiar a si mismo') Pending O:noki:xtih, pa:mpa san no: yewa itlachialis. Am (It is said that) he (or she) <kam>o:noki:xtih</kam> because he (the child) has the same appearance (as the parent). (Se dice que)él (o ella) <kam>o:noki:xtih</kam> porque (el niño) tiene la misma apariencia (que el padre o madre). (with short vowel reduplication, and often with <kn>tla-</kn>) to repeatedly take out and show (particularly merchandise sold itinerantly) (con reduplicación de vocal corta, y a menudo con <kn>tla-</kn>) sacar y mostrar repetidas veces (particularmente mercancía vendida por ambulantes) Pending Nitlakiki:xtia, xnitlamoya:wa. Am I go around selling itinerantly (i.e., taking merchandise out and repeatedly showing it to people), I do not spread my wares out (on the ground or a table). Ando vendiendo (esto es, como itinerante, repetidamente sacando la mercancía para mostrarla), no pongo (la mercancía) plano (sobre una mesa o el suelo). (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to glean (particularly <spn>mazorcas</spn> that have fallen in a field after harvest; also pieces of wood, for firewood, that have been left in a field cleared for planting) (refl.) espigar; recoger lo dejado en el campo (particularmente mazorcas que se ha quedado atrás en la milpa después de la cosecha, o leña que se recoge tirada en un campo apenas limpiado para sembrar) Pending Nimokiki:xti:s, nitlayo:wia. Am I will glean the field, I am poor. Voy a espigar, soy pobre. motion agriculture ki:sa agriculture; merchandizing ki:sa verb_base Am, Oa ki:xtilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02397 yzzz we:weh we:weh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-b to be large (in size) ser grande (de tamaño) Oa we:weh The extent of the use of <koa>we:weh</koa> to indicate largeness needs to be fully explored. It is often used in noun-adjectival compounds to indicate the largeness of the noun, e.g., <kloa>michwe:weh</kloa>'large fish.' However, it does seem that occasionally Oapanecos will use <koa>we:weh</koa> in the sense ascribed to it in Ameyaltepec, although in general the former tend to use <kloa>ma:noh</kloa>in such circumstances. The true range of use of <koa>we:weh</koa> in Oapan still needs to be investigated. bie:joh synonym Am 02398 i:sah ma:ka i:sah i:sah ma: i:sah
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm (<kam>ma:ka ~</kam>) not right away (i.e., Don't do it right away!) (<kam>ma:ka ~</kam>) no luego luego (esto es, no lo hagas luego luego) Pending Ma:ka i:sah! Tutoh! Am Don't do it (in this case touch it) right away! It's hot (speaking to child)! ¡No lo hagas (en este caso tocarlo) luego luego!¡Estácaliente (hablando a un niño)! Ma:ka i:sah! Am Just a moment (not right away)! ¡Un momento (no luego luego)! i:san Check the etymology of this word. Also note problem of usage, I only have negative occurrences as in the above examples, but this should be rechecked, i.e., is a non-negative acceptable. Obtain other examples. Finally, although I have recorded this with final /n/ I am not so certain whether this is a correct transcription. In another case I have recorded /isah/: /ma:ka isah/ contrasts with /ma:ka isa/ 'Don't let him wake up' (i.e. a person who is in the process of waking up) although the form /ma:ka isas/ meaning 'Don't let him wake up' (if the person is not yet stirring) is more common an dused, perhaps to avoid confusion with /ma:ka isah/. Florencia Marcelino first gives /ma:í:sá/ characterized by high pitch on the final vowel, and a phrase-final glottal stop. The meaning of this phrase is not entirely clear. It might be a (reduced) reduplicated form of /ísá/ with the negative optative preceding it. The final 3 utterances are all of this entry: /ma: i:sah/, however the first of the 3 is more of an interrogatory and should not be linked. One of the last two, perhaps the penultimate is the most indicated. The /i:/ seems long, although this too needs to be thoroughly checked. When reviewing this dictionary the CD/sound should be reviewed. 02399 wicha:chin wicha:chin wicha:chih wicha:chih
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Stem 4 tree in Spanish called <spn>huizache</spn>, member of the Malvaceae family huizache, tipo deárbol de la familia Malvaceae Am, Oa plant kohtli wicha: The etymology of <kam>wicha:chin</kam> is uncertain, though it may contain the root for 'thorn' (<kroot>wits</kroot>). Schoenhals states, under huizache:"1. (<i>Acacia farnesianna</i>) 'acacia,' 'sweet acacia,' 'sponge tree.' A common tree in warm, arid areas. The acacia whose fragrant, yellow, puff-ball blooms give the only note of color to the dry central plateau in January and February. Also called binorama, espinillo, subín, mimosa, vinorama. 2. (<i>Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco</i>) 'bird-of-paradise.' See cascalote."Ramírez (1991) identifies this as <i>Acacia farnesiana</i>and, in Spanish, as <spn>huisache</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:100) have the same identification of the <spn>huizache</spn>, of the family <i>Leguminosae; mimosoideae</i>and the genus/species <i>Acacia farnesiana</i>. 02400 je:nteh je:nteh je:nteh je:nteh
11/Feb/2006
gente N N-loan N1 generous or good person (one that is willing to share what they have with others) persona generosa o buena (uno que estádispuesto a ayudar a otros, a prestarles lo que tiene) Pending Yewa je:nteh, mitspale:wi:s. Am He's a good person, he'll help you. Es una buena persona,él te va a ayudar. people gente; personas Pending For Florencia Marcelino use 2nd token. Plural in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan is <kamoa>je:ntes</kamoa>, never ? <kn>je:ntewa:n</kn>. 02401 tsi:ntebo:lah tsi:ntebo:lah
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>bola</spn> Adj Adj-loan Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> to have a fat ass tener las nalgas grandes o gruesas Am Titsi:ntebo:lah, xtonakis. Am You have a fat ass, you're not going to fit in (to a space). Tienes las nalgas grandes, no vas a caber. tsi:n <kam>Tsi:ntebo:lah</kam> is apparently the opposite of both <klam>tsi:npitentsi:n</klam> and <klam>tsi:nkanawa:k</klam>. It has only been documented in reference to women. tsi:ntewe:i synonym Oa 02402 pai pai páí pai páí
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-4a(oni) yes-lex to drink a herbal remedy beber un brebaje medicinal Pending Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas! Am He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him! ¡Estátomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar! pah i: <kam>Pai</kam> is used in reference to taking certain types of local herbal medicines,"de monte,"such as <kam>chikimolin</kam> or <kam>sese:ktsi:n</kam> , which affect ones senses and are used to combat the effects of witchcraft. Determine precisely those medicines that are considered to be taken and referred to by the verb /pai:/. This is definitely a short /a/ and derived from /pahtli/, as evidenced in the pronunciation in S. Juan Tetelcingo: /-pahi:/ and /pahi:tia/. Use first token from Florencia (FM). pai:tia val_add_caus Am 'paí:tia val_add_caus Oa 02403 zzz This was an entry for Am toponym /Ia:pan Po:yoh/, now in a separate database.
30/Jul/2005
 02404 tlaxi:kopi:nahli tlaxi:kopi:nahli tlaxi:kopi:nahli tlaxi:kopi:nahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 shedded skin (e.g., of a snake) piel mudada (p. ej., de una serpiente) Pending flaky sections of skin (e.g., like those on a newborn baby) secciones de piel hojaldrada (p. ej., como la de un niño recién nacido) Pending Mokone:w yo:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni, yo:pe:w xixio:ti. Kipia itlaxi:kopi:nahlo. Am Your (in this case newborn) child has started to have parts of his protective skin covering (with which he was born) come loose, it has started to flake off. He has a thin covering of skin (with which he was born). A tu niño (en este caso recién nacido) ya se le empezóa desprender parte de la piel (con que nació), ya empezóa pelarse. El tiene como una capa de su piel. xi: kopi: Almost identical in meaning to the headword <kamoa>tlaxi:kopi:nahli</kamoa> is an abstract form <klamoa>tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl</klamoa>, which has an inalienable-type possessed construction: <kamoa>i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo</kamoa>. Note that this is also analyzable as the present headword plus the intrinsic possessed suffix <kn>-yo</kn>. Original sentence re: /kipia i:tlaxi:kopi:nahlo/ did not have /-yo/ ending (ie. was /i:tlaxi:kopi:nal/. However. C. Flores said this was incorrect. tlaxi:kopi:nahlo:tl synonym Am, Oa 02405 tla:lnekwtli tla:lnekwtli tla:lnehtli tla:lnehtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) honey made by the insects called <kloa>tla:lnehtih</kloa>or <klam>tla:lnekwteh</klam> miel hecha por los insectos llamados <kloa>tla:lnehtih</kloa>o <klam>tla:lnekwteh</klam> Pending food-wild tla:l nekw tla:lnekwteh confer Am 02406 si:marrón si:marrón kuwtli si:marrón
11/Feb/2006
cimarrón N N-loan N1 tree of the Bursera family, with red flowers that bloom in the dry season; also called <klam>si:marrón xo:chitl</klam> tipo deárbol con flores rojas; también llamado <klam>si:marrón xo:chitl</klam> Am Ramírez (1991) has an entry for <kam>tetekolo:tsi:n simarron</kam> although this is said to have white flowers. She states that it is of the family <i>Rubiaceae</i>and in Spanish is called <i>granjel</i>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have as <spn>granjel</spn> a tree of the <i>Rubiaceae</i>family named <i>Randia echinocarpa</i>. While these might be the <kam>tetekolo:tsi:n simarron</kam> , this may well not be equivalent to this entry, <kam>si:marrón</kam>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>simarrón</spn>. plant kohtli flower Check to determine whether this is the same as /si:marrón xo:chitl/ or whether the second refers only to the flower. Check vowel length of final /o/ since in many filecards I have recorded a long vowel. Also make sure that it is accented and that the proper form is not /si:márron/. kohxio:tlámó:hli equivalent Oa 02407 tlano:kia tlano:kia tlano:kia tlano:kia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V1-b class-2a to have diarrhea tener diarrea Pending disease no:ki tlano:kia; a:pi:tsa <kam>Tlano:kia</kam> derives from the verb <kam>no:kia</kam> with the nonspecific prefix <kn>tla-</kn> (here an indefinite null complement) and that has been lexicalized to mean 'diarrhea.' <kam>No:kia</kam> is found in other compounds, such as <klam>tsono:kia</klam> , but has not to date been documented as an independent verb. However, Classical does have the verb listed, as in Molina's two entries <kn>noquia. nic</kn> 'tener enfermedad de camaras' and <kn>noquia. nitla</kn> 'verter o derramar alguna cosa líquida.' Note that to signify 'to have diarrhea' Classical seems to use the specific object <kn>k-</kn> where Ameyaltepec and Oapan have the nonspecific object. Check to see if the verb /no:kia/ is found in the simple form. If it is, add it to an /xbtl field for this entry. Indefinite null complement; /tla-/: Note the verb /tlano:kia/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl meaning 'to have diarrhea.' Molina has <kn>noquia. nic</kn> 'tener enfermedad de camaras.' Although a contextual use of the latter is not given, the implication of the entry is that /nicnoquia/ means 'I have diarrhea.' If this is the case, then Classical has the 3rd-person specific object marker as an indefinite null complement here, whereas Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has the nonspecific /tla-/. In general /ki-/ is not used for this purpose in Ameytepec, though cases do arise (e.g., /kipia/ 'he has money'; and /kite:tlane:wtia/ 'she lends it (i.e., sex) to people'). 02408 Wepan Wa:pan Wepan Wa:pan Wa:pah Wa:pan
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-pan N1(loc) Oapan Oapan Pending toponym owa a: -pan Use final token of FM. 02409 ko:tsmatiltik *ko:tsmatiltik ko:tsmatiltik kó:tsmatíltik ko:tsmatiltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) Pending to be constantly tripping over ones own leg estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna Pending ko:ts matil Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. Check for possible verbal forms. Use first token from FM 02410 poxa:wi poxa:wi poxa:wi poxa:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to become loose (a rope or cord tightly twined and twisted whose strands have started to come apart) aflojarse (una soga o cuerda cuyos hilos estaban apretados pero que se han empezado a aflojar) Pending Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw. Am It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out. Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando. poxa: xiti:ni; poxa:wi Check other potention subjects of /poxa:wi/, such as braids? Orig. I had 'to crumble (e.g., a rock or stone of brittle consistency, such as <klam>tla:la:mo:hli</klam> , a hardened, green clay)' but C. Flores denied that this was correct. Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make sure all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this. Note that many words of the -wi/wa alternation preceded by a long /a:/ have the following forms: toma:wi, toma:wa, (te)tomaktik, toma:wak. Check all such words and make sure all entries are in the dictionary where applicable. If a form is missing, note this. 02411 yzzz se: se:
22/Oct/2005
Interj interjection used by women from Oapan to express surprise at what another has said, somewhat like English 'humph' interjección utilizada por mujeres de Oapan para expresar sorpresa por lo que otra persona ha dicho, algo como el español 'caray' Oa Gender: female Contrary to what I had previously thought, this interjection is characterized by a long /e:/ (the total is over 150 ms in some utterances). This is a female word and therefore all 4 4 tokens are by FM; use the 4th, and last, as a token for this entry.Later, compare the acoustics of this interjection to the numeral /se:/. 02412 peroh peroh pero 'ero pero
22/Oct/2005
Coord Coord but pero Pending Note that the last token of FM appears to be the best; avoid all that sound like questions. Vowel length is uncertain here. 02413 na:miki kina:miki na:miki na:mi'i kina:miki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to meet encontrar Pending Me:roh yewa te:na:miki ika mú:sikah. Am He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta). Esél mero quien espera a los músicos (p. ej., recibiéndolos con mescal o bebida, por ejemplo, cuando llegan al pueblo durante una fiesta). to be right for; to be appropriate for; to be just compensation for ser justo para; ser apropiado para; ser correcto para (dada las circumstancias); ser lo merecido para Pending Kwahli ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa:s i:n. Am It suits me well to eat this. Me queda bien comer este. Xkina:miki. Am It's not right (i.e., it's not the appropriate response or action in the circumstances, perhaps it was an overreaction). No le es apropiado (p. ej., no es la reacción apropiada en las circumstancias). Ihkón kina:miki. Am That's what he deserves. Esto es lo que merece. Xkina:miki tli:n tikchi:wtok. Am What you are doing is not appropriate. No le viene lo que estás haciendo. Seki niman kite:maka tli:n kipia, ya despwé:s xok kitlakwaltian, wa:niba:les niman kihlian,"ihkón mitsna:miki. Tle:ka niman o:tmak tli:n tikpia? Am Some (in this case men) give away (to their children in inheritance) what they have right away. Later they (the children) don't feed him (the father) and his friends then say to him,"That's what you deserve. Why did you give him what you had right away? (i.e., you should have waited until you were on your deathbed). Algunos (en este caso hombres) luego luego dan (a sus hijos en herencia) lo que tienen. Después ya no le dan de comer. Y sus amigos luego le dicen,"Asílo mereces.¿Por quéle, diste lo que tenías luego?"(esto es, hubieras esperado hasta que estuvieras a punto de morir). to be the right size for ser la talla correcta para Pending Ne:chna:miki nowera:ch, kwahli ne:chasi. Am My sandal fits me, it's just the right size. Me queda mi huarach, me queda bien. Xkita deke kina:mikiite:ntsahka. Am See if its top is the right size for it. Ve si le queda su tapón. (recipr.) to meet; to meet up (persons) (recipr.) encontrarse; reunir (personas) Pending Ne: timona:mikin. Am We'll meet up there. Allínos encontramos. (recipr.) to border (e.g., one piece of property on the other) (recipr.) compartir un lindero; encontrarse (dos terrenos, etc.) Pending Ne: nona:mikin un toba:les ikainkorrá:l. Am There is where our friends' fences meet. Allíes donde se encuentran las cercas de nuestros amigos. Ka:sta nona:mikin? Am Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)? ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)? (<kn>-wa:n</kn> plus refl.) to border on; to meet up with (<kn>-wa:n</kn> con refl.) lindar con; encontrarse con Pending Tetetlan iwa:n nona:miki A:poye:ka:n. Am Tetetlan borders on Apoyecan. Tetetlan linda con Apoyecan. (with short vowel reduplication) to help out (in a task that requires that one is constantly helping another complete minitasks) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ayudar (en una tarea que require que uno siempre estáayudando a otra persona acabar con repetidas tareas pequeñas) Pending Kinana:miki ii:joh. Am His son helps him out (in this case in a task in which the son meets up with his father repeatedly, such as stripping corn leaves from the stalk, starting from the opposite end of each furrow and heading toward his father). Su hijo le ayuda (en este caso a cumplir una tarea, yendo a encontrar a su padre una vez tras otra, por ejemplo en el zacateo, empezando al lado contrario del surco). na:miki There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in <koa>tlanamá:s</koa> for <koa>tlanamakas</koa>, or <koa>tlapá:s</koa> for <koa>tlapa:kas</koa>. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with <koa>kiní:</koa> for <koa>kineki</koa> and <koa>kina:mí:</koa> for <koa>kina:miki</koa>. /Me:roh yewa te:na:miki i:ka músikah./ 'He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta).' Recheck the translation. Here /i:ka músikah/ refers to the object, the people received. In this sense it is much like an antipassive with /tla-/. However, another reading would have it being"he greets (people) with music"and here"music"would be the music and musicians who go out as part of the greeting party. The translation needs to be checked. Check the example with short vowel reduplication (should it be long?). Also check whether a separate meaning sense is appropriate for long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa i:n/ and if this would be correct without the reduplication with long vowel (or what the difference would be without any reduplication). Oapan abbreviation/acopation: There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in <koa>tlanamá:s</koa> for <koa>tlanamakas</koa>, or <koa>tlapá:s</koa> for <koa>tlapa:kas</koa>. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with <koa>kiní:</koa> for <koa>kineki</koa> and <koa>kina:mí:</koa> for <koa>kina:miki</koa>. Cf. entry under /na:maka/ in regards to root analysis and etymology. nana:mik confer Am na:miktia val_add_caus Am na:mihtia val_add_caus Oa 02414 tenexkokoyá:k tenexkokoyá:k
11/Feb/2006
Adj (N-N)-S-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans to have too much lime estar pasado de cal Am Tenexkokoyá:k nonextamal. Am My <klam>nextamahli</klam> has too much lime in it. Mi nixtamal tiene demasiado cal (estápasado de cal). te nex koko hya: The root /koko/ might be related to the root /koko:/ in words such as /koko:ya/ and /kokó:k/. tenextésokwíya:k synonym Oa 02415 nepane:wi nepane:wi nepane:wi nepane:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) estar sobrepuesto; cruzar (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) Pending Yewa nepane:wis. Am That one will lay across (in this case in reference to the part of a <kam>calzón</kam> , or its counterpart in a wrap-around skirt, that crosses over in front of the body) Ese va a estar sobrepuesto (en este caso la parte de un calzón, o de una falda que se cierne sobre la cintura, que cruza enfrente y se coloca sobrepuesto a la otra parte) (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled or placed one on top of another (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado, amontonado, o colocado uno sobre el otro Pending Tlanne:nepantik un yewa de itlan, pa:mpa u:nkah seki ne:nepane:wi itlan. Am 02415_01_am Cristino Flores: 00001_00050_CF_AM_mono_pitch_correction_x2.wav / 20:45 <kam>Tlanne:nepantik</kam> that's about his teeth, because there are some whose teeth grow on top of each other. <kam>Tlanne:nepantik</kam> es acerca de sus dientes, porque hay algunos cuyos dientes salen uno arriba del otro. nepan See notes under <kam>nepaniwi</kam>. One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here. nepaniwi equivalent Am, Oa nepaniwi confer Am, Oa 02416 kamapolowa nokamapolowa kamapolowa nokamapolowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi +Refl/-trans class-2b (refl.) to stumble over ones words, mispronouncing them (refl.) enredarsele la lengua a uno Pending Nokamapolowa, xkipanki:xtia. Am He stumbles over his words, he doesn't pronounce them right. Se le enreda la lengua, no pronuncia las palabras bien. kama pol tlatowa: document types of speech Perhaps discuss here different ways of speaking: /popoloka/, /nokamapolowa/, /nenepochiwi/, /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. Check to see if only reflexive form is used; also check to see if intransitive is used. 02417 ke:itlah ke:tlah ke:itlah ké:tlá ké:tlá
11/Feb/2006
Subord yes as if; just like; like for example como si; como por ejemplo Am, Oa Wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. Am It (in this case a plant) falls over to the ground. It lays flat out on the ground, it's like it folds and shrivels up. Se cae (en este caso una planta) al suelo. Queda tirado sobre el suelo, es como que se encoge y se marchita. San ke:itlah newa nikoni:skia. Am It's as if I would have drank it. Es como si yo lo hubiera bebido. Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi. Am It's as if you weren't born. Es como si no nacieras. Ke:itlah... Am Like for instance... Como, por ejemplo... like; you know (i.e., a word used as a crutch) como (esto es, una palabra utilizada como muleta) Pending The etymology of this form, and the reason for the pitch-accent in the Oapan cognate <koa>ké:tlá</koa> is not clear. It is possible that the derivation is from <kn>ke:n</kn> + <kn>itlah</kn>, although more likely perhaps would be an analysis that included <kn>tla:</kn>, 'if' in many dialects. This second possibility would yield an etymological analysis of <kn>ke:(n)</kn> + <kn>tla:</kn>, which would account for the long /e:/ and the absence of final /h/, although problematical would be the alternate Ameyaltepec pronunciation <kam>ke itla</kam> (which should nevertheless be rechecked). The Oapan form has a definite long initial vowel /e:/. and pitch accent on both syllables. Neighboring dialects should be checked for cognate forms. The Ameyaltepec situation will become clarified upon recording and analysis. This form and the proper orthography should be thoroughly checked. It seems that often the pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /ke: itla/ (or perhaps /ke: itlah/, check for final /h/). However, in Oapan the form /ké:tlá/ seems to be correct. Check. Also the etymology of this is not clear. The same may be said for /kea:man/, where the /e/ seems short. Check for final /h/ and possibility of long final /a:/. I originally had this analyzed as /ke:/ plus /itlah/ and thus wrote it with a final /h/. However in listening to a few recordings I think that there might be a final glottal stop. Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In seve ra l recordings I seem tohear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. Check if /h/ is in SJ form. The problem of final vowels is getting difficult to resolve. They definitely do not seem unusually short. Indeed, final vowels followed by a glottal stop still seem long. 02418 tlamachilistli tlamachilistli tlamachilistli tlamachilistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(s) knowledge; wisdom; understanding; common sense conocimiento; entendimiento; sabiduría; sentido común; juicio Pending Xkipia itlamachilis. Am He has no common sense. No tiene sentido común. opinion; point of view; thought opinión; punto de vista; pensamiento Pending San se: itlamachilis. Am He can only think of one thing (i.e., has a one-track mind, has only one thought). Solamente puede pensar en una cosa (esto es, solamente tiene un pensamiento). San se: totlamachilis. Am We have the same ideas (are of one mind). Tenemos las mismas ideas (somos de un solo parecer). mati The length of the vowels are definite as recorded, which differ from Carochi who has the /i:/ of /chi:/ marked long (Lockhart p. 208; Carochi fj. 54) in <kn>tlamachi:liztli</kn> 'sabiduría' as well as <kn>tlamachi:lizyo:tl</kn> and <kn>tlamachi:lizço:tl</kn>. 02419 na:wtetsi:n na:wtetsi:n ná:htetsí:n ná:htetsí:h ná:htetsí:n
11/Feb/2006
Num Pr-num (just) four (objects, referring back to sth that is already a topic of discourse) (solamente) cuatro (objetos, refiriéndose a algo que es tópico del discurso) Pending Xne:chnamakili nokoya:res, san na:wtetsi:n. Am Sell my necklaces for me, but just four of them. Vende mis collares para mí, pero solamente cuatro de ellos. na:wi te The precise semantics (and morphophonology) of <kn>-tetsi:n</kn> still needs to be determined, i.e., the difference between <kam>na:wi</kam> and <kam>na:htetsi:n</kam>. The first element of the ending may be related to the old numerical classifier <kn>tetl</kn>, found in Classical Nahuatl. It also appears that whereas numerals may be used in a modifying function, the numerals with <kn>-tetsi:n</kn> may not. The presence of pitch accent on the Nahuatl form for all numerals endings in <kn>tetsi:n</kn> is hard to explain. The easiest explanation would be if the underlying form were {na:wi + teh + tsi:n}. Note that all other numerals that in Oapan end in <koa>tetsi:n</koa> manifest a pitch-accent pattern suggestive of undering {h}. Determine the possibility of /na:htetl/ and its meaning as opposed to /na:htetsi:n/. Finally, determine the use of /tetl/ with numerals, apparently only used to refer to inanimate objects: sentetsi:n, o:ntetsi:n, etc. 02420 zzz This entry has been moved to the toponym database: /Kuhxoxokioh/.
30/Jul/2005
 02421 tlama:chichi:wtli tlama:chichi:wtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Lex. rdp-s Stem 1(w) handmade hecho a mano Am Tlama:chichi:wtli, xtlakowahli. Am It is handmade (i.e., locally), it isn't store bought. Es hecho a mano (localmente), no es comprado (esto es, fabricado). ma: chi:wa Although the nominal derivation <kam>tlama:chichi:wtli</kam> has been documented in Ameyaltepec, the verbal base, ? <kam>ma:chichi:wa</kam> is not. The opposite is true for Oapan, which has a documented verbal form, <kloa>má:chichí:wa</kloa>, but no apparent nominalization. má:chichí:wa confer Oa 02422 te:tsa:wia kite:tsa:wia te:tsa:wia [te: tsa: 'wi a] kite:tsa:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to have a foreboding or premonition about tener un mal agüero o premonición sobre Pending Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis. Am Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die. Tu perro aulla como coyote porque tiene un mal agüero acerca de tí. Te vas a morir. Ma:ski xmiki, kicho:kilia itah. Kitete:tsa:wia. Am Even though he hasn't died, his father cries for him. He has an evil omen about him. Aunque no se ha muerto, su papállora porél. Tiene un mal agüero sobreél Nimistete:tsa:wia. O:ne:chasik a:tinteh, o:na:tiyowak. Am I have a premonition about you. Lice got on me, I've gotten full of lice. Tengo un mal agüero sobre tí. Me cubríde piojos, me empiojé. O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik. Am He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died. Tiene una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió. te:tsa: In general <kam>te:tsa:wia</kam> refers to the act of having a bad omen about the death of someone close, particularly a family member such as a parent, wife, child, sibling, cousin, or aunt or uncle. Originally I had the following notes:"The subject of this verb may be either the person who has or perceives the bad omen, or to the sign itself, which announces a foreboding occurrence."However, this should be checked. 02423 ikximelaktik ikximelaktik
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik to have a stiff leg that can't be bent tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar Am kxi mela: Apparently identical in meaning to /ikxito:pi:ltik/. This should be checked. Add an ono entry for all types of foot positions, etc. /ikxikwepaltik/, /ikxito:pi:ltik/, /ikximelaktik/, etc. ikxito:pi:ltik synonym Am ixipeya:stik synonym Oa 02424 tlatkitia kitlatkitia tlatkitia kitlatkitia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to request of (that sth be brought back) encargar (algo que se va a traer) a Pending Ma nimistlatkiti a:sukar! Am Let me ask you to get (buy and bring back) some sugar for me! ¡Deja que te encargue azúcar (para que me lo traigas)! Nikte:tlatkitia nochi:l, xok nikpia. Am I've asked someone to acquire chile for me, I don't have any more. Le pedía alguien que me consiguiera chile, ya no tengo. (refl.) to make oneself responsible; to assume responsibility (refl.) hacerse responsable; asumirse la responsabilidad Pending Notlatkitia yewa para ma kwa:hki tli:n kona:watian. Am He takes the responsibility of bringing back what he has been told to. Asume la responsabilidad de traer lo que se le ordenó. (refl.) to take as ones own (the property of another; Ameyaltepec synonym: <klam>wa:xka:tia</klam>) (refl.) adueñarse de (tomando la propiedad o pertenencias de otro; sinónimo Ameyaltepec <klam>wa:xka:tia</klam>) Oa tki The derivational process for <kam>tlatkitia</kam> is not entirely clear. It is apparently a ditransitive verb, with two objects, as clearly indicated in <kam>nikte:tlalkitia nochi:l</kam> (where the primary object is <kn>te:</kn> and the second object is <kam>nochi:l</kam> , with both overtly marked). <kam>Nimistlatki:tia a:sucar</kam> also has two objects, a primary one in the second person and a second object (<kam>a:sukar</kam>) not overtly marked on the verb. However, since <kam>itki</kam> is transitive and the causative <kam>itkitia</kam> (found in Classical) would be ditransitive, one might expect <kam>tlatkitia</kam> to be simply transitive, with the nonspecific object marker <kn>tla-</kn> reducing the valency of <kam>itkitia</kam> by one argument. This does not seem to be the case. The other possibility is that <kam>tlatkitia</kam> is a denominal verb derived from <kam>tlatkitl</kam> 'property' or 'material good' (itself a deverbal nominal derived from <kam>itki</kam>). But here too, considering the usual valency of denominal tr ansitive verbs using <kam>-tia</kam> one would expect a simple transitive. Thus the problem of derivation remains unsolved. Finally, note that in Ameyaltepec it is unusual for reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs to manifest an object marker on the verbal stem. Thus one finds <kam>nokowilia nakatl</kam> 'he buys meat for himself' rather than <kam>kinokowilia nakatl</kam> , which is a form found in other dialects (such as that of Oapan). Thus the reflexive use <kam>notlatkitia</kam> might well be a complement taking verb, with the complement clause being the responsibility assumed. Note that in Classical Nahuatl, it appears clear that there are two derivational processes yielding <kn>tlatkitia</kn>. As a transitive verb it is apparently denominal. Thus Molina has <kn>tlatquitia. nite</kn> 'enagenar algo, o embiar alguna cosa a otro.' The use of <kam>-tia</kam> in this construction is identical to its use in words such as <klam>kaltia</klam> , i.e., 'to provide [Noun] to.' However, there is also a reflexive and tra n sitive form: <kn>tlatquitia. nicno</kn> 'usurpar, o aplicar para si alguna cosa.' In /timitsontlatki:ti:s/ determine whether the object is to be brought back, or whether the subject (agent) moves to given the request"there,"etc. Also, determine true valency. Note that RS has tlatquitia. ninotla or nicno as"apropriarse de una cosa, usurparla."Nicnotlatquitia in teaxca 'me apropio los bienes de otro.' Also, Nite or nic- 'vender, enajenar una cosa de alguien' as nic-tlatquitia in teaxca in nopiltzin 'doy los bienes ajenos a mi hijo.' In this sense the derivation seems to be a denominal verb: tlatkitl + tia in the sense of 'provide Noun for' (as in /kaltia/, /cha:ntia/, etc.). Check to see if this denominal meaning occurs in Balsas Nahuatl. If so, perhaps create two entries, one for the V2-tla form and the other for the V2-d-tia. Check what the meaning of /nimitsontlatkiti:s/ is. Is the charge sent to sb at a distance, or does the person charged (primary object) travel outwards, or does the subject move. Check with Michel re transitivity here. itkitia minus_tla Am 02425 zzz This entry, /ko:ntrasole:rah/, was eliminated as a replicate.
26/Apr/2002
 02426 kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow i:kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N2 hat sombrero Am kwa: se:w This word is never used in conversation but simply as a"test,"by some people (who probably heard it elsewhere), to see how"mexicano"one really is. There are other"test words"for hat, however. Note how the possessed marker <kn>-w</kn> is present, even though nouns with final <kn>-o:tl</kn> generally do not overtly mark possession with a suffix. Vowel length in <kam>kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow</kam> is uncertain. 02427 papayotsi:n papayotsi:n pápáyotsí:n papayotsi:n pápayótsí:n pápáyotsí:h; pápayótsí:h
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>tí:páyotsí:h</koa> N1 yes-rdp someone who is crazy; someone who has lost his senses loco; persona que ha perdido los estribos Oa pahpa Check for /papayotl/; however, in general this seems to be paired with /papayotik/. Check vowel length. Check: either /pahpahyotsi:n/ or /pahpayohtsi:n/. If the former change to /pahpah/, or better, /pah/ as root, with redupicant yielding /pahpah/. Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in <kloa>tétéyotík</kloa>. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí:n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully r echecked. Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. Pitch accent; stress reassignment. Note that /pápáyotsí:n/ has 3 high pitches on a 4 syllable (5 mora) word. Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in <kloa>tétéyotík</kloa>. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí: n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked. kwa:papayoh synonym Am 02428 tekpa:ntla:lia kitekpa:ntla:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a (recipr.) to line oneself up (e.g., persons who are going to start work in a field when they line up at the end of each furrow they are to work, racers at the beginning of a race) (recipr.) colocarse en línea (p. ej., trabajadores antes de empezar a entrar a una milpa, cuando todavía están frente al surco donde van a empezar a trabajar, corredores al principio de una carrera) Am tekpa:n tekpa:na; tekpa:ntla:lia; wi:pa:na Determine the difference between /tekpa:na/ and /tekpa:ntla:lia/; the only filecard I have of the latter discusses the reflexive use in which individuals line themselves up at the start of working in furrows in the /iswatekilistli/. There is no mention in the original card of lining up at the start of a race, although this would seem to fit the characteristics of the documented definition. However, uses should be determined and and difference with /tekpa:na/ clearly stated. Also determine nature of /cat field for this entry. Should it be N-V2; if so, determine whether /tekpa:ntli/ exists as a noun. tekpa:na synonym Oa 02429 kwa:sa:lowa kikwa:sa:lowa kwa:sa:lowa kikwa:sa:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to tie a cloth around the forehead of; to wrap around the head (figuratively speaking) of ceñirle una tela a la frente (a veces hablando metafóricamente) de Pending O:timokwa:sa:loh, mitskukwa motsontekon. Am You tied a cloth around your forehead, you have a headache. Amarraste una tira de tela por la frente, te duele la cabeza. Xkwa:sa:lo momulah para tiksi:yati:skeh, mahki. Am Tie a cloth around the forehead of your mule (and pull it down over her eyes) so that we can saddle it, it is skittish. Amárrale una tela por la frente de tu mula (y jálala para que le tape los ojos) para poderle poner la silla, es asustadiza. Nowe:ilia, nochi ta kikwa:sa:lowa. 02429_01_oa Oa It (in this case the Sorrelvine, <l>Cissus trifoliata</l>) grows long, all of it, until it wraps around the upper parts (of a tree or bush it is growing on). Crece largo (en este caso la planta <l>Cissus trifoliata</l>) todo, hasta le envuelve la parte superior (de un árbol o arbusto sobre el cual está creciendo). to tie (e.g., palm) end to head atar (p. ej., la palma) cabo a cabo Oa kwa: sa:l Check for intransitive form. In second phrase check vowel length in /tiksi:yati:skeh/ and in /mahki/. 02430 i:xpi:na:wi i:xpi:na:wi í:xpipi:ná:wi í:xpipi:ná:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V2-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to look embarrassed or to have an embarrassed look on ones face (e.g., because of sth one has done); to be embarrassed or timid to show ones face (and reluctant to speak, be seen, or be spoken too, etc.) tener una cara de avergonzada (p. ej., por algo hecho); tener pena en dejarse ver (y tener vergüenza de hablar o conversar) Pending I:xpi:na:wi, mono:biah katka. Am She is ashamed to show her face, she was your girlfriend. Le da pena mostrarse la cara, fue tu novia. i:x pi:na: Apparently this verb usually occurs in reduplicated form, <kam>i:xpipi:na:wi</kam>. Check if reduplicated form is more common and whether, indeed, both occur. Cf. to /pipina:wi/, which apparently does not occur in non-reduplicated form. 02431 kuwxiwtlan kuwxiwtlan kohxihyoh kohxihyoh
22/Oct/2005
Loc N-N N-loc-1 place with many bushes or shrubs lugar con muchos matas y arbustos Pending kow xiw -tlan 02432 sanki sanki o:mik sankina:mah sankina:mah
11/Feb/2006
Adv-tm just recently; just a short time ago apenas; recientemente; hace poco Pending Sanki o:mik. Am He just died (a short time ago). Se murióhace poco. Sanki o:yah. Am He just left. Apenas se fue. san All consultants gave <kam>sanki o:mik</kam> as the equivalent of <kam>san kimich o:mik</kam> ; thus it may that the former is an abbreviated form of <kam>san kimich</kam>. <kam>Sanki</kam> has been entered as one word since the sequence /ki/ does not seem to occur independently. Moreover, <kam>sanki</kam> appears to be fairly uncommon. I only remember hearing it once, on 16 Mar. 1984, after several years of fieldwork. Cristino Flores stated that it is not a word used in Ameyaltepec. kemech confer Am 02433 aí:k aí:k
11/Feb/2006
Adv-tm never; never again (emphatic) nunca; (nunca) jamás (enfático) Am Aí:k wa:hlaw. Am He never comes anymore. Nunca viene. Aí:k nikita. Am I never see him at all. No lo veo nunca. ah i:k <kam>xkaman</kam> 02434 yzzz tó:moa:stílin tó:moa:stílin
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-in Stem 4 yes-lex type of cactus as yet unidentified tipo de cactus hasta ahora todavía no identificado Oa plant xiwtli to:moh a:stil Silvestre Pantaleón (of Oapan) mentioned this type of cactus, for which no cognate has been registered from Ameyaltepec or San Juan Tetelcingo. 02435 ontestok ontestok ontestok ontestok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative (<kam>san kwahli</kam> ~) to be in a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole) (<kam>san kwahli</kam> ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero) Pending San kwahli ontestok, xkaxa:ntok. Am It is a good fit, it isn't loose. Justamente cabe, no estáflojo. Xikxixi:ma se: klabi:jah, san kwahli ma ontesto -=ma tili:nto, ma tili:ntia, etc.-! Am Cut a rivet that is a good, tight fit! ¡Corta un remache que va a caber bien apretado! on- tes The etymology of <kam>ontestok</kam> is uncertain. <kn>On-</kn> is clearly a deictic prefix, referring to the fact that the fitting is 'in there.' However, given the fact that in Ameyaltepec /ts/ before /t/ becomes /s/, the underlying root may be either <kn>tes</kn> or <kn>tets</kn>. To date no comparative evidence has been found that might resolve this question. <kam>Ontestok</kam> (which takes any of the inflections found with <kn>-tok</kn>) refers to an object, the grammatical subject, that fits tightly into a space. Apparently ? <kam>wa:ltestok</kam> does not exist. In one of my notes I have /san kwahli ontestoya/, which I have noted as the same as /san kwahli ontestiah/ 'it went to fit right in'. Determine whether the /-tiah/ ending is the past of /-tiw/ and, if so, whether /-tiw/ may also be used, as in /ontestiw/. Check if /ontestitiw/ is correct. onaktok confer Oa 02436 mekato:ktli mekato:ktli mekato:htli mekato:htli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(k) beam temporarily placed horizontally on the outside of the roof of a thatched hut that enables workers to stand on it and attach the thatching to parts they could not otherwise reach viga que se coloca horizontalmente sobre la parte exterior del techo de una casa de palma o zacate; los trabajadores se paran sobre ello para poder alcanzar las partes altas del techo donde tienen que colocar palma o zacate Pending tool me:ka to:ka kahli The etymology of <kam>mekato:ktli</kam> is uncertain, although it seems that <kam>meka</kam> 'twine' is a part of this word. Check vowel length of the final /o/. Also check occurrences of /-to:ktli/. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Make illustration 02437 isihka:n isihka:n íská:pan iska:pan íská:pan
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm yes-lex right away, rapidly luego luego; pronto Pending hsi The Oapan form is often found in the diminutive: <koa>íska:pántsi:n</koa>. The etymology of this word seems related to <kam>isiwi</kam> or <koa>ísiwí</koa>. Check first vowel; is this a possessed form with /ka:n/ karre:rah synonym Am kare:rah synonym Oa 02438 xi:ni xi:ni xi:ni xi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl class-3a to fall and scatter on the ground (or other flat surface, objects such as seeds, precipitation, etc.); to fall out (e.g., small objects from their natural locations) regarse, caerse esparcido por el suelo (u otra superficie plana, cosas como semillas, lluvia u otros tipos de precipitación); caerse (objetos pequeños de sus posiciones naturales) Pending Yo:pe:w xixi:ni notlayo:l, yo:tetsomo:n noxikipi:l. Am My corn has started to spill out onto the ground, my sack has gotten a big rip in it. Mi maíz empezóa regarse por el suelo, se rompiófeo mi costal. Xok mlá:k kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok. Am It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down. Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más estácayendo una brizna fina. Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli. Am It's started to drizzle on and off (in reference to a very light, intermittent drizzle). Ya empezóa lloviznar por ratos (se refiere a una llovizna muy ligera e intermitente). O:tlan tlankopi:ni, ye bie:joh, o:tlan xi:ni itlanwa:n. Am He has finished losing his teeth, he's already old, his teeth have winded up all falling out. Se acaba de perderse los dientes, ya es viejo, terminaron de caer sus dientes. O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli. Am Maize spilled out all over. Se regómaíz por todos lados. to fall over onto the ground (e.g., plants with blight); to get completely exhausted (people and animals from illness or overwork, etc.) tirarse por el suelo (p. ej., plantas con peste); agotarse (personas o animales de enfermedades o sobretrabajo, etc.) Pending O:xi:nkeh, o:noma:kokokeh, xoktekitiskeh. Am They gave out, their legs started to hurt them, they won't work anymore (e.g., animals pulling a plow). Se agotaron, quedaron adoloridos de las piernas, ya no van a trabajar (p. ej., animales jalando un arado). Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. Am My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got affected by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). Ya se empezóa pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzóa disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó(esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). (~ <kam>kwilimeh</kam>) for worms [S]) to cover or infest the surface (e.g., of meat, plants, etc.) (~ <kam>kwilimeh</kam>) cubrirse o infestarse la superficie de gusanos (p. ej., algo como carne, plantas, etc.) Pending Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh. Am Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested). Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman). xi: xiti:ni; xi:ni The verbs <kamoa>xi:ni</kamoa> and <klamoa>xiti:ni</klamoa>are similar though have slightly distinct meanings. <kamoa>Xi:ni</kamoa> is used mostly to refer to 'falling and scattering' on the ground or other flat surfaces, particularly in reference to many small, indistinguishable objects, generally mass nouns (e.g., seeds, coins, grass fodder, etc.). Thus things that fall out of bags, precipitation that falls on the ground, teeth that fall out of ones mouth, etc., are events that are all described by the verb <kamoa>xi:ni</kamoa>. As a transitive verb, <klamoa>xi:nia</klamoa>refers mostly to scattering, such as the action involved in tossing maize and copal during divination ceremonies. On the other hand, <kamoa>xiti:ni</kamoa> seems more to be reserved for actions such as those that occur when a wall crumbles, or the rocks on the surface of a cliff start to come loose and fall down. The verb <kam>xi:ni</kam> is found with the incorporated noun <klam>kwilin</klam> (worm) to indicate a material object (the subject of the compounded verb) whose surface becomes covered with worms (e.g., <kam>kwilxi:nis un nakatl</kam> 'that meat will get covered with maggots'). Apparently this use of <kam>xi:ni</kam> is related to its signifying 'to scatter'; cf. <klam>xi:nia</klam>. Antipassive: /O:tlaxixi:n ika tlayo:hli/ 'Maize spilled out all over.' The difference between this and /o:xixi:n notlayo:l/ is difficult to determine. Apparently the antipassive form highlights the situation, and the intransitive highlights the subject. Other than that it is difficult to determine the difference. Reduplication with long vowel: Note /Yo:pe:w xi:xi:ni tlapayawtli/ 'It's started to drizzle on and off (refers to a very light drizzle)' My notes for this phrase indicate simply that the reference is to a light drizzle. However, apparently this derives from the fact that the rain is on and off, scattered over time. This should be checked, but would agree with the meaning of long vowel reduplication in such forms as /tli:tlikwi/, which has been documented elsewhere (see /tlikwi/). xi:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02439 tlatetekestiw tlatetekestiw tlá:tekétsotíw tlá:teketsotiw tlá:tekétsotíw
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2-asp V2-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Irregular, see <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa> yes-rdp to fall over backward, head over heels (with ones feet flying up in the air) caerse hacia atrás con los pies volando para arriba Pending O:tlatetekestiah; o:wets chika:wak. Am He fell backward head over heel; he fell down hard. Se cayófuertemente hacia atrás con los pies volando hacia arriba; cayófuerte. te ketsa The morphology of the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are slightly different. The Ameyaltepec term derives from an aspectual marking on the transitive verb <kam>teketsa</kam> with short vowel reduplication and an indefinite null complement, <kn>tla-</kn>. The Oapan form apparently derives from an alternate transitive verb <koa>teketsowa</koa> that has not been documented elsewhere. The lengthening and pitch accent on the initial syllable, the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>, derived from reduced reduplication. The final high-low-high pitch sequence derives from an underlying {h} in the short (perfective) stem of the <kn>-owa</kn> -final verb. Check for /teketsowa/. teketsa minus_tla Am, Oa 02440 tlakakalastiw tlakakalastiw
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2-asp V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> Irregular: see <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa> (fig.) to die (lit. 'to go along making a rattling sound') (fig.) morir (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido de traqueteo') Am De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts. Am In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back. Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso. kala: kakalatsa minus_tla Am, Oa 02441 chi:chiwa:tsi:n chi:chiwa:tsi:n chi:chiwa:tsi:n chi:chiwa:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-l N1 type of tree of the family Burseraceae that when cut excretes a milk-like sap tipo deárbol de la familia Burseraceae que al cortarse sale savia parecida a la leche Pending plant kohtli chi:chi Although the derivational process of this word is not completely clear, it obviously is related to the root found in <klamoa>chi:chi</klamoa>. Derivational process unclear although obviously contains root /chi:chi/. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>árbol lechero</kam>. C. Flores def. has long final /a:/. Check length of /a:/ and first /i:/. 02442 tla:ltekwyoh tla:ltekwyoh
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia Compl to be dusty ser polvoroso; estar cubierto de polvo Am Mlá:k tla:ltekwyoh, ye kipia ye:i to:nahli xnotsetselowa. Am It's really dusty (e.g., a blanket), it's been three days since it's been shaken out. Estámuy polvoroso (p. ej., una cobija), ya tiene tres días que no se sacude. tla:l tekw Check pronunciation and orthography. My original filecard had /tla:ltekwioh/, which would have /kw/ as onset. Also note that C. Flores here and elsehwere seems to pronounce /tla:ltekwiyoh/. tla:ltemolohyoh synonym Oa 02443 tlampaya:ni tlampaya:ni tlampaya:ni tlampaya:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a for ones teeth to crumble and fall apart (from decay) desbaratarsele los dientes a (al pudrirse) Pending Tlampapaya:ni, xok wel tlakwa:s. Am His teeth has started to crumble and rot, he won't be able to eat well anymore. Se le desbaratan y pudren los dientes, ya no va a poder comer bien. tlam paya: Note that whereas <kam>tlampaya:ni</kam> is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, <klam>tlampapaya:na</klam> is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. In <kam>tlampaya:ni</kam> the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover, is possessed by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g., <kam>nitlampapaya:ni</kam> 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form <kam>tlampapaya:na</kam> the noun is essentially the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of crushing is inevitably a repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under <kam>tlampapaya:ni</kam>. Note that whereas <kam>tlampaya:ni</kam> is entered without a reduplicated verbal stem, <klam>tlampapaya:na</klam> is found with a reduplicated stem. The reason is the semantic role of the incorporated noun. In <kam>tlampaya:ni</kam> the incorporated noun is essentially the thematic patient of an unaccusative verb and, moreover, is possessed by the grammatical subject. Thus verbal reduplication represents the plurality of the incorporated noun (i.e., when more than one tooth has crumbled, e.g., <kam>nitlampapaya:ni</kam> 'several of my teeth have crumbled,' or 'I have several crumbled teeth.' In the incorporated form <kam>tlampapaya:na</kam> the noun is essentially the instrument of a transitive construction, in this case that with which an object (the grammatical object and semantic patient) is crushed. Since the action of crushing is inevitably a repeated action, the verbal stem is always found reduplicated; hence the entry under <kam>tlampapaya:ni</kam>. This case would represent an interesting example o f the problems of lexicography with nominal incorporation. tlampapaya:ni confer Am 02444 sa:ntokupahli sa:ntokupahli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>santo</spn> N N-complex Stem 3 resin from a copal tree (known in Oapan as <kloa>kopalpo:tsahli</kloa> resina delárbol conocido como el <kloa>kopalpo:tsahli</kloa> Am plant part kopal 02445 chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex type of flower tipo de flor Am Chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl, ki:sa kwa:k yo:kiaw; deke yo:ixwak ipan ma:kwi:hli to:nahli yo:po:n. Am The flower known as <kam>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</kam> appears after it has rained; if it has already come up, by the fifth day it has bloomed. La flor llamadaas <kam>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</kam> aparece después de la lluvia, síya brotóla semilla, florece dentro de cinco días. plant fl(pend) chi:l xo:chi Although Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan <koa>a:skalxo:chitl</koa> was the same as Ameyaltepec <kam>chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl</kam> , she was not sure. Fieldwork will be necessary to sustain or negate this identification. flower Florencia Marcelino thought, but was not certain, that the /a:skalxo:chitl/ is the same as the /chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl/. However, th a:skalxo:chitl equivalent Oa 02446 zzz This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356. This entry had been for /kalwa:xin/ but this is duplicated at record 06356. Number all pronunciations here in sequence for 06356.
30/Jul/2005
 02447 zzz This entry was for /Sakakomolko/, now on the Am toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 02448 ma:to:ne:wa kima:to:ne:wa ma:to:ne:wa kima:to:ne:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi[e] +Compl class-3a(w) to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the arm or hand of hacer el brazo o mano arder a (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) Pending Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. Am It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. Le quema las manos. No puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo estáflojo. ma: to:n Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root. 02449 te:lpo:chchika:wi te:lpo:chchika:wi te:lpo:xchika:wi te:lpo:xchika:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to pass (a male) beyond the customary age for marrying rebasar (un hombre) la edad apropiada para casarse Pending Yo:tite:lpo:chchika:w, xe timona:miktia. Am You've become a mature young man (some 20 to 25 years of age), you still haven't gotten married. Ya eres un hombre maduro (de como 20 a 25 años de edad), todavía no te has casado. age te:lpo:ch chika: te:lpo:xtli After passing the age at which a man has undergone the change of state indicated by <kam>te:lpo:chchika:wi</kam> he enters the state at which he is referred to as <klam>te:po:chwe:we:ntsi:n</klam> , i.e., some 25 or 30 years of age, with little chance of marrying. te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n confer Am, Oa te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n confer Am 02450 aka xne:chaka
11/Feb/2006
see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> véase <klamoa>maka</klamoa> Am maka <kam>Aka</kam> is an Ameyaltepec alternative form of the ditransitive verb <kam>maka</kam>. It is used when immediately to the left of the verb stem there is an object prefix that ends in a non-nasal consonant: <kn>ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-,</kn> and <kn>(a)me:ch</kn>, e.g., <kam>Ne:chakas i:burroh</kam> 'He will give me his donkey.' The shortened <kam>aka</kam> is not used in Oapan. 02451 tli:lowa kitli:lowa tli:lowa kitli:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to till the earth of (a field being prepared with a plow for planting) labrar el suelo de (un terreno con un arado en preparación para la temporada) Pending Yo:tlan kitli:lowa itla:l. San tli:liwtok. Am He has finished turning over the earth of his field, it just looks totally black (from the fresh upturned earth). Ya terminóde arar su terreno, estáquedando todo negro (por la tierra recién volteada). tli:l mihli Another transitive verb (<klamoa>tli:hlo:tia</klamoa>) derived from the nominal root <klam>tli:hli</klam> does not communicate this sense of 'to till,' which is limited to <kam>tli:lowa</kam> , the transitive alternate to <klam>tli:liwi</klam>. Note on one file card states that /tli:lowa/ is definitely correct, not /tli:hlowa/. It seems that the former is the transitive alternate to /tli:liwi/ whereas the latter is the inchoative, of the causative /tli:hlo:tia/. Check all meanings. 02452 to:ka:yo:tl to:ka:yo:tl to:ka:yo:tl to:ka:yo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-d-yo:tl name nombre Pending San se to:ka:yo:tl. Am There is just one name (e.g., for a given object, or for two people with an identical name). Solamente hay un nombre (p. ej., para un objeto en particular, o para dos personas con el mismo nombre). to:ka: Check for possibility of possessed form /ito:ka:yo/ (with glottal stop, not /h/). Make sure link is to only word of this spelling. to:ka confer Am, Oa 02453 ye:rbah de o:lpeh ye:rbah de go:lpeh ye:rbah de o:lpeh
11/Feb/2006
golpe N N-complex N1 type of herbaceous plant of the Laminaceae family, still not identified tipo de planta herbácea de la familia Lamiaceae, todavía no identificada Am Ye:rbah de o:lpeh | Deke o:tiuwets, ika ipotokyo mistoto:ni:skeh. Am Costa Venancio <kam>Ye:rbah de o:lpeh</kam> : If you fell hard, its steam will be applied to you (where you have the bruise or <spn>golpe</spn>). <kam>Ye:rbah de o:lpeh</kam> : Si caiste fuerte, su vapor se te aplica para calentarte (en el lugar del golpe). Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant although he does not know it, nor would be able to recognize it. He thought is was a type of <kam>xiwtli</kam>. Apparently this is because this plant is more commonly referred to as <kam>ye:rbah de bese:rroh</kam> in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. plant xiwtli ye:rbah de bese:rroh equivalent Am, Oa 02454 samach samach kón semach sa: semach
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv so indeed asíde veras Pending Samach tewa! Am So indeed it was you! ¡Asíque fuiste tú! (<koa>sa:</koa> ~ [verb]) every moment (<koa>sa:</koa> ~ [verbo]) a cada rato Oa Sa: semach tlakwa. Oa He eats very often. Come muy seguido. san mach The etymology of Ameyaltepec <kam>samach</kam> and Oapan <koa>semach</koa> appears to be <kn>san</kn> plus <kn>mach</kn> although the relation of this derivation to the meaning of phrases like Oapan <koa>sa: semach</koa> is not entirely clear. More examples of use and meaning will need to be obtained. RS lists under <kn>mach</kn>, <kn>çan mach</kn> 'nada más', <kn>tla</kn> ximo-cahuacan,çan mach an-tlatoa (Car.), 'acabad, no hacéis más que hablar.' Check whether this is always used with /sa:/ in both villages. 02455 te:pa:ktih te:pa:ktih te:pa:htih te:pa:htih
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be pleasing; to make people happy ser agradable; ser algo que da placer o gusto Pending pa:ki Check devoicing of vowel. 02456 koko:hli i:koko:l kókohlí nó:kó:l
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 yes (as vocative: <kam>koko:l</kam>) 'grandfather'; term of address used with ones grandfather and great-grandfather, as well as the same relatives in relationship to ones spouse, or the father and grandfather of ones godparents (como vocativo: <kam>koko:l</kam>) 'abuelo'; término para dirigirse al abuelo o bisabuelo de uno o de su coyuge, y al padre o abuelo del padrino o madina de uno) Am (arc.: <kam>koko:l</kam>) address term that Ameyaltepequeños formerly used to an elder man of the village (arc.: <kam>koko:l</kam>) término que anteriormente Ameyaltepequeños usaban para dirigirse a ciudadanos de mayor edad Am grandfather abuelo Pending ko:l kin and fictive kin Note that although Ameyaltepequeños used to use <kam>koko:l</kam> as a term of greeting for elder men of the village (as <ktet>tió</ktet>in San Juan and <koa>ma:noh</koa> in Oapan), it is now no longer used, having been replaced by <kam>we:weh</kam>. In Oapan, however, one may also use the 1st-person possessed form <koa>nó:kó:l</koa> as a greeting, e.g., <koa>ka:n tiaw nó:kó:l</koa> (note the reduction of the reduplicant on the light syllable of the prefix). Finally, an important point to consider will be the degree to which the term <kam>koko:hli</kam> or <koa>kókó:hli</koa> is extended in different villages, both among real and fictive kin/ Elicit San Juan form. 02457 tlanxi:pe:wi tlanxi:pe:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to grin (lit. 'for ones teeth to become uncovered') sonreirse bonachonamente (lit., 'pelarsele los dientes a') Am Xkaman tlanxi:pe:wi. Am He never breaks into a smile. Nunca se sonríe. tlan xi:p xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi i:xwe:wetska synonym Oa 02458 zzz This entry, for /Ina:k Tsopi:lo:tl/, is now in the toponymic database.
30/Jan/2002
 02459 ke:chkitsi:n ke:chkitsi:n ke:chkitsi:n ke:chkitsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-int how much? ¿cuánto? Pending Ke:chkitsi:n? Xne:chihli! Am How much? (e.g., should I serve you of a particular food). Tell me! ¿Cuánto (p. ej., al estar ofreciendo o sirviendo a algn)?¡Díme! (~ <kam>ka</kam> / <koa>ya</koa> [quality such as weight, thickness, etc.]) how [quality] is it? (~ <kam>ka</kam> / <koa>ya</koa> [calidad como peso, grosor, etc.])¿quétan [calidad] es? Pending Nikneki nikmatis ke:chkitsi:n ika yetí:k. Am I want to know how heavy it is. Quiero saber quétan pesado es. Ke:chkitsi:n ika weyak? Am How long is it? ¿Quétan largo es? ke:ch Continue to inquire how one can ask questions in comparatives: how long? how hot is it? (?ke:chkitsi:n ika to:na?). Also, how big? how short? how fast? etc. (?ke:chkitsi:n ika tlaksa)? Problems of etymology: It would be interesting to be able to explain the presence of /-ki/ here, as opposed to *ke:chtsi:n. Use second, last token of Inocencio. ke:ski confer Am ke:ch confer Am, Oa 02460 tewa:ki tewa:ki tewa:ki tewa:ki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ki/tsa Compl class-3a(k) to lose weight; to become thin (an animate being) adelgazar; quedar flaco o enflaquecer (un ser animado) Pending tewa: tewa:ki; kana:wi <kam>Te:wa:hki</kam> seems to refer exclusively to a physical state of animate beings, never to inanimate objects. It is not entirely clear that the stem <kam>te:wa:k</kam> derives from <kroot>wa:k</kroot>although at least provisionally this is the analysis that has been adopted. Discuss relationship of /tewa:ki/ to /wa:ki/ and the possibility that the"root"/tewa:/ is related through an intensifier to /wa:/ 'dry.' Note that Inocencio mispronounces his first utterance before the complete, correct final round. He mistakenly says /tewa:hki/ for /tewa:ki/. Don't use /tewa:hki/ but tag with number 597. 02461 tsi:nkekex tsi:nkekex tsi:nkekex tsi:nkekex
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap Lex. rdp-s person who likes to have a lot of fund (e.g., big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot) persona a quien le gusta mucho divertirse (p. ej., bailar) Pending person with a lot of lovers persona con muchos amantes Pending tsi:n kex The final /x/ in Oapan <koa>tsi:nkekexkia</koa> is the expected form. Most occurrences of the stem meaning 'itch' is with a final /x/. The only exceptions noted so far are the present form from Ameyaltepec, <kam>tsi:nkekech</kam> and <kam>kekechka:po:ni</kam> , which has a participial form. The presence of /ch/ in both these lexemes needs to be checked, but if confirmed would demonstrate the occasional reinterpretation of final and underlying /x/ to underlying {ch}. Check for any other meaning. I seem to remember that it may be used to indicate someone who is"alegre,"i.e., someone who likes to have a good time in a sexual way. Cf. Elicit Oa plural and make sure to define. Their are various words that end include the sequence <kn>kekex</kn>, <kn>kekech</kn>, or <kn>kekel</kn>. All seem to be related in some way. The two words which show a syllable-final /ch/ both deal with energetic and celebratory activities: <klam>kekechka:po:ni</klam> 'to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun' and <kam>tsi:nkekech</kam> 'big dancer; person who likes to dance a lot.' There is also <kam>kekextli</kam> , usually in the diminutive, meaning 'live wire; party-goer; one who is a barrel of fun; full of energy.' Here it is possible to assume that the /x/ results from underlying {ch} before /tl/. Note also that all but one of the words that have syllable-final /x/ have to do with itchiness and are related to <klam>kekexkia</klam>. Nevertheless, note that <klam>kekexioh</klam> , with <kn>kex</kn> and not <kn>kech</kn> means 'party-goer; one who is a barrel of fun; full of energy' which is the meaning associated elsewhere with <kn>kech</kn> and not <kn>kex</kn>, relating to itchiness. The fact that <kam>kekexioh </kam>means 'party-goer' (cf. <kam>tsi:nkekech</kam>) and not 'itchiness' suggests that there is a close connection between <kroot>kex</kroot>and <kroot>kech(2)</kroot>. 02462 se:pa:ntla:lia nose:pa:ntla:lia se:pa:ntla:lia kise:pa:ntla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-b class-2a (refl.) to sit down together; to gather together in a meeting (refl.) sentarse juntos; juntarse en una reunión Pending Nose:pa:ntla:li:lo:s. Am There will be a meeting (i.e., people will come together). Va a haber una junta (esto es, la gente se va a reunir) to place together (what was scattered); to mix or put together (e.g., things such as the ingredients for bread) juntar (lo que estaba regado); mezclar o juntar (p. ej., cosas que se juntan para hacer algo, como los ingredientes para pan) Pending se: tla:l pa:n Although I had documented the definition of 'to place together...' from Ameyaltepec, from the comments of Cristino Flores it appears that for this meaning <klam>sentla:lia</klam> is used and <kam>se:pantla:lia</kam> is reserved for human objects. sentla:lia; se:pantla:lia Determine whether there is a word -pantla:lia, as in kipantla:lia. Determine whether /se:pantla:lia/ can be used with inanimate objects such as occurs with /sentla:lia/. Use 2nd token from Florencia, note first, because of the more accurrate vowel pronunciation of the second. 02463 cha:nwia kicha:nwia cha:wia [cha: 'wi a] kicha:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to pay a call on (particularly at a home, in order to make a request or present some information, to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). visitar a; hacer una visita a (particularmente a una casa, para pedir algo o comunicar o informar sobre algo en particular). Pending O:kicha:nwi:ton. Am They went to pay him a visit (in this case to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). Fueron a visitarlo (para pedirle algo o un favor, para informar sobre algo en particular). cha:n In this as in many other cases, Oapan Nahuatl shows a loss of /n/. It appears here (and other instances will need to be checked) that there might be some compensatory lengthening for the lost nasal segment. Only precise accoustical measurements of vowel length after loss of /n/ will determine this to any degree of certainty. Oapan phonology: note the loss of /n/ n>0. 02464 tlako:hke:tl tlako:hke:tl tlako:hke:tl tlako:hke:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 buyer comprador Pending ko:wa 02465 to:ko:nwia kito:ko:nwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to plant (a field) with a digging stick (and not with a plow) sembrar (un terreno) con un coa (y no con yunta) Am Kito:ko:nwia, xi:ka bwe:yeh to:ka, san ika to:ko:ni. Am He plants it (a field) with a digging stick, he doesn't plant with a team of oxen, just with a stick. Lo siembra (un terreno) con una coa, no con bueyes, solamente con una coa. to:ka mi:hli According to Pánfilo Lorenzo, <kam>to:ko:nwia</kam> also refers to the action of going over a field tilled with a plow and using a digging stick (<klam>to:ko:ni</klam>) to plant a seed in places where the seeds sowed the first time (with a plow) did not sprout. By this time the land has hardened and one cannot replant simply by using ones foot. Note that in Oapan the verb <kam>to:ko:nwia</kam> does not exist. Instead, one would say simply <koa>kito:ka sa ya to:kontli</koa> (i.e., <koa>kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli</koa>). Oapan phonology; orthography. In Oapan the verb <kam>to:ko:nwia</kam> does not exist. Instead, one would say simply <koa>kito:ka sa ya to:kontli</koa> (i.e., <koa>kito:ka san i:ka to:kontli</koa>). Note that in /kito:ka sa ya to:kontli/ the actual pronunciation is /kito:ka sayan to:kontli/. I think that the best analysis here is that the underlying sequence is /san i:ka/ but that as in many cases n>0 / __ #. There is another rule, 0>n / __ # C(+dental?). The nature of the consonant that motivates /n/ insertion is not clear and should be determined from actual texts. 02466 tla:lmotsi:ni tla:lmotsi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a see <klamoa>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</klamoa> véase <klamoa>tla:lmo:motsi:ni</klamoa> Pending tla:l motsi: 02467 ka:wilia kika:wilia ka:wilia kika:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a (~ [ <kamoa>ma</kamoa> + VP]) to allow (sb) to [VP]; to permit that (sb [O] does [VP]) (~ [ <kamoa>ma</kamoa> + VP]) permitir; dejar que (algn haga algo) Pending Xne:chka:wili ma nikwi:ka! Am Let me take it away! ¡Déjame llevarlo! (with directional affix) to leave or drop (sth [SO]) off for (con afijo direccional) dejar (algo [OS]) para Pending Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow. Am Here I have come to leave off for you 'Our Mother Maize.' Aquíte he venido a dejar 'Nuestra Madre Maíz'. ka:wa I have the following sentence on a filecard that might be in error: /xne:chte:ka:wilia diyós para ma nitlayo:wi:s/ 'God does not permit (allow) me to suffer' (i.e., God does not abandon me so that I suffer)."I have not entered this in the example sentences because with the trivalent /-ka:wilia/ I would expect the object to be inanimate (i.e., the thing that is permitted, or not permitted, as in /xnote:ka:wilia/ 'it is not allowed'). Thus I would have expected /xne:chka:wilia diyó:s para ma nitlayo:wi:s/. This should be checked and the proper entry/phrase put into the lexicon. Also check /to:naka:yow/ and make sure it is not /to:naka:yo/. ka:wilite:wa confer Am, Oa tlaka:wilia; tlakaka:wilia; te:ka:wilia val_reduce2 Am tlaka:wilia; tlá:ka:wília; te:ka:wilia val_reduce2 Oa ka:wa verb_base Am, Oa 02468 cho cho tlakwatok cho chi cho nika:ntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-man very muy Pending Cho nika:ntsi:n. Oa It is very close. Estámuy cerca. (~ [verb; often progressive] just (i.e., to be just doing [verb] and nothing else); simply (doing [verb] and nothing else) (~ [verb; often progressive] simplemente (esto es, estar simplemente [verbo]); nomás; pasarsela [verbo] Pending Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok Am Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the <kbamoa>kohxio:tl</kbamoa>, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle). Nomás se le estátirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el <kbamoa>kohxio:tl</kbamoa>, unárbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza). Cho titlakwatok wa:n ne: a:kin iwa:n titekiti, yewameh ye tekipano:tokeh. Am You are just totally involved in eating and there your work partners, they are already working. Nada más te la pasas comiendo, y allátus compañeros de trabajo, ellos ya están trabajando. Cho ye:watoya, wa:n o:wets. Am He was just sitting there (minding his business), and he fell over. Estaba no más sentado, y se cayó. San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t. Am He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child), he has sibling rivalry. Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño), tiene chípil. (~ [adjectival]) almost; nearly [adjectival] (~ [adjectival]) casi; aproximadamente; un poquito [adjectival] Pending San cho kostiktsi:n. Am It's just a little yellowish (i.e., sth like palm that is white but has a yellow tint, not really yellow). Es solamente algo amarillo (p. ej., algo como la palma que es blanca pero que tiene un matiz amarillo, pero no es amarillo de a deveras) cho <kam>Cho</kam> is often pronounced with the back vowel [u]. Both the derivation and the precise meaning are uncertain. Above I have it indicating to be doing nothing but X (action signified by the verb). Phrase is from a riddle. Perhaps it signifies to be doing something like (but not actually) X. Check definition of /cho/ i.e. whether it is 'something like', 'really', etc. I.e. is it an intensifier or better understood as referring to something which is like X but not Diminutive: /tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ in the phrase from Oapan: /cho nika:ntsi:n/. 'It is really quite close.' 02469 tlake:npani i:tlake:npani
11/Feb/2006
N N-PM PM N1 blouse that goes over another, worn by married women (syn. /sa:koh/) blusa que va encima de otra (sinón. /sa:koh/) Pending Yewa isa:koh, itlake:npani. Am It is her <spn>saco,</spn>, it is an overgarment. Es su"saco,"es la ropa (blusa) que pone sobre otra. clothing that goes over other clothing (e.g., a man's shirt that goes over another) ropa que se pone sobre otra ropa (p. ej., una camisa que se pone sobre una playera) Pending ke:m pani clothes Original notes for this word show /n/, not /m/, before the bilabial /p/. Although this needs to be checked, in general it does appear that Balsas Nahuatl does not always show assimilation of nasals to the point of articulation of a following stop. For a discussion of word division, see <klamoa>kwe:pani</klamoa>. For word division, get plural. kwe:pani confer Am, Oa 02470 a:katl a:katl a:katl a:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 reed; cane carrizo Pending (<kam>tsatsi</kam> ~) for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (<spn>música de viento</spn>) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession (<kam>tsatsi</kam> ~) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado que lleva pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia Pending Tli:no:n o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl? Am What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread, and chocolate? ¿Quése dijo?¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate? Pero nikneki tsatsis a:katl! Am But I want there to be a grand wedding (i.e., the type of wedding called <klam>xo:chitlai:hli</klam> , with musicians, bread, and chocolate)! ¡Pero quiero una boda grande (esto es, el tipo boda llamada <klam>xo:chitlai:hli</klam> , con músicos, pan y chocolate)! plant xiwtli a:ka bodas <kam>Tsatsi a:katl</kam> refers to the fanciest wedding, in which musicians are contracted, and bread and chocolate consumed. These weddings are also referred to by the impersonal verb <klam>xo:chitlai:lo</klam> or the nominalization <klam>xo:chitlai:hli</klam>. Whereas there were still a few of these weddings in Ameyaltepec in the early 1980s they have gradually come to an end, being replaced by the borrowed customs of the dominant Spanish society. Under <spn>carrizo</spn>, Schoenhals (1988) writes:"1. (<i>Arundo donax</i>) '[type of] bamboo,' giant reed.' 2. (<i>Phragmites communis</i>) 'reed grass,' 'cane'; a cane used for house roofing in Chiapas. 3. (<i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>) 'bamboo.' See <spn>bambú.</spn>Under <spn>bambú</spn>, Schoenhals simply notes the scientific name again, <i>Bambusa vulgaris</i>, while mentioning that these are of the hollow stem varieties, also called <spn>carrizo</spn>. 02471 tili:nki tili:nki tili:nki tili:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki tight or tightened (e.g., clothes on a person's body, a saddle on an animal, a bag or sack stuffed full, etc.) apretado; ajustado (p. ej., ropa sobre el cuerpo, una silla sobre un animal, un costal muy lleno, etc.) Pending Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! Am Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., un cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! in a tight curve en una curva apretada Oa Tili:nki notsonto:ka. Oa It (a bird) dives down at a sharp angle. Se tira hacia abajo (una ave en vuelo) en unángulo cerrado. tili: The construction <kam>Ma nimokaxa:ni</kam> manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive creates a sort of applicative meaning. An identical process can be observed with <klamoa>koto:na</klamoa>and a phrase such as <kam>o:nokoto:n moburroh</kam> 'your donkey snapped loose (breaking its teather).' Note that when talking to FM and IJ they would repeatedly use /tili:ntok/ and not /tili:nki/ even though they said both were the same. However, when IJ uttered /tili:nki xtsa:lo/ it appeared that this might be some difference. I.e., that /tili:ntok/ is a resultative or stative while /tili:nki/ could be a modifier. Note also that the following words were used /tili:nka:sa:lowa/ and /tlakotili:nia/. Applicative; valency: The construction <kam>Ma nimokaxa:ni</kam> manifests a pattern of transitivity alternation with reflexives that is not uncommon, where a reflexive creates a sort of applicative meaning. An identical process can be observed with <klamoa>koto:na</klamoa>and a phrase such as <kam>o:nokoto:n moburroh</kam> 'your donkey snapped loose (breaking its teather).' 02472 iya:nilia kiya:nilia i:ya:nilia ki:ya:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to hide for or from esconderle a o de Pending O:ne:chiya:nilih itomi:n. Am He hid his money from me (e.g., ones child, or partner perhaps, so that I would not find it). Me escondiósu dinero (p. ej., el niño o socio de algn, para que no lo encuentre). i:ya:na Check for maintenance of /i/ after /tla-/ in Oapan. Also check other various forms. i:ya:na verb_base Am, Oa 02473 cha:ntla:kah nocha:ntla:kah
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap male fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) paisano (un hombre del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) Pending Nocha:ntla:kah, no: nika:n icha:n. Am He is my fellow citizen, his home is also here. El es mi paisano, también es de aquí. cha:n tla:ka Possessed forms such as <kam>nocha:ntla:kaw</kam> are not used given the sense of possessed <kam>tla:katl</kam> as 'lover' (e.g., <kam>notla:kaw</kam> 'my man/boyfriend'). For the same reason the plural possessed form is with the borrowed Spanish morpheme <kn>-s</kn>: <kam>nocha:ntla:kas</kam> and not ? <kam>nocha:ntla:kawa:n</kam>. In Oapan, apparently because of the connotations of <kn>tla:kah</kn>, the form <kam>cha:ntla:kah</kam> is not used. Rather one finds <kloa>cha:nihni:w</kloa>. Apparently /-cha:nsowah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? FM stated that /i:cha:ntla:kah/ sounds bad, apparently referring to the fact that it is often used to indicate a lover. cha:nsowah confer Am cha:nsowah confer Am cha:ni:hihni:htli synonym Oa 02474 tamahli tamahli tamahli tamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 generic name for tamal nombre genérico para el tamal Pending dolls of boiled <klam>tixtli</klam> used in the ceremony called <klam>te:tlakaka:wilistli</klam> muñecas de masa hervida utilizadas en la ceremonia llamada <klam>te:tlakaka:wilistli</klam> Pending food-maize tamal tamahli; check FM's tapes. To date, the following types of tamal have been documented: (see individual entries for a discussion of each): <klam>a:yotamahli</klam> or <kloa>á:yutamáhli</kloa>, <klamoa>chi:ltamahli</klamoa>, <klam>tamahli de kuwnextli</klam> or <kloa>tlikonextamahli</kloa>, <klam>tamahli de telolotsi:n</klam> or <kloa>tamaltelolotsi:n</kloa>, <klam>tetamahli</klam> or <klam>tatamahli</klam> , <klam>xokotamahli</klam> , <klamoa>ye:lo:tamahli</klamoa>, <kloa>iskitamahli</kloa>, <klam>tamahli de papatlaxtsitsi:nteh</klam> and <klamoa>yetamahli</klamoa>. See also <klam>yo:ltamalteh</klam>. 02475 araba:toh araba:toh
22/Oct/2005
garabato Adj Adj-loan curved (used to refer to machetes) encorvado (aplicado a machetes) Am Mache:teh araba:toh. Am It is a curved machete. Es un machete encurvado. mache:teh confer Am 02476 nelowilia kinelowilia nelowilia kinelowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to stir for; to mix for batir para; revolver para Pending Xne:cha:lnelowili na:to:l! Am Reach over here and stir my atole for me! ¡Báteme mi atole (al estirarte hacia acá)! nel Like the base verb <klamoa>nelowa</klamoa>, the applicative form preceded by the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> has a vulgar sense, referring to sexual intercourse. The subject of such constructions is male and the primary object female, e.g., <kam>kitlanelowilia</kam> 'he screws her.' nelowa verb_base Am, Oa 02477 tlayo:lmaka kitlayo:lmaka tlayo:lmaka kitlayo:lmaka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V3 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to give maize to eat to (an animal, generally mammals) darle maíz para comer a (un animal, generalmente mamíferos) Pending Kitlayo:lmaka imulah, kitekipano:lti:s a:man xo:pantlah. Am He feeds his mule maize, he will work him (in the fields) this summer. Le da de comer maíz a su mula, la va a trabajar (en el campo) este verano. o:ya maka 02478 zzz This was an entry for /a:yekaxtsi:n/ as an alternate pronunciation of /a:yakaxtsi:n/. However, it is not used and has been eliminated.
30/Jul/2005
 02479 kwitlapanka:xiwi *kwitlapanka:xiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) for ones back to give in (curving under a weight) rendirsele la espalda a (algn, pandeándose bajo un peso) Am kwitla ka:x -pan In Oapan an equivalent semantic sense is communicated by the verb <koa>ka:xowa</koa> with the intensifying prefix <kn>te-</kn>, e.g.,. <koa>noteka:xowa</koa>. Check for transitive form, which undoubtedly exists, and obtain example sentences. ka:xowa confer Oa 02480 chokola:teh chikola:teh chokola:teh chokola:teh chokola:teh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>chikola:tl</kn> N N-N N-b food chocolate (candy) chocolate (dulce de) Pending chikol The lexemes in this entry are back-borrowings from Spanish. They refer only to chocolate in the hard form, not liquid, for which <klamoa>chikola:tl</klamoa>is used. 02481 tlatsatsakwalo:ni tlatsatsakwalo:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-instr-ni Lex. rdp-s N1 ceramic bowl with a handle protruding from the middle of the bottom, and used upside-down for covering pots in which foods such as <spn>elotes</spn> and tamales are cooked with steam; in Ameyaltepec the <kam>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</kam> often has three ring-like legs, rather than one handle in the middle plato hondo de cerámica con una manga que sale de por medio de la parte inferior; se pone boca abajo sobre una olla donde se estácocinando con vapor cosas como elotes y tamales; en Ameyaltepec los <kam>tlatsatsako:ni</kam> a menudo tienen tres pies, como astas pequeñas, en lugar de una en medio Pending tool-cook tsakwa The original notes gave Ameyaltepec <kam>tlatsatsakwalo:ni</kam> and <kam>tlatsatsako:ni</kam> as synonymous while stating that the former is much more common. However, in Oapan the equivalent form, <kloa>tlá:tsekó:ni</kloa>, is a version of the latter. tlatsatsako:ni equivalent Am tlá:tsekó:ni equivalent Oa 02482 tlachichi:wa tlachichi:wa tlá:chí:wa tlá:chi:wa tlá:chí:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 Vb-2 class-3a(w) yes to cause a pregnancy (particularly an animal as agent, though humans can also be subjects of <kam>tlachi:wa</kam>); to become pregnant (a woman or female animal) ser la causa de un embarazo (particularmente un animal como agente, aunque también un hombre); quedarse embarazada (una mujer o hembra de animal) Pending chi:wa The Ameyaltepec form is simply the transitive verb <kam>chi:wa</kam> with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. In Oapan, on the other hand, the same meaning is conveyed through a reduplicated verb stem, reduced onto the previous light syllable of <kn>tla-</kn>. chi:wa minus_tla Am, Oa 02483 o:ilia ko:ilia o:ilia ko:ilia; kó:iliá
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to shell (maize, with an <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> or <kloa>teo:lo:tl</kloa>) for desgranar (maíz, con un <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> o <kloa>teo:lo:tl</kloa>) para Pending O:ne:xtlao:ilikeh nokone:wa:n. Am My children shelled (maize) for me. Mis hijos desgranaron para mí. (with short vowel reduplication) to shell (maize, by hand) for (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) para Pending o:ya In both the base form <kamoa>o:ya</kamoa> and the applicative form <kamoa>o:ilia</kamoa>, reduplication is used to indicate shelling by hand, and nonreduplicated form is used to indicate shelling by a tool made of corncobs tightly bound together. However, it is not yet clear how the reduplication manifests itself. For the base verb, for example, Ameyaltepec <kam>tlatlao:ya</kam> is realized in Oapan as <kam>tlaó:ya</kam> (in other words, the reduplication in Ameyaltepec is of the nonspecific prefix, in Oapan of the vowel-initial verbal stem). Unfortunately for the applicative the nature of reduplication in Ameyaltepec has not yet been determined. For Oapan it remains, as with the base verb, reduplication of the vowel-initial stem. Make sure the sequence /ko:ilia/ /kó:iliá/ is uttered, first these two words by the female, then by the male. Note that on the sound tape the first set of four is the first pronunciation, the second set of four is the second (reduplicated with pitch-accent) pronunciation. Probably the sound files of two words will have to be joined together for each speaker before linking to the lexicon. o:ya verb_base Am, Oa 02484 zzz This used to be Am /tepa:ntok/ and Oa /tehpa:ntok/ It is a duplicate of 5857 and has been removed.
30/Jul/2005
 02485 ichpo:xtli ichpo:xtli ichpo:xtli ichpo:xtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(ch) young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad Pending Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s. Am She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon. Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas. age chpo:ch ichpo:xtli ichpokawah synonym Am ichpakawah synonym Oa 02486 i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl i:xté:mpá:ya:tl i:xté:mpá:ya:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) Stem 2 yes-rdp see <klam>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n</klam> véase <klam>i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n</klam> Pending i:x te:n pa:ya: The Oapan form of this lexeme manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun <koa>i:xte:n</koa>, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive <kn>-tsi:n</kn> is added there is rightward shift: <kloa>i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n</kloa>. Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form of this lexeme (/i:xté:mpá:yatl/) manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun <koa>i:xte:n</koa>, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive <kn>-tsi:n</kn> is added there is rightward shift: <kloa>i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n</kloa>. The reason why certain heavy syllables accept reduction of the reduplicant is not clear. Perhaps in these cases it is the maintenance of the nasal that marks"extra length."Or perhaps these are lexically specific terms. More work needs to be done. 02487 pilowa kipilowa pilowa kipilowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to hang; to hang up colgar Pending Xpilo ne:! Am Hang it up there! ¡Cuélgalo allí! Xpilo, ma:ka san chapa:ntos Am Hang it up, don't let it just be hanging down on the ground (e.g., sth long that stretches out over the ground)! ¡Cuélgalo, no lo vayas a dejar tirado sobre el suelo (p. ej., algo largo que queda estirado por el suelo)! to throw a birthday party for festejar el cumpleaños de Pending Xwa:hla i:n to:nahli, newa ne:chpilo:skeh! Am Come on this day, they are gonig to throw a birthday party for me! ¡Venga este día, me van a festejar mi cumpleaños! (refl.) to pull down hard (e.g., on a strap that needs tightening, or on sth that needs to be pulled out, snapped, etc.) (refl.) jalar fuertemente (p. ej., sobre un tirante o soga que se necesita apretar, o para desprender o reventar algo, etc.) Pending Xmopilo, kaxa:nki! Am Pull down hard, it's loose! ¡Jala fuerte, estáflojo! (refl.) to hang back; to be reluctant (to do sth, go somewhere, etc.) (refl.) colgarse; ser poco inclinado o indispuesto (a hacer algo, a ir a algún lado, etc.) Pending Ti:roh timopilowa. Kas titlatsiwi, xtia:sneki. Am You really hang back. Is it that you're feeling lazy, that you don't want to go? Te estás colgando.¿Seráque te sientes flojo, que no quieres ir? (refl.) to hang straight down, perpendicular to the ground (refl.) colgarse, perpendicularmente al suelo Pending I:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh, nopilowa ipan kohtli. Am [The vine called] <kbam>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</kbam>hangs straight down from trees. Desde losárboles [la enredadera llamada] <kbam>i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh</kbam>se cuelga hacia la tierra. (refl. + <klamoa>a:tl</klamoa>) to rain heavily (refl. + <klamoa>a:tl</klamoa>) llover fuertemente Pending O:pe:w nopilowa a:tl. Am It's begun to rain heavily. Empezóa llover fuertemente. motion pil Check meaning of /nopilowa a:tl/ meaning 'to rain heavily' and determine whether the 'heavily' is indeed accurrate. Nondefinite object deletion: With <kn>tla-</kn>, the verb <kam>pilowa</kam> refers to various actions (e.g., making <kam>totopos</kam> and hanging hooks on stakes placed in shallow water. In regard to <kam>totopos</kam> (a sweet, thin toasted tortilla made for Santa Cruz), the verb refers to how they are made. The <kam>masa</kam> is ground very thin on a metate and then pushed off the edge as another woman gathers it on top of a cloth, then placing it on a griddle to be toasted. The verb <kam>pilowa</kam> is apparently used because the <kam>masa</kam> is pushed till it is made to hang off the edge of the <spn>metate</spn>. Note the use of /tla-/ here with several noncontextualized meanings. pilowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlapilowa val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02488 totomi totomi tótomí totomi tótomí No V1 V1-alt-mi class-3a(m) yes
11/Feb/2006
see <klam>tomi</klam> véase <klam>tomi</klam> Pending tom Determine best entry for this word and all related forms: with reduplication or without. 02489 koxtlatsiwi koxtlatsiwi koxtlatsiwi koxtlatsiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to feel lazy because of sleepiness (often because of having just woken up) sentir flojera por el sueño (particularmente por haberse apenas despertado) Pending Koxtlatsiwi. Kemech o:isak. Ok tlatsiwtok, xkwahli o:koxtlan. Am He is feeling lazy from the effects of sleep. He just woke up. He's still feeling lazy, he didn't get enough sleep. Siente flojera por el sueño. Apenas se despertó. Todavía siente flojera, no terminóde dormir bien. Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok. Am I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking). No te contestéen lo afirmativo porque siento flojera por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices). kochi tlats With /tlatsiwi/ unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb, obtain in elicitation transitive form. For purposes of analysis, parsing, certain verb forms should be given additional stems for participial forms. One such verb is /kochi/, which enters into compounds with /koch-/. 02490 mihka:tsontekomatl mihka:tsontekomatl mihka:tsontekomatl mihka:tsontekomatl
11/Feb/2006
N Part-N N-b Stem 2 skull (of humans) calavera (de seres humanos) Pending miki tson tekoma Oapan phonology; phonetics The surface realization of the underlying {kk} of the participial verb form needs acoustic analysis. I would have expected an aspiration [ihka:], but this does not seem to be the case. Rather, the acoustics seem more that of a double stop. Check and add notes here. Use second token of female. 02491 pi:tsowa kipi:tsowa pi:tsowa kipi:tsowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to narrow or partly close (an opening, such as that of a bag, sack, etc.); to congest or block the way through; to make smaller (a passageway, tunnel, or opening where things pass through) hacer más angosto (una apertura, como la de un saco o costal, etc.); congestionar o estorbar; hacer más cerrado (un paso, tunel o apertura por donde pasan cosas) Pending Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli. Am They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path had passed through a wide opening in a stone fence). Everything (e.g., the opening) had become narrower, it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through). No lo vieron luego (en este caso la apertura por donde pasaba una senda de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). Todo (esto es, la apertura) había quedado más estrecho, se había derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedóhecho más angosto. Tlapi:tsowan un burros. Am Those donkeys block the way (in this case leaving only a narrow space for other to pass through on a road). Estorban esos burros (en este caso dejando solamente un espacio angosto donde la gente que camina por una senda puede pasar). to take in (clothes such as pants at the waist, or shirts around the body) meter para reducir la talla de (p. ej., un pantalón por la cintura, una camisa, etc.) Pending Kipi:tso:s ikoton pa:mpa ke:n koya:wak. Ma pi:tsiwi. Am He will take in his shirt because it's too loose. It needs to be taken in. Va a meterle a su camisa, es muy holgada. Debe ser más apretada. (often with short vowel reduplication) to narrow (the space between rows, such as furrows in a plowed field) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer más angosto (el espacio entre filas como los surcos de un campo de sembrar) Pending O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh. Am He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed them (by plowing closer together this year). Hizo los surcos más angostos. Estaban muy abiertos (de haber sido arado asíen años anteriores), ahora no lo son, los hizo más angostos (o cerrados). distort-shape pi:ts tso:lowa; pi:tsowa Oapan phonology; phonetics: The length of the /i:/ in this verb stem is unusually long and this word could well serve as a paradigmatic example of vowel lenght, particularly if compared to another verb with a /pits/ sequence and a short /i/ vowel. Reduplication; pluralization: Pluralization of objects of transitive verbs often involves reduplication of the verbal stem. The phrase /O:kimpipi:tsoh surkos. Kokoya:hkeh katkan, a:man ka, a:man o:kimpipi:tsoh/ 'He narrowed the furrows. They were wide and far apart (e.g., from plowing during a previous year), now they aren't, he narrowed them (by plowing closer together this year)' illustrates this. The reduplication apparently reflects the fact that this is a repeated action, that it is only by plowing back and forth that the furrows are narrowed, one after another. 02492 tlayeka:nke:tl tlayeka:nke:tl tlayeka:nke:tl tlayeka:nke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 person, usually a small child, who walks as a guide or target in front of a team of oxen that are just being trained to follow the furrows when pulling a plow persona, generalmente un niño pequeño, quien camina como guía directamente adelante de una yunta que apenas se estáadiestrando para seguir los surcos al jalar el arado Pending type of village official, responsible for barrio tasks, in Oapan tipo de servidor, que hay en cada barrio de Oapan Oa yek a:na government Only in Oapan is this term used to refer to a village official. The form ? <kn>tlayeka:nki</kn> has not been documented. Determine full range of meanings Use second token of female speaker. 02493 xo:chitemimihli xo:chitemimihli xo:chimimiltsi:n xo:chimimiltsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Am) Stem 3 flower bud (of a plant) capullo (de una planta o flor) Pending Ye kipia ixo:chitemi:mihlo. Am It already has its flower bud. Ya tiene su capullo. plant part xochi: mil xo:chitemimihlo; totopoyo; mimihlo; etc. The unpossessed form of the headword, at least in Oapan, is often found in the diminutive. In this village another term, <kloa>temimihlo</kloa> (and occasionally it seems, also <kloa>temimihlo</kloa>) is also often used, though the precise difference between the two terms, if there is one, is not yet clear. 02494 i:xko:kopi i:xko:kopi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-l class-4a to flicker or flutter (a light) centellear o fulgurar (una luz) Am San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis. Am It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't very bright. Nada más estácentelleando, ya no tiene mucho brillantez. i:x hkopi In Oapan one finds <koa>tlítlikwí</koa> for 'to flicker or flutter (a light).' Note that form entered is long reduplication. Check to see if non- reduplicated form exists: /i:xkopi/, or if short vowel reduplication occurs. Re: Phonology: if an underlying /h/ exists in /hkopi/, then where does it go in /i:xkopi/. Re: reduplication of /ihCV/ words check possibilities of /ihCV(:)CV/, loss of /h/ etc. Check cognates in Oapan and San Juan. The problem here is of hC-initial verbal stems when there is an incorporated noun (cf. kalpixki and hpia). Evidence from Oapan and SJ is needed. However, from various sources it appears that initial verb-stem {h} deletes with CVC noun incorporation. 02495 sentlamantli sentlamantli sentlamantli sentlamantli
11/Feb/2006
N Mod-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(n) melancholy; sadness melancolía; tristeza Pending Sentlamantli ika nemi, xonkah ika iyo:hlo. Am He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content. Estámelancólico y triste, no estácontento. Tle:ka sentlamantli? Am Why is there sadness? (i.e., Why is he sad?) ¿Por quéhay tristeza? (esto es,¿Por quéestátriste?) emotions sen man <kam>Sentlamantli</kam> refers to a sadness that takes over a person who for one reason or another, perhaps from being scolded, appears sad and unhappy, thinking about something. Perhaps this"distanceness"is the basis for the etymology and meaning. Note that Molina glosses this word 'una cosa, un negocio, o una parte, o un par.' There is no indication here, or in other sources, of a basis for the present meaning in the Balsas area. Nevertheless, simple <klamoa>tlamantli</klamoa>is similar to the classical sense. The etymology or basis for this meaning is unclear. Check vowel length of initial /e/; it appears somewhat long in the Oapan examples, but if etymologically from /sen/, then it would be short. Subordinator: /Sentlamantli i:ka nemi, xunkah i:ka i:yo:hlo/ 'He is melancholic and sad, he isn't content.' The syntax of the subordinate adverbial clauses is interesting in that it is very much like in Classical. The first clause is /sentlamantli ika nemi/ This seems very much like Classical in which /ic/ is used preverbally to indicate that the verbal predicate has an associated subordinate clause. This example should be used and compared to Classical syntax. The following clause shows a postverbal use of the subordinator: /xunkah ika iyo:hlo/ 'he isn't content (lit., 'with his heart'). 02496 kompa:ltatli kompa:ltatli kompá:ltatlí kompá:ltatlí
11/Feb/2006
compadre N N-N N-b yes-lex godfather padrino Pending tah Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, the stem of this term, <kamoa>kompa:ltah</kamoa> is not used as a vocative, for which <kam>pa:pali:noh</kam> is employed in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan the address term seems to be <koa>ta:tah</koa>. Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:ltatli/. 02497 ka:no:non ka:no:non ka:no:non ka:no:noh ka:no:noh, ka:no:non
11/Feb/2006
Pr Pr-indef where is it? (refering to the place at which an event might take place, etc.) ¿dónde está? (en referencia al lugar donde ubicación de un objeto material) Pending ka:n The difference between <klamoa>ka:non</klamoa>, <kamoa>ka:nono:n</kamoa>, and <klamoa>katlih</klamoa>needs more study. Apparently <kamoa>katlih</kamoa> is used to indicate the location of a movable material object, it is followed by a noun referencing such an object in a copular construction: <kamoa>katlih</kamoa> COPULA NOUN (e.g., <kamoa>Katli motlapech?</kamoa> 'Where is your bed?' On the other hand, <kamoa>ka:non</kamoa> is an interrogatory pronoun used before verbal predicates or before nouns that may be mobile or that indicate places where an event is the principal focus: <kamoa>Ka:non titlakwa:s?</kamoa> 'Where are you going to eat?' or <kamoa>Ka:non mocha:n?</kamoa> 'Where is your house?' Note that <kamoa>ka:non</kamoa> may also be used as a complementizer for complement taking verbs (e.g., <kam>Xnihmati ka:non kitla:lia?</kam> 'I don't know where he puts it?') <kamoa>Ka:nono:n</kamoa> (the length of the final vowel is uncertain) is written as one word though undoubtedly derived from <kamoa>ka:non</kamoa> and <kamoa>on</kamoa>. It refers back to the loc ation of something that has already been mentioned in the discourse. I have only heard it used in the present tense, so it may be considered a zero copular construction: <kamoa>ka:non</kamoa> COPULA <kamoa>on</kamoa> ? 'Where is it (lit. 'that')? Finally, <kamoa>ka:n</kamoa> is used in relative clause constructions. Note that a similar paradigm of relative clause marker, relative clause marker + <kamoa>on</kamoa>, and relative clause marker + <kamoa>on</kamoa> and <kamoa>on</kamoa> is found elsewhere (e.g, <kamoa>tli:n</kamoa>, <kamoa>tli:non</kamoa>, and <kamoa>tli:nono:n</kamoa>). As with /akinono:n/ check length of final vowel. Also determine precise meaning (as opposed to /ka:non/) and whether these forms ending in /-ono:n/ should be given a separate entry. Also decide whether /o:n/ (or /on/) should be listed in the root field. Recheck length with program and measurement. Check vowel length carefully. It is hard to determine. 02498 -tlampa i:tlampa -tlampa i:tlampa
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-poss-com N2(rel) underneath debajo de Pending Wel tikasi michin saka tetl. Tiktepacho:s se: tetl itlampa pakah michin. Am You can catch fish with nothing more than rocks. You throw a rock hard against a rock under which there are fish (and the fish will emerge). Puedes pescar con piedras nada más. Le tiras una piedra contra otra abajo de la cual hay peces (y van a salir). Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. Am The <kam>ma:se:kapochik</kam> , it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered <kam>tokatl</kam>. Los <kam>ma:se:kapochik</kam> viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran <kam>tokatl</kam>. at the base of (e.g., a tree) en la base de (p. ej., unárbol) Pending -tlan; -pa tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa Phonology: the recording of this by FM is preserved in the phonetics file as a particularly clear example of long initial /i:/. Folklore: Note according to the example sentence that follows, the daddy-longlegs is not considered a spider: /Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia i:tlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl./. 02499 Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n *Tsi:nkwalkaxtsi:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-tsi:n N1 constellation of about a dozen stars in the form of a small triangle, still not identified constelación de como una dozena de estrellas en forma de un pequeño triángulo, todavía no identificada Am -es tsi:n kwalkax si:tlalin Add definition of /tsi:nkwalkaxtli/, ?haunch? 02500 tlayo:lpepenk:etl tlayo:lpepenke:tl tlayó:lpepénke:tl tlayó:lpepénke:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes person who gathers up corn kernels scattered on the ground persona que pepena maíz regado por la tierra Oa o:ya pena Check for possessed form, if it is possible. Temporarily I have coded this noun as N1/2. 02501 mori:yoh mori:yoh mori:yoh mori:yoh
22/Oct/2005
morillo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) main roof beam of a house with a <spn>teja</spn> roof morillo en una con techo de teja Pending kahli 02502 a:yo:tia ka:yo:tia a:yo:tia ka:yo:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia ~Intrans class-2a to add water to (e.g., broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) agregarle agua a (p. ej., caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) Pending (refl.) to blister (in reference to blister with watery liquid inside) (refl.) ampollarse (en referencia a ampollas con un líquido aguado adentro) Pending Ne:xhkukwa nowera:ch, yo:na:yo:tih nokxi. Am My sandals hurt me, my feet have become blistered. Me aprietan los huaraches, ya me salieron ampollitas. (refl.) to get infected (i.e., with pus) (refl.) infectarse (esto es, con pus) Pending a: Determine difference between /a:yo:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:tia/, if one exists. Also check for the various words that indicate 'to become watery,' 'to make watery,' etc. (perhaps do a search for root /a:/). Check for intransitive /a:yowa/, or other equal intransitives. A problem is to determine the difference between /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/. The former is glossed in many places as 'to add water to (broth, beans, other substances that have some water but need more)' as it is above. However, I also have the applicative with the same meaning. The difference between /xka:yo:ti moyew/ and /xka:yo:tili moyew/ should be checked, as indeed should the question as to whether both are correct. Cr. Flores denied the correctness of /Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia./ 'My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat.' I had defined this as '(refl.) to get wet from sweat' and have since removed it. Check. Add disambiguation notes as necessary. /-tia/: note the difference between /a:tia/ 'to become watery' and /a:yo:tia/, which is a transitive verb meaning 'to water down' or 'to add water to.' a:yo:tilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02503 kekexka:po:ni kekexka:po:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a to get a sudden and strong itch salirsele comezón de repente a una parte del cuerpo Pending to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun (i.e., to stop being a wallflower at a party, to start getting loose and able to enjoy things) alivianarse; empezar a divertirse Am tsi:nkekex kex po:ni <kam>Kekechka:po:ni</kam> was said jokingly. It is obviously related to the root <kam>kekexkia</kam> and to what occasionally appears as <kam>kekexiwi</kam>. Nevertheless, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and not regular. It is mirrored, however, in the affricate at the end of Ameyaltepec <kam>tsi:nkekech</kam>. These are the only two cases in which /ch/ appears for /x/ in <kamoa>kekexkia</kamoa>. However, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and should be checked, perhaps the correct entry should be /kekexka:po:ni/. Check also for transitive or causative forms. 02504 semi:tah semi:tah semi:tah semi:tah
11/Feb/2006
cemita N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) certain type of bread made in Oapan cierto tipo de pan hecho en Oapan Am bread (of any type) pan (de cualquier tipo) Oa food Ameyaltepequeños use the word <kam>semi:tah</kam> specifically in reference to the type of bread made in Oapan. However, in Oapan it is the generalized term for bread (though some speakers use the borrowing <koa>pa:n</koa>) regardless of type. Determine recipe. pa:n confer Am 02505 a:xo:lo:tl a:xo:lo:tl a:xo:lo:tl a:xo:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b tadpole, type of water animal that turns into the frog called <kboa>mariantsi:n</kboa>in Oapan reinacuajo, tipo de animal acuático que se vuelve rana llamado <kboa>mariantsi:n</kboa>en Oapan Pending animal marine a: xo:lo: Translation is still uncertain although various individuals have said that the <kam>a:xo:lo:tl</kam> becomes (<kam>nokwepa</kam>) a <spn>rana</spn>(frog). Roberto Mauricio (Oa) classified the <kamoa>a:xo:lo:tl</kamoa> as a type of <kamoa>michin</kamoa>. 02506 surka:rowa kisurka:rowa surka:rowa kisurka:rowa
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>surcar</spn> No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to plow after having <spn>barbechado</spn> the land surcar después de haber barbechado la tierra Pending Differentiate and discuss under land: plow techniques: /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:melia/, /ye:ilia/, etc. Determine the differences between /surka:rowa/, /barbe:chowa/, /te:teki/, /sakamowa/, /o:meilia/, /ye:ilia/, etc. 02507 yema:nilia kiyema:nilia yema:nilia kiyema:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-2a to soften (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) ablandar (tela, masa, barro, etc.) Pending Kwahli kiyema:nilia itson. Am It softens her hair up nicely. Le suavice bien su cabello. to loosen up (e.g., earth or anything tightly packed together) aflojar (p. ej., la tierra u otras cosas apretadas y duras) Pending Ma timitsyema:nili motla:l! Am Let me loosen up the ground on your land for you (by plowing it for the first time in the season)! ¡Déjame aflojar la tierra de tu terreno para tí(al ararlo la primera vez en la temporada)! yema:n yema:nia The applicative form <kamoa>yema:nilia</kamoa> is derived from Make sure /fl field is connected to yema:nia as a transitive V2. yema:nia verb_base Am, Oa 02508 i:xtakao:sti i:xtakao:sti i:xtakao:sti i:xtakao:sti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv-V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to become pregnant out of wedlock quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio Pending i:xtaka o:s Again, check for possibility of two word compound. More work will need to be done, but at least acoustically, the initial vowel in Oapan <koa>i:xtakao:sti</koa> appears long. Comparatively (cf. FK's entry under <kn>ichtaka</kn>) this is found with a short vowel and affricate for Balsas area fricative /x/. Pipil also has <kn>ichtaka</kn>. On the basis of this evidence and considering the difficulty in determining the lenght of word-initial vowels, perhaps the orthographic representation as a long vowel here should be reconsidered. Definitely all occurrences of <kamoa>ixtaka</kamoa> or <kamoa>i:xtaka</kamoa> should be considered before a final orthographic decision is reached. Consider all vowels for /ixtaka/, etc. This 4 token sequence is repeated twice, the first time had too much background noice. i:xtakakoné:watí confer Oa 02509 xo:pan xo:pan otli
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-pan N1(loc) preclitic added to few nouns as a modifier (e.g., <kamoa>xo:panpo:cho:tl</kamoa> or <kam>xo:panotli</kam>) that can be translated as 'summer' or 'rainy season' (from June to September, when things are green) preclítico agregado a unos pocos sustantivos como modificador (e.g., <kamoa>xo:panpo:cho:tl</kamoa> or <kam>xo:panotli</kam>) y que se puede traducir como 'de verano' o 'de la temporada de lluvias' Am in the summer en el verano Am Tla:lwa:xkohtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkohtli. Xo:pantla:ki, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa Am <kam>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</kam> , that's what it is called even though it is not a <klam>kuwtli</klam> ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible. <kam>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</kam> , asíle dicen aunque no es un <klam>kuwtli</klam> ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible. xo: -pan Apparently <kam>xo:pan</kam> is rarely used except as an attributive noun in a very few cases of noun compounding. However, there is at least one documented case of its independent use, the phrase <kam>tla:ki xo:pan</kam> 'it comes to fruit in the summer.' Here it would appear that it is simply an apocopated form of <kam>xo:pantlah</kam>. xo:pantlah confer Am, Oa 02510 pió:n pió:n
22/Oct/2005
peón N N-loan manual worker peón Pending tla:ke:wahli synonym Am, Oa 02511 xelowa kixelowa xelowa kixelowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2b to divide (e.g., ones land before dying); to distribute (e.g., items that are sold) dividir (p. ej., un terreno antes de morir); distribuir (p. ej., objetos materiales al venderlos) Pending Nikxelo:s notlayo:l. Am I'm going to divide up my maize (all at one time, given portions out to various people). Voy a repartir mi maíz (todo al mismo tiempo, dándoles parte a varias personas). Yo:li:k kixe:xelotiw itlayo:l. Am He slowly goes along giving out his maize (e.g., selling it bit by bit, or lending it out to friends, etc.). Despacio va distribuyendo su maíz (p. ej., vendiéndolo poco a poco, o dándolo en préstamo a amigos, etc.) A:man pe:was kixexelo:s so:ya:tl fiská:l. Am Now the <spn>fiscal</spn> will start to distribute the palm (i.e., on Palm Sunday, in reference to an Ameyaltepec custom). Ahora el fiscal va a empezar a distribuir la palma (esto es, en Domingo de Ramos, en referencia a una costumbre de Ameyaltepec). (recipr.) to part ways; to take different paths (recipr.) partir camino; ir cada quien por su cuenta Pending Pa timoxelo:skeh. Am There we will part ways (in this case you will take one fork in the road and I another). Allácada quien va a tomar su camino (en este caso tu vas a tomar una senda y yo otra). xelo tlakoxelowa; xelowa; tlakowia, xelowilia, tlakoxelowilia In Oapan the form with long vowel reduplication, <koa>xe:xelowa</koa> can be used to refer to actions such as Determine difference between /xexelowa/ and /xe:xelowa/. Also see about /xexe:lowa/. Note that one file card for the meaning 'to part ones hair' has a long /e/: /kixe:lowa itson/. This should be checked; for the moment I have included this meaning under /xeliwi/ (with a short /e/), but this is uncertain, as are all the various meanings of /xeliwi/ and /xe:liwi/ including their cognate transitives and the reduplicated forms. Make sure that this is the correct form. Do not use very first token of Female. After the beep the utterances are fine. xelowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlaxelowa val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02512 ikxipil nepantlah i:kxipil nepantlah ixipil nepantlah i:xipil nepantlah
24/Oct/2005
N N-complex i-loss; N1 middle toe dedo medio del pie Am, Oa body human kxi pil nepantlah Check plural: note that I think C. Flores stated /nokxipilwa:n de nepantlah/!! Add to grm There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 04543. Of the 04543 tokens one female and one male should be used as a link to the lexicon, they are probably better sounding than the 2512 tokens. 02513 oo:xin oo:xin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Lex. rdp-s fruit of the <klam>oo:xkuwtli</klam> fruta del <klam>oo:xkuwtli</klam> Am by extension, the tree that bears this fruit por extensión, elárbol que da este fruto Am plant kohtli (pending) o:x This tree is not found near Ameyaltepec; consultants mentioned that it grows near Coacoyula. Apparently it is common for fruit trees to mark the tree as opposed to the fruit with /kuhtli/. Thus /wa:xin/ and /wa:xkuhtli/, etc., etc. This does not seem to occur with other trees, e.g., /kuhxio:tl/. Check. However, /kuhtli/ might refer to the wood itself also, e.g., of trees whose wood is commonly used. Check all this. 02514 tla:ltia tla:tlia tla:ltia tla:ltia tla:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-2b to make candles hacer velas Pending A:man xnika:xilia: pa:mpa nitla:lti:s. Am Today I do not have time because I will make candles. Hoy no tengo tiempo porque voy a hacer velas. Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s. Am I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles. Aquíestoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas. a: a:ltia minus_tla Am, Oa 02515 tlatopo:ni tlatopo:ni tlatopo:ni tlatopo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-3a for there to be fireworks (particularly in the setting off of a <spn>castillo</spn>, or the firing off of two rockets when sb dies, etc.); for a rocket or a few rockets to be set off (e.g., at the end of <spn>rosario</spn> or when sb dies) haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., al quemarse un castillo o a veces otros tipos de cohetes); haber un cohete (p. ej., después del rosario o cuando algn se murió) Pending Tlatopo:nis, ma titlamawiso:tin. Am There will be fireworks (e.g., a castillo), let's go have a good time. Va a haber fuegos artificiales (p. ej., un castillo), vamos a ir a divertirnos. topo: topo:ni minus_tla Am, Oa 02516 mixtlatlamake:tl mixtlatlamake:tl mí:xtlámaké:tl míxtlatlámaké:tl mí:xtlamake:tl mí:xtlámaké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-d-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes fisherman pescador Pending mich ma The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the <koa>mí:x</koa> syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem <kam>tlama</kam>. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of <koa>tlama</koa>, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find <kn>-tlamahke:tl</kn> ; in Oapan one has <koa>-tlámaké:tl</koa>. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as <koa>míxtlatlámake:tl</koa> or as <koa>mí:xtlámaké:tl</koa> Cf. /mixtlatlama/ for questions. Oapan pitch-accent; reduplication. The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the <koa>mí:x</koa> syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem <kam>tlama</kam>. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of <koa>tlama</koa>, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find <kn>-tlamahke:tl</kn> ; in Oapan one has <koa>-tlámaké:tl</koa>. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as <koa>míxtlatlámake:tl</koa> or as <koa>mí:xtlámaké:tl</koa> 02517 ye:i ikosti:yah ye:i ikosti:yah
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 see <klam>komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah</klam> véase <klam>komekatl de ye:i i:kosti:yah</klam> Am plant xiwtli 02518 ko:kobande:rah i:ko:kobande:rah kó:kobandé:rah i:kó:kobandé:rah
09/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>bandera</spn> N N-N N-loan Lex. rdp-l N1/2; Aln(1=2) yes-lex uvula úvula Am body human Adam's apple nuez de la garganta Pending body human ko:koh ko:koh; ko:kobande:rah, etc. In general the way that body part entries should be organized is that they should remit to a part of the Nahuatl Cultural Encyclopedia. This will avoid having a long list of synonyms, cognates, etc. in each entry. Although I recorded /i:ko:kobande:rah/ for Oapan and both speakers uttered it. This appears to be an error (I forgot to erase the entry from /lxo and it appeared o the promt screen). There is a good chance that FM and IJ just read this, and that it is not a word actually from Oapan. Recheck. buchih synonym Am ko:kobuchih synonym Am ko:koh synonym Am kechtolopochyo synonym Oa a:ko:kotolopochyo synonym Oa 02519 pe:waltia kipe:waltia pe:waltia kipe:waltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to begin; to commence; to start (e.g., an activity, etc.) empezar; emprender; comenzar (p. ej., una actividad, etc.) Pending Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia. Am He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it. Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar. Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka. Melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki. Am In just a short time we'll start it (in this case plowing), but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain). It's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar (en este caso a arar), pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia). De veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. O:te:n iswakuwtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl. Am The tree used for storing corn leaves (<klamoa>iswatl</klamoa>) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore. Elárbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (<klamoa>iswatl</klamoa>) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, asíaunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua. pe:wa Whereas Ameyaltepec has both <kam>pe:waltia</kam> and <kam>e:waltia</kam> with identical meanings, Oapan (according to Florencia Marcelino) has only <koa>pe:waltia</koa>. pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia pe:wa verb_base Am, Oa e:waltia synonym Am 02520 chacha chacha cháchá chacha cháchá chihcha Ahuep
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4a yes-lex to spit escupir Pending functions chihcha Oapan phonology: Note /i/-to-/a/ in this case. 02521 zzz This entry was previously /kimichih tlakwa:w/. However, an identical entry was 1208. Therefore this entry has been deleted. Words uttered here should be assigned numbers of 1208... After tagging all pronunciation tokens, assign them numbers of 1208, as this is a repeated entry.
09/Aug/2005
 02522 te:ito:tike:tl te:ito:tike:tl té:itó:tiké:tl té:itó:tiké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 dancemaster (i.e., teacher or organizer of religious dances); musician (particularly a violinist or flautist) who plays for religious dances maestro de danza; músico (particularmente un violinista o flautista) que toca para danzas religiosas Pending hto:ti The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <koa>te:ító:tiké:tl</koa>, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas: {te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}. Check to determine whether ?/te:ito:tiki/ is acceptable Check with program the pitch contour of Oapan form. Oapan pitch-accent: Note the following: /te:ító:tiké:tl/. The two pitch accent patters are derived from the syllables /ih/ and /tih/. The pitch accent pattern of Oapan <koa>te:ító:tiké:tl</koa>, which has three high-pitched syllables on one five-syllable word, reflects the effects of two underlying {h}'s as codas: {te: + ihto:tih + ke:tl}. This would be a good example for an online account of pitch accent. 02523 ichkayoh ichkayoh ichkayoh ichkayoh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be full of cotton (e.g., clay that has been mixed and prepared with the cottony fibers of the <kbam>po:cho:tl</kbam>tree) estar lleno de algodón (p. ej., barro que ha sido preparado y mezclado con fibras de pochote) Pending chka Determine what else is /ichkayoh/. Note that with C. Flores he corrects my pronunciation, from /ichka:yoh/ to /ichkayoh/. This should be used in the page on vowel length. 02524 tla:katele:le tla:katele:le
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N1 foolish man; man who always forgets hombre sonso; hombre que siempre olvida Am Titla:katele:le. San tewa tixole:nkoh, xtlah tekitl tiweli. Am You are a fool. You are a real idiot, you can't do anything (i.e., any task or job, e.g., because you always forget). Eres un sonso. Tu eres un tonto, no puedes hacer nada (esto es, ningún trabajo o tarea). tla:ka tele:le: The etymology of <kam>tla:katele:leh</kam> is still not entirely clear although the root <kam>tla:ka</kam> is apparent. The final sequence might be the possessor marker <kam>-eh</kam> although the presence of a final long /e:/ in <klam>tele:le:tik</klam> suggests the possibility that <kam>tla:katele:leh</kam> is an acopated noun, manifesting a relation to <kn>-tik</kn> adjectivals that has been noted elsewhere. Check for final /h/ or glottal stop. Make sure link to /tla:katele:le:tik/ is correct as vowel length might change. Recheck for final sound. In the recording studio I heard C. Flores utter this with a final glottal stop. Recheck. tele:letik confer Am 02525 kwa:tekakaya:wa kikwa:tekakaya:wa kwa:té:kayá:wa kwa:té:kaya:wa kikwa:té:kayá:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> ; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) yes-rdp class-3a(w) to fool; to play a joke on; to pull the leg of vacilar a; hacerle una broma a; tomarle el pelo a Pending O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa! Xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah. Am He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he's fooled his father. Dijo que hizo un trabajo.¡No es así! No lo hizo, engañóa su padre. kwa: kaya: kakaya:wa Check for possible use without internal intensifier /te/, i.e., /kwa:kakaya:wa/. Also, disambiguate between /kwa:tekakaya:wa/ and /kakaya:wa/. /O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa, xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah/ 'He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he fooled his father' Note that O follows V, as is usually the case. Use second token from male speaker. 02526 a:miki a:miki a:miki a:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to be thirsty (prototypically for water, but also used to indicate a desire to drink sth alcoholic) tener sed (protipicamente por agua, pero también se utiliza para indicar un deseo para beber algo alcohólico) Pending Na:miki, xne:chaka a:chitsi:n ma:w. Am I am thirsty, give me a little bit of your water. Tengo sed, dáme un poquito de tu agua. a: miki Check imperfective form with this verb and all /i/-final verbs. Determine the best way to xref words with rdp verb-stem. Note how reduplication here occurs on the verb stem; this should be discussed in regards to both reduplication and noun incorporation. That is, it would seem to be rare for the incorporated element to reduplicate (this is also the case with a:mi:miki confer Am, Oa a:miktia val_add_caus Am a:mihtia val_add_caus Oa 02527 kwentli kwentli kwentli kwentli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(m) furrow surco (no el montículo de tierra pero el espacio hundido entre las lomitas donde se siembra el maíz) Pending kwem tla:hli There remains a question as to whether <kam>kwentli</kam> (in Classical <kam>cuemitl</kam>) refers to the furrow or the long mound between the furrows (or, in Spanish, whether it refers to the <kam>surco</kam> or the <kam>haza</kam>). Although in Classical Nahuatl <kn>cuemitl</kn> could refer to the worked field in its entirety, Molina gives 'heredad, tierra labrada, o camellón,' the latter apparently the mound between the furrows. It might retain this final meaning, in which case the translation of 'furrow' and <kam>'surco</kam> would be in error; or the meaning may have changed. Perhaps the stem /kwem/ is related to a series of apparent stems with /kwe/ indicating a folding over or doubling aspect: /kwepa/, /kwelpachiwi/, /kwetli/, /kwepo:ni/, etc. The /m/ might be related to a plural marking here. I have recorded this as meaning furrow/surco, i.e. the space that is plowed between the rows of plants, such as corn, in a field. However, the possibility that this refers to the plowed up section, i.e. rows of mounds where the plants are should be considered. 02528 tsompa:ntli tsompa:ntli tsompa:ntli tsompa:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(n) type of tree with very light wood, still not definitively identified, perhaps the <spn>colorín</spn> tipo deárbol con madera muy ligera, todavía no identificado, quizáel colorín Pending Tsompa:ntli | Kaxa:nki, a:kawtik, bwe:noh para ipan ta:pano:s, no: para ba:lsah. Bwe:noh para xaxa:yakatl, para sa:ntotsitsi:nteh. Na:ni:ka xtlah. Am <kam>Tsompa:ntli</kam> : It is soft, it is light, it is good to use for crossing (floating) over water, also for a raft. It is good for masks, for small (carved) saints. There is none in this area. <kam>Tsompa:ntli</kam> : Es (su madera) blanda, es ligera, es buena para cruzar agua (flotando) y para las balsas. Es buena para máscaras, para santitos (tallados). No hay de esta madera en estaárea. plant kohtli (pending) tson pa:n The <kamoa>tsompa:ntli</kamoa> is a tree whose wood is most coveted for masks, given that it is light, soft, does not split over time, and does not get eaten by termites. It is better than the <kbam>xi:lo:xo:chitl</kbam>, which often splits over time. <kam>Tsompa:ntli</kam> is found east and northeast of Ozomatlán. 02529 iksi iksi isi isi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen V1-b class-4a to get or become cooked (food) cocinarse (una comida) Pending to get ripe (a fruit or vegetable) madurarse (una fruta o verdura) Pending San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi. Am They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside). Todas maduran al mismo tiempo (p. ej., varios tipos de frutas que maduran a la vez, en la misma temporada, por todo el campo). to get fired (ceramics) cocerse (barro o cerámica) Pending (<kamoa>kwahli</kamoa> ~) to get soft-boiled (an egg) (<kamoa>kwahli</kamoa> ~) quedar algo cocido (un huevo cocido en agua hirviendo que todavía puedes sopear) Pending Ma kwahli iksi, poliwitsi:n! Am Let it get soft boiled, it still has a little time to go! ¡Quése cuezca algo, todavía falta poquito! ksi Given the quite specialized meaning of <klam>teiksi</klam> , this has been accorded a separate entry. The aspectual marker <kn>-tok</kn> with <kam>iksi</kam> tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is usually expressed by the perfective, e.g., <kam>yo:iksik</kam> , literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' Classical Nahuatl has <kn>icuci</kn> for Ameyaltepec <kam>iksi</kam> and Oapan <koa>isi</koa>. Impersonal: /San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi/ 'They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside)' Note the use of /tla-/ here. Stative/resultative; perfect: Note that the aspectual marker <kam>-tok</kam> when combined with <kam>iksi</kam> tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is expressed by the perfect, <kam>yo:iksik</kam> , literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' Cf. the discussion on the perfect and the stative/resultative in Nedjalkov. The same can be said of the unergative /miki/ 'to die.' This verb passes the test of unergative verbs by forming a morphological causative (miktia). It also has /-tok/ as a progressive: /miktok/ 'he is dying.' And, finally, the perfect is used as a stative: /yo:mik notah/ 'my father has died' or, 'my father is dead.' This type of division (-tok as progessive and perfect as stative/resulative) seems to affect only certain verbs. However, other unergative verbs (perhaps those more classically or typologically unergative) have a true perfect meaning with the perfect: /yo:cho:kak/ 'he has cried'. (?he is c ried). teiksi confer Am teisi confer Oa ikxitia val_add_caus Am ixitia val_add_caus Oa 02530 mela:wtok mela:wtok mela:htok mela:htok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be lying down (an animate, though usually in reference to a person, not animal) estar acostado (un ser animado, por lo común una persona aunque ocasionalmente un animal) Pending Nika:n mela:wtok. Am He (or it) is lying down here. él estáacostado aquí. to be open and spread out (e.g., bed that has been opened up) estar abierto y extendido (p. ej., una cama que has sido abierta) Oa mela: The difference between <kam>mela:wtok</kam> and <kam>nomela:wtok</kam> is not entirely clear, and there might well be a difference in Ameyaltepec and Oapan as to how the two terms are used. My impression is that in Ameyaltepec <kam>mela:wtok</kam> is commonly used in reference to animates and inanimates, and that the reflexive <kam>nomela:wtok</kam> might well carry a more progressive sense. In Oapan it seems more common to use the reflexive, <koa>nomela:htok</koa>. The nonreflexive form <koa>mela:htok</koa> is rarely used, but Florencia Marcelino did give the example of a bed that has been opened up. Note that for animals, the verb <klamoa>te:ka</klamoa>used reflexively is the term for 'to lie down.' Since there is no intransitive of this verb, the stative is expressed as <kam>note:katok</kam> in what is essentially an antipassive formation. Finally, at least in Oapan, for something such as a piece of meat on a griddle the form <kloa>so:wtok</kloa>is most often used. Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). Cf. discussion in query under /nomela:wtok/ and check the difference in meaning between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). mela:wa confer Am, Oa mela:wa confer Am 02531 me:sto:na me:sto:na me:sto:na me:sto:na
11/Feb/2006
No V0(cop) N-V0 V0-b Copular for there to be moonlight haber luz de la luna Pending O:nikchi:w kwa:k me:sto:na katka. Am I did it when there was moonlight Lo hice cuando habáluz de luna. A:man chikwe:i ye me:sto:na yes. Am A week from now there will already be moonlight. En una semana ya habráluz de luna. weather me:ts to:na In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: e.g., <koa>ya:lwa me:sto:na katka</koa> or <koa>mo:stla me:sto:na yes</koa>. Copula; verb inflection: In Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: <koa>ya:lwa me:sto:na katka</koa> or <koa>mo:stla me:sto:nayes</koa>. 02532 te:nsa:lowa kite:nsa:lowa te:ntsa:lowa te:nsa:lowa kite:ntsa:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to tie shut the top opening of (e.g., a sack or bag) amarrar cerrado la boca o apertura de (p. ej., un costal o bolsa) Pending Xte:nsa:lo un kostá:l, ye tiaweh. Am Tie up the top of that sack, we're on our way! ¡Amárrale al costal, ya nos vamos! to place or tie a protective cloth around the mouth of colocar o amarrar una tela protectora por la boca de Pending Xte:nsa:lo mokone:w, te:ntso:tso:ti! Am Tie a protective cloth around your child's mouth, he has sores there! ¡Amárrale una tela protectiva por la boca de tu niño, allítiene granitos. (with short vowel reduplication; <kam>te:nsasa:lowa</kam>) to sew the edge of (con reduplicación de vocal corta; <kam>te:nsasa:lowa</kam>) coser la orilla de Pending te:n sa:l Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___ t, tl, ts. Check whether this is an affricate or fricative after the nasal, adjust spelling and commentary as needed. Incorporation; reduplication; lexical inheritance: note that in many cases with incorporated nouns, it is the verb base that is reduplicated. Indeed, the degree of lexicalization can in part be deteremined by the nature of reduplication. It is rare for the incorporated noun to reduplicate. Oapan phonology; orthography: Oapan Nahuatl appears to have a rule of /s/>/ts/ / n ___ V. If this is predictable and it leads to a high number of noncanonical forms, then perhaps the /ts/ need not be written, even though it is a phoneme of the language and would usually be written (much as /x/ is written for /ch/ based on the rule /ch/>/x/ ___ t, tl, ts. It may be a good rule that a shift of affricate to fricative is written down, but not the other way around (i.e., if /ch/ surfaces as /x/, then this is written; but if /x/ surfaces as /ch/ it is not). Check and think about this. 02533 amanka:kwi:tia kamanka:kwi:tia ámanka:kwí:tia amanka:kwi:tia kámanka:kwí:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V3 class-2a V2-d-ca yes-lex to bother; to annoy; to upset; to make mad molestar; enfadar; hacer enojar Pending O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih. Am He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me. Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera. ahmana kwi Check valency pattern of /kwi:tia/. Causative differs from the simple transitive /amanka:kwi/ not in regards to valency (both are monotransitive) but rather in regards to the relationship of subject to object. In the non-causative apparently only reflexive is employed and relationship is that of co-reference. It involves a change in emotional state. In the causative it appears that the reflexive is probably rarely if ever used, and subject-object relation is that of agent to patient. Finally note that the relationship of /amanka:/ to /kwi/ is one of modification, the valency of /kwi/ and /amanka:kwi/ is not changed syntactically although it is changed in that it can no longer take a patient. With /kwi:tia/ the difference is noted. A grammatical section should be devoted to these verbs (e.g., /yo:lkwi:tia/, which can be reflexive or transitive: /ne:chyo:lkwi:tia/ and /nimoyo:lkwi:tia/). The question here is whether causativization actually increases valency or simply changes the relationship of subject to object. And many comments should be devoted to the effect on valency of V-ka:-V compounds. Cf. comments under /amanka:kwi/. Cf. also /iyo:kwi/. Use second token of female speaker, not first. amanka:kwi verb_base Am ámanká:kwi verb_base Oa 02534 kamanenepoch kamanenepoch kamanenepoch kamanenepoch
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap Lex. rdp-s* to have a lisp; to have bad pronunciation ser algn que sisea; ser algn que no pronuncia bien Pending kama nene poch The etymology of <kamoa>kamanenepoch</kamoa> is uncertain, except for the initial element <kamoa>kama</kamoa>. However, the <kam>nene</kam> element might well be related to <klamoa>nenepi:hli</klamoa>whereas the final element, <kamoa>poch</kamoa> may well be related to the same root as in <klamoa>pochi:nki</klamoa>, which perhaps can best be translated as 'fuzzy.' nenepoch synonym Am nenepoxtik synonym Am tláto:lnenépoch synonym Oa nenepoch synonym Oa nenepoxtik synonym Oa 02535 a:petla:nwia ka:petla:nwia a:petla:nwia a:petla:wia [a: pe tla: 'wi a] na:petla:nwiya, na:petla:wiya
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to flood or innundate (a field) inundar con agua (un terreno) Am O:ka:petla:nwih itla:l, kibarbe:cho:s. Am He innundated his field, he will plow it it for planting. El inundósu campo, lo va a barbechar. (refl.-anticaus.) to become flooded (a place); to get flooded and washed away (land by a river) (refl.-anticaus.) inundarse (un lugar); innundarse y arrastrarse (un terreno, por un río crecido) Am, Oa O:na:petla:nwih ka:n o:nito:kak pa:mpa o:kalak we:i a:tl, o:we:iak. Am The place where I planted got washed away, the swollen river entered into it (the field), it (the river) got big. El lugar donde sembrése arrastrópor el río crecido que le entró, se subió(el río). O:na:petla:nwih nokalitsi:n. O:kalahka a:tepe:ya:tl. Am The inside of my house got innundated and washed away. Flood waters entered into it (but have now subsided). Se inundóy se arrastróel interior de mi casa. Entraron las aguas torrenciales de la lluvia (pero ya bajaron). a: petla: Most documented uses of this verb are in the reflexive (anticausative) form, referring to land washed away by a river, flood waters, or similar processes. In fact, in Oapan only the reflexive is found. However, in Ameyaltepec it may apparently may be used as a simple transitive, at least by some speakers, to refer to the intentional flooding of a field. But this use might be idiosyncratic. Note that in Oapan speakers vary in whether the nasal deletes before /w/. In the speech samples Florencia Marcelino retains /n/ whereas in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez it is deleted. Oapan phonology: Note optional loss of /n/ in this word. Make sure that the clearest examples of the difference between female (first) and male speech is present: female retains /n/, male loses it. 02536 chi:lmante:ka chi:lmante:ka chi:lmante:ka chi:lmante:ka
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>manteca</spn> N N-N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) type of chile sauce made by boiling chile in lard (and occasionally adding egg) tipo de salsa de chile cocida con manteca (y a veces con huevo echado) Pending food chi:l mo:hli This sauce is made by heating the pork fat (<spn>manteca</spn>) with onions and then adding the chile (previously ground in a molcajete). If there is corriander available, it too is added and then, finally, a very few scrambled eggs. Check final sound of AM for glottal stop or /h/. Check to see if this is classified/categorized as a type of /mo:hli/. Check whether it can be possessed. Add a section on food. Note that FM apparently taped an account of this. 02537 tlapoliwi tlapoliwi tlá:políwi tlá:poliwi tlá:políwi
11/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-wi Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa) class-3a(w) yes-rdp (usually with the associated motion marker <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa>; in Oapan with short vowel-/h/ reduplication) for everything to get hazy, as when a hard rain is coming over a plain (generalmente con el marcador de movimiento asociado <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa>; en Oapan con reduplicación de vocal corta y /h/) verse todo borroso como, por ejemplo, cuando viene una lluvia fuerte por el llano Pending Wa:ltlapoliwtiw, wa:lkiawtiw. Am Everything is starting to get hazy, the rain is coming. Todo viene haciéndose borroso, viene la lluvia. pol The Ameyaltepec form and the Oapan form differ in that the latter is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to vowel lengthening and high pitch on the short vowel of the impersonal prefix. poliwi minus_tla Am, Oa 02538 a:tlapachiwi a:tlapachiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to be or become innundated or flooded inundarse; anegarse; quedarse inundado Pending O:a:tlapachiw nomi:l pa:mpa chika:wak o:kiaw. Ipan o:pano:k a:tepe:ya:tl. Am My field got flooded with water because it rained very hard. Rushing flood waters passed right over it. Se inundómi milpa porque lloviófuerte. pasódirectamente sobre ella un torrente de agua de lluvia. A:tlapachiwtok nomi:l. Am My corn field is innundated. Mi milpa estáinundada. a: pach Check existence or absence of /a:tlapachowa:/. According to Luis Lucena /a:tlapachiwi/ is the same as /a:pachiwi/ althoug this equivalence should be checked. Check the difference and set up an onomasiological entry for a:pachiwi, a:tlapachiwi, and a:petlanwia. Apparently a:pachiwi refers to an item that is in sth like a bucket of water, some small material object covered with or surrounded by water. However, a:tlapachiwi seems to refer to the flooding of a place. Finally, a:petlanwia seems to refer to location that is washed out from having been flooded. /tla-/ Note the difference between /a:tlapachiwi/ 'for an area to get innundated' and /a:pachiwi/ 'for sth (an object) to get covered with water.' a:pachiwi synonym Oa a:petla:nwiya synonym Oa 02539 tlapetla:ni tlapetla:ni tlapetla:ni tlapetla:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a for there to be lightening (but not bolts) haber relámpago (but no visible bolts) Pending weather petla: tlapetla:ni; tlapepetlaka Determine all different types of lightening. petla:ni minus_tla Am 02540 koto:nki koto:nki koto:nki koto:nki
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be snapped (a strap, a rope, or any type of object that through wear can spontaneously snap) estar reventado (un tirante, laso o soga, o cualquier tipo de objeto que por desgastado puede reventarse) Pending koto: /-ki/ vs. /-tok/: Discussion of difference is here with C. Flores. Study!! It seems /-ki/ is used for physical conditions, /-tok/ for a resultative. koto:ntok confer Am, Oa 02541 zzz This entry has been removed as a duplicate.
13/Jul/2002
 02542 temachi:wa kitemachi:wa temachi:wa kitemachi:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to measure (particularly the length or size of sth, or the boundaries of a land area; also occasionally used for the action of weighing) medir (particularmente lo largo o el tamaño de algo, o los límites de un terreno; a veces se usa para la acción de pesar) Pending Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik. Am You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser). Lo vas a medir cuando estédoblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones). tema chi:wa <kamoa>Temachi:wa</kamoa> is most often used to indicate the measure of the size of an object (such as its length or perimeter) or the distance between two points. For weighing, the Spanish loan <kamoa>pesa:rowa</kamoa> is more common, although <kamoa>temachi:wa</kamoa> is occasionally used with this sense. The etymology of <kamoa>temachi:wa</kamoa> is uncertain. The first vowel is /e/ in the Balsas River region and in Tetelcingo, Morelos; in other dialects, including Classical, North Puebla, and Pipil, it is /a/. Since an undivided stem would be <kam>temachi:wa</kam> , which is long for a Nahuatl stem, it is likely that there are two elements here. The best guess at present is <kroot>tama</kroot>or <kroot>tema</kroot>, and <kroot>chi:wa</kroot>. However, more comparative evidence is needed. Make sure /temachi:wa/ can be used to indicate the weighing of sth. pesa:rowa confer Am 02543 tlayeltia kitlayeltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to turn the stomach of; to disgust; to make sick to the stomach revolver el estómago a; darle asco a Pending Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki. Am You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit. Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar. Ne:chtlayeltia, niktlayelita, xnihkwa:sneki. Am It turns my stomach, I find it disgusting, I don't want to eat it. Me da asco, lo hallo asqueroso, no me lo quiero comer. (refl.) to feel nausea; to feel sick to ones stomach (refl.) sentir asco Pending emotions tlahyel tlayeltia; e:lmoya:wa Get SJ form. Check vowel length of Am form. tlayelita confer Am e:lmoya:wa synonym Am e:lmoya:wa synonym Oa 02544 tsope:lia tsope:lia tsope:lia tsope:lia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) to become sweet endulzarse; quedarse dulce Pending tsope:l 02545 ara:joh ara:joh
11/Feb/2006
carajo Interj Interj-loan shit; damn it carajo; chin; maldita sea Am Ara:joh ikwitl. Am Fucking shit! ¡Carajo! Ara:joh ikwitl! Mejó:r newa nikontekis. Am Shit man! It would be better for me to (just) go and pick it myself (e.g., a fruit). ¡Chin! Mejor voy yo mismo a cortarla (p. ej., una fruta). Ara:joh ikwitl, xmlá:k. Am Shit! it isn't true. ¡Chin!¡no es verdad! Ara:joh itik ina:ntsi:n! xmlá:k! Am Screw his mother! It's not true! ¡Chinga a su madre!¡No es verdad! (~ <kam>miktlan</kam> + [adjectival]) god-damned [adjectival] (~ <kam>miktlan</kam> + [adjectival]) piche [adjectival] Am Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. Am That guy's a God-damned lazy bum. He never goes anywhere. Ese tipo es un piche holgazán. Nunca va a ningún lado. Note that <kam>ara:joh, i:kwitl</kam> is used mostly as an interjection if one does not like the sound of something that someone has said. Add in entry under /kwitlatl/. Syntax; negation; /kanah/: Note syntax in /Xkaman kanah yaw/ 'He never goes anywhere'. The negation is at the leftmost point of the Note syntax: Xkaman kanah yaw 'he never goes anywhere'. 02546 ó:rganoh ó:rganoh
11/Feb/2006
órgano N N-loan N1 generic name for two large cactus plants: <kam>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</kam> and <kam>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</kam> nombre genérico para dos cactus grandes: <kam>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</kam> and <kam>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</kam> Am <kam>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</kam> a type of large cactus with edible fruit, also called <kam>ó:rganoh we:i</kam> <kam>ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo</kam> tipo de cactus grande con fruta comestible, también llamado <kam>ó:rganoh we:i</kam> Am O:rganoh | Nokwa itla:kihlo, to:motli, ino:chio, iteono:chio bwe:noh para china:ntli, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pan, para tenexko:ntli. Am <kam>O:rganoh</kam> : Its fruit is edible. It is a <klam>to:motli</klam> , its inner rods are good for woven fences, they are good for (firewood used in) baking bread, in lime ovens. <kam>O:rganoh</kam> : Su fruta se come. Es un <klam>to:motli</klam> , sus varas interiores son buenas para hacer las cercas de chinamitl, son buenas para cocer pan, para hornos de cal. plant xiwtli Another word for the generic type is <kam>to:motli</kam>. There are the following types of <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> : <klam>ó:rganoh</klam> , <klam>to:moiswatl</klam> , <klam>to:motsotsohli</klam> , <klam>to:moichkatl</klam> , <klam>to:motlaxkahli</klam> , and <klam>ó:rganoh de tlapextli</klam>. According to Eusebio Díaz all of the preceding bear the fruit called <klam>to:motli</klam> except the <kam>ó:rganoh de tlapextli</kam> , in regards to which he was not sure. Finally, in one entry I have distinguished <kam>organi:toh</kam> from <kam>ó:rganoh we:i</kam>. This might well be different, in which case both should be listed under the group glossed <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> or <kam>to:motli</kam>. Thus it is unclear if there are three lexemes with <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> (<kam>organi:toh,ó:rganoh,</kam> and <kam>ó:rganoh we:i</kam>) or only two. Check to make sure that /ó:rganoh/ is a synonym of /to:motli/. Underórgano, Schoenhals (1988) has"1. (<kam>Pachycereus marginatus</kam> formerly <kam>Marginatocereus marginatus</kam>) 'organ cactus' Cultivated as fences almost everywhere in drier climates. 2. (<kam>Cereus thurberi</kam>) 'organ-pipe cactus' See pitahaya dulce."And under pitahaya dulce, she has written"(<kam>Cereus</kam> spp., e.g., <kam>C. thurberi</kam>) 'organ-pipe cactus' Cactus from the northwest with a very sweet fruit. Also called marismeña,órgano." to:motli confer Am 02547 damia:nah damia:nah
11/Feb/2006
damiana N N-loan N1 type of small bush not yet identified tipo de arbusto todavía no identificada Am Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tsope:lik, noposo:nia ixiwio. Am Luis Lucena (personal communication) It (the <kam>damia:nah</kam>) is good for coffee, for sweet water, its leaves are boiled in water. (<kam>Damia:nah</kam>) es bueno para café, para agua dulce, se hierven sus hojas en agua. plant xiwtli medicine <kam>Damia:nah</kam> is used as a remedy for stomach ailments, i.e., when your stomach hurts (<kam>mitskukwa mitik</kam>). Schoenhals (1988:43-44)"1. *Turnera diffusa)"turnera"Fragrant leaves; yellow flowers; fruit is a capsule. Used as a tonic and an aaphrodisiac. 2. (Haplopappus venetus)"[family] aster"An alpine shrub of exposed rocky places. Also called falsa damiana. 3. (Chrysactinia mexicana)"[family] aster"A bush with many branches and yellow flowers. Also called falsa damiana, hierba de San Nicolás." 02548 nakasmomotsowa kinakasmomotsowa nakaste:motsowa kinakaste:motsowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>nakastemomotsowa</kam>); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) class-2b to grab and pull at the ears of (a person or animal) agarrarle y jalarse las orejas a (una persona o animal) Pending Ma:ka xne:chnakastemomotso! Am Don't grab my ears (in this instance, in talking to a baby who is grabbing at one's ears). ¡No me jales las orejas (en este caso al hablar a un niño que le estáagarrando las orejas). nakas mots Determine whether the reduplication is only used when the action affects both ears (i.e., whether it indicates the plurality of the object), or whether it refers to the repetition of the action. Also determine the precise meaning of the intensifier /te-/ in this circumstance. Cf. /nakastila:na/. Use first pronunciation of male. nakastila:na confer Am, Oa 02549 -techkopa i:techkopa -techkopa i:techkopa
24/Oct/2005
N(rel) Rel-poss-com N2(rel) in regards to; about en cuanto a; acerca de Pending Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wa:n xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s. Am Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay him back. Se molesta contigo, le debías (dinero) y no se lo quieres pagar. -tech -kopa -ka; -na:k; -techkopa; -tech In the phrase /Motechkopa namana, tikwi:kilia:ya wan xtikneki tiktlaxtla:wili:s/ 'Your attitude bothers him, you owed him (money) and you don't want to pay it back to him.' I inquired whether /moka/ could be used instead of /motechkopa/ and was told that it could not. Recheck this and determine the precise difference between locative/relational constructions such as /-ka/, /-tech/, /-pal/, /-techkopa/, /-na:k/, etc. My notes are unclear, but I seem to have from C. Flores: /motechkopa kwala:ni/, check! 02550 xi:ma kixi:ma xi:ma kixi:ma
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(m) to plane; to carve (e.g., wood or similar material); to cut a surface layer off of (e.g., in cutting off the kernels of maize from a cob) cepillar; trabajar (p. ej., madera o materiales parecidos); quitar la superficie o una capa de (p. ej., al cortar y quitar el maíz tierno de un elote para hacer atole) Pending Xikxixi:ma ye:lo:tl para tike:kchi:was ye:lo:a:to:hli! Am Cut the kernels of corn off the green ear to make <spn>atole de elote</spn>! ¡Quítales los granos de maíz del elote para hacer atole de elote! to cut the hair of; to shave cortarle el pelo a; afeitar Pending Ne:chxi:mas notah. Am My father will give me a haircut. Mi papáme va a cortar el pelo. (refl.-mid.) to get a haircut; to get ones hair cut (refl.-mid.) cortarse el pelo; hacer que algn le corte el pelo Pending Xmoxi:ma! Am Get your hair cut! ¡Córtate el pelo! xi:ma When referring to actions performed on wood, <kam>xi:ma</kam> refers to the action of planing a surface to make it smooth, to working wood, as one does with carving masks, making axe handles or yokes, or even to removing the bark, although apparently <klam>xi:pe:wa</klam> is more commonly used in the latter case. The reflexive use of <kam>xi:ma</kam> in reference to a haircut does not mean that one cuts ones own hair, but that one gets ones hair cut. This is like a"get"passive in English in which the subject has some responsibility or volitionality in the action but is not the agent. At the same time, he is not a patient in the prototypical sense. For removing the bark of a tree or piece of wood, check to determine whether /xi:pe:wa/ or /xi:ma/ is more commonly used. 02551 kwa:iwiyo i:kwa:iwiyo kwá:yowíyo i:kwá:yowíyo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-yo N2 yes-lex feather headdress used by dancers (e.g., of <kam>danza de corona</kam> , <kam>kone:joh</kam> , and others) corona de plumas utilizada por danzantes (p. ej., de <kam>danza de corona</kam> , <kam>kone:joh</kam> y otras) Pending kwa: hwi Check to see what types of headdresses fall under this term. Make illustration of various cases. Possession: /kwa:iwiyo/ 'feather headdress used by dancers.' Note the use of the inalienably possessed marker /-yo/ here, even though it is not part of the body. Clearly, by being worn and becoming part of ones dress, the /-yo/ marker is used. The use of /-w/ with feather refers only to features that are possessed in the hand, used for drawing, etc. 02552 zzz This was the entry for /sakatl de sié:nigah/, deleted as a duplicate.
20/Jan/2005
 02553 chachalaka chachalaka chachalaka chachalaka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to make or have a hollow ringing sound; to clatter (e.g., flat stones clattering together as one plows over stony land, or gravel as a car passes over it); to jingle (e.g., money in a bag) sonar hueco; chacolotear (p. ej., piedras algo planas en un terreno cuando pasa sobre ellas el arado, grava al pasar un coche); tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa) Pending Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. Am There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with) stones thick on the ground. Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra). Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli. Am There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (in this case a plow) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been made in the corn field. Va saliendo un sonido hueco, (en este caso la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz. sound chala: Some Ameyaltepequeño consultants denied that <kam>chachalaka</kam> is a correct form, except as the Spanish name of a bird locally referred to as <kbam>chalto:n</kbam>. They stated that the correct form is <klam>chachalka</klam>. Nevertheless, Pánfilo Lorenzo insisted that <kam>chachalaka</kam> is correct and is in most cases equivalent to <kam>chachalka</kam> (he did not indicate when they might be different). Note that the Spanish borrowing of the bird name is <kam>chachala:kah</kam>. Find additional uses of this term. Make sure that this is a class 3. In the two phrases (Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl) (Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli) /tlachala:ntiw/ is not correct for /tlachachalakatiw/ although often, without /tla-/, /chachalaka/ and /chala:ni/ are virtually equivalent. Apparently /chala:ni/ does not easyly accept the prefix /tla-/. chala:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02554 kuwxio:tl kuwxio:tl kohxiotl kohxiotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 generic name for a type of tree, the <kam>cuajiote</kam> , of which there are apparently 6 types nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el cuajiote, del cual hay aparentemente 6 tipos Pending Yema:nki, bwe:noh para kwexomatl, para tikikxiti:s pa:n. Am It (the <kam>kuwxio:tl</kam>) is soft, it is good to make trays, for baking bread. Es (el <kam>kuwxio:tl</kam>) blando, es bueno para hacer bateas, para cocer pan. plant kohtli kow xi kuhxio:tl Check for others and recheck to make sure that the /kuhxio:tl/ is not only the generic name but a specific type as well. The vowel length has to be carefully checked. I perceived the final vowel as short during the recording. I have not changed this pending a check with the program and precise measurements. Cf. also to /kuhxio:tl/ in other contexts. Also, check the presence of /h/ as indicated in the orthography. The utterance of this word is in the phonetics directory. This refers to a group of trees as well as a specific type within this group. Three types of <kam>cuajiote</kam> identified so far are <kam>kuhxio:tl</kam> ; <kam>kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl</kam> , also known as <kam>kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik</kam> ; and <kam>kuhxio:tl de un istá:k</kam> or <kam>/istá:k kuhxio:tl</kam>. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. The <kam>kuhxio:tl</kam> is commonly used to make <kam>kwexomameh</kam> , although according to Emigdio Rosendo <kam>kopalchi:noh</kam> may also be used. Ramírez (1991) has no tree listed as <kam>kuhxio:tl</kam>. Schoenhals (1988) under cuajiote colorado states:"(<i>Bursera</i>spp., e.g., <i>B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata</i>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal. Then, under copal:""(<i>Bursera</i>spp., e.g., <i>B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata</i>) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activties. Branches are used for fence post s since plantng s will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote."Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have several trees whose Spanish name is or includes <spn>cuajiote</spn>; all are in the family <i>Burseraceae</i>: 1) <i>Bursera aptera</i>known as the <spn>cuajiote amarillo</spn> or <spn>cuachitlal</spn>; 2) <i>Bursera bicolor</i>known as <spn>tecomate, cuajiote, tecomaca,</spn>or <spn>marqueto</spn>; 3) <i>Bursera fagaroides</i>known as <spn>cuajiote blanco</spn>; and 4) <i>Bursera lancifolia</i>known as <spn>cuajiote</spn>; and 5) <i>Bursera longipes</i>known as <spn>cuajiote rojo</spn>. There are apparently 5 types of <kam>kuhxio:tl</kam>. The first is called <kn>ka:kawana:n</kn>. Its wood is used for <kam>kwexomatl</kam>. In Ameyaltepec Cristino Flores called this <kam>kuhxio:tl para kwexomatl</kam>. The second is called <kam>kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik</kam>. In Oapan this is also called <koa>tsi:kapakohtli</koa>. The third type is called <kam>kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl</kam>. Finally there are, according to Asención Marcelo of San Juan, two types of <ktet>kuhxio:tl ista:k</ktet>. One has smooth bark; the other also has white wood but has sap that forms hard balls of resin: <kam>kipia i:a:xi:xmi:skiyo</kam>. See notes under specimen #97; it might be that these are the same tree at different stages. As to the etymology of <kam>kuhxio:tl</kam> and the root <kam>xi</kam> , there are many words which have the element /xi:/ or /xi/ and that refer to peeling actions: /xi:pe:wa/, /xi:ma/, /xiti:ni/, etc. Check for and mention possible connections. 02555 tlakwatsi:n tlakwatsi:n tlakwatsi:n tlakwatsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 tlacuache, or Mexican opposum (<l>Didelphis marsupialis</l>) tlacuache (<l>Didelphis marsupialis</l>) Pending animal mammal kwa The species identification is take from Leopold (1959:325). The reborrowing from Spanish <spn>tlacuache</spn> has a long /a:/ and short final vowel: <kam>tlakwa:chin</kam>. This animal is not considered edible. 02556 tsonkowatl tsonkowatl tsonkowatl tsonkowatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 parasitic worms (in the intestines) lombrices (intestinales) Pending animal xiwtli tson kowa Check for possessed form. For all final /-watl/ words, check for vowel length. 02557 i:xna:miki ki:xna:miki i:xna:miki ki:xna:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to challenge (face to face); to stand up to; to directly answer or contradict; to confront (e.g., in answering a charge, or in order to identify someone as quilty) desafiar (cara a cara); contradecir directamente; enfrentarse a; encarar o pararse frente a (para contestar una acusación o para identificar a una persona como culpable) Pending Ki:xna:miki itah, xok kitlaka:mati. Am He stands up to (i.e., talks back to, or challenges the authority of) his father, he no longer obeys him. Se enfrenta a su padre (esto es, le contesta o contradice, desafía su autoridad), ya no lo obedece. O:ki:xna:mik, pa:mpa mlá:k ino:biah Am He stood up to her charges (in this case in regards to his behavior) because she really was his girlfriend. La enfrentócontestando sus acusaciones (en este caso en cuanto a su comportamiento) porque de veras era su novia. to serve as the other half of; to pair up with or complement (to complete a task or provide the complete pair required in a certain situation) hacer pareja con; complementar (para completar una tarea o ser la otra mitad requerida en algunas situaciones) Pending A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh. Am Now I've found the animal that will pair up with my ox (to complete the team). Ya encontréel animal que le harápareja a mi buey (para completar la junta). i:x na:miki i:xna:miktia val_add_applic Am i:xna:mihtia val_add_applic Oa 02558 polokatl polokatl popolokatl popolokatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) Stem 2 chaff (particularly of maize) ahechaduras; tamo (particularmente de maíz) Pending ipolokayo tlayo:hli Am the chaff of maize ahechaduras de maíz poloka <kam>Polokatl</kam> and <koa>popolokatl</koa> are apparently related to the same root <kroot>pol</kroot>as in <klam>poliwi</klam> ; note that RJC also lists <kn>polokatl</kn> under the root <kn>pol</kn>. Nevertheless, the precise derivational process is not immediately transparent. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec form is not reduplicated, the Oapan equivalent is. Both are listed here under one entry. Etymology is uncertain, perhaps from /pol-/ of /poliwi/, etc. Note that it should be determined that this word does not exist in the abstract, i.e., *polokayo:tl, but that only a /-yo/ possessed form exists. Check. Also check for other uses, etc. The root <kam>poloka</kam> is apparently related to <kam>pol</kam> as in <kam>poliwi</kam> , though the precise derivational process is not clear. 02559 xi:kahli xi:kahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 <spn>jícara</spn>, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping out water (e.g., in washing clothes) jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada en mitades, que se utiliza para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc. Pending any of many types of plastic bowls used as a <kam>jícara</kam> cualquier recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara Pending plant xiwtli tool-house xi:kal wekahli Determine whether this should be considered a plant. wekahli synonym Am wákahlí synonym Oa 02560 a:pilowa a:pilowa a:pilowa a:pilowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-2b to be tipped toward the horizon and in a waning crescent (the moon) estar inclinada hacia el horizonte y de cuarto menguante (la luna) Pending A:pilowa me:stli; tsonakatsi:n unkah. Kito:sneki kiawis. Am The tip of the crescent moon is dipping down toward the horizon, it's on its side. This means that it's going to rain. La punta de la luna de cuarto menguante estáinclinada hacia el horizonte; estáde lado. Eso quiere decir que va a llover. weather a: pil Cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1 and add to entry. Incorporation; The verb /a:pilowa/ is an interesting case of incorporation. It appears that the incorporated noun is in essence a thematic patient. 02561 nakastli nakastli nakastli nakastli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(s) ears orejas; oidos Pending tonakas Am the (lit. 'our') ears las (lit. 'nuestras') orejas handles (e.g., of a jug, mug, cup, etc.) asas (p. ej., de un cántaro, taza, etc.) Pending inakas tso:tsokohli Am the handles of a three-handled water jug las asas de un cántaro con tres asas body nakas Possession: Intrinsice: /-yo/: Note that in general body parts when possessed, even when referring to a part of a material object, do not accept the use of /-yo/ (i.e., even when a part/whole). Thus even the handles ('ears') of a water jug are referred to as /i:nakas/ and not */i:nakasyo/. 02562 koto:nilia kikoto:nilia koto:nilia kikoto:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled) for or in regards to reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar) a o para Pending (often with long vowel reduplication) to pull apart or pull off into pieces (a fruit or vegetable) and toss into; to shred and toss into (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) desmenuzar o despedazar y echar a Pending Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s! Am Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll like the taste of them! ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que gustes de su sabor! koto: In a phrase such as <kam>Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s</kam> the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: <kam>Xne:chko:koto:nili xonakatl</kam> 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). Check to see if /koto:nilia/ can accept the intensifier /te/. Another important question is the meaning of /welilia/. I had first translated this as 'to like the taste of,' which I have kept in the translation. However, RS translates as 'hacer comidas buenas, sabrosas,' This would be the expected transitive of the paradigm /welik/, /weliya/ and /welilia/. Note that in a phrase such as <kam>Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s</kam> the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: <kam>Xne:chkotooto:nili xonakatl</kam> 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). koto:na verb_base Am, Oa 02563 tsi:ntla:ltesokitl tsi:ntla:ltesokitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 clumps of moist, muddy earth stuck to the roots of uprooted plants terrones de tierra huméda y lodosa que queda pegado a las raíces de plantas desarraigadas Pending Seki kipia itsi:ntla:ltesokiw. Am Some (in this case plants) have clumps of muddy earth stuck to their roots. Algunas (en este caso plantas) tienen terrones de tierras lodosa pegados a sus raíces. tsi:n tla:l te soki It is interesting that whereas in Ameyaltepec <kam>tsi:ntla:ltesokitl</kam> tsi:ntla:hlo synonym Oa 02564 de de nocha:n deh deh
11/Feb/2006
de Subord Subord from de Pending De ka:no:n tiwa:le:wa? Am Where are you from? ¿De dónde vienes? (<kam>de o:me</kam>) two forms (<kam>de o:me</kam>) dos formas Pending De o:me kipia. Am It has two forms Tiene dos formas. 02565 chichi:k to:motli chichi:k to:motli
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 1(h) type of prickly pear cactus, <kam>to:motli</kam> or <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> tipo de tuna o cactus, <kam>to:motli</kam> o <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> Am plant cactus chichi: to:moh This cactus was not identified during the fieldwork trip of October 2001 by any of the consultants. tó:mokóhtli xokó:k equivalent Oa 02566 te:mpatil te:mpatil te:mpatil te:mpatil
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap to have a twisted or crooked mouth or lips (that goes off to one side) tener la boca (o labios) torcida o chueca (que sale hacia un lado) Pending te:n patil 02567 okseki okseki
11/Feb/2006
Pr Pr-indef pl. <kam>o:ksekimeh</kam> still another; more still; a little more otro todavía; otro más Pending Okseki xne:xte:kili! Am Serve me still a little more (e.g., food, drink, etc.)! ¡Sírveme un poquito más todavía (p. ej., comida, bebida, etc.)! Nihkowas okseki. Am I'll buy some others still. Voy a comprar otros más todavía. ok seki Whether or not <kam>okseki</kam> can function in a modifier capacity in prenominal position is not clear; more texts are needed to clarify this situation. Note that at present I have two entries for <kam>seki</kam> , one as a pronominal and the other as a term modifier. Check vl for future and elicit. seki confer Am, Oa 02568 petlaso:lkuwatl petlaso:lkuwatl petlá:solkówatl petlá:solkówatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes centipede ciempiés Pending Petlaso:lkowatl, xkowatl, ke:n kowatsi:ntli. Am The centipede, it is not a snake, (though) it's like a small snake. El ciempiés, no es una culebra (aunque) es como una pequeña serpiente. Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia. Am If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full. Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito de cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos. animal insect petla sol kowa The etymology of <kam>petlaso:lkuwatl</kam> and <koa>petlá:solkówatl</koa> is uncertain although the presence of <kam>petla</kam> and <kam>kowatl</kam> seems clear. The origins or meaning of the <kam>sol</kam> element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long /o:/, which is not clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl <koa>petlá:solkúwatl</koa> manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination <kloa>-sósohlí</kloa>. But this would leave the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of <koa>té:sohlí</koa>. Tetelcingo has a short vowel here. Also, check etymology and whether /petlaso:hli/ also exists. Reduplication: Note the following: /Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia./ 'If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit from each, even if they aren't all full.' The etymology of <kam>petlaso:lkuwatl</kam> and <koa>petlá:solkówatl</koa> is uncertain although the presence of <kam>petla</kam> and <kam>kowatl</kam> seems clear. The origins or meaning of the <kam>sol</kam> element is, however, unclear. The Ameyaltepec pronunciation of Cristino Flores seems to have a definite long /o:/, which is not clearly present in the Oapan forms (though it cannot be ruled out, particularly in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino). Note also that Oapan Nahuatl <koa>petlá:solkúwatl</koa> manifests pitch accent that would seem to be related to a reduplicant, perhaps the adjectival termination <kloa>-sósohlí</kloa>. But this would leave the long vowel in the Ameyaltepec pronunciation unexplained. It could be that Oapan speakers reinterpret the /-sol/ syllable as related to the /-sol/ of <koa>té:sohlí</koa>. 02569 a:te:nki a:te:nki a:te:nki a:te:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be almost ripe; to be just somewhat juicy (a fruit between being green and being ripe) estar casi madura o a la sazón; estar algo jugoso (una fruta que estáentre verde y madura) Pending Ye pe:wa chika:wi, a:te:nki. Am It is beginning to get ripe, it is getting a little juicy Estáa punto de madurarse; estáponiéndose algo jugoso. A:mantsi:n kemech a:te:nki, xe iksi. Am It is just now getting somewhat juicy, it isn't ripe yet. Ahorita estáponiéndose algo jugoso, todavía no estáa sazoón. a: te:n The plural form of adjectivals such as <kamoa>a:te:nki</kamoa> is manifested through reduplication. Given that the Oapan adjectival is vowel initial, the reflex of reduplication is pitch accent: <koa>á:té:nki</koa> Obtain Oapan plural form <koa>á:té:nki</koa> and add to /lxoc field. Adjectives; nouns; deverbal: note the difference in words such as /a:poso:nki/ and /a:te:nki/. In the first the part of speech is a noun, which is followed by an attributive adjective. The meaning is"boiled water."In the second it is the subject that is filled"with water"(the incorporated noun). The IN is not the subject that is predicated upon, but is a peripheral argument to the verb phrase. Thus in /a:te:nki/ it is S that is filled (participal) WITH WATER. Thus in my coding there should be a difference between /com N-Adj that is an adjective ps and that which is a noun. 02570 buchih i:buchih
22/Oct/2005
buche N2 Adam's apple nuez de la garganta Pending body Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/. ko:kobuchih synonym Am ko:kobande:rah synonym Am kechtolopochyo synonym Oa a:ko:kotolopochyo synonym Oa 02571 ye wi:kpla kayo:tl ye wi:ptla kayo:tl ye wi:kpla kayo:tl i wi:ptla kayo:tl i wi:ptla kayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 something from two days ago algo de desde hace dos días Pending O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kpla kayo:tl. Am Your <kam>nextamahli</kam> has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long). It's already two days old. Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse quedado en agua estancada. Ya es de antier. wi:ptla kayo: Given the semantics of <klamoa>-kayo:tl</klamoa>'from the time of,' or something similar, with <kamoa>wi:ptla</kamoa> it only occurs with a preceding <kamoa>ye</kamoa> or <kamoa>i</kamoa>, 'already' (i.e., since something can not be ?'from the day after tomorrow') At least in Oapan this form is only used with the preceding <koa>i</koa> 'already.' 02572 sema:na kisema:na sema:na kisema:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-b class-3a to buy, and store (particularly in order to resell) comprar y guardar o almacenar (particularmente para volver a vender); revender; rescatar Pending Tlase:mana, kipia. Am He buys and sells (i.e., is a shopowner), he has it (money) Compra y revende (esto es, es un tendero), tiene. sem a:na 02573 ikxikukwetlaxiwi ikxikukwetlaxiwi ixí:kwetlaxíwi ixí:kwetlaxiwi ixikwetlaxiwi, ixí:kwetlaxíwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Reduced rdp-s(prev-s): <koa>ixí:kwetlaxíwi</koa> class-3a(w) yes-rdp for ones leg to get exhausted and weak or rubbery cansarsele o enflaquecersele a uno la pierna, o quedarsele débil Pending kxi kwetlax This verb is used to refer to the manner in which ones legs give out from walking very far, from running a lot, i.e. when ones legs become weak and are about to give out. Both the unreduplicated <kam>ikxikwetlaxiwi</kam> or <koa>ixikwetlaxiwi</koa> and reduplicated <kam>ikxikukwetlaxiwi</kam> or <koa>ixí:kwetlaxíwi</koa> forms are correct. The former refers to this effect on one leg, the latter to the same effect on both legs. The Oapan reduplicated form shows phonological reduction of the reduplicant onto the short final vowel of the incorporated noun stem <koa>ixi</koa>. The verb is usually found with reduplication given that it is usually the result of an action that affects both legs at the same time. Check for transitive form. Check for unreduplicated form; also with /ma:/?? Note that two words referring to feet/legs getting tired, etc. are entered in the headword category in two different ways. Thus /ikxikutia/ does not have redpulication because it can easily happen to just one leg, as in the example. However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/ is the result of actions that almost inevitably affect both legs. 02574 chiko chiko
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-man uneven in growth (height or length, e.g., hair, grasses, plants, etc.); crooked de crecimiento disparejo (en lo alto o lo largo, p. ej., pelo, zacate, plantas, etc.); chueco Pending San chiko we:weyak nowapa:wa itson. Am His hair grows unevenly (some parts growing faster than others, leaving the hair of unequal lengths). Su cabello crece disparejo (algunas partes crecen más rápido que otras, dejando el cabello disparejo). Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli, seki wekapan wa:n seki pi:pitik ika tikye:kpowa. Am Those maize plants are uneven (in height), some are tall and some are short because you replanted where some seeds planted the first time did not come up. Esas plantas de maíz están disparejas, algunas son altas y otras cortitas con esto de que volviste a sembrar donde las semillas sembradas al principio no brotaron. chiko <kam>Chiko</kam> is a modifier that signifies 'crooked,' 'uneven,' or 'off to one side.' Apparently Ameyaltepec <kam>chiko</kam> is used before a verbal predicate, which it modifies. Thus one finds <kam>Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli</kam> , in which <kam>chi:chiko</kam> 'crookedly' modifies how the maize plants grow. The phrase <kam>san chiko we:weyak</kam> is more complex, <kam>chiko</kam> modifies the adjectival <kam>we:weyak</kam> with a meaning like 'to be crookedly long.' However, on another original filecard I had documented <kam>chi:chiko we:weyak i:tson</kam>. The full range of contexts in which <kam>chiko</kam> is used needs to be determined. Check length of first vowel in /wewe:yak/ in the phrase: /San chiko weweyak nowepa:wa itson/ as it seems that in similar uses of the same word the reduplicated vowel is long. Check. In another file card (with vowel length not marked), I have /chichiko weweyak itson/. Also, I had /weweyak/ but I think that the first vowel of the root is long (i.e., /we:yak/). Also, with /chikoki:sa/ determine whether one or two words, if two, then one would find /chi:ko niki:sa/. Elicit all other forms wth /chiko/: cf. Karttunen, /chikokaki/, etc. Cf. /tsonaka/ and whether this should be analyzed as cliticized. chikotik confer Am, Oa chikotia synonym Oa 02575 pri:moh pri:moh pri:moh pri:mon pri:moh
22/Oct/2005
primo(a) N N-loan (poss.) cousin (pos.) primo(a) Pending (voc.) cousin (voc.) primo(a) Pending Ka:n tiaw pri:moh? Am Where are you going cousin? ¿Dónde vas primo? kin As for all kin terms, determine the range of referents, and whether this is extended to fictive kin as well as genealogical kin. Check final segment /n/ or /h/. ne:neh confer Am, Oa 02576 tetilaktik tetilaktik tetelahtik tetelaktik tetelahtik, tetelaktik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik to be very thick (e.g., cloth, blankets, boards, the soles of sandals, etc.) ser muy grueso (p. ej., tela, cobijas, tablas, las suelas de huaraches, etc.) Pending tila: Apparently this derivation of <klamoa>tila:wi</klamoa>is used only to refer to the physical thickness of objects, and not to the overgrown nature of a field or patch of earth. Note that there are a group of vines called <kam>nakastetititilak</kam> , <koa>nakasté:tilák</koa>, and, in San Juan Tetelcingo, <ktet>nakastetihtilak</ktet>; the name derives from the thickness of their leaves. Check use of /tetilaktik/ to indicate overgrown. Note also and check the phonology of the Oapan form; I heard /k/, particularly in IJ's pronunciation, after /la-/. Finally, check /tetelahtik/ vs. /tetilahtik/ in Oapan, i.e., /e/ vs. /i/. Get pronunciations of several people. Adjectivals: one key point that needs to be examined is the relationship between forms such as /toma:wak/ and /tetomaktik/, /pitsa:wak/ and /tepitsaktik/, etc. All /-a:wi/ verbs should be checked for these derivations, particularly if both do indeed occur. Then a check should be made as to whether the form without /te-/ exists (e.g., /tilaktik/). My impression is that while it may be"grammatically correct"and accepted by some speakers, it is rarely found in discourse. Then, after a list of all the pairs is made, an effort should be made to determine the difference in meaning. For /tetilaktik/ my feeling is that it cannot refer to fields that are overgrown with weeds (as /tila:wak/ can), but only to the physical thickness of material objects. Check: apparently the male pronunciation is closer to final /k/ closing the 3rd and penultimate syllable. 02577 kone:miki kone:miki kone:miki kone:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to have a child of ones die (usually refers to a death within a few weeks or months of birth) morirsele a un su niño (generalmente se refiere a una muerte dentro de unas pocas semanas o meses de haber nacido) Pending kone: miki Apparently this word refers to a parent (man or woman) who have a child that dies at a very young age, not living past the first few weeks or months. Check. I have no filecard on this word, but seem to remember it's correctness. It is a word in Oapan; recheck Ameyaltepec. kone:nemi confer Am, Oa 02578 itipo:xatik itipo:xatik ítipó:xatík ítipó:xatík
11/Feb/2006
bolsa (?) N N-N N-loan yes-lex to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal) ser panzón; tener una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal) Oa to have a large bulbous middle (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs) tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma) Oa hti Oapan <koa>ítipó:xatík</koa> is semantically equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kam>itipoti:xah</kam> , mirroring the general alternation between Ameyaltepec <kam>poti:xah</kam> and Oapan <koa>pó:xatí</koa>. The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check. itipoti:xa synonym Am 02579 koyo:tl koyo:tl koyo:tl koyo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) Pending (fig,) light-skinned and well-dressed person; non-Indian who is well off (e.g., a <kam>licenciado</kam> , doctor, politician, but not simply a rich person). (fig.) persona güera y bien vestida (p. ej., un licenciado, doctor, politico, pero no simplemente una persona rica) Pending animal mammal koyo:-2- Figuratively, <kam>koyo:tl</kam> does not simply refer to a rich person, but to someone with some social and political clout, who can do things and get things done. However, no matter was his status and skills, a dark-skinned rich person is never a <kam>koyo:tl</kam>. It has, therefore, ethnic and class connotations. Identification of species taken from Leopold (1959). 02580 tlai:tia kitlai:tia tlai:tia kitlai:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to give (an alcoholic beverage) to drink to darle de beber (una bebida alcohólica) a Pending Timistlai:ti:s, nikneki mowa:n nitlai:s! Am I will give you something alcoholic to drink, I want to drink with you. Te voy a dar una bebida alcohólica para beber, quiero tomar contigo. i tlai verb_base Am, Oa oni:tia minus_tla Am, Oa 02581 yzzz a:nka i:a:nka
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-ka N2 sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.) algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.) Oa a:na <koa>A:nka</koa>, an obligatorily possessed deverbal noun, was given by Florencia Marcelino as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kam>a:nahlo</kam> , also obligatorily possessed. However, a precise definition of the former was not given and it remains to be determined how equivalent the two terms are. Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/. a:nahlo confer Am a:ntok confer Am, Oa a:ntok confer Am 02582 yeyeka yeyeka yéyé:ka yeye:ka yéyé:ka
11/Feb/2006
No V0 V0-b Lex. rdp-s class-4a yes-rdp for there to be wind haber viento Pending O:yeyekawi:lo:k nomi:l, o:pe:w yeyeka chika:wak. Am My corn field got blown over by the wind, the winds started to blow hard. Se arrastrómi milpa por el viento, el viento empezóa soplar fuerte. weather e:ka For a discussion of etymology and vowel length, see entry under <klam>yeyekatl</klam> (Am) There is another token at 3908. yeyekatia synonym Am 02583 kalpan kalpan kalpan kalpah kalpah, kalpan
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-pan N1 large village aldea grande Pending kal Often <kamoa>kalpan</kamoa> seems to refer to a home or mother village, as viewed from an offshoot or outlying section. Thus Xalitecos sometimes refer to Ameyaltepec as <kam>kalpan</kam> , and those of Analco call Oapan <koa>kalpan</koa>. More generally <kam>kalpan</kam> refers to any large village. Use the first token from the female speaker for the /kalpah/ utterance (with final /h/); then use second utterance of male for /n/-final version. 02584 tepe:iyo:tl tepe:iyo:tl tepé:yoyó:tl tepé:iyó:tl tepé:yoyó:tl ihyo:tl tlako:tl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex type of tree of the Leguminosea family, still not identified tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosea, hasta ahora no identificado Pending Tepe:iyo:tl | San para tlikuwtli. Am <kam>Tepe:iyo:tl</kam> : It is just for firewood. <kam>Tepe:iyo:tl</kam> : Es solamente para leña. plant xiwtli tepe: hyo: Pitch accent in Oapan <koa>tepé:yoyó:tl</koa> stems from the underlying {h} of {ihyo:tl}. Note that one consultant stated that this was a /kuhtli/. Check. Use second token of male speaker, it appears to have less background noise. 02585 tenexko:ntli tenexko:ntli tenexko:ntli tenexko:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) lime kiln: a large vertical hole that is dug next to a short cliff, with an upper (large) and lower (small) compartments of equal diameter. In the larger, upper section rocks are placed to the top; the lower hole is stoked with firewood for several days from. A slit is cut between the two compartments in order to allow heat to rise from the lower to the upper sections, cooking the rocks and converting them to lime. horno para hacer cal: un pozo grande y vertical excavado cerca de la orilla de un risco con un compartamento superior grande y otro inferior más pequeño, los dos del mismo diámetro. El compartamento superior se llena de piedras hasta el top; el inferior se llena con leña que se que por varios días. Un rendija entre los dos compartamentos se hace para permitir que el calor suba, cocinando las piedras y convertiéndolas en cal. Pending te nex ko:m Illustrate In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: <koa>i:ko:nyo</koa>, the large cylindrical hole, some two or more meters deep, into which rocks are placed; <koa>i:estri:boh</koa>, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat rises, cut of rock left between the large upper cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and <koa>i:xi:k</koa>, the bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln, <koa>i:xi:k</koa> does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix <kn>-yo</kn>, while the possessed stem <kn>ko:n-</kn>, from <kloa>ko:ntli</kloa>does take the suffix. Possession; <kn>-yo</kn> : In Oapan, the vertical lime kilns that are excavated in rock have three named parts: <koa>i:ko:nyo</koa>, the large cylindrical hole, some two or more meters deep, into which rocks are placed; <koa>i:estri:boh</koa>, the shelf like division of rock, with two large perpendicular slots through which the heat rises, cut of rock left between the large upper cylinder where the rocks are placed and the lower part of the cylinder where wood is stoked; and <koa>i:xi:k</koa>, the bottom part of the cylinder, some 50 cm high, into which firewood is placed to cook the rocks. Note that, as expected, the body-part metaphor part of the kiln, <koa>i:xi:k</koa> does not take the intrinsic possessive suffix <kn>-yo</kn>, while the possessed stem <kn>ko:n-</kn>, from <kloa>ko:ntli</kloa>does take the suffix. 02586 wekapania wekapania wákapánia wakapania wakapánia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to grow tall (a person, a tree, etc.) crecer alto (una persona, unárbol, etc.) Pending Xok tiwe:iyas, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n. Am You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions. No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón. to get higher or taller (e.g., a building being built) subir en altura (p. ej., un edificio en construcción) Pending to flare up high (a fire) subir (un fuego que empieza a flamear) Pending On tlitl o:wepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl. Am That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire). El fuego ha llameado, se propagóhacia la palma (incendiándola). wehka -pan Use of /i:ka/ and /pa:mpa/: The difference or similarities between the two need to be determined. Note in the following the use of /i:ka/ to indicate a cause: /Xok tiwe:iyas, xok tiwekapanias i:ka titlatlantsi:n/ 'You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions.' 02587 a:chitsi:n a:chitsi:n á:chitsí:n á:chitsí:n a:chitsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n yes-lex a little poquito Pending Xne:chmaka a:chitsi:n! Am Give me a little (e.g., of food or drink)! ¡Dame un poquito (p. ej., de comida o bebida)! Xne:chmaka ok a:chitsi:n! Am Give me a little bit more! ¡Dáme un poquito más! San a:chitsi:n. Am Just a little (i.e., just give me a little). ¡Un poquito nada más (esto es, dáme solamente un poquito más). A:chitsi:n ma:w! Am (Give me) a little bit of your water! ¡(Dáme) un poquito de tu agua! for a short time por poco tiempo Pending A:chitsi:n nikochi. Am He sleeps justs a little. Duerme solamente un poquito. (<klam>sa:</klam> ~) a short time (from now; syn. Am/Oa <kamoa>sa: te:tepitsi:n</kamoa>) (<klam>sa:</klam> ~) dentro de poco (tiempo desde ahora; sin. Am/Oa <kamoa>sa: te:tepitsi:n</kamoa>) Am Sa: a:chitsi:n wi:ts. Am He will come a short time from now. Dentro de poco viene. a:chih Note the difference in meaning, in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, between <kam>san a:chitsi:n</kam> 'just a little bit' (e.g., of food) and <kam>sa: a:chitsi:n</kam> 'in just a little while (from now).' The equivalent of the latter in Oapan is <koa>san te:tepitsi:n</koa>. The presence of {h} is indicated by pitch accent in Oapan (though without comparative evidence it would be unclear where the {h} was located). The length of the first vowel is still problematic, as the length of word-initial vowels are sometimes difficult to determine. However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am), of the literacy workgroup, were quite certain that the first vowel of this word is long, and it has so been recorded here and in all illustrative sentences. The same observation applied to <klam>a:chi</klam> (Am). Check this adjectival use given that I have added this entry based on some other similar phrases in the corpus. Check vowel length. I have changed all entries and illustrative phrases with /a:chitsi:n/ (Am) to a standard of /achitsi:n/. The Oapan entry appears to have a short initial vowel, however, this is the vowel that needs to be fully and definitively determined. 02588 po:so:hli po:so:hli po:so:hli po:so:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 pozole pozole Pending food-maize po:so:l po:so:hli There are two types of <kam>po:so:hli</kam> documented in my notes: <klam>ye:lo:po:so:hli</klam> and <klam>po:so:hli de nextamahli</klam>. Check vowel length. Although this word would seem to be related to the verb /poso:ni/, the difference in vowel length is problematical, for this derivation would suggest at least a short initial vowel, if not two short vowels. The only other source of vowel length is Ramírez and Dakin (1978), which is not trustworthy on vowel length. Check derivation and adjust cat field accordingly. 02589 iksan iksan
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm a long time ago hace mucho tiempo, antiguamente Pending O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. Am A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya. Am A <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> , if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon). Un <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> , si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto). iksan Oapan has the nominal form <kloa>i:san kayo:tl</kloa>though not the adverbial <koa>i:san</koa>, at least not in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. Recheck length of initial vowel, although in a later entry I have recorded as a note:"the first vowel is definitely long and should be recorded or changed to such in all entries." iksan kayo:tl confer Am 02590 istlakatki istlakatki istlakatki istlakatki
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ki N1 liar mentiroso Pending stlaka Check etymology. Check length of first vowel. 02591 tlamanilia kitlamanilia tlamanilia kitlamanilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to patch (sth such as clothes or similar material objects) remendar (algo, como una prenda de vestir u otros materiales similares) para (algn) Pending Tiktlamanili:s nokoto:n. Am You are going to patch up my shirt. Me vas a remendar mi camisa. to leave an offering for (e.g., a deceased relative for All Saint's Day) dejar una ofrenda para (p. ej., un pariente fallecido para Todos Santos) Pending clothing man One case say, as in the transitive entry for <kamoa>tlamanilia</kamoa>, <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam>. In this construction the base verb <kam>manilia</kam> has a ditransitive meaning of, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' In <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> , <kn>tla-</kn> is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt). However, it also appears that <kam>tlamanilia</kam> itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in <kam>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</kam> 'she will fix my pants for me,' where <kam>ne:ch</kam> is the primary object and <kam>nopá:ntalon</kam> is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, <kn>tla-</kn> is used, with the resultant form <kam>ne:chtlatlamanili:s</kam> 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact that this occurs sug gests that <kam>tlamanilia</kam> as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive <kam>manilia</kam>. Thus in <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> it would appear that <kam>manilia</kam> is ditransitive and the <kn>tla-</kn> reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, <kn>tla-</kn> is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (<kam>tlamanilia</kam> is monovalent). However, in the case of <kam>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</kam> 'she will fix my pants for me,' the <kn>tla-</kn> does not reduce the valency of <kam>manilia</kam> , and the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is <kam>ne:ch</kam> and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is <kam>nopá:ntalon</kam>). Thus this represents"modifying"incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is interesting that in e ffect that <kn>tla-</kn> does not appear to"modif y"anything.The valency of <kam>tlamanilia</kam> is problematic. In many cases (cf. homophonous entry) it seems obviously to be a bivalent (and simple transitive) verb. However, in the illustrative sentences here it appears trivalent. Thus <kam>tine:chtlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> seems to have two objects. The primary object (1st- person singular) is overtly expressed; when specific, the secondary object is not overtly marked on the verb (as in the example just given). However, it may be overtly expressed as a nonspecific object (e.g., <kam>tlatlamanilia</kam>), in which case the secondary object may only be expressed as an oblique. This is the case with, for <kam>timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s i:ka notlake:n</kam>. Note in Oapan that <koa>kitlamanilia</koa> refers to an offering to the saints or deceased whereas <koa>kitlá:manília</koa> refers to putting patches on clothes. The object may be either the clothes themselves or the owner. After discussing with C. Flores I have removed: /Ne:chtlatlamanili:skeh ika nokoto:n./ 'They will patch up clothes for me, my shirt.' and /Timistla:ke:was, tine:chtlatlamanili:s ika notlake:n./ 'I'm going to hire you to patch my clothes up for me.' NOTE that according to C. Flores one usually says sth like /xtlamanili nokoto:n/, but it is also possible to use the double applicative /xne:xtlamanili nokoto:n/. tlamanililia val_add_applic Am mana verb_base Am, Oa 02592 kaxa:nka:suwa:tl kaxa:nka:suwa:tl kaxa:nka:siwa:tl kaxa:nka:siwa:tl
11/Feb/2006
N Part-N N-b Stem 2 sickly woman; woman who easily becomes ill or weakened from work mujer enfermiza, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo) Pending Kaxa:nka:suwa:tl, san kukwalo:tok. Am She is a weak, sickly woman, she is always just getting ill. Es una mujer débil, enfermiza, siempre anda enfermándose. kaxa: sowa: poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl This word, <kam>kaxa:nka:sowa:ti</kam> to a woman who is unable to work, who gets sick easily from work. Perhaps in phrase /san kukwalo:tok/ /sa:/ and not /san/ is correct and should be used. tepi:tska:suwa:tl confer Am tepi:tka:siwa:tl confer Oa poxa:hka:suwa:tl synonym Am 02593 ta:natli ta:natli tá:natlí tá:natlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex large bag of woven palm espuerta o bolsa grande hecha de palma tejida Pending (rare: by extension) any large bag (raro: por extensión) cualquier bolsa grande Pending tool ta:nah The <kam>ta:natli</kam> was much more commonly used in the past. It has two handles and flaps, all of palm, that close over each other. Ameyaltepequeños used to buy these from sellers from Tlamacazapa. The <kam>ta:natli</kam> has been replaced by the modern, plastic <kam>morrali:nas</kam> , commonly used in Mexico for shopping in markets. Buy and illustrate. tata:nah confer Am tátá:nah confer Oa 02594 pa:ntalontetekwixtok pa:ntalontetekwixtok pantaló:ntekwíxtok pantalo:ntekwixtok pantaló:ntekwíxtok
11/Feb/2006
Stat N-Stat *V1-Stat Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Durative yes-lex to be with ones trousers rolled up estar con los pantalones enrollados y subidos Pending Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos. Am I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore. Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así. te hkwiya This stative has only been documented in reduplicated form, as given in the headword. Note that with /ma:tetekwia/ I have this documented as a reflexive (and possibly transitive). Since my only documented example of /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/ is the stative, check the form /pa:ntalontetekwia/ and if it is intransitive or transitive/reflexive. If the former, change Stat-x to Stat. Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. Here check vowel length carefully, both dialects. I seem to have heard the first /a:/ as longest in the pronunciation of C. Flores. Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. ixikasó:ntekwíxtok synonym Oa 02595 yeyekameh yeyekameh yéye:kámeh yéye:kámih yéye:kámeh
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1 yes see <klam>yeyekatl</klam> (Am) véase <klam>yeyekatl</klam> (Am) Pending 02596 inekwi kinekwi ínekwí inekwi kínekwí
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(kw) i>0 yes-lex to smell (either a good or bad fragrance) oler (algo que puede oler bien o mal) Pending O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n Am I smelled how this was a fragrant place. Olíquétan fragrante era este lugar. O:nikinekw fie:roh. Xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n! Am I smelled something bad. It wasn't good, it was a real bad-smelling place! Olíalgo mal. No era bueno¡quélugar de mal olor! Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k. Am He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant. Frunce la naríz. olióalgo desagradable. hnekwi In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix is frequently surpressed in surface forms with an overt preceding subject prefix. By orthographic convention, this is presently written as, e.g., <koa>n'inekwi</koa> (or, in full form, <koa>nikínekwí</koa>. Note that the 2nd-person plural is <koa>n'ínekwíh</koa> (or, in full form, <koa>>ninkínekwíh</koa>). Re: anticausative. Note that for certain verbs that seem to form a basic transitive there is an intransitive form. This is the case with /inekiw/, which has an intransitive in /nekwisti/. Thus the reflexive is only used for a passive construction. Note that /inekwi/ can refer to either smelling a good or a bad smell. However, /nekwisti/ refers to bad smells. I have removed the anticausatve? definition: (refl.-anticaus.) to give of a smell; to smell. This was from the phrase 'Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih.' Note that the intransitive is /nekwisti/. nekwisti confer Am ínekwísti confer Oa inekwilia val_add_applic Am 02597 tekon i:tekon ba:kah
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N2 udder filled with milk (of a cow, goat, donkey, but not a dog, cat, etc.; i.e., said of animals with udders that get large when birth is near) ubre lleno de leche (de una vaca, chiva, burra, pero no una perra o gata; esto es, se dice de animales que tienen ubres que se hacen grande cuando ya estápor parir) Pending Ye kipia itekon, ye mi:xiwis. Am She has a full udder, she's about to give birth. Ya tiene un ubre lleno, estápor parir. body tekoma To date <kamoa>tekomatl</kamoa> has been documented only in this obligatorily possessed form, or compounded with nominal stems (e.g., <klamoa>a:tekomatl</klamoa>). Check to see if /tekomatl/ exists as tecomate. I have removed this definition: 'breasts filled with milk (of a woman who is about to give birth or nursing)' Recheck. chi:chiwaltekon equivalent Am, Oa tekomatl confer Am, Oa 02598 ma:ka:wilia kima:ka:wilia ma:ka:wilia kima:ka:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to let loose for (e.g., in letting out a rope for sb) soltar para o a (p. ej., en ir soltando un laso para algn) Pending to raise the volume of (a radio, record player, etc.); to turn up (the level of an electrical appliance); to speed up or accelerate (a car being drive, an animal being ridden, etc.) subirle el volumen a (un radio, tocadiscos, etc.); hacer trabajar más fuerte a (un aparato eléctrico); accelarar (un coche manejado, un animal montado, etc. Pending Xma:ka:wili, xkakisti! Am Turn it up (in this case the volume on a radio), it's not audible! ¡Súbele el volumen (en este caso a un radio), no se oye! to exhale in the face of (e.g, smoke) exhalar en la cara de; soltar (humo, etc.) en la cara de Pending ma: ka:wa Check meaning of 'to exhale in the face of,' as this was entered from memory. I have also eliminated this def. as C. Flores did not agree to its validtiy: 'to free (a prisioner) for; to let out in the custody of' ma:ka:wa verb_base Am, Oa 02599 ma:poche:roh ma:poche:roh ma:poche:roh ma:poche:roh
11/Feb/2006
(Sp) <kn>ma:poxtli</kn> N N-ap Gender; N1 person who is left-handed persona surda, que escribe con la mano izquierda Pending ma: opoch The fact that a Spanish loan ending (<spn>-ero/a</spn>) occurs here might have affected the length of the previous vowel, /o/, which seems short in the Ameyaltepec form <kam>ma:poche:roh</kam>. As to the initial /o/ of the putative stem <kroot>opoch</kroot>, the fact that it deletes following <kamoa>ma:</kamoa> suggests that it was underlying short, although this is a very thin evidence in regard to vowel length one way or the other. FK compares various dialects and in most the /o:/ is long. 02600 te:mposteki kite:mposteki te:mposteki kite:mposteki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to break off the point of (e.g., a pencil, a pick, or other similar objects with a long point) romperle el punto a (p. ej., un lápiz, un pico, u otros objetos con un largo punto) Pending te:n posteki te:mposteki; te:ntlapa:ni 02601 okwihlowa kwilinyowa okwihlowa kwikwihlowa kwikwihlowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans Lex. rdp-s* class-4a to get full of worms agusanarse Oa okwil Inocencio Díaz gave the form <kam>kwilinyowa</kam> , but this has not yet been documented with other speakers. Oapan <koa>kwikwihlowa</koa>, which occurs in various compounds, shows reduplication without a final {h} in the coda of the reduplicant (at least as suggested by the absence of pitch accent, a reflex of coda {h}. The reason for this is not clear. Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Check for the possibility of reduction /ni:kwihlowa/??. Check for /h/ in kwikwihlowa/ or /kwihkwihlowa/, etc. kwikwilxi:ni confer Oa okwihlowa synonym Am 02602 i:xtakatsi:n i:xtakatsi:n i:xtakatsi:n i:xtakatsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Adv-manner Adv-man see <klamoa>i:xtaka</klamoa> véase <klamoa>i:xtaka</klamoa> Pending i:xtaka 02603 tsotsomoka tsotsomoka tsotsomoka tsotsomoka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] ~Trans class-4a to emit a sound like that of cloth or paper ripping emitir un sonido como lo de tela o papel que se rasga Pending Tsotsomokatias mokoto:n de ka:mpa timopilo:s. Am Your shirt will start tearing apart (lit. 'go along making a ripping sound') if you pull hard. Tu camisa se va a ir rompiendo (lit. 'ir haciendo un sonido al rasgarse') si te jalas fuerte. sound tsomo: <kam>Tsotsomoka</kam> often occurs with the aspectual marker <kn>-tiw</kn>. tsomo:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02604 tatia kinotatia 'tatiá tatia kinótatiá
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-tia +Refl/-trans class-2a yes-lex (refl) to claim or treat (sb) as one's father (e.g., an illegitimate child who has not previously recognized his genitor and who now begins to refer to this genitor as a father) (refl) reclamar o tratar a (algn) como padre (p. ej., un hijo ilegítimo que anteriormente no había reconocido, o no había sido reconocido por, su padre biológico y ahora empieza a referirse aél como padre) Pending San kemech o:notatih. Am He just recently claimed his genitor (as father) Apenas reconocióa su padre biológico (como su padre). tah As expected the Oapan form has both objects marked; Ameyaltepec has only the reflexive, which coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father. It is still not clear how Ameyaltepec Nahuatl would express the object, i.e., the person who is taken for a father. Classical <kn>tatia. nicno</kn> is glossed in Molina as 'tomar o otro por padre' (note that RS has, probably an error, <kn>tatia. nino</kn>, i.e., missing the specific 3rd-person object prefix). Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both are correct. Check how Am expresses object. Note that Am does not express the secondary object with the reflexive only when it is 3rd person and not at the beginning. Thus one has /nimotatia/ but /kinotatia/. Also /nimitsnotatia/, etc. na:ntia confer Am, Oa ikni:wtia confer Am suwa:wtia confer Am ihni:htia confer Oa siwa:wtia confer Oa 02605 tepachakahloh tepachakahloh tepachakahloh tepachakahloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh to be covered with flat stones and rocks, about the size of a fist or smaller, of the type called <klam>tepachakahli</klam> (a field, or soil; with the result that the stones inhibit the passing of a plow when the land is being worked) estar lleno de piedras anchas y delgadas, como el tamaño de un puño o más pequeno, de las que se llaman <klam>tepachakahli</klam> (un terreno, con el resultado que tales piedras estorban el arado al trabajar la tierra de estos terrenos) Pending Tepachakahloh motla:l. Am Your land is full of the small flat stones called <klam>tepachakahli</klam>. Tu terreno estálleno de las piedras pequeñas y planas llamadas <klam>tepachakahli</klam>. soil tepachakahli te pachaka techachahloh synonym Am té:chahlóh synonym Oa 02606 ma:ko:tsi:liwi ma:ko:tsi:liwi ma:ko:tsi:liwi ma:ko:tsi:liwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to get a cramp in ones arm or hand tener o sentir un calambre en el brazo o la mano Pending ma: ko:tsil Check for possible transitive form ?ma:ko:tsilowa. Recheck/confirm vowel length. 02607 nomuwti:hli nomuwti:hli nemohti:hli nemohti:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Stem 3 fear miedo Oa mawi As would be expected from Classical grammars and forms, Oapan Nahuatl manifests the use of <kn>ne-</kn> in nominalizations. (Note that the length of the final vowel should be further examined for final determination. Nominalization/deverbalization: Note the use of /ne-/ in /nemuhti:hli/, from Oapan, but /no/ in Ameyaltepec. mahka:listli synonym Oa mahka:listli synonym Am 02608 poyaktik poyaktik poyahtik poyahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik dark grey griso oscuro Pending Ke:n ko:lo:tsi:ntli, xma:s we:i, pe:nas tli:ltiktsi:n, poyaktsi:n. Am It (the <kam>tliko:lo:tl</kam>) is like a small scorpion, it's not too big, it's just a little blackish, darkish. Es (el <kam>tliko:lo:tl</kam>) es como un alacrancito, no es muy grande, es algo negrito, algo oscuro. color poya: This term is often used in the diminutive, which in Ameyaltepec is <kam>poyaktsi:n</kam> and Oapan <koa>poyahtsi:n</koa>. In one set of notes I mentioned that this term refers to a darkish, dull color. It may have a reddish or brown tone; it is not black but sort of dark brownish. Although this has the form of other adjectivals such as /tetomaktik/, my only documentation of this word is in the diminutive, with /-tsi:n/ substituting for /-tik/. Check the possibility of /poyaktli/ as well as the possibility (or necessity) of /te-/, e.g., /tepoyaktik/. 02609 yzzz kámoxé:poh kámoxé:poh
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>cebo</spn> N N-complex N1 yes-lex type of sweet potato still unidentified tipo de camote todavía no identificado Oa kamoh kamotli When asked if <kam>kamotli de un istá:k</kam> was a word in Oapan, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave its equivalent as <koa>kámoxé:poh</koa>. Fieldwork will determine if the two terms are equivalent. My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivated or not; check for this and other swet potatoes. kamotli de un istá:k equivalent Am 02610 kekeleh kekeleh kekeleh kekelih kekeleh, kekelih
24/Oct/2005
N N-posr-eh N1 person who is ticklish algn que tiene cosquillas Pending kel Check for any possible difference between /kekeleh/ and /kekeltik/. Note that Inocencio Jiménez pronounced this /kekelih/. Oapan phonology: Note that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez often differ in the pronunciation of final /i/ and /e/. Thus Florencia gives most agentives ending in /-ni/ as [ne], e.g., /tlakwa:ne/. And Inocencio will often use /i/ where Florencia has /e/, as in the present case. Use first male token for /kekelih/, female (either) for /kekeleh/. kekeltik confer Am kekel confer Am 02611 iso:tla niso:tla ísó:tla iso:tla nísó:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl/dif) V2-refl +Refl/+trans class-4a yes-lex (refl.) to vomit (refl.) vomitar Pending O:niso:tlak. Am He threw up. Vomitó. (trans) to cough or spit up (sth specific, a liquid such as blood) (trans) expectorar, esputar (algo en particular, como sangre) Pending Kiso:tla yestli. Am He spits (coughs up) up blood. Expectora sangre. (trans) to spill the beans (i.e., say or reveal sth that had been a secret) (trans) revelar (algo dicho en privado) Pending functions hso:tla Check to determine whether only reflexive is used; cf. causative form with different agent/patient. Note, usually used in reflexive but occasionally with object. Cf. other verbs that may take a reflexive and an object with changes in sense: /ito:tia/, etc. Also, check whether one can say /ka:xi:xa yestli/, /kixi:xa tomin/, etc. I.e., not only a locative but patient. Determine a type of coding for these verbs. Reflexive verbs; transitivity; causatives: Note that there is a difference in these two transitive forms: /kiso:tla/ in which the object is that which is vomitted up, and /kiso:tlaltia/ in which the object is the person who is made to vomit. Note that the reflexive verbs that indicate bodily functions occasionally take an object, but when they do, this object is not a causative object (underlying or thematic patient) but rather a material that is affected, or a person (as in /ne:cha:xi:xa nokone:w/). The causative changes this to adding a new agent and making the previous agent a patient. iso:tlaltia val_add_caus Am íso:tláltia val_add_caus Oa 02612 a:yema:nia a:yema:nia a:yema:nia a:yema:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x; long) to get soft from being in water or having water added (e.g., earth that is soaked in or mixed with water) ablandarse por estar en el agua o por agregarsele agua (p. ej., tierra a que se le ha agregado agua para que se ponga más suave) Pending a: yema:ni a:yema:nia; a:pochi:ni For example, when one is using earth to fill in the spaces in a stone wall, it may be mixed with water in order to soften it. One then can say <kamoa>yo:a:yema:niak</kamoa> when the moistened earth is ready to be used. 02613 kokolisioh kokolisioh kokolisioh kokolisioh
09/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans Lex. rdp-s* to be chronically or continually ill estar siempre enfermo; ser enfermizo Pending Sa: tikukwalo:tinemi. Tikokolisioh. Am You just go around feeeling sick. You are chronically ill. Nomás andas enfermo. Eres enfermizo. disease koko kokolistli confer Am, Oa 02614 tolopochiwi tolopochiwi tolopochiwi tolopochiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to swell up into a hard ball (e.g., on ones skins) salir un hinchazón dura (p. ej., en la piel) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to become bumpy or rough (the surface of things such as roads, ceramics that are not polished, amate paper not well made, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser o llegar a seráspero y no plano (la superficie de cosas como caminos, cerámica no pulida, papel amate toscamente hecho, etc.) Pending O:to:tolopochiw ka:n mihkasiwi, o:ta:tapale:w. Am It has gotten bumpy (the skin) where he has <klam>mihkasiwi</klam> (a type of skin rash), it has gotten reddish bumps. Se pusoáspera (la piel) donde se le salió <klam>mihkasiwi</klam> (un tipo de sarpullido), salieron ronchas rojas. texture tolopoch tewistik; tsotsokoltik; chakayoltik; tolopochiwi; tolopoxtik Most documentation of this word, and its derivatives, is with long stem-initial reduplication, perhaps reflective of the fact that the bumps are widely spaced and that several always occur together (never one alone). The difference between the various words that refer to bumpy or uneven surfaces is not entirely clear. However, <kam>tolopochiwi</kam> seems to refer to gentle, smooth bumps, not those that emerge suddenly and sharply from a given surface (see <klamoa>tla:lto:tolopochka:n</klamoa>). <kam>To:tolopochiwi</kam> , or any potential cognate, seems absent from other dialects. However, note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has <kn>to:tolontik</kn> 'gordito' (note here also the reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel). It is also quite possible that the wild, grape-like fruit known as <kbam>to:tolo:ktsi:n</kbam>is from a similar root as <kamoa>to:tolopochiwi</kamoa>. If a form such as /totolopochiwi/ or simply /tolopochiwi/ is found, then change main entry to /tolopochiwi/ and xref at /to:tolopochiwi/, etc. There are 4 additional tokens at 5079. These tokens at 5079 should be tagged as 2614. Also, the two tokens selected as the linked words should be chosen from among the 4 word tokens recorded at 5079. 02615 tetekumasol tetekumasol tekómasólin tekómasólih tekómasólih
11/Feb/2006
N Lex. rdp-s (Am) N-ap (Am); N-b-in (Oa) yes type of honey-making and stinging insect that live in nests hanging from trees; in appearance they have a small midsection and in size are slightly larger than <klam>tla:lnekwteh</klam> tipo de insecto que hace miel y pica y que hace su nido colgado deárboles; en apariencia tienen una cintura delgada y en cuanto a tamaño son un poquito más grande que <klam>tla:lnekwteh</klam> Pending Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. Am The insects called <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). Los insectos llamados <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). Tetekomasol, boli:tah ikal. Pi:pitikeh un yo:lka:tsitsi:nteh pero tlawe:lekeh, deke tikwiyo:ni:s xiska:n mitskaka:waskeh. Am The <kam>tetekomasol</kam> , it's nest is round. These insects are very small but fierce, it you shake them (i.e., their nest), they won't leave you alone for a long time. El <kam>tetekomasol</kam> , tiene su nido como bolita. Estos insectos son muy pequeños pero bravos, si los agitas (esto es, su nido) no te dejan (de perseguir) pronto. animal insect tekoma -sol nekwtli The etymology of this animal's name is uncertain, although probably it is somewhat descriptive (if so, a description of the animal might help clarify the etymology; it probably has something to do with <kn>tekomatl</kn>, perhaps because of the shape of its nest). The pitch accent in Oapan might be related to the ending <kn>-sol</kn>, perhaps related to <koa>-sósohlí</koa>. Interestingly, however, the final /a/ of <koa>tekoma-</koa> is not lengthened. In Oapan the plural is <koa>tekómasolímeh</koa> while in Ameyaltepec it is <kam>tetekumasolmeh</kam>. These are considered a type of <kbamoa>chi:lpa:n</kbamoa>. Check location of /h/ if any in SJ 02616 kwalakme:ya kwalakme:ya kwalahme:ya kwalahme:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-4b(ya-x) to drool; for ones mouth to water babear Pending kwala: me:ya kwalahki:sa; kwalakmeme:ya The progressive forms manifest surface /x/ for underlying {y}: <kam>kwalakmeme:xtok</kam>. Use the second tokens of each persons utterance as these have clearer /h/ before the nasal. 02617 zzz This used to be an entry for /xoxio:ti/ which was an alt. pronunciation of /xixio:ti/. But since /xixio:ti/ has beenchanged to /xoxio:ti/ this present entry has been deleted.
09/Aug/2005
Assign utterences from Oapan the number 6503, which will thus have two sets of tokens. 02618 tso:tso:tilia kitso:tso:tilia tso:tso:tilia kitso:tso:tilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca Lex. rdp-l class-2a to cause sores or infected pimples on the skin of hacer salir llagas o granitos infectados sobre la piel de Pending Mistso:tso:tili:skeh sa:yo:lin. Am Mosquitos will make infected pimples break out on your skin (i.e., the bites may become infected). Los mosquitos te van a hacer salir como llagitas en la piel (esto es, las mordidas se pueden infectar con el tiempo). tso:tso: tso:tso:ti verb_base Am, Oa 02619 tio:tlakih tio:tlakih tio:tlakih tio:tlakeh tio:tlakih tio:tlakeh, tio:tlakih
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj pl. <kam>tio:tlakikeh</kam> Good afternoon (from noon to vespers)! ¡Buenas tardes (desde mediodía hasta la hora de oración)! Pending tio: -tlak greetings In Ameyaltepec, the afternoon greeting <kam>tiotlakih</kam> is the only one with a reverential form: <klam>tiotlaki:ltih</klam>. In Oapan it is much more common to hear <kloa>tlakeh</kloa>or <kloa>tlakih</kloa>. The vowel length distinctions are not altogether clear in the Oapan material analyzed to date as there is not much difference in the quantity of the first two vowels. These should be checked. Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Get a set of greetings from all villages in the Balsas region. Record and place online. Oapan phonology: here as in other cases, Inocencio Jiménez has final /i/ where Florencia has /e/. Note problems of vowel length 02620 tepe:wtok tepe:wtok tepe:htok tepe:htok, tepe:ktok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be scattered on the ground estar esparcido por el suelo Pending Tetepe:wtok moyew. Am Your beans are scattered all over the ground Tus frijoles están regados por todo el suelo. tepe: Oapan usually has [h] in this position, although speakers will vary and occasionally have various sorts of velar or glottal closure. An example of the former is the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez given for this entry, in which [k] appears as a coda to the middle syllable. Use the first male token as an example of /tepe:ktok/. tlatetepe:wtok val_reduce0 Am 02621 a:i:xko a:i:xko a:i:xko a:i:xko
22/Oct/2005
Loc N-N-ko N-loc-1-k(o) on or near the water's surface sobre o cerca a la superficie del agua Pending A:i:xko nemi un michin. Am That fish is close to the surface of the water. Aquel pez anda cerca de la superficie del agua. A:i:xko ninemi. Am I float on the surface of the water. Floto sobre la superficie del agua. a: -i:xko Clitics; stress: Oapan: note that when /yaw/ is added to verbs of location it is fully cliticized: /a:i:xkóyaw/. 02622 zzz Here the word /kuhchi:mahli/ has been removed from the dictionary.
25/Jan/2005
 02623 ila:makuwtli ila:makuwtli
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) generic name for a group of trees that includes two types, differentiated by the color of their fruit nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles que incluye dos tipos, diferenciados por el color de su fruta Am plant kohtli (pending) edible ila:mah kow Check status of initial /i/ as to whether epenthetic. ila:mah. Although Florencia Marcelino gave /tsapokohtli/ as the Oapan equivalent, this might be in error given that Silvestre Pantaleón, during the Oct. 2001 field session, did not identify the /ila:mah/ that we saw. Also, check vowel length as in my botany notes I have a long initial /i/. ila:mah equivalent Am 02624 ko:skaxa:hli ko:skaxa:hli ko:skaxa:hli ko:skaxa:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 3 seed beads, small glass beads for embroidering chaquira Pending ko:s xa:l The initial /o:/ of the Oapan data is not overly long (4 examples vary between 93 and 98 ms) but still this length is well within the range of long vowels. 02625 o:mexkayo:tl o:mexkayo:tl o:mexkayo:tl o:mexkayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-kayo:tl Stem 2 see <klamoa>-xkayo:tl</klamoa> véase <klamoa>-xkayo:tl</klamoa> Am, Oa o:me xiw kayo: Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. 02626 zzz This used to be an entry for /tepayelowa/. Now eliminated; cf. /tepayolowa/.
30/Jul/2005
 02627 koya:wa kikoya:wa koya:wa kikoya:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) to widen or stretch out (affecting a round or roundish opening, e.g., the opening of a sack) ensanchar una apertura o agujero (que es redondo o algo redondo, p. ej., la boca de un costal) Pending Xkoya:wa a:chitsi:n para kalakis! Am Open it up a little (e.g., the opening of a sack) so that they (in this case <spn>mazorcas</spn>) fit in! ¡ábrele un poquito (p. ej., la boca de un costal) para que entren (las mazorcas)! Ma:ka tiktekoya:was, ke:n titotoma:wak! Am Don't stretch it out (in this case clothes being tried on) you're quite fat! ¡No lo estires (en este caso ropa que se prueba), eres algo gordo! koya: koya:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02628 xomilin xomilin
24/Oct/2005
N N-b-in Stem 4 jumil, type of edible insect jumil, tipo de insecto comestible Am animal insect edible xomil Schoenhals (1988) under jumil states:"(Fam. Pentatomidae) 'stink bug.' See chinche de jardín. 2. An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the indigenous people." On one file card I note that all vowels are definitely short. 02629 koko:xotik koko:xotik ko:xotik ko:xotik
11/Feb/2006
cojo Adj Adj-loan Lex. rdp-s (Am) lame or with a limp cojo Pending The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl is due to the fact that the loan <kloa>ko:xo</kloa>(from Spanish <spn>cojo</spn>) does not end in final /h/. Ignore the first pronunciations of /kokoxohtik/. Do not tag. In later documentation is this proves to be the Oapan form for 2264, /kokoxoktik/ in Ameyaltepec (which FM said had no Oapan cognate), then these two tokens might be sought and then tagged. But for now, don't tag them. ikxikoko:xoh synonym Am ixiko:xo synonym Oa 02630 sakatsontetl sakatsontetl sakatsontetl sakatsontetl sakatsontetl Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of grass, member of the Poaceae family, still not identified tipo de zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado Pending Sakatsontetl | Bwe:noh para kahli. Am <kam>Sakatsontetl</kam> : It is good for houses (i.e., roofs). <kam>Sakatsontetl</kam> : Es bueno para casas (esto es, los techos). plant xiwtli saka tson te According to Juan de la Rosa, <kam>sakatsontetl</kam> is called <spn>pelillo</spn> in Spanish. Ramírez (1991) simply gives this as a member of the <i>Gramineae</i>family, named in Spanish <spn>zacate de zonteta</spn>. 02631 tla:wi:lpantia tla:wi:lpantia tla:wi:lpantia tla:wi:lpantia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become illuminated (an area or internal space) llegar a illuminarse (unaárea o espacio interno) Pending Ma nitlatlikwi:lti, ma tla:wi:lpantia! Am Let me turn on the lights (or, e.g., light a candle) so that the place will be illuminated! Déjame prender las luces (o, p. ej., encender una vela) para que quede iluminado. tla:wi:l Check to determine whether /tla:wi:lpantli/ is a word, FM uttered it. If so, add. However, the form /tla:wi:.pan/ is already in the lexicon. Use the first token of the female speaker and last token of the male. Do not tag /tla:wi:lpantli/, the first erroneous female utterance. 02632 lamatsi:n lamatsi:n lámatsí:n lámatsí:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n yes-lex N0/1 address term for wife término para dirigirse a la esposa Pending old woman (in the sense of age) vieja (en cuanto a edad) Pending Ye lamatsi:n, xok wel nenemi. Am She's already an old woman, she can't walk well anymore. Ya es una vieja, ya no puede caminar bien. lamah The Ameyaltepec form, at least, may be palatalized to <kam>lamachi:n</kam> , apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' Apparently this diminutive form is rarely, if ever, possessed. On the other hand, the non-diminutive <klamoa>lamah</klamoa>may be possessed in the figurative sense of 'my old lady.' Palatalization; intensification: The Ameyaltepec form /lamatsi:n/, at least, may be palatalized to <kam>lamachi:n</kam> , apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' lamah confer Am, Oa 02633 -te:nko i:te:nko -te:nko i:te:nko
22/Oct/2005
N(rel) Rel-stem/poss-com N2(rel) the edge of (a material object such as a plate, a piece of cloth, etc.) la borde de (un objeto material como un plato, una tela, etc.) Pending the border of (an area such as a planted field, a river, etc.) la orilla de (unárea como un terreno, un río, etc.) Pending O:nimowitih ne:, ite:nko nomi:l. Am I took the path there, at the edge of my <spn>milpa</spn>. Toméel camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa. te:n -ko kalte:nko confer Am tlate:nko confer Am, Oa 02634 ko:lo:tlan ko:lo:tlan ko:lo:tlah ko:lo:tlan ko:lo:tlah
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-tlan N(loc) place with many scorpions lugar con muchos alacranes Pending ko:lo: -tlan 02635 zzz This used to be /i:xte:mpecha:koh/ but has been removed since C. Flores denied it was an acceptable term. The def. I had was: 'completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket'
09/Aug/2005
 02636 toka kitoka toka kitoka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4a to follow (in a physical sense, as in walking behind sb) seguir (en sentido físico, p. ej., al caminar atrás de algn) Pending Nite:tokas. Am I will tag along behind the others. Voy a seguir a los demás. Tiaweh! Timistokas, xyekastiw. Am Let's go! I'll follow you, go along in the lead! ¡Vámonos! Yo te sigo,¡vete como puntero! Notokatiweh. Am They go along following one another in line. Van seguiéndose, uno tras otro en línea. On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w. Am That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind. Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedóatrás. Sa: tlatoka, xsan seknek yaweh. Am He just trails behind (the others), they aren't all going together (in a single, separate group). Nomás sigue a los demás, no van todos juntos (en un grupo aparte). to follow (in birth order or other temporal sequences) seguir (en orden de nacimiento u otras secuencias temporales) Pending Newa naxtopa, yewa sa: tlatoka. Am I'm firstborn, he just follows (though he's not necessarily the last). Soy yo el primogénito,él nada más sigue (aunque no es necesariamente elúltimo). (often with short vowel reduplication) to chase after; to attack (e.g., an animal such as a bull that charges against animals or people) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) atacar; correr hacia (p. ej., un animal como un toro que carga contra animales o personas) Pending Tlatotoka moto:roh. Am Your bull is fierce (i.e., it runs after people trying to gore them). Tu toro es bravo (esto es, carga contra la gente, tratando de cornearlos). (with short vowel reduplication) to kick out (from a house, from a position of responsibility or job, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) correr; sacar (de una casa, de una responsibilidad o trabajo, etc.) Pending O:ne:cha:ltotokak. Am He kicked me out so that I would come back here (e.g., he sent me home from a place I was visiting). Me corrióhaciendo que me viniera acá(p. ej., me mandóa casa de un lugar donde estaba visitando). O:kitotokak ikone:w, o:kipachiwi:tih. Xok kineki iwa:n cha:ntis. Am He kicked his child out (of his house), he told him to go away. He doesn't want to live with him anymore. Corrióa su hijo (de la casa), le dijo que se fuera. Ya no quiere vivir en la misma casa conél. Xtotoka, ma:ka sampa ma ye! Am Chase him out, don't let him just stay there! ¡Córrelo, que no se quede allánada más! Motech nimopepecho:s tí:oh. Nocha:n ne:xtotokan. Am I will come to live with you, uncle. They are chasing me out of my house. Me voy a venir contigo, tio. Me corren de la casa. (with short vowel reduplication) to fire (from a job) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) despedir (de un trabajo) Pending O:kitotokakeh nokone:w, xok kipia ka:n tekiti. Am They fired my child, he no longer has a place to work. Despidieron a mi hijo, ya no tiene donde trabajar. (with long vowel reduplication) to pursue; to chase or run after (i.e., to follow from one place to another, such as an animal being chased down) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) perseguir (esto es, seguir de un lugar a otro); correr atrás de (p. ej., un animal que uno estátratando de agarrar) Pending Xto:toka! Am Chase after it! ¡Corre trás de ella (persiguiéndolo)! Yo:pe:w kito:toka ibese:rrah, kasisneki. Ma tikpale:wi:tin! Am He's started to chase his calf, he wants to catch it. Let's go help him! Empezóa perseguir su becerra, la quiere agarrar.¡Vamos a ir a ayudarlo! San no:wián tine:xto:toka! Am You pursue (follow or chase after) me everywhere! ¡Me persigues por todos lados! Xto:toka para tikasis! Am Chase after it to catch it! ¡Persíguelo para agarrarlo! I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax. Am You will run along chasing after your cow. Vas a ir corriendo trás tu ganado. (with long vowel reduplication and <kam>on-</kam>) to start (sb) on their way (e.g., by taking hin part of the way, e.g, through ones yard, and then having him continue alone) (con reduplicación de vocal larga y <kam>on-</kam> encaminar al llevar hasta un punto en medio (p. ej., llevar a algn por el pueblo para dejarlo continuar solo a su pueblo) Am Sampú:n o:nikonto:tokak. Am I just accompanied him there to set him on his way. Sólo lo acompañéhasta allípara encaminarlo. motion toka This verb is often used in the reduplicated form, with various senses. Both reduplicated forms, <kamoa>to:toka</kamoa> and <kam>totoka</kam> (Am) / <koa>tótoká</koa> (Oa) can both be used (in both villages) to mean 'to kick out' (e.g., as in a child who is kicked out of home). The form with long vowel reduplication may be used to indicate 'to chase away' (as in a pig that is chased out of ones yard). It may also be used to refer to the action of chasing after a burro (or similar animal) in trying to catch it. In the former sense it is the same as <klamoa>pe:wia</klamoa>. For chasing after the long vowel reduplicant form is used only when the animal runs away and stops, then runs away and stops again, etc. If one runs continually after an animal the form <kam>totoka</kam> (Am) / <koa>tótoká</koa> is used. This form may also be used when for example, one chases a pig away and then sics a dog on it, that runs after the pig as it flees. Or, if one runs after a pig or donkey that is continuously r unning aw ay, the s hort vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally, if one person departs and another leaves later, trying to catch up, the same short vowel reduplicant form is used. Finally, in a story told by Joaquín Herrera (Oa), the form <koa>kito:to:toka</koa> is used. This double reduplicative form is not acceptable in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan such forms exist. In this case the apparent meaning is that the action of <koa>to:toka</koa>, i.e., chasing after an animal, is repeated many times in different places. This is the only case I have noted of a long vowel reduplicant being used as the second reduplicant of a verbal form. Check difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/. Also check for the difference between /o:ne:chtotokakeh/ and /o:ne:chto:tokakeh/, etc. Check /sa:/ (should it be /san/?) in /newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka/. Check orthography of /no:wiá:n/ At one time FM gave a good example of the use of different reduplication forms with /toka/: /kito:toka/ and /kí:toká/. Also, the difference between forms such as /noto:tokatiw/ and /nó:tokátiw/, etc. Argument structure; reflexivity; transitivity; causativity: /I:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax./ 'You are running around chasing after your cow.' Note here how a reflexive construction of a transitive and an oblique object is used instead of a direct transitive form. Unfortunately, the difference between /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /i:wa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ is not entirely clear. The first seems more"transitive"in the sense that the cattle there is directly represented as the object/goal of the verbal predicate. The reflexive construction would perhaps indicate that the cattle is not the immediate object/goal of the verbal action; but again this needs to be clarified. Note that in a construction such as /nihkwala:nia/ and /i:wa:n nimokwala:nia/ the first obviously has an agentive/patientive structure and can be felicitiously translated as 'I make him angry.' The second construction, however, indicates little in terms of agentivity. It can be translated as 'I get angry with him.' The f o cus here is on a relation of anger that exists between two parties, with little direct indication of causation. With /tikto:tokas mowa:kax/ and /iwa:n timoto:tokas mowa:kax/ the distinction is less clear. The first seems to clearly indicate that the subject is pursuing the cattle, and that the goal is apparently the seizure of the animal. However, the second is not so clearly an agentive construction. My original filecards have thetranslation:"You are going to run along chasing after your cow."Only a discussion with speakers can clearly articulate the difference. Reduplication with long and short vowels: There are two forms that at times seem similar: /totoka/ and /to:toka/. I have some notes on the subject from my original filecards. There I mention that reduplication with a long vowel refers to the action of chasing someone around, either to catch him (or it) or to chase him (or it) away. The focus, therefore, is on the action or process of pursuit. And, it would appear, the long vowel reduplication indicates that the action of following takes place at separated intervals. In contrast, /totoka/ indicates the simple action of kicking someone out of a place for once and for all (as in firing from a job). This seems to be the general difference, although more precise information should be obtained from native speakers. /tla-/ Note the following phrase /Newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: tlatoka./ 'I'm firstborn, he just follows (though not necessarily the last).' In this one finds the use of /tla-/ even though context makes clear that the object of /toka/ must be a human. I would imagine (though this should be checked) that /te:-/ would also be correct here, i.e., /Newa naxto:pa, yewa sa: te:toka./ would also be correct. tlatoka val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02637 sawa nosawa sawa nosawa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-refl +Refl/-trans class-3a(w) (refl.) to fast (refl.) ayunar; ponerse o estar en ayunas Pending Nochipa nosawtokeh. Am They are always fasting. Siempre están ayunando. sawa nesawilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02638 malakatl malakatl malakatl malakatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 2 spindle-whorl malacate Pending tool-house malaka Illustrate Undoubtedly related to the verb /mali:na/ in some way. Check etymology and other words with /mal/ that seem to indicate twisting. 02639 chichi:ya chichi:ya chichi:ya chichi:ya
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x) to become bitter; to acquire a bitter taste amargarse; adquirir un sabor amargo Pending Tle:ka xtikoni:tiwetsi? Chichi:xtok. Am Why don't you just drink it down? It's getting bitter (e.g., a beer left standing). ¿Por quéno lo tomas de una vez? se estáponiendo amargo (p. ej., una cerveza que se sirvióy no se tomóluego). O:chichi:yak inakaw, o:topo:n ichichi:kaw. Am Its meat has become bitter, its gall bladder burst open. Su carne agarróun amargo sabor. se le reventósu vesícula biliar. chichi: Determine transitive form. Recheck vowel length in /kichichiya/; is final /i/ long? Recheck vowel length in /chichi:ya/. It appears long in Oapan Nahuatl, but a comparison must be made to other /-ia/ final verbs. 02640 texokotl texokotl texokotl texokotl
24/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of plum tree, in Spanish called <spn>tejocote</spn> tipo de ciruelo, llamado tejocote Pending plant kohtli (pending) te xoko xokotl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>tejocote</spn>, a member of the family <i>Rosaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Crataegus mexicana</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>jocote</spn>.Under tejocote, Schoenhals (1988) mentions the following:"(<i>Crataegus mexicana, C. pubescens</i>) 'Mexican hawthorn.' A tall, thorny shrub or tree related to hawthorn. Orange fruit; jelly resembles that of quince. Tree has thorns at the branch nodes. It is common at higher electations in drier climates, especially in clearings in the pine/oak forests. Also called manzanillo, texocotl." 02641 patli patli pátlí pátlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex venom; poison (particularly that used to kill <kam>tsi:kameh</kam>) veneno (particularmente la que se emplea para matar a los <kam>tsi:kameh</kam>) Pending natural remedy remedio natural Pending natural fertilizer of bat dung (see <klam>tsina:kankwitlatl</klam> (Am)) fertlizante natural del estiercol de murciélago (véase <klam>tsina:kankwitlatl</klam> (Am)) Am, Oa pah When I asked Gabriel de la Cruz how it is that the same word is used for both 'medicine' and poison' he responded <kam>wistli saka wistli ki:sas</kam> 'a thorn is removed by another thorn.' 02642 ko:rteh ko:rteh ko:rteh ko:rteh
11/Feb/2006
corte N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) a piece of cloth (usually about 2 to 3 meters in length) corte (de tela, generalmente 2 a 3 metros de largo) Pending Nikwa:hkis se: ko:rteh de tlake:ntli. Am I will bring back a piece of cloth. Voy a traer una corte de tela. (<kam>la</kam> ~) bathroom; john (<kam>la</kam>) baño Pending Niaw la ko:rteh. Am I'm going to the john. Voy al baño. 02643 wetskani wetskani wetskani wetskane wetskane, westkani
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ni N1 person who smiles a lot; person who is cheerful and good-natured persona que es risueña, que se ríe fácilmente y de buen humor Pending wetska Make sure to use female token for /wetskane/ and male for /westkani/. 02644 í:n nihkwisí:n i:n i:h i:n
11/Feb/2006
Pr Pr-dem this one éste Pending Tikonka:ka:was i:n. Am You're going to go leave this in various places. Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. Tihkwa:si:h Oa You are going to eat this! ¡Vas a comer este! i:n Check all uses and pronuncations of the demonstrative /i:n/ (or ?/in/) in regards to vowel length and stress. As a demonstrative pronoun, <kam>i:n</kam> in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from <klam>i:n</klam> , a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan the demonstrative pronoun is extrametical, in that is doesn't take stress it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. Perhaps in a later orthography this will be written <koa>tihkwa:sí:n</koa>, with the observation in orthographic rules that this term (along with the copula <koa>yes</koa>) is not stressed. In Oapan, if the demonstrative is fronted to the beginning of the phrase it appears with the shortform independent pronoun <koa>yo</koa> as in <koa>yo i:n tihkwa:s</koa>. Demonstratives; word order; fronting: As a demonstrative pronoun, <kam>í:n</kam> in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from <klam>in</klam> , a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. If it is fronted to the beginning of the phrase is appears with the shortened independent pronoun <koa>yó</koa> as in <koa>yóí:n tihkwa:s</koa>. 02645 kextlan i:kextlan kextlan kextlah i:kextlah, i:kextlan
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tlan N2 throat; front of the neck garganta; parte anterior del cuello Pending Ne:chkukwa nokechtlan. Am My throat hurts me. Me duele la garganta. neck (of a material object such as a vase, jug, etc.) cuello (de un objeto material como un jarro, etc.) Pending body kech -tlan This term apparently refers to either the inside or outside of the throat, although it seems to specifically target the front of the neck. Use first female token for /i:kextlah/. 02646 kamaniá:n kamaniá:n kamaya:n kamaya:n
09/Feb/2006
Adv-time Adv-tm at times; once in a while a veces; de vez en cuando Pending Kamaniá:n niknemilia nomocha:nti:s nomi:hlan pa:mpa ke:n weka. Am At times I think of going to set up my house near my milpa because it's so far away. A veces pienso ir a quedarme por mi milpa por lo lejos que es. kaman -ya:n According to all I have been able to gather /kamaniân/ is equivalent to /kamantika/. However, this should be checked. Note the velarization of the final /n/, much more pronounced on the male speaker. Note /kamaniá:n/, which seems to be derived from /kaman/ and /-ya:n/. If so, discuss this in the section on uses of /-ya:n/. Cf. also /nowiá:n/, etc. There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5441. These should also be tagged as 2646. Note that the sound tokens that are to be linked to the headword should be taken from the later recordings from 5441 as these are of better quality. kamantika synonym Am, Oa kamaya:ntika synonym Oa 02647 tlawi:kpa:ntli tlawi:pa:ntli tlawi:kpa:ntli tlawi:pa:ntli tlawi:pa:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(:) something interwoven (sth stiff, long and narrow, like the rods of a bed or of a <spn>chinamíl</spn> fence, constructed of rods placed horizontally and interwoven, alternately in front and in back, through posts sunken into the ground) algo entrelazado (como las varas de una cama o de un tipo de <kam>chinamíl</kam> fabricado de varas colocadas horizontalmente y entrelazadas (alternando, primero en frente de y después atrás) entre estacas empotradas en la tierra Pending something lined up (particularly the cactus rods of a bed of <klam>tlapextli</klam> , but also bricks stacked in a line, etc.) algo alineado (particularmente las varas de cactus entrelazadas y atadas para una cama, o tabiques puestos asípara guardarse) Oa wi:pa: kahli Florencia Marcelino also gave <kloa>teo:lo:tl</kloa>as an example of a material object covered by the term <koa>tlawi:pa:ntli</koa>. My original entry for Am had /tlawi:kpantli/. I have simply assumed that this is in error, or an alternate pronounciation of /tlawi:pa:na/. Note that there is perhaps an alternation between /wi:pa:na/ and /wi:kpa:na/ that should be checked. Check length of /i/. I hear it long (paused), but the acoustic measurements are not conclusive. Note that C. Flores give /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ as the noun but the verb is always /wi:pa:na/. Check with other speakers whether the noun is always /tlawi:kpa:ntli/ or whether some people say /tlawi:pa:ntli/ as I had originally noted. There are an addition four tokens from 6921, which was a duplicate. Note that the two linked sound files at 2647 should be the ones originally from 6921 as the sound is better. Discuss all the terms that have /wi:k-/ or /wi:-/ and that refer to some form of interweaving. china:ntli confer Am, Oa tlawi:pa:nahli synonym Am, Oa 02648 tlato:lkwepa kitlato:lkwepa tláto:lkópa tlato:lkopa kitláto:lkópa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a yes-lex to change the mind of (reflected in a different verbal manifestation of a position) cambiarle de idea a (reflejado en una manifestación verbal de una posición u opinión distinta) Oa (refl.) to change ones mind (as manifested in the verbal expression of this change); to retract (from an expression opinion) (refl.) cambiarse de idea u opinión (como manifestado verbalmente); retractarse (de una opinión expresada) Pending (refl.) to have ones language undergo change (either by adopting a different language, by taking in many loans, or by general historical shift) (refl.) cambiarsele la lengua a uno (o al adoptar otra lengua, incorporar préstamos o por el proceso natural de cambio diacrónico) Pending O:notlato:lkwepkeh, a:man xihki ke:n tlatowa:yan. Am Their language has changed, now it's not how it used to be. Se les ha cambiado su lengua, ahora no es como hablaban. hto kwepa Oapan phonology; pitch accent: note the following: /kitláto:lkópa/ as reflective of the underlying form {ki + tlahto:lkopa}. It is important to note that there is no leftward shift of the p-a, as might be expected. Rather, it is maintained on the initial syllable of the verb stem. This might be evidence that a major"optimality"condition is maintenance of p-a on the syllable with coda {h}, and that another optimality condition is the identity of input (verb stem) and output. tlato:lkwepilia val_add_applic Am 02649 munye:kos munye:kos munye:kos munye:kos
11/Feb/2006
muñecos N N-loan N1 parts of a <kam>castillo</kam> , or firework display, referring to the batteries of fireworks set up at the four corners and that shoot fireworks across the <kam>castillo</kam> , from one side to the other parte de un castillo de cohetes; se refiere a las baterías de cohetes que se colocan sobre el suelo en las esquinas donde se atan los lasos que aseguran el castillo y que tiran cohetes de una esquina a otra, atravesando donde estáel castillo parado Pending Illustrate 02650 toma:wak toma:wak toma:wak toma:wak
24/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-k fat; filled out (in the sense of fat, e.g., a person or animal) gordo; lleno (en el sentido de gordo, una persona o animal) Pending thick (sth round and long, such as a stick or trunk) gordo (algo redondo y largo, como un palo o tronco) Pending toma: Check for other potential subjects and meanings of /toma:wak/. Also check for difference between /totoma:wak/, /tomawa:keh/ (if it exists) and /totoma:hkeh/. My notecard shows /toma:hkeh/ and /totoma:hkeh/ as the plurals and not ?/toma:wakeh/, which might not even be grammatically correct. Apparently the plural of /toma:wak/ is /totoma:hkeh/ and not ?/toma:wakeh/. Check for this and for all other similar formations and their plurals (e.g., /pitsa:wak/ and /pipitsa:hkeh/ or /pitsa:wakeh/, etc.). 02651 mekatl mekatl mekatl mekatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 (unpossessed) twine; cord (no poseído) mecate; cordón Pending (intrinsic possession) tether; drawstring or cord (e.g., of certain types of clothes, such as <spn>calzones</spn>, used to hold them up); cord attached to or woven around a gourd or other object;; strap (in general any cord attached to sth, which is referenced as the possessor of the <kamoa>mekatl</kamoa>) (posesión intrínseca) soga o cuerda utilizada para amarrar un animal (p. ej., a unárbol o poste); mecate o cordón (de varios tipos de ropa); mecate tejido alrededor de un calabazo o tecomate Pending O:koto:n imekayo noburroh. Am My donkey's tether snapped. Se reventóel mecate de mi burro. Yewa imekayo:tsi:n mokalso:n. Am It is the waistcord of your cotton peasant pants. Es el cordoncito de tus calzones. (alienable possession) male lover (of a woman [Poss]) (posesión enajenable) amante (masculino, de una mujer [Pos]) Pending Yewa imekaw. Am He is her lover. El es su amante (de una mujer). O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw. Am He (a husband, in this case) said to me why should he make me look good (by buying me a new dress)?"Just so your lover can admire you?" ¿El (un esposo, en este caso) me preguntópor quéme iba a embellecer (al comprarme un nuevo vestido)?"¡Solamente para que te admire tu amante!" (<koa>i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa</koa>) part of an apron, the cloth"strap"that goes around and ties in the back (<koa>i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa</koa>) parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va por atrás y alláse ata Oa me:ka When referring to a tether, the drawstring on clothes, or a cord used to carry something such as a gourd, the possessed form with <kn>-yo</kn> is always used, with the object to which the cord"belongs"being the possessor. When <kam>mekatl</kam> is used to refer to a woman's male lover, the possessed form with <kn>-w</kn> is always used. Check use of /tla:mo/ in !O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw/. aprons I have also recorded an entry /mekawtli/ meaning 'lover' (male lover of a woman). Obviously this is a nominalization of the possessed form, but it should be rechecked. Nevertheless, although it perhaps might not be common, it was documented. 02652 ma:tlatlaxkalowa noma:tlatlaxkalowa ma:tlaxkalowa noma:tlaxkalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-refl[ca] +Refl/-trans Lex. rdp-s (Am) class-2b (refl.) to clap ones hands; to applaud (refl.) aplaudir Pending Pa:ki, noma:tlatlaxkalowa. Am He is happy, he is clapping his hands. Estáfeliz, estáaplaudiendo. ma: xka Although <klamoa>tlaxkalowa</klamoa>'to make tortillas' is a denominal intransitive verb, <kam>ma:tlaxkalowa</kam> is reflexive. <kam>Ma:tlatlaxkalowa</kam> , however, is a transitive verb with an incorporated noun (<kamoa>ma:</kamoa>) as an instrumental. Thus we are dealing with two different derivational processes involving a similar over form, <kamoa>tlaxkalowa</kamoa> one intransitive and the other transitive. It might be that the change in valency of the verbal stem is related to reduplication with a short vowel, which changes <klam>tlaxkalowa</klam> , meaning 'to make tortillas,' to a metaphorical extension, in this case involving an action that mimics that of making tortillas. However, given that the Oapan form is not reduplicated, this analysis would seem to be deficient. Check whether nonreduplicated form is correct in Am. Also check for nonreflexive use and for causative. Check for other similar verbs ending in /-owa/ that are related to nominal roots and perhaps determine a separate code for these. Noun incorporation; valency; transitivity: Note the affect of semantic shift on valency/object markers. The verb /tlaxkalowa/ is derived from /tlaxkal-/, the stem for 'tortilla' and the verbalizing /-owa/. The derivation, however, is intransitive, and means 'to produce tortillas.' Yet when this verb is used metaphorically to indicate clapping or appluading, the verb becomes reflexive. Thus, in a sense, NI increases the valency of the verb. The reason seems to be semantic: the form /ma:tlaxkalowa/ signifies an action that directly affects the subject, much like, running, etc. and other bodily events. 02653 tla:lko:ntli tla:lko:ntli tla:lko:ntli tla:lko:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) grave sepultura Pending San mischia tla:lko:ntli. Am A grave is just waiting for you. Una sepultura sólo te estáesperando. large hole in the ground hoyo en la tierra Pending tla:l ko:m Make sure that this form can be possessed. I have removed this def: 'cavity excavated in the ground (made by animals such as pigs and dogs in order to give birth)' 02654 chikola:i chikola:i
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-4a(oni) to drink a chocolate beverage beber agua de chocholate Am Chikola:i:lo:s, nona:mikti:lo:s. Am There will be drinking of chocolate, there will be a wedding Se beberáchocolate, va a haber una boda. chikol a: i: Note that the division of /chikola:tl/ into /chikol/ and /a:/ is perhaps problematical. 02655 tetlapa:na tetlapa:na tetlapa:na tetlapa:na
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-ni class-3a to break up or split rocks romper o quebrantar piedras Pending te tlapa: 02656 tlapalowa kitlapalowa tlápalówa tlapalowa kitlápalówa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b yes-lex to greet (formally, with a shake of the hand or other overt greeting) saludar (formalmente, con un apretón de la mano u otro saludo articulado) Pending O:te:tlapalotasik. Am He greeted people upon his arrival. Saludóa la gente a su llegada. tlahpal tla:tlawtia; tlapalowa Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that /kitlápalówa/, like /kitláto:lkópa/ has the accent on the first syllable of the verb. It does not shift to the left. The situation in these two words is the same, and together they seem to confirm the importance of I/O concordance. If p-a was the result of a boundary establishing device (h>#, or sth similar). tlapalowilia val_add_applic Am tlápalowília val_add_applic Oa 02657 sokitia sokitia sokitia sokitia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to turn into or become mud hacerse lodo Am to become thick (like mud, e.g., beans being cooked, mole, etc.) espesarse (como lodo, p. ej., frijoles as cocinarse, mole, etc.) Oa soki In Oapan, the concept of 'to turn into or become mud' is expressed by phrases such as <koa>sokititlan yes</koa> or <koa>sokititlan noka:was</koa>. Check to see exactly what this means, i.e., does it refer to fields that become muddy, etc. Note that /sokiyowa/ and /sokiyoh/ were both only documented in reduplicated forms, check this with /sokitia/ also. 02658 mo:monteh mo:monteh mo:montih mo:montih
11/Feb/2006
N N-b irregular plural; see <klamoa>montli</klamoa> plural irregular; véaes <klamoa>montli</klamoa> Am, Oa 02659 wi:teki kwi:teki wi:teki kwi:teki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>tewi:teki</kamoa> class-3a(k) thrash; to whip; to beat (e.g., with a stick, rope, etc.) darle una paliza a (p. ej., con una vara, laso, etc.) Pending Tiktla:tlawtia, tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. Am You pity him (in this case an insolent child), why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. Le tienes lástima (en este caso a un niño insolente),¿por quéno le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente. to beat (e.g., a bass drum or similarly resounding instrument) golpear (p. ej., un tambor u otro instrumento parecido) Pending Tlauwi:tekilo:tok, nosentla:li:lo:s. Am They are beating the drum (the bass drum used by musicians), there will be a town meeting. Se estátocando el tambor (él que se emplea por los músicos), va a haber una junta del pueblo. to knock or tear down; to topple (e.g., a house, a fence, or similar types of constructions) derrocar; derrumbar (p. ej., una casa, cerca, u otras construcciones parecidas) Pending O:kwi:tehkeh un kahli. O:isoliw. Am They knocked down that house. It had become dilapidated. Derrumbaron esa casa. Yo estaba muy deteriorado. to strike or hit against (e.g., wind against a stationary object, the sun against a surface, etc.) pegar contra (p. ej., viento contra una pared, el sol contra un objeto parado, etc.) Pending DT #8: 360 Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl. Am The cold aire (draft) is hitting us. El aire frío nos estápegando. Te:cha:lwi:tektok toto:nki. Am Hot air is striking against us. Nos estáviniendo a pegar aire caliente. Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl, kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakukwi, momolo:ni. Am That cotton is not tight (in balls) anymore, that wind is hitting it and it's started to rise up, to open and fluff up. Ese algodón ya no estáapretado (en bolitas), el viento le estápegando y ya empezóa alzarse, a abrirse y ponerse suave y sedoso. (refl. + <kam>-ka</kam>) to suddenly move and hit hard against (sb, e.g., a startled donkey) (refl. + <kam>-ka</kam>) moverse de repente y golpearse contra (algn, p. ej., un burro asustado) Pending wi:teki wi:teki; tlawi:teki; tetlawi:teki; wi:soki <kamoa>Wi:teki</kamoa> indicates the action of beating with something long and flexible, such as a rope, lasso, stick, rod, belt, etc.). If a hard and inflexible stick (<spn>garrote</spn>) is used, then, in Ameyaltepec, the Nahuatl verb <klam>kowia</klam> is employed (in Oapan, apparently, the partial loan <kloa>garro:tewiya</kloa>would be used). tlawi:teki val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02660 pola:n pola:n pola:n pola:n
22/Oct/2005
plátano N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) generic name for banana nombre genérico del plátano Am, Oa plant domesticated plá:ntanoh Check to determine whether this can be posessed. Note the following types of /plá:ntanoh/: /plá:ntanoh chi:chi:l/, /a:pola:n/, /mansa:noh/, and /patrio:tah/. Many of these are probably borrowed from Spanish. This should be checked. 02661 bara de san josé:h bara de san josé:h
22/Oct/2005
vara de san José N N-complex N1 domesticated flowering herbaceous plant, still not identified planta herbácea doméstica que florea, todavía no identificada Am plant xiwtli(pend) Check /rr/, perhaps, should be /r/. Check length of final /e/. 02662 -wa:n i:wa:n tiá:s -wa:n i:wa:n
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) N-b N2(rel) with con Pending CF Nakas 1:33 O:nikne:xtih a:kin wa:n nicha:ntis. Am I found the one with whom I will live. He encontrado con quien voy a vivir. wa:n The precise pattern of use for <kamoa>-wa:n</kamoa> is difficult to establish. Apparently quite often it is reduced (like <kam>i:ka</kam> to <kam>ka</kam>) though it might be that this does not occur when it has the meaning of 'with (a particular person, expressed as possessor).' In elicitation Florencia Marcelino did not accept the reduced form <koa>wa:n</koa>. Whereas this may be a distinct characteristic of Oapan Nahuatl (as compared to Ameyaltepec), it may also reflect the fact that the relational noun status of <kamoa>wa:n</kamoa> is such that speakers are reluctant to consider the abbreviated form, used as a conjunction, as correct. 02663 kamoyo i:kamoyo kámoyó í:kamóyo í:kamóyo; i:kámoyó,
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo N2 yes bulb or tuber of (e.g., a <kboa>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kboa>) bulbo o tuber de (e.g., el <kboa>tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n</kboa>) Pending Kipia ikamoyo. Am It has its bulb. Tiene su bulbo. plant part kama The phrase <kam>kipia i:kamayo</kam> is said of a perennial, a flower or plant that sprouts up again and again in the same spot year after year. I have also heard the form <kam>kipia i:kamotsi:n</kam> , but the form given in this entry appears more usual, if not more correct. As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., <koa>i:kámoyó</koa> and <koa>í:kamóyo</koa>. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of <koa>kámotlí</koa> whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. It appears that the former, with the pitch accent not shifted left, is more common. Recheck to determine whether indeed the form /ikamayo/ is correct, or whether it should be /ikamoyo/. My original note had /ikamayo/, but this is probably in error. Oapan phonology: As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., <koa>i:kámoyó</koa> and <koa>í:kamóyo</koa>. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of <koa>kámotlí</koa> whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the"input"of the nominal absolutive form. This should be discussed in the framework of optimality theory, etc. However, cf. the discussion on the tape. Although FM and IJ accept and utter both patterns of p-a, they seem much more inclined to accept /i:kámoyó/. There are two sequences of this possessed noun. The first is /i:kámoyó/, this is the more usual or regular form. The second is /í:kamóyo/, which is less common. Both should be linked to the lexicon. Paste together the female speech tokens and then paste together the male speech tokens so that each sound file has two utterances by the speakers. 02664 tlayeka:nilia kitlayeka:nilia tlayeka:nilia kitlayeka:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to guide a team of oxen (that are being trained to follow the furrows of a field) for (sb) by walking in front of it guiar una yunta de bueyes (que estásiendo adiestrada para seguir los surcos de un terreno sembrado) para (algn) al caminar enfrente de ella Pending Niktlayeka:nili:s notah. Am I will guide a team of oxen for my father (who is plowing) so that they follow the furrows. Voy a guiar una yunta de bueyes para mi papá(que estátrabajando el arado) para que sigan los surcos. Ne:xtlayeka:nilia ya: nowa:kax. Oa He guides my team of oxen for me. Guía la yunta para mí. yeka a:na As is often the case with verbs that have a culturally specific and non-context dependent meaning of <kn>tla-</kn>, the same verb can be used without <kn>tla-</kn> and, instead, a direct reference: <kam>ne:chyeka:nilia nowa:kax</kam>. yeka:nilia minus_tla Am, Oa 02665 -tsi:n chichitsi:n -tsi:n chichitsi:n
11/Feb/2006
Suf Suf-adjval diminutive and affective suffix added to noun stems (p. ej., <kamoa>chichitsi:n</kamoa> 'little dog') sufijo diminutivo y afectivo que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., <kamoa>chichitsi:n</kamoa> 'perrito') Pending (rare) reverential suffix added to noun stems (e.g., <kamoa>mihka:tsi:ntli</kamoa> 'deceased person') (raro) sufijo reverencial que se le agrega a raíces sustantivales (p. ej., <kamoa>mihka:tsi:ntli</kamoa> 'persona fallecida') Pending diminutive suffix added modifiers (predicate or term modifiers) that lesses the degree of the modification (p. ej., <kamoa>we:itsi:n</kamoa>) sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a modificadores (de predicados o de sustantivos) que atenua el grado de la modificación (p. ej., <kamoa>we:itsi:n</kamoa>) Pending diminutive suffix added to verbal predicates to mitigate the verbal signification (e.g., <kamoa>poliwitsi:n</kamoa>) sufijo diminutivo que se le agrega a predicados verbales para atenuar el significado del verbo (p. ej., <kamoa>poliwitsi:n</kamoa>) Pending A more complete description of this suffix is found in the grammar. However, it may be noted that the most common use of <kamoa>-tsi:n</kamoa> is with nominal stems, where it has both a diminutive and affective meaning. There are few cases in which it has a reverential meaning, and in these instances (e.g., <kamoa>mihka:tsi:ntli</kamoa>) the form is lexicalized and does not alternate with a non-reverential form. Likewise, there are few verbs that accept this ending, although it has been documented. 02666 kiawa:tl kiawa:tl kiaha:tl kiaha:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b rainwater agua de la lluvia Pending ki yawi a: <kamoa>Kiaha:tl</kamoa> is usually used to refer to rainwater that has been collected (or become collected) and may be used for various purposes, such as drinking. The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of <kamoa>kiawi</kamoa> is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable <kamoa>a:tl</kamoa>). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. Check phonology of middle /h/. Perhaps root of /kiawtli/, /kiawi/, etc. should be /kia/ and not /kiawi/. Check and decide. Check sound file with phonetitian to determine representation. Phonology; orthography: The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of <kamoa>kiawi</kamoa> is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable <kamoa>a:tl</kamoa>). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. 02667 tsi:ntotopoka tsi:ntotopoka tsi:ntotopoka tsi:ntotopoka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] ~Trans class-4a to backfire repeatedly (a motor vehicle) producir repetidas detonaciones por el escape; petardear mucho (un vehículo) Pending sound tsi:n topo: tsi:ntopo:ni ni_base Am 02668 tli:hlo:tia kitli:hlo:tia tli:hlo:tia kitli:hlo:tia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-h/wa/tia class-2a ~Adj to blacken (e.g., with soot) ennegrecer (p. ej., con tizne o hollín) Pending tli:l tli:lowa; tli:hlo:tia Check whether /tli:hloh/ is correct, if so, add and then change /tran entry in this entry and that for /tli:hlowa/. 02669 ichpo:chlamatsi:n ichpo:chlamatsi:n ichpo:chlámatsí:n ichpo:chlámatsí:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex young woman who is past traditional marrying age; spinster mujer joven que ya rebasóla edad tradicional para casarse; solterona Pending Ichpo:chlamatsi:n, xok nona:mikti:s. Am She's a spinster, she won't ever get married. Es solterona, ya no se va a casar. age chpo:ch lamah age; ichpo:xtli An <kam>ichpo:chlamatsi:n</kam> is a woman of some 22, 23, or more years who is past the traditional age of marrying and who, at least in the past, would probably never marry. The pitch accent of Oapan <koa>ichpo:chlámatsí:n</koa> is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root <koa>lamah</koa>, which with the diminutive suffix <kn>-tsi:n</kn> is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. In one entry I state that an /ichpo:chlamatsi:n/ should be over 25 years old), past marrying age. Check. Check for possessive form. Oapan phonology: pitch accent; : The pitch accent of Oapan <koa>ichpo:chlámatsí:n</koa> is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root <koa>lamah</koa>, which with the diminutive suffix <kn>-tsi:n</kn> is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. This is another case of I/O correspondence seemingly holding sway over"regular"pitch accent over a whole compound or polysynthetic form. It may also reflect other limitations, such as reassignment on a grid that is limited to one slot to the left or right. Finally, it might suggest that syllable counting takes place from the right of the word, and that the favored pattern is one of alternating stress. But the final suggestion is that demarcative stress and pitch accent coincide on the same (penult) syllable and that there is a subsequent adjustment to the left and right. Or, one could posit that pitch accent is penultimate and that clash is avoided by shif tin g str ess rightward: {ichpo:chlámátsi:n} shifts to /ichpo:chlámatsí:n/. All these possibilities should be explored. Use first male token. ichpo:xchika:wi confer Am, Oa 02670 tlako tlako tlákotsí:n tlákotsí:n
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-b yes-lex (often preceding a [noun]) half (of [noun]) (a menudo ante de un [sustantivo]) mitad (del sustantivo) Pending Xne:chnamakilti tlako motlayo:l! Am Sell me half your maize! ¡Véndeme la mitad de tu maíz! tlahko <kam>Tlako</kam> is usually used in a modifying function, e.g., <kam>yo:taskikeh tlako otli</kam> 'we've arrived at the half-way point' or 'we've covered half the distance.' Even at times when it seems like a nominal, the construction may perhaps be better considered elliptical. Thus <kam>Xne:chmaka san tlako</kam> can be interpreted as <kam>Xne:chmaka san tlako motlaxkal</kam> , or something equivalent; see entry for <kam>tlako</kam> as a noun. Yet the difference between <kn>tlako</kn> and <kn>tlakotsi:n</kn> still needs to be researched. In Oapan <koa>tlákotsí:n</koa> is used both as a noun and adjective to an extent much greater than in Ameyaltepec. Indeed, some consultants (such as Emiliana Domínguez) stated that they do not use the form <koa>tlákó</koa> (instead using <koa>tlákotsí:n</koa> although others (such as Roberto Mauricio) Determine how to say: /sell me half your maize/ 'Xne:chna:makilti tlako motlayo:l' is how I would say it. Check; although I have provisionally entered it. Also, get very clear examples of how /tlako/ is used in context. Get very clear examples of the difference between /tlako/ and /tlakotsi:n/, from both dialects. /-tipan/: /tlako/ vs. /tlakotipan/: This is a good discussion by C. Flores of the difference between the two. Check and document. tlákotípan synonym Oa 02671 panki:xtia kipanki:xtia panki:xtia kipanki:xtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-d-ca ~Intrans class-2a to audibly and clearly pronounce (a word) pronunciar claramente (una palabra) Pending San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. Am He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says. Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice. Kipanki:xtia kwahli, xsan nenepoxtik. Am He has good pronunciation, he does not just mumble (or have a lisp, stutter, etc.). Tiene buena pronunciación, no es que habla entre dientes (o sisea, tartamudea, etc.) De yon tlapanki:xtia, waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero yon xtlapanki:xtia... wa:xnema:ke:tl. Oa With someone who pronounced well, it is <koa>waka:xnema:ke:tl</koa>, but someone who doesn't pronounce clearly... <koa>wa:xnema:ke:tl</koa>. De alguien que pronuncia bien, es <koa>waka:xnema:ke:tl</koa>, pero de alguien que no pronuncia bien,... <koa>wa:xnema:ke:tl</koa>. pan ki:sa Determine whether the correct entry should be /panki:xtia/, as here recorded, or /ipanki:xtia/. Perhaps check for initial vowel with an applicative. Check, indeed, if there is an applicative. Check also for an intransitive; I have temporarily indicated in the /tran field that there is none. Check. 02672 pia kipia pia kipia; kí:piá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3c(pia) to have (material possessions, a disease or illness, a physical or mental state, etc.) tener (posesiones materiales, una enfermedad, un estado mental o físico, etc.) Pending Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. Am I have (i.e., own) maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses). Tengo maíz (esto es, soy dueño) pero estáesparcido (con porciones en las casas de varias personas). Nikpia o:me pe:sos, xtlah wel nihkowa. Am I have two pesos, I can't buy anything. Tengo dos pesos, no puedo comprar nada. Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. Am Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has <klam>kamaye:rbah</klam> (a type of mouth infection or fungus). Se le estásaliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene <klam>kamaye:rbah</klam> (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). Tli:no:n kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl. Am What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth. ¿Qué tiene? Está babeando de a deveras, debe tener úlceras en la boca. Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:no:n o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak. Am He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like. El está enfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que aél no le pareció. De o:me kipia. Am It has two forms. Tiene dos formas. (<kn>ki-</kn> ~ with no expressed complement) to be rich (<kn>ki-</kn> ~ con complemento no expresado) ser rico Pending Mlá:k kipia. Am He is really rich (lit., 'He really has it'). Es muy rico (lit., 'De veras lo tiene') (<kn>ki-</kn> ~ + [time period]) to be the age of [time period] (an animate); to have been [time period] (e.g., since an event had occurred) (<kn>ki-</kn> ~ + [periodo de tiempo]) ser de edad de [periodo de tiempo] (an animate); haber pasado [time period] (p. ej., desde que algo pasó) Pending Kipia o:me xihpan. Am He is two years old. Tiene dos años. Ke:ch a:nyos kipia? Am How old is he? ¿Cuántos años tiene? Kipia ye:i xihpan xnikita. Am It's been three years since I saw him. Ya tiene tres años que no lo veo. (refl.) to save oneself (as a girl maintaining her virginity) (refl.) guardarse (como virgen, p. ej., una joven adolescente) Pending Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi. Am That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around. Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. (with short vowel reduplication) to keep an eye on; to watch over; to spy on (con reduplicación de vocal corta) vigilar; espiar Pending Ne:chpipia. Am He keeps an eye on me (he spies on me). Me vigila (me espian). (with short vowel reduplication) to set an ambush for; to wait in hiding for (e.g., a hunter for his prey) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer una emboscada a (p. ej., un cazador a su presa) Oa O:kimí:npixkéh to:to:meh. Oa They waited to ambush the birds (i.e., hunters with their firearms). Les tendieron una emboscada a los pájaros (p. ej., cazadores con sus armas de fuego). kipia para kipiya para piya Determine meaning of /kipixtok/ as 'he is keeping it' or/and 'he is watching over it.' In Cristino Flores story, check meaning of /nochipa nopi:xtokeh, nochipa nosawtokeh/. Note that in /kipixtok/ the vowel is definitely short. However, in words like /ma:pi:xtli/ it is definitely (according to my observations to date) long. Note also that the short final /a/ in /kipiaya/ is definite according to my data. In other notes I have recorded that the /i/ in /pia/ is definitely short in all forms: /kipixtok/, /o:kipix/, /tlapixke:tl/. However, I also note that in /chia/ the /i:/ is long in corresponding forms: /kichi:xtok/ and /o:kichi:x/. There are additional tokens of this word at 05120. Actually, there are two sets of 4 tokens: /kipiya/ and /kí:piyá/. The tokens to be linked should be selected from these later tokens (i.e., those originally recorded at 5120 and retagged 2672). The pattern should be F-M of /kipiya/ and then F-M of /kí:piyá/. tlapia confer Am tlápiá confer Oa pialia val_add_applic Am pii:lia val_add_applic Oa 02673 te:ka:wilia kite:ka:wilia te:ka:wilia kite:ka:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 te:-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to let (sb [O]) to treated (in a certain way by others) permitir a (algn [O] que sea tratado por otro de una cierta manera) Pending Xkite:ka:wilia itah para tekitis. Am His father does not let him work (as a <klam>tekitla:katl</klam> , or household head with work and financial obligations to the village) Su papáno lo deja trabajar (en este caso como <klam>tekitla:katl</klam> , o cabeza de familia con obligaciones de trabajo y dinero al pueblo) (refl., often in the negative) to be allowed; to be permitted (refl., a menudo en el negativo) permitirse Pending Xnote:ka:wilia, xakah wel ya:s. Am It is not permitted, no one can go. No se permite, nadie puede ir. ka:wa ka:wilia; te:ka:wilia Make sure the phrase /Xkite:ka:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ is correct. Perhaps it should be /Xkika:wilia i:tah para tekitis/ or sth similar. Make sure the difference between phrases such as /ne:chka:wilia/ and /ne:xte:ka:wilia/ are clear. ka:wilia minus_tla Am, Oa 02674 mawistik mawistik mawistik mawistik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be serious, reserved and even-tempered; dignified (sb who not only doesn't laugh or joke, but who doesn't get mad at people) ser serio y reservado, calmado; decoroso (que no se ríe ni bromea, pero tampoco se enoja con la gente) Pending Nochipa mawistik, xkaman ma:s wetska. Am He is always serious, he doesn't ever smile. Siempre estáserio, no se ríe nunca. mawis According to Roberto Mauricio this word is used more in reference to women, particularly young women, who do not laugh a lot (at or with people), who do not drink or party, who will pass by people without talking and are generally not talkative. To date the intransitive verb form that the adjectival <kamoa>mawistik</kamoa> is derived from has not been documented. Note that Molina has <kn>mauizti. ni</kn> 'ser estimado' and <kn>mauiztic</kn> 'cosa maravilosa y de estima.' Determine the difference between /xkaman wetska/ and /xkaman ma:s wetska/, determine whether it is the same as I have indicated above. 02675 tesiwi:lo tesiwi:lo tésiwí:lo tesiwi:lo tésiwí:lo
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-pas class-4a(pass) yes-lex to get hailed upon (e.g., a field that is thereby greatly harmed) tener granizo caer sobre si (p. ej., una milpa que asíresulta muy dañada) Pending Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n Am The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no estábien y además les cayógranizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas. te hsi Check for /h/: /tehsiwi/?? Use first token of female speech. 02676 zzz was Am /A:poye:hka:n/, changed to toponym database.
27/Jan/2002
 02677 tlakwalka:n tlakwalka:n tlakwalka:n tlakwalka:n, tlá:kwalká:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) place that is good (e.g, a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.); place that is pretty and well arranged lugar que es bueno (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.); lugar bonito y bien arreglado Pending peaceful place; place where people get along lugar pacífica; lugar donde la gente no se enoja uno contro otro Pending kwal -ka:n Oapan phonology: In the elicitation tape for this word the velarization of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation is clear. It is not clear, however, how often final /n/'s are velarized in Oapan Nahuatl nor under what (if any particular) circumstances. Make sure to distinguish between the pronunciations. First the female pronounces /tlá:kwalká:n/, then I interrupt and the solicited form is correctly uttered twice by each speaker: /tlakwalka:n/. Then there is another set of four utterance that return to the first form, /tlá:kwalká:n/. Make sure that the regular form /tlakwalka:n/ is tagged as tokens a and b of each speaker (female and male). Then make sure that /tlá:kwalká:n/ is tagged with letters"c"and"d"for each speaker. Finally, these can be linked to the second word in the /lxoc field. 02678 ikxinelotiki:sa kikxinelotiki:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2-asp V2-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a to get ones feet or legs tangled up in (those of another person while trying to step over him) enredarse los pies o pierna con (las de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella) Pending Mopan o:pano:tiki:s, o:mitsikxinelotiki:s. Am He passed over you (e.g., while you were lying stretched out on the ground), his feet got tangled up yours as he stepped over you. Pasósobre ti (esto es, mientras que estabas acostado en el suelo), sus pies se enredaron con los tuyos al pisar sobre tí. O:timitsikxinelotiki:s, pero xmlá:k mopan o:nicholotiki:s. Am I got my feet tangled up in yours (e.g., I was walking in the dark and did not see you lying there), but I didn't really step on you (i.e., I jumped to the side to avoid this). Se enredaron mis pies con los tuyos (p. ej., estaba caminando en la obscuridad y no te vi acostado), pero no te piséde veras (esto es, brinquéa un lado). kxi nel Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. If it doesn't, remark on this in the /nae field. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though, because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist. ikxia:ntiki:sa confer Am ixia:ntiki:sa confer Oa 02679 a:yawtitlan a:yawtitlan a:yahtlah a:yahtlah
22/Oct/2005
N N-Rel-titlan N-loc-1-titlan N1 area that is foggy or misty área con mucha neblina o brizna Pending something fuzzy or out of focus (i.e.,"foggy") algo se se ve borroso o fuera de foco Pending San a:yawtitlan titlachia. Am You just see everything fuzzy (i.e., because of your bad eyesight). Ves todo no más borroso (p. ej., a causa de tu mal vista). Ne:si san a:yawtitlan. Am Everything looks out of focus. Todo parece fuera de foco. Ke:n a:yawtitlan tlachia, san tlaa:yawtitlan. Am Things look fuzzy, it's fuzzy all over. Se ve borroso, es todo borroso. a:yawi -titlan Check other possible meanings. Also recheck this meaning and the correctness of the phrases given above. tlaa:yawtitlan plus_tla Am 02680 kuwiya:katl kuwiya:katl kóyé:katl kóyá:katl kóyé:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N? N-b yes-lex type of tree of the Leguminoseae family, as yet unidentified tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminoseae, todavía no identificado Pending Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. Am Luis Lucena If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. Si como has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de las orejas. Deke titoto:nia, mitskukwa motsontekon tikxipe:was ikakawayo kowia:ka:tl, ki:sa we:weyak wa:n pitsa:wak. Timotla:lili:s ipan mi:xkwa:tew, se:wis titoto:nia. Am Emiliano Ramírez If you have fever, your head hurts you, you shave off the bark of the <kam>kowia:katl</kam> in long, narrow shavings. You place them on your forehead, your fever will subside. Si tienes calentura, te duele la cabeza, cepillas la cáscara del <kam>kuwia:katl</kam> para que salga virutas largas y angostas. Las pones sobre la frente, se baja tu calentura. plant kohtli ko hya From the name it would seem that the etymology includes the root <kam>hya</kam> , for foul-smelling objects. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as"árbol hediondo"giving an orthography of <kam>cuyaca:tl</kam>. Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. I have been unable to find any other reference to this. However, Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:93) have a plant that they described as"papayo cimarrón, palo hediondo, hediondillo"that is identified as family <kam>Hernandiaceae</kam> and genus-species <kam>Gyrocarpus americanus</kam> Jacq. However, they also have another"palo hediondo"identified as of the family <kam>Rutaceae</kam> and the genus-species <kam>Zanthoxylum fagara</kam> (L.) Sarg. Recheck spelling of this and /kowiya:wtli/ as to whether it is /kowi/ or /ku/, etc. Also question whether root is actually /kwaw/ which has changed. A good indication might be cognates in other dialects. Recheck vowel length. In one notecard I have recorded that the second /a:/ seems definitely long, i.e. /kowiya:ka:tl/. In this tree and /kowiya:wtli/ check for presence of glide. 02681 tlekuwaya:n tlekuwaya:n kékowá:ya:n kékowá:ya:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb[imp] N(loc) yes-lex upward slope (e.g., of a hill) subida; inclinación hacia arriba (en una cuesta) Pending topography tlehko: For some reason the Oapan word is included here, although it probably should not be. Check this and probably remove the Oapan reference. It should, I think, be taken as a token of word 1660, a transitive, here in the imperfective. Other words used include <kloa>tla:ltech</kloa>or <klam>tlakaltech</klam> , and <kloa>pilkatok</kloa>. 02682 te:tsa:wa:tiowa te:tsa:wa:tiowa te:tsa:wa:tiowa te:tsa:wa:tiowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans class-4a to get covered with white lice (particularly on ones shirt and clothes) cubrirse o llenarse con piojos blancos (particularmente sobre la camisa u otra ropa) Pending te:tsa:wa:tintli te:tsa:w a:t When these lice invade ones clothes it is held to be a sign of poverty. They are particularly prone to appear on ones shirt. At the same time, getting covered with these white lice is considered a <klam>te:tsa:wtli</klam> or bad omen; see <klam>te:tsa:wtli</klam>. The /a:/ of the third syllable appears shorter than expected if the final element is <klamoa>a:tintli</klamoa>. Nevertheless a full study of all related words with this etymology will be needed to help determine at least the acoustic range of duration for these words. Check for verbal form (intransitive and transitive), which probably also exist. 02683 kone:joh kone:joh kone:joh kone:joh
22/Oct/2005
conejo N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) rabbit, probably the brush rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i>) conejo, probablemente el (<i>Sylvilagus bachmani</i>) Pending animal xiwtli Information on the species from Leopold (1959). to:chin; to:xtli confer Am 02684 kone:nemi kone:nemi kone:nemi kone:nemi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(m) to be able to procreate children that live beyond early childhood poder engendrar niños que sobrevivan más alláde una tierna edad Pending Tewameh xwel tikone:nemin. Pero a:man tlanemi:tia nosuwa:w. Am We have not been able (i.e., couldn't in the past) to have children who would live beyond early childhood. But now my wife has been able to have a child that has survived. No hemos podido (en el pasado) tener hijos que sobrevivan más alláde la niñez. Pero ahora mi esposa ha tenido un hijo que se mantiene con vida. kone: nemi kone:miki confer Am, Oa tlanemi:tia synonym Am 02685 tso:tsokohli tso:tsokohli tso:tsokohli tso:tsokohli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 3 water jug (used for carrying water from one place to another, either from a well to ones home, or on a trip; the ones used regionally have are made in Tuliman although in Oapan some residents use <koa>tso:tsokoltih</koa> made in this village) cántaro (utilizado para llevar agua de un lugar a otro, o del pozo a la casa o en un viaje; los que se utilizan regionalmente se hacen en Tuliman, aunque en Oapan a veces se utilizan <koa>tso:tsokoltih</koa> hecho en este pueblo) Pending tsokol Tulimani water jugs have rounded bottoms, two handles through which a rope is passed, and a traditional design recognized by all. There are two general sizes. The large ones are for drawing water from a well and transporting it home; the smaller ones are for taking on a trip through the countryside (e.g., to chop wood). These jugs are famous and used throughout the region. In Oapan, however, large water jugs are made for drawing water; they have pointed bottoms and three handles through which rope is passed. Speakers state that the pointed and tapering bottom is designed to fit into the small of ones back, making them easier to carry with the tumpline (they are seldom if ever used with a beast of burden). Illustrate with drawing and photo. Use first male token. 02686 pano:ltih pano:ltih
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj Good mourning (from midmorning to noon) Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía) Pending pano: The plural form is <kam>pano:ltikeh</kam>. greetings: e.g., tlapoya:wilih a:ti synonym Oa 02687 chi:chiwahli chi:chiwahli chi:chiwahli chi:chiwahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 3 teat; breast (typically of a woman, but it can also be said of a man). seno o pecho (típicamente de mujer pero también podría ser de hombre) Pending (<klam>maka</klam> ~) to breast feed (<klam>maka</klam> ~) dar pecho a Pending Nikmakas chi:chiwahli noi:joh. Am I'm going to breast feed my young child. Voy a darle pecho a mi hijito. udder (of a cow or other animal) ubre (de una vaca u otro animal) Pending chi:chi The derivational process for this noun is unclear, although obviously the word contains the root <kam>chi:chi</kam>. The ending <kam>wahli</kam> is of unclear history and etymology. Moreover, the precise length of the /a/ is also uncertain. To best ascertain its quanity, all words with this nominal stem should be examined. For this and all derivates for /chichiwal/, check vowel length. I originally had it recorded as /chi:chiwahli/ in Ameyaltepec, but evidence from Oapan suggests perhaps /chi:chiwa:hli/. 02688 yzzz mi:nilia kimi:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.) apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que estáa punto de caerse, o una rama de unárbol cargada de fruta) Oa mi:na See the discussion under <klam>mi:naltilia</klam> in regard to the question of valency in regard to Oapan <koa>mi:nilia</koa> and its Ameyaltepec cognate <kam>mi:naltilia</kam>. For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/. See drawing on original filecard. Note that although <kam>mi:na</kam> is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive <kam>mi:naltia</kam> , which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it appears that the verb <kam>mi:naltilia</kam> is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of arguments that one would expect. mi:naltilia synonym Am 02689 te- tekoto:ni te- tekoto:ni
11/Feb/2006
Prefix Pre-adverbial prefix to certain verbs that indicates an intensity or suddenness to the action prefijo adverbial para algunos verbos que indica más intensidad o lo repetino de la acción Pending affix to some adjectivals that indicates an unusual or unexpected state or characteristic afijo a algunos adjectivales que indica un estado o característica por usual o esperado Oa te- The intensifier <kn>te-</kn> may be used with only some of the various acceptations of a given verb. Thus, for example, with <klamoa>koto:ni</klamoa>and <klamoa>koto:na</klamoa>it is used when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land or ending of litigation. Verbs that accept the use of <kn>te-</kn> have been coded with"optional <kn>te-</kn> "in the /aff field. Cases in which <kn>te-</kn> has become fully lexicalized are listed separated (e.g., Oapan <kloa>té:welíwi</kloa>). Establish hypertext link with cgi query for aff contains /te-/ or /-te-/. 02690 te:patike:tl te:patike:tl té:patíké:tl té:patíké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 yes-lex doctor doctor Pending healer (<spn>curandero</spn>) curandero Pending pah * <kam>Te:patiki</kam> is not acceptable. A <kam>te:patike:tl</kam> usually refers to a Western doctor although it is also used for some <spn>curanderos</spn>, particularly those who massage people to cure them (<kam>te:papachowa</kam>). It is not applied to those who pray or who use herbal remedies. Agentives: Note that in many cases an agentive is formed with /-ke:tl/ and does not have an alternative form in /-ki/. This is the case with the present entry (/te:patike:tl/) and also with forms such as /te:maxtike:tl/. However, it is not clear if in all cases a /-ki/ form for those agentives documented with /-ke:tl/ is unacceptable. A study must be made on a case-by-case basis. In addition, it seems that many of the /-ki/ 'agentives' are in fact more adjectival. The full range of such forms needs to be investigated. Oapan phonology; double pitch accent: Note that /té:patíké:tl/ is another example of a two pitch-accent word. It perhaps provides a good example of the influences or factors that lead to stress (pitch) reassignment. If we assume that the basic factor affecting pitch is the presence of {h} coda, then underlying {te:pahtihke:tl} would yield [te:pátíké:tl], with the final pitch accent based on a lexical/phrasal boundary. The result of shift is what is to be expected: /té:patíké:tl/. Note, however, that this is different than cases such as /o:kí:pólokéh/. The difference perhaps rests on the fact that /ke:tl/ is bimoraic and thus can accept an adjacent pitch easier than the monomoraic /-keh/. Nevertheless, the pitch patterns should be investigated and, in particular, /té:patíké:tl/ should be checked with an expert. Have SG check the p-a pattern on this word. 02691 zzz This entry for /toto:roh/ has been eliminated as a duplicate entry.
16/Jun/2002
 02692 tlasese:hlo:tl tlasese:hlo:tl tlasese:hlo:tl tlasese:hlo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 cold air; draft of cool air aire fresco y algo frío Pending Te:cha:lwi:tektok tlasese:hlo:tl. Am DT #8: 360 The cold air (draft) is hitting us. El aire frío nos estápegando. Mejó:r ma nikalaki kalitik, nepa u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl kia:wak. Am It is better that I go inside my house, there outside it is cool. Mejor que entre en mi casa, alláafuera hay un brisa algo frío. Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl! Am Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off! ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que estémás fresco! Xmose:wi nika:n, u:nkah tlasese:hlo:tl, kemech yo:nitla:ichwih. Am Come rest here, it is cool, I just sprinked water (on the ground to cool it off)! ¡Ven a descansar aquí, hay frescura, apenas le rociéagua (a la tierra para refrescarla)! se Check the way in which this root should be given: /se/ or /se:/. 02693 zzz
30/Jul/2005
This used to be the entry for /Iskatsi:n Itik/, since transferred to the toponym lexicon. 02694 a:tostik a:tostik a:tostik a:tostik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be gushy; to be watery (a mixture of sth to which water is typically added but which should be thick) estar aguado (una mezcla de algo a que típicamente se le agrega agua pero que debe ser espeso) Pending Mela:k a:tostik notix, xwel nikmana. Am My masa is really watery, I can't make tortillas with it (lit., 'I can't lay it down'). Mi masa estámuy aguada, no puedo echar tortillas con ella (lit., 'no la puede poner plana'). A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. Am It is watery, it has too much water (e.g. mud or clay for ceramics, masa, etc.). Estáaguado, se pasóde agua (barro para cerámica, masa, etc.). consist a:totsiwi a: tots No cognate words have been found in other dialects. Although the root element <kroot>a:</kroot>'water' is clear in this compound, the other part ? <kn>tos</kn> or <kn>tots</kn> is not. Roots and composition uncertain. Cf. entry under /a:totsiwi/ and /a:tki/. Disambiguate /a:tostik/, /a:tki/, /a:yoh/, and any others that might later come to mind. A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. Add this use of /panowa/. 02695 a:chi:wia na:chi:wia a:chi:wia [a: chi: 'wi a] na:chi:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-refl +Refl/-tran class-2a (refl.) to add water to a mixture or dough-like substance that one is using (particularly to <klam>nextamahli</klam> while grinding it on a metate, but also in kneading dough to make bread, or in kneading clay for ceramics) (refl.) agregar agua a una masa que uno estáusando para suavizarla (particularmente al nextamal para molerlo sobre un metate, pero también hacerle lo mismo a masa para hacer pan o a lodo para hacer cerámica) Pending On suwa:tl na:chi:witok. Am That woman is using water in grinding <kam>nextamahli</kam> on a metate (i.e., she is using her <klam>a:chi:wihli</klam>). Esa mujer estáusando agua para moler nixtamal sobre un metate (esto es, estáusando su <klam>a:chi:wihli</klam>). Na:chi:wia. Am She takes water from bowl in order to use it in grinding (<kam>nextamahli</kam> when making tortillas, or in kneading clay for ceramics, etc.). Ella toma agua de una taza para emplearla en moler (el nixtamal al hacer tortillas, en en amasar barro para cerámica, etc.). a: chi:wa Prototypically this verb refers to the use of water in grinding <spn>nixtamal</spn>, but is extended metaphorically to refer to other uses of water in softening mixtures. The etymology of this verb is unclear but is probably are related to <klam>chi:wa</klam> 'to do or make.' Apparently only used in reflexive. This should be checked. In general note that there are a series of alternations in which the <kam>-ia</kam> form alternates with a -CV form: <kam>-te:ma</kam> and <kam>-te:mia</kam> ; <kam>-chi:wa</kam> and <kam>-chi:wia</kam> , <kam>-ka:wa</kam> and <kam>-ka:wia</kam> , etc. All of these have an incorporated noun: <kam>-tla:lte:mia</kam> and, in Classical I believe, <kam>-tla:lka:wia</kam>. 02696 a:wixtlan a:wixtlan á:wixtlán á:wixtláh á:wixtlán á:wixtlán
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-tlan N1(loc) yes-lex place with a lot of dew, or water from rain, that covers plants on the ground lugar con mucho rocío, o agua que viene de la lluvia, que cubre las plantas Pending Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih. San puroh a:wixtli. Am There was a lot of dew on the ground. It got me soaked. It was pure dew. Había mucho rocío sobre la tierra. Me hizo empapar. Fue puro rocío. weather ahwich -tlan The pitch accent in the Oapan form is a reflex of an underlying {h} that closes the first syllable. The Classical stem shows this (cf. FK). However, it is unclear whether vowel lengthening has also occurred, either through lenition of {h} or through reanalysis of the etymology as containing the root for 'water' (<kroot>a:</kroot>). Nevertheless, a careful analysis of the length of word-initial /a/ in many lexemes, including those that manifest pitch accent, will be useful for a final determination. Check short /a/ in /paltia/ and final /h/ in /puroh/. Lenght of initial /á/ is unclear. Historically it is short, but it appears to be long here. Check. 02697 xtlah xtlah xtlah xitlah xtlan xtlah, xtlan
11/Feb/2006
Pr(indef) Neg-Pr Pr-indef nothing; not... anything nada Pending Xtlah weli. Am He can't do anything. No puede hacer nada. itlah In Oapan <koa>xtlah</koa> is used mostly as an argument of a predicate, e.g., <koa>xtlah kineki</koa> 'He doesn't want anything' or <koa>xtlah tomi:n</koa> 'There is no money.' In contrast, <kloa>xitlah</kloa> is used by itself, with the meaning 'There is nothing' or, in reference to something that is already a topic of discourse, 'There is none of it.' Thus in response to a question <koa>¿O:nkah tomi:n?</koa> one can respond either <koa>Xitlah</koa> or, repeating the noun, <koa>Xtlah tomi:n</koa>. Make sure to use first token of female for /xtlah/, and then male for /xtlan/. Oapan phonology: Note that the tendency to insert /n/ for /h/ in phrase-final position is heard here, where IJ always has a final nasal and FM has it in one of her tokens. itlah confer Am, Oa 02698 te:nkwalkaxtli i:te:nkwalkax
11/Feb/2006
N N-S-N N-b Stem 1(x) jawbone mandíbula Pending body te:n kwal kax Two of the elements in <kam>te:nkwalkaxtli</kam> are transparent: <kam>te:n</kam> 'lip or edge' and <kam>kax</kam> 'bowl.' The middle element, <kam>kwal</kam> is unclear. Perhaps a comparison of a cognate word from other dialects will clarify the issue since there might have been a minor phonological change in the Ameyaltepec word. te:nkomitetl equivalent Oa te:nkokaxtli equivalent Oa 02699 tekwi:naltia kitekwi:naltia tekwi:naltia kitekwi:naltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca[ni] class-2a to make flare up or blaze (a fire) hacer llamear o brotar (un fuego) Pending Yo:niktekwi:naltih, yo:niktlatokilih un koma:hli. Am I made it flare up, I stoked wood under that griddle. Lo hice llamear, le avivéel fuego (echándole leña) abajo de ese comal. Xkakawi! Xtekwi:nalti! Am Fan it (a fire)! Make it flare up! ¡Abanícalo (un fuego)!¡Hazlo llamear! tekwi: tekwi:ni ni_base Am, Oa 02700 topontli topontli tópontlí tópontlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(n) yes-lex swelling (usually at the side of the throat or neck, or in the place where ones thigh meets the hip. or under ones arms) hinchazón (al lado de la garganta o cuello, o en el ingle, o por las axilas) Pending Kipia topontli. Am He has a swelling at the side of his throat Tiene un hinchazón al lado de la garganta. tohpon Ameyaltepec consultants mentioned that twins can cause a <kam>topontli</kam> to develop on a person that they hate or envy, particularly when the victim is eating something that they (the twins or one of them) desire. The etymology of <kam>topontli</kam> is still not entirely clear; although it would seem to be related to the root <kroot>topo:</kroot>and the verb <klam>topo:ni</klam> I seem to remember having checked in the dialect of San Juan Tetelcingo and heard an /h/ closing the first syllable. However, my notes do not indicate this and it should be checked in the future. Check for /h/. Use second female token. 02701 i:xtakakwa ki:xtakakwa i:xtakakwa ki:xtakakwa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 PM-V2 V2-b class-1 to bite without warning (e.g., a dog that doesn't bark but simply attacks without warning) morder sin previo aviso (p. ej., un perro que no ladra pero que simplemente ataca sin avisar) Pending i:xtaka kwa Here as in some other cases of words with <kamoa>ixtaka</kamoa> as part of the compound, the initial /i/ seems to show long duration, about 100 ms. However, given that in possessed forms the /i/ drops out (e.g., <kamoa>noxtakakone:w</kamoa>) it would seem that the /i/ would be epenthetical and thus short. It has so been recorded in all entries with the stem <kamoa>ixtaka</kamoa> pending further analysis. 02702 tlatskwepo:nteko tlatskwepo:nteko
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-Asp Asp class-4a to hit the ground hard, making a loud sound caerse sobre el suelo haciendo un gran estrépito Am tlats-2-; kwepo: Florencia Marcelino denied that this was a proper word given that what falls (e.g., a person) <koa>xpa:stik</koa> 'is not wet.' The proper word according to her is <koa>komó:ntekó</koa>. Check for transitive alternation ending in /-nia/; cf. /kwepo:nia/. 02703 ilpo:tsaltia elpo:tsaltia kilpo:tsaltia ípo:tsáltia ipo:tsaltia kípo:tsáltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V3 V2-d-ca from reflective class-2a yes to make burp hacer eructar a Pending O:ne:chilpo:tsaltih serbe:sah. Am The beer made me burp. La cerveza me hizo eructar. elpo:tsa l po:tsa ilpo:tsa Check to see if /elpo:tsaltia:/ also exists. Use second token of female speaker and first token of male speaker. elpo:tsa verb_base Am ípó:tsa verb_base Oa 02704 chichikiltik chichikiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-s to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) Am to be puny; to be tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out) ser chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca) Am Chichikiltik un xokotl, xe totoma:wi, xe a:te:mi. Am That plum is puny, it hasn't started to fill out, it hasn't started to ripen. Esa ciruela es chiquita, todavía no se ha llenado, todavía no se madura. chikil Although <kam>chichikilti</kam> is acceptable and the <kn>te-</kn> element appears to be an intensifier, the form with <kn>te-</kn> is far more common than without, thus it has been accorded a separate entry. Other than this one entry, all other forms heard in conversation and documented are with the <kn>te-</kn> element. Check if the form /chichikiltik/, without /te-/ can only be used in reference to fruit. Perhaps this entry should be eliminated and joined to /techichikiltik/. At the same time, all entries with /chichikil.../ should be studied for alternate forms and meanings. Add to this entry, data for /techichikil(tik)/. techichikiltik synonym Am téchichikíltik synonym Oa 02705 tepa:xin tepa:xin tepa:xin tepa:xin
24/Oct/2005
N N-b-in Stem 4 type of lizard, <l>Phrynosoma</l>sp., commonly called 'chameleon' tipo de reptile, <l>Phrynosoma</l>sp., comunmente conocido como 'camaleón' Pending Deke se: ichpokawah kineki ma kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwi itlaxkal ipan komahli, tlaxkalowa ika tepa:xin. Kima:mana wa:n kima:ka:wa. Ihkón kwaltsi:n ni:xakokwis itlaxkal, kipias kanaktsi:n i:xa:mayo itlaxkal. Am If a young girl wants her tortillas to puff up nicely on the griddle, she acts as if making tortillas with a chameleon in her hands. She moves it from one hand to another and then lets it go. In this way her tortillas will puff up nicely, they will have a nice thin skin on one side. Si una muchacha quiere que se alzen bien sus tortillas sobre el comal, echa tortillas con un camaleón. Lo va cambiando de una mano a otra y después lo suelta. Asísus tortillas se van a alzar bien, van a tener una delgada capa por un lado. animal lizzard tepa:x 02706 telkechilia kitelkechilia telkechilia tekechilia kitelkechilia; kitekechilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to prop up (with a stick, pole, etc.) apuntalar (algo cayéndose, con un palo, poste, horcón, etc.) Pending Kitelkechilia para ma:ka sa: tsonaka ya:s. Am He props it up (in this case a post leaning over with another stick) so that it doesn't just lean over. Lo apuntala (en este caso un horcón que estácayéndose con un palo) para que no vaya de lado. tel kechi kuwkechilia; telkechilia In Oapan <koa>telkechilia</koa> is also found as <koa>tekechilia</koa>. It differs from <kloa>kohmi:ni</kloa>in that with the propping described by the former the stick or piece of wood used to prop up the structure is placed vertically, whereas with <kloa>kohmi:ni</kloa>it is an an angle. There are 6 total tokens of the alternate pronunciation /kitekechilia/ at 6235. These should all be tagged as 2706 and then two should be linked to the 2nd pronunciation: /kitekechilia/. Thus the final concatenated sound sequence here at 2706 should have 2 pronunciations and 4 tokens. 02707 tlakwa:te:ki:l i:tlakwa:te:ki:l tlakwa:te:ki:l i:tlakwa:te:ki:l
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas N2 godchild ahijado Pending Yewa notlakwa:te:ki:l. Am He is my godchild. El es mi ahijado. kwa: a: te:ka Check length of final /i/ as the record I have for this word does not indicate vowel length. 02708 yekoka:tl yekoka:tl yékoké:tl yékoké:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ka:tl Stem 2 yes-lex visitor; guest (from another village, i.e., <kamoa>xcha:neh</kamoa>) visita; huéspeded (de otro pueblo, esto es, <kamoa>xcha:neh</kamoa>) Pending Nika:n niyekoka:tl. Am I am a visitor here (e.g., in this village). Aquíestoy de visita (p. ej., en este pueblo). Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n. Am I always feed my guests. Siempre doy de comer a mis huéspedes. ehko Check phrase /Nochipa nikintlakwaltia noyekoka:wa:n/ which I created for this entry. te:í:také:tl confer Oa 02709 ko:sama:lo:tl ko:sama:lo:tl kó:samá:lo:tl kó:samá:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b rainbow arco iris Pending Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika. Am If two rainbows appear the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky). Si aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá(apuntando) y uno acá(apuntando al otro lado del cielo). weather ko:s ahma:lo The etymology of <kam>ko:sama:lo:tl</kam> or <koa>kó:samá:lo:tl</koa> is unclear. One possible element is <kn>ko:s</kn>, perhaps related to <klamoa>ko:skatl</klamoa>'necklace,' which would make sense given the context. The remaining sequence is not, however, transparent. Another perplexing issue is the pitch accent noted in the Oapan version. All documented cognates of this word in other dialects do not manifest any underlying {h} or glottal stop, which is the only factor that motivates pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. Moreover, given that a sequence of long vowel and {h} as coda is not found in Nahuatl, the only possible syllable that is a candidate for coda {h} is {sah}. For the preceding reasons the etymology has been given as {ko:s + ahma:lo:}. Perhaps comparative data from nearby villages where there is a surface manifestation of {h} would clarify matters. The etymology uncertain. Probably related to /ko:s/ 'necklace' but the remainder of the etymology is uncertain. Check for /h/: p-a of Oapan form of unclear origin. 02710 a:te:kia ka:te:kia a:te:kia ka:te:kia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to water or pour water on (e.g., a plant or seedlings, or even a person) regar (p. ej., una planta o planta de semillero, o hasta a una persona) Pending Tle:ka xtika:te:kia? Yo:pili:n. Am Why don't you water it? It's already withered up. ¿Por quéno le echas agua? Ya se marchitó. Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah. Am I'm here watering in my garden. Estoy regando aquíen mi huerta. te:kilia a: te:k The valency of this verb is discussed in the grammar, along with that of <klam>tla:lka:wia</klam> and <klam>tla:lte:mia</klam>. Apparently <kam>a:tekia</kam> is an applicative form of <kam>te:ka</kam> , with an incorporated noun <kroot>a:</kroot>. Launey (1992:188) notes that applicatives ending in <kn>-(l)huia</kn> are most common with verbs that end in <kn>-ca</kn> or <kn>-hua</kn>. However, in Balsas Nahuatl note that there is as yet no documented form ? <kn>a:te:ka</kn>, which would be an intransitive. Rather one has the"applicative" <kam>a:tekia</kam> , which is ditransitive <kn>te:kia</kn> (not documented in stand-alone form) with valency reduced to one argument after the incorporation of a nominal root: <kam>a:te:kia</kam> 'to pour water on' and then made into an applicative <kamoa>a:te:kilia</kamoa>, which would have a different derivation from <kamoa>te:kilia</kamoa> : the former is an applicative of the <kn>-ia</kn> -applicative <kam>a:te:kia</kam> while the latter is an applicative of the transitive <klamoa>te:ka</klamoa>. Etymology/roots uncertain. Cf. root analysis of this word as compared to /se:wia/. Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah."I'm here watering in my garden."Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. a:te:kilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02711 michpe:petla:ni michpe:petla:ni michpe:petla:n michpe:petla:h michpe:petla:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-0 (Am); N-dvb-perf (Oa) type of fish, like the fish called <spn>platilla</spn> in Spanish, still not definitively identified tipo de pez, parecido al que se llama <spn>platilla</spn>, todavía no identificado definitivamente Am, Oa animal marine mich petla: The Oapan form <koa>michpe:petla:n</koa> manifests the apocopation that is common in animal names, although here it is also equivalent to the short stem of a verb (<koa>petla:ni</koa>). Make sure Am has /a:michin/ and /michpe:petla:ni/ as synonyms. a:michin synonym Am 02712 malaí:k malaí:k
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal (often followed by a verbal phrase headed by <kamoa>ma</kamoa> or <kamoa>x</kamoa>) may it be that never; who cares if never (in reference to an event or action) (a menudo seguido por una frase verbal encabezado por <kam>ma</kam> o <kam>x</kam>)¡ojaláque nunca!¡aunque nunca! (en referencia a un evento o acción) Pending Malaí:k wits! Am May he never come! ¡Ojaláque nunca venga! Malaí:k ma weli! Itekiw xya:s eskwe:lah. Am May he never learn! He's surely not going to go to school. ¡Quénunca aprenda! De por si nunca va a ir a la escuela. Malaí:k xne:chaka! Yo:tine:chawak! Am May you never it it to me! You already scolded me (that is, you already angrily told me that you wouldn't give it to me)! ¡Quénunca me lo des!¡Ya me regañaste (esto es, ya me dijiste que no me lo ibas a dar)! Malaí:k xne:chpale:wi:ti! Am Don't ever both to go and help me at all (said in anger, for example, if a person has promised to help me and then not showed up, I might utter the previous)! ¡Entonces, que nunca me vayas a ayudar (dicho con enojo, por ejemplo si algn ha prometido ayudarme y después no apareció, quizápodría yo decir lo anterior)! ma ah i:k <kam>'Malaí:k</kam> is often translated into Spanish by 'aunque no...,' i.e., if someone asks for something and is not given it, the person who had first requested the item may say, <kam>Malaí:k xne:chaka</kam> 'Don't ever give it to me then (see what I care)' (or something similar).' It seems clear that the first element of <kam>aí:k</kam> is the negative particle without the coda glottal stop. FK notes under <kn>ai:c</kn> that 'the first element of this is from the negative particle <kn>ah-</kn> and is often written <kn>ay</kn>. If <kn>i:k</kn> is related to <kn>i:ka</kn>, then it is not difficult to assume that /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, leading to the <koa>aya</koa> sequence noted in the headword. Finally, although the first element is undoubtedly the optative, the meaning or origin of the /l/ is not clear. <kam>Malaí:k</kam> and <koa>mala:ya</koa> probably derive from the optative particle <kam>ma</kam> and the adverbial <kam>aí:k</kam> (Note that Molina lists <kn>ayc</kn> 'nunca, o en ningún tiempo.' The question of vowel length in the latter form is discussed under the Oapan headword entry. Recheck first vowel since in one entry filecard I have recorded /ma:laí:k/. Tag the Oapan tokens here as additional tokens for 5651. a:(2) is to be xrefd with /ah/ 'negative'. mala:ya equivalent Oa 02713 tlamaka kitlamaka tlamaka kitlamaka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to give fodder to (an animal) alimentar (un animal) Pending ¡Kontlamakas iburroh, xikchia! Am He's going to go feed his donkey, wait for him! Va a ir a darle de comer a su burro,¡espéralo! Tlatlamakatinemi. Am He goes around feeding (animals). Anda dando de comer (a los animales). (with a directional affix) to drop food off for (con afijo direccional) ir a dejar o llevar comida a Oa maka When used with a domesticated animal such as a young calf, <kam>tlamaka</kam> refers to the action of feeding it while it is tied up or, at least, not grazing. If one takes such an animal out to graze (even while watching closely over it), the word used is <klam>tlakukwaltia</klam>. With a human subject the verb <kn>tlamaka</kn> (as in <koa>nontlamakas nowe:wentsi:n</koa> (Oa)) is used when one takes a meal or food to someone (such as a family member working in the field, or a compadre to be prepared for a fiesta). The food or provisions are dropped off. When one feeds someone in the house or takes food to be eaten jointly, <koa>tlakwaltia</koa> is used. Check meaning in Am and Oa Object /tla-/. Note that the form /tlatlamaka/ 'to be feeding (animals)' shows the use of two nonspecific nonhuman object markers. Cf. to <kn>te:tlamaka</kn> maka minus_tla Am, Oa 02714 tsi:nkomoltik tsi:nkomoltik tsi:nkomoltik tsi:nkomoltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have a big butt (in reference to a butt so big that it sticks out and is slightly flat and concave at the top as a result) ser nalgona (en referencias a nalgas tan grandes que salen mucho y son algo planos y concavos en sus partes superiores) Pending tsi:n komol The only documentation of this word, as well its apocopated form <klamoa>tsi:nkomol</klamoa>, is in reference to heavy-set older women. 02715 yestili:ni yestili:ni yestili:ni yestili:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans class-3a to get its fill of blood (an animal that bites and sucks blood) llenarse de sangre (un animal que la chupa) Pending Yo:yestili:n un xaxa:yakatl, o:kikwah noburroh. Am That horse fly has gotten its fill of blood, it bit my donkey. Ese tábano se lleno de sangre, mordióa mi burro. es tili: 02716 i:xwetska i:xwe:wetska i:xwetska i:xwe:wetska
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex. rdp-l class-4a (usually with long vowel reduplication) to start to smile or have traces of a smile on ones face (e.g., of sb embarrassed to laugh or openly smile) (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) vislumbrarsele o dibujarsele una sonrisa en la cara a (p. ej., de algn a quien le da pena reir o reirse abiertamente) Pending Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska. Am She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile. Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), estánada más sonriendo entre dientes. i:x wetska This verb refers to a slight smile on the face of someone embarrassed to laugh or smile openly. The vowel duration of the first reduplicated syllable is unclear. I originally had it transcribed as long, but acoustic measurements on the Oapan data do not necessarily confirm this and I have since changed this to a light syllable with a short vowel. The fact that the reduplicant of <kn>we-</kn> -initial stems in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is simply /u/, suggests that the reduplicant might well be a long vowel, even though the acoustic evidence so far does not confirm this. More checking is needed. Recheck vowel length and check that the lexicalized form with long vowel reduplication is the only form used. Thus a check should be made for forms such as /i:xwetska/ and /i:xuwetska/; or /i:xwe:wetska/ vs. /i:xwewetska/. Check. Also check for /i:xwetska/. Note that this should probably be incorporated in the entry for /i:xwetska/. 02717 tsakwilia kitsakwilia tsakwilia kitsakwilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to get in the way of (the intended motion toward a destination of an animate being or, at times, an inanimate); to block or impede the path of estorbar (el movimiento de algún ser animado o, a veces, de un objeto); cerrar o impedir el paso a Pending O:ne:xtsakwilih a:te:ntli, melá:k we:i. Am The river blocked my way, it is really big. El río me cerróel paso to block the view of estorbarle la vista a Pending Ne:chtsakwilia, ma nteki! Am It blocks my field of vision (in this case a branch of a tree), let me cut it off! Me estorba la vista (en este caso la rama de unárbol),¡déja que lo corte! Tlane:si. De nika:n kwahli ne:stok, xtlah ne:chtsakwilia. Am There is a clear view. It is easily visible from here, nothing obstructs my view. Hay una buena vista. De aquíaparece bien, nada me estorba la vista. to stop before a destination is reached (e.g., in putting a bucket to catch a flow of water from a leaking bucket, in stopping a person along a path, etc.) detener (algo) antes de que llegue a su destino (p. ej., al colocar una cubeta abajo de un agujero en una pipa, peról, etc.) Pending San o:tsetseliw un yestli, xo:kitsakwilikeh. Am The blood just sprinkled out onto the ground (in this case with the killing of an animal). They didn't catch it (i.e., cut off its path) with anything (e.g., a bowl or bucket). La sangre nada más se rociópor el suelo (en este caso al matar un animal). No le pusieron nada para detenerlo. (often with long vowel reduplication) to block the way of (e.g., a boy courting a girl as she tries to pass by, an animal that is trying to escape a roundup, etc.) (a menudo con reduplication de vocal larga) atajar o bloquear el camino a (p. ej., un joven que le bloquea el paso a una muchacha que quiere cortejar, un vaquero o chivero que estátratando de bloquear la salida a un animal que quiere escapar o salir, etc.) Pending Xiktsakwili noburroh! Am Head off my donkey (i.e., block its way so that it doesn't get by)! ¡Córtale el paso a mi burro (para que no vaya o no se escape)! Melá:k ne:chtsa:tsakwilia i:n te:lpokawah. Am That young man really tries to block my way (stop me as I am going somewhere in order to court me). Ese joven de veras me sale al paso (tratando de detenerme o bloquearme el camino para cortejarme). (with short vowel reduplication) to fill in for (e.g., colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) rellenar para (p. ej., los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores) Pending Ne:xtsatsakwilia noa:mawa:n. Am He fills in my amates for me with colored paint. Me rellena mis amates con colores. A:kinon tiktsatsakwilia ia:maw? Am For whom are you filling in the amate? ¿Para quién estás rellenando el amate? tsakwa tsakwililia val_add_applic Am, Oa tlatsatsakwilia val_reduce2 Am tlá:tsakwília val_reduce2 Oa tsakwa verb_base Am, Oa 02718 tlakukwi:lia kitlakukwi:lia tlá:kwí:lia tlá:kwilia kitlá:kwí:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-tla Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-2a yes-rdp to pick out or off from (i.e., separating bad, rotten food or grain from the rest) arrancar o quitar de (p. ej., separando fruta pudrida o los granos picados de lo demás) Pending Yo:nitlakukwi:lih notlayo:lxina:ch. Am I picked out the bug-eaten kernels from my maize seed. Quitélos granos picados del maíz que voy a utilizar para semilla. O:nimotlakukwi:lih ka:n o:ne:chasik sasa:lik xiwtli. Am I'm going to pull off the pricky balls of the <kbam>sasa:lik xiwtli</kbam>(from where they have stuck to my clothes). Voy a arrancarme las bolitas del <klam>sasa:lik xiwtli</klam> (de donde que están pegadas a mi ropa). kwi Use first token of female speaker. kwi:lia minus_tla Am, Oa 02719 tla:katilistli tla:katilistli tla:katilistli i:tla:katilis
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(s) sth from birth; sth congenital algo de nacimiento; algo congénito Pending Seki ma:ski we:i, te:mpatiliwi, pero xi:tla:katilis. Am Some, even though they are old, get a twisted mouth, but it is not congenital. A algunos, aunque sean grandes, se les tuercen los labios, pero no es de nacimiento. tla:ka In Oapan <koa>i:tla:katilis</koa> is used to refer to something (e.g., a skill, an ability with witchcraft, etc.) that was acquired from birth, not learned. Unclear whether /i:tla:katilis/ can also refer to genetic defects, etc. 02720 kwaltla:lia kikwaltla:lia kwehtla:lia kwaltla:lia kikwehtla:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to fix (an instrument or machine that is out of kilter, or sth poorly made such as cloth poorly sewn, ceramics poorly made, a crooked furrow); to make better arreglar (un instrumento o maquina que anda mal); componer (algo mal hecho, como ropa mal cosida, cerámica mal hecha, un zurco no derecho, etc.) Pending Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. Am Fix my yoke (in this case by working the wood so that it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven. Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, estádisparejo y no muy plano. Xkwaltla:li ke:n titlakwilo:s! Am Fix up your writing! Mejora como escribes! San o:tihkwa:kwaltla:lih. Am You just fixed it up (patched it up) here and there. No más lo arreglaste en partes (no completamente, pero solamente en varios lugares donde hacia falta). (refl.) to get or become settled (e.g., a judicial dispute, an argument, etc.) (refl.) llegarse a un acuerdo (p. ej., un litigio, eun argumento, acerca de lo que se iba a dar a la familia de una novia, etc.) Pending Xenokwaltla:lia. Am It has not been arranged yet (i.e., an agreement has not yet been reached) Todavía no se ha arreglado. (recipr.) to settle or come to a settlement (two or more people who are disputing sth) (recipr.) arreglarse; llegar a un acuerdo (dos o más personas que están litigando o en desacuerdo) Pending Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian. Am We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement). Estamos discutiendo uno alegando después de otro, no nos podemos arreglar. kwal tla:l kwaltla:lia; kwaltilia The motiviation for the vowel shift in the Oapan form <koa>kwehtla:lia</koa> is not clear, but the etymology of this form and that from Ameyaltepec is undoubtedly the same. Use second male token. e:ktla:lia synonym Am 02721 tlapilowilia kitlapilowilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 tla-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to hang hooks on stakes placed in a shallow river bottom for (in order to fish) colgar para (algn o algo) anzuelas de estacas metidas en las partes poco profundas de un río Am O:ntlapilowili:to michin ika answe:loh. Am I went to hang hooks for (to catch) fish. Fue a colgar anzuelos para (pescar) peces. to hanging nets or ropes in the trees for (in order to hunt certain birds or catch certain animals) colgar redes o lazos en losárboles para (algn, o para ciertos pájaros que se cazan o animales que se quieren atrapar) Pending Xtlapilowili nokone:w ika noma:tl! Am Hang my net (e.g., for catching <spn>huilotas</spn>) for my child! ¡Cuélga mi red (p. ej., para cazar huilotas) para mi niño! Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n! Am Let me hang a noose down from a tree for it (e.g., a mule, donkey, or other animal that one is trying to catch), let's see if it comes through here (and gets caught)! ¡Deja que le cuelgue un laso de unárbol (p. ej., para una mula, burro u otro animal que se quiere atrapar), vamos a ver si pasa por aquí! (~ <kam>ika totopoxtli</kam>) to make <klam>totopoxtli</klam> for (~ <kam>ika totopoxtli</kam>) hacer totopos para Am pil Note that the primary object of <kam>tlapilowilia</kam> may either be the human beneficiary of the action (in one example, a child) or the fish or game that is the object of the trap. In the case of hanging a noose from a tree in an effort to catch an animal, the idea is to use this strategy for animals that are difficult to trap normally. The noose is hung in a narrow place and the animal is then chased through there in the hope that its neck catches in the noose as it runs through. Illustrate an example sentence, perhaps /Ma niktlapilowili, abe:r tla: kalaki nika:n!/ tlapilowa verb_base Am, Oa 02722 yekaxokwi:chiwi yekaxokwi:chiwi yekaxokwi:chiwi yekaxokwi:chiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to wrinkle up ones nose or make a face (e.g., when smelling sth bad, or in thinking about sb's bad injury) fruncir la nariz (p. ej., al oler algo mal o en pensar en la herida de algn) Pending Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k. Am He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant. Frunce la naríz. olióalgo desagradable. to snarl (e.g., an angry dog) gruñir (p. ej., un perro enojado) Pending yeka xokwich te:nxokwi:chiwi confer Am, Oa 02723 kelo:nia kikelo:nia kelo:nia kikelo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) class-2a to cause a bad sprain or bruise to torcerle parte del cuerpo a; causarle un dolor de golpe a Pending kelo:ni kelo: Although this transitive verb was in my original notes, Florencia Marcelino stated that it was not correct, even though she and her husband Inocencio Jiménez pronounced it during the recording session. Apparently the signification of the intranstive <klamoa>kelo:ni</klamoa>is something to the effect of 'to get sprained' and, as Florencia stated, given that this cannot be purposefully caused the transitive is not correct. The validity of the transitive in Ameyaltepec should, therefore, be carefully checked. Check the correctness of this very carefully. Make sure ample illustrative sentences are available. Florencia Marcelino stated that since these severe strains are never purposefully caused, the transitive is not correct. Perhaps remove this entry. Even though I recorded this, later FM stated that it should not be an entry. 02724 zzz This entry used to be for Oapan /tla:lto:nka:miki/, but another entry for this exists and the two have been combined. Information here is tagged to 4403. Note that this entry has been eliminated. Tag words here for word 4403, higher letters (e.g., f, g, etc.)
09/Aug/2005
 02725 xi:kopi:na kixi:kopi:na xi:kopi:na kixi:kopi:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-alt-ni Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> : <kamoa>texi:kopi:na</kamoa> class-3a to slip off or down (e.g, pants or skirts that are too large); to loosen or undo (by slipping one part or section loose) desprender; zafar (deslizando una cosa de otra) Pending Xikxi:kopi:na moka:ltson! Am Slip your pants off! ¡Bájate los calzones! to pull out (e.g., money from a pocket or wallet, a knife from its sheath, etc.) sacar (p. ej., dinero de una bolsa o billetera, un cuchillo de su vaina, etc.) Pending Ti:roh xikxi:kopi:na motomi:n deke tikpia! Am Show your money (peeling off the bills from a wad of money) if you have any! ¡Saca tu dinero (desprendiéndo los billetes de la billetera) si tienes! xi: kopi: Distinguish between /xi:kopi:ni/, /kaxa:ni/, /peto:ni/, /totomi/, etc. FK reports Tetelcingo <kn>xi:copi:ni</kn> as meaning"se zafa, se chispa,"which she translates as 'to make jokes' (sic) and <kn>xi:copi:na</kn> as 'se zafa, se chispa,' translated as 'to joke; to tease someone.' This is an unfortunate translation of 'zafarse' 'to slip (off)' and 'chisparse,' which is colloquial Spanish for 'to come loose' (see <kn>The Oxford Spanish Dictionary</kn>). The true meaning of <kam>xi:kopi:ni</kam> (and its transitive form) has to do with 'to come loose.' It is used for materials and objects that slip down or off a given area, such as pants slipping down one rear, braids slipping loose from their weave and knots slipping apart, or zacate, rods and other similar material objects that slip out of a bundle, etc. This verb is another example of a quite common case in which the only other documented case of a word found in Ameyaltepec and the Balsas region is from Tetelcingo, Morelos. This word is used for, e.g., slipping <koa>iswatl</koa>, <koa>so:ya:tl</koa>, <koa>tekono:xtli</koa>, etc., out of a bundle, Apparently the meaning here refers to something slipping out (e.g., a knot?) Find out what other nouns can function as the subject of /xi:kopi:ni/. It seems clear that /xi:kopi:/ involves /kopi:/ and /xi:/. Hence it has been so entered. It might well be that the /xi:/ here refers to a"covering"that slips. 02726 i:xmonwe:weyak i:xmonwe:weyak í:xmowe:wéyak i:xmowe:weyak í:xmowe:wíyak í:xmowe:wéyak,í:xmowe:wíyak
11/Feb/2006
N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia yes to have long (straight) eyelashes tener pestañas largas (y derechas) Pending i:x -mon; weya In original notes I had long first /e/ as: /i:xmonwe:weyak/. Check. Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. Note that in the paradigmatic set of k/ya/lia in many cases the /k/ form is lost in the verbalizations. Thus /yema:nki/ but /yema:nia/, or /ista:k/ and /ista:ya/. However, with /weyak/ there is no such loss: /weyakia/. This suggests that the /k/ here had been reinterpreted as part of an adjectival bases. 02727 tso:tso:tl tso:tso:tl tso:tso:tl tso:tso:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 2 skin sores or ulcers; infected pimples (or any skin eruption with a liquid inside, including those that result from scrapes); scab llaga;úlcera de la piel; grano o granito infectado (cualquier erupción de la piel con un líquido adentro, incluyendo llagas causadas por abrasiones); costra (de una herida) Pending O:tine:xtotopo:naltih notso:tso:w. Am DT#8: 024 You popped my pimple. Hiciste reventar mi granito. tso: <kam>Tso:tso:tl</kam> refers to a skin condition that presents a"sore,"perhaps from something having rubbed against the skin. Check valency of /totopo:naltia/ in sentence above and correct here if necessary. Check whether /itso:tso:yo/ is ever correct. Pánfilo Lorenzo said it was, but used only for animals. I have never heard it, though. 02728 yzzz tlapeya:wahli tlapeya:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1 type of tree still not identified nor collected tipo deárbol todavía no identificado ni colectado Oa plant kohtli (pending) peya: Etymology uncertain, check. This name was given by Florencia Marcelino; apparently it is in error since all other individuals I have consulted with give the name as <kloa>tlaye:wahli</kloa>. If <koa>tlapeya:wahli</koa> is a word, its meaning should be rechecked. The wood of this tree is good for the handle of an axe (<kam>a:chkuhtli</kam>), the beam of a plow (<kam>timó:n</kam>), and the main beams of houses (<kam>mori:yoh</kam>). Oapan phonology: Note the shift of /m/ from Am to /p/ of Oapan. Check other dialects for equivalent and then discuss which way the shift has moved. I would imagine that Oapan is an innovation m>p. tlamia:wahli equivalent Am 02729 tlampatla notlampatla tlampatla notlampatla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-4a (refl.) to lose ones baby teeth for permanent ones (refl.) cambiar los dientes de niño por los de adulto Pending O:pe:w notlampatla. Am He (a baby) has started to get his permanent teeth. Se le empezaron a salir (a un niño) los dientes permanentes. tlan patla This word has occasionally been documented as <kam>tlanpatla</kam>. 02730 i:xmantok i:xmantok i:xmantok i:xmantok
11/Feb/2006
Stat *V1-Stat Durative to be laying flat and spread out on a surface estar extendida y tendida sobre el suelo Pending San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:n iowi. Am The water is extended along the ground (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land). El agua estátendida sobre el suelo cubriendo todo, se llenósu canal (y por eso inundóla area a su alrededor). to be smooth-surfaced; to be level estar plano o nivelado Pending Tlatetewitska:n -=tla:ltetewitska:n-, xi:xmantok Am It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth. Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no estáplano. i:x man According to Florencia Marcelino <koa>mantok</koa> is used for water spread out over a surface whereas <koa>i:xmantok</koa> is used for other objects that are similarly spread out. Here it will be important to determine the tlai:xmantok plus_tla Am, Oa 02731 techichikilka:miktia kitechichikilka:miktia téchichikilka:míhtia techichikilka:mihtia kitéchichikilka:míhtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-d-ca Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a yes to let (e.g., an animal) waste away and die dejar (p. ej., un animal) consumirse y morir Pending chikil miki <kam>Techichikilka:miktia</kam> (and <klam>techichikilmiktia</klam>) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of lack of attention (in this case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away. According to Cristino Flores only <kam>techichilmiktia</kam> is correct, and not * <kam>techichilka:miktia</kam>. Check p-a in Oapan for all words with /techichikil-/. I originally had this entry written without p-a. Causative: <kam>Techichikilka:miktia</kam> (and <klam>techichikilmiktia</klam>) are causative formations with the semantics of"let."The action referred to is one of lack of attention (in this case to the feeding of an animal) that results in the final state indicated by the stem verb: death through attrition and wasting away. Use second male token. techichikilka:miki verb_base Am téchichikilka:míki verb_base Oa 02732 melo:nyo:hli melo:nyo:hli melo:yo:hli melo:yo:hli
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>melón</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 3 melon seeds semilla de melón Pending plant part yo:l The vowel lenght of <koa>melo:yo:hli</koa> is not entirely clear. It appears that the liquid /l/ is quite long, perhaps longer than the preceding and following vowels. Nevertheless, the initial perception that both /o:/s of <koa>melo:yo:hli</koa> were long has been maintained here in the orthography. yo:hli confer Am, Oa yo:hli confer Am 02733 tla:lto:tolopochka:n tla:lto:tolopochka:n tla:lto:tolopochka:n tla:lto:tolopochka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n Lex. rpd-l N1(N2-N) land that is bumpy tierra con topecitos; lugar no plano Pending Notsitsi:nkestiw fle:chah, tla:lto:tolopochka:n. Am The bus goes along bouncing along up and down, the earth is full of bumps. El camión va traquiteando, la tierra estállena de baches y topecitos. tla:l tolopoch -ka:n <kam>Tla:lto:tolopochka:n</kam> refers to a place such as a road or path with smooth, low-lying bumps that are more like slight rises in the land's surface than clearly demarked bumps. It contrasts with <klam>tlatetewistika:n</klam> , which refers to areas that have sharper and more defined, pointed bumps. tlatetewistika:n Check vowel length of the first /o/ given that in the filecard entry for /tlato:tolopochka:n/, which is clearly identical in meaning and construction, the /o:/ is long. Use first speech token by female speaker, either one of male. Reduplication; locatives: Note that there are many locatives formed with the prefix /tla-/ and the locative /ka:n/. In some cases there is a reduplication (short vowel) of the stem, in others there is not. Thus cf. /tlapitsa:hka:n/ and /tlato:tolopochka:n/. The reason for the difference in reduplicative pattern seems to be the nature of the surface described. If the physical feature is repeated, reduplication occurs. If it is not repeated (or not necessarily repeated), then there is no reduplication. This observation should, however, be confirmed. 02734 istachichi:k istachichi:k istachichi:k istachichi:k
24/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans to be overly salty estar demasiado salado; estar pasado de sal Pending Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. Am Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! otherwise, it will get really salty. échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla).¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedarámuy salado. sta chichi: Check to see if meaning is simply 'salty' or 'overly salty'. Also, in my original filecard the final vowel is simply long, not stressed. This should be checked. Determine other ways of expressing over abundance. Cf. for example, /a:josmolo:nki/; query for the way of saying that it has too much sugar or is overly sweet. 02735 a:tpatli a:tpatli á:tpatlí á:tpatlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex type of herbaceous plant not yet identified tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificado Pending plant kuwtsi:ntli a:t pah According to some people this may be used as a remedio for <kam>a:tintli</kam> , lice. Although Inocencio Díaz did not recognize this plant, I had previously recorded its name during my early fieldwork. Thus most likely it is a plant known in Ameyaltepec. Not use of root /a:t/ instead of full form /a:tem/, indeed, it might well be that the original form of /a:temitl/ was /a:tin/ with the root /a:t/. 02736 xokotamahli xokotamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 wild plum tamal made of sweet plums (<kam>xokotl de un tsope:lik</kam> that is mixed with <klam>tixtli</klam> and cooked in a corn husk) tamal de ciruela silvestre, (cocido del (<kam>xokotl de un tsope:lik</kam> que se mezcla con la masa y se cuence en hojas secas de mazorca) Am food xoko tamal tamahli See entry under /tamahli/. 02737 ikxikoko:xo ikxikoko:xo
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>cojo</spn> Adj N-Adj Adj-loan Lex. rdp-s (Am) to be lame; to have bad legs (particularly as the result of having them slightly twisted or crooked) ser cojo; tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos) Am kxi Although <koa>ixiko:xo</koa> is apparently accepted in Oapan, it is not common. Much more usual is simply <kloa>ko:xo</kloa>, a full borrowing from Spanish. Note reduplication and check if only /ikxikoko:xoh/ is used or whether one can also have /ikxiko:xoh/. Also check possible gender. Remove this entry for Oapan; more common is /ko:xotik Check. Note that in the recording session I heard a final glottal stop in Cristino Flores' (Am) pronunciation. However, check the form /koko:xo/ if it exists. Although this entry, /ixiko:xo/ was elicited and the tokens should be tagged, later I came to understand that the form was produced more as a result of elicitation. It has been removed. The word should still be tagged and form part of the archive, but it should not be linked. koko:xotik synonym Am ko:xotik synonym Oa 02738 kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ki N1 apostoles apóstoles Pending Tlakwa:skeh kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh. Am The apostles will eat (during the passion play of Holy Week). Van a comer los apóstoles (durante la representación de la pasión de Semana Santa). koya The term <kam>kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh</kam> refers to those who play the role of the apostles during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan. According to Cristino Flores, they eat 12 dishes, in the atrium of the church on Thursday evening, the Last Supper. Note that this term, <kam>kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh</kam> , was documented in Ameyaltepec as being used to refer to the apostles. Although the word was elicited in Oapan, the precise meaning should be rechecked. Determine the 12 dishes that the apostles eat. Use first token from male. 02739 sa:lowa kisa:lowa sa:lowa kisa:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> ; cf. <klamoa>tesa:lowa</klamoa> class-2b to tie (e.g., a rope or knot) atar (p. ej., una soga o nudo) Pending Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah! Am Tie the rungs on that ladder well! ¡átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera! to tie up (e.g., an animal to a post or tree) amarrar (p. ej., un animal a un poste oárbol) Pending to sew (with large stitches, more like tying together with loops made with a needle and twine) coser (con puntadas grandes, más parecido a atar o amarrar con aguja y cuerda) Pending Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli. Am He is a maker of <klam>kwa:xtli</klam> s, he can weave them together. El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar (cosiéndolos). (with short vowel reduplication) to sew (particularly cloth with a needle and thread) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) coser (particularmente tela con aguja e hilo) Pending Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa! Am Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew! ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser! Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! Am Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching! ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, se necesita hacerlo con puntadas finas. Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi.¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa? Am That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up? ¡Quémensa esa mujer!¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho!¿Por quéno se la cose? Pi:si:ltik xiksasa:lo, ma:ka san tewe:wekatik! Am Sew it finely, don't just use a real open stitch! ¡Cóselo con una puntada cerrada, no una muy abierta! (with intensifier <kn>te-</kn>) to sew with a buttonhole stitch (i.e., sewing and knotting each stitch instead of simply passing the thread through the cloth) (con el intensificador <kn>te-</kn>) coser con la puntada utilizada para ojales (esto es, cosiendo y amarrando cada puntada en lugar de simplemente pasar el hilo a través de la tela) Pending (refl.) to take hold (a plant) (refl.) echar raices (una planta) Pending sa:l Note and query the difference between /sa:lowa/ and /tesa:lowa/, and perhaps check the difference between /sa:liwi/ and /tesa:liwi/. Perhaps separate entries should be given for the /te-/ forms, particularly when there is an important semantic difference. Find out why one says /sa:lowa/ with /kwa:xtli/. Also, recheck correctness of the meaning 'to tie up' (as in an animal to a post, etc.' I seem to remember this meaning but do not have it in my notecards. Check also the meaning of /kisa:lowa kwa:xtli/ Reduplication: long vowel: /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Note the use of long-vowel reduplication in this instance, given that the rungs are evenly spaced and the action is repeated in an evenly spaced (temporally and spatially) manner. sa:lowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02740 tlankwa kitlankwa kwilin tlankwa kitlankwa kwilin
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-1 to trap inside an opening by closing (e.g, a tree [S] when an axe is struck deep into it and it closes in upon the blade, making it get stuck) atrapar dentro de una abertura que se cierra (p. ej., unárbol [S] cuando una hacha se le entra fuerte y la parte cortada delárbol se cierra apretadamente sobre la hoja) Pending Yo:kitlankwah noa:chah i:n kuwtli. Yo:sa:liw. Am This tree has tightened up around my axe (where I struck it). It's gotten stuck. Eseárbol quedóapretado alrededor de mi hacha (donde le metífuerte). Se atoró. (~ <kam>kwilin</kam> / <koa>kwilih</koa>) to create a cavity in the tooth of; to get a tooth cavity (particularly the molars; lit., 'a worm [S] eats the tooth of') (~ <kam>kwilin</kam> / <koa>kwilih</koa>) picar el diente de; tener caries en el diente (particularmente en las muelas; lit., 'un gusano le come el diente a'') Pending Yo:ne:xtlankwah kwilin, xok nikpia notlankoch. Am I got a cavity, I no longer have my molar. Se me hizo caries en un diente, ya no tengo mi muela. tlan kwa The first definition seems to derive from the fact that the opening of the tree is like a mouth that closes in (i.e., 'eats') the axe with which it had been struck. This usage is not found in Oapan. Nor was it accepted by Cristino Flores, who instead said the proper term is simply <kam>o:kikwah kuwtli noa:chah</kam>. Nevertheless, for now this meaning has been left. Note that the most common use of <koa>tlankwa</koa> is as a collocation with <kloa>kwilin</kloa>, 'worms,' as the subject. In Oapan this verb is only used in the complex form <koa>tlankwa kwilih</koa>. Check for other meanings of this word, and other uses. Check whether /kwilin/ is a necessary subject of /tlankwa/ with the sense of 'to cause cavities.' 02741 tla:kapuwa notla:kapuwa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3b(ow) (refl.) to act like a big shot; to be ostentatious (e.g., in regards to money) (used only with male grammatical subjects) (refl.) fanfarronear; comportarse en una manera ostentosa, como hombre de poder y dinero (empleado solamente con hombres como sujetos gramticales) Pending Notka:kapuwa saka kipia tomi:n. Xka:wa, xmilá:h. Am He acts like a big shot only because he has money. Contrary to what you'd think, it isn't true. Se comporta en una manera ostentosa simplemente porque tiene dinero. No es lo que piensas, no es verdad. (refl.) to act like a man (a woman [S]) (refl.) portarse como hombre; actuar como hombre (una mujer [S]) Pending Notla:kapuwa. Xkineki tla:katl, suwa:neki. Am She acts like a man (in this case said of a lesbian). She doesn't want a man, she wants a woman (as a sexual partner). Se porta como hombre (en este caso dicho de una lesbiana). No quiere un hombre, quiere una mujer (como pareja sexual). tla:ka po:wa tla:katilia synonym Oa 02742 zzz This was an entry for /papayo:tl/ but C. Flores corrected this and said the only term used is /papayoh/.
30/Jul/2005
 02743 tlamastiw tlamastiw tlamastiw tlamastiw
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-asp V2-asp Irregular: see <klamoa>-tiw</klamoa> (~ <kam>-na:k</kam> or <kam>-tech</kam>) to go or head toward; to be directed to (a given location or person) (~ <kam>-na:k</kam> o <kam>tech</kam>) ir hacia; ir dirigido (a cierta lugar o persona) Pending I:n a:matl wa:ltlamastiw ina:k preside:nteh. Am This letter comes directed to the president. Esta carta viene dirigida al presidente. Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s. Am That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.) Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizále vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.). mati 02744 iyo:te:ma kiyo:te:ma íyo:té:ma iyo:te:ma kíyo:té:ma
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-mi Compl class-3a(m) yes-lex to fill with air llenar con aire Pending (refl.) to suck in air and fill one's belly; to expand one's belly with air (refl.) jalar aire para adentro, expandiendo la barriga Pending hyo: te:m Recheck and confirm use as a transitive, since my only filecard showed simply a reflexive. 02745 yzzz kwákwa:kohtsi:n kwákwa:kóhtsi:n de tótó:roh kwákwa:kóhtsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s* yes-rdp <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called <klam>toto:roh</klam> and which has a purplish flower that blooms in September <l>Proboscidea fragans</l>, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama <klam>toto:roh</klam> y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en septiembre Oa plant xiwtli kwa: kow The etymology of this plant name is not clear, but for now it has been given as <kroot>kwa:</kroot>, the root for 'head' used in compounds, and <kroot>kow</kroot>'tree.' cha:nko:kopi equivalent Am 02746 miktia kimiktia mihtia kimihtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to kill matar Pending O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka itlah kito:s. Am They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. (often with <kn>tla-</kn>) to have (a child) die on one (a menudo con <kn>tla-</kn>) morirsele (un niño) a Pending Kinemi:tia ikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. Am She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her. Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere. miki Causative: Note that the causative in /tlamiktia/ does not mean so much 'cause to die' or 'kill' but to be allow or have some responsibility in the death of a child. In this sense it is like /tlanemi:tia/, and both have an applicative sense in the sense that the subject is affected by the action of death or living. tlamiktia val_reduce1 Am tlamihtia val_reduce1 Oa miki verb_base Am, Oa miktilia val_add_applic Am mihtilia val_add_applic Oa 02747 na:watilia nona:watilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca +Refl/-trans class-2a (refl.) to make a sound with ones voice; to make oneself be heard (with speech or other sounds) (refl.) hacer un sonido con la voz; hablar; hacerse oir (con palabras u otros sonidos) Am Xmona:watili! Am Say something! ¡Di algo! Xmona:watili! Ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlaiwatok! Am Make a sound (in this case so that your location becomes apparent)! Don't let me step on you, it's dark! ¡Haz ruido (en este caso para que tu ubicación se hace evidente)!¡No dejes que te pise, estáoscuro! Ma:ka xmona:watili! Am Don't make a sound! ¡No hagas un sonido! O:ne:chtsatsilikeh pero xo:nimona:watilih. Am They shouted to me, but I didn't make a sound in response. Me gritaron, pero no dije nada en respuesta. O:pano:k, pero xo:nona:watilih. Xo:tlana:nkilih. Am He passed by, but he didn't say a thing. He didn't answer (the calls out to him). Pasó, pero no dijo nada. No contestó(lo que se le gritaba). na:wa <kam>Na:wati</kam> means, essentially, 'to make a sound,' usually with the voice, but also with something that may be used to signal. Thus one may say that one passed by a rattlesnake but <kam>xo:na:wat</kam> 'it didn't make a sound' (in reference to its rattle). Thus in the phrase <kam>xmona:watili! ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlayewatok</kam> the reference is understood to a sound made with the voice (but not necessarily speech), although it could possibly refer to other sounds made in order to warn of ones presence. My first inclination is that when applied to humans <kam>na:wati</kam> and <kam>na:watilia</kam> refer to the act of"uttering a sound"with ones mouth. For a child this may mean crying; for an adult it may mean speaking. With animals <kam>na:wati</kam> can refer to any sound, including those made by simple physical movement. Two consultants, Pánfilo Lorenzo and Juan Celedonio, said that <kam>nona:watilia</kam> is equivalent to <kam>nokakistilia</kam>. In Oapan the simple intransitive <kloa>na:wati</kloa>is used here. na:wati verb_base Am, Oa 02748 te:kwa:nkuwatl te:kwa:nkuwatl te:kwa:nkowatl te:kwa:nkowatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 rattlesnake serpiente de cascabel Pending Te:kwa:nkuwatl, kipia ikwech. Am It is a <kamoa>te:kwa:nkuwatl</kamoa>, it has a rattle. Es un <kamoa>te:kwa:nkuwatl</kamoa>, tiene su cascabel. animal sn kwa kowa kowatl Compounds; incorporation: note that when an agentive ending in /-ni/ is incorporated or compounded with another noun, apparently the final /i/ is lost. Thus from the agentive /te:kwa:ni/ and the noun /kowatl/, one obtains /te:kwa:nkowatl/. 02749 zzz This was an entry for /tsi:kato:to:tl/ but has been removed as a duplicated.
30/Jul/2005
 02750 ikxitlake:nwia kikxitlake:nwia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to wrap cloth around a foot or leg vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela Pending O:nimokxitlake:nwih, o:nikxitlatlak. Am I wrapped a cloth around my foot (or leg), I burnt my leg. Me vendéel pie (o la pierna) con una tela, me quemépor la pierna. kxi tlake:m íxitekwíya synonym Oa 02751 o:hka:n o:hka:n o:hka:n o:hka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-ka:n N1(loc) in two places en dos lugares. Pending O:hka:n onkah. Am There are some in two places. En dos lugares hay. O:hka:n niá:s. Am I will go to two places. Voy a ir a dos lugares. o:k -ka:n The root <kam>o:k</kam> is suppletive of <kam>o:me</kam>. Disregard first mistaken female utterance before final four correct token. 02752 kwepo:ni kwepo:ni kopo:ni kopo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl; +Caus class-3a to bubble up; to churn up (e.g., water that then folds back upon itself like a fountain) burbujear; arremolinarse; revolverse (p. ej., agua que brota y cae sobre si mismo) Pending Kwepo:ntok a:tl. Pakah se: tetl we:i, kikwepo:naltitok. Am The water is churning up. There is a large rock there, it is churning up the water. El agua estáarremolinándose. Hay una gran piedra allíque revuelve y agita el agua. (with short vowel reduplication) to have the skin burst open and curl back (e.g., certain grains when cooked, such as <kam>pozole</kam> and overcooked beans) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener la piel o cáscara abierta y brotada hacia atrás (p. ej., ciertos granos al cocerse, como pozole y frijoles bien hervidos) Pending O:kukwepo:n, kwahli o:poso:n. Am It's skin split open and peeled back in a lot of places, it really boiled. Se abriósu cáscara en varios lugares, hirvióbien. kwepo: Many words with the sound sequence <kam>kwe(:)</kam> (in Oapan <koa>ko(:)</koa>) seem to indicate an action of turning back or folding upon oneself. Note also that <kam>po:ni</kam> itself is a separate verb indicating blooming or expanding. The meaning of <kam>kwepo:ni</kam> seems to be that of flowing up and out, to turn up and then over on oneself. The reduplicated term <kam>kukwepo:ni</kam> refers to things like pricly pears, a piece of green corn, and other materials that open up by bursting apart, with the open and split part folding back on itself. Note that the reduplicated form with a short vowel is used for both bubbling water and objects with skin that burst open. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl <kam>kwepo:ni</kam> forms a transitive both with the causative <kn>-ltia</kn> and nondirected alternation: <kam>kwepo:naltia</kam> and <kam>kwepo:nia</kam>. The difference in signification between the two should be noted as perhaps paradigmatical of similar cases. Oapan phonology: Am /kwepo:ni/ and Oapan /kopo:ni/ give another example of kw>ko shift in Oapan. kwepo:naltia val_add_caus Am kukwepoka frequent Am kokopoka frequent Oa kokopoka frequent Oa 02753 yo:hli yo:hli yo:hli yo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 (alienably possessed) seed (posesión enajenable) semilla Pending (alienably possessed) heartwood (posesión enajenable) madera del centro de un palo o tronco Pending Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikohtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l. Am The <spn>palo de Brasil</spn>, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red. El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo. (intrinsic possession) heart (posesión intrínseca) corazón Pending Kikukwa me:roh ipan iyo:hlo. Am It hurts him right at his heart. Le duele mero en su corazón. (intrinsic possession) beloved (said of ones romantic partner) (posesión intrínseca) amado (dicho de la pareja amorosa) Pending Yewa noyo:hlo. Am She is my beloved (the one that I love). Ella es mi amada (la que quiero). Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh. Am She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy). Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven). (intrinsic possession) feelings (posesión intrínseca) sentimiento Pending Ne:chkukwa noyo:hlo. Am Me feelings are hurt. Me duelen los sentimientos. (<kam>ika</kam> or <kam>ya</kam> <kamoa>-yo:hli</kamoa>) gladly; happily; readily; voluntarily; peacefully (<kam>ika</kam> o <kam>ya</kam> <kamoa>-yo:hli</kamoa>) de buena gana; con gusto; en paz Pending Xika iyo:hlo te:pale:wia. Am He doesn't gladly help people. No ayuda de buena gana. Xnikochi ika noyo:hlo. Am I don't sleep well (in peace). No duermo bien (en paz y sosiego). (<kam>unkah ika</kam> or <koa>onkah ya</koa> <kamoa>-yo:hlo</kamoa>) to be at peace with oneself; to be calm (<kam>unkah ika</kam> o <koa>onkah ya</koa> <kamoa>-yo:hlo</kamoa>) estar tranquilo; estar en paz con si mismo Pending Tlawe:leh. San kwala:ntok, xkaman u:nkah ika iyo:hloh. Am He is bad tempered. He's always angry, he's never at peace with himself. Es de mal genio. Siempre estáenojado, nunca estáen paz. body yo:l In regard to <kam>yo:hli</kam> , when not possessed (or possessed with the zero morpheme, for underlying <kn>-w</kn>, the noun is used to indicate 'seed' (of fruits, but apparently not maize) or 'heartwood.' In many acceptations the form <klam>yo:hlo</klam> (i.e., <kam>yo:hli</kam> possessed with <kn>-yo</kn>) is the virtual synonym of <kam>yo:ltsi:n</kam> though the latter, as a diminutive, perhaps has a slightly more affective content. However, in constructions with <kam>ika</kam> , <kam>yo:hlo</kam> is not interchangeable with <kam>yo:ltsi:n</kam>. Thus one has <kam>ika noyo:hli nikchi:wa</kam> but not (at least not usually) ? <kam>ika noyo:ltsi:n nikchi:wa</kam>. Check for occurrence of nonpossessed form, e.g., /yo:ltsi:ntli/. yo:ltsi:n confer Am, Oa 02754 mihka:xokotl mihka:xokotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of plum as yet unidentified tipo de ciruela todavía no identificada Am by extension, the tree on which it grows por extensión, elárbol en que crece Am plant edible miki xoko This is a type of <kam>masa:xokotl</kam>. The <kam>mihka:xokotl</kam> tree has red fruit from the time it is young, i.e., the young fruit is not green. This tree comes into fruit at the same time as the <kam>ma:saxokotl</kam> : <kam>tla:ki kware:smah</kam> , 'it comes to fruit between March and April.' 02755 kweskomatl kweskomatl kweskomatl kweskomatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 grain storage bin (generic name) troje (nombre genérico) Am, Oa (<kam>ikal</kam> (Am) / <koa>i:kal</koa> (Oa) ~) the roof (made of palm, grass, or carton) on top of a granary (<kam>ikal</kam> (Am) / <koa>i:kal</koa> (Oa) ~) el techo (de palma, zacate, o carton) de una troje Am, Oa agriculture kweskoma kweskomatl The types of <kam>kweskomatl</kam> are the following: <klam>kweskomatl de xa:ntli</klam> , <klam>kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli</klam> , <klam>kweskomatl de bajare:keh</klam> , <klam>kweskomatl de muñe:koh</klam> , <klam>kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli</klam> Obtain plural ?kweskonteh? or ?kwestomameh? Note that I also have an entry for /tekikweskomatl/, but I'm not sure of the difference between this and a"simple"/kweskomatl/ Illustrate each type. Also be aware of the possibility that <kam>kweskomatl</kam> is divisible, cf. <kam>tekomatl</kam> in which the <kam>koma</kam> refers to a round, recipient-type space. tekikweskomatl confer Am 02756 ke:chika ke:chika titlakwa kechiá: kechiá: kichiá: 'chiá: kochiá: ke:chika ke:chika
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-tm while mientras Pending Mistla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:chika mitstlaxtekilian. Am He will be distracting you while they rob you. El te va a estar distrayendo mientras que ellos te roben. Ke:chika titlakwa no: niá:s nocha:n. Am While you eat I'll also go to my house. Mientras que comas, también voy a ir a mi casa. first primero Oa ¡Kichiá: ma nitlakwa! Oa Let me first eat! ¡Primero, déjame comer! ke:ch -ka The form <koa>ke:chika</koa> meaning 'meanwhile' is rare in Oapan. Determine if there is a difference between /ke:chika/ 'meanwhile' and /ke:ch ika/ 'how much'. Check whether in Am one says /ke:chika ma nitlakwa/ or /xto:pa ma nitlakwa/. ke:ch confer Am, Oa 02757 tlayo:lyewahli tlayo:lyewahli tlayo:lyewahli tlayo:lyewahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 type of white maize with large kernels and good for pozole, planted in Ameyaltepec, similar to <klam>tlayo:lkimichin</klam> , although the kernels of the latter are smaller tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes y bueno para pozole, que se siembra en Ameyaltepec, parecido al <klam>tlayo:lkimichin</klam> aunque los granos de esteúltimo son más pequeños Pending food-maize plant cultivated o:ya yewal tlayo:hli <kam>Tlayo:lyewahli</kam> is one of several strains of white maize; for a full list, see <klam>ista:k tlayo:hli</klam>. It is so called because the kernels are large and round. In Oapan this type of maize is used for <klamoa>po:so:hli</klamoa>. The etymology of the /yewahli/ portion of /tlayo:lyewahli/ needs to be determined. It might be related to Ameyaltepec /yewahli/ 'night' or to the same root as in /yewaltik/ 'circular.' Check. The former might be unlikely considering that informants mentioned that this was a type of white maize. 02758 koxtetl koxtetl koxtetl koxtetl
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 2 sleepy head dormilón Pending Koxtetl, ke:n kochini. Am He is a sleepy-head,¡Oh how he always sleeps! Es un dormilón.¡Ay cómo se la pasa durmiendo! kochi te <kam>koxtetl, kochini, kochpal</kam> koxtetl confer Am, Oa 02759 pitsaktik pitsaktik pitsahtik pitsahtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> narrow delgado Pending Tetekomasolmeh, tlakotiá:n pipitsaktikeh, tlawe:lekeh. Am The insects called <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> are narrow in the middle, they are fierce (i.e., they bite). Los insectos llamados <klam>tetekomasolmeh</klam> son muy delgados por en medio, son bravos (esto es, muerden). Pitsaktsi:n motlako:w. Am Your switch is very narrow. Tu vara es muy delgada. Suwa:tla:katl, tepitsaktik, ye:lpanpestik. Am She is a masculine-looking woman, she is very slender, she is flat-chested. Es una mujer con apariencia masculina, es muy delgada, no tiene senos. Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. Am The <kam>tlako:me:meka</kam> , it is similar to the <kam>chapolin</kam> , it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms. El <kam>tlako:me:meka</kam> , es parecido al <kam>chapolin</kam> , también es comestible, también huele mero comoél. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. shape pitsa: <koa>Pitsahtik</koa> was accepted by Florencia Marcelino, along with <koa>tepitsahtik</koa>, suggesting that the <kn>te-</kn> prefix is not always required in this shortened adjectival form. Ameyaltepec data confirms the correctness of both <kam>pitsaktik</kam> and <kam>tepitsaktik</kam>. However, it appears that other similar derivations do not accept forms lacking the intensifier: <kam>tetomaktik</kam> , but ? <kam>tomaktik</kam>. Note that the diminutive of <kam>pitsaktik</kam> is <kam>pitsaktsi:n</kam>. Check to see if /tepitsaktik/ has the same meaning as use as /pitsaktik/. All my examples of /pitsaktik/ moreover, have either reduplication or /-tsi:n/; check to make sure /pitsaktik/ alone is OK. Perhaps only the /te-/ form is acceptable if not further modified. If both /tepitsaktik/ and /pitsaktik/ are OK, check for the difference. Recheck and recheck /weweyak/, or /we:weyak/. Diminutive; adjectivals: Note that there exists /pitsaktsi:n/ which seems to be the diminutive of /pitsaktik/. However, it also seems that there is no diminutive, at least not that I am able to remember, of /pitsa:wak/, i.e., ?/pitsa:waktsi:n/. This should be noted in comments on the diminutive, since it is unclear what adjectivals accept a diminutive. Certainly most /-tik/ adjectives do: /tli:ltik/ and /tli:ltiktsi:n/. Check for the following: /ki/: /yema:nki/ and ?/yema:nka:tsi:n/ or perhaps ?/yema:nkitsi:n/. /koto:ntok/ and ?/koto:ntoktsi:n/, for /ki/ as in /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:nka:tsi:n/, etc. It will be necessary to go through all adjectives and adjectivals to determine which ones accept the diminutive. It seems, however, that the /-a:wak/ adjectives do not: /kana:wak/ and ?/kana:waktsi:n/, but /kanaktsi:n/ is acceptable. 02760 yzzz tlásóhlotík tlásóhlotík
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-tik-yoh yes-lex to be covered with garbage (e.g., a patio, inside of a house, kitchen, street, etc.) estar cubierto de desechos y basura (p. ej., un patio, el interior de una casa, una cocina, una calle, etc.) Oa hsol The Oapan form <koa>tlásóhlotík</koa> is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., <koa>tlakwátasí</koa>). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear. Oapan phonology: The pitch countours of this adjectival should be used in the article on Oapan Nahuatl phonology if there are 3 high pitches. My impression from the recording session is that there are, and that the first syllable pitch is from the verbal stem and the second and third from the perfective {h} after /lo/. I have since checked on a program Pratt and there are indeed 3 high-pitched syllables: The Oapan form <koa>tlásóhlotík</koa> is also unusual in that it manifests three high pitches in a four-syllable, four-morae word. In other instances such a sequence seems to be avoided through the reduction of high pitched syllables (e.g., <koa>tlakwátasí</koa>). The precise reason for reduction of pitch accented syllables in one case and not in the other is not clear. tlasolitik synonym Am 02761 nika:nkah nika:nkah nika:nkah nika:nkah
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv(loc)=V1 V1-b class-3a to be here estar aquí Pending 1- Nika:n kah Luis? 2- Ke:mah, nika:n kah! Am Is Luis here? Yes, he's here! ¿EstáaquíLuis?¡Si, estáaquí! ni- kah -ka:n Perhaps develop a coding system and analysis for combinations of locatives with /kah/. 02762 i:xmonme:melak i:xmonme:melak
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s to have long straight eyelashes tener las pestañas largas y derechas Pending I:xmome:melak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots. Am He is someone with long straight eyelashes, they go straight out in a line, his eyelashes point downwards, he isn't one with eyelashes that curve upwards. Tiene las pestañas largas y derechas, van derecho, sus pestañas se clavan hacia abajo, no es alguien con pestañas que se encurvan hacia arriba. i:x -mon; mela: In all but very careful speech the sequence /nm/ reduces to /m/. Make sure there are entries under /peya:siwi/, /tsontoka/, and /i:xmonkokoltots/. In /i:xmonmemelak/, as in many words that refers to characteristics of eyes the reduplication is essentially basic. i:xmowe:weyak synonym Oa 02763 mi:xihke:tl mi:xihke:tl ni:xihke:tl ni:xihke:tl
24/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 female (human or animal) who has just given birth (for a woman refers to the time about 1 week after giving birth) hembra (humana o animal) que recientemente parió(para una mujer indica un tiempo como 1 semana después de haber dado a luz) Pending Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. Am If a woman who has just given birth has stomach cramps, they give her <spn>cuatecomate</spn>(its fruit) to drink. Si una mujer recién parida tiene calambres en el estómago, le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta). mi:x Check on the acceptability of this form for humans and to whether it refers to the precise state of being in labor. Check spelling /mi:xihke:tl/, since I originally had /mi:xiwke:tl/ on my notecards Use second female token and first male token. 02764 kakalakatsi:n kuwtli de kakalakatsi:n kakalakatsi:n kakalakatsi:n kakalakatsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of tree called, simply, <kam>kakalakatsi:n</kam> because of the nature of its fruit tipo deárbol llamada, simplemente, <kam>kakalakatsi:n</kam> por el tipo de fruta que tiene Pending plant kohtli kow kala: Although Florencia Marcelino gave <koa>kakalakatsi:n</koa> as equivalent to the tree called by this name in Ameyaltepec, this should be checked. During an the October 2001 fieldwork session with Silvestre Pantaleón a sample of this tree was collected at a housesite in Ameyaltepec and Silvestre was not able to identify it. 02765 sekmiki sekwmiki sekwmiki sehmiki sehmiki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) to suffer intensely from the cold sufrir mucho por el frío Pending Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya. Am I got very cold, I was just shivering. Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando. sek miki sehkalaki; sekwi Definitely determine the difference between this and /sehkalaki/ and /sekwi/. Use second female token and either male token. 02766 sentetl sentetsi:n sentetl sentetl
11/Feb/2006
Num Adj-num (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~; often in the diminutive) just one (<kamoa>san</kamoa> ~; a menudo en el diminutivo) sólo uno Pending San sentetsi:n ikone:w. Am He only has one child (lit. 'his child is just one'). Tiene nada más un hijo (lit. 'su niño es sólo uno'). sem te <kam>Sentetl</kam> seems to be used only as a predicate. Thus the phrase <kam>San sentetsi:n i:kone:w</kam> has <kam>i:kone:w</kam> as subject and <kam>san sentetsi:n</kam> as predicate. Literally, then, the translation would be 'His child is only one' much like <kam>o:me nokal</kam> is 'My house(s) is(are) two.' The analysis of <kam>sentetl</kam> as only a predicate explains why it does not occur in noun phrases ? <kam>kipia sentetsi:n i:kone:w</kam> , where one finds instead the form <kam>se:</kam> : <kam>kipia (san) se: i:kone:w</kam>. <kam>Sentetl</kam> is usually found in the diminutive, often preceded by <klam>san</klam> , as in <kam>san sentetsi:n</kam> 'just one.' It, along with <klam>se:</klam>, has a pronominal function; thus both <kam>o:noka:w san sentetsi:n</kam> and <kam>o:noka:w san se:</kam> , 'just one was left over,' are both correct. However, <kam>sentetl</kam> and <kam>sentetsi:n</kam> can also be used predicatively: <kam>san sentetl mokone:w</kam> lit., 'your child is one' (i.e., 'you have one child'). How ever, unlike other numerals , <kam>sentetl</kam> may not be used attributively. <kamoa>Sentetl</kamoa> often is used in the diminutive. In these cases it manifests pitch accent <koa>séntetsí:n</koa>. The reason for the pitch accent in the dimunitive is not clear. However, it is found in other similar cases, e.g., <kloa>ó:ntetsí:n</kloa>. The two most common origins of pitch accent are an underlying {h} and reduplication (reduced onto a single syllable). In the cases of <koa>séntetsí:n</koa> and <kloa>ó:ntetsí:n</kloa>it is not clear what the basis for pitch accent is since there seems to be no obvious reduplicant at any level of analysis nor does there seem to be an underlying {h}. Perhaps the <kn>te</kn> syllable is closed with {h} as a coda. This appears to be supported by comparative data. Thus Ahuelicán has <kn>séntehtsí:n</kn> and Totolcitlan <kn>sentehtsi:n</kn>. Further investigate the use of /sentetl/ and /ontetl/ both syntactically and also check whether only the diminutive is used. The difference between /sentetsi:n/ and /se:/ is unclear, i.e., apparently one can say both /nikpia san se:/ and /nikpia san sentetsi:n/. Determine the difference, if any. At this point a statement such as /nikneki se: tlaxkahli/ seems correct, whereas ?/nikneki sentetsi:n tlaxkahli/ appears erroneous. There are 4 additional tokens form 145. These should be given ref. #s 02766, but they will not be linked there. Rather, the better sounding later files from here, 2766, should be used for the link to the lexicon. se:sentetl confer Am se: confer Am 02767 temonextlako:tl temonextlako:tl
09/Feb/2006
N Adj-N N-b Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 type of tree still unidentified tipo deárbol todavía no identificado Am plant kohtli (pending) te- mohnex tlako: 02768 mapilkukuwtia mapilkukuwtia mápilkókohtiá mapilkokohtia mápilkókohtiá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia Lex. rdp-s class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to get stiff and sore fingers (from excessive work and effort) quedarsele los dedos de la mano adoloridos y tiesos (de un cargo pesado de actividad o trabajo) Pending Yo:nimapilkukuwtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwihoh. Am My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot. Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribímucho. mah pil kow Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most common. Note that /kukuhtia/ is used in Oapan for where /kuhtia/ is used in Ameyaltepec. Also check whether reduced reduplication is acceptable. For some reason it seems not to be. Oapan phonology: Stress assignment: Note that in /mápilkókohtiá/ the first syllable takes pitch from the underlying {mah} and then the first syllable of /kokohtia/ is stressed from the underlying CVh- reduplication. Apparently reduced reduplication is not acceptable here, although this should be checked. 02769 sasa:wa sasa:wa
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> person covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness persona cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. Pending Nitesasa:wa. Am I've covered with a rash. Estoy muy roñoso. disease sa:wa sa:watl Apparently <kam>sasa:wa</kam> indicates a more"time-stable"condition than <kam>sasa:wati</kam> , indicative of its more nominal characteristics. Although more research needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that <kn>sasa:wa</kn>, <kn>sasa:watik</kn>, and <kn>sasa:wati</kn> are progressively less time-stable, with the first term nominal in function, the second adjectival, and the final term verbal. Yet this needs to be further researched. Check precisely what /sa:watl/ refers to with a person. My only documentation of /sasa:wa/ is reduplicated. Check to certify that this is the case and that the unreduplicated form does not exist. Also check whether there is a final /h/ in this form. I have not recorded it, and if simply an apocopation of a vowel-final stem noun, the /h/ would not be expected. Check for possible inflection on /sasa:wa/, copula? Check time stability re: Apparently <kam>sasa:wa</kam> indicates a more"time-stable"condition than <kam>sasa:wati</kam> , indicative of its more nominal characteristics. Although more research needs to be done, it seems at this stage of analysis that <kn>sasa:wa</kn>, <kn>sasa:watik</kn>, and <kn>sasa:wati</kn> are progressively less time-stable, with the first term nominal in function and the final term verbal. Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized apocopated nouns can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it appears that they can only be used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates: /tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare syntactic possibilities). Apocopated nouns; predication: One question to answer about apocopated nouns (and indeed nouns in general) is their syntactic role. Certainly some lexicalized apocopated nouns can be arguments /xkaman nihkwa tsoma/, for example. However, with apocopated nouns that are shortened forms of adjectives or other nouns, it appears that they can only be used as predicates. They cannot be attributive and they cannot be arguments. Thus cf. /ma:sasa:l/ and /ma:sasa:ltik/. Both can be predicates: /tima:sasa:l/ and /tima:sasa:ltik/, though the former would seem best classified as a predicate noun and the latter as a predicate adjective. The question is whether such forms as /ma:sasa:l/ can function as arguments and in an attributive function: xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:ltik, which seems OK, but ?xnikanasneki se: sowa:tl ma:sasa:l. For all such pairs (e.g., /sasa:wa/ and /sasa:watik/ compare syntactic possibilities). ixité:sá:wa; ma:té:sá:wa; kexté:sá:wa confer Oa 02770 kwa:tlapo:wtok kwa:tlapo:wtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat N-Stat Stat Durative to be with an open top (a chest or box, a sack) estar con la tapa o parte de arriba abierta (un baúl o caja, un costal o bolsa) Pending Kwa:tlapo:wtok un ka:jah. Am That clothes chest has its top open (the cover off or raised). Este baúl para ropa tiene su tapa abierta (quitada o alzada). Xwel tiksa:lo:skeh, ti:roh te:ntok, we:i kwa:tlapo:wtok. Am We won't be able to tie it closed (a sack). It is really full, its top is wide open. No lo vamos a poder atar y cerrar (un costal). Estállenísimo, estámuy abierto por arriba. kwa: tlapo: Note that FM accepted the verbal form /kwa:tlapowi/ but not the stative. This needs to be rechecked. Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed. te:ntlapo:htok confer Am 02771 tlatsatsakwa tlatsatsakwa tlá:tsakwá tlá:tsakwa tlá:tsakwá
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) class-3a(kw) yes-rdp to fill in the colors within the outlined shapes of an amate or other drawing rellenar los espacios de un dibujo de blanco y negro con colores Pending Tlatsatsakwtok nokone:w, ne:chpale:wia. Am My child is filling in the colors on amates, he is helping me. Mi hijo estárellenando los amates, me estáayudando. tsakwa tsakwa minus_tla Am, Oa 02772 ile:wilia kile:wilia ile:wilia kile:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to covet or want to possess (sth) of (sb) codiciar (algo) a (algn) Pending San kite:ile:wilia, xkaman kikowa. Am He just covets it (e.g., fruit, other delicious foods) when it belongs to someone else, he never buys it (for himself). Nada más se lo codicia (p. ej., fruta o algo sabroso para comer) a otra gente, nunca se lo compra (para si mismo). l e:w Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/. Phonology: note that in Oapan the sequence /lia/ in the speech of FM often goes to /ya/ thus this word is pronounced like /kilewiya/. ile:wia verb_base Am ile:wiya verb_base Oa 02773 kwala:ntli kwala:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(:) anger; ire enojo; rabia Am Ma:ka ipan mokwala:n! Am Let it not be with your anger (e.g., that you will do sth)! ¡Quéno sea con tu enojo (p. ej., que vayas a hacer algo)! kwala: Get further examples of use in context. Make sure this is not acceptable in Oapan. 02774 pipi:na:wi pipi:na:wi pípi:ná:wi pipi:na:wi pípi:ná:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b +Caus Reduced rdp-s(pref): <koa>ní:pi:ná:wi</koa> class-3a(w) yes-rdp see <klam>pi:na:wi</klam> véase <klam>pi:na:wi</klam> Pending Although the reduplicated form is more common, this verb has been listed under the unreduplicated <klamoa>pi:na:wi</klamoa> 02775 petsiwi petsiwi petsiwi petsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to become smooth; to become polished (e.g., a stone in a river, a wooden surface with use, etc.) alisarse; pulirse (p. ej., una piedra en el río, la superficie de algo de madera con el uso, etc.) Pending to acquire a smooth coat of fur (e.g., a well-fed animal; syn. <klamoa>pestia</klamoa>) quedarse con el pelo liso (p. ej., un animal bien alimentado; sin. <klamoa>pestia</klamoa>) Pending distort-surface pets Check for any possible difference between /petsiwi/ and /petse:wi/. Check for all possible subjects of this intransitive verb. petse:wi equivalent Am 02776 tlatsi:ntlan tlatsi:ntlah tlatsi:ntlah tlatsi:ntlan tlatsi:ntlan tlatsi:ntlah
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-3 N1(loc) down below (e.g., on an inclined surface, it refers to the lower portion, or the bottom floors of a building, etc.) hacia abajo (p. ej., sobre una superficie inclinada, se refiere a laárea hacia abajo, o los primeros pisos de un edificio, etc.) Pending Tetekestik iwiyo pio, xnotsontokatok para tlatsi:ntlah. Am The feathers of the chicken point upward, they are not inclined downward. Las plumas de la gallina están apuntadas hacia arriba, no están caídos hacia abajo. Tlatsi:ntlah xtla:li, ma:ka tlakpak! Am Put it down below (or down low), not up high! ¡Ponlo hacia abajo, no arriba! (<kam>-asi</kam> or <kam>-pia para</kam> ~) to have an attack or case of diarrhea (<kam>-asi</kam> o <kam>-pia para</kam> ~) tener un ataque de diarrea Pending O:ne:chasik para tlatsi:ntlah, xkwahli yes tli:n o:nkwah. Am I've gotten an attack of diarrhea, what I ate must have been no good. Me dio un ataque de diarrea, a lo mejor lo que comíno estaba bien. Nikpia para tlatsi:ntlah. Am I have diarrhea. Tengo diarrea. (<kam>-asi</kam> ~) to pull the wool over the eyes of; to fool; to pull the leg of (<kam>-asi</kam> ~) tomarle el pelo a; agarrar a traición a Pending O:ne:chasikeh tlatsi:ntlah. Ne:chkakaya:wan, o:ne:chihlikeh ne:chna:watia jwe:s wa:n xmlá:k. Am They pulled my leg. They trick me. They told me that the village mayor was ordering me (to do something) and it wasn't true. Me tomaron el pelo. Me vacilan. Me dijeron que el juez del pueblo me ordenó(hacer algo) y no era verdad. tsi:n -tlan locatives Note that <kamoa>tlatsi:ntlah</kamoa> always (or almost always) has a final /h/ and never an /n/. Compare this to the relational noun <klam>-tsi:ntlan</klam> in which the final /n/ is always present, at least in Ameyaltepec. <kam>Tlatsi:ntlah</kam> is used to indicate the general direction toward which something is inclined, goes, or is located. It does not indicate 'underneath' (cf. <klamoa>tlampa</klamoa>) but rather 'below.' Thus if two people are working on the side of a hill and one inquires about a third, a response might be <kamoa>nemi tlatsi:ntlah</kamoa> 'he is down below,' i.e., lower down on the hill. 02777 tekakawayo i:tekakawayo te:kawayo i:te:kawayo
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) N2 hard shell (of certain animals such as the tortoise, armadillo or <klam>tla:lpitsotsi:n</klam> , snail or <klam>wi:laka</klam> , crocodile or <klam>a:ketspalin</klam> , and crab or <klam>tekwisiri</klam>) concha dura (de ciertos animales como la tortuga, el armadillo o <klam>tla:lpitsotsi:n</klam> , caracol o <klam>wi:laka</klam> , cocodrilo o <klam>a:ketspalin</klam> y cangrejo o <klam>tekwisiri</klam>) Pending scaly skin (of many fish) piel escamosa (de muchos peces) Pending kawa kakawayo; tekakawayo kakawatl confer Am, Oa 02778 tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi tla:wa:nka:ki:stimi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1-asp V1-b class-3a(m) to go around drunk salir o andar borracho Pending Tla:wa:nka:ki:stinemi, xkimati tlachia. Am He always goes around drunk, he doesn't know how to be sober. Anda siempre borracho, no sabe estar sobrio. tla:wa: ki:sa 02779 xaxawaka xaxawaka xaxawaka xaxawaka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] class-4a to make a crunching or cracking sound (sth brittle such as <kam>chicharrón</kam> , green cantaloupe, or old tortillas) hacer un sonido como de crujido (algo duro y quebradizo como chicharrón, melón verde, o tortillas viejas) Pending Xaxawaka un xokotl ke:n tihkwa. Am That plum makes a cracking sound from the way you are eating it. Esa ciruela hace sonidos como de crujidos por la manera en que te la estás comiendo. xawa: As an intransitive, this verbal stem has been documented only in the frequentative; the intransitive ? <kamoa>xawa:ni</kamoa> does not occur in the corpus, nor was in accepted by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, Oapan consultants. Nevertheless, the transitive form <klamoa>xawa:nia</klamoa>has been documented in both dialects. See query under /xaxawatsa/. xawa:nia ni_base Am, Oa 02780 tepostli tepostli tepostli tepostli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(s) metal (in general) metal (en general) Pending De tepostli moko:n. Am Your pot is made of metal. Tu olla es de metal. rifle; metal tool (such as a machete, a knife, crowbar, etc.) rifle; herramienta de metal (como un machete, cuchillo, barreta, etc.) Pending Bwe:noh nikpia notepostsi:n, tlateki. Am I have a good metal tool (in this case a machete), it is sharp. Tengo una buena pieza de metal (en este caso un machete), es cortante. brand (of an animal such as a steer; there are two types: <klam>ma:rkah de fwe:goh</klam> ; <kam>we:i tepostli</kam>) hierro; marca de hierro candente (de un animal como becerro; hay dos tipos: <klam>ma:rkah de fwe:goh</klam> ; <kam>we:i tepostli</kam>) Pending Xkipia itepos, xe kiteposwian. Am It doesn't have its brand, they haven't branded it yet. No tiene hierro, todavía no lo marcan con hierro candente. (<kam>we:i</kam> ~) one of the ways in which an animal can be branded (used on adult or large animals, perhaps sth like 'full metal brand'; cf. <klam>ma:rkah de jue:goh</klam> , which is used with small or young animals); brand made of metal and used on adult animals (often pueblos have a <kam>we:i tepostli</kam> while individuals have only what is called as <spn>marca de fuego</spn>, used with smaller animals who are later branded with the <kam>we:i tepostli</kam>) (<kam>we:i</kam> ~) uno de las maneras en que se marca un animal con hierro candente (utilizado con animales grandes; cf. <klam>ma:rkah de jue:goh</klam> , que se utiliza con los animales pequeños); hierro o marca hecha a fuego aplicada a animales adultas (a menudo los pueblos tienen su <kam>we:i tepostli</kam> while individuals solamente tienen lo que se llama una <spn>marca de fuego</spn>, utilizada con animales más pequeños quienes solamente después se marcan con el <kam>we:i tepostli</kam>) Pending (intrinsic possession) a chip or flake of metal (that comes from another larger piece of metal) (posesión intrínseca) esquirla de metal (que sale de otra pieza de metal más grande) Pending O:ki:s iteposio. Am A chip of metal flew off it (e.g., a chip of a crowbar that flies off when one strikes a rock). Le salióuna astilla de metal (p. ej., de una barreta al impactar contra una piedra dura). tepos we:i tepostli confer Am 02781 kuwi:skitl kuwi:skitl kowi:skitl kowi:skitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit <l>Zizyphus mexicana</l>,árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible Pending Kuwi:skitl | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh tikxi:mas deke o:kwihloh moburroh noso moba:kah, mobwe:yeh. Ika tikpapa:kili:s, tikxi:mas kwe:xtik ki:sa, ke:n pinohli. Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n já:bon, tika:poso:nalti:s ipan moma. Dya ika tikpapa:kili:s, xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl ka:n kikukwa. Dya deke o:ki:s, xkonkwi de wa:hki -kowi:skitl-, tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin. Am <kamoa>Kowi:skitl</kamoa> : It is good for its fruit, which you can eat. It is [also] good for shaving when your donkey or your cattle or oxen have gotten worms. You clean it[s wound] with it, you shave it; finely like <kam>pinole</kam>. Then you moisten it in the palm of your hand, it froths up like soap, you use water to make it froth up in your hand. And then you clean it[s wound] with it, you pour water onto it so that it gets clean, so that the watery blood gets washed away from where it hurts. And when it's gone, you grab some dry [ <kamoa>kowi:skitl</kamoa> ] and you shove it into [the wound on] its back, there where it has worms. <kamoa>Kuwi:skitl</kamoa> : Es bueno para que comas su fruta. Es bueno [también] porque lo puedes cepillar si se agusanótu burro, o tu vaca o buey. Le limpias [la herida] con ello, lo cepillas para que salga muy fino, sale como pinole. Lo mojas con agua en la palma de la mano, se hace espuma como jabón, lo haces espumar con agua en la mano. Entonces le limpias [la herida], le viertes agua para que se limpie, para que salga la sangre aguada donde le duele. Y cuando ya salió, agarras [ <kamoa>kuwi:skitl</kamoa> ] seco, y se lo metes [en la herida] por el lomo alládonde tiene gusanos. Bwe:noh deke toma:wak wa:n weyak para tira:ntes, no: para mori:yos. Am If it is thick and long [the <kamoa>kowi:skitl</kamoa> ] is good for <kam>tira:ntes</kam> , and also for <kamoa>mori:yos</kamoa>. Si es grueso y largo, [el <kamoa>kuwi:skitl</kamoa> ] es bueno para tirantes, también para morillos. plant kohtli ko i:ski Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as a <spn>limoncillo</spn> and of the family <i>Ramnaceae</i>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <spn>limoncillo</spn>.Schoenhals (1988) mentions under limoncillo:"1. Wild lemon or any of a number of plants sharing some characteristic with the lemon--especially odor. 2. (<i>Zanthoxylum</i>spp., e.g., <i>Z. fagara</i>) 'wild lime', lime prickly ash' See colima."And then, under colima:"(<i>Zanthoxylum</i>spp., e.g., <i>Z. fagara</i>) 'wild lime,' 'lime prickly ash' Thorny branches; intense odor; yellow wood; yellowish-green flowers. The bitter taste deters wildlife from eating the leaves. Also called alacrán, limoncillo, rabo de lagarto."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:127) list a member of the genus <i>Zanthoxylum</i>, of the species <i>fagara</i>. It is known in Spanish as <spn>palo hediondo</spn> and is of the family <i>Rutaceae</i>. Several consultants identified this as the <spn>jorongoro</spn>(sic). Etymology should be checked but perhaps related to /i:skitl/. It would appear that many tree names that begin with /ku(w)/ are related to the root /kuh/ or /kwaw/. Cf. /i:skitl/, /mi:skitl/. kowi:skiámó:hli confer Oa kowi:skikuwtli equivalent Am kowi:sikohtli equivalent Oa 02782 weli:tia weli:ltia kweli:tia weli:ltia weli:tia kiweli:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a (~ [noun]) to teach [an activity associated with noun] to (~ [sustantivo]) enseñar [una actividad asociada con el sustantivo, como el hablar una lengua] a Pending Ne:chweli:ti:s mejika:noh. Am He will teach me to speak Nahuatl. Me va a enseñar a hablar náhuatl. wel weli:tia; mamaxtia weli verb_base Am, Oa 02783 mirasó:l mirasó:l miraso:l miraso:l
11/Feb/2006
mirasol N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) sunflower mirasol; girasol Pending Mirasó:l | San para tio:pan konka:wan. Am <kam>Mirasó:l</kam> : It is only (used) for being left in the church (as an offering). <kam>Mirasó:l</kam> : Solamente es para que la dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). Check vl for /tio:pan/. Vowel length is also uncertain for /a/ in Oapan pronunciation. Check. Schoenhals (1988) has under mirasol:"1. (<i>Helianthus annus</i>) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 2. (<i>Tithonia</i>spp., e.g., <i>T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis</i>) 'yellow tithonia,' bush sunflower.' See girasol. 3. (<i>Cosmos sulphureus</i>) 'yellow cosmos.' See girasol amarillo. 4. (<i>Cosmos bipinnatus</i>) 'purple cosmos.' See girasol morado." flower 02784 kwa:tlatla:hloh kwa:tlatla:hloh kwa:tla:hloh kwa:tla:hloh
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-denom-yoh Lex. rdp-s (Am) to have a dirty head, covered with earth and dirt tener la cabeza sucia y llena de tierra Pending Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh. Am You all are not cleanly bathed. You all have dirty heads. No están ustedes bien bañados. tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras. kwa: tla:l 02785 kaka:nia kikaka:nia áká:nia aka:nia káká:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) ~Intrans class-2a Lex. rdp-s yes-lex to sift, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain cribar o cerner, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos Pending Nikaka:ni:s noyew, ke:n kipia tlasohli. Am I'm going to sift my beans, they have a lot of chaff. Voy a cribar mis frijoles, tienen bastante hollejo. (fig.) to give a bad reputation to; to speak poorly of (a person) (fig.) darle una mala reputación a; hablar mal de (una persona) Pending Tine:chkaka:nitinemi pa:mpa tine:chtete:ne:wtinemi. Am You go around giving me a bad reputation because you go around talking about me behind my back. Andas hablando mal de mi porque dices cosas a mis espaldas. kahka: -?- grain preparation In one sense, this verb refers to the action of sifting sand, corn, beans, etc. with a mesh net (sieve, or <spn>arnero</spn>, <spn>criba</spn> or <spn>cedazo</spn>). It can also refer to the action of cleaning material such as grains by tossing them up and blowing the chaff away with ones breath. This is often done with beans. The etymology of <kam>kaka:nia</kam> or <koa>áká:nia</koa> is unclear, but perhaps it is related to <kam>yeyekatl</kam>. No cognates have yet been documented in other dialects. The lack of cognates and the fact that Oapan pitch accent can result either from reduplication or from underlying {h} in the root makes it impossible to determine whether the underlying form is {(k)ahka:nia} as a single stem or {(k)ah + ka:nia} as a reduplicated stem. Moreover, until comparative evidence is in, it is not certain that the initial /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, although this is likely. In Oapan the verbal form is definitely with an initial /a/. This should be rechecked in Ameyaltepec. The action in Oapan refers to pouring a grain such as maize or beans from one basket to another, letting the wind take away the chaff. When using wire mesh the term /kí:techíki/, <koa>tlayó:ltechiki</koa> is used. Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication. Check SJ for location of /h/. kaka:nia val_add_applic Am áka:nília val_add_applic Oa 02786 tekahli tekahli tekahli te:kahli te:kahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 circle of stones (one or two high) that serves as a retaining wall around cultivated trees to keep water near the trunk and roots círculo de piedras (de una altura de una o dos piedras) que funciona para retener el agua cerca del tronco y las raices de unárbol cultivado Pending Kipia itekal nolimonkuwtsi:n. Am My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it. Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor. seed garden (such as a <klam>tlapacho:hli</klam>) that has been encircled by a row of stones to prevent the soil from being washed away huertita (como un <klam>tlapacho:hli</klam>) que se rodea por una fila de piedras para que no se deslave la tierra Pending O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli. Am I've spread chile seeds in my protected seed garden (protected in that has a row of stones around its perimeter) (it has a perimeter of stones) so that the earth does not get washed away. He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita que estáprotegida (con una fila de piedras por su perímetro), (tiene las piedras) para que no se deslave la tierra. te kal tekahli; tewipa:ntli The Oapan headword for this entry has a definite long vowel, that is unexplained given the etymology and meaning of this word. It may be that Oapan <koa>te:kahli</koa> is a distinct word, or variation on a stem, than Ameyaltepec <kam>tekahli</kam>. Or it may be that the vowel length of the latter has been mistakenly recorded as short. Note that if Oapan <koa>te:kahli</koa> were related to the reduplicated form of <kloa>kahli</kloa>then one would expect pitch accent, which is not manifested. However, it appears more likely that the length is idiosyncratic. Checking with other consultants this word always has a short vowel. Thus the recorded example needs to be rechecked. Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example. Check def. of /tekahli/ as not only the wall but also the enclosed land. Can /tekahli/ be possessed with /-yo/? Also, the illustrative sentence /O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:to:ko:s un tla:hli/ is not clear since it appears that the seed garden is being filled with chile seeds so that the earth doesn't wash away? Recheck. Illustrate. Note: unexplained long vowel in Oapan word, perhaps different etymology or meaning? Check vl. 02787 ti:satl ti:satl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of chalky, powdery white stone called <spn>tiza</spn> in provincial Mexican Spanish tiza, typo de piedra blanca y polverosa Am Ti:satl nokwi para kwa:k se: kitlakalisneki ikone:tsi:n. Nokwe:chowa ipan metatl ika to:toltekakawatl. Koni. Xok kitlakalis ikone:tsi:n. Am <kam>Ti:satl</kam> is used when (a woman) is in danger of aborting her child. It is ground up on a metate with eggshell. She drinks it. She will no longer suffer an abortion. <kam>Ti:satl</kam> se emplea cuando (una mujer) estáen peligro de abortar a su niño. Se muele sobre un metate con cáscara de huevo. Se lo bebe. Ya no va a sufrir un aborto. stone medicine ti:sa Vowel length definite as recorded. Check and cf. to /a:ti:satl/. Make sure that possession is OK. My notes show that this type of stone is referred to both as <kam>ti:satl</kam> and <kam>titi:satl</kam>. Some individuals use the former, others the latter; it is not clear whether these two words refer to the same object (differing only in regard to the personal preference of speakers) or whether there is actually some difference between the two words. Note, however, that one consultant mentioned that <kam>titi:satl</kam> is used when children grind up <kam>ti:satl</kam> very finely in order to play with it. This would be in accord with the use of reduplication to indicate"play words"and metaphoric extensions. titi:satl synonym Am 02788 tenextokia tenextokia tenextokia tenextokia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b class-2a to make lime in a lime kiln hacer cal en un horno Pending Xok tenextoki:lo. Am Lime is not made in a furnace anymore (i.e., it is all bought commercially). La cal ya no se hace en los hornos (esto es, todo se compra comercialmente). te nex toki tenexko:ntli; perhpas use this an example of why an encyclopedic approach is necessary. Lime kilm, types of stones used, etc. Check perfective form. 02789 tu:tuh tu:tuh to:toh to:ton to:toh
11/Feb/2006
Baby N-bb hot (in regards to the temperature of a physical object) caliente (en cuanto a la temperatura de un objeto material) Pending baby to:n lu:loh For the phonology of long /u:/, see entry under Am <klam>lu:loh</klam> or Oa <kloa>lo:loh</kloa> Oapan phonology; phonetics: Note that it is common in Oapan Nahuatl for h>n in word/phrase-final position. This is the case here with IJ's pronunciation. It seems clear that the underlying phone is {h}, which in his speech surfaces as [ng]. 02790 te:amanki te:amanki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki pl. <kam>te:amankeh</kam> to be bothersome (particularly a person or animate being) ser latoso; ser molestoso (particularmente una persona o ser animado) Pending Te:amanki. Segi:doh kitlatlani tli:n kipolowa, san nochi kitlatlani, nochi kipolowa. Am He is bothersome. He's always asking for what he's missing, he asks for everything, he needs everything. Es latoso. Seguido pide lo que le hace falta, se pide todo, todo le hace falta. ahmana te:aman NOTE: please label all male and female utterances here with #3707; use letters c, d, etc. to avoid having a repeat when 3707 is actually segmented and tagged. té:yamán synonym Oa 02791 kakapaxiwi tekakapaxiwi te:kapaxiwi te:kapaxiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Am); Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) class-3a(w) to acquire a rough surface; to get rough and scaly or flaky skin adquirir o tener una superficieáspera; llegar a tener la pieláspera y escamosa Pending Yo:nikakapaxiw pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. Am My skin got rough and scaly because it was overexposed to the sun. Se me pusoáspera y escamosa la piel por haberme sobrexpuesto al sol. Yo:nikakapaxiw, nikpia tso:tso:meh. Am My skin got rough, I have pimples. Mi piel se pusoáspera, tengo granitos. Xo:tika:pachoh motso:tsokol. Yo:pe:w popo:ni, yo:pe:w tekakapaxiwi. Am You didn't soak your water jug in water, it's surface has started to pop and open up, it's surface has started to get rough and flaky. No metiste tu cántaro en agua. Ya se le empezóa levantar la superficie, ya se pusoáspero al descarapelarse. distort-surface Check difference in Am between /kakapaxiwi/ and /tekakapaxiwi/; check how this variation/difference if it does exist The initial syllable of Oapan <koa>te:kapaxiwi</koa> apparently reflects the use of <kn>te-</kn> as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds <kam>kakapaxiwi</kam> or <kam>tekakapaxiwi</kam> , i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast <kam>kakapaxiwi</kam> and <kam>tekakapaxiwi</kam> probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of <kn>te-</kn> means that no such opposition is present. Oapan phonology; dummy morpheme; <kn>te-</kn> : The initial syllable of Oapan <koa>te:kapaxiwi</koa> apparently reflects the use of <kn>te-</kn> as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds <kam>kakapaxiwi</kam> or <kam>tekakapaxiwi</kam> , i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast <kam>kakapaxiwi</kam> and <kam>tekakapaxiwi</kam> probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of <kn>te-</kn> means that no such opposition is present. kapax te:kapaxe:wi equivalent Oa 02792 ne:nepantsi:n ne:nepantsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 Lex. rdp-l type of plant known for its flower, still not identified (apparently this is another variety of the zinia, also known as <kbam>ka:ka:waltsi:n</kbam>) tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada (aparentemente es otra variedad de la zinia, también conocida como <kbam>ka:ka:waltsi:n</kbam>) Am plant fl nepan This is also known as <kam>ka:ka:waltsi:n de ne:nepantsi:n</kam> , it just recently started to appear, probably as the result of some seeds that got loose in the area. sásanmigé:ltsi:n equivalent Oa 02793 tsotsonilia kitsotsonilia tsotsonilia kitsotsonilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Lex. rdp-s* class-2a to play for (a musical instrument, particularly string instruments such as a guitar or violin, or a musical apparatus such as a radio or record player) tocar para (un instrumento musical, particularmente los con cuerdas como guitarra o violín, o un aparato musical como un radio o tocadiscos) Pending Xne:chtsotsonili"Xo:chipitsa:wak!" Am Play"Xo:chipitsa:wak"for me! ¡Toca"Xo:chipitsa:wak"para mí! tsona In Oapan <koa>tsotsonilia</koa> is used to refer to the action of young children who might be banging on things such as a tin can, bowl, etc. For the meaning 'to play a musical instrument for' only <kloa>tla:tsonilia</kloa>is used. Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl and one finds <kloa>tla:tsona</kloa>, with a specific object this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds <koa>tla:tsona</koa>, <koa>tla:tsonilia</koa>, <koa>tla:tsonilistli</koa>, among other forms, one finds <koa>kitsotsona</koa>, <koa>ne:xtsotsonilia</koa> with specific objects. This is a good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity. Reduplication; reduction; specificity; transitivity: Interestingly whereas with the nonspecific object <kn>tla-</kn> reduplication reduction takes place in Oapan Nahuatl and one finds <kloa>tla:tsona</kloa>, with a specific object this does not occur (or, at least, is very rare). Thus whereas one finds <koa>tla:tsona</koa>, <koa>tla:tsonilia</koa>, <koa>tla:tsonilistli</koa>, among other forms, one finds <koa>kitsotsona</koa>, <koa>ne:xtsotsonilia</koa> with specific objects. This is a good illustrative example of the interrelationship between reduplication and specificity. Note that female speaker first mistakenly says /kitetso:tsonilia/. This is a mistaken utterance. Please tag this as 07598 female1, give it letter c, since later parsing with give elicitation recordings a and b. tsotsona verb_base Am, Oa 02794 to:naka:yo:tl to:naka:yo:tl to:naka:yo:tl tonaka:yo:tl to:naka:yo:w to:naka:yo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-yo:tl Stem 2 basic sustenance: maize, tortillas, and even beans (for a few people), i.e., that which is the fruit of the earth and the staple diet of people in Ameyaltepec subsistencia básica: maíz, tortillas y (para algunas pocas personas) hasta frijoles, esto es, lo que es la fruta de la tierra y la base de subsistencia para la gente de Ameyaltepec Pending To:naka:yo:tl pa:mpa yewa tihkwan. Am It is (called) <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam> because it is what we eat. Es (llamado) <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam> porque es lo que comemos. to:na Although many consultants restricted the meaning of <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam> to maize and its products (such as tortillas), Luis Lucena mentioned that <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam> can include beans and squash among its referents. An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded <kam>noto:naka:yo:w</kam> but it is quite possible that this form is simply the result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam>. The length of the vowels in this word have been a source of discussion; Carochi marks <kn>to:naka:yo:tl</kn> (Lockhart p. 452) and the accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb <kn>to:na</kn>. Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the verb <koa>to:na</koa>. In Oapan most people seem to pronounce this as <koa>to:naka:yo:tl</koa>, however, Carlota Pantaleón definately had both the form with final <koa>-yo:tl</koa> and <koa>-yo:w</koa> (with the length of t he final / o:/ in the latter uncertain, as is the length of the initial <koa>to:</koa>. Determine whether or not the possessed form exists; cf. to /Tona:n to:naka:yo:w/? and ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology of /to:naka:yo:tl/. Vowel length variation; Nahuatl phonology: An effort to elicit a possessed form yielded <kam>noto:naka:yo:w</kam> but it is quite possible that this form is simply the result of the pressure to produce a possessed variant under the stimulation of elicitation. Documentation in natural discourse yielded only the unpossessed <kam>to:naka:yo:tl</kam>. The length of the vowels in this word have been a source of discussion; Carochi marks <kn>to:naka:yo:tl</kn> (Lockhart p. 452) and the accepted interpretation is that this lexeme is a nominalized form of the verb <kn>to:na</kn>. Nevertheless, it appears that the initial vowel of Inocencio Jiménez's speech is quite short, and this might reflect a reanalysis, or folk etymology, of this word. However, it would be best to compare his pronunciaton of this nominalization with his for the verb <koa>to:na</koa>. Use second female token, and second male token. 02795 ma:tlakwa ma:tlakwa ma:tlakwa ma:tlakwa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 tla-V2 class-1 literally 'eating hand,' said of a woman who is given a certain amount of food (such as <kam>masa</kam> to make into tortillas) that is usually enough to feed those eating but with this woman preparing the food they remain unsatisfied, lacking food literalmente 'mano que come,' dicho de una mujer a quien se le da cierta cantidad de comida (como, por ejemplo, masa para hacer tortillas) que por lo general alcanza a dar de comer a la gente, pero cuando esta mujer prepara la comida ellos se quedan con hambre Pending ma: kwa Lexicalization; Null complement: Note that with /ma:tlakwa/ the presence/infixation of /tla-/ should be taken as further evidence that /tlakwa/ is a derived (detransitivized) verb. NOTE: make sure to not tag the form /ma tlakwa/. The first two female utterances and first male utterance is /ma tlakwa/ (with a short initial /a/). This is an error, do not tag. Then, the final 4 utterances are correct: /ma:tlakwa/. These should be tagged. ma:teyo:ti confer Am 02796 ihlia kihlia ihlia kihlia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-b class-2a In Oapan the 3sgO is often deleted when preceded by an overt subject: <koa>n'ihlia</koa>. to tell; to mention to; to advise or give notice to (sb, about sth having occurred) decir; mencionar; notificar, avisar o advertir a (algn, acerca de algo acaecido) Pending Oksepa xkihli! Am Tell it to him again! Díselo otra vez! Yo:ne:chihlikeh. Am They have already notified me. Ya me avisaron. Xekihlia, pero yo:kinemilih para kihli:s, kiyo:le:was. Am He hasn't mentioned anything to her yet (in this case his plans for marriage), but he has already thought about telling her, he's going to court her. Todavía no le ha dicho nada (en este caso, sobre sus planes de matrimonio), pero ya ha pensado decirle algo, la va a cortejar. San timitsihlia. Am I'm just telling you (i.e., you will take it from here, or decide). Solamente te lo digo (esto es, tu determinas lo que va a pasar, tu decides). (recipr.) to debate; to discuss (recipr.) hablar sobre un tema; consultarse Pending Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh. Am We discuss when we will go. Discutimos cuándo vamos a ir. (<kam>itlah</kam> + recipr.) to get into a verbal argument or fight (<kam>itlah</kam> + recipr.) debatir; discutir; pelearse en una discusión Pending Xkaman itlah nohlian. Am They never get into a fight (i.e., shouting match, saying things to each other). Nunca discuten (esto es, nunca se pelean con palabras, nunca se dicen cosas). Ke:no:n nohlian? Am How do they discuss things among themselves? ¿Cómo hablan entre si? (with <kn>te:-</kn>) to reveal (a secret); to tell about or to tell people (con <kn>te:-</kn>) revelar (un secreto); decir (algo) a la gente Pending Saniman kite:ihlia. Am He tells people about it (e.g., sth that happened, sth he was told, etc.) right away. Luego luego se lo dice a la gente (p. ej., algo que sucedió, algo que se le había dicho, etc.). (with directional prefix and <kn>te:-</kn>) to send word about (with sb not specified) (con un prefijo direccional y <kn>te:-</kn>) mandar avisar o decir sobre (con algn no especificado) Pending O:kwa:lte:ihlih yo:mik motah. Am He sent word back with someone that your father had died. Mandóaviso aquícon alguien que tu papáse había muerto. communicate hli In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix <kn>k-</kn> is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus <koa>nihli:s</koa> 'I will tell him (it).' Orthographically this is represented as <koa>n'ihli:s</koa>. See discussion under <kloa>ilka:wa</kloa>. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as <koa>ni:hli:seh</koa> with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix as well as the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object. Perhaps add /kihlia/ as a separate entry as a modal marking reported speech. Note the embedded question and following syntax: /Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh/ 'We discuss when we will go' Add to sitautions in which embedded question is used. Oapan phonology: Oapan has the forms <koa>ni:hlia</koa> for <koa>nikihlia</koa>. This would apparently contrast with the reflexive <koa>nihlia</koa> although I was not able to obtain this latter form in elicitation; cf. <kloa>ilka:wa</kloa>and <kloa>ítowá</kloa>. The /i:/ is lengthened from the double vowel that results from the intervocalic loss of /k/. The same occurs with <koa>ní:towá</koa>. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as <koa>ni:hli:seh</koa> with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix. 02797 patla:naltia kipatla:naltia patla:naltia kipatla:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca[ni] from nondirected alternation class-2a to blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object) hacer volar (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto) Pending O:kipatla:naltih yeyekatl, o:postek. Am The wind carried it away, it broke. Por el viento lo hizo volar, se rompió. patla: In Oapan most often instead of <koa>patla:naltia</koa> one often hears <koa>kí:wí:ka yéyé:katl</koa> if something, particularly something light, is simply carried away by the wind (e.g., feathers, etc.). If a heavier object is blown away <kloa>chipatla:naltia</kloa>is used. chipatla:naltia confer Oa patla:ni verb_base Am, Oa 02798 xa:metlatl xa:metlatl xa:metlatl xa:metlatl
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 2 specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn, that has three legs tipo específico de metate que tiene tres patas Pending tool-cook xa: metla metlatl (or, cooking utensils in general) In Ameyaltepec, at least, the term <kam>xa:metlatl</kam> is rarely used, and although most people have heard it there is some disagreement as to its meaning and even pronunciation (one or two individuals pronounced this <kam>xa:lmetlatl</kam> , although others claimed that this was in error). Many Ameyaltepequeños contrast the <kam>xa:metlatl</kam> with the <klam>temetlatl</klam> , both of which are considered types of metates. 02799 kwa:tebo:lah kwa:tebo:lah
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>bola</spn> N N-N N-loan Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> N1; pl. <kam>kwa:tebola:meh</kam> type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus <l>Myiarchus</l>, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <klam>si:bara:tl</klam> tipo de pájaro de los llamado"Flycatcher, probablemente del género <l>Myiarchus</l>, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de <klam>si:bara:tl</klam> Am Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various animal bird kwa: kwa:teporo:n synonym Am 02800 to:naltlatsiwi to:naltlatsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to feel or become lazy because of the heat sentirse flojera o quedar flojo a causa del calor Am to:na tlats In Oapan one would say, perhaps <kloa>to:nalmihka:tsi:n</kloa>for someone who suffers a lot from the heat. Or, one could say <koa>tlatsiwi yan to:nahli</koa> 'to feel lazy from the sun' or <koa>kitlatska:kwi:tia to:nahli</koa>, etc. 02801 tla:ltekomatl tla:ltekomatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 water jug or canteen made of earth and with two ring/handles on either side (now generally from Tulimán although formerly made in Ameyaltepec) camtimplora de barro con dos astas (generalmente de Tulimán aunque antiguamente hecha en Ameyaltepec) Am tool-house tla:l tekoma Illustrate Originally I had this as water jug but C. Flores changed the meaning to the same as /tla:la:tekomatl/. tla:la:tekomatl synonym Am, Oa 02802 kwe:kwetla kwe:kwetla kwe:kwetla kwe:kwetla
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Lex. rdp-l (Oa); Lex. rdp-s (Am) N1 hanging pod (of a <spn>guaje</spn>, mezquite tree, certain beans, etc., e.g., <kam>kwekwetla wa:xin</kam> 'guaje pod') vaina colgante (del guaje, mezquite y ciertos frijoles, etc., p. ej., <kam>kwekwetla wa:xin</kam> 'vaina del guaje') Pending Nihkwa:sneki kwa:k kwe:kwetla. Am I want to eat it when the pod is still edible. Lo quiero comer cuando la vaina estécomestible. plant part kwetla: Apparently this is a reduplicated and apocopated, nominalized variant of <klam>kwetla:ni</klam>. My original file card had <kam>kwe:kwetla wa:xin</kam> 'vaina del guaje.' Given the form of the <kam>wa:xin</kam> fruit it is likely that this noun refers to the hanging nature of these pods. Note that the phrase <kam>kwa:k kwe:kwetla</kam> refers to a state in bean growth when they can be eaten with their pods. Also to be checked is the absence of a possessive marker, since a form ?/ikwekwetla wa:xin/ might be expected. Also check vowel length and final /h/ (i.e., present or absent). Check also if this only refers to the pods when they are hanging, or also after cut down. What other fruits/trees have their /kwekwetla/, etc., etc. How is this used. If small, the diminutive <koa>kwe:kwetlatsi:h</koa> is used. Other plants that have this are <koa>tla:lwa:xih</koa>, <koa>yexo:tl</koa>, and <koa>komo:chitl,</koa>. 02803 -tipan tlapextipan -tipan -tipah tlapextipan, tlapextipah
11/Feb/2006
Suf(loc) ti-N(rel) combinational form of the relational noun <klamoa>-pan</klamoa>used after nominal stems to indicate 'on [noun]' forma combinatoria del sustantivo relacional <klamoa>-pan</klamoa>para usarse después de una raíz nominal Am, Oa -pan Use second male token for -tipah, second female token for -tipan. 02804 manilia kimanilia manilia kimanilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to set down (sth) for poner o echar (algo) para Pending (~ <klamoa>tlaxkahli</klamoa>) to make tortillas for (~ <klamoa>tlaxkahli</klamoa>) echar tortillas para Pending Nikhili:s ma mitsmanili motlaxkal. Am I'll tell her to make some tortillas for you. Le voy a decir que te eche unas tortillas. man Make sure that xv2ao link is to correct entry for tlamanilia, the V2. Check to determine whether /niktlamanili:s nokoto:n/ and /ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon/ are correct. Discuss this in terms of the grammatical point made below. Note the problem of both <kam>manilia</kam> and <kam>tlamanilia</kam> being bivalent. Note the following discussion. Apparently in the above phrases, e.g., <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> the verb <kam>manilia</kam> is a ditransitive meaning, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to"lay"a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' Here <kn>tla-</kn> is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt).However, it also appears that <kam>tlamanilia</kam> itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in <kam>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</kam> 'she will fix my pants for me,' where <kam>ne:ch</kam> is the primary object and <kam>nopá:ntalon</kam> is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, <kn>tla-</kn> is used, with the resultant form <kam>ne:chtlatlamanili:s</kam> 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact tha t this occ urs suggests that <kam>tlamanilia</kam> as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive <kam>manilia</kam>. Thus in <kam>niktlamanili:s nokoto:n</kam> it would appear that <kam>manilia</kam> is ditransitive and the <kn>tla-</kn> reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, <kn>tla-</kn> is a"saturating"and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (<kam>tlamanilia</kam> is monovalent). However, in the case of <kam>ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon</kam> 'she will fix my pants for me,' the <kn>tla-</kn> does not reduce the valency of <kam>manilia</kam> , and the"compound"remains bivalent (the primary object is <kam>ne:ch</kam> and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is <kam>nopá:ntalon</kam>). Thus this represents"modifying"incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is i nteresting that in effect th at <kn>tla-</kn> does n ot appear to"modify"anything. i:xpepextia confer Am mana verb_base Am, Oa tlamanilia val_reduce2 Am, Oa 02805 pi:na:wi pi:na:wi pi:na:wi pi:na:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(w) (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be ashamed or embarrassed (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener vergüenza o estar muy apenado Pending pi:na: The unreduplicated form is rarely used in either dialect. pi:na:wtia val_add_caus Am pi:na:htia val_add_caus Oa 02806 i:xte:ntenexe:wi i:xte:ntenexe:wi i:xte:ntenexe:wi i:xte:ntenexe:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) for ones eye to become clouded over or white (e.g., after having been hit with sth) nublarsele los ojos hasta quedarse algo blanco (p. ej., al ser alcanzado con un garrote, piedrita, etc.) Pending O:pe:w ti:xte:ntetenexiwi. Xok tlitli:ltik mi:xtewa:n. Am Your eyes have started to get clouded over. Your eyes are no longer black. Tus ojos se han empezado a nublarse. Ya no están negros tus ojos. to get a cataract (and have the pupil of ones eye to become whitish grey) tener un catarata Pending i:x te:n te nex One definition that a consultant gave referred to a cataract, another speaker mentioned <spn>carnosidad</spn>. However, another word, <klam>i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi</klam> was once translated as 'to have the eye condition called <spn>carnosidad</spn>. It is not clear whether a distinction is made and, if so, which verb refers to which condition. Check to see if /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ may mean cataract, carnosidad, or both. Cf. the difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. Check for non-existence of transtive form. Under root /tenex/ mention connection to /te/ and /nex/, i.e., 'stone' and 'ash.' 02807 chikilia kichikilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-b Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a see <klam>techikilia</klam> véase <klam>techikilia</klam> Am distort-shapeur hchiki Perhaps remove this entry; FM denied that this form was acceptable. Recheck in Ameyaltepec. chiki verb_base Am 02808 sakawistli sakawistli sakawistli sakawistli sakawistli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b type of grass still not identified tipo de zacate todavía no identificado Pending Sakawistli, witsioh iteyo. Am The plant called <kam>sakawistli</kam> , its spike is thorny. La planta llamada <kam>sakawistli</kam> , su espiga tiene púas. plant xiwtli saka wits According to Silvestre Pantaleón (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) this is the same as <klam>sakakahli</klam> and is so called because it is used for thatching. According to Cristino Flores these are two different species. Determine the precise meaning of /iteyo/, and proper cientific name. 02809 ke:tspantlapo:wi ke:tspantlapo:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male; Oapan synonym: <kloa>sié:rratlapówi</kloa>) abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre; sinónimo en Oapan: <kloa>sié:rratlapówi</kloa>) Am O:nike:tspantlapo:w, xakah o:ne:chihlih. Am The fly of my pants opened up, no one told me about it. Se me abrióla bragueta de mis pantalones, nadie me lo dijo. to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up (Oapan synonym: <kloa>kwe:tlapowi</kloa>) abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve; sinónimo en Oapan: <kloa>kwe:tlapowi</kloa>) Am ke:ts tlapo: -pan Check perfective formation of /tlapowi/, i.e. for appearance of vowel length that is neutralized in the context of present tense. Determine the causative/applicative, i.e. 'she opened the fly of my pants'; is this with /-tlapoa/ or /tlapowilia/? Perhaps it should be /ompilkatoya/ in above phrase. NOTE: It seems with C. Flores, at least in discussing this word, that the /o:/ was clearly long. CHECK. 02810 zzz This entry has been eliminated as a duplicate of 3938.
09/Aug/2005
The 4 Oapan tokens here should be tagged as 3938; but they should not be linked given that the latter recordings/tokens are probably better. 02811 ma:papachka ma:papachka ma:papachka ma:papachka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss] ~Trans Lex. rdp-s* class-4a to have ones hand sweat (on one) sudarsele la mano Pending Nima:papachkatok. Am My hand is sweating. Se me estásudando la mano. ma: pach papachka ma:ito:nia synonym Oa 02812 a:skatl tli:ltik a:skatl de un tli:ltik a:skatl de un tli:ltik
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 ant of the type known as <kam>a:skatl</kam> hormiga del tipo conocido como <kam>a:skatl</kam> Am animal insect a:ska tli:l a:skatl These ants bite, i.e., <kam>te:kwa:nimeh</kam>. Florencia Marcelino stated that the only <kamoa>a:skatl</kamoa> she knows is red; but she thought that the Ameyaltepec word might refer to the ants known as <koa>kwitlaya:htih</koa>. Nevertheless, at another point she gave <koa>kwitlaya:htih</koa> as equivalent to Ameyaltepec <kam>a:skatl de (un) momolo:nkeh</kam>. FM states that the only /a:skatl/ she knows is red. These might be the same as <kam>a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh</kam>. Check. a:skatl confer Am, Oa 02813 tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa tsope:lik xokotl de popoxa
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1 type of sweet plum tree as yet not fully identified tipo de circuelo dulce todavía no identificado plenamente Am plant kohtli (pending) tsope:l xoko xokotl Several consultants mentioned this as one of the three types of <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam>. It is called <kam>de popo:xa</kam> because its fruit, which appears in August and September, is very soft. See <klam>xokotl tsope:lik</klam>. Nevertheless, this is not a type of /xokotl/ that grows wild in the area around Ameyaltepec. popoxa xokotl equivalent Am 02814 ma:tlalowa kima:tlalowa ma:tlalowa noma:tlalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-2b to run ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope; see (Oa) <kloa>ma:peya:sowa</kloa>) correr la mano sobre (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido; véase (Oa) <kloa>ma:peya:sowa</kloa>) Am Xma:tlalo para ma ki:stiw tetsi:ltik! Am Run your hand over it so that the twisted parts (in this case of a lasso that is being made) come out. ¡Corre la mano sobre ello para que las partes torcidas (en este caso de una riata que se estáhaciendo) se vayan quitando. Nikma:tlalo:s moma. Am I will run my hand over your arm. Voy a correr mi mano sobre la tuya. (refl.) to run on ones hands (refl.) correr sobre las manos Am, Oa ma: tlalo ma:toka <kamoa>Ma:tlalowa</kamoa> is formed from the reflexive verb <kam>tlalowa</kam> and the incorporated noun stem <kamoa>ma:</kamoa>. This might be a calque from Spanish; note that in RJC <kam>tlaloa</kam> is listed as a root, but the incorporated forms include only <kn>icxitlaloa</kn> in reference to actual running. Thus <kam>ma:tlalowa</kam> and <kam>i:xtlalowa</kam> might be borrowings from Spanish phrase. In Oapan this verb is used only reflexively, to signify 'to run on ones hands,' e.g., a scorpion, a child, etc. Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /ma:-/, but the same occurs with /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. This is a case in which incorporation seems to change the voice structure of the verb. i:xtlalowa confer Am, Oa 02815 a:panowa a:panowa á:panówa á:panowa á:panówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) class-4c(pano) yes-rdp to cross or fjord a river, lake or other body of water cruzar o atravesar un río, lago u otro cuerpo de agua Am Wel a:panowa. Am He can cross to the other side of the river (by himself). Sabe cruzar el río (solo). O:nia:pano:ko. Am I came across to this side of the river (implied, to do sth). Atraveséa este lado del río (implica, a hacer algo). (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to swim (see (Am) <klam>a:nelowa</klam>) (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) nadar (véase (Am) <klam>a:nelowa</klam>) Oa (with short vowel reduplication/+h) to bathe in a river or lake) (by splashing around) (con reduplicación de vocal corta/+h) bañarse en un río o lago Oa a:pano:ltia val_add_caus Am a: pano: In Ameyaltepec <kam>a:panowa</kam> refers to crossing a river; in Oapan the equivalent term is often simply <koa>panowa i:pan a:tl</koa>. But Oapan also uses <koa>a:panowa</koa>, without reduplication, to refer to passing across a river. The reduplicated form (Oapan) indicates the action of bathing in a body of water by splashing around. In Ameyaltepec one finds simply <klam>a:ltia</klam> , which in Oapan refers to bathing by pouring water over oneself (or in a shower). The reduced reduplication in the Oapan form <koa>á:panówa</koa> derives from the differing semantics of the identical verb in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec the verb refers to the crossing of a body of water; in Oapan it means 'to swim.' The reduplication in Oapan (reflected in the stressed initial vowel) is probably due to the fact that swimming involves iterativity, the same repeated actions with ones arms and hands. However, note that in general Oapan words with the root <kroot>a:</kroot>(water) are often reduplicated (e.g., <kloa>á:tlakwí</kloa>. Luis Lucena stated that both /o:nia:pano:ko:/ and /o:niwa:la:pano:k/ are correct, and indeed equivalent. However, not all informants agreed. Check my grammar notes on the subject and, if necessary, with native speakers at a later date. 02816 tlayelowa notlayelowa tláyelówa tlayelowa notláyelówa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-owa +Refl/-trans class-2b yes-lex (refl.) to be mischievous or playful (refl.) hacer travesuras; jugetear; ser latosos Pending Notlayelowan notskwintsitsi:wa:n. Am My little dogs play around (are playful). Mis perritos hacen travesuras. Yo:pe:w notlayelowan, kalakin te:tla:lpan. Am They've started to act mischievously (in this case young children), they get into other people's fields (e.g., to steal watermelon, <spn>elotes</spn>, squash, etc.). Ya empezaron a hacer travesuras (en este caso unos jovenes), entran en terrenos ajenos (p. ej., para llevarse algo de sandía, elote o calabaza, etc.). tlahyel Apparently this is a denominal verb, derived from the noun <klam>tlayehli</klam>. Nevertheless, the etymology is not clear. To date <kam>tlayelowa</kam> has only been documented in a reflexive use. Oapan pitch accent; phonology: Note that from underlying {no + tlahyelowa} Oapan Nahuatl shows surface /notláyelówa/. Again, the pitch accent is maintained on the same syllable that has coda {h}. This may be because there is no reason for readjustment or shift, of it may be to maintain the maximum level of I/O identity. Yet this and other examples suggest that with p-a that is derived from underlying {h} and not from reduplication, the tendency is for p-a to maintain itself on the syllable that has lost coda {h} through phonological rules (h>0). This is true in all cases except {h} as plural marker, in which case the tendency seems to be one of shifting to penultimate stress (perhaps because the plural marker often coincides with a phrase boundary in V-final syntax). 02817 zzz This entry used to be /pípiah/. It has been removed and /pípiah/ is now an alternate pronunciation of /pípian/.
30/Jul/2005
 02818 tlaxtla:wia ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi tlaxtla:wia [tlax tla: 'wi a] ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap zIrregular (<kamoa>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</kamoa>) May God thank you! (<kamoa>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</kamoa>)¡QuéDiós te pague! Pending tlaxtla:wi; tlasoka:mati xtla: <kam>Tlaxtla:wia</kam> is only used in Ameyaltepec in the set phrases documented for this entry, an optative construction. Although the applicative form <klam>tlaxtla:wilia</klam> is utilized in Ameyaltepec, this is most likely derived from <klam>tlaxtla:wa</klam> , with the final vowel fronted and raised to /i/ rather than from <kam>tlaxtla:wia</kam> , which is already morphologically a ditransitive applicative in which /-ia/ substitutes for /-a/ (cf. <kn>ka:wia</kn> and a few other such applicative verbs ending in /-ia/. Note also that the utterance here of Oapan <koa>tlaxtla:wi</koa>, is actually the interjection <koa>tlaxtla:wi</koa> although the verbal form is homophonous to the optative of the transitive, as in <kamoa>Ma Dió:s mistlaxtla:wi</kamoa>. Check length of final /i:/ in /tlaxtla:wi:kan/. Make sure there is no final /h/ in the singular. Redo entry and get Oapan speech token of /ma dió:s mistlaxtla:wi/. Tag the tokens here with 4620. There will be no sound linked to this entry, I will need to record it later. tlaxtla:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02819 a:nelowa a:nelowa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-2b to swim nadar Am Newa wel na:nelowa. Am I can swim. Yo puedo nadar. motion a: ne:l Check to see if it can be used reflexively. I don't think so, but if so, also check if this verb can be used with a non-reflexive object. (Note: it seems I wrote this question thinking that /a:nelowa/ was a transitive and that /na:nelowa/ was 0-3sgRefl-a:nelowa, rather than n-a:nelowa from 1sgS-a:nelowa. Check). Add /newa wel na:nelowa/ to entry under /wel/. á:panówa synonym Oa 02820 pi:kuwia kipi:kuwia pí:kowía pi:kowia kipí:kowía
11/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>pico</spn> No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a yes to use a pick on utilizar un pico sobre Pending Xkaman tlapi:kowia. Am He never uses a pick. Nunca emplea un pico The pitch accent in Oapan <koa>kipí:kowíya</koa> derives from the fact that the Spanish loan is /h/-final: <koa>pi:koh</koa>. 02821 kuwsa:wananakatl kuwsa:wananakatl kosa:wanakatl kosa:wanakatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s* (Am) Stem 2 type of fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of certain trees (not solely the <spn>cazahuate</spn>) tipo de hongo que crece sobre la cáscara de ciertosárboles (pero no solamente sobre el cazahuate) Pending Tenexkuwsa:watl, san no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik. Am The <kam>Tenexkuwsa:watl</kam> is just like the <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> , it also gets large fungus on its surface, the <klam>tekuwsa:wananakatl</klam> , it is tasty. El <kam>Tenexkuwsa:watl</kam> es lo mismo como el <klam>kuwsa:watl</klam> , también se le sale un hongo grande, el <klam>tekuwsa:wananakatl</klam> , es sabroso. Kuwsa:wananakatl | Ipan kuwsa:watl ki:sa, ipan kopalkuwtli, ipanó:rganoh, ipan tenexkuwsa:watl. Ipan po:cho:tl no: ki:sa, tlachia ke:n kuwsa:wananakatl, pero xwe:lik. Am <kam>Kuwsa:wananakatl</kam> : It forms on the <kam>kuhsa:watl</kam> tree, on the <kam>kopalkuwtli</kam> , on the <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> , on the <kam>tenexkuwsa:watl</kam> tree. It also forms on the <kam>po:cho:tl</kam>. It looks like <kam>kuwsa:wananakatl</kam> , but it is not edible. <kam>Kuwsa:wananakatl</kam> : Sale sobre elárbol llamado <kam>kuwsa:watl</kam> , el <kam>kopalkuwtli</kam> , el <kam>ó:rganoh</kam> , el <kam>tenexkuwsa:watl</kam>. También sale sobre el <kam>po:cho:tl</kam>. Se parece al <kam>kuwsa:wananakatl</kam> , pero no es sabroso. kow sa:wa naka plant mush kuhsa:wananakatl Apparently this fungus is so named because it most commonly grows on the <kam>kuwsa:watl</kam> tree. However, this same word is also used for fungi that grows on other trees and material; cf. <kam>i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh</kam> and <kam>i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:kwitl burroh</kam>. For least on one tree on which it grows it also has a specific name, thus one finds <klam>tenexkuwsa:wananakatl</klam> in Ameyaltepec (though I have not documented this name in Oapan). The vowel length of Oapan <koa>kohsa:wanakatl</koa> is not completely certain. According to one analysis the final element of this compound noun is <kamoa>nanakatl</kamoa> and then one would expect lengthening of the /a/ of /wa/ to reflect the reduction of the reduplicant to an additional mora (length) on a short vowel. However, the duration increase is not immediately apparent. Thus it might be that Oapan Nahuatl has underlying {kohsa:wa + nakatl} with no reduplicant, and thus no expected"reduction"on a lengthened previous syllable. In one list of plants, that for those that are edible (/tli:n we:lik/) I have included /kuhsa:wananakatl/ although I do not remember that this plant is eaten. This should be checked. Vowel length of /a/ in /wa/ syllable not certain. It seems like it should be long but acoustically does not seem to have long duration. For now it has been recorded as short. 02822 tlamiktia tlamiktia
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf poisonous; fatal (e.g., a plant) venenoso; fatal; mortal (p. ej., una hierba) Am miki Although the deverbal adjectival * <koa>tlamihtih</koa> is not used in Oapan, the fully verbal predicate is: <koa>tlamihtia</koa>. te:miktih synonym Oa 02823 kwalka:nwia kikwalka:nwia kwalka:wia [kwal ka: 'wi a] kikwalka:wia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to go at or start (a task) very early in the morning empezar (a hacer algo) muy temprano en la mañana Pending Kikwalka:nwia. Saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. Am He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). Kikwalka:nwia iswaw pa:mpa ye wa:ktok. Am He starts with the <kam>zacateo</kam> of his cornfield (lit. 'his zacate,' i.e., stripping corn leaves from the stems just before harvest) in the early morning (when the plants are still moist from dew) because they (the corn plants) are drying up (and becoming brittle). Empieza con el zacateo en su milpa (lit., 'su zacate') desde muy temprano (cuando las plantas todavía están húmedas con el rocío de la mañana) porque ya se están secando (y se ponen quebradizas). kwal -ka:n Verbalizer: /-wia/ Note the productivity of /-wia/ here, with a temporal adverb. Cf. the many uses of /-wia/, i.e., the number of types of structures that can precede it. Oapan phonology: Note /kwalka:wiya/, which is derived from kwalka:n and shows n>0, here before -wiya. tio:tlahka:nwia confer Am 02824 a:yutli a:yutli áyotlí áyotlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b yes-lex generic name for squash nombre genérico para calabaza Pending a type of squash, called in Spanish <spn>pipiana</spn> tipo de calabaza llamdo pipiana en español Pending tamala:yutli plant domesticated ayoh a:yotli Luis Lucena gave the following types of squash: <klam>pípian</klam> , which is the same as <klam>ixtla:wate:roh</klam> ; <klam>tamala:yotli</klam> ; and <klam>a:yekaxtsi:n</klam> , which is apparently grown locally only in San Juan and perhaps the irrigated fields of Xalitla. Vowel length of both Ameyaltepec <kam>a:yutli</kam> and Oapan <koa>áyotlí</koa> have been difficult to determine. Certainly the sound files for the isolated word should be used in any exploration of acoustic duration. Historically, the initial /a/ is short, but lengthening, at least acoustically, of initial vowels seems common and some vowels (such as those in <kamoa>ixtaka</kamoa>) seem to have a fairly long duration. For now, the initial /a:/ of Ameyaltepec <kam>a:yotli</kam> has been maintained long as I first recorded it; Oapan <koa>áyutlí</koa> seems to have a duration not entirely in accord with a long vowel and thus has been written short here and elsewhere, pending further analysis. Note that in C. Flores' pronunciation of this word in our discussion it seems to have a definite long /a:/. Although perhaps it should be rechecked and analyzed on a speech analyzer, I have check audibly with many speakers and found the first vowel of /a:yotli/ to be definitely long. However, in Oapan this is not clear and at times I notice it as short. This should be checked with a speech analyzing tool. Make sure all types of /a:yotli/ are in the lexicon and identified, and that the onomasiological entry for /a:yotli/ is given. 02825 kaxti:hla:n mexkahli kaxti:hla:n mexkahli kaxti:hla:n mexkahli kaxti:hla:n mexkahli chichi:k mexkahli Tetel
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>Castilla</spn> N N-complex Stem 3 type of maguey as yet unidentified tipo de maguey todavía no identificado Pending Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli | Ye weka:wi kontekian. Deke tisekwi wa:n titoto:nia reme:dioh. Tikoni:s. Tiktekis wa:n tikchipi:ni:s ipan a:tl. Dya tikoni:s. Am <kam>Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli</kam> : A long time ago they would cut it. If you are hot and cold it is a remedy. You drink it. You cut it and let it drip into water. Then you drink it. <kam>Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli</kam> : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban. Si tienes frío y calor es un remedio. Lo bebes. Lo cortas y echas las gotas en agua. Entonces te lo bebes. mexkal plant cactus This plant is used to cure both <kam>kowasiwistli</kam> and <kam>sekwtli</kam> Cf. cuaderno notes p. 115. Although I have checked the vowel length several times and have recorded the above as definite, it should still be rechecked. Check vowel length for both dialects. 02826 yzzz kola:ntoh kola:ntoh
22/Oct/2005
cilantro N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) corriander, a type of edible plant cilatro, un tipo de planta comestible Oa plant domesticated sila:ntroh equivalent Oa 02827 chipa:wak chipa:wak chipa:wak chipa:wak
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-k to be clean (clothes and other material objects that are cleaned with soap or sth similar; a person after bathing, etc.) estar limpio (ropa y otros objetos materials que se limpian con jabón o algo parecido; una persona después de bañarse, etc.) Pending Nichipa:wak. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:nimochipa:w. Am I am clean. I took a bath, I got myself clean. Estoy limpio. Me bañé, me limpié. Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh. Am My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty. Mi ropa estálimpia, ya no estásucia. to be clear (water) ser limpio y claro (agua) Pending Chipa:wak a:tl, xok moya:wak. Am The water (in a river) is clear, it is no longer muddy. Estálimpia el agua (de un río), yo no estárevuelta (o lodosa). to be fair-skinned; light-skinned (a person) ser güero (una persona) Pending Mlá:k tichipa:wak. Am You are really fair-skinned. De veras eres muy güero. chipa: 02828 zzz This used to be the entry for /Tsopilo:tepe:k/, now on toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 02829 i:xte:ntili:ni i:xte:ntili:ni i:xte:ntili:ni i:xte:ntili:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a to get swollen eyes hincharsele los ojos Am i:x te:n tili: i:xte:ntili:ni, i:xte:mposa:wi Apparently <kamoa>i:xte:ntili:ni</kamoa> is the equivalent or near equivalent of <klamoa>i:xte:mposa:wi</klamoa>. Here as in other compound words, <klamoa>tili:ni</klamoa>is used to indicate the swelling and tightening of the skin. 02830 chi:ltamahli chi:ltamahli chi:ltamahli chi:ltamahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 3 chile tamal, a tamal made of pork and chile and wrapped in corn leaves tamal hecho de carne de puerco con chile, y envuelto en hojas de elote Pending food chi:l tamal tamahli Make a list of the types of tamales. Determine the plural of /chi:ltamahli/. Also note that I mentioned that these are wrapped in corn leaves. Check whether this refers to the /to:tomoxtli/ or not. Later, make a list of the types of tamales. 02831 a:pi:tsa na:pi:tsa a:pi:tsa na:pi:tsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b +Refl/-tran class-3a(ts) (refl.) to have diarrea; to have the runs (refl.) tener diarrea; tener chorro Pending Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh. Ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. Xtetepi:stik ikwitl, a:tostik. Am That steer has diarrea (this is a sign of health, that the steer has been eating well, water and zacate). Runny excrement comes out. His excrement is not hard, it is watery. Aquel buey tiene diarrea (signo de salud, de que ha sido bien alimentado, con agua y zacate). Le sale excremento aguado. su excremento no es duro, es aguado. (refl.) to burst (a granery or storage bin) (refl.) reventarse (una troje) Pending O:na:pi:ts ikweskon. O:tsomo:n pa:mpa te:ntoya, san de a:kawtlapi:hli. Am His granary burst open. It split because it was full, it and was just made of <kbam>a:kawtli</kbam>with mud (i.e., it was not of the more durable and strong ones made of adobe). Su troje se reventó. Se abrióporque estaba muy lleno y estaba hecha solamente de <kbam>a:kawtli</kbam>con lodo (esto es, no era de las que aguantan más, hechas de adobe). a: pi:tsa Note reflexive and cf. to causative /a:pi:tsaltia/, with no change in valence. Compare this to the pair of verbs /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ and the comments under these latter verbs. Also cf. to other similar verbs of states that affect the body: /i:to:nia/, etc. Cf. my coding explanation of V-1-refl and V-2-refl. I have temporarily coded /a:pi:tsa/ as V-2-refl, which would indicate that it takes an object with a meaning of 'to have diarrea on...' (as a:xi:xa). If this proves not to be the case then the code should be changed to V-1-refl a:pi:tsaltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02832 tlatla:hloh tlatla:hloh tla:hloh tla:hloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj-para-h/wa/tia Compl Lex rdp-s (Am) dirty; covered with earth or dirt (e.g., clothes, one body, an animal, etc.) sucio; cubierto de tierra o mugre (p. ej., ropa, el cuerpo, un animal, etc.) Pending Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Am Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc., while bathing), you are really covered with dirt! ¡Tállate bien (p. ej., con una piedra rasposa, tela burda, etc. al bañarte), estás muy sucio! Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh. Am My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty. Mi ropa estálimpia, ya no estásucia. tla:l All Ameyaltepec documentation of this denominal adjective, and the related verb <klam>tlatla:hlowa</klam> and <klam>tlatla:hlo:tia</klam> manifest reduplication of the stem. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) did accept the nonreduplicated form, which is given in the headword entry for this dialect. It might be, at least in Oapan, that the reduplicated form is used for areas that are dirty, a person would, however, be described simply as <koa>tla:hloh</koa>. Check for /tlahlo:h./, /tla:hlowa/, and /tla:hlo:tia/. And rdp-s forms. 02833 yenkwilia kiyenkwilia yenkwilia kiyenkwilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia class-2a Compl to replace (sth old with the same object new) remplazar (algo viejo con el mismo objeto pero nuevo) Pending Kemech o:nikyenkwilih notlake:n, o:nitlayenkwilih. Am I just recently bought new clothes, I got new things. Hace poco tiempo me compréropa nueva, me hice de nuevas cosas. O:nitlayenkwilih. Am I got new things for myself (such as clothes, or also, I renovated sth for myself, e.g, my house). Adquirínuevas cosas (como ropa, o bien, hice renovaciones, p. ej., a mi casa). (refl.) to rejuvenate oneself (refl.) rejuvenecerse Pending Nimoyenkwili:s ipan <r>Año Nuevo</r>. Am I'm going to rejuvenate myself on New Years (by bathing in the village well at midnight). Me voy a rejuvenecer en Año Nuevo (al banar a medianoche allápor la manantial del pueblo). yenkwi Use second female and second male tokens. tlayenkwili:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02834 se:nki:stok se:nki:stok se:nki:stok se:nki:stok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Mod-Stat Stat Durative to be fine (in health); to not have any disabilities (such as being deaf or mute) estar bien (en cuanto a salud); no tener ningún tipo de impedimento físico (como ser sordo o mudo) Pending DT8:644 Se:nki:stoya. Am He used to be fine (but, in this case he has since become quite ill). Antes estaba bien (pero, en este caso después se puso muy enfermo). (~ <kam>mo:hli</kam>) mole sauce that is prepared with meat (such as chicken or pork, and as opposed to mole with no meat, called <klam>to:ntomo:hli</klam>) (~ <kam>mo:hli</kam>) salsa de mole que se prepara con carne (como pollo o carne to puerco, y en contraposición a mole sin carne, que se llama <klam>to:ntomo:hli</klam>) Pending se:m ki:sa I have not heard the verb */senki:sa/, nor did Pánfilo Lorenzo accept it as correct. Check. Also check for other uses. Recheck vowel length. It seems to be long in versions I have heard in class although previously I had recorded it short. 02835 yzzz kosahtli kosahtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ki Stem 1(s) a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified tipo deárbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado Oa plant kohtli kwaw kos Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have <kam>cuahcosactli</kam> and Ramírez (1991) has <kam>kwawkosaktli</kam>. Both identify this as <kam>palo sabino</kam> and the latter gives the family as <kam>Leguminosae</kam> and the genus/species as <kam>Cassia</kam> spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus <kam>Cassia</kam> , but none known as <kam>palo sabino</kam>. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as <kam>palo sabino</kam> , nor do they have any trees of the <kam>Cassia</kam> genus except the <spn>paraca</spn>(p. 115), which is of the family <i>Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae</i>and whose genus species is given as <i>Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri</i>. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: <kam>kostiktsi:n iyo:l</kam>. kwahkosahki equivalent Am 02836 kuwketspalin kuwketspalin kohketspalin kohketspalin
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 iguana (the precise species needs to be identified) iguana (falta por determinar la especie precisa) Pending animal lizard kow ketspal 02837 zzz This used to be entry for /Icha:n Te:kwa:ni/, now in the toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 02838 i:xtekwepo:ntok i:xtekwepo:ntok
11/Feb/2006
Stat N-V1 *V1-Stat Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> Durative to be inside-out (particularly clothes) estar al revés (particularmente la ropa) Am i:x kwepo: Check for existence of intransitive without stative. Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered. /te-/ intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ here, which could be analyzed as fitting in with the idea that /te-/ is used to indicate that sth is out of the ordinary. i:xtekwepo:nki confer Am i:xtechikopo:nki confer Oa 02839 espá:tulah espá:tulah espá:tilah ispá:tilah espá:tilah
11/Feb/2006
espátula N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmado) Pending tool-cultivate witso:ktli; agricultural tools As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the <kam>espá:tulah</kam> contrasts with the <klam>witso:ktli</klam> and <klam>tewitso:ktli</klam>. Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration on original filecard. te:mpatlach synonym Oa 02840 tla:lwa:xkuwtli tla:lwa:xkuwtli tla:lwa:xkohtli tla:lwa:xkohtli
11/Feb/2006
N (N-N)-N N-b Stem 1(w) type of guaje bush, still not identified tipo de arbusto con fruto como guaje, todavía no identificado Am, Oa Tla:lwa:xkuwtli, ihkón kihlian ma:ski xkuwtli. Tla:ki xo:pan, ipan ago:stoh. Nokwa Am <kam>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</kam> , that's what it is called even though it is not a <klam>kuwtli</klam> ('tree'). It bears fruit in Augusto. It is edible. <kam>Tla:lwa:xkuwtli</kam> , asíle dicen aunque no es un <klam>kuwtli</klam> ('árbol'). Sale su fruta en agosto. Es comestible. plant kohtli tla:l wa:x kow 02841 tlatsi:naltia kitlatsi:naltia tlatsi:naltia kitlatsi:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) from nondirected alternation class-2a to hatch; to incubate (a fowl or bird its chicks) empollar; incubar (un ave o pájaro, hasta hacer nacer su cría) Pending tlatsi: This verb is usually found with the nonspecific object prefix <kn>tla-</kn> and has a separate entry for this detransitivized form. Check to determine how common it is to use this verb with a specific object, as opposed to /tlatlatsi:naltia/, which at present has its own entry (04274). If this verb is only used as /tlatlatsi:naltia/, then use only the V1 headword, with only a xref here. If not, have an entry here; check whether anything but fowl eggs can be the object of this verb; if so, enter here separately. Use second female token. tlatlatsi:naltia val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02842 tepa:patla tepa:patla
09/Feb/2006
N N-ap Lex. rdp-l N1 type of plant as yet unidentified tipo de planta hasta ahora no identificada Am plant xiwtli te patla: flower Make sure this is distinct from /pa:patla/. 02843 namaki:ltia nemaki:ltia kinamaki:ltia namaki:ltia nemaki:ltia kinamaki:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to sell to or for vender a o por Pending Mistlanamakilti:s ikaitepalkatsitsi:wa:n. Am He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls. Te va a vender sus ollas de cerámica. Xne:chnamakilti o:me kwarti:yoh motlayo:l. Am Sell me two cuartillos of your maize. Véndeme dos cuartillos de tu maíz. Xne:chnamakilti nokoya:res, san na:htetsi:n. Am Sell my necklaces for me, just four of them. Vende mis collares por mí, solamente cuatro de ellos. (with <kn>te:-</kn> object prefix) to sell (a given good or item) (con prefijo de objeto <kn>te:-</kn>) vender (algún tipo de mercancía, etc.) Pending Kite:namakiltia xo:chitl. Am He sells flowers Vende flores. namaka <kam>Namakiltia</kam> is unusual in that a causative ending (<kn>-ltia</kn>) has an applicative or benefactive meaning, 'to sell for' or 'to sell to.' For full discussion, see <klamoa>a:kiltia</klamoa>. Antipassive: /Mistlana:makilti:s ika i:tepalkatsitsi:wan/ 'He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls.' Again, here we note a transitive verb with /tla-/ prefixed, followed by an oblique expression of the patient, what in other contexts would be the direct object. namaka verb_base Am, Oa 02844 se:botik se:botik xé:potík xé:potík
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-k-ti yes to have congealed lard or fat (a soup stock or other foods prepared with lard) tener la grasa o cebo cuajado (un caldo u otras comidas preparadas con grasa) Pending Se:botik moka:ldoh, so:lo deke nototo:nia kwaltia. Am Your <spn>caldo</spn> has congealed lard in it, it will only get better if it is heated up. Tu caldo tiene la grasa congelada, solamente se va a componer si se calienta. The pitch accent of Oapan <koa>xé:potík</koa> derives from the final /h/ of the loan <koa>xe:poh</koa>, which has a reflex in pitch accent when phrase internal. 02845 tsoyá:k tsoyá:k tsóyá:k tsóyá:k
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans yes-lex to have the smell of a skunk oler como de una zorrilla Pending to have a smell of burnt food (e.g., atole or beans) tener el olor de comida quemada (p. ej., atole o frijoles) Pending smell tso hya: 02846 xtlah tli:no:n xtlah tli:no:n xtlátlí:no:n xtlah tli:no:n xtlátlí:no:n
11/Feb/2006
yes see <kam>itlah tli:no:n</kam> véase <kam>itlah tli:no:n</kam> Pending Recheck vowel pitch with speech analyzer program. OK.... correct as recorded. 02847 tla:lnekwteh tla:lnekwteh tla:lnehtih tla:lnehtih, tla:lnehtin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b N1 type of small honey-making flying insect, still not identified, that lives in the ground tipo de insecto volador pequeño, todavía no identificado, que produce miel y habita en la tierra Pending animal insect tla:l nekw nekwtli These insects fly, don't bite, live in the ground, make honey, and are larger than the <klam>koko:smeh</klam>. I do not remember who identified this animal, however, in a later discussion several consultants said that in Oapan this animal is called <kloa>tla:lnese:ras</kloa>. In discourse the term <kam>tla:lnekwteh</kam> is only documented in the plural, although speakers will recognize and utter the singular. Use first male token for final /n/ example. Note: always have female then male speech. tenekwteh; koko:smeh confer Am 02848 tla:lme:stli tla:lme:stli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(s) type of nahual that manifests itself as a basket-shaped ball of light that rolls along the ground tipo de nahual, que se manifiesta como una bola de luz en la forma de una canasta y que rodea por el suelo Am Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, iksan tinemiko:ya. Am A <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> , if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon). Un <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> , si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto). supernatural tla:l me:ts Several people mentioned that the <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> is a nahual, i.e., an animate being into which certain people have the power to turn themselves. It is dangerous and can kill a person if it passes beneath his legs. As a protective measure, if one sees a <kam>tla:lme:stli</kam> one should place ones legs close together. Get text related to this object. 02849 kaltso:nmekayo i:kaltso:nmekayo kaso:mekayo i:kaso:mekayo
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>calzón</spn> N N-N N-yo N2 cloth belt that is part of <kam>calzones</kam> cinturón de tela, parte de los calzones Pending Yo:koto:n nokaltso:nmekayo. Am The belt of my cotton <kam>manta</kam> trousers tore apart. El cinturón de mis calzones se reventó. me:ka Also possible are nonincorporated equivalent forms such as <kam>i:mekayo nokalsó:n</kam>. Check for /ts/ instead of /s/ in /kalso:n/. Also important will be to determine whether a form such as ?/kalso:nmekayo/ exists, as a general term, or whether one can have ?/kalso:nmekayo:tl/. 02850 wi:lo:tlamake:tl wi:lo:tlamake:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 person who hunts <spn>huilotas</spn> cazador de huilotas Am wi:lo: ma hunting The form * <kam>wi:lo:tlamaki</kam> is not correct. Change this to a separate entry. to:to:tlámaké:tl synonym Oa 02851 ke:skipa ke:skipa ké:skipa ké:skipa
11/Feb/2006
Modal Modal how in the world! how can you believe! ¿pero cuándo? Pending Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl. Am How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do! ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer). Ke:skipa deke niá:s ka:n ne:xti:tlani? Xniá:s! Am Where do you get the idea that I am going to go where he sends me? I won't go! ¡Pero cuándo voy a ir donde me manda!¡No voy a ir! Ke:skipa! Am I wouldn't bet on it! ¡Pero cuándo! ke:ski -pa The meaning of <kam>ke:skipa</kam> seems to be idiomatic. All Ameyaltepec consultants translated it as '¡Pero cuándo!' This word might also be used, for example, when someone tells me that a given person will be my son-in-law (i.e., will marry my daughter). I could answer <kam>ke:skipa</kam> to the effect of 'Don't bet on it' (¿Pero cuándo?), meaning that I don't expect or want it to occur. Or perhaps I am from another village and I marry a woman from your pueblo, you tell me that you think I will just play games and that that I will leave her. I can answer, <kam>ke:skipa</kam> or <kam>ke:skipa niá:s</kam> , meaning 'I'll not go (and leave her), not on your life!' In Oapan it appears that <koa>ké:skipa</koa> is used only by the elder members of the village. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the first vowel is the only stressed vowel. This is an unusual pattern. It may be, however, that it is the result of an exclamatory intonational pattern and not the result of any lexical pitch accent. 02852 wi:wih wi:wih
11/Feb/2006
Baby N-bb little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk) animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños) Am Ma:ka tiá:s pa ikú:n, pakah wi:wih! Am Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there! ¡No te vayas allí, alláhay un animalito! baby wiyo: Apparently this children's word is derived from <klam>wiyo:ni</klam> , which is used to indicate the action of wiggling. Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 for more information 02853 one:wi:ltia kone:wi:ltia one:wi:ltia kone:wi:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Dir-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to send (sb) on their way (moving away from a deictic reference point) encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia allá(en sentido extraversa en referencia o un punto deíctico) Pending Niá:s, nikone:wilti:s. Ma yatiwetsi! Am I will go to send him on his way there. He should go right away! Voy a ir a hacer que vaya hacia allá.¡Quévaya de una vez! Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti! Ma yatiwetsi! Am Friend, go there to send him on his way (in this case so that he goes to the speaker's milpa)! I'd like him head out right away! ¡Amigo, vete a ver que tome su salida (en este caso para ir a la milpa del que habla)!¡Debe ir de una vez! motion one:wi:tia equivalent Am, Oa e:wa <kam>One:wi:ltia</kam> is a lexicalized form of the causative <kam>e:wi:ltia</kam> with the directional prefix <kn>on-</kn> and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)."In the illustrative phrase <kam>Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti</kam> the speaker is asking a friend to go to the house of a third person, who had agreed to work in the speaker's field. The addressee is to make sure that this worker heads out to the field as he had promised. In the verb compound <kam>xkone:wi:lti:ti</kam> , therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The directional suffix <kn>-ti</kn> indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix <kn>on-</kn> refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart to work in the speaker's field, as had been previously arranged. Check length of /i/ in causative of /one:wiltia/. Directionals: Note the use of two directionals. <kam>One:wi:ltia</kam> is a lexicalized form of the causative <kam>e:wi:ltia</kam> with the directional prefix <kn>on-</kn> and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)."In the verb compound <kam>xkone:wi:lti:ti</kam> therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The suffix <kam>-ti</kam> indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix <kn>on-</kn> refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart for work in the speaker's field, as in this case had been previously arranged. Such dual deictic points seldom occur, it seems here that this is due to the lexicalization of /one:wa/. One would probably also find /xkwa:le:wi:lti:ti/ 'go and send him on his way (back) here.' wa:le:wiltia confer Am one:wa verb_base Am, Oa one:wi:ltilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02854 xa:xokotl xa:xokotl xa:xokotl xa:xokotl
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b type of wild plum tree, called <spn>guayabo</spn> in Spanish tipo de ciruelo silvestre llamado guayabo Pending plant kohtli (pending) xa: xoko xokotl FK notes that Zacapoaxtla has <kn>xa:lxokotl</kn>, adding that"X[alitla] has lost the internal L. The literal meaning of this is 'sand fruit.'"Although this is probably the case, the motivation for the loss of coda /l/ in some cases is not apparent. Note also that <klamoa>xa:metlatl</klamoa>appears to show the same loss of /l/, for no obvious reasons. Given the lack of a diachronic or synchronic reason for this change, the roots of both these words has been given as <kroot>xa:</kroot>. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the <spn>guayabo</spn>, of the family <i>Nyrtaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Psidium guajava</i>. Ramiírez and Dakin (1979) give <spn>palo de guayabo</spn>. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give no tree with these names, nor any of the family Nyrtaceae. However, Schoenhals (1988) under guayabo gives the following:"(<i>Psidium guajava</i>) 'guava.' Fruit makes good jam and is one of the best known tropical fruits. Also called guayaba dulce, guayaba manzana."It bears fruit in the summer (<kam>xo:pantlah</kam>), i.e., August and September. As FK notes, Zacapoaxtla has <kn>xa:lxokotl</kn>, and the coda /l/ has been lost in the Balsas area (e.g., Xalitla in her data set). RS also gives <kn>xalxocotl</kn>, citing Hernández. The surface form <kn>xa:</kn> for <kn>xa:l</kn> is also documented in <klam>xa:metlatl</klam>. 02855 imelo:n masa:tl imelo:n masa:tl
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>melón</spn> N N-complex <l>Labidostelma guatemalense</l>Schlechter; vine of the family Asclepiadaceae that bears a long, watermelon colored fruit <l>Labidostelma guatemalense</l>Schlechter; enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que tiene fruta larga, color de la cáscara de sandía Am Nopi:pilowan ke:n melonsi:tos, xnokwa. Am They (the fruit of the <kam>i:meló:n masa:tl</kam>) hang down like little melons, the fruit is not edible. Cuelgan (los frutos del <kam>i:meló:n masa:tl</kam>) como meloncitos, no son comestibles. masa: One entry had /imélo:n masa:tl/, check stress and vowel length. 02856 tlamanahli tlamanahli tlamanahli tlamanahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 offering (placed before the saints, at an altar, on a table for All Saints Day, etc.) ofrenda (puesto en un altar para los santos, o sobre una mesa en Todos Santos) Pending Notlamanal umpa mantok. Am My offering is there (in sight) laid out. Mi ofrenda estáallá(en un lugar visible) puesta. man Use first female token. 02857 tlatlatsi:ni tlatlatsi:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-b class-3a for there to be a thunderbolt (i.e., bolt lightning and thunder) caer un rayo (el relámpago y sonido fuerte que lo accompaña) Am O:tlatlatsi:n. Am There was a thunderbolt. Cayóun rayo. weather tlatsi: rain (i.e., thunder, lightening, different types of rain storms, hail, drizzle, etc.) distinguish different types of truenos, perhaps remit to discussion on weather page. tlakomo:ni confer Am, Oa tlatsi:ni minus_tla Am, Oa 02858 kechkukwalaka kechkukwalaka kechkwakwalaka kechkwakwalaka
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] ~Trans class-4a to purr ronronear Pending Kechkukwalaka pa:mpa pa:ktok. Am It (a cat) is purring because it is happy. Está(un gato) ronroneando porque estáfeliz. sound-animal kech kwala: Decide whether in such cases as these, it is worthwhile to place /kukwala(ka)/ in the xr2 field. In present case check for possible existence of /kechkwala:ni/ and /kechkukwalatsa/. In its acceptation as 'to snore' /kechkukwalaka/ is apparently equivalent to /kochsolo:ni/; this too should be checked. Check the word for 'to purr' in Oapan; neither FM nor IJ knew it. kwala:ni ni_base Am, Oa koxte:kwalaka synonym Oa 02859 sio:tomi soyo:tomi soyo:tomi sio:tomi sio:tomi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-mi Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(m) to become unstiched (a seam, stiches in the skin, etc.) descoserse (una costura en la ropa, la piel, etc.) Pending Wel soyo:tomis, xkwahli o:tsasa:loh. Am It can (might well) become unstiched, you didn't sew it well. Puede (bien puede) descoserse, no lo cosiste bien. sio: tom The vowel length of the first /o/ is still unclear, even after acoustic analysis with spectrograms and wave forms. The duration of the /o/ in the Oapan forms varies; and since no standardized procedure for measurement has yet been set, it is hard to be precise. But taking the dip in the third formant to mark onset of /o/ after /y/ (and this is clearer in the speech of Florencia Marcelino than of her husband Inocencio Jiménez) the vowel length varies from about 80 to 95 ms. This suggests the possibility of length, but it is not certain. For now it has been written as short. More evidence from the other forms with the same etymology (i.e., the transitive and stative) as well as from Ameyaltepec, should help clarify the quantity of this vowel. Still after much listening I am unsure if the /o/ in the syllable /sio/ is really short. I had it recorded as long in Am filecards. This should be checked. Note that if the vowel is changed, then the xref in entry 2918 should also be changed to a short vowe. In Ameyaltepec one finds <kam>so:yo:tomi</kam> for Classical <kam>ciyotomi</kam>. There is no evidence on vowel length in Classical Nahuatl. To facilitate cross-dialect comparison it might be advisable to list this root as <kam>siyo:</kam> , but given the absence of this root in any dialect other than Classical and Ameyaltepec, it has been decided to keep the root as <kam>so:yo:</kam>. Use first token from each speaker. 02860 te:nto:ne:wi te:nto:ne:wi te:nto:ne:wi te:nto:ne:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) sentir un dolor ardiente en la boca (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) Pending te:n to:n te:nkoko:ya synonym Oa 02861 tsikwi:ni tsikwi:ni tsikwi:ni tsikwi:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a to jump (forward, or up in the air); to spring or leap (at times in reference to the motion of certain animals such as deer, rabbit, hare, goat, dog, cat, horse, and even occasionally a donkey, etc.) brincar (hacia adelante o arriba); correr o brincar (a veces en referencia al movimiento de ciertos animales como venado, conejo, liebre, chivo, perro, gato, caballo, y hasta un burro, etc.) Pending Xtsikwi:ni, ma nikita! Am Jump up (e.g., in the air), let me see! ¡Brínca (p. ej., en el aire), déjame ver! Tsi:tsikwi:ntok ika kwe:rdah. Am He is jumping rope. Estábrincando la cuerda. Tsitsikwi:ntiw kone:joh. Am The rabbit is hopping along. El conejo va brincando. O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. Am I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). Saltéde esa pared (donde estaba), me dejébajar (intencionalmente). Xwa:ltsikwi:ni nika:n, ka:n na:watok! Oa Jump (up) here, where I am sitting (in this case up on a wall)! ¡Brinca hacia acá, donde estoy sentado (en este caso sobre una pared)! Xontsikwi:ni! Oa Jump off (toward there)! ¡Brinca (abajo) hacia allá! (often with long vowel reduplication + [location/destination]) to run rapidly to [location/destination]) (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga + [destino/ubicación]) correr rápidamente a [destino/ubicación]) Pending San xtsikw:ni icha:n moba:leh! Am Just take a quick run over to your friend's house! ¡Córrele rápido a la casa de tu amigo! San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti! Am Just go running along over there quickly, just go there and come right back! ¡Vete yendo rápido, solamente ve rápido sin demorar allíantes de regresar! (~ <kamoa>i:pan</kamoa> [material object]) to jump or spring onto [material object] (~ <kamoa>i:pan</kamoa> [objeto material]) brinca sobre (para quedar sobre) [material object] Pending Tontsikwi:nis ipan tepa:ntli para tipanwetsis. Am You will spring up onto the wall to get on top of it. Vas a brincar sobre la pared para que llegues arriba. O:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh. Am He jumped right up on a small ledge (of stones). Brincócon fuerza sobre un pequeño banquito de piedras. (<kn>-pan</kn> ~ [animate object]) to mount (one animal on another) (<kn>-pan ~</kn> ~ [ser animado]) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro) Pending Yo:pe:w tlaxitia moburroh. Xikpia kwida:doh, ma:ka ipan tsikwinis burrah, tla:mo mitsa:ltlakalis! Am Your donkey has started to get an erection. Take care that it doesn't try to mount a female donkey, for if it does it will throw you to the ground! Ya empezóa pararsele a tu burro.¡Ten cuidado que no vaya a montarle a una burrah porque si lo hace, te aventaráal suelo. (with short vowel reduplication and intensifier <koa>te-</koa>) to play hopscoth (con reduplication de vocal corta y el intensificador <koa>te-</koa>) jugar al avioncito Oa Ma tité:tsikwi:nika:n! Oa Let's play hopscoth! ¡Vamos a jugar al avioncito! motion tsikwi: One young woman from Oapan gave the name of hopscoth as <koa>té:tsikwi:nahli</koa>, but this term needs to be confirmed. However, several others did give <koa>Ma tité:tsikwi:nika:n!</koa> as the way of saying 'Let's play hopscotch!' Determine what, if any, the difference between /tsikwi:ni/ and /tetsikwi:ni/ is. For example, in the phrase /o:tetsikwi:n ipan se: tebanki:toh/, would the meaning be the same without /te-/? In other instances is there a difference. Can the causative also take /te-/. I had the term '(vulg.) to have sexual intercourse with; to screw (a man [S] of a woman [O])' and the phrase 'Tewa i:pan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah sowa:tl?' but it has been removed as vulgar and, according to C. Flores, not used in ref. to humans. Reduplication with long vowe: /San xtsi:tsikwi:ntiw, san xasiti!/ 'Just run over there quickly, just go and come right back!' Directionals: Note that /xwa:ltsikwi:ni/ may be used to indicate jumping down from, as in one of the example sentences above. However, it may also be used to indicate 'jump toward here,' as when a person sitting on a wall invites another to jump up on it (toward the speaker). Finally, note that /xontsikwi:ni/ indicates jumping away from a point of reference, as when someone jumps down and away off a way. tsikwi:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa tsitsikwika frequent Am, Oa 02862 ka:mpa kah ka:mpa kah ka:mpa kah ka:mpa kah
11/Feb/2006
Interj Inter Hell! ¡chin! Pending ka:n pa: ka This is a curse that according to some Ameyaltepec consultants is an apocopated form of <kam>ka:mpakah Xudas</kam> ; the closest English translation appears to be simply 'Hell!' Recheck whether /ka:mpakah/ is correct. In my notes I had"see /ka:mpunkah/. But I did not have an entry or recording for this. It should be checked as a possible word. Also, recheck the meaning in both villages. 02863 nepantli nepantli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(n) story (of a house) piso (de una casa) Pending Nikpia nokal de o:me nepantli. Am I have a house of two stories. Tengo una casa de dos pisos. layer; sth stacked or layered over another of the same capa; estrato; una cosa sobrepuesta sobre otra igual Pending nepan Apparenlty <kam>nepantli</kam> can refer to a layer in any type of object. Check to determine what /nepantli/ can refer to (e.g., can it refer to a blanket in a stack of blankets?). nepaniwi confer Am, Oa nepantik confer Oa nepaniwi confer Am 02864 te:i:xte:nkokoh te:i:xte:nkokoh te:i:xte:nkokoh te:i:xte:nkokoh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf to be bothersome or painful to the eyes (e.g., a bright light) ser lastimoso o molestoso a los ojos (p. ej., una luz fuerte) Pending i:x te:n kowa 02865 te:teliksani te:teliksani te:telesani te:telesane te:telesane, te:telesani
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni see <klam>tlateliksani</klam> véase <klam>tlateliksani</klam> Pending teliksa Female first says /té:tetelesane/. Mark this with letter"c". Then there follows another one before the beep. This should be female"d". There follow the four good tokens. other two that follow"a"and"b"From the final 4 (F-M-F-M) use either female token but last male token for /te:telesani/. Do not use first male token which is mispronounced as /te:telasani/. 02866 kamako:pi:l kamako:pi:l
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-ap person who is a slow eater persona lenta para comer Pending Ke:n tikamako:pi:l! Yo:li:k titlakwe:chowa:, yo:li:k titlakwa. Am Oh, what a slow an eater you are! You chew things slowly, you eat slowly. ¡Quélento eres para comer! Despacio masticas, despacio comes. kama ko:pi:l Check /yo:li:k/ and correct if necessary here and throughout. ko:pi:liwi confer Am, Oa kamayo:li:k synonym Oa 02867 zzz This entry was /kochi:yah/ with a xref to /kuchi:yah/. But since this is a sound xref, this entry has been deleted and /kochi:yah/ given as /lxaa. Note that for the final version, if printed, a back index should give all the words that are in /lxaa and /lxoa (alternate pronunciation fields) so that an electronic search is not neccessary.
24/Oct/2005
 02868 nexko:ntli nexko:ntli nexko:ntli nexko:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(m) pot (now usually an old metal bucket) used for making <klamoa>nextamahli</klamoa> olla (ahora generalmente una vieja cubeta de metal) que se emplea para hacer nixtamal Pending Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! Am Bring your pot for making <kam>nextamahli</kam> to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat a couple of tamales! ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más un par de tamales. nex ko:m cooking The phrase <kam>Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli!</kam> makes sense given the way dough for tamales is prepared, as opposed to the dough used in making tortillas. For regular <spn>masa</spn> the lime water is brought to a boil in the <kam>nexko:ntli</kam> , which is then removed from the fire before the maize is added. For tamales, however, the maize is placed in lime water as it is boiling. There is an additional female token at 5738 that should be tagged here with 2868. 02869 suwa:teyo:wah suwa:teyo:wah siwa:teyowah siwa:teiwah siwa:teyowah, siwa:teiwah
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-posr-wah N1 <klamoa>na:wahli</klamoa>who can turn into a woman, also called a <kam>sowa:teyo:wah</kam> , mostly to scare people <klam>na:wahli</klam> que puede cambiarse en mujer, también llamada <kam>suwa:teyo:wah</kam> , generalmente para espantar a la gente Pending evil woman, usually clothed in black, whom a male <kam>na:wahli</kam> , also called a <kam>sowa:teyo:wah</kam> , turns into mujer mala, generalmente vestida de negro, en que se vuelve un hombre <kam>na:wahli</kam> , también llamado <kam>suwa:teyo:wah</kam> Pending Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok. Am If you see a <kam>sowa:teyowah</kam> , you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy. Si ves una <kam>suwa:teyowah</kam> te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud. supernatural sowa: teo: <kam>Sowa:teyo:wah</kam> apparently can refer to the man who has as his <spn>na:wahli</spn> an evil woman, generally dressed in black that one encounters in isolated areas at night, or to the woman herself. The <kam>sowa:teyo:wah</kam> is considered to be extremely frightening, affecting the person who sees her in the manner indicated in the illustrative sentence. The etymology of <kam>sowa:teyo:wah</kam> is not completely transparent, but apparently it comprises the stems <kroot>sowa:</kroot>'female' and <kroot>teo:</kroot>'divinity' with the possessor suffix <kn>-wah</kn>. It would thus seem to literally translate into 'one who has a female divinity' with the caveat that the Nahuatl stem often used to indicate 'divinity' (i.e., <kroot>teo:</kroot>) was transformed by the Spanish missionaries into a word associated with pagan rites. Note the phonological shift in the Oapan word from <koa>-teyowah</koa> to <koa>-teiwah</koa>. Check best orthography and check phonetics re: long vowel. 02870 kekexkilia kikekexkilia kekexilia kikekexilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-para-ki/ya/lia ~Adj Lex. rdp-s* class-2a to cause to itch (sb); to make itch dar o causar comezón a (algn) Pending kekexkia kekexia kex Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that /kekexilia/ does not reduce the reduplication, which perhaps should be considered part of the stem. Apparently this never occurs with this lexeme. 02871 yema:nia yema:nia yema:nia yema:nia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia Compl class-4b(ya-x; long) to get soft (cloth, dough, clay, etc.) ablandarse (tela, masa, barro, etc.) Pending Nochi o:tlan yeyema:nian noma:ngos. Am All my mangos have wounded up getting soft (e.g., from being slightly overripe and getting banged around). Todos mis mangos terminaron quedándose blandos (p. ej., por estar ligeramente pasados y golpeados). to become weak (e.g., a person) debilitarse (p. ej., una persona) Pending Nikwalowa:ya iwa:n o:ne:chpatikeh, o:hmat a:sta ke:n o:niyema:niak. Am I was sick and I got cured, I even felt that I had become all weak. Me enfermaba y me sanaron, hasta sentítodo debilitado. Yo:pe:w niyema:nia, xniktlakwa de ya:lwa. Am I've started to feel weak, I haven't eaten since yesterday. Ya empecéa sentirme débil, no he comido desde ayer. yema:n kwetlaxiwi; yema:nia (as personal state) 02872 kwa:texi:kal kwa:texi:kal kwa:texi:kal kwa:texi:kal
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj(ap) Adj-ap Lex. inflix <kn>te-</kn> person (or certain animals) having a loud voice or cry; person who is always talking or shouting in a loud voice gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); persona que habla o grita fuerte Pending Tikwa:texi:kal, titsatsini, titlatowa chika:wak. Am You are loud, you shout a lot, you speak with a loud voice. Eres un gritón, gritas mucho, hablas fuerte. Kohtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. Am That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she is loud. Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña muy fuerte. kwa: te- xi:kal Cf. note in regard to /te-/ with /kwa:tese:soh/. Perhaps /xi:kal/ can be further analyzed as /xi:/ and /kal/. na:watl confer Oa 02873 semaka nosemaka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V3 V2-b +Refl/-trans Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> (refl.) to give oneself over entirely (e.g., a woman to a man, though not necessarily in the sexual sense) (refl.) entregarse completamente (p. ej., una mujer a un hombre, aunque no necesariamente en el sentido sexual) Am On ichpokawah nosemaka para newa. Am That girl is completely devoted to me. Esa muchacha estácompletamente entregada a mí. sem maka Although the syntax of <klam>maka</klam> as a ditransitive verb suggests that <kam>semaka</kam> should also be ditransitive. Thus RS has <kn>cemmaca. ninote</kn> : 'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse enteramente aél.' Although Ameyaltepec Nahuatl seldom expresses specific objects in a reflexive ditransitive construction (e.g., <kam>ninokowilia</kam> for what in Oapan would be <koa>niknokowilia</koa> 'I buy it for myself'), it appears that <kam>semaka</kam> is a transitive (not ditransitve) reflexive, given that in the example sentence <kam>Un ichpokawah nosemaka para newa</kam> the benefactive is expressed obliquely. Determine whether there is any other syntax possible, or even a double object, reflexive and specific. Also determine other uses beyond that of the phrase above, re: a relationship between a girl and a boy. Note that Simeón has /ninotecemmaca/ as meaning 'someterse a alguien, entregarse, darse completamente aél.' Check to determine if /nomaka/, i.e., the reflexive of /maka/ is likewise only bivalent and takes no additional specific object. However, cf. possibility of /note:semaka/? 02874 zzz This entry used to be for /popoyo:tl/ but it has been shifted to the diminutive
24/Oct/2005
Here I elicited /popoyo:tsi:n/. But this is a duplicate of record 1387. For the tokens here give them the number of 1387, letters"c"and"d". Make a note for 1387 so if there are extras there, they get"e"... 02875 tekomolowa kitekomolowa tekomolowa kitekomolowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Am); Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> (Oa) class-2b to scratch out or dig a slight well or depression in (e.g., as in a mound of earth, sand, dry cement, etc., in order to pour the water into it for example) escarbar o excavar un pequeño posito en; abrir una fosita en (p. ej., en un montoncito de tierra, arena, cemento, etc., para verterle agua por ejemplo) Pending Xkomolo para tikte:kili:skeh a:tl! Tikpa:tlaskeh. Am Dig out a slight depression in it (a mound of earth, sand, etc.) so that we can pour water into it! We're going to mix it (i.e., to make adobe, mortar, etc.). ¡Hazle una pequeña depresión (en un montoncito de tierra, arena, etc.) para que le podamos verterle agua! Lo vamos a batir (p. ej. para hacer adobe, mezcla, etc.). Kitekomolowa un tla:hli. Am It scratches out a depression in the earth there (e.g., a chicken with its legs, a dog with its feet, making a small depression in which to lie down and rest). Escarba un hoyito en esa tierra (p. ej., una gallina con sus piernas, un perro con sus patas, haciendo una pequeña depresión donde puede acostarse y descansar). komol Although I think the recorded vowel length is correct, recheck. Cf. /tlakomo:hli/. Check for intransitive form and use, as well as other potential objects of /komolowa/. Check vl in tlakomohli and komolowa. At one point I had a long vowel in the noun; check and standardize. There are 4 additional Oapan speech tokens originally from 5358. These should be tagged as 2875 also. Note, moreover, that the two linked tokens should be from among those originally from 5358. tlakomohli confer Am, Oa tlakomo:hli confer Am 02876 tlankikisno:tsa kitlankikisno:tsa tlankesno:tsa tlankisno:tsa kitlankesno:tsa, kitlankisno:tsa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V V2-b class-3a(ts) to call the attention of by whistling with ones lips llamar al chiflar, por un silbido de los labios Pending Kitlankikisno:tsa para ma notaka:n. Am He whistles to him to advise him that they will meet. Le chifla para avisarlo que se van a ver. Ne:xtlankikisno:tsa, ke:n timotlankikisno:tsan. Am He is whistling at me to attract my attention, we really whistle to each other a lot. Me estállamando la atención al chiflarme, de veras nos hablamos mucho al chiflar. tlan kisi no:tsa Compounding; incorporation: note the form /tlankikisno:tsa/. The first, incorporated element is the perfective or shortened stem of the verb /tlankikisi/. Note the lack of a /ka:-/ participial form. Pick second female token, good example of stop release. The duration of the initial /a/ is slightly longer than I would expect for a short vowel, but not as long a reduction of the reduplicant would call for. Cf. this to 4145 before making a final determination. Male and female have different pronunciations. 02877 jwe:s jwe:s
11/Feb/2006
juez town mayor and judge alcalde y juez del pueblo Am govern officials The lieutenant mayor is called the <kam>segundoh</kam>. komisa:rioh synonym Am tekiwah synonym Am tekiwah synonym Oa 02878 a:wixtli a:wixtli á:wixtlí á:wixtlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(ch) yes-lex dew; water left on plants in the morning after a night's rain rocío; agua que se encuentra en la mañana sobre las plantas después de que lloviópor la noche Pending weather ah ich The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) <kn>ahwechtli</kn> or <kn>ahwachtli</kn> ; Carochi also gives <kn>áuachtli</kn>. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec <kam>a:wistli</kam> and Oapan <koa>áwixtlí</koa> should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. For Ameyaltepec, check homophony with /a:wistli/, a type of tree. Check, perhaps this should be /a:wixtli/ as I have recorded it in one file card. Check initial vowel length carefully here and with other forms. Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: For /á:wixtlí/ the pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) <kn>ahwechtli</kn> or <kn>ahwachtli</kn> ; Carochi also gives <kn>áuachtli</kn>. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec <kam>a:wistli</kam> and Oapan <koa>áwixtlí</koa> should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. Check vowel length in both Am and Oa. Oa shows p-a, but this may or may not indicate short vowel. Note that in other cases /ah/ initial sequences in Am go to a long vowel. Peterson and Lehiste suggest segmenting vowel and /w/ boundary at"the region in which the slope of the second formant acquired a positive value"(p. 697). This would clearly place some initial /a/s, such as Inocencio Jiménez's first token, as a long vowel and Florencia Marcelino's second utterance. The Ameyaltepec form still needs to be studies. Since historically the initial syllable was *ah (as in Classical) Check for underlying /h/. In Classical the cognate forms are <kn>ahwechtli</kn> and <kn>ahwachtli</kn>. In Ameyaltepec note the word for 'to sprinke,' <klam>a:icwia</klam> or <klam>a:wichwia</klam>. 02879 tapakuloh tapakuloh
11/Feb/2006
tapaculo N N-loan N1 type of small bush of the Malvaceae family, still unidentified tipo de arbusto de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificado Am Tapakuloh | Deke xwel timoxi:xa, mitstla:lilian ia:yo itic motsi:nko ika jeri:ngah. Niman tipatis. Am Felix Venancio <kam>Tapakuloh</kam> : If you cannot defecate, they inject its juice into your rectum. You will get better right away. <kam>Tapakuloh</kam> : Si no puedes defecar, te inyectan su jugo en el recto. Luego luego te alivias. Cf. notebook for further remedies; I believe there is one recorded for if you stomach hurts. tlako:tlachpa:wa:stli equivalent Oa 02880 tlankimichin *tlankimichin tlankomichin tlankomichin
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b-in Stem 4 person who has tiny teeth (at times with small spaces between them) persona con dientes muy pequeños (a veces con pequeños espacios entre si) Am Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan. Am You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide. Tienes dientes muy pequeños, tus dientes no son anchos. child having only two teeth (said of young children who are just getting their teeth and have only two) niño con solamente dos dientes (dicho de niños a quienes apenas les están saliendo sus dientes y solamente tienen dos) Oa tlan kimich Re: grammatical notes: check the difference between /papatla:wak/, /papatla:hkeh/ and /patla:wakeh/. Reduplication; pluralization: Note the phrase /Titlankimichin, xpapatla:wak motlan/ 'You have tiny teeth, your teeth are not wide.' In this phrase the reduplication of a verbal stem (adjectival) is used to indicate plurality of many objects that are the same: /papatla:wak motlan/. Cf. this to /papatla:hkeh/, which perhaps is used for more individuated objects. This should be checked. Compounds; modification; possessor raising: Note that /tlankomichin/ is a N-N compound. The first noun is"possessed"by the subject, thematically possessor. And the second noun has an attributive function in regard to the"raised"noun. When used predicatively the phrase means 'I am a person whoe has tiny teeth,' 'I have tiny teeth,' 'my teeth are tiny,' etc. 02881 tenexe:wi tenexe:wi tenexe:wi tenexe:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] ~Trans class-3a(w) to become clouded over (e.g., eyes, with a thin greyish film because of dust and irritation, the condition in Spanish called <spn>carnosidad</spn>) nublarse (p. ej., ojos, con una capa gris, a causa de polvo e irritación, la condición que en español se llama carnosidad) Pending O:tenexe:w mi:xtew. Am Your eye (one) got covered with a thin grey film. Se te tapóun ojo con una delgada capa gris (a causa de la condición conocida como carnosidad). te nex Check for other potential subject of /tenexe:wi/. Check for /tenexiwi/, which has not been documented. 02882 tokia kitokia tokia kitokia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-2a to stoke (a fire) atizar (un fuego) Pending to stoke a fire under atizar un fuego abajo de Pending Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi! Am Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making <klam>nextamahli</klam> so that it rapidly comes to a boil! ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que hierva de una vez! Oksepa xtoki un tenexko:ntli para ma:ka tlasese:wis! Am Stoke that lime kiln so that it doesn't go out! ¡Atiza ese horno para cal para que no se apague! toki The identification of the object of <kam>tokia</kam> is not entirely clear. In the above examples, from Ameyaltepec, it is the object under which the fire is being stoked that is the object (in one case, the pot for making <kam>nextamahli</kam>). The applicative form <klam>tokilia</klam> manifests similar problems in determining the primary object of the verbal construction (see notes there). It appears that the situation might be distinct in Oapan. Here, according to some consultants, the object of <koa>tokiya</koa> is the fire itself; the transitive verb form <koa>tlatokilia</koa> is also used, and with this the object is the <koa>koma:hli</koa>, <koa>nexko:ntli</koa>, etc., and the <kn>tla-</kn> has a culturally determined meaning of 'fire.' Determine the difference in objects between /tokiya/, /tokilia/ and /tlatokilia/, i.e., determine the potential objects for each case. That is, is it the object under which the fire is being stoked that is the object or the fire itself. Check. tokilia val_add_applic Am 02883 i:xakamantetlakali ki:xakamantetlakali i:xakamantétlakáli i:xakamantetlakali ki:xakamantétlakáli
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-b ~Intrans Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a yes-lex to throw face down; to make fall face down (particularly a person) tirar boca abajo al suelo; hacer caer boca abajo (particularmente a una persona) Pending i:xaka man tlahkali Etymology of /i:xakamantetlakali/ has been analyzed as /i:xaka/ 'face down' as adverb, plus verb /mani/ and verb /tlakali/, with the intensifier /te/ (cf. kwa:temo:tla). Note that there are several cases of apparently V (reduced stem) - Verb compounds. Here /i:xakaman-/ gives the resulting position after the object has been thrown to the ground. An effort should be made to determine the difference between V-ka: compounding and the verbal root. 02884 i:xa:wia ki:xa:wia i:xa:wia ki:xa:wiya
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi(a) class-2a to rinse off (without using soap, just by pouring water over the surface of sth) enjuagar (sin usar jabón, simplemente al verter agua sobre la superficie de algo) Pending Xki:xa:wi un teposko:ntsi:n, ma ki:sa un tla:ltekwtli! Am Rinse off that small pot so that the dust comes off! ¡Enjuaga esa ollita para que se quite el polvo! Ma ki:xa:wi. Am Just have him rinse it off quickly! ¡Quélo enjuague rápido! i:x a: pa:ka The phrase /ma ki:xa:wi/ contrasts with /ma kipapa:ka/ which implies washing something with soap. However, cf. the difference between /ma ki:xa:mi ikone:w/ and /ma ki:xa:wi ikone:w/. Are both possible and correct; if so, what is the difference between one and the other. It seems that /i:xa:wia/ means to rinse by pouring water over, while /i:xa:mia/ means to wash the surface of. However, also see if there is a word /xa:wia/ as in /ne:chxa:wia/ or whether it is /ne:chi:xa:wia/. The first pronunciation (female /ki:xawilia/ at 32:44) before the set of four after the bell is in error and should not be tagged. i:xa:wilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 02885 xi:kalte:skatl *xi:kalte:skatl xi:kalte:skatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 water that is in a <kam>jícara</kam> being used for divination, and into which maize and copal balls are thrown agua es estádentro de una jícara que se estáempleando para adivinar, y a que se le echan maíz y bolitas de copal Am xi:kal te:ska divination Perhaps change title of divination head for onomasiological section. 02886 ma:pipichowilia kima:pipichowilia ma:pichowilia kima:pichowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ap Lex. rpd-s (Am) class-2a to whistle loudly at chiflarle fuerte a (para llamarle la atención) Pending Kima:pipichowilia para ma wa:ltlachia. Am He whistles loudly at him so that he looks this way. Le chifla fuertemente para que voltee hacia acá. ma:pipichowa ma: pich communication Oapan reduplication: One aspect of Oapan Nahuatl is, of course, the reduced reduplicant, manifested as pitch accent or pitch accent and length. This is a quite widespread and productive process. Another aspect is the lack of reduplicants in certain words that in neighboring dialects, and in historical forms, manifest reduplication. Such is the case with /ma:pi(pi)chowa/ and /ma:pi(pi)chowilia/ (the parentheses represent reduplicants not present in Oapan). Another is /tlan(ki)kisa/ and related words (e.g., /tlan(ki)kisno:tsa/). Cf. the case of /kuhsa:wananakatl/ and Oa /kuhsa:wanakatl/. It is not clear in this latter case, however, whether Oa has a long vowel on /wa/, which would be the reflex of the reduplicant. It appears that it does not. ma:pipichowa verb_base Am ma:pichowa verb_base Oa 02887 tla:lakato:chin tla:lakato:chin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 bobcat, <l>Lynx rufus</l> gato montés o gato rabón, <l>Lynx rufus</l> Am Tla:lakato:chin, te:kwa:ni, pero kitowan mansi:toh para je:nteh. Wel iwa:n nomailia so:lo te:kwa:ni. Am The <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> , it attacks, but they say it is not threatening to people. Only the <kam>te:kwa:ni</kam> can fight with it. El <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> , ataca, pero dicen que es mansito con la gente. Solamente el <klam>te:kwa:ni</klam> puede verselas conél. animal mammal tla:l aka to:ch The etymology of <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> is uncertain, as is the vowel length. Originally I had recorded all vowels except the final /o:/ as short. I then checked and corrected this to the present sequence, with an initial long /a:/. In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the <kam>tla:lakato:chin</kam> (or <kam>champoltsi:n</kam> , an identical term). The identification as <l>Lynx rufus</l>is based on Leopold (1959). champoltsi:n equivalent Am kuwmisto:n confer Am 02888 tlatoma tlatoma tlatoma tlatoma
09/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-mi class-3a(m) to unhitch a team of oxen desatar y soltar una yunta Pending tom tlatomilia val_add_applic Am, Oa toma minus_tla Am, Oa 02889 chi:maltik chi:maltik chi:maltik chi:maltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> to be big, round, and mostly flat (large tortillas, loaves of certain types of bread, pancakes, stains, fishing nets when properly thrown, omelettes, mushrooms, billowing dresses, records, etc.) ser redondo, grande y algo plano (tortillas grandes, ciertos panes como semita, hotcakes, manchas, terrayas cuando se avientan bien, omeletes, ciertas faldas que se hinchan, discos, etc.) Pending Ne: mlá:k uwei, ihkí:n techichi:maltik. Am Those there (in this case loaves of bread) are really big, they are wide and round like this (indicating with hands). Esos son grandes de a deveras (en este casom panes), son hasta asíde grandes y redondos (indicándolo con las manos). Asta techi:maltik. Am It's just so big and round (in this case a fried egg tort) Es hasta muy grande y redondo (en este caso una torta de huevo). chi:mal If the round object is small, the diminutive <kamoa>chi:maltsi:n</kamoa> is used. Check to see if /chi:maltik/ is commonly used, or if the main (perhaps only) form is intensified: /techi:maltik/. If the round object is not big the diminutive without /-tik/ is used: /chi:maltsi:n/, e.g. a small tortilla. In vulgar speech this and related terms are at times used to refer to the male organ. This word is often used in reference to the male organ and considered vulgar when so used (cf. <klam>kuhchi:maltik</klam>). Review possible etymology of /chi:mal/ based on /chi:-/ and /malV/ based on other words with /malV/ indicating roundness such as /malacatl/. 02890 tsatsilia kitsatsilia 'tsatsília tsatsilia kítsatsília
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to shout to gritar a Pending Xkontsatsili! Am Give him a shout (over there)! ¡échale un grito allá! (with long vowel reduplication) to shout senselessly and repeatedly at (con reduplicación de vocal larga) gritar sin sentido y repetidas veces a Pending Tlawe:leh katka, san a:uska:n te:tsa:tsatsilia, a:uska:n te:wa:n nokwala:nia. Am He used to be bad tempered, everywhere he would shout at people, everywhere he would get angry with people. Antes era mal humurado, en todos lados le gritaba a la gente, en todos lados se enojaba con la gente. tsahtsi tsatsi verb_base Am tsátsí verb_base Oa 02891 tewila:nilia kitewila:nilia tewila:nilia kitewila:nilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a to drag along the ground for jalar o arrastrar por el suelo para Pending to stretch for; to pull for estirar para; jalar para Pending Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n. Am Pull on my leg for me, I dislocated it. Jálame la pierna, se me distendió. (with extraverse directional prefix <kn>on-</kn>) to take down or off for (con prefijo direccional extraversa <kn>on-</kn>) bajar o tomar para Pending to pull over for jalar hacia (algn) para Pending te- wila: tewila:na verb_base Am, Oa 02892 tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl tlai:xkopi:nahlo:tl i:tlai:xkopi:nahlo
24/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas-abstr Stem 2 portrait; representation; copy retrato; representation en pintura; cuadro, copia; reproducción Pending Kwaltsi:n motlai:xkopi:nahlo. Am Your portrait (picture) is pretty. Es bonito tu retrato. Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes itlai::xkopi:nahlo! Am Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! camera cámara Pending i:x kopi: Check absence of /w/ in possessive, which is, however, to be expected. Check what the possessor refers to, it is the owner of the portrait or the subject. If the determination is not in agreement with the illustrative sentence, then it should be changed. Note the formation of an abstract noun from a transitive verb: /i:xkopi:nahlo:tl/ is derived from /i:xkopi:na/ 'to copy or reproduce an image'. Discuss in chapter on nominalizations. 02893 xa:yakatsokwiltik xa:yakatsokwiltik xa:yá:tsokwíltik xa:ya:tsókwiltík xa:yá:tsokwíltik; xa:ya:tsókwiltík
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik yes-lex to be filthy-faced; to have a filthy face tener la cara muy sucia Pending xa:yaka tsohkwil The most common pronunciation for the Oapan headword is <koa>xa:yá:tsokwíltik</koa>. Here it appears that the long vowel of <koa>xa:ya:-</koa> (a long vowel that results from the loss of /k/ intervocalicly) pulls the pitch accent to the left. In many other cases the pitch accent stays both on the nucleus that had {h} as coda and on"home"lexical element (here <koa>tsókwiltík</koa>, thus maximizing input-output correspondence). Nevertheless, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept a leftward shift of pitch to <koa>xa:ya:tsókwíltík</koa>, though this seemed to be a less natural pattern. Note that the first group of four is /xa:yá:tsokwíltik/, whereas the second group is /xa:ya:tsókwiltík/. Please tag all as"a""b""c"and"d"for each speaker. Then for final selection one of each pronunciation should be selected for each speaker, and a new sound file created with the spliced sound (e.g., female 1st-2nd pronunciation, male 1st-2nd pronunciation) 02894 te:nxomi:tah i:te:nxomi:tah te:nxomi:tah i:te:nxomi:tah
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>-ita</spn> N N-N N-b N2 diminutive, see <klam>te:nxo:mah</klam> diminutivo, véase <klam>te:nxo:mah</klam> Pending According to my analysis the diminutive <kamoa>te:nxomi:tah</kamoa> shortens the /o/. This is definitely the case in Oapan Nahuatl. Apparently the use of a Spanish diminutive on a Nahuatl word (<kamoa>te:nxo:mah</kamoa>) redistributes length across the word, which now behaves as a loanword would, with a long vowel on the penultimate syllable. te:n xo:mah 02895 yekaselia yekaselia yekaselia yekaselia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Adj; ~Intrans class-4b(ya-x) to have the tip sprout (a plant [S]) retoñarsele el punto (a una planta [S]) Pending Yo:pe:w yekaseselian yepakihli ika o:kiaw. Am The tips of the branches on the <kbam>yekakihli</kbam>tree have started to sprout with the rain. Las puntas de las ramas delárbol llamado <klam>yekakihli</klam> han empezado a retoñar con la lluvia. yeka sel Plant growth, parts, botany, etc. In Oapan this is often found in the reduced reduplicative plural: <koa>yeká:seliá</koa>. Obtain recording of /yeká:seliá/. 02896 tla:nilia kitla:nilia tla:nilia kitla:nilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to extract (some good [SO]) out of; to earn from (e.g., ones efforts, above initial cost, etc.) sacar (algún provecho [OS]) de Pending San se: pe:soh niktla:nilia. Am I just earn one peso from it (e.g., a specific task or activity, such as selling, referring to profit above cost). Le saco solamente un peso (p. ej., de una actividad como vender, la ganancia arriba del costo). to get the better of (e.g., a situation over sb) ganar (p. ej., una situación a algn) Pending O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli. Am Laughter got the better of me. Me ganóla risa. (refl. with specific object) to earn for oneself (refl. con objeto específico) ganar por si mismo Pending Tli:n kinotla:nilia, nochi kitlamia. Am Whatever he earns for himself, he uses it all up. Lo que gana para si mismo, todo lo acaba. Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtia itomi:ntsi:n. Am He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there. Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí. to lose control over ones bowels and defecate on oneself perder el control de los intestinos y defecar sobre si mismo Pending tla:ni Check for other uses of the applicative, e.g., someone who earns a profit from his money, perhaps /kitla:nilia itomi:n/, etc. Check correctness of /O:ne:xtla:nilih wetskistli/. Note that male mistakenly says, before final set, /kitla:lilia/. Do not tag. tla:ni verb_base Am, Oa 02897 kuwtsontetl kuwtsontetl kohtsontetl kohtsontetl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Stem 2 tree stump (Oapan synonym: <kloa>kohtetepontli</kloa>) tocón (sinónimo de Oapan: <kloa>kohtetepontli</kloa>) Am one who borrows sth and sits on it, not returning it uno que pide algo prestado y se queda con ello, no regresándolo prontamente Pending Tikuwtsontetl pa:mpa xniman o:tihka:wato. Am You are a"tree stump"because you didn't go return it right away. Eres un"tocón"porque no lo fuiste a devolver luego luego. kow tson te On one file card I recorded that /kohtsontetl/ can also be used to refer to a trunk of a tree that is lying on the ground. Check. 02898 kale:walxo:chitl kale:walxo:chitl kale:walxo:chitl kale:walxo:chitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 flower of the <kam>kale:wahli</kam> flor del <kam>kale:wahli</kam> Pending plant fl kal e:wa xo:ch Xref this to the botanical encyclopedia. kale:wahli confer Am 02899 tlaxo:tla tlaxo:tla tlaxo:tla tlaxo:tla
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-b class-4a for it to be scorching (a very hot day); for it to be blistering hot hacer un calor infernal; ser un día abrasador Pending Titla:ltoto:nka:mikis pa:mpa o:tlaxo:tlak wa:n xtikpia mowe:rach. Am Your feet will get burned from the hot earth because its scorching and you don't have your sandals. Se te van a quemar los pies porque hace muchísimo calor y no traes tus huaraches. weather xo:tla Make sure that /tlaxo:tla/ only refers to the weather and can be considered an impersonal with a lexicalized meaning. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used here. xo:tla minus_tla Am, Oa 02900 miák miák miak miek miek; miak
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia Compl a lot; plenty (particularly of countable nouns) mucho; gran cantidad de (sustantivos contables) Pending Miák ko:koneh nemi icha:n. Am A lot of children are at his house. Muchos niños andan en su casa. Mimiák o:noto:to:kak. Am A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting). Se sembrómucha semilla en cada pocito (en este caso en cada pocito del campo se dejarón caer muchas semillas de maíz). Xok mimiák o:tito:kakeh. Am We didn't plant a lot (of seeds together) anymore (i.e., we planted only by groups of 3's or 4's together). Ya no sembramos mucha (semilla en cada mata; p. ej., solamente pusimos 3 o 4 semillas juntos para cada mata). (<kam>wel</kam> ~); see <klam>wel</klam> (<kam>wel</kam> ~); véase <klam>wel</klam> Pending miak Apparently <kam>miakeh</kam> is used as the plural for animates; <kam>mimiák</kam> has a more distributive sense. Yet the precise contexts in which <kam>miakeh</kam> , <kam>mimiakeh</kam> and <kam>mimiak</kam> are used needs to be determined. Reduplication: /Mimiák o:noto:to:kak/ 'A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting).' Note the use of short reduplication as in /mimiák/ even though the verb has long reduplication /o:noto:to:kakeh/. The reason appears to be the fact that the first reduplication (/mimiák/) refers to bunches of seed that are together in ones hand, in a small hole in the ground, etc. However, the verbal reduplication /noto:to:ka/ is based on the fact that the planting takes place at regular intervals, stride by stride. Hence the long vowel reduplication. Note: here there are two pronunciations. These will eventually be linked in one sound file, activated by one click. Indeed, all cases will be merged into one file (although in certain cases this might contain 4 words). 02901 tewitso:ktli tewitso:ktli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(k) half-crescent pointed piece of metal placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) pieza de metal de forma de media luna que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa asíarmada) Am tool agricultural tools te witso:k Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration in notebook. This is the same shape but larger than the /witso:ktli/. The former is for uprooting stones, etc. /kwepe:wa tetl/ and the /witso:ktli, san para to:kalo/. 02902 kekelowa kikekelowa kekelowa kikekelowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. rdp-s* class-2b to tickle dar cosquillas a Pending Xkekelo! Ma notlalo! Am Tickle it (in this case a burro)! Make it run! ¡Dále cosquillas!¡Quécorra! kel In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of grinding the middle knuckle of the middle finger into the spine of a burro behind its saddle, on its ticklish spot, <kam>i:kekel</kam> , in order to make it run. Given the lexical nature of reduplication here, not reduction onto a short vowel of a previous syllable is possible. Finally, note that during a workshop in Oapan, Roberto Mauricio gave the form <koa>kekeliwi</koa>. Others in the workshop, however, stated that they had never heard of or used this intransitive form. Note that in Oapan no reduced form is possible: * <koa>ki:kelowa</koa>. Apparently intransitive does not exist, but this should be checked since in classical the intransitive is found. Reduplication Oapan: Note that in Oapan no reduced form of /kikekelowa/ is possible: * <koa>ki:kelowa</koa>. 02903 tlatlastopo:ni tlatlastopo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-alt-ni Lex. rdp-s class-3a see <klam>xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni</klam> véase <klam>xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni</klam> Am tlats-2-; topo: Check for other possible meanings of /tlastopo:ni/ or /tlatlastopo:ni/. 02904 tepostla:hloh tepostla:hloh tepostla:hloh tepostla:hloh
22/Oct/2005
Adj N-Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans to be covered or full of rust estar cubierto deóxido Pending tepos tla:l Check for transitive and if possible change /tran field. 02905 ichpa:na kichpa:na ichpa:na kichpa:na
11/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b class-3a i>0 to sweep (e.g., a porch or patio); to sweep up (garbage on the ground) barrer (un lugar como patio o piso, o también lo que estátirado) Pending Nikichpa:nas un tlasohli. Am I will sweep up that garbage. Voy a barrer esa basura. Nitlachpa:ntok. Am I am sweeping. Estoy barriendo. (refl.) to move suddenly to the side (a beast of burden as it is walking) (refl.) hacerse de repente a un lado (una bestia de carga al caminar) Pending chpa: In Oapan this verb can be reduplicated as follows. There are, in total, 5 forms to be distinguished: 1) <koa>tlachpa:na</koa> ; 2) <koa>tlá:chpá:na</koa> ; 3) <koa>tla:tlachpa:na</koa> ; 4) <koa>tla:tlá:chpá:na</koa> ; and 5) <koa>tlátlá:chpá:na</koa>. Determine whether the object can be both the object swept (as in /nikichpa:nas un tlasohli/) or the place swept (nikichpa:nas nokal, or nokali). My preliminary information suggests that both are possible. 02906 so:lin so:lin so:lin so:lin
24/Oct/2005
N N-b-in Stem 4 type of quail, or perhaps wood-partridge, of the family Phasianidae; apparently this name includes quail with head feathers such as the Banded Quail <l>Philortyx fasciatus</l>, and other types without these feathers, perhaps the Singing Quail, <l>Dactylortyx thoracicus</l>, or a related species. tipo de codorniz, o quizá"wood-partridge,"de la familia Phasianidae, aparentemente incluye codornices con plumas de la cabeza como el"Banded Quail," <l>Philortyx fasciatus</l>, y otros tipos sin este plumaje, quizáel"Singing Quail," <l>Dactylortyx thoracicus</l>o especies cercanas. Pending Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 16, 15, pp. 232, 228 animal bird so:l 02907 i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti i:xté:mpa:yá:ti i:xté:mpa:ya:ti i:xté:mpa:yá:ti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti rdp-s/h Am, Oa class-3d(ti) yes to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply poor eyesight) llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala de por si) Pending Yoi:xte:mpapa:ya:tkeh, ye o:tla:wa:nkeh. Am They've gotten blurry vision, they've already gotten drunk. Ya se les nublóla vista, ya se emborracharon. i:x te:n pa:ya: First of 3 female tokens is wrong, /i:xte:mpa:ya:tik/. This should be coded as word, 05452 f1"z"to leave room for other tokens. Use first female token of correct 4-set; then use last (2nd) male token. i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia val_add_caus Am 02908 i:xmani i:xmani i:xmani i:xmani
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni Compl class-3a to become smooth on the surface; to become flat (a section of the ground; a pile of things such as grain) ponerse liso por la superficie; quedar plano o parejo (una sección de tierra o del suelo, o un montón de algo como maíz) Pending Xka:la:wa: un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani. Am Push that earth down (where it is slightly high, in a mound) so that the ground is even (smooth). Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano. to become spread out (standing water) extenderse (agua estancada) Pending i:x man i:xakamantok The verb <kamoa>i:xmani</kamoa> is usually found in a stative form, <klamoa>i:xmantok</klamoa>, which is in a separate entry. It refers to something like a small section of land that is flat, or corn piled in a granary that is flat and smooth at the top, not piled up in a heap. However, unlike statives such as <klamoa>i:xakamantok</klamoa>, <klam>kweptok</klam> or <kloa>koptok</kloa>, and others, <kam>i:xmantok</kam> is found in an intransitive form. Check definition of 'to become spread out (standing water)' Add phrase under /otli/ and /owitia/. i:xmani:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa 02909 suwa:tlake:ntli suwa:tlake:ntli siwa:tlake:ntli siwa:tlake:ntli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-dvb-perf Stem 1(m) women's clothes ropa de mujer Pending Kixo:chio:ti:s isuwa:tlake:n. Am She will embroider her clothes. Va a bordar su ropa de mujer. sowa: ke:m clothes 02910 tenexkuwsa:wananakatl tenexkuwsa:wananakatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 2 large fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of the <klam>tenexkuwsa:watl</klam> tree hongo grande que crece sobre la cáscara delárbol <klam>tenexkuwsa:watl</klam> Am plant mush kohsa:wananakatl te nex kow sa:wa naka Make sure that this term is not found in Oapan; also make sure that the possessed Intrinsic form can be used. 02911 xa:yakakwepa noxa:yakakwepa xa:ya:kopa xa:yakakopa kixa:ya:kopa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a (refl.) to turn ones head (either to avoid sb's look or to look toward sb) (refl.) voltear la cabeza (o para evitar la mirada de algn, o para mirar directamente a algo) Pending xa:yaka kwepa Determine the meaning of transitive /kixa:yakakopa/, etc. 02912 ka: chika ka: chika
11/Feb/2006
Modal Neg-Modal Modal it's not true! ¡no es verdad! Am Ka: chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:borió:n! Am It's not true! It's only a joke! ¡No es verdad!¡Es sólo una vacilada! ka: chika <kam>Chika</kam> enters into several Ameyaltepec forms. Since I have recorded /ka:chika/ with a long vowel and /tlakachika/ with a short vowel, these should be rechecked. chika confer Am 02913 yoyoma kiyoyoma yóyomá yoyoma kí:yomá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(m) yes (reduplicated with a long or short vowel, depending on the circumstances) to skim against in a curved motion, skimming against the surface of the object at the bottom of the curve (note: the prototypical motion of this sort is that made by a woman grinding <klam>nextamahli</klam> on a metate) (con reduplicación de vocal larga o corta, dependiendo de las circumstancias) pegar rozando con una moción encorvada (rozando la superficie del objeto al punto más bajo de la curva; el ejemplo prototípico de esta acción es la de una mujer moliendo nixtamal sobre un metate) Am Tlateyo:yontok ipan a:tl a:yoyontsi:n. Am The dragonfly skims against the surface of the water. La libélula pasa rozando sobre la superficie del agua. Yo:li:k kiteyo:yontok imetl, xnotlasiwi:tia. Am She is slowly pushing down again and again against her metate, she's not in any hurry. Despacio empuja y empuja contra su metate, no se apura. (fig.) to have sexual intercourse with (a man [S] with a woman [O] based on the type of motion involved) (fig.) tener relaciones sexuales con (un hombre [S] con una mujer [O] basado en el tipo de moción utilizado) Pending Kiyo:yoma isuwa:w. Am He has sex with his wife. Tiene relaciones sexuales con su esposa. motion yoma The action indicated by <kamoa>yoma</kamoa> has only been documented in the three types of motion noted above: a dragonfly against water, a woman grinding on a metate, and a man having intercourse with a woman. Because of the latter, this word is often used in double entendres, as in the riddle <kam>Se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tosa:sa:ne:l, se: tona:na:tsi:n, san nochipa noyoyontok</kam> 'Una adivinanza, una adivinanza: A una señora, siempre la estarán fregando (es el metate).' In Oapan <koa>yoma</koa>, which is only found reduplicated with either long or short vowel, only has a sexual sense, referring to the action of the male in mounting a female (in reference to human intercourse and that of donkeys, dogs, pigs, and other similar animals). Determine difference and if both are possible: /yo:yoma/ and /yoyoma/. 02914 i:xmi:miktia ki:xmi:miktia i:xmi:mihtia ki:xmi:mihtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to cause to have or to give blurry vision; to blur the vision of (a bright light) hacer que tenga la vista nublosa; nublar la vista de (una luz fuerte) Pending Ne:chi:xmi:miktia to:nahli. Am The sun blurs my vision. El sol me nubla la vista. i:x miki The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in <kloa>i:xmi:miki</kloa>. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in <koa>i:xmi:miki</koa> is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Juan Tetelcingo will have to be co nsulted). It is possible that Oapan <koa>i:xmi:mihtia</koa> represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. Carefully query and check vowel length of the reduplicant. Vowel reduplication; length: The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in <kloa>i:xmi:miki</kloa>. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in <koa>i:xmi:miki</koa> is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Jua n Tetelcingo will have to be consulted). It is possible that Oapan <koa>i:xmi:mihtia</koa> represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. Check for /h/; note absence of vowel p-a in Oapan. Check vowel length in all forms. Use first token of female and either one of male. Note: this is because in the first token of Florencia the vowel has long duration. Inocencio's pronunciation is with a defnite short vowel. i:xmi:miki verb_base Am, Oa 02915 koya:wi koya:wi koya:wi koya:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) to stretch open or widen (a hole or round opening in sth, such as the mouth of a sack, a loop, the hole in the roof of a thatched-roof hut, etc.) abrirse o ensancharse (un agujero o abertura redonda, como la boca de un costal, un lazo, una agujero grande en el techo de una casa de palma, etc.) Pending Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s. Am Your lasso is twisted up, (the loop in it) can't open up in order that you be able to lasso something. Tu riata estátorcida, no puede abrirse para que puedas lazar algo. to become loose (e.g., clothes or other things that go around sth) estirarse o quedar más holgado (p. ej., ropa o cosas similares que se ponen alrededor de algo) Pending koya: <kamoa>Koya:wi</kamoa> refers to the stretching out (with the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> / in particular this verb indicates a harmful stretching) of a sack opening, a shirt or bonnet. It may also refer to openings or tears that get larger (e.g. in a thatched roof, or a hole in cloth). Finally, it may also be used as a sexual <spn>albur</spn>(double entendre) with a human subject, referring to the widening of the anus from penetration. This sexual allusion is particularly strong in the applicative <klamoa>koya:wilia</klamoa>and is noted in the vulgar sexual insult used in Ameyaltepec (but not Oapan): <kam>tsi:nkoya:wak</kam> 'faggot.' 02916 a:jos a:jos ajos ajos
22/Oct/2005
ajos N N-loan garlic ajos Pending A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos. Am It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic. Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo. plant domesticated Make sure that this acceptation of /molo:nki/ is in the dictionary, as well as /panowa/. 02917 solo:ni solo:ni solo:ni solo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni[+ca] +Caus class-3a to make a rushing sound (e.g., water in a rapids); to make a whirring, whizzing, or whooshing sound hacer un sonido como de torrente (p. ej., agua en los rápidos); hacer un sonido como soplido, zumbido, runrún, etc. Pending Wel solo:ni motro:mpoh. Am Your top can make a whooshing sound (when it spins rapidly). Tu trompo puede hacer un sonido como de zumpido (al girar rápido). Wa:lsolo:ntiw un ko:chin. Am That car is coming along making a whirring sound. Viene ese coche haciendo un sonido como de runrún. (<kam>sa: solo:ntok</kam>) to be just wheezing (as one is near death) (<kam>sa: solo:ntok</kam>) estar nomás resollando (al aproximarse a la muerte) Pending solo: In Oapan <koa>solo:ni</koa> is apparently only used to refer to the wheezing of a person extremely ill and on the verge of death. It refers to a rumbling noise in the throat. In reference to water in Oapan only the progressive seems to be used: <koa>solo:ntok</koa>. Check to determine whether a transitive form /solo:nia/ exists, or whether only /solo:naltia/, which is reported in my corpus, is found. If the two do exist, then determine the difference. If only /solo:naltia/ exists, then change the /cat field coding to V1-b(ni/ltia). Also determine what other potential subjects of /solo:ni/ are. solo:naltia val_add_caus Am, Oa sosolka frequent Am, Oa 02918 sio:tomi sio:tomi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-mi class-3a(m) see <klam>soyotomi</klam> véase <klam>soyotomi</klam> Am sio tom Tag these tokens with the numbers for 02859, letters"c"and"d"for each speaker. 02919 te:nkaxa:nki te:nkaxa:nki te:nkaxa:nki te:nkaxa:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to have a loose top, cap, or lid (a container, etc.) tener la tapa, tapadera o tapón flojo (un recipiente, etc.) Pending te:n kaxa: <kamoa>Te:nkaxa:nki</kamoa> may refer to a cover or cap that should fit into the top of a pot, mouth of a bottle, etc., or it may refer to a screw-on top that is loose. Its antonym is <klamoa>te:ntili:ntok</klamoa>(in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan) or <klam>te:ntepi:stik</klam> (used in Ameyaltepec). Check to determine all things that may be the subject. 02920 xa:yakakakalaki xa:yakakakalaki xa:ya:kákaláki xa:yá:kaláki xa:ya:kakalaki xa:yá:kalaki xa:yá:kaláki; xa:ya:kákaláki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b Lex rdp-s class-3a(k) yes-rdp to have ones cheeks sunken in sumirsele las mejillas (a algn) Pending xa:yaka kalak Oapan Nahuatl <koa>xa:ya:kákaláki</koa> manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an alternate pronunciation, <koa>xa:yá:kaláki</koa>, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form, with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem. This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal speech. Oapan phonology; reduplication, k-loss: Oapan Nahuatl <koa>xa:ya:kákaláki</koa> manifests reduplication of the verbal stem (given that this condition affects both cheeks at the same time). There is no reduction onto the previous syllable of the incorporated noun given that the vowel is long. The pitch accent remains on the reduplicant and does not shift leftward. Nevertheless, when I asked if an alternate pronunciation, <koa>xa:yá:kaláki</koa>, was acceptable, both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez accepted it and gave it as an alternate pronunciation. This form, with pitch accent, would seem to have reduced reduplication (the {h} coda of the reduplicant is the source of pitch accent) on the final long vowel of the incorporated noun stem. This is unusual though not without precedent in Oapan Nahuatl. Nevertheless, though correct and acceptable, it is probably not the pronunciation that would be expected in normal speech. 02921 pro:beti pro:beti pró:wetí pro:weti pró:wetí
11/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>pobre</spn> No V1 V1-d-ti class-3d(ti) yes to become poor and impoverished quedarse pobre Pending Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipro:bet. Am He makes fun of you because you've become really impoverished. Se burla de típorque te quedaste muy empobrecido. The /e/ of Oapan Nahuatl <koa>pró:wetí</koa> seems to have a slightly longer duration than expected. But given the phonological rule which readjusts pitch assignment to H-L-H only with a short second vowel (a long vowel would hold pitch accent), the /e/ has been considered short. Determine for sure if the /o:/ is long and the /e/ short; perhaps the situation is reversed. plo:wetia synonym Am pro:betia synonym Am pró:wetiá synonym Oa poró:wetiá synonym Oa 02922 kwe:tekomo:ni kwe:tekomo:ni kwe:tekomo:ni kwe:tekomo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) ~Trans Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a to have ones dress puff and billow out (e.g., while dancing, wading into water, etc.) quedarsele extendida hacia afuera la falda (a algn, p. ej., al bailar o entrar al agua) Am, Oa kwe: te- komo: This term has only been documented with the intensifier; it is often used with the aspectual ending <kn>-tiw</kn>. Apparently this only occurs with the infixed intensifier. However, this should be checked. There is probably a transitive form: obtain and enter and change the relevant fields. 02923 chichikone:tl chichikone:tl chichikone:tl chichikone:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 puppy cachorro Am, Oa animal domes chichi kone: Unlike <kam>chichi</kam> , <kam>chichikone:tl</kam> can be possessed. 02924 te:kwitlani kite:kwitlani te:witlani te:kwitlani kite:witlanin, kite:kwitlani
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a to summon by sending word for mandar llamar a; mandar traer a Pending Miste:kwitlani, kwa:lti:tlani se: para tiá:s. Am He sends word for you, he sends someone here so that you will go. Te manda llamar, envía a alguien aquípara que te vayas. Segi:doh kite:kwitlani para ma ya icha:n. Am He continually sends word for him to go to his house. Seguido le manda decir que vaya a su casa. to summon to the village courthouse (<spn>comisaría</spn>) to appear before the mayor or his second mandar llamar a la comisaría para comparecer ante las autoridades Pending kwi -tlani In Ameyaltepec <kam>te:kwitlani</kam> refers to the sending of a messenger or notice by letter (or similar means) to someone; the grammatical object is the person who has been informed and sent for. Thus the meaning of <kamoa>miste:kwitlani</kamoa> is that someone summons you (to where he is) by sending word to you. The directionals <kn>on-</kn> and <kn>wa:l-</kn> can be used, though most often they are not. The verb itself indicates an action that takes place over a distance, that which separates the person doing the summoning and the person summoned. Thus <kam>ne:chwa:lte:kwitlani</kam> is the same as <kam>ne:xte:kwitlani</kam> , though the form with the directional is rarely heard in unelicited speech. Note that since the person doing the summoning does not change location, the directional suffixes are not appropriate at all. The etymology of <kam>te:kwitlani</kam> is not totally transparent, but it seems to comprise the nonspecific particle <kn>te:-</kn>, the verb root <klamoa>kwi</klamoa>, and the verbal suffix <kn>-tlani</kn> (which is probably related to <kn>ihtlani</kn>). Carochi (Lockhart, p. 298 ff) states that"El verbo <kn>tlani</kn> el <kn>tla</kn>, breve (que largo, significa ganar) aunque fuera de composición, no significa nada, tiene alguna semejança con <kn>ìtlani</kn>, pedir: por que componiéndose con otros verbos significa mandar, dessear, pedir, y propriamente pretender, que se haga lo que el precedente verbo significa." Note that there are two sets of four tokens (F-M-F-M). Tag these, but don't select it for final links to the computer since there are later tokens at 06844 that have better sound. Re: the tokens originally at 6844. These are the ones to be linked. Note that there should be 6 female tokens as follows /kite:witlani/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanin/, /kite:witlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/, /kite:kwitlanin/. The first is singular and the rest are plural, with the last two having /kw/ for /w/ in the second syllable. Do not link the singular (first female token if all segment) which has a final glottal stop. The male speech tokens from 6844 follow the same pattern but there are only 5: /kite:witlani/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:witlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/, /kite:kwitlanih/. Again, don't link the first (singular) form but link one /kite:witlanih/ and one /kite:kwitlanih/. Pick the tokens where the final /h/ is the most prominent. tlalwia synonym Am 02925 tetsi:liwtok tetsi:liwtok tetsi:lihtok tetsi:lihtok
24/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be tightly wound or twisted (e.g., the threads of a rope) estar muy torcido y apretado (p. ej., los hilos de una soga o laso) Pending Xto:toma, tetsi:liwtok! Am Untwist it (e.g., a wire that is twisted and coiled), it is tightly twisted up! ¡Desenróscalo (p. ej., un alambre que estáenroscado), estábien retorcido! tetsi:l Check to determine whether /tetsi:liwtok/ and /tetsi:ltik/ are equivalent. It seems that perhaps in some cases they are, but that /tetsi:ltik/ may be used for tightly woven cloth while /tetsi:liwtok/ cannot be so used. 02926 a:man a:man a:man a:man
11/Feb/2006
Adv-time today (syn. Oa <kloa>a:mani:n</kloa>) hoy (sin. Oa <kloa>a:mani:n</kloa>) Am San a:man niá:s. Am I will only go today Solamente hoy voy a ir. now ahora Oa soon ahora Oa A:man wa:hla:s. Oa He will come soon. Ahora viene. (with diminutive <kamoa>a:mantsi:n</kamoa>) shortly; in a minute (con el diminutivo <kamoa>a:mantsi:n</kamoa>) en un momento; ahorita Am, Oa A:mantsi:n, xne:xchia! Am In just a moment, wait for me! Ahorita, ¡espérame! nowadays estos días Pending Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia. Am He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house. No estáagradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe. now (it has resulted that) ahora (resulta que) Pending O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik. Am He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died. Tuve una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió. (<koa>sa: ki</koa> ~) just recently (<koa>sa: ki</koa> ~) apenas Oa (~ <klamoa>chikwe:i</klamoa>) a week from today (~ <klamoa>chikwe:i</klamoa>) de hoy en ocho Am, Oa (~ <klamoa>kaxto:hli</klamoa>) two weeks from today; in a fortnight (~ <klamoa>kaxto:hli</klamoa>) de hoy en quince Pending a:man In <kam>san a:man</kam> the /n/ is velarized before the word boundary. This is distinct in pronunciation from <klam>sana:man</klam>. Check the vowel length and saltillo, etc of both /keh a:man i:n/ and /ke: a:man/ (perhaps /keh a:man/). Enter /ke: a:man/ also under /ke:/ or /keh/ after checking correct form; i:e., either /ke: a:man/ or /keh a:man/, often pronounced /kya:man/. sana:man confer Am a:mani:n confer Am saniman confer Oa kea:man confer Am, Oa 02927 welmati kwelmati welmati kiwelmati
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to like the feel of (e.g., a massage; often this is used in a sexual sense, either direct or as an innuendo) tener gusto por el sentir de (p. ej., un masaje; a menudo se utiliza con una implicación sexual directa o indirecta) Pending Nikwelmati notlapi:tsal, melá:k yema:nki. Am I like the feel of my wind instrument, it is really loose (i.e., light to the touch). Me gusta el sentir de mi instrumento de viento, es muy suave (esto es, al tocar no se encuentra resistencia). (refl.) to feel better (refl.) sentirse mejor Pending Ye nimowelmati. Am I'm already feeling better. Ya me estoy sintiendo mejor. wel mati When a human is the object of <kamoa>welmati</kamoa> it acquires a sexual sense. It is not overly vulgar, but used much more by men than women, e.g., <kam>Nikwelmati un sowa:tl, melá:k na:wiltia</kam> 'I like the feel of that woman, she is really frisky (in making love) / Me gusta como se siente esa mujer, es muy juguetona (en hacer el amor).' 02928 a:tioh a:tioh a:tioh a:tioh
14/Jan/2006
Adj Adj-denom-yoh ~Trans full of lice piojoso Am, Oa a:twah synonym Oa a:t 02929 tlapowilia kitlapowilia tlapowilia kitlapowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to open for abrir para Pending to turn the sound up on (e.g., a radio) subirle el sonido a (p. ej., un radio) Oa tlapo Check whether one can say /xne:xtlapowili nomi:hlan/. Vowel length: Note that whereas all endings in tlapo:wi have a long /o:/ the forms of the applicative, which derive from tlapowa, have a short /o/ tlapowa verb_base Am, Oa 02930 pa:kilistlami pa:kilistlami pa:ilistlami pa:ilistlami
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(m) to become fully content or satisfied llegar a ponerse completamente contento o satisfecho Pending A:man nipa:kilistlamis pa:mpa melá:k niknekia nikchi:was wa:n a:man nikchi:wtok. Am I will be fully content now because I truly wanted to do it (e.g., a job or activity) and now I'm doing it. Ahora voy a estar completamente contento porque de veras lo quería hacer (p. ej., un trabajo, una actividad) y ahora lo estoy haciendo. Yo:pa:kilistlan pa:mpa yo:weka:w xtlai. Kwa:k xpa:kilistlami momo:stla ihkón onkah. Am He's had his heart's content because he has been on the wagon (not drinking) for a long time. When he isn't satisfied, everyday he's like that (drunk). Ya quedócontento porque ya tiene mucho tiempo que no bebe. Cuando no se satisface, cada día anda así(de borracho). pa:ki tlami Make sure this means 'to become fully content or satisfied' and not 'for ones happiness to end' (as might be suggested by the meaning of /tlami/. Also make sure that the verb is /pa:kilistlami/ and not /pa:kilistlamia/. Get further examples of use. pa:kilistlami:ltia val_add_caus Am 02931 kana:wtok kana:wtok kana:htok i kana:htok
11/Feb/2006
Stat Stat Durative to be thin or threadbare (e.g., cloth of an item of clothing) estar luído o desgastado (p. ej., la tela de una prenda de vestir) Am kana: In Oapan <kam>kana:htok</kam> is used only as a progressive; in this sense it is like an"unergative"verb. For this reason Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez insisted on using the adverbial marker <koa>i</koa> (in other dialects often <kn>ye</kn>) in the utterance. The <koa>i</koa> is often used to indicate a progressive, particularly in cases in which the durative <kn>-tok</kn> can be interpreted as either stative/resultative or progressive. Make sure this is a stative, and cf. to /kana:wak/. It might well be that the /-tok/ statives are not found with /-a:wi/ verbs. Stative; progressive: Although I have the entry /kana:wtok/ meaning 'estáluído' it might well be that this is not really a used or common form, or, if it is, that it has more of a progressive meaning 'to be becoming threadbare.' Thus note that /toma:wtok/ would seem to not be an adjectival. Check all /-a:wi/ verbs for /-tok/ forms and see if these are statives/resultative or whether other derivations are (e.g., /tomaktik/, /toma:wak/, etc.). Note that FM refused to accept simply /kana:htok/ and stated that the correct form was /i kana:htok/. This is a good indication of the fact that /i/ is part of the progressive. Note that she did not accept this as a stative (and thus the stative should be removed from the dictionary). 02932 so:sórron so:sorrón
11/Feb/2006
sonsorrón (?) N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) noisemaker used during Holy Week matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa Am <kam>So:sórron</kam> is undoubtedly a Spanish loan, though the source is still unidentified. The termination <kam>-ón</kam> seems to occur in several lexemes that refer to toys or to things that swirl around (such as occurs with a noisemaker). Make illustration. tlakakalatsahli synonym Am kohcha:charah synonym Oa 02933 i:xte:nkwitlatl i:xte:nkwitlatl i:xte:nkwitlatl i:xte:nkwitlatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 excretions from the eyes lagañas; excreciones de los ojos Pending Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl. Am If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes. Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir excreciones por los ojos. body-part i:x te:n kwitla Check and confirm /xo:tlame:tsi:n/ vl. 02934 tlachialistli tlachialistli tlachialistli tlachialistli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(s) appearance (phyiscal, often in the sense of a pleasing or beautiful appearance) apariencia (físico, generalmente en el sentido de tener una apariencia bonita y que da placer) Pending Yewa itlachialis. Am That is the way he looks. Eso es su apariencia. To:ma:ya:tl iwa:n xi:koti, san se: tlachialistli. Am DT#8: 248 The <kbam>to:ma:ya:tl</kbam>and the <kbam>xi:kotli</kbam>have the same (have one) appearance (i.e., both are black). El <kbam>to:ma:ya:tl</kbam>y el <kbam>xi:kotli</kbam>tiene la misma (una sola) apariencia (los dos son negros). On ne:nkah xo:chitl, xkowa! Melá:k kipia itlachialis. Am That flower over there, buy it! It really looks good (i.e., have bright, strong colors). Esa flor allá,¡cómpratela!, De veras tiene buena apariencia (esto es, tiene colores brillantes). brightness (e.g., of a light or lamp) brillantez (p. ej., de una luz o lámpara) Pending San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis. Am It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't bright (e.g., a flashlight). Nada más estácentelleando, ya no tiene brillantez (p. ej., una lámpara eléctrica). chiya 02935 isekilia kisekilia ísekília isekilia kísekília
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to toast (sth such as seeds) on a griddle for tostar (algo como semillas) sobre el comal para Pending Xne:chisekili na:yowech! Am Toast my squash seeds on a griddle for me! ¡Tuéstame mi semilla de calabaza sobre un comal! hseki iseki verb_base Am ísekí verb_base Oa 02936 te:mpi:na:wi te:mpi:na:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(w) ~Trans (usually with short vowel reduplication) to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as playing an instrument) (usualmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como tocar un instrumento) Pending On toba:leh xok tlakwa:s, te:mpipi:na:wi ika to:hla:n. Am That friend of ours is no longer going to eat, he's embarrassed because there are so many people. Ese cuate ya no va a comer, se siente tímido porque hay tanta gente. Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska. Am She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile. Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), estánada más sonriendo entre dientes. Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:nin. Am He will no longer play (his wind instrument, such as a trumpet), he's embarrassed, he's heard that they (i.e., another player) are somewhat better. Ya no va a tocar (su instrumento de viento, como la trompeta), tiene vergüenza, ya oyóque ellos (p. ej., otro músico) le son un poco mejor. te:n pi:na: Check for transitive. Reduplication; directionals; adverbs /Xok tlapi:tsas, te:mpipi:na:wi, yo:konkak ika kitla:tla:ni/ 'He will no longer play (his wind instrument such as a trumpet), he's embarrassed, he's heard that (the other player) is somewhat better.' The preceding phrase exemplifies the use of the a directional with a verb of sense experience. Here the directional refers to the fact that the source of the experience comes from a place that is distant, away from, the experiencier. In such verbs an intranverse directional is also possible. In this case it indicates that the source of the experience is located at the speaker: /o:kwa:lkak/ 'he heard it over here' (i.e., heard a sound that originated where the speaker was located). Also in the preceding phrase note the use of long vowel reduplication, which apparently signifies a mitigated sort of action, perhaps that communicated in Spanish by"quiere"e.g.,"le quiere ganar."I have translated this with"somewhat"but it should be checked (cf., /cho:ch o:ka/ , or /ko:kochi/). Note how this type of reduplication has an adverbial quality, indicating not repetition of an act and its spatial distribution, but also manner. kamá:pi:ná:wi synonym Oa 02937 yzzz pá:paloh pá:palon pá:paloh, pá:palon
11/Feb/2006
pápalo N N-loan N1 type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada Oa plant edible The term <koa>pá:paloh</koa> is a borrowing from Spanish, but a very common term for the plant in Nahuatl called <kam>pa:patla</kam>. During botanical fieldwork Silvestre Pantaleón gave <kloa>tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k</kloa>as the name of the plant called <klam>pa:patla</klam> in Ameyaltepec. Note the difference in final consonant of Florencia Marcelino's and Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation. Check to determine whether /pá:paloh/ is also used in Ameyaltepec. Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (<kam>Porophyllum</kam> spp., e.g., <kam>P. coloratum</kam>) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado."FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has quequexte:"(<kam>Xanthosoma</kam> spp. e.g., <kam>X. robustom</kam> 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible plant, probably the identification with <kam>Porophyllum</kam> is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for <kam>pa:patla</kam> the Spanish <spn>pápalo</spn>, with no further identification. Note the difference in final consonant of female and male speaker. Use first female token and second male token. Note that following the four tokens of /pá:paloh/ are four tokens of /a:tlapantsi:n/. These should be given numbers of 843, perhaps z and y for each. pa:patla equivalent Am tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k equivalent Oa 02938 ko:tsko i:ko:tsko ko:tsko i:ko:tsko
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-k(o) N2 part of the leg immediately behind the knee parte de la pierna inmediatamente atrás de la rodilla Pending body human ko:ts -ko The definition is a reference to the part behind one's knee; not the calf. Cf. the possibility of /ko:tstli/ and whether this is different from /ko:sko/. Use second token of female speaker. 02939 ma:kpahli ma:kpahli ma:hpahli ma:hpahli
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-1-pal Stem 3 (usually possessed) palm (of ones hand) (generalmente poseído) palma (de la mano) Pending measure from the tip of ones thumb to that of the little finger in an outstretched hand medida que va desde la punta del pulgar al del dedo meñique de una mano extendida Pending Kipia se: makpahli. Am It measures on hand span. Mide una mano. measure ma -ko; -pal measures Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/ Cf. the first syllable in Oapan /ma:hpahli/. It appears to be devoiced; this should be compared later to initial /ma:p-/ sequences. 02940 kokolisyowa kokolisyowa kokolisyowa kokolisyowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-h/wa/tia ~Trans class-4a to become blighted (a plant) infectarse (una planta, por ejemplo, a causa de una peste o plaga) Pending Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh. Am At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it started to turn brown from water, it became blighted, its leaves became perforated. Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezóa quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban. to become very sick enfermarse Pending O:kokolisyowakeh, ti:roh noma:ka:wilia:yan tekitl. Am They got ill, they really overdid it with work. Se enfermaron, se pasaron de trabajo. koko kwalo <kamoa>Kokolisyowa</kamoa> seems to be most commonly used to refer to plant blights and illnesses, not human disease. This verb /kokolisyowa/ is often used to refer to plant blights and illnesses; confirm this and check other uses. Note that I had this phrase, which I removed because C. Flores said it was incorrect: /O:kokolisyowakeh tlakwa:mpetsmeh./ 'The <kam>tlakwa:mpets</kam> trees got became blighted.' 02941 te:ma kite:ma te:ma kite:ma
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-mi class-3a(m) to fill; to pour (liquid or materials such as grains, sand, etc.) into (e.g., a bottle, gourd, <spn>perol</spn>, sack, etc.) llenar; echar (un líquido, o materiales como granos, arena, etc.) adentro de (p. ej., un envase, calabazo, perol, costal, etc.) Pending Nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh. Am I will fill up with soda (i.e., taking ones empty bottles as deposit to the truck and exchanging them for filled bottles, paying only the cost of the liquid).f Voy a llenar con refrescos (esto es, voy a llevar los envases vacíos a la distribuidora y cambiarlos por botellas llenas, pagando solamente el costo del líquido) Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan kosta:les! Am Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)! ¡échale el maíz en los costales (uno por uno)! to fill with cement (e.g., the platform set up for laying the roof of a house) colar; llenar con cemento (p. ej., sobre el andamio hecho para la azotea de una casa) Pending Kite:mas ikal. Am He will pour cement for the roof of his house. Va a echar cemento para el techo de su casa. to spread (seed or similar items) over (an area); to cover (an area, e.g., with earth and straw for a seed garden) extender (semillas u otras cosas parecidas) sobre (unárea); cubir (unárea, p. ej., con tierra y zacate para un semillero) Pending Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli. Am I've spread chile seed on the ground here (i.e., scattering it on the ground of a seed garden, and then covering it with a thin layer of earth and grass). Echésemilla de chile aquísobre el suelo (p. ej., en un semillero, primero echando la semilla y después tapándola con una capa delgada de tierra y zacate). Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l. Am Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be covered with <klam>sakatl</klam>). Mañana vamos a preparar mi semillero echando semillas por el suelo y cubriéndolas con una ligera capa de tierra (para después echarle una capa de zacate). (with short vowel reduplication) to ponder; to consider (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponderar; considerar Pending Ok tiktete:ntiw abé:r kamanon melá:k tiás. Am You are still pondering when you will go. Todavía estás ponderando cuando te vas a ir. Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n yes. Am I'll still give some thought to how it will be. Todavía voy a ponderar cómo va a ser. Ok niktete:mas ke:no:n nikito:s. Am I'm still going to think about how I will say it. Todavía voy a pensar como lo voy a decir. (plural object only) to lay or set down on the ground (when reduplicated with a long vowel, the sense is of an orderly and evenly spaced arrangement) (solamente con objeto plural) tender; poner o acostar sobre el suelo (con reduplicación de vocal larga, implica un orden más o menos parejo) Pending Yo:kinte:nkeh, a:man yo:kockkeh. Am They've laid them down on the ground, now they've gone to sleep. Ya los tendieron al suelo, ahora ya durmieron. Yo:timote:nkeh, ye tikochi:skeh. Am We have laid ourselves down on the ground, we are soon going to go to sleep. Nos hemos tendidos sobre el suelo, ya nos vamos a dormir. Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin. Am They have laid down next to each other, they are going to sleep. Se tendieron juntos, ya van a dormir. Xmote:te:maka:n -=xmote:makan-! Nankochiskeh. Am Lay yourself (pl) down! You will go to sleep. ¡Tiéndense sobre el suelo! Van a dormir. (plural object only, with short vowel reduplication) to place in order (such as things in a pile one on top of another, or things in line one behind another, or things on the ground one next to another) (solo con objeto plural, y con reduplicación de vocal corta) colocar; ordenar (p. ej., apilar o colocar una cosa sobre otra; enfilar o colocar una cosa atrás de otra; o acostar en orden, una cosa junta a otra) Pending San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh! Am The little pieces of paper are all scattered about (in this case on a table top). Place them in a neat pile! Los pedacitos de papel están todos regados.¡Pónlos bien, uno sobre otro! Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakohtli! Am Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of <klam>sakatl</klam>)! ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre esteárbol que se estáutilizando como ramada! Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti! Am They've lined the dances up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it! Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso).¡Ahora comiénzalo! te:m The sense of 'to lay oneself down on the ground' (as in <kam>Yo:note:te:nkeh, ye kochin</kam>) is found only in the plural. If one person or animals lays down, the word might be <kam>note:ka</kam> or <kam>nomela:wa</kam>. Or if items are laid down, one might simply use <kam>tla:lia</kam>. However, as noted with one of the definitions, if seeds or earth or being spread out over an area on the ground (such as in a seed garden), <kam>te:ma</kam> is also used. In regards to filling, one consultant mentioned that <kam>te:ma</kam> is used in reference to filling up an empty container (such as soda bottles that are exchanged, or <kam>peroles</kam> that are filled with water), whereas the causative <kam>te:mi:tia</kam> is used when a container or recipient is already partially filled (i.e., 'to top off,' 'to fill up (the rest),' etc.). However, with <kam>te:ma</kam> meaning 'to fill' or 'to pour (into)' is seems that either the item being poured or the item being filled can serve as the primary object. Thus in <kam>nitlate:mas ika refre:skoh</kam> the verb (and <kn>tla-</kn>) seems to refer to the object being filled and the material that is used to accomplish the filling is expressed obliquely (i.e., it is not a core argument). However, at this same time this is a standard antipassive construction in Nahuatl in which patients are expressed obliquely in all situations (e.g., <kam>nitlate:mo:s ika nowa:kax</kam>). Thus it may well be that <kam>refre:skoh</kam> would be the object if a specific object were to be used. In the sentence <kam>Xte:te:ma un tlayo:hli ipan kosta:les!</kam> 'Pour that corn into the sacks (one after another)!' however, it is the maize (i.e., that which is poured) and not the recipient (the sacks) that is the object. Finally, however, note that in <kam>kite:mas ikal</kam> 'He will pour the cement roof for his house' it is 'house' that is the primary object, and here it seems that the house is the 'container' not the 'filling.' Check the difference between /xtete:ma/ and /xte:te:ma/. Also between /note:man/, /nomela:wan/ and /note:kan/. Also discuss potential objects of a phrase such as /Yo:kinte:nkeh, a:man yo:kockkeh/. Probably the sense of /te:ma/ 'set on the ground in order', which is reduplicated in most cases, should be given a different entry as it is most likely a different word. Antipassive: /Mo:stla titlate:maskeh ika notlapacho:l/. 'Tomorrow we will prepare my seed garden by scattering seeds on the ground and sprinkling either on top (later to be covered with <kam>zacate</kam>).' Note here there is an antipassive construction and the oblique expression of the area that is covered by the sprinking. Note that RS gives as one definition of /te:ma/: 'llenar algo de semillas o de tierra.' Thus the object here is not that which is sprinkled, but that which is covered. However, in the Ameyaltepec phrase /Nika:n yo:nikte:n chi:hli/ it is the chile (seeds) that is the object of the verb. sakate:ma confer Am te:mi:tia confer Am, Oa xo:chite:ma confer Am, Oa tlate:ma val_reduce1 Am, Oa 02942 i:to:ni:hli i:to:ni:hli i:to:ni:hli i:to:ni:hli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 sweat sudor Pending i:to:ni functions Check length of final /i/ as for noun I have recorded it long, but in the derived verb /i:to:nilwia/ I had it originally short. Check what else, besides humans, have /i:to:ni:l/. 02943 chachawatik *chachawatik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-denom-tik Lex. rdp-s see <klam>tlanchachawatik</klam> véase <klam>tlanchachawatik</klam> Am chawa Cf. entry under /tlanchachawatik/. No evidence of unreduplicated form has been found, check. Also recheck vowels for possible ??chacha:watik given word /cha:wati/ etc. Apparently this form is related to the"apocopated"? noun /chachawa/. 02944 tetso:liwi tetso:liwi tetso:liwi tetso:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl Lex. <kn>te-</kn> class-3a(w) to dry up (a fruit, or similar objects) resecarse (una fruta u otros objetos parecidos) Pending Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi motomaw. Ye wa:ktok. Am Your tomatoes (of the type called <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>) have started to shrink up. They are drying up. Tus tomates (del tipo llamado <kbamoa>tepe:tomatl</kbamoa>) ya empezaron a resecarse. Se están secando. to dry up (e.g., a well, puddle, etc., with little or no water left) secarse (p. ej., un pozo, charco, etc., quedando poco o nada de agua) Pending Yo:pe:w tetso:liwi a:tl, xok ma:s chika:wak me:ya. Am The water (in a spring) has started to dry up, it no longer flows forth abundantly. El agua (en un manantial) ya empezóa secarse, ya no fluye bien como antes. tso:liwi tso:l There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 06078. Note that since the sound quality is better at the later recordings, the two linked tokens (one F and one M) should be taken from the tokens originally at 6078. 02945 a:te:nko a:te:nko
11/Feb/2006
N N-N-ko N-loc-1-k(o) N1(loc) river río Pending Niá:s a:te:nko. Am I'm going to the river (lit., 'to the river's edge'). Voy al río (lit. 'a la orilla del río'). at the edge of a river; by the river por la orilla de un río; por el río Pending a: te:n I have analyzed this and other words with <kam>te:ntli</kam> as containing the root <kam>te:m</kam>. a:pan synonym Oa 02946 tlankwi:stik tlankwi:stik tlankwi:stik tlankwi:stik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to have buck teeth, or front teeth that prevent ones mouth from properly closing tener los dientes salidos o de conejo, que inhiben que la boca se cierre completamente Pending (with short vowel reduplication) open and spaced apart (a weave, hammock, mesh, or wire fencing) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abierto y con amplio espacios (un tejido, hamaca, malla o cerca de alambre) Pending Xkwahli. Tlatlankwi:stik. Xtete:mo okse: yewan tila:wak. Am It's no good (in this case a gunnysack). It's weave is wide open. Look for another one that has a tight weave! No estábien (en este caso un costal para llevar cosas como mazorcas). Tiene el tejido abierto.¡Busca otro que tiene su tejido más cerrado! tlan kwi:ts Check to make sure this doesn 't only occur in reduplication form as in first example. 02947 tla:ltetewistika:n tla:ltetewistika:n
09/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla:l-ka:n Lex. rdp-s N1(N2-tla) place in which the ground in uneven and covered with bumps (from small mounds, protruding rocks, etc.) lugar en donde el suelo es disparejo y cubierto de topes (de pequeños montículos, piedras sobresalientes, etc.) Pending Tla:ltetewistika:n -=tlatetewistika:n-, xi:xmantok Am It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth. Estátodo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no estáplano. topography tewits -ka:n tlatewistika:n; tlato:tolpochka:n Definitely a clarification is needed of the differences between /tla:ltetewis-/ and /tlatetewis-/ for the initial sequence, and /-witska:n/ and /-wistika:n/ for the final sequence. tlatetewistika:n synonym Am tla:lte:tewitska:n synonym Oa 02948 a:totsiwi a:totsiwi a:totsiwi a:totsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become watery (a mixture to which water is normally added, but here has had too much added) aguadarse (una mezcla a que normalmente se le echa agua, pero que aquíse le ha echado demasiado) Pending O:a:totsiw motix, we:i o:hte:kilih a:tl. Am Your maize dough (from <kam>nextamal</kam>) has gotten watery, you added a lot of water to it. Tu masa de nextamal se aguadó, le echaste muchísima agua. a: tots This verb and its derivatives indicate a mixture such as <klamoa>tixtli</klamoa>, mud for ceramics, mortar, etc. that has too much water in it. With <kamoa>tixtli</kamoa>, this makes it sticky and hard to make into tortillas. The roots and composition of this word is uncertain. Obviously <kroot>a:</kroot>the root for 'water' is part of the word, but <kroot>tots</kroot>is not documented in other words from Ameyaltepec, Oapan, nor any other dialect I have searched. Disambiguate from /a:tki/; cf. entry under /a:tostik/. 02949 i:xkotia:n i:xkotiá:n i:xkotia:n i:xkotia:n i:xkotia:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-dvb-ya:n N2 to be alone (in being in a place, in owning a particular property or item, i.e., not sharing) estar solo (en estar en un lugar) ser propio de (en tener posesión de alguna propiedad u objeto, esto es, no compartiendo) Am San de newa ni:xkotiá:n nokal. Am The house is for me alone (e.g., even though I rent from someone, I live by myself). La casa es para mísolo (por ejemplo, aunque rento de alguien, no la comparto, vivo solo). Ni:xkotiá:n nowa:xka. Am It is mine alone (i.e., not shared with anyone). Es mío solo (esto es, es mi propia cosa, no la comparto con nadie). Ni:xkotia:n, ni:xkotia:mpa o:ntekets nokal. Am By myself, I built my house by myself. Yo solo, yo solo construími casa. i:x -ko; -ya:n Check difference between Oa /i:xkotia:n/ and /i:xkotia:mpa/. Check accentual pattern and final vowel length.Cf as in RS the form /i:xkoya:n/ exists. Apparently this is a locative with /-ya:n/. In Ameyaltepec (and probably the Balsas area) one finds /i:xkotiya:n/, whereas Carochi (see RS) has /ixcoyan/ and also as a synonym, /ixcotian/, which he says is less frequent than the former. It appears that in Ameyaltepec /i:xko/ has been verbalized with /-ti/ and then locativized with /-ya:n/. Oapan phonology: Note that in one of the tokens of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation of /i:xkochia:n/ the final /n/ is velarized. 02950 má:n má:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap N0/2; Aln(0=2) term of endearment to address a close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente feminimo cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) Am (alienable possession) close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) (posesión enajenable) pariente feminino cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) Am Nikompale:wi:s nomá:n. Am I'm going to go help my mama. Voy a ir a ayudar a mi mamá. ma:n Besides its use as a vocative, <kam>ma:n</kam> may be possessed, e.g. <kam>noma:n</kam> 'my mother.' As a vocative it is equivalent to <kam>ma:chih</kam>. Note that it is unclear whether there is a final /n/ here (which should be velarized at a word boundary) or whether there is simply a nasalized vowel. This should be checked. Check nasalization of vowel. Orthography: note that the accent is used in the orthography given that when possessed the stress is maintained on the nominal stem: /nomá:n/. pa:n confer Am 02951 kwi:katilia kikwi:katilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to sing (a song) to cantar (una canción) a Am Mitskwika:tili:s tli:n weli. Am He will sing to you what he knows (or can). Te va a cantar lo que sabe (o puede). kwi:ka kwi:katia verb_base Am kwi:katla:lia synonym Oa 02952 yeti:ka:mati kiyeti:ka:mati yeti:ka:mati kiyeti:ka:mati
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Part-V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to feel (sth such as a heavy load) to be heavy sentir pesado a (algo, como un cargo o costal pesado) Pending Note:katiki:sa moburroh, o:kiyeti:ka:mat tli:n o:tma:maltih. Am In the middle of the route, your burro has laid down on the ground to rest, whatever you loaded was too heavy for him. A medio camino se echa tu burro en el suelo, sintiópesado lo que le cargaste encima. ye mati Compound; incorporation Note that when adjectivals of the -k/-ya/-tia paradigm are incorporated into verbs, the participial form in /-ka:-/ is used, as in the example of /yeti:ka:mati/. The same would occur with other similar words. Do not use first male token which has, I believe a slip, a lower third vowel. 02953 a:njolin a:njoli:n a:njoli:n a:jolin a:jolin
11/Feb/2006
ajonjolí N N-loan Stem 4 sesame ajonjolí Pending itakatl ítakátl plant domesticated In Ameyaltepec it is unclear which of the two pronunciations is more common, or whether there is any distributional pattern to the variation. Although the stress variation is accepted, and thus both entries (with penultimate and final syllable stress are correct, a problem with vowel length has been noted in various entries. Several entries had a long initial /a:/ followed by short /o/ and /i/. My feeling is that the /a/ should indeed be short but, given the status of this word as a borrowing, the final two vowels might alternate in length depending upon which receives stress (i.e. with stress determining length). Cf. /ama:tes/ as a borrowing vs. /a:matl/ from Nahuatl. Check pronounciation, i.e. placement of accent. Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ there is mention of prepared foods that use this type of bean. All have their own separate entry except /anjolí:n ika mo:hli/. Check this and if it is a food, give it an entry and discuss how it is made. Recheck vowel length! 02954 to:moiswatl to:moiswatl tó:moíswatl tó:moíswatl xo:pantsi:n Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 yes-lex type of cactus not yet identified tipo de cactus todavía no identificado Pending plant cactus to:moh swa to:motli Ramírez (1991) mentions this as called <spn>tuna de zacate</spn> in Spanish, and of the <i>Cactaceae</i>family. For a preliminary list of the cactuses found in the area, see the entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. Note that in San Juan Tetelcingo <ktet>xo:pantsi:n</ktet>is used to refer to both the fruit and the cactus itself. 02955 tlai tlai tlai tlai
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-4a(oni) to drink or imbibe an alcoholic beverage (often with the implication of a final state of drunkenness) beber o ingerir una bebida alcohólica (a menudo con la implicación de un estado final de borrachera) Pending Tlaiwa o:tlai:lo:k. Am Last night there was drinking. Anoche la gente tomaba. (particularly in impersonal constructions) to drink as part of a festivity (such as a wedding, etc.; by extension, to have or participate in a fiesta) (particularmente en constructiones impersonales) beber (bebidas alcohólicas) como parte de una fiesta (como una boda, etc., Pending Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s. Am She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon. Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas. Mo:stla tlai:lo:s! Am Tomorrow there will be festivities (e.g., a wedding) at which people will drink and get drunk. Mañana va a haber festividades (p. ej., una boda) donde la gente va a tomar y emborracharse. oni i tlai; tlaoni In Ameyaltepec this verb has both a short final /i/ and a long final /i:/ in the perfective and future roots. Thus one finds <kam>o:tlai:k</kam> and <kam>tlai:s</kam> as well as <kam>o:tlaik</kam> and <kam>tlais</kam> (the latter in the pronunciation of Inocencio Díaz and a few others). However, it does seem that the most common pronunciation is with a long vowel. Note also that with the verbs <klam>oni</klam> , <klam>po:ki</klam> , <klam>a:to:li</klam> , the final /i/ is long on the perfective and future inflections. Check for applicative. tlai:tia val_add_caus Am, Oa oni minus_tla Am, Oa 02956 kwa:lia kikwa:lia kwa:lia kikwa:lia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to eat (a food) belonging to comerle (una comida) a Pending Nikte:kwa:litiki:sa sá:ndiah. Am I will eat someone's watermelon (taken from their field) on the way there. De paso hacia allávoy a comerme una sandía de alguien (sacándola de su milpa). O:ne:chkwa:lih koyo:tl nopió. Am A coyote ate my chicken. Un coyote me comióuna gallina. Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s. Am If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back. Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando mueras vas a reponerle las plumas to affect (sb) adversely by biting (particularly a child of sb [PO]) afectar (a algn) adversamente al morder (a algo de esta persona [OP], particularmente a su hijo) Pending O:ne:chkwa:lih ko:lo:tl nopo:tsi:n. Am A scorpion bit my little girl. Un alacrán me mordióa mi hijita. kwa Applicative; /tla-/: Perhpas for semantic analysis it would be wise to indicate two types of /tla-/, one context independent and the other context dependent. The most context independent would be those that are completely fused to the verb. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl /tlama/ is such a case. Another (with a causative) would be /tlato:ltia/ 'to ask of'. In these cases there are several indications that the /tla-/ is acontextual and non-anaphoric: the meaning of the object prefix is understood (in fact quite definite) out of context; and the same prefix can be reduplicated (i.e., it has become fused to the root). Perhaps one can call this /tla-/ context free, canonical, etc. It's meaning is understood out of context. However, there is also a more contextually determined /tla-/: this can be used with a verb when context establishes the object referent. Clearly with the verb /kwa/ both /tla-/'s can be used. One is acontextual and the other canonical, with the meaning of 'to eat a meal.' However , what one can also notice is that with an applicative it is the transitive version of tla + kwa that is relevant. That is, /mistlakwa:lia/ means not 'he ate a meal (affecting you/in relation to you/about you)' but rather 'he ate sth of yours' where this"something"is recoverable from context or discourse. Thus, in a sense, /tlakwa/ is more intransitive than /tlaa:ltia/ 'to make candles' in which the /tla-/ is used, but a culturally determined specific referent is recoverable, i.e., 'candles.' Given that this is recoverable outside of context, the applicative is of a transitive form: /mistlaa:ltili:s/ 'she will make candles for you.' Or consider /tlamiktia/ 'to slaughter (an animal).' Here there is not as specific a referent ('candles') as with /tlaa:ltia/, but still the referent is somewhat specific as culturally determined (i.e., only those animals that are slaughtered for food, particularly pigs and cattle, but perhaps also goats and sheep). Understood as transitive, the applicativ e is somethat predictable, even though the object is usually left unspecified: /kitlamiktili:s/ 'he will slaughter (an animal) for you.' Thus a prediction may be offered: The greater the transitivity of the /tla-/ construction, the more likely an applicative form. At the same time, whenanapplicative form with /tla-/ occurs, the meaning of /tla-/ is recoverable from either cultural determinations (e.g., as in /tlamiktia/) or from context (e.g., with /tlakwa:lia/). tlakwa:lia val_reduce2 Am, Oa kwa verb_base Am, Oa 02957 tetekwitsio i:tetekwitsio tetekwitsio i:tetekwitsio
11/Feb/2006
N N-yo Lex. rdp-s* N2 rough, thornlike bumps (as found on certain trees) protuberanciasásperas y espinosas (como las que se encuentran sobre ciertosárboles) Pending Kakapaxtik un po:cho:kuwtli, kipia itetekwitsio. Am The surface of that pochote tree is rough, it has large thornlike bumps. La superficie de ese pochote esáspera, tiene abolladuras como espinas. tekwits The pronunciation of /kw/ is clear, but the etymology of this word is not. From its semantics it would seem to be a type of"intensified"use of <klamoa>wistli</klamoa>'thorn.' But the presence of /k/ is unexplained. For now the root has been left as <kroot>tekwits</kroot>. Check etymology. If so, change the entry here and under /kakapaxtik/, where the above phrase is also given as an example. 02958 kuwbu:rroh kuwbu:rroh kohbu:rroh kohpo:rroh kohpo:rroh
24/Oct/2005
(part) <spn>burro</spn> N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) sawhorse burro Pending tool kow The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. Recheck meaning to see if this is equivalent to /kuhburri:toh/ or different. I think that /kuhburroh/ refers to the sawhorse or the base of beds made of /tlapextli/ whereas /kuhburri:toh/ is used for the three-pronged stick as indicated. Note that the final /h/ has been checked and is correct as recorded. Oapan phonology: /kohporroh/ : The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. 02959 tlapaloh tlapaloh
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf horizontally (e,g., sth loaded onto a burro) horizontalmente (p. ej., algo cargado a un burro) Am around the edge (e.g., of a mountain, instead of directly over it; said of a road or path) travesado; pasando por el lado (p. ej., un camino o senda que pasa por el lado de una montaña o cerro y no directamente sobre la cima) Am tlapalo:tl tlapal Check to determine if there is a double /ll/, i.e., /tlapahloh/. Check phonology with /tlapahloh/. 02960 te:tlatia te:tlatia te:tlatia te:tlatia
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-0 N1 generic name for a type of tree, the <kbam>te:tlatia</kbam>, that apparently comprises three types nombre genérico para un tipo deárbol, el <kam>te:tlatia</kam> , que aparentemente consiste en tres tipos Pending specific type of <kam>te:tlatia</kam> tree, apparently also called, in Ameyaltepec, <kam>te:tlatia de sowa:tl</kam> tipo específico de <kam>te:tlatia</kam> , aparentemente el que en Ameyaltepec se llama también <kam>te:tlatia de suwa:tl</kam> Pending Te:tlatia | Chika:wak, bwe:noh para komaxahli. Xreme:dioh. Deke tikxixi:mas wa:n niman tikma:ma:s, tihkechpano:s wa:n o:kasik ipan mokechkuwyo, kixixi:pe:wa, nakokwi, axoto:ni. Te:muwtih ia:yo. Am Pánfilo Lorenzo <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : It is hard, it is good for forked posts. It's not a remedy. If you take off its bark and right away carry it away, you hoist it on your shoulders and it gets on your neck, it causes it to peel, (the skin) rises up, it blisters. Its sap is fierce. <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : Es duro, es bueno para horcones. No es remedio. Si le pelas la cáscara y luego te lo cargas, luego te lo pones por los hombros y te roza el cuello, lo hace pelar, se alza (la piel), se forman ampollas. Su savia es brava. Te:tlatia | Ka:n ne:si pi:ntoh timotla:lilia ime:me:yahlo. Tipatis. Am Felix and Paulina Venancio <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : You place its sap on where the disease called <spn>pinto</spn> appears. You will be cured. <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : Donde aparece el pinto le pones su savia. Te vas a aliviar. Te:tlatia | Te:muwtih ime:me:yahlo te:tlatia. Deke tihki:tskia un kohtli ime:me::yahlo tikekexkias wa:n timouwa:nas, pero ma:s timouwa:nas ma:s kwala:ni, ma:s ki:sa para tikekexkias. Am <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : The sap of the <kam>te:tlatia</kam> is fierce. If you grab that tree's sap you will get itchy and you will scratch yourself, but the more you scratch yourself the madder it gets, and the more itchy you get. <kam>Te:tlatia</kam> : La savia del <kam>te:tlatia</kam> es brava. Si agarras la savia de eseárbol vas a sentir un escocer y te vas a rascar, pero mientras más te rasques más se enoja y más resulta que te sientes un escocer. The <kam>te:tlatia</kam> is excellent for posts (<spn>horcones</spn>); in fact, it might well be the best tree for this use. Most people recognize only two types of <kam>te:tlatia</kam> , the <kam>te:tlatia</kam> itself and the <klam>te:tlatia pitsa:wak</klam>. However, Hoyo de la Rosa was quite specific that there was another type, the /te:tlatia tlatla:katl/. This was collected (plant 230) plant kohtli tla Determine plural formation. Add to grammar as to the plural process for N-dvb-0 constructions. Check whether /tlatlatsi:n/ is another name for one of these trees. 02961 zzz This entry, for /Isti Kaba:yoh/, was removed and placed on the toponymic database.
30/Jul/2005
 02962 nenemiya inenemia
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-ya N2 way of walking of manera de caminar de Am Ihkón inenemiya, pachiwtiw. Am That's the way it walks (in this case a certain four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. Asíes su manera de caminar (en este caso un cierto un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. nemi Make sure that the accent is not on the final /i/. If so, then change to /nenemiya/. 02963 wekahli wekahli wákahlí wékahlí wá:hlí wákahlí, wá:hlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex <spn>jícara</spn>, type of round, circular gourd, often cut in half to use for scooping water jícara, tipo de calabaza redonda y circular, a menudo cortada a la mitad y utilizado para sacar agua de una tinaja, pozito, etc. Pending any of a type of plastic bowl used as a <spn>jícara</spn> recipiente de plástico utilizado como jícara Pending tool-house body human wahkal These bowls are made of the <kboa>kohtekomatl</kboa>(Oa), as opposed to <klamoa>xi:kahli</klamoa>, which is made from the <kbamoa>a:tekomatl</kbamoa>gourd. The terms <kam>wekahli</kam> and <kam>xi:kahli</kam> are apparently synonymous in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan <kam>xi:kahli</kam> has not been documented), though the former is the much more common term. In Classical Nahuatl the term <kn>uacalli</kn> indicated, according to Molina,"angarillas para llevar carga en las espaldas."It would appear that Ameyaltepec <kam>wekahli</kam> and Oapan <koa>wá:hlí</koa> are related to this term, with a semantic shift to what was formerly covered only by the term <kn>xi:kahli</kn>. As common in Oapan, {k} deletes by phonological rule between two equal vowels, in this case /a/. I had this def. which was removed as C. Flores denied its correctness: 'part of the abdomen just below where the ribs meet and where there is a slight cavity or depression' Note that there are two forms of this entry. Tag the long form"a"and"b"for female and male, then tag the short form"c"and"d"for each speaker. When the final four tokens are selected they will be joined in two files. One would be f-m for /wékahlí/ and the other f-m for /wá:hlí/. xi:kahli synonym Am 02964 cho:kilia kicho:kilia cho:kilia kicho:kilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to cry for or about (e.g., particularly for sb or sth, e.g., a beloved animal, that dies) llorar a o por (p. ej., a una persona o animal querido recién muerto) Am, Oa Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis. Am I will cry for you when you die. Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras. (~ <kamoa>tomi:n</kamoa>) (fig.) to be a penny-pincher (~ <kamoa>tomi:n</kamoa>) (fig.) ser codo; llorar por su dinero Am, Oa Kicho:kilia: itomi:n. Am He counts his pennies (he is a cheapskate, i.e., 'he cries after (or for) his money'). Es codo (llora por su dinero). cho:ka According to Florencia Marcelino, in regard to crying about humans, <koa>cho:kilia</koa> is used for crying about someone's death whereas <koa>-ka cho:ka</koa> is used when crying about someone's absence (e.g., <koa>moka nicho:ka</koa>), when someone is sick, etc. Ignore first erroneous pronunciation kikochi:lia; rather, tag this as 01932 letter"z"or whatever is needed. cho:ka verb_base Am, Oa 02965 xokotl xokotl xokotl xokotl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic name for a group of wild plum trees nombre genérico para un grupo deárboles de ciruelo silvestre Pending (fig.) braggart; big talker (fig.) fanfarrón; hablador Pending San xoxokotin, xmelá:k tli:n kitowan. San kitla:tla:lian. Am They are braggarts, what they say isn't true. They just say (lit., 'lay out') one thing after another. Son fanfarrones, no es cierto lo que dicen. Solamente dicen (lit., 'ponen') una cosa tras otra. Tixokotl, ma:ski xtlah tikpia. Am You are a big talker even though you don't have anything (i.e., no money, cattle, land, etc.). Eres un fanfarrón aunque no tienes nada (esto es, nada de dinero, ganado, terreno, etc.). kopaxokonono:tsa xoko super xokotl To date, the following trees have been recorded as being of the member of trees covered by the term <kam>xokotl</kam>. Eusebio Díaz gave the following list: <klam>a:waxokotl</klam> , <klam>kopaxokotl</klam> , <klam>masa:xokotl</klam> , <klam>texokotl</klam> , and <klam>xa:xokotl</klam>. Luis Lucena gave the same except for the <kam>texokotl</kam>. However, he named two other types of <kam>xokotl</kam> : <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah</klam> and <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</klam>. Apparently these are subvarieties of the <klam>tsope:lik xokotl</klam>. Other consultants gave three different subvarieties of <kam>tsope:lik xokotl</kam> , all of which bear fruit in late summer (August and September): <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de popo:xah</klam> , <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de kokostik</klam> , and <klam>tsope:lik xokotl de konserbe:roh</klam>. In addition, it seems that the <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> itself has two subvarities: <kam>masa:xokotl</kam> and <klam>mihka:xokotl</klam>. Finally, some consultants named another plum, the <klam>teko:nxokotl</klam>, which is not found in the vicinity of Ameyaltepec but does grow near San Francisco Ozomatlán. For all the preceding, check whether the fruit is edible, when it ripens, wood use, etc. In my original file card I had written down /nixoxokotl tlatowa/. This might be in error as the construction is not known to me. It should be checked as I might have confused the /tl/ /tl/ sequence, or a speaker might have given an overful careful utterance and change /xoxokotlatowa/ to /xoxokotl tlatowa/. Check. If the originally recorded phrase is correct, i.e., if one can say /nixoxokotl tlatowa/ then this shows quite clearly that noun modification in preverbal position might well have the subject marked on it (i.e., furthest to the left). However, I think probably I erred in recording the absolutive suffix at the end of /xokotl/. Check Flk 1984-05-03.1 02966 ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni ixipilchi:kopo:ni ixipilchi:kopo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 i-epen N-[PM-V1] V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a to split open the end of ones toe reventarsele la punta de un dedo de pie Pending O:nikxipilchi:kwepo:n, o:nimokxipiltewih ika tetl. Am I split the end of my toe open, I stubbed my toe on a rock. Se me reventóla punto del dedo de pie, me di con una piedra en el dedo del pie. kxi pil chi:- kwepo: Check causative/transitive form, perhaps also as a reflexive. Check for possiblity of /te-/. Use second token for each speaker. 02967 wa:kax wa:kax wa:kax nowá:x wa:kax; nowá:x
11/Feb/2006
vacas N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) cattle ganado Pending animal domes <kam>Wa:kax</kam> is used as a generic plural as is English 'cattle.' The plural <kam>waka:xteh</kam> is used for individuated head of cattle. That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds <koa>wa:x</koa> although this is rarely found in isolation. More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion) in possessed forms: <koa>i:wá:x</koa>. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/ seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of <koa>nowá:x</koa> the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out. But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form. Note, finally, that the lost of intervocalic /k/ (of <koa>wa:kax</koa>) is more common in the compound <kloa>wa:kaxnakatl</kloa> Check vowel quantity for /waka:xteh/. Ask SG to analyze the difference between a long vowel and something like /tla:atl/ and /waax/, which seem to have a double vowel. Oapan phonology; vowel length; k-deletion: That that with the /k/-deletion rule of Oapan Nahuatl, one finds <koa>wa:x</koa> although this is rarely found in isolation. More common is the abbreviated word (with /k/ deletion) in possessed forms: <koa>i:wá:x</koa>. Note that long vowels formed through the intervocalic deletion of /k/ seem to be particularly long. Thus in one pronunciation of <koa>nowá:x</koa> the nucleus of the last syllable is somewhere around 270 ms. Moreover, the peak pitch is closer to the onset than to the coda, which is contrary to the general pattern. A full study of /k/-deletion and its effect on vowel quantity and quality needs to be carried out. But one possibility is to mark the deletion with an apostrophe. Thus one would have an orthographic representation of /nowá:ax/ or /wá:ax/ in the unpossessed form. For final links, have two tokens for each speaker, one should be /wa:kax/ and the other /nowá:x/. The middle four tokens, /wá:x/ or /wa:'ax/ should be tagged but not selected for final links. For male /nowá:x/ use last token.. For this entry, therefore, there are 6 tokens for each speaker, varying from wa:kax, wa:'ax, and nowá:x. Select the 1st and 3rd pronunciations, one token each speaker. wa:kaxnakatl confer Am, Oa 02968 patlaktsatsi patlaktsatsi patláhtsátsi patlahtsatsi patláhtsátsi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-V1 V1-b class-4a yes-lex to scream loudly in pain or fright (often suddenly and without warning) gritar fuertemente de dolor o miedo (a menudo repetinamente) Pending Patlaktsatsi. Kwi:tekin. Am He screams in pain. They are whipping him. Grita de dolor. Le están dando látigos. sound-human patla: tsahtsi This verb is used, for example, to describe the shout of a young man who falls or is being beaten up. <kam>Patlaktsatsi</kam> is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem <kamoa>patlak</kamoa> (as in <kam>tepatlaktik</kam>), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which <klamoa>patla:wi</klamoa>has a stem form <kamoa>patlak</kamoa> that enters into compounds. Determine difference between /patlaktsatsi/ and /tsatsi/, as well as other types of shouting. Get any other words that might begin with /patlak-/ as a modifier. Document whether /tepatlaktik/ exists, if so enter and xref to nse field above. Check meaning; also check for /patlaktsatsilia/. Stem; verbs as modifiers: <kam>Patlaktsatsi</kam> is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem <kamoa>patlak</kamoa> (as in <kam>tepatlaktik</kam>), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which <klamoa>patla:wi</klamoa>has a stem form <kamoa>patlak</kamoa> that enters into compounds. Use first female token and second make token. patlaktsatsi:tia val_add_caus Am patláhtsatsí:tia val_add_caus Oa 02969 muwtia kimuwtia mohtia kimohtia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to scare espantar Pending O:ne:chmuwtih kowatl. Am The snake frightened me. Me espantóla culebra. (refl.) to become frightened or scared (refl.) quedar espantado Pending mawi ma:muhtia <kam>Muhtia</kam> is virtually equivalent to <kam>ma:muwtia</kam> ; the second form is much more common. Nevertheless there seems to be a difference (that perhaps parallels that between <kam>muwi</kam> and <kam>mumuwi</kam>). My impression is that the unreduplicated form, <kam>muwtia</kam> , when referring to an animal refers to a nervous animal that is easily startled, whereas the form <kam>ma:muwtia</kam> seems to indicate more that the animals were frightened by something or something in particular. One speaker mentioned that <kam>muwtia</kam> is weaker than <kam>ma:muwtia</kam>. Thus if a child is afraid of a stranger one uses <kam>nomuwtia</kam> , but if one is walking alone in the hills and sees a snake: <kam>noma:muwtia</kam> or also, <kam>kima:muwtia</kam> , with more in the sense of 'to be scared' to 'to be startled' rather than 'to be frightened.' Whereas in Ameyaltepec the base verbal form <klam>muwi</klam> is found, though rarely used, in Oapan the base form only exists with reduplication: <kloa>mumuwi</kloa>. Re: difference between /ma:muhtia/ and /muhtia/: the distinction noted above may only be an impression and should be confirmed in usage and questioning. mowi verb_base Am 02970 tesi:si:kwiltik tesi:si:kwiltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. <kn>te-</kn> ; Lex. rdp-l to be spotted or dotted ser goteado o salpicado de colores Am color tesi:si:tlaltik si:kwil The etymology of <kam>tesi:si:kwiltik</kam> is unclear, though the fact that consultants stated it to be synonomous with <klam>tesi:si:tlaltik</klam> suggests the possibility of a relationship to <klam>si:tlalin</klam>. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to determine if this refers only to white spots; check to determine whether it is synonomous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/. Check as to possible things that can be so described. Check to see if /te-/ is obligatory. Given that Oapan forms have a short rdp, recheck the vowel length here and correct as necessary. Also, given that this word, tesi:si:tlaltik, is apparently synonymous with /tesi:si:tlaltik/, (check), also the vl there should be checked. See illustration on original filecard. Check and cf to Am /tesi:si:tlaltik/. si:tlaltik synonym Am sísi:tláltik synonym Oa 02971 pi:tsiwi pi:tsiwi pi:tsiwi pi:tsiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become narrow (an opening) cerrarse (una apertura, poniéndose más apretado o angosto) Pending Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli. Am They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through). No lo vieron luego (en este caso la vereda por donde pasaba de un lado al otro de una cerca de piedra). El lugar (esto es, la apertura) quedómás estrecho, se había derrumbado (la cerca), el camino quedóangosto. distort-shape pi:ts tso:liwi; pi:tsiwi; etc. /Xniman o:kitakeh. O:tlapi:tsiw, o:xiti:n, o:nopi:tsoh otli/ 'They didn't see it right away (in this case the place where a path passed through a stone fence). There had been a narrowing (of the opening), it (the wall around the opening) had fallen down, the path had gotten narrowed (by stones falling into an opening where the path had passed through).' NOTE the way in which voice is manipulated in this structure. First, there is an anaphoric reference to the place in the wall (the open gate) through which the path passed: /xniman o:kitakeh/ where the /k(i)-/ refers to the opening. Then there is the use of /tla-/ to impersonalize an unaccusative verb. Here it is apparently the opening that became more narrow, but /tlapi:tsiwi/ is used, not /pi:tsiwi/. What this does is highlight the action (the event of narrowing) and background the subject (the opening in the wall that had become narrowed). It would seem that the function of /tla-/ here is not so much because there is no subject, or a n unknown subject, butrather to focus more on the event (which caused the opening to become hidden or hard to see) than on the subject. The next verb refers to the wall, a new subject though one implied already in the previous discourse. Finally, there is a repetition of the original verb, though here in a transitive form with a reflexive marker: /o:nopi:tsoh otli/. This seems to give a greater patientive meaning (as opposed to /o:pi:tsiw/) while at the same time maintaining a fairly overt reminder that the road (subject) had become narrowed through the effect (agentivity loosely conceived) of the wall having fallen. In sum, the above phrase illustrates the richness of Nahuatl voice marking in a series of verb: transitive (S-O), impersonal (tla-), intransitive (unaccusative), and reflexive. tso:liwi confer Am, Oa 02972 tlakopostehki *tlakopostehki tlákopostéhki tlákopostéhki
24/Oct/2005
Adj Mod-Adj Adj-alt-ki yes-lex-lex to be broken in half (sth hard and long such as a stick, bar, bone, handle, etc.) estar roto en dos mitades (algo largo y duro, como una vara, una barra, un hueso, etc.) Pending tlahko posteki Check possible use of /te-/ as in /tlakoteposteki/. C. Flores did not accept the participial form. Note that first two tokens before final beep are in error; female says /tlakó:postéki/ and then male repeats. Tag them manually as 99999 for the number and then Oa_f1_a, etc. Keep track and then go backward to 99998, 99997, etc. Then, the next 3 tokens are also in error (2 female and one male). They are /tlakópostéki/ and should be tagged with word #3485 c and d for female, c for male. Finally, the final 4 tokens are correct, with /h/: /tlakópostéhki/. They should be tagged for 2972 and selected later. 02973 ka:soh ka:soh ka:son ka:son
22/Oct/2005
caso N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) large sheet metal tub tina grande de lámina Pending tool This is clearly a Spanish term, although the Spanish definition, and perhaps its regionality, has not yet been identified. 02974 namaka nemaka kinamaka nemaka namaka kinemaka, kinamaka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b Irregular, see <klamoa>maka</klamoa> to sell vender Pending Wel nitlanamaka. Am I can sell things. Puedo vender. Kina:namakaitlayo:l. Am He sells his maize here and there. Vende su maíz por aquíy por allá. namaka According to Inocencio Díaz (Am), the reduplicative pattern in both dialects apparently accepts both the reduplication of the verbal stem, e.g., <kam>tlanenemaka</kam> or <kam>tlane:nemaka</kam> (Am), or reduplication of the antipassive form, <kam>tla:tlanemaka</kam> , here apparently only a long vowel reduplicant is acceptable. According to Inocencio D Check perfective plural: /o:kina:makeh/? Add to paradigm. Inflexion Check all words with /na:-/ as part of the root and determine whether any further analysis can be made. Here it would seem possible to divide /na:maka/ into /na: + maka/. And note that /na:-/ does enter into many words that seem to indicate some sort of returning action (e.g., /na:nkilia/, /-na:l/, etc.). Conduct further analysis on root analysis of {na: + maka}. Use first female token and second male token. namaki:ltia val_add_caus Am 02975 ma:mali:nah ma:mali:nah
11/Feb/2006
madrina N N-loan Lex. rdp-l N0/2; Aln(0=2) term of address for ones godmother término para dirigirse a la madrina Am (alienable possession) godmother (from baptism, confirmation, or <kam>medida</kam>) (posesión enajenable) madrina (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) Am Nikpale:wi:s noma:mali:nah. Am I will help my godmother. Voy a ayudar a mi madrina. kin Note that the vowel length is definite as it is here recorded; cf. reference term /-koma:lnan/. 02976 komaxahli komaxahli komaxahli komaxahli
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 3 thick, forked wooden pole, often placed upright in the ground, used for support, particularly in house construction horcón, un grueso palo bifurcado utilizado principalmente en la construcción de casas, ramadas y otras estructuras mayores Pending ko maxal kahli; construction The derivational process and etymology of <kam>komaxahli</kam> is uncertain. The word contains the morpheme <kam>max</kam> , which enters into many words having to do with something forked or bifurcated. The element <kam>ko</kam> , which has been classed as"S"(stem), signifies 'wood' and is probably related to <kam>kwaw</kam>. The following trees, according to Emidio Rosendo, are good for <spn>horcones</spn>: <klam>tepe:mi:skitl</klam> , <klam>wa:xin de chikimolin</klam> , <klam>te:tlatia</klam> (the best), and <klam>i:skixo:chitl</klam>. In a thatched roof hut the <klam>komaxahli</klam> are used to support the <klam>sole:ras</klam>. Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there; also Fld 1984-10-10.1 Recheck, in general, all words dealing with"wood"which begin with /ko/ or /ku/ to determine best orthography. Undoubtedly there is some relation between"wood"and /ko/ or /ku/. Illustration 02977 tlakotlapa:ni tlakotlapa:ni tlákotlapá:ni tlakotlapa:ni tlákotlapá:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 Mod-V1 V1-alt-ni class-3a yes-lex to break in half (sth hard and brittle such as a ceramic bowl or plate, etc., that either fissures or has a piece break off) romperse en la mitad (algo duro como un plato de cerámica, etc., al salirle una fisura o caersele un pedazo) Pending tlahko tlapa: Check for possibility of /te-/, e.g., /tlakotetlapa:ni/. Also, very important: check for possiblity of reduplication, ?tlakotlatlapa:na If this cannot be reduplicated this would show how verbal semantics affects reduplication. 02978 tetlamo:tla notetlamo:tla tetlamo:tla notetlamo:tla
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-4a (refl.) to lay or throw oneself down on the ground (e.g., to rest, from exhaustion, to protect oneself, etc.) (refl.) acostarse o tirarse en el suelo (p. ej., para descansar, de agotamiento, para protegerse, etc.) Pending Mexó:r o:nimotetlamo:tlak. Am Instead (e.g., of going to my bed), I tossed myself down on the ground. Mejor (p. ej., en lugar de buscar la cama), me tiréal suelo (p. ej., para descansar). mo:tla The reflexive <kam>tetlamo:tla</kam> is an idiomatic expression used to indicate the action of laying down when one is very exhausted, something like English 'hit the sack' except that the Nahuatl form does not necessarily indicate or imply going to sleep. To date only the reflexive form has been documented (as indicated in the transitivity coding). Check to determine whether this can only be used in the reflexive, and whether the /te-/ is an obligatory part of the verb, or whether one can also state simply /o:nimotlamo:tlak/. Finally, determine the meaning, i.e., whether this simply means 'to lay down and rest' or whether it indicates a more forceful action, etc. Incorporation of /tla-/: Note that /tetlamo:tla/ seems to be the incorporation of /tla-/ in a modifying sense as referring to the entire body. tekwí:ntlakáli synonym Oa temo:hlatinemi synonym Oa 02979 kware:smah kware:smah kware:smah kware:smah
11/Feb/2006
Cuaresma N N-loan N1 the dry season la temporada de secas Am, Oa (~ <kam>del Se:nyo:r</kam>) Holy Week (~ <kam>del Se:nyo:r</kam>) Semana Santa Pending 02980 pasoltik pasoltik pásoltík pásoltík
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik yes-lex to be tangled up (e.g., thread, yarn, string, hair, branches, etc.) estar enmarañado (p. ej., hilo, estambre, cuerda, pelo, ramas, etc.) Pending to be scattered about without order; in a mess (e.g., branches, clothes, etc. lying tangled up on the ground) estar hecho un desorden (p. ej., cosas tiradas y enredadas por el suelo) Pending pahsol Check use of /te-/, ?tepasoltik. With this and other words classified as Adj-part-wi-tik check possibility of /tla-/ prefix: ?tlapasoltik. Or perhaps ?tlapasoltihka:n. Again, check for all Adj-part-wi-tik. 02981 metspatlach i:metspatlach metspatlach i:metspatlach
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b N2 flat outside part of the thigh (of a person or animal) parte plana, hacia afuera del muslo (de una persona o de un animal) Pending O:nteposwih ipan imetspatlach. Am I branded it on the side of its thigh. Le marquécon hierro por el lado ancho del muslo. body mets patlach Use second female speech token. 02982 a:kistiwe:wetsi a:kistiwe:wetsi akéstewe:wétsi akístewe:wétsi akestewe:wetsi akistewe:wetsi akístewe:wétsi akestewe:wetse Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N S-V1 N-0 Lex. rdp-l plant herb any of two types of closely related but still unidentified weed of the Malvaceae family, considered <klam>tlasohli</klam> cualquier de los dos tipos de maleza de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada, y considerada <klam>tlasohli</klam> Pending A:kistewe:wetsi | Xiwtli, we:weyakia. Wel kikwa burroh. Am <kam>Akistewe:wetsi</kam> : It is a herbaceous plant, it grows out long (along the ground). A donkey can eat it. <kam>Akistewe:wetsi</kam> : Es una planta herbácea, crece largo (sobre la tierra). Un burro lo puede comer. akiste wetsi The etymology of this plant is unclear. Apparently the verbal element <kamoa>wetsi</kamoa> is part of the lexeme, but the other elements are uncertain. Likewise the length of the /e/ of the first /we/ syllable is uncertain. In one utterance of Florencia Marcelino it appears long, but other times it seems to have quite a short duration. With Inocencio Jiménez it appears short. Vowel length is still a little uncertain and should be carefully checked. Type of <klam>xiwtli</klam> and <klam>tlasohli</klam> that grows along the ground, like watermelon. According to Ramírez and Dakin (1979), who give <kn>aquistiwe:wetsi</kn>, the Spanish gloss for this plant is"uña caída."No such entry is found in Schoenhals (1988). If related to""uña caída"; check possible relation of /akistewe:wetsi/ to /istitl/ and /wetsi/. Etymology unclear. Recheck vowel lengths with proper software. Use 2nd male token. Vowel length is uncertain; recheck. 02983 tekwia kitekwia tékwiá tekwia ['te kwi 'a] kitékwiá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3c(pia) yes-lex (refl.) to bundle oneself up; to wrap oneself up (e.g., as protection) (refl.) envolverse; cubrirse (e.g., con una cobija como protección) Pending Yo:pe:w se:wa, nimotekwias. Am It's started to get cold, I'm going to wrap myself up (e.g., in a blanket). Ya empezóa hacer frío, me voy a envolver (p. ej., en una cobija). (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., the legs of trousers or sleeves of shirts, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., pantalones, las mangas de una camisa, etc.) Pending (with long vowel reduplication) to fold over (e.g., a blanket by folding it in half once and again; synonym <kamoa>kwe:kwelpachowa</kamoa>); to wrap up; to carefully roll up (a straw mat, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) doblar (p. ej., una cobija al doblarla por la mitad una y otra vez, lo mismo que <kamoa>kwe:kwelpachowa</kamoa>); envolver; enrollar cuidadosamente (un petate, estera, etc.) Pending Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli. Am It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales. Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales. Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia! Am Double up your blanket, fold it up! ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblale una y otra vez! (with long vowel reduplication) to coil (e.g. a lasso or rope) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enrollar (p. ej., un laso o riata) Pending Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh! Am Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso! ¡No vayas a dejarlo asíarrastrado sobre el suelo!¡Enrolla tu laso! te hkwiya The context in which one should use <kam>tetekwia</kam> and when one should use <kam>te:tekwia</kam> is not altogether clear. It appears that when something, such as a cloth, is pushed up or rolled up (as one does to ones sleeves or pant legs) then the short vowel reduplicated form is appropriate. On the other hand, when something is folded over once and again (as with a tamal being wrapped in a corn leaf, rope being coiled, or a blanket between folded over in half and then in half again), the form with long vowel reduplication is used. However, in certain cases it appears that either form may be used. My notes have both short and long vowel reduplication associated with the action of rolling up a straw mat (petate), although this should be checked. It appears that the reduplicated form with a long vowel is more common in this situation. Determine stative/resultative: /tekwixtok/ or /notekwixtok/. Optative; durative: Note /Ma:ka ihkón wila:nto, xte:tekwia mola:soh!/ 'Don't leave it dragged out on the ground like that! Coil your lasso!' Oapan phonology; pitch accent. Note that the coda is at the end of the first syllable of the verb stem {tehkwiya}. However, p-a does not shift to the left (the utterance is /kitékwiyá/) rather, it stays on the 2nd and 4th syllable. This is one of the best indications that I/O maximization is the major factor regarding stress placement. Note that with reduplicants there might be a tendency to shift p-a to the object prefix more than with stems that have coda {h} in the first (or other) syllable. 02984 ista:k kuwxio:tl kuwxio:tl istá:k ista:k kuwxio:tl ista:k kohxio:tl ista:k kohxio:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 2 type of type, in Spanish <spn>cuajiote</spn> of the family Burseraceae; apparently there are two of these, one is the <l>Bursera aptera</l>and the other, of the same genus, has not yet been identified tipo de cuajiote, de la familia Burseraceae Pending plant kohtli sta kow xi kuhxio:tl The precise transcription of the name for this tree will need to be checked, but it appears that in both dialects there is a double velar stop, one ending <kamoa>ista:k</kamoa> and the other immediately afterward beginning the next word. Apparently these are <kam>cuajiote</kam> trees, all of which are of the Bursera family. Note that there are two sets of four of this word. kuwxio:tl de un istá:k synonym Am 02985 tsi:nkwe:tli tsi:nkwe:tli tsi:nkwe:tli tsi:nkwe:tli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 1(:) diaper (synonym Oapan: <kloa>tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</kloa>, <kloa>a:ma:xtlatl</kloa>) pañal (sinónimo Oapan: <kloa>tsi:ntlaké:sohlí</kloa>, <kloa>a:ma:xtlatl</kloa>) Am slip enagua Oa clothing tsi:n kwe: Apparently in Ameyaltepec <kam>tsi:nkwe:tli</kam> refers to diapers whereas in Oapan it is used to refer to a slip worn by women. This distinction, however, needs to be rechecked. Note that there are two sets of four of this 02986 ixi:tsa kixi:tsa íxí:tsa ixi:tsa kíxí:tsa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ka/tsa Compl class-3a(ts) yes-lex to wring the last drop of water out of (e.g., an item of clothing); or make the last drop come out (e.g., a bottle such as when one takes the last sip) sacar laúltima gota de; hacer salir laúltima gota de Pending Kwahli xkixi:tsa motso:tsokol! Kwahli ma ki:sa a:tl! Am Pour the last drop of water out of your water jug (i.e., by holding it upside down and tilting it one way and another)! Make sure all the water comes out! ¡Hazle salir laúltima gota de tu cántaro (p. ej., al voltearlo y menearlo de un lado a otro)!¡Quéle salga bien todo el agua! Xkixi:tsa moserbe:sah! Kwahli ma tlami! Am Bottoms up! Finish off your beer! ¡échate la cerveza!¡Quése acabe todo! Xtoya:wili! Xkixi:tsa! Am Pour it out (e.g., water in a container). Get the last drop out! ¡Tírale el agua (u otro líquido)!¡Sácale hasta laúltima gota! hxi: The pitch accent of Oapan <koa>íxí:tsa</koa> is the reflex of underlying {h}, hence the root analysis as <kroot>hxi:</kroot>. Check other applications of this word. Also check initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long. Check inflection as class 4 since this was not in my notes, but rather I added this based on my understanding of Nahuatl inflection in general. ixi:ka verb_base Am íxí:ka verb_base Oa 02987 tlasoka:mati kitlasoka:mati kitlásoka:máti kitlasoka:mati kitlásoka:máti
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V2 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> yes-lex to appreciate (an action or deed performed by another); to be grateful for agradecer (una acción llevada a cabo por otro) Pending Niktlasoka:mati, we:i o:ne:chpale:wih. Am I am very thankful for it, it helped me a lot. Lo agradezco mucho, me ayudómucho. tlasoh mati 02988 tlamposteki kitlamposteki tlamposteki kitlamposteki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Compl class-3a(k) to snap or break the tooth of romper o quebrar el diente de Pending O:ne:xtlampopostek. Am He broke several of my teeth. Me rompióvarios dientes. tlan posteki The verb <kamoa>posteki</kamoa>, along with all forms of this verb with an incorporated noun, is one of the very few Nahuatl verbs that are both intransitive and transitive. Check for use of /te-/ intensifier, which does occur with /posteki/. 02989 tlate:na:miki tlate:na:miki tlate:na:miki tlate:na:miki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tla class-3a(k)(Am:long) to bow ones head in reverence, kissing with ones lips, or bringing them close to a revered object (usually a saint or cross) inclinar la cabeza en devoción y reverencia, besando con los labios o simplemente acercándolos al objeto reverenciado (por lo común un santo o una cruz) Pending Ma tlate:na:miki! Am Let him bow his head and pay reverence (in a church, at a house altar, etc.! ¡Deja que incline la cabeza en reverencia (en la iglesia, en un altar particular, etc.)! te:n na:miki tlate:na:miki:ltia val_add_caus Am, Oa te:na:miki plus_tla Am, Oa 02990 chaktlatowa chaktlatowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 S-[tla-V2] V1-b class-2b to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) Am Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n. Am It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which prevents it from emiting a solid ringing sound). Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque estároto (no completamente sino con una fisura que inhibe que resuene bien). to make an angry clucking or cackling sound (a chicken) cacarear como de enojada (la gallina) Am Ne:nkah, ma:ka tihkowas! Chaktlatowa, ye tlapacho:s. Am That one there (in this case a hen), don't buy it! It makes an angry clucking sound, it's going lay its eggs (and for this reason is thin and irritable). Aquella de allá(en este caso una gallina),¡no la vayas a comprar. Estácacareando como de enojada, ya va a empollar (y por esta razón estádelgada y de mal humor). sound-material chak hto chaktlatowa; chaltlatowa One person described the sound signified by <kam>chaktlatowa</kam> as <kam>nokomo:nilia</kam> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. One entry has <kam>chaltlatowa</kam> for a word with the same meaning. It is not clear whether <kam>chaktlatowa</kam> and <kam>chaltlatowa</kam> are two alternative pronunciations of the same word, whether one of the two has been erroneously written down, or whether they are two distinct words. Determine (and correct translation if necessary) the meaning of /tlapachowa/, i.e., whether to lay, or to incubate. !! Check the /k/: it appears quite aspirated in some of the speech tokens of Cristino Flores. Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by <kam>chaktlatowa</kam> as <kam>nokomo:nilia</kam> 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. cháltlatówa synonym Oa 02991 i:xkwepa ki:xkwepa i:xkopa ki:xkopa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a to trick ones ability to recognize (e.g., by substituting one object for another that is similar in appearance, causing sb to be mistaken in their identification) engañar en la habilidad de reconocer (a algn, p. ej., al remplazar una cosa por otra parecida y de esta manera confundir a algn para que se equivoque en la identificación) Pending Xnamaka un yo:lki! Ma:ka sa: ihkón xmokwi:kwi:litokan! Okse: xkowa, san xki:xkwepa. Am Sell that animal (in this case one in dispute with another claimant)! Don't just fight back and forth like that over it! Buy another one (with the money from the sale of the first), just fool him (by substituting the second animal for the first). ¡Vende ese animal (en este caso que estáel foco de una disputa con otro litigante)!¡No te vayas a quedar nada más peleando por la posesión!¡Cómprate otro (p. ej., con el dinero de la venta del primero), engáñalo (al sustituir el segundo por el primero)! to cause to lose ones way (by playing tricks on sb's eyes or sense of perception); to disorient (sb from the direction or path being followed) hacer perder el camino (a una persona o animal, al engañar su habilidad de percepción); desorientar (a algn, p. ej., del camino, de donde va, etc.) Pending Mitsi:xkwepas na:wahli, xok tikitas ka:nika tiá:s, sa: tmatis yo:tka:w otli. Am A <kam>nahual</kam> will make you lose your way, you won't be able to tell where you are going anymore, you'll just all of a sudden realize that you've left the path. Un nahual va a hacer que pierdas el camino, no vas a saber por donde vas, nomás de repente vas a darte cuenta que ya dejaste el camino. (refl.) to have ones eyes play tricks on one (refl.) dejarse engañar por apariencias Pending San o:timi:xkwep. O:timi:xkakaya:w. Tlaka xewa! Am Your eyes did a trick on you. You let yourself get fooled by appearances. Indeed, it wasn't him! Tus ojos te fallaron. te dejaste engañar por las apariencias. pues, al fin no fueél! i:x kwepa i:xkakaya:wa Check the difference between /i:xkwepa/ and /i:xkakaya:wa/ 'to fool or be fooled by the appearance of something or someone'. Cf. RS for discussion of meanings in elicitation. 02992 tortugah tortugah
22/Oct/2005
tortuga N N-loan N1 tortoise tortuga Am Not indigenous to Ameyaltepec; this is not classified as a type of 'fish.' a:yo:tsi:n equivalent Oa 02993 xope:wilia kixope:wilia xope:wilia kixope:wilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to push with the snout affecting (sb, usually in a damaging way) empujarle (a algn una cosa) con el hocico Pending Ma:ka mitsxope:wili:s mopla:toh, ke:n tlayehli! Am Be careful that it (in this case a pig) doesn't push your plate on you with its snout, its really mischievous! ¡Ten cuidado que no te empuje el plato con su hocico (en este caso un marrano),¡es muy latoso! xo pe:wa xope:wa verb_base Am 02994 nakatelowa kinakatelowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to strip; to take off ones clothes desvestirse; quitarse la ropa Am O:nonakateloh, ye na:lti:s. Am He took off his clothes, he's about to go swimming. Se quitóla ropa, ya va a nadar. naka tel The only documentation of this verb to date is in the reflexive. The only example I have of this word is in the reflexive; check for nonreflexive use. 02995 kopa:k i:kopa:k kopa:k i:kopa:k
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-k(o) N2 throat (the inside, from where ones mouth ends and below) garganta (la parte interior desde donde termina la boca) Pending body human kopa: -ko ko:koh The etymology of <kamoa>kopa:k</kamoa> is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to <klamoa>ko:koh</klamoa>. On one original filecard I recorded that <klam>ko:kotitlan</klam> and <kamoa>kopa:k</kamoa> were equivalent. The precise definition of this term should be established; Molina has <kn>copactli</kn> glossed as 'paladar.' As noted in the /dis2 field, this word should be checked as the possible equivalent of <kam>ko:koh</kam> and other similar words: /ko:koh/, /ko:kotitlan/ and /kopa:k/. Use first token of male speaker since I like the vowel length there. 02996 tepotsmilo:l i:tepotsmilo:l
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-pas N2 spine (so called because when one bends over the spine emerges like a hill) columna vertebral (also llamado porque cuando uno se agacha sale la columna como un cerrito) Am body tepots mil Note that my original filecard had /teposmilo:l/; but this is probably an error. 02997 ika ka nipa:ktitok ika tiá:s ya: ika yeka ya:
11/Feb/2006
Comptzer; Subord that (as complementizer to introduce clausal complements) que (como complementizador para introducir claúsulas complementarias) Pending O:te:chnono:tskeh iksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. Am A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh. Am He will notice that it has been added on to. Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado. that; because; with this that (functions as a subordinator for an adverbial clause) con que; porque; con esto de que (funciona para subordinar claúsulas adverbiales) Pending Nipa:ki ika tine:chpale:wi:s. Am I am happy that you will help me. Estoy feliz con eso de que me vas a ayudar. with, with the use of (to mark instrumentals or adverbial clauses of manner; in an antipassive construction may be used to introduce a clause after a transitive verb with <kn>tla-</kn> prefix) con, con el uso de (para instrumentales o claúsulas adverbiales de manera; puede utilizarse en formas antipasivas para encabezer una claúsula después de un verbo transitivo con el prefix <kn>tla-</kn>) Pending San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian. Am They are living happily, they never get mad with each other. Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se enojan. Meláyo:ne:chkwah to:nahli, o:niah xka nosembre:roh. Am The sun really scorched me, I left without my hat. El sol me quemóbien, salísin sombrero. Titlakwa:s ka yetl. Am You will eat (and there will be) beans. Vas a comer (y habrá) frijoles. Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k -ika- wi:lo:meh. Am I'm going to go hunting <spn>huilotas</spn>. Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. De o:me ika onkah, tla: kalakis, tla: xkalakis. Am There are two possibilities (lit., 'there are two with which'), either he will enter (in this case into cargo service) or he won't. Hay dos posibilidades (lit., 'hay dos con que'), o va a entrar (en este caso a llevar su cargo), o no. Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. Am Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. Aquíhemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden venir (en este caso ladrones). Tlaxi:ni ya: o:lo:tl. Oa There are corncobs scattered all over the ground. Hay olotes regados por todo el suelo in regards to en cuanto a Pending Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n! Am Make it (in this case, a bowl being shaped) big just like this (i.e., like this in terms of bigness)! Don't make it any smaller! ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) asíen cuanto a grande! ¡Quéno sea más pequeño! (tli:no:n ~) for what reason? (tli:no:n ~) ¿por qué? ¿para qué? (<kam>yewa ika</kam>) for this reason; because (synonym Oapan: <koa>yo ya</koa>) (<kam>yewa ika</kam>) por esta razón; porque (sinónimo Oapan: <koa>yo ya</koa>) Pending Yewa ika niá:s Am That's why (that's the reason) I'm going. Es por esa razón que voy a ir. (~ <kamoa>pa:mpa</kamoa>) because, given that (~ <kamoa>pa:mpa</kamoa>) dado que, a causa de que, porque Am Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi! Am Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there! Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar! (~ [number] <kam>be:ses</kam>) the [number as ordinal] time (~ [número] <kam>be:ses</kam>) el [número como ordinal] vez Pending Ika na:wi be:ses yaw. Am This is the fourth time he is going. Es la cuarta vez que va. (~ [number]) to cost (lit., 'with [number]') (~ [número]) tener el precio de (lit., 'con [número]) Pending Ya:lwa katka ika -=saka- sinkwe:ntah, o:tleko:tiwets. Am Yesterday it cost fifty, it went up in a hurry. Ayer costaba cinquenta, subiórápido. (<kam>i ika</kam> (Am); or <koa>i ya</koa>, often following <kamoa>de</kamoa> or <kamoa>para</kamoa>) forever; permanently; for good; for a long time (in Ameyaltepec one also finds <kam>ye ika</kam>) (<kam>i ~</kam> or <kam>ye ~</kam> ; a menudo siguiente <kamoa>de</kamoa> o <kamoa>para</kamoa>) para siempre; permanentemente; por mucho tiempo (en Ameyaltepec también se dice <kam>ye ika</kam>) Pending Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. Am They didn't give it to him forever. No se lo dieron para siempre. Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. Am They didn't give it to him forever. No se lo dieron para siempre. Ye ika timoka:was. Am You'll stay (away) for a long time. Te vas a queda (afuera) por mucho tiempo. I ika o:tiah, o:tiweka:w. Am You went away for a long time, you took a long time. Te fuiste por mucho tiempo, te tardaste. De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. Am You've killed it forever because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away (e.g., a plant or tree). Lo mataste para siempre porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste (p. ej., una planta o arból). ([independent pronoun] ~ <koa>nochi</koa> + [predicate noun]) to be the only [noun] ([pronombre independiente ] ~ <koa>nochi</koa> + [sustantivo predicado]) ser elúnico [sustantivo] Oa Tiya: nochi titla:katl. Oa You are the only male. Eres elúnico hombre. (<kloa>ma</kloa>~) at least (<kloa>ma</kloa>~) por lo menos, cuando menos Oa Ma ya: o:me, ye:i ya:skeh. Oa At least two, three will go. Por lo menos dos, tres van a ir. (<koa>sa: i</koa> ~) the last time (<koa>sa: i</koa> ~) laúltima vez Oa ¿Kamano:n sa: i ya: o:tieka? Oa When was the last time that you went? ¿Cuándo fue laúltima vez que te fuiste? tli:no:n ke:ch ka In Oapan ones finds phrase such as <koa>táwáya: nochi titla:katl</koa> 'You are the only male.' However, the first or second person pronouns are often abbreviated in this construction: <koa>ni:ya</koa> or <koa>ti:ya</koa> as in one of the example sentences. In Oapan the element <kam>pa:mpa</kam> , common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a"borrowing"from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase <koa>yeka pa:mpa</koa>. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form. For reasons not entirely clear it appears that in Oapan the /a:/ is long in <koa>ya:</koa> while short in <koa>ika</koa> (rarely used) or <koa>yeka</koa> (somewhat more common). In Ameyaltepec the form <kam>ika</kam> always manifests a short vowel. One problem or question that needs to be resolved is when in Oapan the form <koa>ya:n</koa> (or <koa>ya:m</koa>) is used instead of <koa>ya:</koa>. Given the lack of predictability (cf. also <kloa>se:</kloa>, and reference to <kloa>se:n</kloa>) the transcriptions have both these forms (with and without nasal). Check grammatical correctness and translation of /titlakwa:s ka yetl/, i.e. whether meaning is to 'eat beans' or 'eat (something) with beans'. Obtain a tape of Oapan /ti:ya nochi titla:katl/ to recheck whether vowel is long. When used with a full independent pronoun also check. to see if vowel is long ?táwáika or i:ka nochi titla:katl.. Check whether this is correct in Am. Check whether plural can be used; I seem to remember only the singular. Pluralization; adverbs: Note that pluralization is not limited to predicates. Plural is also marked on adverbs (/de nika:meh/ in a previous example) and on forms such as /ika/: Ke:ch ikameh? 'How much are they' Determine what part of speech is /ika/ in /ke:ch ika/. It seems to be a fronting of /nihkowas ika ___/ i.e., a type of instrumental. /Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh/ 'Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.' Note that way in which /ika/ introduces an adverbial particle. I would imagine (check) that the /ika/ might here be omitted. 02998 a:yo:pets a:yo:pets
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap N2 type of edible bug, stink bug tipo de insecto comestible, jumil grande Am animal insect a:yo: pets Etimology not certain; check for meaning of animal as clue, i.e., perhaps it is very smooth. Schoenhals (1988:222) identifies the Sp. <kam>jumil</kam> as Fam. Pantomidae, and notes:"'stink bug' See chinche de jardín."An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the indigenous people." 02999 to:motli to:motli tó:motlí tó:motlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex generic name for cacti nombre genérico para cacti Pending specific type of cactus also known as <klam>to:mokuwtli</klam> (Am) or <koa>tó:mokóhtli</koa> (Oa) tipo específico de cactus también conocido como <klam>to:mokuwtli</klam> (Am) o <koa>tó:mokóhtli</koa> (Oa) Pending cactus fruit; prickly pear tuna; fruta del cactus Pending Kipia ito:moyo. Am It (a cactus) has it's fruit. Tiene (un cactus) su fruta. plant cactus to:moh to:motli Check to make sure that /to:motli/ as a generic name is the same as /ó:rganoh/. Bravo (1932) offers a concise summary of the cactus of the region of Cañon del Zopilote. She gives the following account. The genus Opuntia has two species: <i>Opuntia velutina Weber</i>and <i>Opuntia atropes Rose</i>as well as another that remained unidentified given that it had not been observed while in flower. The genus Cephalocereus has the following species: <i>Cephalocereus mezcalaensis n. sp.</i>(note that this appears to be the /tlapextli/ cactus; Bravo notes that this is the most abundant species in the region, particularly near Mezcala"en donde en algunos sitios forma verdaderas selvas"(p. 382); <i>Cephalocereus leucocephalus</i>(which branches from the bottom and reaches 4 meters high). Among the <i>Pachycereus</i>, <i>Pachycereus marginatus</i>and <i>Pachycereus grandis Rose</i>are both found and cultivated for fencing. Another type of cactus is <i>Lemaireocereus pruinosus</i>. There is the <i>Lemaireocereus weberi</i>(which is the <kam>ó:rganoh</kam>) and the <i>Le maireocer eus benec kei</i>. Near Zumpango del Río a few examples of <i>Lemaireocereus dumortieri</i>were found; near this town there were also a few <i>Myrtillocactus geometrizans, Console</i>. The cactus <i>Corphanta bumamma</i>was found, known in Spanish as"rodilla de vieja."Then there are some smaller cactuses: <i>Neomammillaria hirsuta</i>and <i>Neomammillaria guerreronis</i>; these last two are very small cactuses with short, hairlike spines. Finally, two others were found: <i>Cereus saxícolo</i>de la subtribu Cereanae and <i>Acanthocereus maculatus Weingart</i>. There are, I believe, a total of 17 species here identified or noted. The following types of <kam>to:motli</kam> have been identified to date from my data from Ameyaltepec: <klam>to:motlaxkahli</klam> , <klam>to:motlaxkahli ipan tla:hli</klam> , <klam>to:motsotsohli</klam> , <klam>to:moiswatl</klam> , <klam>to:moichkatl</klam> or <klam>ichkato:motli</klam> , <klam>tlapextli</klam> or <klam>ó:rganoh para tlapextli</klam> , <klam>ó:rganoh</klam> or <klam>ó: rganoh we:i</klam> , and <klam>orga n i :toh</klam>. I have one reference to a <klam>chichí:k to:motli</klam> as a type of <kam>to:motli</kam> ; in addition it is not clear whether <klam>itsontekon lamatsi:n</klam> is a type of <kam>to:motli</kam> , although it probably is. Finally, Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned another <kam>to:motli</kam> that I had not previously documented: <kloa>to:moa:stilih</kloa>. It would appear that this is a type not documented in my notes from Ameyaltepec. 03000 yzzz iswá:penké:tl iswá:penké:tl
09/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ag-ke:tl Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) Stem 2 person who gathers up corn leaves scattered on the ground persona que pepena hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra Oa swa pena 03001 yzzz te:nchakal te:nchakal
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap gossip chismoso Oa te:n chakal Whether or not this form is derived from <kn>chacalli</kn>, which RS, citing Hernández, glosses as 'langosta, cangrejo del lago de México, is not clear. It is used to refer to someone who is gossipy, who tells people about what someone else has done (usually something embarrassing or negative) even though not asked. Check whether /te:nchakaltik/ also exists. kamachi:pil synonym Am 03002 yzzz yekachi:lmo:ltia kiyekachi:lmo:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a ~Intrans to give a bloody nose to (lit. 'to turn (sb's) nose into <koa>chi:lmo:hli</koa>) sacarle sangre a la nariz de (lit., 'hacerle la nariz <koa>chi:lmo:hli</koa> a) Oa yeka chi:l mo:l yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia; yekayeski:xtia yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia synonym Oa yekachi:lmo:lkwaltia synonym Am 03003 to:chin to:chin to:chin to:chin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in Stem 4 rabbit conejo Pending to:ch animal mammal <kam>To:chin</kam> is rarely employed to signify 'rabbit' given that <kamoa>to:xtli</kamoa> is used to signify 'vagina' or, more accurately, the entire female pubic area. Indeed, many, if not most speakers do not recognize <kam>to:chin</kam> as meaning 'rabbit' (or avoid it because of its vulgar connotation) and instead use the Spanish loan <klamoa>kone:joh</klamoa>. Perhaps this should be removed from the dictionary. Given its potentially vulgar meaning, no sound file should be linked to this entry. Note that only the male uttered this word: 4 times. 03004 kwa:tekoyo:ni kwa:tekoyo:ni kwa:tekoyo:ni kwa:tekoyo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) Compl Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> class-3a to get a piercing wound in ones head abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza Oa kwa: te- koyo: kwa:chi:koya:wi Oapan <koa>kwa:tekoyo:ni</koa> is used to refer to a wound, a hole on the head such as that which might open up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form <kloa>kwa:chi:koya:wi</kloa>, which Ameyaltepequeños gave as having a similar meaning, is used instead in Oapan to refer to a thatched roof opening up. Note that Ameyaltepequeños also use <klam>kwa:chi:koya:wi</klam> to refer to this process. Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. Tag the mistaken first pronunciation /kwa:tekomo:ni/ with a reserve number: 99998_Oa_f1.wav, or whatever is being used. kwa:chi:koyo:ni synonym Am 03005 tio:tlato:hli tio:tlato:hli tió:tlató:hli tió:tlató:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 yes-lex prayer; words used in prayer oración; palabras empleadas en rezar Pending Check whether this form can be possessed. The length of the first /o/ of words containing the root <kroot>tio:</kroot>or <kroot>tio</kroot>is unclear. In the present case, it seems that the Oapan forms have a short, high-pitched, vowel (the pitch accent is the reflex of a coda {h} in {tlahto:hli}). Nevertheless, a clear comparison and analysis of all words that contain this root will be required in determining the length of the vowel in question. For now, the Ameyaltepec form has been left long, even though in my notes I repeatedly questioned the length (which was perhaps assigned because of undue influence from the historical form <kn>teo:tl</kn>. Check whether possessed form can be used. tio: hto 03006 koxtlakali kikoxtlakali kóxtlakáli koxtlakali kikóxtlakáli
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V V2-b class-3a yes-lex to anesthesize anestizar Pending kochi tlahkali Check for other meanings, e.g., 'knock out' (with a punch?). Originally I had /kochtlakali/ for Am, which I have changed to /koxtlakali/ based on Oa form. This should be rechecked. Note the morphology here; /koch/ in general combines in this way; it is one of the few"verbs"that do, suggesting that the combination is not V+V, but perhaps some stem prefixed to a verb. Cf. this to other reduced combinational forms, e.g., verbs that end in /-iwi/ have a combinational form without the /-iwi/ and some verbs in /-V:wi/ have a combinational form without /-V:wi/. Use first female token. 03007 pwe:rtah pwe:rtah pwe:rtah pwe:rtah
22/Oct/2005
puerta N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) door (the physical door and not the doorway) puerta (la puerta misma y no la entrada) Pending construct kahli 03008 ma:kuwtia ma:kuwtia ma:kohtia ma:kohtia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) to get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and stiff; in Oapan this meaning is conveyed by the reduplicated form <koa>má:kokóhtiá</koa> or by the synonym <kloa>má:kwaló</kloa>) quedarsele el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el cuerpo; en Oapan este significado se expresa por la forma de reduplicada: <koa>má:kokóhtia</koa> o por el sinónimo <kloa>má:kwaló</kloa>) Pending to get a strong arm (e.g., as one gets older) adquirir un brazo fuerte (p. ej., al crecer con la edad) Oa ma: kow Oapan manifests a complete semantic break between the nonredupicated <koa>ma:kuwtia</koa> 'to get a strong arm (as one gets older)' and <koa>má:kokohtia</koa> 'to get a stiff and sore arm.' However, it appears that the latter sense is more often conveyed by <koa>má:kwaló</koa>. Note that in Oapan the reduplicated form here means 'to get a stiff arm (from working).' This explains the reduced reduplication in <kloa>tsí:nkuwtiá</kloa>. ma:kuwtilia val_add_applic Am ma:kohtilia val_add_applic Oa má:kwaló synonym Oa 03009 monextik tlako:tl monextik tlako:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex Stem 2 type of whitish vine still not identified tipo de bejucco algo blanco todavía no identificado Am plant xiwtli mohnex tlako: Given that this was not identified in fieldwork, perhaps this is mistaken. Checke. 03010 tlekuwa tlekuwa tlákowá tlékowá tlakowa tlákowá, tlékowá
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-4c(pano) yes-lex to go up (e.g., sb climbing a hill, walking up stairs, etc.) subir (p. ej., un cerro, escaleras, etc.) Pending Newa nitleko:s, tewa nika:n tlatsi:ntlah xmoka:wa! Am I'll be the one to go up, you stay down here! Yo voy a subir,¡Túquédate aquíabajo! to rise (a price, water in a river, etc.) subir (el precio, agua en un río, etc.) Am, Oa (~ occasionally with <kamoa>-pan</kamoa>) to get on top of; to mount (~ ocasionalmente con <kamoa>-pan</kamoa>) subir sobre; montar sobre Pending Xtleko ipan mokaba:yoh! Am Get on your horse! ¡Súbete a tu caballo! ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh. Oa He got on his donkey. Montósobre su burro. motion tlehko: The verb <kam>tlekowa</kam> (Am) or <koa>tlákowá</koa> (Oa) may perhaps be considered a lexicalized derivation from the transitive form <kam>ekowa</kam> (Am) or <koa>ékowá</koa>. The latter refer to the action of 'climbing up' (as a bug might do on someone's leg). In this case the <kn>tla-</kn> prefix would refer to simply going up on something. Note that in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec one can say both <kam>O:tleko:k ipan iburri:toh</kam> (Am) and <kam>O:tleko:k iburri:toh</kam> (Am). However, whereas in Ameyaltepec it is more common to find this phrase with <kam>ipan</kam> in Oapan the reverse is true: <koa>ó:tlakó:k i:burri:toh</koa>. Note also that whereas in Ameyaltepec one says <kam>O:tleko:k ipan tepe:tl</kam> in Oapan the form is <koa>o:keko:k tepe:tl</koa> ; cf. <kloa>ekowa</kloa>. Use first female and first male token. tleko:ltia val_add_caus Am 'tlakó:ltia val_add_caus Oa ekuwa minus_tla Am ékowá minus_tla Oa 03011 tlake:nsosoleh tlake:nsosoleh tlaké:nsoléh tlaké:nsolíh tlaké:soléh
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-eh N1 yes person having old, tattered clothes persona con la ropa vieja y desgastada Pending Tlake:nsosoleh, tlake:ntatapatik. Am He has tattered old clothes, he has clothes that are heavily patched. Tiene ropa vieja y desgastada, tiene ropa muy remendada. ke:m Use second male token, which is more in accord with the canonical pronunciation. This word is often used with the dimuntive ending <kn>tsi:n</kn>, as an indication of pity, e.g., <kam>tlake:nsosoletsi:n</kam> (Am). Oapan phonology: the tendency of final vowels to vary between [i] and [e] and for final [h] and [n] to vary is well represented here; the first male token shows the h>n shift that is so common. However, unlike underlying final /n/ which is often velarized, the /n/ that results from underlying [h] is not. tlake:ntatapatik; tatapatik confer Am tlake:ntetépatík; tetépatík confer Oa 03012 te:na:wiltia te:na:wiltia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-d-tia class-2a to not keep ones word; to play around with, or not honor, ones commitments; to say one thing and do another; to pretend not to be able to do sth that one can do no cumplir con la palabra; jugar, o no honrar, los compromisos; decir una cosa y hacer otra; fingir no poder una cosa que si puede hacer Pending Te:na:wiltia, o:tpale:witiwets dya a:man xok kineki mitskwepili:s. Am He is not worthy of his word, you helped him out in a pinch and now he doesn't want to return the favor. No estima su palabra, le echaste una mano y ahora no te quiere responder (con ayuda cuando la necesitas). te:n a:wil <kam>Te:na:wiltia</kam> in general refers to someone who does not value his word, who says he will do something but then does not cumply. a:wiltia confer Am kákayá:wa confer Oa 03013 zzz This entry used to be a xref to /ma:sowa/ but has been eliminated and /ma:sowa/ is an alternate pronunciation of /ma:sowa/.
30/Jul/2005
 03014 ma:tsonteki kima:tsonteki ma:tsonteki kima:tsonteki
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to cut the branches off (e.g., of a tree, with a machete or ax, not a knife) cortarle las ramas a (p. ej., unárbol, con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) Pending O:nikimima:tsotsontekito. Am I went to chop the branches off them (trees). Fui a cortarles las ramas (a losárboles). to cut the arm of off; to amputate the arm of; to slash the arm of deeply (with a machete or ax, not a knife) amputarle el brazo a; cortarle el brazo profundamente a (con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) Pending ma: tson teki The verb <kam>ma:tsonteki</kam> refers to the action of cutting partially or all the way through something with a machete or an axe, not a knife. In the latter case <klamoa>ma:teki</klamoa>would be used. Note reduplication of verb root in /ma:tsotsonteki/ and not of /ma:-/. As usual, it is the verbal stem (lexicalized perhaps from N+V) that reduplicates, not the incorporated noun. The plural object /kim-/ in /o:nikimima:tsotsontekito/ refers to the plural trees; the reduplication to the many branches on each tree. The singular form /o:nima:tsotsontek/ refers to the action of cutting one branch off a tree. 03015 kolochiwi kolochiwi kolochiwi kolochiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to be huddled and shrunk or bunched over (as when one is sick and uncomfortable) estar con el cuerpo acurrucado y encogido (como cuando uno estáenfermo e incómodo) Pending Kolochiwtok ke:n pió. Kwalo. Am He is huddled over like a chicken. He is sick. Estáacurrucado como una gallina. Estáenfermo. (with long vowel reduplication) to curl up (particularly leaves of a plant, such as squash, watermelon, lemon tree, etc., because of a pest) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) enroscarse (particularmente las hojas de una planta, como calabaza, sandía, limón, etc., a causa de una plaga) Pending koloch According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used only in reference to chickens that are huddled over when sick. In Ameyaltepec that is the only context in which I have documented its use. Perhaps the root /koloch/ can be analyzed further. Note the various words with /ko(:)/ that seem to indicate a shrinking, bunching or twisting action: /kolochiwi/, /koltotsowa/, /ko:tsiltik/, etc. 03016 zzz This used to be an entry for /tlatsitsilinyantsin/. Since it repeats another entry, it has been removed.
30/Jul/2005
 03017 i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni i:xtempe:peyo:ni i:xtempe:peyo:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni ~Trans -rdp-s class-3a for ones eyelids to flutter open and close parpadearle rápidamente los ojos (a algn) Pending Ti:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, tikochisneki. Am Your eyelids are fluttering open and closed, you're sleepy. Se te abren y cierran rápidamente los párpados, tienes sueño. I:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, kemech o:isak. Am He is slowly opening and clearing his eyes, he just woke up. Poco a poco se le estáabriendo y despegando los ojos, apenas se despertó. i:x te:n peyo: When used in reference to sleepiness, this word refers to someone who has difficulty in keeping his or her eyelids open, as they involuntarily fall shut every once in a while. It has only been documented with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem. I have only heard this reduplicated with a long vowel. Check. Determine whether /peyo:ni/ is used in any other manner. Determine whether a transitive form exists. Definitely use second token of female speech (great dif. in relative duration of /e/ and /m/ in her two pronunciations). i:xte:ntla:tlakwa confer Am, Oa 03018 tlachi:chi:liwi tlachi:chi:liwi tlachi:chi:liwi tlachi:chi:liwi
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to dawn; to redden (the sky, at dawn from the rising sun or at dusk from the setting sun) alborear (el cielo, del sol saliente durante el amanecer o poniente al atardecer) Pending Ye wa:ltlachi:chi:liwtiw, ye wa:lki:stok to:nahli. Am The sky is starting to lighten, the sun is already rising. Viene alboreando, ya viene saliendo el sol. chi:l Use first male token. chi:chi:liwi minus_tla Am, Oa 03019 chikohli chikohli chíkohlí chíkohlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 3 yes-lex long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end, of a hard and extremely straight material such as otate, used to pluck off fruit that is high up in a tree chicol Am tool-cultivate chihkol Whereas in Ameyaltepec <kam>chikohli</kam> refers to the entire apparatus (pole with crosspiece), in Oapan <koa>chíkohlí</koa> refers only to the In Oapan this refers to the cross-piece on a long pole: <kloa>wítlátl</kloa>. Check vowel length of /o/. Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard. tlanchikohlo confer Am 03020 tlalka:wani tlalka:wani tlá:lka:wáni tlá:lka:wáne tlá:lka:wáne, tlá:lka:wáne
11/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni Reduced rdp-s(pref) (Oa) N1 yes-rdp person who is forgetful or absent-minded persona olvidadiza Pending Titlalka:wantsi:n, titlapolowa:ni. Am You are somewhat absent-minded, you always lose things. Eres algo olvidadizo, siempre se te pierden las cosas. el ka:wa A full explanation of the motivation for pitch accent and vowel lengthening in the Oapan headword is found under <kloa>tla:lká:wa</kloa>. The length of the initial /a:/ in the four recorded tokens of Oapan <koa>tlá:lka:wáni</koa> are 83 and 81 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 90 and 93 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Although not of particularly long duration, this would nevertheless seem to be within the range of phonologically long vowels. Note to self: recheck vowel length and p-a here. 03021 te:ntsoneh te:ntsoneh te:ntsoneh te:ntsoneh
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-posr-eh N1 bearded person (a man, certain animals such as goats) barbón (un hombre, ciertos animales como los chivos) Pending te:n tson /-eh/ and /-wah/ possessor: <kam>Te:ntsonwah</kam> is not acceptable. This is the case often, as only one or the other is correct. te:ntsontli confer Am, Oa 03022 i:xtekuruch ku:koh i:xtekuruch ku:koh tekoró:ch ko:kó:h tekoró:ch ko:kó:n tekoró:ch ko:kó:h, tekoró:ch ko:kó:n
22/Oct/2005
Call Onom the sound made by an owl el sonido emitido por un tecolote Pending sound-animal Although length is not contrastive in /u/ for Nahuatl, the penultimate /u:/ is marked long here to indicate the stress that accompanies this syllable Get other animal sounds. Use second male token. 03023 pancholwia kipancholwia panchalwia pancholwia [pan chal 'wi a] kipanchalwia, kipancholwia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 S-V2 V2-d-wia class-2a to pass or step over (e.g, a child lying on the ground) pasar o pisar sobre (p. ej., un niño acostado por el suelo) Pending O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n, a:man xiktoma para ma we:ia! Am You stepped over my little daughter (lying on the ground). Now undo it (i.e., step back over her in the opposite direction) so that she will grow up big! Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada en el suelo).¡Ahora deshazlo (esto es, pasa otra vez sobre ella) para que crezca! pan chol It is thought by some that if one steps over a child lying on the ground, the child will not get big. Thus people who do this are told to undo it, and its effects, by stepping back over the child the opposite direction. Pronunciation in Oapan varies and speakers are often well aware of minor variations in pronunciation and can cite individuals who speak differently. Before recording Florencia Marcelino mentioned that she uses <koa>panchalwiya</koa> while her husband uses <koa>pancholwiya</koa>. This is evidenced in the speech tokens linked to the headword. Note that in first repetition of 4 male and female are the same; in the second set of 4, use final (2nd in this set, 4th overall) male token. Use the second female token of the first set. 03024 toto:roh toto:roh
11/Feb/2006
toro N N-loan Lex. rdp-s fruit of the <kbam>okichyo:yotli</kbam>tree, so called because the fruit is encased in a large, thorn-like object fruta delárbol llamado <kbam>okichyo:yotli</kbam>, asíllamado porque la fruta se encuentra en un objeto grande, con púas como los cuernos del toro Am (by extension) another name for the <kbam>okichyo:yotli</kbam>tree (por extensión) otro nombre para elárbol conocido como <klam>okichyo:yotli</klam> Am Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwel nokwa. San para tlikuwtli. Ye weka:wi kitlatlapa:nayan ye:i, na:wi itla:kihlo ika notsonchichi:wayan suwa:tl. Am <kam>Toto:roh</kam> : It has fruit that isn't edible. It's just good for firewood. A long time ago they would break open three or four of its fruit and with these women would do up their hair. <kam>Toto:roh</kam> : Tiene su fruta que no es comestible. Solamente sirve para leña. Hace mucho tiempo partían como tres o cuatro de sus frutas y con ellas las mujeres arreglaban su cabello. name given to the <kbam>cha:nko:kopi</kbam>(<l>Proboscidea fragans</l>and <l>Martynia annua</l>, both of the family Pedaliaceae) for the shape of its fruit pods nombre dado al <kbam>cha:nko:kopi</kbam>(<l>Proboscidea fragans</l>y <l>Martynia annua</l>, ambos de la familia Pedaliaceae) por la forma de su fruta Am Toto:roh | Kipia itla:kihlo, kwa:k yo:chika:w tlapa:ni, dya deke yo:tlapa:n noka:wa itla:kihlo ke:n ikwa:koh to:roh. Yewa ika kihlian toto:roh. Am <kam>Toto:roh</kam> : It has its fruit, when it has ripened it splits open and when it has split open its fruit winds up looking like bulls horns. That's why they call it <kam>toto:roh</kam>. <kam>Toto:roh</kam> : Tiene su fruta, cuando ya se puso madura se parte, y de que ya se partióse queda su fruta como los cuernos de un toro. Por eso le dicen <kam>toto:roh</kam>. plant xiwtli I seem to remember that the /o:kichyo:yotli/ or similar plant is also called by this name. Check the recordings. Reduplication: Note metaphoric use of reduplication in /toto:roh/, the fruit of the /okichyo:yotli/ tree (and so called because of the resemblance to a bull's head). 03025 momolo:ni momolo:ni mómoló:ni momolo:ni mómoló:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-ni(a) class-3a yes to fluff up (cotton in particular, a chick when just born, a hen and its feathers when wet) esponjarse (el algodón en particular, un pollito al nacer, una gallina y sus plumas cuando estámojada) Pending Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl. Kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakokwi, momolo:ni. Am That cotton (ball, on the plant) is not compact anymore. The wind has been blowing against it, it's started to open up, it's started to fluff up. Ese algodón (la bola en la vaina de la planta) ya no estáapretado. El viento le pega, ya se empezóa abrir, a esponjarse. molo:nia molo: There is little, if any, difference noted to date between <kam>momolo:ni</kam> or <koa>mómoló:ni</koa> and <kam>momoloka</kam> in the sense of 'to fluff up' (cotton). There is no recorded instance of this verb being used in a nonreduplicated form with this sense; see <klamoa>molo:nia</klamoa>for a fuller discussion. It appears that <kam>momolo:nia</kam> may also be used with this sense. Check possibility of two transitive forms: /molo:nia/ and /molo:naltia/. I originally had 'to smell bad' under this entry for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but this appears in error and it has been removed; cf. /molo:nia/. Also, if there is no unreduplicated form, then the major entry should be /momolo:ni/ and a note to the effect that the word is grammaticalized. Check for the reason of a homophony or polysemy of this word.Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. momolo:naltia val_add_caus Am mómoló:nia val_add_caus Oa momoloka synonym Am 03026 poxkawi poxkawi poxkawi poxkawi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b ~Trans class-3a(w) to get moldy (e.g., fruit and vegetables, bread and tortillas, leftovers, even maize) enmohecerse (p. ej., fruta y verduras, pan y tortillas, sobras de comida, hasta el maíz) Pending Yo:pano:k, yo:pe:w poxkawi. Am It's past ripe (e.g., a fruit), it's begun to get moldy. Ya pasóde sazón (p. ej., una fruta), ya empezóa enmohecerse. poxka Check for transitive form. Pick, I think, second male token. Be aware of background noise. 03027 pila:na kipila:na pila:na kipila:na
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b ~Intrans class-3a to babysit; to watch over; to be a nursemaid of (small children, e.g., to see that they don't wander away or get into trouble; this often involves rocking them to sleep) cuidar a (un niño); ser niñera a (niños chiquitos, p. ej., para que no anden lejos ni se meten en líos; generalmente involucra meciéndolos para que duerman) Pending Xwel titlapila:na? Timistla:ke:was. Am Can you take care of young children? Te voy a contratar. ¿Puedes cuidar niños? Te voy a contratar. pil a:na Discuss the complete responsibilities of a /tlapila:nke:tl/. pila:nilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 03028 ixteki:lia kixteki:lia ixtekilia kixtekilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to steal or rob from robar a Pending O:ne:chixteki:likeh noburroh. Am They stole my donkey from me. Me robaron mi burra. O:ne:xtlaxteki:likeh Am They robbed me. Me robaron. O:ne:chixteki:lih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih Am He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it on him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). Me robómi cantimplora. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví(esto es, lo vi en posesión de ella, que reconocí). to take from (a daugher [SO]from a parent [PO]) in elopement fugarse con (una hija [OS] de (un padre o madre [OP]) Pending O:ne:chixtekilih nochpo:ch Am He ran away (eloped) with my daughter (without having asked me for her hand). Se fugócon mi hija (sin habermela pedido en matrimonio). chteki Check length of i:, although it has been recorded as long in all entries. Check etymology. In the recording session with C. Flores (Am) I heard the /i/ long. Measure. ixteki verb_base Am, Oa 03029 telolo:tsi:n telolo:tsi:n telolo:tsi:n telolo:tsi:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n ball of <klam>tixtli</klam> used to make a certain type of tamal (6 are used in Ameyaltepec, 8 in Oapan; see <klam>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</klam>) bola de masa utilizada para hacer cierto tipo de tamales (se usan 6 en Ameyaltepec, 8 en Oapan; véase <klam>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</klam> Pending fist; blow with the fist puño; golpe con el puño Pending Temitsmá:s -=timistla:lili:s- san se: telolo:tsi:n. Am I will give you one good blow with my fist. Te voy a dar un golpe bueno con el puño. te olo: The <kam>telolo:tsi:n</kam> is only used with the tamal called <klam>tamahli de telolo:tsi:n</klam> , not with other tamals of meat, chile, etc. The etymology of <kam>telolo:tsi:n</kam> seems to be related to the element <kn>te-</kn> 'stone' and to the Classical Nahuatl verb <kam>ololoa</kam> that, among various aceptations, means 'formar una bola' (cf. <kam>ololtic</kam> 'redondo como una bola o una pelota'). The reason for the appearance of the first /l/ and the absence of an /l/ that is found in the root <kam>olol</kam> is unclear. But cf. also the verb <klam>telowa</klam> 'to hit or strike with ones fist' and the acceptation of <kam>telolo:tsi:n</kam> as 'blow with the fist.' The length of the final /o:/ as long is based on an acoustic analysis of this word from the Oapan elicitation. 03030 pro:beh pro:beh
11/Feb/2006
pobre Adj Adj-loan to be poor ser pobre Am, Oa Niplo:weh, xtlah nikpia. Am I am poor (a poor person), I don't have anything. Soy un pobre, no tengo nada. (as interjection) Poor thing! (como interjección)¡Pobrecito¡ Am, Oa Plo:weh! O:mik ikone:w. Am Poor thing! His child died. ¡Pobrecito! se muriósu hijo. The term <kam>plo:weh</kam> (or Oapan <koa>pro:weh</koa>) can be used as an interjection. Note that in Oapan only <kloa>pro:weh</kloa>is acceptable. pro:weh synonym Oa 03031 iswalo:ni *iswalo:ni
11/Feb/2006
N N-pass (?) N1 (ritual) seen and selected (a young maiden as a bride) (ritual) vista y seleccionada (una adolescente para novia) Am ta This word has only been encountered in a <kam>we:we:tlaho:hli</kam> , bride-asking speech, as pronounced by don Plutarco Ramírez. According to Pascual García, who says he never would employ this word, <kam>iswalo:ni</kam> refers to <kam>ka:n o:yo:l, ka:n o:wa:le:w ichpokawa</kam> 'where she (the bride) was born, where the bride came from.' The etymology and meaning are not clear, though it might be an archaic nominalization of <klam>ita</klam> (Classical <kn>itta</kn>). 03032 i:xpupwa ki:xpupwa i:xpopowa ki:xpopowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s* Irregular, see <klam>kukwa</klam> (Am), <kloa>kokowa</kloa>(Oa); irregular: short stem (e.g., perfective): <kam>o:ki:xpopo:w</kam> ; long stem (e.g., future) <kam>ki:xpupwas</kam> ; Note: durative <kam>ki:xpopo:wtok</kam> ; directional optative <kam>ma ni:xkpupwati</kam> to clean or dust the surface of (e.g., a <klam>koma:hli</klam> before using it to cook on) limpiar o quitar el polvo de la superficie de (p. ej., un comal antes de usarlo) Pending i:x po:wa The vowel length of these terms is unclear. Ameyaltepec shows the loss of /o/ in the penultimate syllable, leaving a labialized /p/ ([pw]). In the shortened stem of the perfective, however, the underlying long manifests itself. In Ameyaltepec there is no question of the length of the vowel, in Oapan it is not so clear. The absence of pitch accent indicates that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. This suggests long vowel reduplication (although an open, light reduplicant is also possible). Acoustically the vowel seems to have a duration that is sometimes slightly longer than would be expected with a short vowel, but it is not unambigously long. Given these considerations, the /o/ has been written short, at least pending further analysis and comparison. Oapan <koa>i:xpo:powa</koa> is the virtual synonym of <kloa>í:xtsetselówa</kloa>. Use second male token; I believe that this is cleaner; there is a lot of background noise. Check San Juan pronunciation for /h/. í:xtsetselówa synonym Oa 03033 nona:ntsi:n Ay nona:ntsi:n nona:ntsi:n Ay nona:ntsi:n!
11/Feb/2006
Interj Interj my God! goodness me! mamacita! ay! Pending Ay nona:ntsi:n! Tle:ka ihkón tikchi:wa? Am Oh my goodness! Why did you do it that way (sth bad)? ¡Ay mamacita!¿Por quélo hiciste así(algo mal)? Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh! Am Oh my goodness, you ruined it! ¡Ay mamacita, lo echaste a perder! Gender-female na:n Given the lexicalized status of <kam>nona:ntsi:n</kam> , it has been accorded a separte entry. The exclamation <kn>Ay nona:ntsi:n</kn> is only used by female speakers. Although Inocencio Jiménez uttered this in the recording session, it is an expression/interjection that is never uttered (at least in Oapan) by males. Thus link only the female token (uttered twice) to the dictionary. 03034 tlikonexakia kitlikonexakia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 [N-N]-V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2a to push or place into the hot ashes of a hearth or fire meter dentro de las cenizas calientes de un hogar o fogón Am tli nex ak -ko tlikonexto:ka; tlikonexpachowa; tlikonexakia tlikonexpachowa synonym Oa 03035 ixteki kixteki ixteki kixteki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 i-epen V2-b class-3a(k) i>0 to steal or rob (sth) robar (algo) Pending O:kixtek, o:kwelitak. Am He stole it, he liked (the looks of) it. Se lo robó, le gustó. to run off or elope with (a girlfriend) fugarse con (una novia) Am San o:kixtek un ichpokawah. Am He just ran off with that girl (i.e., without formally asking for her hand). Nomás se fugócon esa muchacha (sin pedir formalmente su mano en matrimonio). tlaxteki Tlaiwa o:nitlaxtekito. Am Last night I eloped (with a girl). Anoche me fugécon mi novia. (refl.) to sneak away (refl.) escabullirse Pending San o:nimoxtek, san o:niwa:le:wte:w. Am I just sneaked away, I just got up and headed this way. Nada más me escabullí, nada más me vine hacia acá. xteki Check etymology and length of initial /i/. Use first male token for linking. There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7129; they should be tagged with #3035. tlaxteki val_reduce1 Am ixtekilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 03036 i:xte:ntso:tso:ti i:xte:ntso:tso:ti i:xte:ntso:tso:ti i:xte:ntso:tso:ti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 [N-N]-V1 V1-d-ti Lex. rdp-l class-3d(ti) to get a rash around ones eyes; to get a sty salirsele granos por los ojos; tener perilla Pending i:x te:n tso:tso: Nahuatl phonetics: This word, and the wave form/spetrograph of it are good example of vowel length. 03037 kolochowa nokolochowa kolochowa nokolochowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b (refl.) to hunch and huddle over (e.g., as chicks do when they are sick) (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse y estar con el cuerpo encogido y doblado (como hacen los pollitos cuando están enfermos). Pending Nokolochowa pa:mpa yo:pe:w kwalo. Am He is hunched over and huddled up because he has started to get sick. Estáacurrucado y encogido porque ya empezóa sentirse enfermo. (with short vowel reduplication) to make ruffles or pleats in (particularly fabric) (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer pleigues o tablas en (particularmente tela) Pending Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was. Am Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right. Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien. Okikokolochokeh a:maxo:chitl para kipi:pilo:skeh tio:pan. Am They ruffled up the crepe paper (i.e., forming it into ruffled flowers) in order to hang it from various parts of the church. Doblaron el papel chino (en la forma de flores) para colgarlo en varios lugares de la iglesia. Xkokolocho noso:ya:w! Nikonka:was ne: ka:n nomihka:tsi:n. Am Curl (or ruffle) up my palm (in the particular form that is left on graves)! I will go leave it off where a member of my family is buried. ¡Enriza mi palma (en una forma particular que se deja sobre los sepulcros)! Voy a dejarlo alládonde estáenterrado mi muerto. koloch The same crepe paper flowers used in the church are placed on a young child (6 months to one year old) when he is buried. It is quite probable that this custom of ruffled paper is related to the form of the marigold (<kam>sempwalxo:chitl</kam>) which is also used in ceremonies involving death.. In Oapan only the reflexive use of <koa>kolochowa</koa> has been documented; see <kloa>koloxsa:lowa</kloa>. Determine the precise form of palm that is placed on graves, and when it is placed (anniversaries?). Ilustrate ruffled palm; perhaps get a sample. Note that both /nokokoxka:w/ and /nomihka:tsi:n/ translate as a sick or dead person of ones family or household. Mention this under possession in the grammar. Also, /noko:lo:kokoxka:w/ has the same meaning as a member of ones household. 03038 a:tlakwa:ni a:tlakwa:ni
22/Oct/2005
N N-V2 N-ag-ni N1 someone who drinks water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) algn que bebe agua mientras coma (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) Am a: kwa Check for other meanings of this term. a:tala synonym Oa 03039 ki:tskilia kiki:tskilia ki:tsilia ki:tskilia kiki:tsilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to grab or hold for (e.g., to hold onto sth for sb, freeing their hands for some other activity) sostener (algo en las manos) para (p. ej., sostener o agarrar algo para algn, para que este tenga libre las manos) Pending Xne:chki:tskili noto:roh, kwahli ma n'tla:lili rria:tah ipan itsontekon! Am Hold my bull for me, let me place this lasso right around its head! ¡Agarra bien mi toro para mí, déjame ponerle bien esta riata por su cabeza! Se: xne:chki:tskili! Ma n'koyo:ni!¡Ke:n na:wiltia! Am Hold onto it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! It really moves around (as I'm trying to drill it)! ¡Agárramelo bien (en este caso una viga para taladrar)!¡Déjame taladrarlo!¡Cómo se mueve! Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis! Am Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground! ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla!¡Agárraselo por que si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo! to take from and use, often without permission tomar de para utilizar, a menudo sin permiso Pending Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan. Am Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has been stolen and perhaps harm the robber). ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal soltado)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo, tal vez haciéndole daño al ladrón). (with a woman as SO) to have sexual intercourse with the wife of (see <klam>tlaki:tskilia</klam>) (con una mujer como OS) tener relaciones sexuales con la esposa de (véase <klam>tlaki:tskilia</klam>) Pending O:kiki:tskilih isuwa:w wa:n xkwala:ni, kitowa xtlami. Am He had sexual intercourse with his (another person's) wife and he doesn't get mad. He says that she won't get used up. Tuvo relaciones sexuales con su (de otra persona) esposa y no se enjoja. Dice que no se acaba su mujer. ki:tski Oapan phonology: the sound file for this word provides a good illustration of vowel length. ki:tskia verb_base Am ki:tsia verb_base Oa tlakiki:tskilia val_reduce1 Am tlá:ki:tsília val_reduce1 Oa 03040 tetso:lowa kitetso:lowa tetso:lowa kitetso:lowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl Lex. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2b to dry (a fruit or other edible items, etc.) secar (una fruta u otras cosas comestibles, etc.) Pending Xne:cha:lkwi:li tomatetso:hli de kampa o:titlatetso:loh! Am Bring me some dried <klam>tepe:tomatl</klam> from where you have set them out to dry! ¡Traéme algo de <klam>tepe:tomatl</klam> resecado de allídonde los pusiste a resecar! tso:liwi te- tso:l tlatetso:lowa val_reduce1 Am, Oa 03041 boli:chih boli:chih boli:cheh @boli:cheh
11/Feb/2006
boliche N N-loan N1 type of tree still unidentified tipo deárbol todavía no identificado Pending <na>Boli:chih</na> | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwelik. Am <kam>Boli:chih</kam> : It bears fruit, it is not tasty. <kam>Boli:chih</kam> : Rinde su fruta, no sabe bien. plant kohtli This identification and term was added after the recording session, thus it is not taped. Leave blank. 03042 paxia:lowa paxia:lowa paxia:lowa paxia:lowa
11/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>pasear</spn> No V1 V1-b class-2b to go for a walk; to walk around pasear Pending to visit (a pueblo or settlement) pasear; visitar (un pueblo o asentamiento) Pending San o:nipaxia:lo:ko. Am I just came to visit. Solamente vine a pasear. (with long vowel reduplication) to get out and around; to get around; (e.g., a young person who has a lot of friends of the opposite sex) (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasear por acáy por allá; andar saliendo (p. ej., un joven que tiene muchos amigos del sexo contrario) Pending San pa:paxia:lowa, kitetemowa ino:biah. Am He (in this case a young man) is going around here and there, he's looking for a girlfriend. El (en este caso un joven) anda paseando por acáy por allá, estábuscando novia. On ichpokawah melá:k yo:pa:paxia:loh, miak tla:katl yo:kimamastinen. Am That girl has really gotten around, she's gone around getting to"know"a lot of men. Esa muchacha de veras anda saliendo, ha andado"conociendo"a muchos hombres. paxia:l Despite the fact that <kroot>paxia:l</kroot>is originally a loan, because of its extensiveness in the lexicon and incorporation into Nahuatl inflectional and derivational morphology, it has been considered a root for cross-referencing purposes. tsi:npaxia:l confer Am, Oa paxia:lowilia val_add_applic Am 03043 bone:teh bone:teh bone:teh @bone:teh
11/Feb/2006
bonete N N-b N1 <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, tree of the Caricaceae family called <spn>bonete</spn> in Spanish <l>Jacaratia mexicana</l>, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete Pending plant kohtli Schoenhals (1988:22-23) states that this is :"A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention the family <kn>Caricaceae</kn>and genus/species <kn>Jacaratia mexicana</kn>, called <spn>bonete</spn> or <spn>cuauayote</spn> in Spanish. Note that although some Oapan consultants also call this tree <koa>bone:teh</koa>, it does have a Nahuatl name: Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001, called this tree <kloa>kowáyotlí</kloa>, which has a separate entry. According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23)"(<i>Carica</i>[formerly Pileus] <i>mexicana</i>) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona."Ramírez (1991) identifes the <spn>bonete</spn> as of the family <i>Caricaceae</i>and the genus/species <i>Joacavatia</i>spp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family <i>Caricaceae</i>and genus/species <i>Jacaratia mexicana</i>as called in Spanish <spn>bonete</spn> or <spn>cuauayote</spn>. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations <kam>bone:teh</kam> and <kam>bune:teh</kam>. kowáyotlí equivalent Oa 03044 testilia kitestilia testilia kitestilia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to cram full; to stuff full (e.g., a sack, box, crate, bag, etc.) atestar; apretar hasta que se llene (p. ej., un saco, caja, huacal, bolsa, etc.) Am, Oa (refl.) to force oneself into a tight place; to squeeze oneself together (e.g., to get through a tight space) (refl.) meterse a fuerza en un lugar apretado (p. ej., para meterse en un lugar apretado) Oa Xmotestili! Yo:li:k xte:pa:panáwitíw. Oa Squeeze yourself tight (in this case to go through a crowd)! Slowly go past people (e.g., waiting to enter somewhere)! ¡Aprétate (en este caso para ir por una muchedumbre)!¡Despacio vete pasando la gente (que estáesperando meterse en algún lugar)! tes testilia; tepo:tskalaktilia testia verb_base Am, Oa 03045 cha:ntsi:n cha:ntsi:n cha:ntsi:n cha:ntsi:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-tsi:n N1/2; Aln(1=2) female turkey guajolote hembra o pípila Pending cha:n Select first female token, 2nd (last) male token. 03046 selik selik selik selik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans tender; green; unripe (a fruit or plant) verde; todavía no madura (una fruta o planta) Pending Selik, xe chika:wi. Am It's still green, it still hasn't gotten ripe yet (e.g., a fruit or vegetable). Estáverde, todavía no estáa sazón (p. ej., una fruta o verdura). sensitive; tender (e.g., a wound) sensible (p. ej., una herida) Pending young (e.g., an animal just born) joven (p. ej., un animal recién nacido) Pending Yo:notekets moburri:toh, seliktsi:n, kemech o:tla:kat. Am Your little donkey has stood up, it is an infant, it was just born. Tu burrito se paró, es un infante, apenas nació. fresh, not yet dried (sth such as mortar or cement) fresco, todavía no secado (algo como mezcla u otra cosa parecida) Pending Selik, ma:ka ipan ticholo:s! Am It's still fresh (in this case recently poured cement), don't step on it! Estátodavía fresco (en este caso cemento apenas colado),¡no le pises! sel The use of <kam>selik</kam> to refer to recently poured cement (which has only been documented in Oapan) might be a calque from Spanish <spn>fresco</spn>. This usage is not reported from other dialects outside the Balsas region. 03047 kamaa:xoto:ni kamaa:xoto:ni kamaá:xotó:ni kamaá:xotó:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b(ni/ltia) Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) class-3a to get blisters in ones mouth salirsele granitos o ampollitas en la boca a Pending O:nikamaaga:xoto:n. Am I got blisters in my mouth. Se me salieron granitos en la boca kama a: xoto: In Oapan only the reduced"reduplicated"form is found, <koa>kamaá:xotó:ni</koa>, in which the reduplicant is realized as pitch accent on the long vowel of the vowel-initial verbal stem. It is possible that the Ameyaltepec form of the headword entry should also be changed to a redupicated form. Note that the example phrase does have reduplication (and the insertion of /g/ between the reduplicant and stem). Finally, note that a causative form of this verb has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. kamaa:xoto:naltia val_add_caus Am 03048 i:xka:wa ki:xka:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two perhaps, by mistake) pasar sobre sin verlo; olvidarse y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera) Am i:x ka:wa i:xte:nka:wa synonym Am, Oa 03049 wa:kaxnakatl wa:kaxnakatl wa:kaxnakatl wa:xnakatl wa:kaxnakatl; wa:xnakatl
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>vaca</spn> N N-N N-b Stem 2 beef carne de res Pending food naka The initial /a/ of <koa>wakaxnakatl</koa> appears to have a much shorter duration than the corresponding vowel of the noncompounded form <koa>wa:kax</koa>. This is not unexpected in Spanish loan words. For the present, then, and pending further analysis, the initial vowel of the Oapan form <koa>wakaxnakatl</koa> has been written short. A comparative study should be made of the Ameyaltepec form once it is recorded. Remember that ; in the /lxoc field indicates that each word will have a pronunciation by female and by male, i.e., a total of 4 pronunciations. 03050 tsoya:ya tsoya:ya tsóyá:ya tsoya:ya tsóyá:ya
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-para-ki/ya/lia ~Trans class-4b(ya-x) yes-lex to smell of burning (particularly foods such as beans or atole) oler como de quemado (particularmente comida como frijoles o atole) Pending O:tsoya:yak, xo:tikneloh. Am It smelt of something burnt, you didn't stir it. Olióa quemado, no lo batiste. (with <kn>tla-</kn>) for there to be a bad smell in the air (particularly at night as a bad odor might waft in from the woods) (con <kn>tla-</kn>) haber un mal olor (particularmente en la noche al entrar un mal olor del campo) Pending Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k niyeya tekolo:tl. Am There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts. Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo. tso hya Use first female token. 03051 chi:malowa kichi:malowa chi:malowa kichi:malowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-2b to flatten out in a circle; to extend and spread out in a circle (a single object, e.g., dough when making bread or clay for making ceramics) extender en un círculo plano; ampliar una cosa plana hacia afuera en forma de círculo Pending Kichi:malowan a:matl. Am They spread the amate out in a flat circle (when originally making it, by pounding it out) Extienden el amate (al fabricarlo golpeando el papel para que se haga más grande), ampliándolo en un círculo plano. to spread out in a wide circle (e.g., a skirt being spread out to dry, or a turkey in regard to its tail feathers) extender en un círculo grande (p. ej., una falda para secarse en el sol, o un guajolote a su cola) Oa chi:mal Check for possible use of /te-/ intensifier. It probably can be used as a prefix given that it has been documented with /chi:maliwi/. chi:maltik confer Am 03052 tlapeya:ska:n tlapeya:ska:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) place that is slippery lugar resbaloso Am tlapeya:wa peya: -ka:n Check to make sure that /tlapeya:ska:n/ and /tlapeya:wa/ are synonyns and are the same part of speech. tlapeya:wa synonym Am tlaxila:hka:n synonym Oa 03053 zzz This used to be the entry for /Po:cho:itik/, which has since been transferred to the toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 03054 te:miktih te:miktih te:mihtih te:mihtih
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-perf fatal (e.g., a poison) mortal (p. ej., un venemo) Pending miki Use second female and second male tokens. There is a second female token at 6320. 03055 xi:xa noxi:xa xi:xa noxi:xa
11/Feb/2006
No V2(refl/dif) V2-refl +Refl/+trans; +Spec; +Caus class-3a functions (refl.) to defecate; to take a shit (refl.) defecar; cagar Pending O:noxi:xato. Am He went to take a shit. Fue a defecar. (refl. + <kn>-pan</kn>) to defecate on (refl. + <kn>-pan</kn>) defecar o cagar sobre Pending (with a specific object) to defecate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on a person [O] holding it) (con un objeto específico) defecar o cagar sobre (p. ej., un bebésobre la persona [O] que lo estásosteniendo) Pending O:ne:chxi:x nopo:tsi:n. Am My little girl shat on me. Mi niñita me cagó. (with specific object) to expulse from the body through ones bowels; to shit (some object, blood, or similar things that can be so expulsed from the body) evacuar; obrar; expulsar del cuerpo con el excremento Pending Kixi:xa yestli noburroh, kas kwalo. Am My donkey is shitting blood, perhaps he is sick. Mi burro estádefecando sangre, quizáestéenfermo. xi:xa Check for causative /xi:xaltia/. 03056 po:ki:tia kipo:ki:tia po:ki:tia kipo:ki:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca +Spec class-2a to give a smoke (of) to (e.g., a cigarrette, pipe, cigar) dar de fumar a (p. ej., un cigarro, pipa, puro, etc.) Pending po:k <kam>Po:ki:tia</kam> is both transitive and ditransitive verb, with the caveat that it can only take a specific secondary object, just like <kam>po:ki</kam> can take only a specific primary object. Thus * <kamoa>ne:chtlapo:ki:tia</kamoa> in unacceptable, not because <kamoa>po:ki:tia</kamoa> is not ditransitive, but because the secondary object is always specific (and as such is not marked or cross-referenced on the verb). Thus one might have <kamoa>kipo:ki:tia</kamoa> 'he gives him (sth) to smoke' or <kamoa>kipo:ki:tia</kamoa> <spn>marijuana</spn> 'he gives him marijuana to smoke.' However, one does find both <kamoa>te:po:ki:tia</kamoa> 'he gives people something to smoke' and <kam>kite:po:ki:tia</kam> 'he gives it to people to smoke.' Check secondary object or whether an oblique is used (e.g. which is correct: /ne:chpo:ki:tia siga:rroh/ or /ne:chpo:ki:tia ika siga:rroh/). Also confirm /kite:po:ki:tia/ and simply /te:po:ki:tia/. po:ki verb_base Am 03057 ke:ski ke:ski
11/Feb/2006
Num Adj-num a few unos cuantos o pocos Am Niá:s nomi:hlan pero saniman nitlamis, san ke:ski surkos o:noka:w. Am I'm going to my milpa but I wll finish up right away, there were just a few furrows left. Voy a ir a mi milpa pero luego luego voy a acabar, nada más algunos surcos quedaron. San ke:ski wa:hlaweh. Am Only a few are coming. Solamente unos cuantos vienen. i:ski In Ameyaltepec <kam>ke:ski</kam> is not used as an interrogative for 'how many?' or 'how much?' The etymology root of <kam>ke:ski</kam> is unclear; FK relates this to <kam>ke:n</kam> and <kam>i:ski</kam>. There might also be a relationship to <kam>ke:ch</kam> , although this is problematic. Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. ke:chkitsi:n equivalent Oa 03058 kwetla:tsiwi kwetla:tsiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) Compl to ondulate (e.g., a long board being carried on sb's shoulders) ondular; pandear (p. ej., una tabla larga y ancha que se estácargando sobre los hombros) Am kwetlats Check other meanings; get example sentences. kwetla:ni confer Oa 03059 okse: okse: tla:katl
11/Feb/2006
Adj-Adj Adj-b different diferente; distinto Am Okse: suwa:tl tisis. Am Another (different) woman will grind corn. Otra mujer (distinta, diferente) va a moler maíz. (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week] (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana] Pending okse: sá:badoh Am the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one) el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este) (~ <kam>bi:dah</kam> or simply <kam>se: bi:dah</kam>) the afterlife (~ <kam>bi:dah</kam> o simplemente <kam>se: bi:dah</kam>) el otro mundo Pending Okse: bi:dah -=se: bi:dah- nikchi:was. Am I'll do it in the afterlife. Lo voy a hacer en el otro mundo. ok se: Check and determine whether two entries for /okse:/ should be created: adjectival and pronominal. I think that only one would be fine, as occurs with numerals. oksé confer Am sápa sé: synonym Oa 03060 pixka pixka pixka pixka
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b +Spec class-4a to harvest (particularly maize) cosechar (particularmente maíz) Pending Mo:stla kipixkas. Am He will harvest it tomorrow (in reference to some field in particular). Manaña lo va a cosechar (en referencia a un sembradío en particular). to husk (maize) quitar la chala (al maíz) Pending pixka Establish an entry in the onomasiological side of all activities associated with planting and harvesting, etc. In Classical Nahuatl <kam>pixka</kam> functioned solely as an intransitive; in Ameyaltepec at present it is most often used intransitively but may be used with a 3rd-person specific object marker in certain cases. <kam>Pixka</kam> apparently accepts only a specific object prefix, not <kn>tla-</kn>. Check; and if /kipixka/ is acceptable, determine the precise cases in which this occurs. Cf. to /ye:kpowa/, /to:ka/, /po:ki/, etc. With a form such as /kipixka/ determine whether the object is the plant, the type of harvest, or the field. Also determine what other plants can be husked. And what the word referring to doing this to beans is ?/tlapa:na/? Check also for applicatives. A distinction should be made between transitive verbs that can take any object (specific or nonspecific) and those (like /po:ki/, /pixka/, /to:ka/ in reference to planting, but not burial, etc.) take only a specific object marker. 03061 to:nalka:wa to:nalka:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(w) to lose ones soul (i.e., <kam>to:nal</kam>), particularly after a fright (such as falling off an animal or being carried away by water) perder el alma (esto es, el <kam>to:nal</kam>), particularmente después de un susto (p. ej., al haber caido de un animal, o al haber sido llevado por el agua de un río fuerte) Am to:na ka:wa In Spanish this condition is known as <spn>susto</spn>, occuring as the result of any of a number of different types of fright. In such situations a curer (<klam>te:tlatete:moliwike:tl</klam>) is hired to recuperate the"soul"through supplications and offerings to the <klam>yeyekameh</klam>. In Oapan the equivalent of this Ameyaltepec verb would be <koa>kipolowa i:to:nal</koa>. Incorporation: Note that despite one would expect /to:nalka:wa/ to be a nonsaturating incorporatioin, it reduces valency of the verb /ka:wa/. 03062 i:xmani:ltia ki:xmani:ltia i:xmani:ltia ki:xmani:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to raze or level the surface of (particularly grains or similar items that are piled up in a heap) nivelar o aplanar la superficie de (particularmente de granos apilados o copeteados) Pending Kwahli xiktewitso:lti un chikiwtli! Ma:ka san xki:xmani:lti, ma witsiwi! Am Pile it up nicely in that basket (e.g., a grain so that it is slightly heaped up)! Don't just level off the surface, but let it be heaped up a little! ¡Haz que esa canasta (lleno de granos) este algo copeteada!¡No lo niveles, más bien deja que estéun poco copeteada! i:x man Determine the difference between /i:xmana/ and /i:xmaniltia/. Perhaps the difference has sth to do with the valency and object of the construction. Check to see if"basket"can be the object of both these verbs. i:xmani verb_base Am, Oa 03063 yzzz tlasakana:ntli tlasakana:ntli
11/Feb/2006
N S-N N-b Stem 1(n) type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo Oa animal sn saka na:n kowatl The etymology of <koa>tlasakana:ntli</koa> is obscure (as is often the case with plant and animal names). Provisionally it has been related to the transitive verb <koa>saka</koa>. Perhaps native language consultants would have some insight into the derivation of this name; note that in Ameyaltepec this snake is called <klam>i:na:n tsi:katl</klam>. i:na:n tsi:katl equivalent Am 03064 kweskomatl de bajare:keh kweskomatl de bajare:keh
11/Feb/2006
bajareque N N-complex N1 type of grain storage bin made of rods (<klam>tlako:tl</klam>) that are horizontally intertwined and the covered with mud tipo de troje hecha de varas (<klam>tlako:tl</klam>) que se entrelazan horizontalmente y se cubren con lodo Am kweskomatl kweskoma This type of granary is also known as <kam>kweskomatl de china:ntli</kam>. 03065 ne:nkah ne:nkah ne:nkah ne:nkah
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Adv-V1 V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>kah</klamoa> to be there estar allí Pending Un ne:nkah, nihkwi:s. Am I'll take that one over there. Voy a tomar aquel que estáallá. Ne:nkah tla:katl, xkwahli. Am That man over there, he is no good. Aquel hombre que estáallá, no es bueno. ne:n kah <kam>Ne:nkah</kam> is used when the object is visible, and the speaker usually will point at it. Compare <kam>ne: onkah</kam> 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to <kam>on ne:nkah</kam> 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' Compare <kam>ne: onkah</kam> 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to <kam>on ne:nkah</kam> 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' Use second male token. 03066 yzzz a:mai:xmatke:tl a:mai:xmatke:tl
11/Feb/2006
N (N-V2)-Ag N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 person who knows how to read; literate person persona que sabe leer; alfabetizado Pending a:ma i:x mati In the dipthong in the second syllable it is hard to determine the precise boundaries; however, it does appear that Inocencio Jiménez has a more rapid rise to the target position of the /i/, with the result that it is more obviously a long vowel. In Ameyaltepec, at least, the agentive with <kn>-ki</kn> is more common in this case. a:mai:xmatki equivalent Am, Oa tlai:xmatki synonym Am, Oa 03067 tlakpaktia tlakpaktia tlahpahtia tlahpahtia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become higher off the ground llegar a estar más arriba del suelo Pending Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpaktia! Am Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, <klam>kalma:tli</klam>), let it be a little higher! ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, <klam>kalma:tli</klam>), quéestéalgo más alto! Ma tlakpaktia! Am Let it be (hanging a little) higher (e.g., sth. strung up over the ground such as a string of lights)! ¡Quéesté(colgado) más arriba (p. ej., algo colgado sobre la tierra como una hilera de luces)! -kpak Ameyaltepec <kam>tlapantia</kam> is clearly related to <kam>tlakpak</kam> , which refers not to height per se, but to distance or height above a plane, with space between the two points (ground and high point). In Oapan <koa>tlahpahtia</koa> the aspiration is difficult to hear; it is limited to devoicing of the preceding vowel that last for a relatively short duration. In fact, the presence of this should be rechecked, and the sequence in <koa>tlahpahtia</koa> compared to other sequences of /-ap-/ in which there is no intervening underlying segment (as {h} in the present example). Check to make sure that /tlakpantia/ and not /tlakpaktia/ is correct for Ameyaltepec. For Oapan cf. /tlahpahtia/ to other forms such as /tlapalowa/, etc. 03068 a:tsotsono:kia a:tsotsono:kia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b Lex. rdp-s class-2a to throw up; to vomit vomitar Am Asta ke:n na:tsotsono:kia. Mlá:k o:nimiso:tlak. Am I've even thrown up several times. I really vomited. Hasta me vomitévarias veces. De veras vomité. a: tson no:ki In Oapan this is a transitive verb meaning 'to pour water over ones head.' It has been given a different entry. Check the difference between, the intransitive /a:tsono:kia:/and the reflexive /iso:tla/. Determine the transitive form of /a:tsono:kia/. Incorporation; dialect: Note that at present (and the semantic and morphosyntactic differences will need to be confirmed) I have Ameyaltepec /a:tsono:kia/ as an intransitive and Oapan /á:tsono:kíya/ as a transitive. Thus in each dialect there is a different manner in which N is incorporated. Saturating in Ameyaltepec and nonsaturating in Oapan. However, the definitions of each form will need to be checked. á:tsono:kíya confer Oa 03069 zzz This is a duplicate entry for /kamakochi:noh/ and has been eliminated; see 4563
30/Jul/2005
 03070 seki seki seki sítsí:n si seki sékí
11/Feb/2006
Pr Pro-indef(pl) yes a little, some (of an item or material object) un poco, algo de (una cosa material) Pending Seki? Am Do you want some more (e.g., food being served or sth being offered)? ¿Algo más (p. ej., comido servido u otra cosa que estásiendo ofrecida)? a few (people) algunos (personas) Pending Seki wel ke:kchi:wa. Am Some (people) are able to make (do) it. Algunos (individuos) lo pueden hacer. Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n. Am Some people sop up their coffee with bread. Algunos sopean el cafécon pan. Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:piltik. Am I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> , they (the cobs) are no longer even, some (of them) are small. Voy a remplazar parte de este <klam>o:lo:tetl</klam> (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos (de ellos) son cortitos. seki The plural marker <kn>-meh</kn> is used for human subjects. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds <kam>sekimeh</kam> whereas in Oapan one has <koa>sékiméh</koa>, which can be shortened to <koa>seimeh</koa>. The etymology of <kam>seki</kam> (Am) or <koa>sékí</koa> (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root <kroot>se:</kroot>or <kroot>sek</kroot>meaning 'one' or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear. Comparative information from neighboring dialects such as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is found in numerals with final <kn>-tetsi:n</kn>, which too have unexpected pitch accent (e.g., <kloa>ó:ntetsí:n</kloa>). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival quantifier). Upon reexamination it appears that the final syllable stress in Oapan <koa>sékí</koa> is the result of an interrogative into nation. Oapan pitch accent: The etymology of <kam>seki</kam> (Am) or <koa>sékí</koa> (Oa) is not entirely clear. It obviously contains the root <kroot>se:</kroot>or <kroot>sek</kroot>meaning 'one' or a related concept. However, note that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has a phonological rule that deletes underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts, and Oapan Nahuatl has a rule that creates pitch accent from underlying {h} in all but phrase-final contexts. Yet the basis for an underlying {h} here is not clear. Comparative information from neighboring dialects such as San Juan Tetelcingo or San Miguel Tecuiciapan might clarify the matter. Note also that a similar situation is found in numerals with final <kn>-tetsi:n</kn>, which too have unexpected pitch accent (e.g., <kloa>ó:ntetsí:n</kloa>). It might even be that pitch accent here marks one grammatical category (pronoun) as opposed to another (adjectival quantifier). Check for /h/. There are two pronunciations of Oapan Nahuatl: /sékí/, with both syllables stressed, and /seki/, with only the first syllable stressed. The first set of four are all /sékí/. The second set includes several variations. All should be tagged. The difference is unclear. From what I understand the isolated form is /sékí/ as a pronominal element. However, when modifying a following noun the final pitch accent shift rightward. Thus /séki nákatl/. What seems to occur is that Florencia Marcelino understood the difference and even when pronouncing /sékí/ in isolation gave it the pitch accent pattern as if it were being followed by a noun. However, he husband Inocencio Jiménez seemed to continue to utter /sékí/ (perhaps slightly shifted) as would be expected if it were an isolated pronominal. This should all be checked. However, for the present when making the links, select one female token and one male token from the first sequence of four. si: confer Oa 03071 montli montli montli montli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(n) (generally possessed) son-in-law (generalmente poseído) yerno Pending O:me nomon. Am I have two sons-in-law. Tengo dos yernos. Ne:chmon. Am I am his son-in-law. Soy su yerno. (often in absolutive) man who lives and works with his wife's family in lieu of paying bridewealth (a menudo en el absolutivo) esposo que va a vivir y trabajar con la familia de su esposa por no haber pagado el precio de la novia Pending Yewa montli. Am He is a son-in-law living at the home of the parents of his bride (and providing service in lieu of bridewealth). Es un yerno que vive en la casa de la familia de su esposa (haciendo trabajo por no haber pagado por la novia) kin mon When <kam>montli</kam> is used in the unpossessed form, it usually refers to a son-in-law who has gone to live with his wife's family, providing service and labor in lieu of the bride price (e.g., pigs or cattle). Yet many men who live in their wife's family's house will deny that they are a <kam>montli</kam> , i.e., they will say <kam>xnimontli</kam> , indicating that they had killed a pig and gave drink to the father of their bride and are living in their father-in-law's house for other reasons. In the phrases /o:me nomon/ note the use of the singular possessed noun. The plural /-mowan/ is also used but apparently it indicates a greater plural number, i.e. three or four sons-in-laws. Note also the loss of the final /n/ in the plural possessed. Note the pluralization through reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel, doubly marked as plural with the use of the suffix /-teh/. 03072 na:nika na:nika na:nika na:nyá: na:nika; na:nyá:
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-Subord Adv-pl in this direction; over here hacia acá; en esta dirección Pending Na:nika xwa:hla, ka:n tlase:waya:n! Am Come over here, where there is shade! ¡Ven acá, donde hay sombra! Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika! Am Lie down on your side facing this way! ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá! na:n -ka This compound is clearly derived from the adverb <kam>na:n</kam> and probably the same <kam>ika</kam> that introduces subordinate and complement phrases, particularly those involving instrumentals. The absence of velarization after the final /n/ of <kam>na:n</kam> suggests an analysis of one, not two, words. In Oapan Check etymology. Also confirm absence of final /h/. Perhaps related to the postposition /-ka/ or to the verb. Phonology; word division: Check and correct vowel length. I have made all entries with a long /i:/ given the probably derivation from the relational /-ka/ with the possessor prefix. But this should be checked. The absnece of velarization on the /n/ (i.e., not [na:ng i:ka]) suggests analysis as one word of this and all /i:ka/ forms. Note that there are two sets of pronunciations: /na:nika/ and /na:nya/. The final entry should have both. 03073 kompa:letsi:n kompa:letsi:n kompá:retsí:n kompá:retsí:n
11/Feb/2006
compadre N N-tsi:n yes ritual male co-parent compadre Pending kin Check length of /e/ in penultimate syllable. In Oapan it seems borderline, though perhaps considering the nature of borrowings from Sp. it should be written short. <kamoa>Tsi:n</kamoa> is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and"de medida"being the major ones. The pitch accent in Oapan <koa>kompá:retsí:n</koa> is the reflex of a syllable final {h} in the penultimate syllable: {kompa:reh + tsi:n}. 03074 tlami tlami tlami tlami
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-mi(a) class-3a(m) to become finished (a task or chore); to end or come to an end (an event) acabarse (una tarea o trabajo); terminar (un evento) Pending Mo:stla tlamis ilwitl. Am Tomorrow the fiesta will end. Mañana la fiesta termina. to get finished up (a material object, such as food during a fiesta) acabarse (un objeto material, como la comida durante la fiesta) Pending O:tlan motlaxkal, xok wel tite:tlakwalti:s. Am Your tortillas have gotten finished up, you won't be able to feed people anymore. Se terminaron tus tortillas, ya no vas a poder darle de comer a la gente. to finish up (a person [S] a task or job, a discourse, etc.) acabar (una persona [S] una tarea o trabajo, un discurso, etc.) Pending Ye tla:tlamilo:tok. Am People are finishing up here and there (in this case finishing up planting, some today, some tomorrow, some yesterday, etc.) Están terminando poco a poco (en este caso terminando de sembrar, con algunos terminando hoy, otros ayer y otros no sino hasta mañana). me:stli to:nahli tlami Check precise meaning of /tlatlatlami/: does it refer to material objects that are used up all over; does it refer to a fiesta coming to an end in general, etc. Also check whether it is underlyingly /tlahtlatlami/ or /tlatlahtlami/. Question: Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is probable that this surface form in Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/, which indicates that an underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis, would be realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realizedon the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlahtlami}; and the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct. The first would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific object prefix to indicate an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e., rdp-h + verb and tla + verb. However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) there isno example of short vowel reduplication. Thus, three forms should be checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah + tl ami}, and the imper s onal passive of the reduplication:/tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or /o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the impersonal prefixed as a reduplicated root. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and /tlasese:wi/. According to consultants in Oapan it is the second /tlah/ that has a coda h. Thus /tlatlahtlami/. Reduplication; /tla-/ Note the definition of /tlatlatlami/ : for everything to get finished up (e.g., all the beer in all the stores); for everything to end (e.g., as a fiesta ends and all the itinerant merchants leave, the festivities end, etc.). The position of the /h/ from reduplication needs to be determined, as it is probable that this surface form in Ameyaltepec is either {tlahtlatlami} or {tlatlahtlami}. My guess at this point is that the latter is correct. Note that in Oapan the cognate is /tlá:tlamí/, which indicates that an underlying {h} is present somewhere. My guess at this point is that the underlying form is {tla + rdp-h + tlami}. The reduplicative morpheme, in this analysis, would be realized as vowel lengthening + stress and this would be realized on the preceding short vowel, in this case the final /a/ of the nonspecific object prefix. The precise meaning of this term is not, however, entirely clear. One question is whether /tlatlami/ is correct (i.e., {tlah tlami}; a n d the other question is whether {tlatlami} is correct. The first would be reduplication indicating multiple repetitions (in no particular order) of a similar/single event. The second second would be the use of the nonspecific object prefix to indicate an impersonal passive construction. One would imagine that both forms might be possible, just as one finds both /kohkoto:ni/ and /tlakoto:ni/, i.e., rdp-h + verb and tla + verb. However, although the corpus has an example of long-vowel reduplication (cf. /ye tla:tlamilo:tok/) thereis no example of short vowel reduplication. Thus, three forms should be checked for in Oapan the impersonal passive /tlatlami/ {tla + tlami}, the reduplicated form with short vowel /tlátlamí/ {tlah + tlami}, and the impersonal passive of the reduplication: /tlá:tlamí/ {tla + tlah + tlami}. Note, finally that a previous question was brought up in another entry: /tlasese:wi/ or /o:tlasese:w/. Here we have the /tla-/ of the impersona l prefixed as a reduplicate d ro ot. There would seem to be an equivalence in meaning between /tlatlatlami/ and /tlasese:wi/. Cf. also the entry under /tla:ki/. tlatlatlami val_reduce0 Am tlá:tlamí val_reduce0 Oa 03075 This is a duplicate of another entry for /kiawi/ and has been eliminated.
30/Jul/2005
 03076 tlato:ltia kitlato:ltia 'tlató:ltia tlato:ltia kítlató:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca +Spec class-2a yes-lex to ask (sb) about preguntar (sobre algo) a Pending Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia a:kino:n nika:nas. Am He always asks me who I'm going to marry. Siempre me pregunta con quien me voy a casar. Kite:tlato:ltia ka:no:n kitilian. Am He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he was looking for). Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que estaba buscando). Xkaman te:tlato:ltia. Am He never asks. Nunca pregunta. hto <kam>Tlato:ltia</kam> is a complement-taking verb. In a phrase such as <kam>Nochipa ne:xtlato:ltia akinon nika:nas</kam> the complement noun phrase is a secondary object and, as such, not overtly marked on the verb (which manifests only the primary object <kn>ne:ch-</kn>). Given that a form such as * <kam>ne:xtlatlato:ltia</kam> , in which the first <kn>tla-</kn> is the nonspecific object (and not the result of reduplication, which would underlyingly be {tlah-}), is not found in the corpus, it may be surmised that <kam>tlato:ltia</kam> takes only specific objects (like, for example, <klam>ye:kpowa</klam>). However, in a phrase such as <kam>kite:tlato:ltia ka:non kitilian</kam> it is clear that <kam>tlato:ltia</kam> is a ditransitive, at least in some realizations. Here there is a nonspecific primary object (indicated by <kn>te:-</kn>) and a specific secondary object (marked by <kn>ki-</kn>, which cross-references the complement noun phrase, <kam>ka:non kitilian</kam>). Nevertheless, the fact that simply <kam>te: tlato:ltia</kam> i s manifested in the corpus (e.g., <kam>xkaman te:tlato:ltia</kam> suggests that <kam>tlato:ltia</kam> may be considered to only mark specific secondary objects, since there is no apparent other reason for the nonrealization of ? <kam>te:tlatlato:ltia</kam> with the <kn>tla-</kn> nonspecific object prefixed. Determine whether /kite:tlato:ltia/ and /te:tlato:ltia/ are both acceptable. I.e., recheck the acceptability of the latter. Have SG listen to the p-a pattern here and with /kitláto:lkwépa/. Oapan phonology; pitch accent; orthography: Note that in /kítlató:ltia/ the pitch accent shifts onto the prefix. This probably has to do with the fact that given that the long /o:/ of the second syllable of the verb stem hold pitch-accent, the pitch shifts to the left. Perhaps if there were a short vowel in the second syllable of the the pattern would be L-H-L-H. Check other cases. But this seems to one in which leftward shift onto the prefix overrides the tendency for I/O maximal identity. tlatowa verb_base Am 03077 nekwahli nekwahli ne:nkwahli ne:nkwahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas-ne Stem 3 type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') Pending O:kisa:lokeh ika nekwahli. Am They tied it with a hitch. Lo ataron con un cabo de vuelta. kwa The etymology of <kam>nekwahli</kam> is uncertain, but it would not be surprising if it derived from <kam>kwa</kam> , which in a reflexive use has the sense of something being placed close together (cf. the sense of <kam>te:pan nokwa</kam>). This knot is formed when the rope attached to something is placed around a stable object, usually a stick or rod. It is also used to tie pigs feet together when they are slaughtered. In house construction these knots are used to tie the <kam>tlapexteh</kam> (rods from the <kam>órgano</kam>) together in the action referenced by the verb <kam>nekwahlo:tia</kam>. The length of the first vowel of the Oapan form is uncertain (as is the presence of /n/) and needs to be checked. At least in some pronunciations it seems short and has, provisionally, been so marked. Determine precisely what type of knot this is, perhaps with a diagram. Obtain names for other types of knots. NOTE TO SELF: check vl of all forms of /nekwahli/, /ne:nkwahli/ ? or /nenkwahli/, etc. nekwahlo:tl synonym Am 03078 kwa:pipi:ltik kwa:pipi:ltik kwá:pipí:ltik kwá:pipí:ltik
09/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s to have ones hair hanging down in strands tener el pelo colgado como en hebras Pending Kwa:pipi:ltik. O:na:ltih, pa:stik itsontekon. Am Her hair is hanging down in strands. She bathed, her head is wet. Su cabello se le cuelga como en hebras. Se bañó, su cabeza estámojada. kwa: pi:l Check is simply /pipi:ltik/ exists. Determine the difference between /kwa:pipi:ltik/ and a word such as /kwa:ko:pi:ltik/, if it exists. 03079 zzz This was an entry for /kwilchi:hli/, which has been removed as vulgar.
30/Jul/2005
 03080 temini:xka:tsi:n temini:xka:tsi:n temaní:xká:tsi:n temaní:xká:tsi:n temenexi:ka:tsi:n Tetel temonexi:xka:tsi:n Ahuep
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl., tree of the Burseraceae family <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl., árbol de la familia Burseraceae Pending Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke o:timoma:tsontek tikpostekis wa:n ika ia:yo:tsi:n wel timopati:s ka:n yo:timotek. Am <kam>Temini:xka:tsi:n</kam> : If you cut your arm (with a machete or similar instrument) you break it (i.e., a branch) and with its sap you can cure it where you've gotten cut. <kam>Temini:xka:tsi:n</kam> : Si te cortas el brazo (con un machete o instrumento similar) lo rompes (esto es, una ramita de esteárbol) y con su savia te puedes curar donde te cortaste. Temini:xka:tsi:n | Deke yo:timotsontek, timotla:lilia ia:yo. Notsakwas ka:n yeski:sa. Timopati:s. Am <kam>Temini:xka:tsi:n</kam> : If you've gotten cut you put its sap on you (at the cut). The place where blood is coming out will close up. You will get cured. <kam>Temini:xka:tsi:n</kam> : Si te has cortado, te pones su savia. El lugar donde sale sangre se va a cerrar. Te vas a aliviar. botzoo/bot/fampage/burseraceae/teminixkatsin_frameset.htm temini:xka: The etymology of <kam>temini:xka:tsi:n</kam> is highly uncertain since no roots are easily recognized in this plant name. Also, the second vowel in the name of this plant in each of the three villages where fieldwork was conducted varies. With no easy way to determine which vowel might be more accurate historically, the Ameyaltepec vowel was chosen given that the vowels of this village seem less changing than those of the other two communities. Nevertheless, given the importance of its sap, the verbal root <kroot>man</kroot>might be part of the name. In their commentary on Hernández, Javier Valdés and Hilda Flores (1985) comment on the <kn>cocopaltzin</kn> or <kn>pequeño copalli</kn> and refer to M. Urbina (1910) in the following manner:"Comenta que por la descripción tan incompleta y la falta de figura no es posible apreciar quéespecie sea, y que sólo el nombre y la localidad pueden hacer su identificación más tarde. Más adelante señala que lobródeterminar esta especie como <l>Bursera schlechtendali</l> Engl. (Burserácea). "Nevertheless, note that Hernández describes the <kn>cocopaltzin</kn> as a "hierba." plant kohtli Recheck spelling since one filecard had the entry as spelled here, and another had /temenixka:tsi:n/. Recheck pitch accent in Oapan from tape. Check for /h/. Recheck since Asención Marcelo´s pronunciation was not good. 03081 tlikwisahlo:tl tlikwisahlo:tl tlikwisahlo:tl tlikwisahlo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-uncl Stem 2 heat waves that emanate from the ground during the hot months, creating an effect whereby objects behind this phenomenon flicker and waver back and forth olas de calor que salen de la tierra durante los meses calorosos, creando un efecto por lo cual objetos atrás de este fenómeno parecen moverse o oscilarse ligeramente Pending weather tli kwi The etymology of <kamoa>tlikwisahlo:tl</kamoa> is not entirely clear. Molina has <kn>tlecueçallotl</kn> 'llama de fuego.' RS has the same word and definition, and he offers an etymology of <kroot>tle</kroot>and <kroot>cueçallotl</kroot>. Note that in my edition of RS I have written in pen on p. 131"cueçallotl - llama, flama (i.e., rojo de este color)"but I have not cited a source. I cannot find it in RS. 03082 a:to:lchi:wa a:to:lchi:wa a:to:lchi:wa a:to:lchi:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V1-b class-3a(w) to make or prepare atole hacer o preparar atole Pending a:to:l chi:wa Use second pronunciation of each speaker. 03083 tla:wa:nka:kochi tla:wa:nka:kochi tla:wa:nka:kochi tla:wa:nka:kochi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Part-V1 V1-b class-3a(ch)(Am:long) to sleep or fall asleep from being drunk dormir o quedar dormido por haberse emborrachado Pending Tla:wa:nka:koxtok, o:to:nalwi:lo:k. Am He's sleeping from having gotten drunk. Estádurmiendo por haberse emborrachado. tla:wa: kochi Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: There is some indication in this word that the /a:/ of the /wa:n/ syllable might be shorter that it is in the noncompound form. This might reflect the fact that longer words tend to compress certain sounds. I believe that this is documented for English: derivational forms have elements that are shorter than they are in the original forms. The original article should be checked. 03084 patioh patioh patioh patioh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-para-h/wa/tia Compl expensive; pricey caro; costoso Pending Tlapatioh. Am Everything is expensive. Todo es caro. Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan. Am They pay a higher price for it. Pagan un precio más alto por ello. pati Although no nominal base exists from which the adjectival <kamoa>patioh</kamoa> is derived, Classical does have a noun: Molina lists <kn>patio:tl</kn> 'paga, o el precio que se da porlo que se compra, rescate.' Ameyaltepec does have an obligatorily possessed noun <kam>-patil</kam> , e.g., <kam>i:patil</kam> 'its price,' but the possible nominal form ? <kam>patihli</kam> has not been documented. tla- impersonal. Note the use of the /tla-/ prefix in /tlapatioh/ 'Everything is expensive.' The reference is to nonspecified objects that are all expensive, whereas a form such as /patiokeh/ would involve specified objects. Check for general use of /tla-/ with denominal adjectives in /-yoh/. 03085 tla:ltechi:koyahko tla:ltechi:koyahko tla:ltechi:koyahko tla:ltechi:koyahko
11/Feb/2006
Loc N-loc-tla:l-ko Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> land having a large hole in it (e.g., where water flows in) tierra con un gran pozo (p. ej., donde entra agua) Oa tla:l chi:- koya: -ko Check whether /tla:lkoyaktik/ is correct. Later, although C. Flores did pronounce this in elicitation, he denied that the word was used in Ameyaltepec. Remove. tla:lchi:koyaktik confer Am 03086 tlapachowa kitlapachowa tlapachowa kitlapachowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to cover up (e.g., in a blanket) tapar (p. ej., con una cobija) Pending Nimote:mastok ke:n nikochis. Ke:n se:wa wa:n xnikpia tli:n ika nimotlapacho:s. Am I'm worried about how I will (be able to) sleep. It's really cold and I don't have anything to wrap myself up in. Estoy preocupado como (voy a poder) dormir. Hace mucho frío y no tengo con que taparme. tlapach It is quite likely that the root <kroot>tlapach</kroot>is related to that of <kroot>pach</kroot>although in this dictionary the two have been listed separately. The first mistaken pronunciation is of /kitlampachowa/. This is word 04618 and should be tagged with the appropriate number and ending. 03087 xa:yakaoomitik xa:yakaoomitik xa:ya:komitetik xa:yakakomitetik xa:ya:komitetik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-tik-ap Lex. rdp-s* (Am); Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> (Am): <kam>xa:yakateoomitik</kam> to have ones cheeks so sunken in that ones facial bones protrude tener las mejillas sumidas que sobresalgan los huesos de la cara Pending Nixa:yakaoomitik. O:nikwalo:k. Am My cheeks are sunken in. I got sick. Se me sumieron las mejillas. Me enfermé. xa:yaka omi The Ameyaltepec form shows the expected reduplication given the fact that the process affects both cheeks simultaneously; the lack of such reduplication in Oapan is not expected. The meaning of the Oapan and Ameyaltepec entries are the same although the root elements in the two semantically equivalent forms <kam>xa:yakaoomitik</kam> and <koa>xa:ya:komitetik</koa> are distinct. Nevertheless, the variation between Oapan <koa>komitetl</koa> 'bone' and Ameyaltepec <kam>omitl</kam> parallels the basic form for 'bone' in both these dialects. 03088 koya:wilia kikoya:wilia koya:wilia kikoya:wilia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a to widen a hole in or of (e.g., a sack, the opening in a wall, etc.) ensancharle una apertura en o a Pending to let out (e.g., clothes) for hacer (p. ej., ropa) más holgada para Pending Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa! Am Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew! ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser! koya: When the applicative is used with some material object, the sense seems to be that part of the object is being widened, but not necessary the part that should be. Thus <kam>xkoya:wa un kosta:l</kam> refers to widening the mouth, holding the sack wide open so things can be placed in it. However, <kam>xkoya:wili un kosta:l</kam> suggests that what is being widened and opened up is not the sack itself, but a part of it that shouldn't necessarily be open, e.g., a rip or torned section. Among young Ameyaltepec men this word is at times used with a sexual reference, particularly homosexual. koya:wa verb_base Am, Oa 03089 tlachialiskwepa notlachialiskwepa tlachialiskopa notlachialiskopa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3a (refl.) to change ones appearance (a human or animal) (refl.) cambiarse la apariencia (una persona o animal) Pending O:notlachialiskwep, xok ihkón ke:n katka. Am It's changed its appearance, it's no longer like it was. Se cambióde apariencia, ya no es como estaba. chiya kwepa Although the only documented use of this verb is in the reflexive, it is not entirely clear that a fully transitive use would not be acceptable. 03090 tlatlantsi:n tlatlantsi:n tlátlantsí:n tlátlantsí:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-tsi:n N1 yes-lex person who is nosy; person who asks a lot of questions preguntón; metiche Pending Xok tiwe:ias, xok tiwekapanias ika titlatlantsi:n. Am You won't get big, you won't get tall because you ask so many questions. No vas a crecer, no vas a ser alto porque eres muy preguntón. htlani Apparently <kam>tlatlantsi:n</kam> is derived from a verb that in Classical Nahuatl was <kam>i'tlani</kam>. Molina has <kam>itlani nitla.</kam> pedir algo"and gives the form <kam>onitlaitlan</kam> is which the root-initial vowel is maintained after the vowel-final prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. The nominalization <kam>tlatlantsi:n</kam> is apparently based on the perfective or reduced stem of the verb with the nonspecific object prefix as an indefinite null complement: <kam>tlatlani</kam> (see <klam>tlatlani</klam> as an intransitive for further discussion). Note that <kam>tlatlantsi:n</kam> refers to someone overly inquisitive, who asks a lot of questions, but not someone who begs or asks for alms. tlatlani confer Am tlátlaní confer Oa 03091 tlanexe:wi tlanexe:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-alt-wi[e] class-3a(w) to the countryside to get grey (e.g., from a rain in the distance) quedarse gris el paisaje (p. ej., de una lluvia cayendo lejos) Am nex nexe:wi minus_tla Am 03092 tsompi:liwi tsompi:liwi tsompi:liwi tsompi:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to have the common cold; to have a runny nose and cold tener gripa; tener catarro Pending Kitlakwalki:xtilia tsompi:hli. Am His cold makes him lose his appetite. La gripa le hace perder el apetito. tsompi:l In Oapan there is a three-way minimal contrast between <koa>tsompi:liwi</koa>, <kloa>tsompiliwi</kloa>, and <kloa>tsó:mpi:liwi</kloa>. There is one extra female token of this word at 6891 which should be tagged as 3092. 03093 sa:lowilia kisa:lowilia sa:lowilia kisa:lowilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2b to tie for atar para Pending to tie or hitch up (e.g., a beast of burden, a dog, etc.) for amarrar (p. ej., una bestia, un perro, etc.) para Pending (reduplication with short vowel) to sew for (reduplicación con vocal corta) coser para Pending Pi:si:ltik xne:chsasa:lowili, ma:ka san tikso:sos! Am Sew it for me finely, don't just baste it! ¡Cósemelo con una puntada cerrada, no lo vayas a simplemente hilvanar! sa:l sa:lowa verb_base Am, Oa 03094 ta:takalowa kita:takalowa ta:takalowa kita:takalowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans Lex. rdp-l class-2b to leave or make uneven (the surface of sth, e.g., in trying to sand sth smooth, making certain sections concave); to leave or make bumpy (e.g., in excavating or digging, a ditch for example, so that certain sections are deeper than others and the bottom goes up and down) dejar desigual o no plano (la superficie de algo, p. ej., en lijar algo, poniendo demasiado presión y dejando algunas partes con pequeñas depresiones); dejar desigual; hacer que no estéplano (p. ej., en excavar, por ejemplo una zanja, para que algunas secciones son más profundas que otras y el fondo sube y baja ligeramente) Pending to cut unevenly (hair, leaving some sections very short and others long) trasquilar (el cabello, dejando unas partes cortas y otras largas) Pending O:kita:takaloh, xkwahli o:kixi:n. Xpestik, to:tolopoxtik. Am He cut it (another person's hair) unevenly, he didn't give him a good haircut. It isn't smooth, it' uneven. Lo trasquiló(el cabello de algn), no le cortóel pelo bien. No estáliso, estádisparejo. distort-surface takal The common meaning of <kamoa>ta:takalowa</kamoa> seems to be to alter the surface of something (in the meanings above a hard material such as wood, the ground, or even a head of hair) leaving some sections with a deeper"indentation"than others). Molina has <kn>tacaliui. ni</kn> 'estar desollado o roçado de algun golpe que me di.' Here again the common sense seems to be one of leaving a surface somewhat pitted or abraded. It's use has been documented with the act of plowing land and cutting hair, leaving some areas with deeper cuts than others. Apparently this verb, although usually documented with a long vowel in the reduplicant may also occur with a short vowel. However, the degree to which such short vowel reduplication is used is not clear, nor is the meaning of such a form. Check for intransitive form. Check for short vowel or no reduplication. If no short form exists, perhaps just entry a xreference. Perhaps in general give xreference for words that seem to exist in Classical in nonreduplicated form but for which the Guerrero data gives only a reduplicated form. Also, for words that exist in long and short reduplicated forms, but not in unreduplicated form, perhaps enter the unreduplicated form simply to cross-reference the most common of the reduplicated form, and then list the other one there. Thus, for example, if both /ta:takalowa/ and /tatakalowa/ were to exist, perhaps create an entry for /takalowa/ and under that in the /se and /ss fields state: see <klam>ta:takalowa</klam> for both <kam>ta:takalowa</kam> and <kam>tatakalowa</kam>. 03095 xi:tomatl xi:tomatl xi:tomatl xi:tomatl
22/Oct/2005
N S-N N-b Stem 2 red tomato jitomate Pending plant domesticated xi: toma tomatl Check for all types of tomatoes. 03096 xaxa:yakatia kixaxa:yakatia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia class-2a to give a square form to (e.g., in carving wood) dar forma cuadrada a (p. ej., al tallar una madera) Am xa:yaka Apparently the meaning of <kam>xa:yakatia</kam> , which is derived from <klam>xa:yakatl</klam> 'face,' is similar to the English and Spanish senses of 'face' meaning a flat surface. Whereas my documented form was <kam>xa:yakatia</kam> , Cristino Flores corrected this to <kam>xaxa:yakatia</kam>. xi:ma; xáxa:yakátia confer Oa 03097 kwa:tepasol kwa:tepasol kwa:tépasól kwa:tépasól
11/Feb/2006
Adj(ap) N-Adj Adj-ap Lex. infix <kn>te-</kn> yes-lex to have dishevelled, uncombed, entangled, or messy hair tener el cabello despeinado, desgreñado o enmarranado Pending Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh. Am Her hair is a disheveled mess, she doesn't have hair done up (e.g., in braids). Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no estaácon el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas). Tikwa:tepasol. Am Your hair's a mess. Estás todo despeinado. O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. Am That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She hasn't fixed her hair (i.e. in 2 or 3 days), she's disheveled. Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezóa desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), estátodo se empezóa deshacer (p. ej. las trenzas), no ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), estádespeinado. (pl. <kam>kwa:tepasolmeh</kam>) demons; devils (pl. <kam>kwa:tepasolmeh</kam>) los aires; los demonios Pending kwa: te- pahsol devil (names of devils) Apparently <kam>kwa:tepasol</kam> is a metaphor based on <kam>i:tepasol to:to:tl</kam> 'a bird's nest.' The plural <kam>kwa:tepasolmeh</kam> is occasionally used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to the <kam>aires</kam> or devils (i.e., the <kam>yeyekameh</kam>). kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol; kwa:temasol Apparently, if I remember correctly, /pasoliwi/ can take the intensifier /te-/. This should be checked. However, I have never heard /kwa:tepasol/ without /te-/. Again, the possibility of /kwa:pasol/ should be looked into. Oapan phonology: Note that stress accent follows the pattern of the verb stem, i.e., /tepasoliwi/ 03098 kwe:ltik kwe:ltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be twisted (e.g., wood that as it dries becomes crooked and twisted) estar torcido (p. ej., madera que al secarse se enchueca y se tuerce) Am Kwe:ltik, peya:stik katka. Am It is bent (e.g., a piece of wood, a branch), it was straight (when recently cut). Estátorcido (p. ej., un pedazo de madera), estaba derecho (recién cortado). to be drooping and bent downward (e.g., a brick that has drooped down while drying, a shirt sleeve that is long and baggy and hanging down) estar caído; estar encorvado (p. ej., un tabique que se encorva por no secarse bien, o hasta una holgada manga de camisa larga que se cuelga) Am kwe:ltik; tsokwe:ltik kwe:l In one entry I have a short vowel, but in another the note that I have checked and the long initial /e:/ is correct. Check the meaning of /kwe:ltik/ in regards to a shirt sleeve. Check for other uses and for illustration cf. original filecards. 03099 ka:ka:xtli ka:ka:xtsi:n ka:ka:xtli
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-l Stem 1(x) wooden packframe or small cage carried by <kam>pastores</kam> during Christmas processions in Ameyaltepec and by the dancers of the Danza de Indios, which is presented in Xalitla and Maxela huacalito o jaulita de varas llevado a cuestas por los"pastores"durante las procesiones navideños en Ameyaltepc, y también por los danzantes de la"Danza de Indios,"que se presenta en Xalitla y Maxela Am Kipia ika:ka:xtsi:n. Am She has his packframe (used in a dance or religious presentation). Ella tiene su huacalito (llevado a cuestas durante una presentación religiosa). ka:x The <kam>ka:ka:xtli</kam> are usually made of the rods from inside the cactus called <klam>tlapextli</klam> , although apparently they can be made of other types of small rods. In one entry I had the first /a/ recorded short, its length should be checked. The short vowel would be in accordance with expectations of metaphoric extension for play things. kohkahli synonym Oa 03100 yzzz ixikasó:ntekwíxtok ixikaso:ntekwixtok ixikasó:ntekwíxtok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative yes-lex to be with ones trousers rolled up estar con los pantalones arremangados Oa tehkwia ixikaso:ntepai:lihtok synonym Oa ixipantalo:ntepai:lihtok synonym Oa ixipantaló:ntekwíxtok synonym Oa pantalontetekwixtok synonym Am 03101 mi:lcha:nti mi:lcha:nti
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-d-ti class-4a to live near ones cornfield (during the planting season, when the field is a great distance from the village) vivir cerca de la milpa (durante la temporada de lluvias cuando el terreno sembrado es de una gran distancia del pueblo) Pending O:mi:lcha:ntiton, xa:keh. Am They went to live near their cornfield, they're not around. Fueron a vivir cerca de su milpa, ya no están. mi:l cha:n tepé:tlakówa synonym Oa mi:lkochi synonym Oa 03102 yzzz tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin to:mohtle de sisigarri:toh Tetel
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Stem 4 yes-lex type of small cactus, <klam>to:motli</klam> with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground tipo de cactus, <klam>to:motli</klam> , muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más Oa plant xiwtli to:moh ahsi kimich to:motli Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the <i>Neomammillaria guerreronis</i>. For a full list of cacti, see entry under <klam>to:motli</klam>. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a <klam>to:motli</klam> ; this should be checked. Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what"class"of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category. i:stimisto:n equivalent Am 03103 xokokuwtli xokokuwtli xokokohtli xokokohtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 1(w) generic name for tree of the wild plum family nombre genérico paraárboles de la familia de los ciruelos Pending xoko kow Use second female token. 03104 kaltsonko kaltsonko kaltsonko kaltsonko
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-loc-1-k(o) N1(loc) part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the <kam>kabe:sas</kam> are joined together with a <klamoa>neko:xtli</klamoa>, or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four <kam>kaltsonko</kam> parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las <kam>kabe:sas</kam> se juntan con un <klamoa>neko:xtli</klamoa>, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados <kam>kaltsonko</kam>. Pending construct-part kal tson kahli Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. For all [poss] check correctness, i.e, here, is /nokaltsonko/ correct? If so, then reclassify /cat with [poss] at end. kaltsontekomatl synonym Am 03105 kakawatl kakawatl kakawatl kakawatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Lex. rdp-s* Stem 2 rind; skin; peel (of a fruit or vegetable; en Oapan <koa>i:kawayo</koa>) cáscara (de una fruta o verdura; en Oapan: <koa>i:kawayo</koa>) Pending Nikxi:pe:was ikakawayo. Am I'm going to take its rind off (e.g., of a watermelon, squash, etc.). Le voy a quitar su cáscara (de un sandía o calabaza, por ejemplo). Xchipe:wa, xki:xtili i:kawayo un pola:n! Oa Peel it, take the skin off that banana! ¡Pélalo, quítale la cáscara a ese plátano! (intrinsically possessed in diminutive: <koa>i:kawayo:tsi:n</koa>) thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see <kloa>i:xa:mayo</kloa>) (poseído intrínsecamente en el diminutivo: <koa>i:kawayo:tsi:n</koa>) capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; véase <kloa>i:xa:mayo</kloa>) Oa (<kam>i:kakawayo</kam> (Am) or <koa>i:kawayo</koa> (Oa) <kamoa>to:toltetl</kamoa>) eggshell (in Ameyaltepec also <klam>to:toltekakawatl</klam>) (<kam>i:kakawayo</kam> (Am) or <koa>i:kawayo</koa> (Oa) <kamoa>to:toltetl</kamoa>) cáscara de huevo (en Ameyaltepec también <klam>to:toltekakawatl</klam>) Pending peanut cacahuate Oa kakawa kakawayo; tekakawayo Do a page on /kakwatl/, etc. and all the words that refer to bark, skins, etc. In Oapan the unpossessed <koa>kakawatl</koa> refers to the peanut (see Ameyaltepec <klam>tla:lkakawatl</klam>. The bark of a tree when scattered on the ground is called simply <kloa>kohkakawatl</kloa>. When on a tree it may be <koa>i:kwitlaxio</koa> if it stays on the tree (and is usually thin) and can be cut off in strips like leather, or <koa>i:kawayo</koa> if thicker and of the type of bark that peels off. The term <koa>i:te:kawayo</koa> refers to the shell of an egg, the skin of a chameleon or iguana, the scales of a fish. A pochote has <koa>i:tetekwitsio</koa> or <koa>i:te:kapaxio</koa>. The lack of an overt reduplicant in Oapan forms such as <koa>i:kawayo</koa> and <koa>i:te:kawayo</koa> apparently represents different processes. In the former there is a preceding underlying long vowel (or the 3rd-person possessor <kn>i:-</kn>) and thus there can have been no reduction (except irregularly) of the reduplicant. However, with <koa>i:te:kawayo</koa> the situation is different. The lengthening of the /e/ of the"dummy morpheme" <kn>te-</kn> is the result of the reducation of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel. Check all items that have a /kakawayo/ and cf. to all that have their /tekakawayo/. Check to see if simply /kakawatl/ is a proper entry. As to etymology, cf. other words with /kaka/ beginning particularly /kakapax.../ and /kakasol.../. tekakawayo; kuwkakawatl confer Am te:kawayo; kohkakawatl confer Oa 03106 zzz This entry used to be /A:pan/, which has since been moved to the toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 03107 tei:skitl tei:skitl tei:skitl tei:skitl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 very fine stone, like a large grain of sand piedrecita muy pequeña, como el tamaño de un grande grano de arena Pending stone te i:ski <kam>Teiskitl</kam> , perhaps about the size of the writing end of a ballpoint pen, is much smaller than <klam>tekwe:xtli</klam> , which is the size of a small pebble. Check length of /i/ and cf. other dialects for cognates. tekwe:xtli synonym Am, Oa 03108 tla:ki:tia kitla:ki:tia tla:ki:tia kitla:ki:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to make bear fruit (e.g., as a fertilizer might do) hacer rendir (p. ej., como un fertilizante podría hacer) Am, Oa Mláh o:htla:tla:ki:tih. Ta tepe:titokeháyutíh Oa You really made it give a good yield, the squash are just piled up (e.g., in the corner of a house). De verás los hiciste rendir una buena cosecha, la calabaza estátodo amontonada (p. ej., en la esquina de una casa) (refl.) to come to fruit (refl.) llegar a tener fruta Pending Kwaltsi:n notla:ki:tia:ni. Am It usually bears a lot of fruit. Ha rendido bien (con mucha fruta). tla:ki The difference between <klam>tla:ki</klam> and <kam>notla:ki:tia</kam> , at least in Ameyaltepec, is not altogether clear, although certainly the intransitive form is much more common than the reflexive of the causative. During a discussion Florencia Marcelino gave the causative form as <koa>tla:ki:ltia</koa>. Apparently both forms are acceptable with no change in meaning. Check for the transitive use /kitla:ki:tia/ as I have added this based on my memory of the use of this word. Check also entry 7650, that /tla:ki:ltia/, at least in Oapan, is eqivalent to /tla:ki:tia/. If so, then create appropriate xrefs. Female's first token is /kitla:ki:ltia/. This should be tagged and given the reference number 7650. There is another occurrence of /tla:ki:ltia/ later, at 3820. Note the use of the reflexive causative for 'to bear fruit'. It seems this usually has the implication of a lot of fruit. tla:ki verb_base Am, Oa 03109 me:lioh *me:lioh
11/Feb/2006
medio N N-loan N1 (rare) money (raro) dinero Am Xnikpia me:lioh. Am I don't have any money. No tengo dinero. measure This is probably a loan from Spanish <kam>medio</kam> referring to half a real, which became lexicalized as 'money,' much as occurred to <klamoa>tomi:n</klamoa>in a vast majority of Nahuatl dialects. rreá:l confer Am 03110 tla:kayo:toma notla:kayo:toma
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-mi +Refl; ~Intrans class-3a(m) (refl.) for ones body to fill out (refl.) llenarsele el cuerpo a Am Notla:kayo:tomas, xok tewa:hki yes. Am His body will fill out, he won't be skinny anymore. Se va a llenar su cuerpo, ya no estarádelgado. tla:ka tom When asked, most consultants stated that <kam>tla:kayo:toma</kam> was equivalent to <klam>toma:wi</klam>. However, the former seems to communicate the sense of having a healthy body, one that does not look sickly, whereas <kam>toma:wi</kam> has more of the sense of becoming fat, not necessarily in the healthy sense. a:toma confer Am a:toma confer Am 03111 tlaka:lowa tlaka:lowa tlá:ka:lówa tla:ka:lowa tlá:ka:lówa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-alt-wi Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) (Oa) class-2b yes-rdp to walk slightly hunched over with ones legs stiffly separated (and perhaps arms stiff and hanging slightly out from ones side) caminar algo encogido, con las piernas abiertas y tiesas (y quizálos brazos tiesos y colgados un poco separados del cuerpo) Pending Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo. Am He goes around slightly hunched over walking with his legs stiff and open and his arms stiff and near his side because he is sick. Anda algo encogido con las piernes algo abiertas y tiesas y con los brazos colgados cerca del cuerpo porque estáenfermo. Melá:k ne:chkukwa nokxi. Nitlaka:ka:lowa. Am My legs really hurt. I'm slowly and stiffly walking with my legs apart. Me duelen mucho las piernas. Estoy caminado despacio y tieso con las piernas abiertas. San titla:tlaka:lotia:s. Tiyeti:xtia:s. O:tisiaw. Am You will just go inching along with your legs stiff and open. You will go along feeling a burden on your legs. You got tired. No más vas a ir caminando despacio con las piernas tiesas y medio abiertas. Vas sintiendo las piernas pesadas. Te cansaste. ka:l The verb is related to the root <kam>ka:l</kam> , which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, such as occurs when one walks with stiff legs or perhaps with ones legs slightly open because of a rash on the inside of ones thighs. The only occurrences of this verb I have documented are with <kn>tla-</kn> as a prefix. In my notes for the phrase <kam>San titla:tlaka:lotia:s, tiyeti:xtia:s, o:tisiaw</kam> the form <kam>titla:tlaka:lotia:s</kam> is stated to be equivalent to <kam>tsi:ntla:tlakalotia:s</kam>. The headwords for this entry have a nonreduplicated form for Ameyaltepec and a reduced reduplicated form for Oapan. The pattern of reduplication for this verb is still uncertain. One illustrative sentence from Ameyaltepec has a nonreduplicated form (<kam>Tlaka:lowa pa:mpa kwalo</kam>), another has the verbal root reduplicated with a long vowel (<kam>Nitlaka:ka:lowa</kam>), and a third has long vowel reduplication of the nonspecific object prefix (<kam>San titla:tlaka:lotia:s</kam>). Whether all these forms are actually commonly used, or one is preferred, is not clear. Note that in Oapan the most common, if not only acceptable form, is <koa>tlá:ka:lówa</koa>, which manifests reduced reduplication on the short vowel of the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. Check to see if this only occurs with /tla-/, if so, simply xref /ka:lowa/ to /tlaka:lowa/. Also check if both the unreduplicated and reduplicated (with long vowel) forms are equivalent. Also note that in one case I have /tlaka:ka:lowa/ and in another /tla:tlaka:lowa/. This should be checked, both for the possibility that one documented case is in error, for the possibility that there is a difference in meaning between the two patterns, and for the possibility that they are semantically equivalent though morphologically distinct. Check to determine whether /tlakakalowa/ or /tlaka:ka:lowa/, etc. is a separate word and should have an entry. Note that the first female token (of 3) I erroneously thought was mistaken. All should be tagged with 3111. Selected the final token of the female for linking. ka:lowa minus_tla Am tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa synonym Am tsi:ntlá:ka:lówa synonym Oa 03112 ma:se:ka:no:ltia kima:se:ka:no:ltia ma:se:ka:naltia kima:se:ka:naltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 N-V3 V3-d-ca class-2a to sling over the shoulder of (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that hangs over ones shoulder) colgarle por el hombro a (algn, p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa sobre el hombro) Pending to sling across the chest of colgar por el pecho de Am Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpilkaw! Am Place my band (in reference to those used in certain dances such as <kam>moros, danza de bola,</kam> etc.) across my chest! ¡Colócame la listón (de las que se emplean en algunas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) para que atraviese mi pecho! ma: se:ka Apparently Ameyaltepec <kam>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</kam> is equivalent to <kam>se:ka:no:ltia</kam> , used in the same village. Although formally <kam>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</kam> (and Oapan <koa>ma:se:ka:naltia</koa>) is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). The Ameyaltepec form is derived from the transitive <kam>ma:se:ka:nowa</kam> whereas the Oapan form is derived from <koa>ma:se:ka:na</koa>. Check to make sure that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /se:ka:no:ltia/. Determine if they can be used in different contexts. Although formally <kam>ma:se:ka:no:ltia</kam> is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). In this regard it is similar to /na:makiltia/ 'to sell to.' Launey has a brief mention of a few of these verbs. Note also how the verb is formed from /se:ka:n/ and thus we get /se:ka:nowa/ (I think this is a form; /se:ka:no:ltia/ definitely is correct). Then from /se:ka:nowa/ or /se:ka:no:ltia/ we have the addition of /ma:/. However, the most interesting aspect of these is the use of /-owa/ as a derivative suffix (c.f. /tlaxkalowa/) and then the causativization of this derivation, but with an applicative sense (i.e., the primary object is a benefactive). Selection second female token. Very good example of formants. ma:se:ka:no:ltilia val_add_applic Am ma:se:ka:nowa verb_base Am ma:se:ka:na verb_base Oa se:ka:no:ltia synonym Am 03113 ne:ntekitl ne:ntekitl ne:ntekitl ne:ntekitl
11/Feb/2006
Adv Adv-uncl just in case; just to be sure por si acaso; por si las dudas Pending Ne:ntekitl xkitati! Am Just in case, go take a look at it! Por si las dudas,¡ve a verlo! San ne:ntekitl o:nikitoh. Am I said it just in case (e.g., just in case it might have an effect). Lo dije por si acaso (esto es, si acaso tuviera un efecto). ne:n teki Most speakers translate this as 'a ver si acaso.' Besides the prosodic reasons for analyzing this as one word, there is the existence of the related verb <klam>ne:ntekiwia</klam> (Am) and <kloa>ne:ntekiwiya</kloa>(Oa). A check should be run to determine whether there are instances of /ne:n/ used in isolation. 03114 kwepi:ltia nokwepi:ltia kopi:ltia kikopi:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ca class-2a (refl.) to take revenge; to get back (in the sense of vengence) (refl.) vengarse Pending O:ne:chwisok, pero nimokwepi:lti:s. oksepa yes! Am He beat up on me, but I'll get back. There'll be another time! Me golpeópero me voy a vengar.¡Habráotra vez! kwepa Although the elicitation form is of a transitive (with the 3rd-person specific object), the only example sentence is of a reflexive, meaning 'to take revenge.' Apparently the transitive means 'to take revenge upon,' but this needs to be checked. Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepi:ltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Check length in /wisoki/ and make sure that first /i/ is short. It is possible that the Oapan form is incorrect. Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Cf. this to Michel Launey's discussion of the difference between -tia and -ltia. Here perhaps -lia and -ltia could also be discussed. Thus, in general, there are four types of contrasts that should be discussed; 1) -lia vs. -ltia (as in kwepilia and kwepiltia); 2) -tia and -ltia (as in axi:tia and axiltia); 3) -ia and -ltia (as in poso:nia and poso:naltia; or kwepo:nia and kwepo:naltia); and 4) -lia and -ia (as in -temilia and -temia). These contrasts should be listed in the grammar and discussed in a special section. There are four extra tokens of this word at 3218, which is a mistake. These words, at 3218, should be given the number 3114, with tokens c, d,... 03115 xe:liwi xe:liwi xe:liwi xe:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi class-3a(w) ~Trans to part (as the Red Sea for Moses) partirse (como el Mar Rojo para Moíses) Pending xe:l Although Carochi has the transitive from unreduplicated (<kn>xe:loa</kn>), reduplicated with a short vowel and 'saltillo' (<kn>xèxe:loa</kn>), and reduplicated with a long vowel (<kn>xe:xe:loa</kn>), to date in the Balsas region only the reduplicated intransitive with a short vowel and underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the fact that in elicitation the unreduplicated form was accepted suggests the possibility that such a form might be normally produced in conversational discourse. 03116 ba:leh 'a:leh ba:leh ba:leh ba:lih 'a:leh ba:lih
22/Oct/2005
vale N N-loan N0/2; Aln(0=2) buddy; friend amigo; cuate Pending Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! Am Run buddy, just go flying along! ¡Andale amigo, ponte ligero! Gender: male NOTE: only link the male pronunciation, in the final form two tokens, to this entry. That is, tag two male tokens for final selection for online links. 03117 ikxiwelaxtik ikxiwelaxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik Op. infix <kn>te-</kn> : <kam>ikxitewelaxtik</kam> to have sore legs (e.g., from an abundance of work, from getting tired); to have bad legs (by nature) tener las piernas adoloridas (p. ej., de demasiado trabajo, de cansancio); tener las piernas malas (de por si) Am kxi wila: The use of the intensifier <kn>te-</kn> is common though not mandatory with this adjectival. The etymology of <kam>ikxiwelaxtik</kam> is related to <klam>wila:na</klam> ; the vowel shortening in forms such as <kam>welaxtik</kam> is a general type of change, those these types of adjectival derivations (to adjectivals ending in <kn>-xtik</kn> are not common. Several consultants gave a reduplicated form <kam>ikxiuwelaxtik</kam> , but Cristino Flores insisted that the nonreduplicated form is the correct lexeme. The appearance of /x/ before /tik does not seem that uncommon, but check other occurrences. Note incorporated reduplication clearly related to plurality of the subject: legs. Note derivation of /-ni/ verbs to adjectivals in /-xtik/. Here is /welaxtik/, obviously related to /wila:ni/. Cf. Launey's comment on /kwaxtli/. 03118 tepasohli tepasohli tépasóhli tépasóhli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-wi Stem 3 yes-lex nest (of birds and certain other animals) nido (de pájaros y ciertos otros animales) Pending Ne:nkah itepasol yo:lka:tsi:n. Am Over there is the nest of a little animal. Alláestáel nido de un animalito. te- pahsol Check for correctness of /pasohli/. Check for other meanings of /tepasohli/. Use second male token. 03119 kafé:h kafé:h kafe:h kafe:h
22/Oct/2005
café N N-loan N1/2; Aln(1=2) coffee café Pending 03120 kamotli kamotli kámotlí kámotlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 1(h) yes-lex generic name for sweet potato nombre genérico de camote Pending Kamotli, tla:ki itik tla:hli. Am The <kam>kamotli</kam> grows to fruition inside the earth. El camote crece a madurez dentro de la tierra. kamoh plant tuber edible kamotli In Oapan, when the form is possessed there is no leftward shift of pitch accent: <koa>i:kámoyóh</koa>. This probably results from the fact that the coda {h} is at the end of the penultimate syllable and reassignment cannot shift two syllables. Oapan pitch accent: Note that the high pitch stays on the first syllable of the noun and does not shift leftward. Note that this is probably the result of the fact that the underlying {h} is at the end of the noun. There are the following types of camote: <klam>kuwkamotli</klam> , <klam>tekamotli</klam> , <klam>chichi:kamotli</klam> , <klam>kamotli de pe:pe:to</klam> , <klam>kamotli de un istá:k</klam> , and <klam>kamotli de un tsope:lik</klam> (of which there are two subtypes: <klam>kamotli de un kokostik</klam> and <klam>kamotli de un kakamotsi:n</klam> (which is also apparently sometimes called <klam>kamotli de un momoradi:toh</klam>. Ramírez (1991) gives this as a member of the family <i>Convolvulaceae</i>. Check for other types; also determine whether /chichi:kamotli/ is correctly spelled, or whether it should be /chichi:hkamotli/. Also check whether /kamotli/ refers in fact also to a specific type of camote, or if it is only a generic name. xonakatl confer Am 03121 kone:puwa nokone:puwa kone:powa @nokone:powa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V V2-b +Refl/-trans class-3b(ow) (refl.) to act like a child (refl.) portarse como niño Oa Ta:man nó:kone:pówa. Oa Up to this day he still acts like a child. Hasta ahora sigue portándose como niño. (refl.) to act like a person without sense; to act unreasonable (refl.) portarse como una persona sin cordura, ser irracional Pending kone: po:wa This verb is used in the reflexive to refer to someone who with whom it is difficult to converse like an adult. In Oapan the intransitive is also used: <kloa>kone:powi</kloa>. The retention of <kn>-w</kn> in the prefective is the result of a long underlying {o:}: {po:wa}. Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc. kone:po:wi equivalent Oa kone:tilia confer Am, Oa 03122 kuwtia kuwtia kohtia kohtia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-tia class-4d(tia) to become stiff or hard (an object or material that had been soft and bland and whose natural state is not hard) endurecerse; ponerse tieso o duro (un objeto o material que había sido blando y suave y cuyo estado natural no es duro) Pending Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. Am The tortillas have started to get hard, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). Yo:kukuwtiak tlaxkahli. Am The tortillas have gotten hard. Ya se endurecieron las tortillas. to become stiff and sore (ones body or muscles, either after heavy exercise or exertion, or after having been in one position for an extended period of time) quedar adolorido y tieso; entumercerse (el cuerpo y músculos después de mucho esfuerzo o estar en una posición por un período prolongado) Pending Yo:nikuwtiak. Am I've gotten stiff and sore. Ya me quedéadolorido. kow tepi:tsiwi <kam>Kuwtia</kam> is commonly used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to muscles or body parts that become sore and tense after exercise or heavy work, or from having been in a single position for a long time. It is very common for these body parts to be incorporated to the intransitive verb, e.g., <klam>tsi:nkuwtia</klam> 'for ones rear end to become stiff and sore (from sitting for an extended period, e.g., in a bus),' or <klam>ma:kuwtia</klam> 'for ones hand or arm to become stiff and sore (e.g., from chopping wood).' With no incorporated body part, the reference is to the body as a whole. Recheck what items can /kuhtia/. Apparently this is used to refers to objects, such as bread, tortillas, itacates, etc. which should be somewhat soft but which acquire a non-desired state of hardness. I believe that /kuhtia/ is not used to refer to cement, mezcla, etc. i.e. mixtures that should be hard. Check. Note that /tepi:tsiwi/ on the other hand indicates a mortar, etc. which hardens while /kuhtia/ is used to refer to bread, tortillas, etc. which get tough. In the phrase /yo:kukuhtiak tlaxkahli/ determine the meaning of the reduplication. It perhaps refers to pluralization of noncountable objects. But query if the phrase /yo:kuhtiakeh/ or /yo:kukuhtiakeh/ is correct and, if so, the difference in meaning among the three types of reduplication/pluralization. kuwtilia val_add_applic Am 03123 yzzz tewi:lo:tl tewi:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 little jar (of glass) frasquito (de vidrio) Oa te wi:lo: <kam>Tewi:lo:tl</kam> was reported to be a word from San Agustín Oapan by Gabriel de la Cruz of Ameyaltepec; it was later documented from this village. Molina has <kn>teuilotl</kn> 'cristal, o vidrio.' Check this word, the vowel length, meaning, etc. C. Flores (Am) gave this as a type of small /wi:lo:tl/. This should be checked before being entered. Use first female token and second male token. 03124 ni:xkwi:ti:hli ni:xkwi:ti:hli ni:xkwiti:hli ni:xkwiti:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas-ne Stem 3 illustrative object or event that serves as an example and lesson particularly of a religious event (<kam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</kam> include events such as Passion plays, scenes from the bible painted on church walls or reproduced in illustrated books, etc.) objeto o evento ilustrativo que sirve como ejemplo y lección, particularmente en referencia a un acontecimiento religioso (<kam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</kam> incluye a las representaciones de la pasión de Cristo, o escenas de la biblia pintadas en las paredes de la iglesia o reproducidas en libros ilustrados) Pending Ni:xkwi:ti:hli pa:mpa o:nochi:w ye weka:wi. Am It is a <kam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</kam> (in this case in reference to a scene painted on a church wall) because it is (about) something that occurred a long time ago. Es un a <kam>ni:xkwi:ti:hli</kam> (en este caso en referencia a una escena pintada sobre la pared de una iglesia) porque pasóya hace mucho tiempo. i:x kwi The duration of the /i/ in the syllable /kwi/ seems short in Oapan despite expected length based on the phonology of the causative <kamoa>kwi:tia</kamoa>. For this reason it should be rechecked with several speakers. ni:xkwi:tilistli synonym Am 03125 tla:ltesokitl tla:ltesokitl tla:ltesokitl tla:ltesokitl
22/Oct/2005
N N-N N-b Stem 2 thick clods of mud that are formed in black earth when wet terrones de tierra que se forman en tierra negra cuando se moja Pending Deke tli:ltik motla:l, tla:ltesokitl, pipi:nki un tla:hli. Am If your land is black, it (forms) thick clods of mud, the earth is resistant to the plow (because it is sticky and heavy). Si tu tierra es negra, (se hace) terrones de tierra, es resistente al arado (porque al mojarse con la lluvia se queda muy pesada). Ka:n tli:ltik tla:hli, ke:itlah tla:ltesokitl, wel tso:tsomo:ni. Am Where the earth is black, like sticky mud, the earth can crack (as it dries). Donde la tierra es negra, como lodo pegagoso, la tierra puede agrietarse (al secarse). tla:l te soki Cf /tla:lsokitetl/ and check to make sure both are correct. tla:lsokitetl synonym Am tla:ltsokitetl synonym Oa 03126 tla:ltoto:nka:n tla:ltoto:nka:n tla:lto:nka:n tla:ltoto:nka:n tla:lto:nka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1-ka:n N1(N2-N) place in which the ground is scorching hot lugar donde el suelo es abrasador Pending tla:l to:n -ka:n In Oapan the form <koa>tla:lto:nka:n</koa> is used, not * <koa>tla:ltoto:nka:n</koa>. However, the reduplicated modifier is used when referring to a hot place in general: <kloa>tlatoto:nka:n</kloa>. Note that in a workshop three young woman all pronounced this as <koa>tla:lto:nka</koa>. 03127 koyo:tomatl koyo:tomatl koyo:tomatl koyo:tomatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b <l>Vitex gaumeri</l>Greenm., herbaceous plant of the family Verbenaceae <l>Vitex gaumeri</l>Greenm., planta herbácea de la familia Verbenaceae Pending Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik. Am The <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good. El <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien. Koyo:tomatl | No: kipia itla:kihlo, tlitli:ltik, ke:n a:waxokotl. Xnokwa. Xtlah para un kohtli. Am Koyo:tomatl : It also has its fruit, it is black, it is like that of the <klam>a:waxokotl</klam>. It isn't edible. This tree is not used for anything. Koyo:tomatl : También tiene su fruta, es negra, es como la del <klam>a:waxokotl</klam>. No es comestible. Eseárbol no se usa para nada. plant kohtli koyo: toma There is a pending question with this plant. The example sentences indicate that this is a tree (<kam>kuhtli</kam>) but consultants during September-October 2001 fieldwork indicated a large bush or herbaceous plant. The species <l>Vitex gaumeri</l>is a herbaceous plant, and the identification was made directly from a sample collected. Yet it still remains to be seen whether there is a Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the <kam>tomate del coyote</kam> or <kam>jerengue</kam>. Ramírez (1991) gives <kam>tomate de coyote</kam> and identifies it simply as a member of the family <kam>Solanaceae</kam>. Schoenhals (1988) gives under tomate de coyote:"(<kam>Physalis hirsuta</kam>) '[type of] tomato' Stems, leaves, and calyx all contain hairs of varying length or density."But the <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> is a tree, unlike the plant described by Schoenhals. Note that although one of the phrase describes this as a tree, Felix Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned that it is a plant, not tree. Since this agrees with other information I have temporarily categorized this as a plant. 03128 tla:ke:wa kitla:ke:wa tla:ke:wa kitla:ke:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3a(w) to hire (a person as a worker) contratar (una persona como trabajador) Pending Kitla:ke:wa para pió:n. Am He hires him as a manual worker. Lo contrata como peón. Notla:ke:wa. Am He hires himself out (as a wage or day laborer). Se alquila para trabajar (como peón). tla:k e:wa The etymology of <kamoa>tla:ke:wa</kamoa> is unclear but the possibility that it contains the nominal root <kroot>tla:ka</kroot>and the verbal root <kamoa>e:wa</kamoa> should be considered. RS analyzes this same verb as comprising <kn>tlac</kn>, from <kn>tlactli</kn>, which he glosses as 'busto, tronco, la parte superior del cuerpo del hombre.' In Ameyaltepec this same meaning is conveyed by the obligatorily possessed <kam>tla:kayo</kam> , clearly related to <klam>tla:katl</klam>. Thus it seems likely that both Classical <kam>tlactli</kam> and <kam>tla:ke:wa</kam> are related to the root <kroot>tla:ka</kroot>, as in <kam>tla:katl</kam>. 03129 tlayema:nka:n tlayema:nka:n tlayema:nka:n tlayema:nka:h tlayema:nka:h, tlayema:nka:n
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-tla-ka:n N1(N2-tla) an area of soft earth unárea de tierra blanda Pending O:nisokitla:lak pa:mpa ke:n tlasokito:ka, tlayema:nka:n, o:nimosokito:kak. Am I got stuck in the mud because the area is deep with mud (in which things sink), the ground is soft all over, I sunk into the mud. Me atoréen el lodo porque elárea estácubierto con lodo profundo (en que las cosas se hunden), la tierra estámuy blanda, me hundíen el lodo. yema:n -ka:n 03130 zzz This used to be /kwitlatesosol/ but has been removed as an offensive insult.
30/Jul/2005
 03131 kana:wa kikana:wa kana:wa kikana:wa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to make thin (e.g., a board, sth planed or sliced, cloth that is worn thin, etc.) hacer más delgado (p. ej., una tabla al aplanarla, ropa al desgastarla, etc.) Pending to thin out (e.g., plant growth) limpiar (haciendo menos denso, p. ej., al limpiar de hierba un sembradío) Pending Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. Am You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. (refl., fig.) to move along quickly (refl., fig.) moverse de prisa Pending Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa chitsi:n, xmotlalo! Am Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run! ¡No vayas yendo asíde despacio!¡Aliviánate, corre! Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! Am Run buddy, just go flying along! ¡ándale amigo, ponte ligero! Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s. Am The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you). El viento te va a ir empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento). kana: Check also if /kana:wa/ can refer to thinning out of hair, e.g., /ne:chtsonkana:wa/. OK? 03132 pa:nchoh pa:nchoh pa:nchoh pa:nchoh
11/Feb/2006
pancho N N-loan dimin. <kamoa>panchi:toh</kamoa>, <kamoa>panchi:tah</kamoa> ; Gender : <kamoa>pa:nchah</kamoa> N1/2; Aln(1=2) cat gato Pending (fig.) person who like delicious food (such as eggs, in reference to a cat's supposed predilection for such food); one fussy in what he eats (fig.) persona a quien le gusta la buena comida (como huevos, en referencia a la supuesta preferencia de los gatos por tal comida); persona muy particular en comer; cuzca Pending Tipa:nchoh. Am You like good foods. Te gusta la comida buena It is not clear either why <kam>pa:nchoh</kam> , a diminutive of Francisco, is used to refer to cats. However, in Ameyaltepec, when applied to humans, <kam>pa:nchoh</kam> refers to those who have what is assumed to be a characteristic of cats: their predilection for tasty foods. Given the local diet, however, this is often used to refer to someone who particularly likes to eat eggs. 03133 xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni
22/Oct/2005
N N-complex N1/2; Aln type of wild plum fruit (actually a stage of its growth) so called because the fruit is at that time very crunchy to the bite tipo de ciruela silvestre (actualmente una estaba de su crecimiento) asíllamado porque la fruta queda muy crujiente Pending xoko tlats-2-; topo: kopaxokotl synonym Am, Oa 03134 te:ntsotsol te:ntsotsol
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-ap Lex. rdp-s pl. <kam>te:ntsotsolmeh</kam> to be lacking facial hair (a man) ser lampiño (un hombre), sin pelo facial Am te:n tsol Cf. to /tso:liwi/ and check vowel length. 03135 polaki polaki polaki polaki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-b class-3a(k) to become submerged in; to sink into (a liquid, particularly water, e.g., a rock, sediment, etc.) sumergirse o hundirse en (un líquido, particularmente agua, p. ej., una piedra, sedimento, etc.) Pending to dive into (a person into water, such as a river or lake, going completely below the surface but usually from a position already in the water) clavarse en (una persona al agua, como en un lago o río, metiéndose completamente abajo de la superficie pero generalmente desde una posición ya dentro del agua) Pending O:nipolak itik se: a:komo:hli. Am I dove down into a deep, calm section of a river. Me echéabajo del agua en una parte calmada y profunda de un río. polak Determine difference between /a:polaki/ and /polaki/; also determine the difference between /o:nipolak/ and /o:nimopolaktih/. The root <kam>polaki</kam> would seem to be related to roots such as <kroot>kalaki</kroot>and, perhaps ultimately, <kroot>aki</kroot>. polaktia val_add_caus Am polahtia val_add_caus Oa 03136 tlana:palo:hli tlana:palo:hli tlana:palo:hli tlana:palo:hli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 small load (of sth such as firewood) that is slung over the back of a beast of burden, hanging down from each side pequeña carga (de algo como leña) que se coloca por el lomo de una bestia, y que se cuelga por los dos lados Pending na:pal A <kam>tlanapalo:hli</kam> is a load that can be hung over a burro, for example, without the saddle turning over. It is less than a <klam>tlama:mahli</klam> , one side of a load or <spn>carga</spn>. Make sure that a /tlanapalo:hli/ refers to a small load that is slung over the back of an animal. tlama:mahli confer Am, Oa 03137 tlachinawi tlachinawi tláchináwi tlachinawi tláchináwi
11/Feb/2006
No V0 V0-tla yes-lex class-3a(w) for brush or mount to catch fire quemarse solo el campo o pasto Pending Tlatla tepe:tl. Tlachinawi. Am The hill is burning. The brush has caught fire. El cerro se estáquemando. se incendio el campo. chinowa hchina Apparently the intransitive <kamoa>chinawi</kamoa> has been impersonalized through the use of <kn>tla-</kn>, which would make it a subjectless predicate. This verb is one of the few that apparently have a distinct underlying form sense when At any rate, apparently only <kam>hchinawi</kam> is only found with the prefix <kn>tla-</kn>. The intransitive <klamoa>chichinawi</klamoa>is used with specific objects; it is also lacking the underlying {h}, even in the reduplicant. Check presence of {h} in root through comparison with neighboring dialects. It appears that underlying {tla-hchinawi} is correct. Apparently, also, this intransitive is defective in that it only occurs in the inchoative with prefix /tla-/: this should, however, be checked, i.e. for the possible occurrence of /kichinawi/. Check for {h} in surface in SJ: /tlahchinawe/. 03138 sempolowa kisempolowa sempolowa kisempolowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 Mod-V2 V2-alt-wi class-2b to demolish for all time; to make completely and permanently disappear (e.g., a construction or building) derribar para siempre; hacer desaparecer completa y permanentemente (p. ej., una construcción o edificio) Pending Niksempolo:s nokal, nikxiti:ni:s. Am I will demolish my house for good, I'm going to take it down. Voy a destruir mi casa para siempre, la voy a desbaratar. to destroy or lose forever (e.g., a plant that will never sprout again, a material object that can never be recovered, etc.) destruir o perder para siempre (p. ej., una planta que ya no va a retoñar, un objeto material que nunca se va a recuperar, etc.) Pending O:niksempoloh notlayo:lxina:ch. O:nikto:kak wan o:noka:wato itik tla:hli. Am I lost my maize seed forever (i.e., the particular variant or type I was using). I planted it and it never wound up sprouting (lit., 'remained in the earth'). Perdípara siempre la semilla de maíz que estaba utilizando (esto es, la variante que estaba sembrando). Lo sembréy no brotó(lit., 'fue a quedar dentro de la tierra). De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. Am You've killed it forever (e.g., a plant or tree) because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away. Lo mataste para siempre (p. ej., una planta oárbol) porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste. sem pol Use second female token. 03139 teliksa kiteliksa telesa kitelesa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-4a to kick patear Pending Te:teliksa mokaba:yoh. Am Your horse kicks. Tu caballo patea. teliksa The root <kam>teliksa</kam> most probably derives historically from the same root <kroot>kxi</kroot>found in <klam>ikxitl</klam> 'leg' or 'foot,' with the /sa/ sequence palatalizing to /xi/ after vowel reduction. The historical basis for the first element, /tel/ is, however, not as transparent. 03140 ma ya ma ya ma ya ma ya ma ya
11/Feb/2006
see <klamoa>ma</klamoa> véase <klamoa>ma</klamoa> Pending As an orthographic convention the optative <kamoa>ma</kamoa> is always written as a separate element. Thus what is phonetically ['ma ya] is considered two words and the one-syllable verbal predicate <kamoa>ya</kamoa> is best considered to be extrametrical. ma yaw Get minimal pairs of /ma tlakwa/ 'let him eat'; /ma: tlakwa/ 'let him not eat' and /ma:tlakwa/, the verbal predicate with an incorporated noun /ma:/. Make sure link is to correct entry of /ma/. 03141 ma:malia kima:malia ma:malia kima:malia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to carry on ones back or shoulders for cargar por la espalda o hombros para Pending Xne:chma:malitiw, newa yo:nisiaw! Am Carry it on your back for me, I've already gotten tired! ¡Cárgalo sobre tus espaldas para mi, ya me cansé! ma:ma Check to see if the benefactive can also be used with 'to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore)' i.e., can /mamalia/ mean 'to take on responsibility for'? ma:ma verb_base Am, Oa 03142 zzz This used to be the entry for /I:a:pan Chi:noh/. It has been removed and placed in the toponym database.
30/Jul/2005
 03143 ka:wahli ka:wahli ka:wahli ka:wahli
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 widow viuda Am, Oa widower (see <kloa>oichka:wahli</kloa>) viudo (véase <kloa>oichka:wahli</kloa>) Am ka:wa In Ameyaltepec <kam>ka:wahli</kam> is not gender specific. However, in Oapan one may also use <kloa>oichka:wahli</kloa>, which specifically refers to the male. Check for /sowa:ka:wahli/ as a possible word. I seem to remember it, but it is not documented in the corpus. Also, question for /tla:kaka:wahli/. Note that the first /a:/ of the plural is definitely long and should be corrected to such in any occurrence, Also note that few nouns pluralize in this form: cf. /na:na:walteh/; they all seem to have the phonology of Ca:wa. Check for possible possessed form. Use second female token. 03144 a:tlawtli a:tlawtli a:tlahtli a:tlahtli
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 1(w) ravine; gorge barranca Pending topography a:tlaw 03145 kwe:kwetla:stik kwe:kwetla:stik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Lex. rdp-l Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be wavy or ondulated (e.g., a branch of a tree, a stick) ondulado (p. ej., una rama de unárbol, una vara) Am kwetla:ts I had originally recorded this in my notes with a short final /a/; this should be checked as it might be long given the derivation from /kwetla:tsowa/. However, there might also be some shortening. Also check whether adjectival form can be used without long vowel reduplication, i.e., /kwetla:stik/ or /kwetlastik/. If so, change entry. 03146 yewi:teki yewi:teki yewi:teki yewi:teki
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to thresh beans (i.e., to shell them) desvainar frijoles Pending ye wi:teki Use second male token. 03147 ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl ko:tsi:ltik yeye:katl ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex Lex. rdp-s Stem 2 yes-rdp ritual one of the <klam>yeyekameh</klam> uno de los <klam>yeyekameh</klam> Pending ritual ko:tsi:l e:ka yeyekameh This <kam>yeyekatl</kam> is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. 03148 tomatl tomatl tomatl tomatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 generic name for tomatoes nombre genérico para los tomates Pending (intrinsic possession) tomato or tomato-like fruit of (posesión intrínseca) fruta como tomate de Pending Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik. Am The <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good. El <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> : Es unárbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien. toma My records to date show four different types of tomatoes: <klam>a:mi:ltomatl</klam> , <klam>tepe:tomatl</klam> , <klam>xi:tomatl</klam> , and <klam>yeyekatomatl</klam>. The dried <kam>tepe:tomatl</kam> is called <klam>tomatetso:hli</klam>. Surprisingly, I do not have this word in my filecards. Make sure it exists as the superordinate category that includes /a:mi:ltomatl/, /tepetomatl/ and /xitomatl/. Possession with /-yo/: /Koyo:tomatl: kuhtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik/ 'The <kam>koyo:tomatl</kam> : it is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good.' 03149 me:me:ntowia kime:me:ntowian me:mé:ntowía me:me:ntowia kime:mé:ntowíah
11/Feb/2006
No V2 Lex. rdp-l V2-b class-2a yes (pl. subject) to pair up and carry one of two ends or sides of (e.g., a heavy object such as a log, full sack or bucket, etc.) (sujeto pl.) cargar juntamente un lado de una carga (de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grueso, o un costal o cubeta lleno, etc.) Pending Nankime:me:ntowitia:skeh. Am You will each go along carrying one end (of a heavy bag or bucket, of a log, etc.). Ustedes van a ir yendo cada quien sosteniendo un lado (de un costal pesado, de una cubeta, de un tronco) carrying me:nto Unlike <klam>onkawia</klam> , <kam>me:me:ntowia</kam> refers to the carrying of objects by two persons only, whereas the former may refer to more individuals uniting to complete a task, and it may refer to acts other than carrying. The etymology of this word is unclear as no similar words have been found in any of the other sources for Nahuatl. It is irregular in that it accepts only a plural (of two) subject. Ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology. Recheck whether Oapan form is with plural subject. According to C. Flores this verb always has a plural subject. 03150 te:ntsonxi:ma kite:ntsonxi:ma te:ntsonxi:ma te:nsonxi:ma note:ntsonxi:ma, note:nsonxi:ma
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(m) to shave the beard of rasurar; cortarle la barba a Pending (refl.-mid.) to get ones beard shaved; to shave ones beard (refl.-media) rasurarse (en el sentido que algn lo rasura o que se rasura a si mismo) Pending te:n tson xi:ma 03151 yzzz tlai:xkwa i:tlai:xkwa
11/Feb/2006
N N-(N-N) N-b N2 upper front teeth (not including the molars) dientes superiores (no incluyendo los molares) Oa tlan i:x kwa According to Florencia Marcelino this refers to the top row of teeth (incisors and canines) and are so called because they are thought to come down from the forehead. In the entry for /i:xpan/ I had this following note:"When referring to a body part <kam>i:xpan</kam> seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people state that this area includes the lower belly while others state that the lower belly is referred to as <kam>tlai:xkwa:w</kam> and that the two, <kam>tlai:xkwa:w</kam> and <kam>i:xpan</kam> , both obligatorily possessed, are distinct."CHECK meaning and final consonant. Another entry, since deleted, for Ameyaltepec had /tlaixkwa/. Check this term also. 03152 Kone:jos Kone:jos Kone:jos Kone:jos
22/Oct/2005
Conejos N N-loan dance religious line dance formerly performed in Oapan by young boys and one girl danza religiosa de línea presentada anteriormente en oapan por hombres jóvenes y una niña Pending dance da:nsah For this check the circumstances when it is performed. 03153 chi:chi:lowa kichi:chi:lowa chi:chi:lowa kichi:chi:lowa
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi Lex. rdp-l class-2b to color or paint red pintar (un objeto material) de rojo Pending Yo:tikchi:chi:loh mokal. Am You painted your house red. Pintaste tu casa de rojo. chi:l Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness. Use second female token. 03154 kamanon kayo:tl kamanon kayo:tl kamano:n kayo:tl kamano:n kayo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-d-kayo:tl Stem 2 to be from a time that is long ago; to be from when ser de un periodo de hace mucho tiempo; ser de cuando Pending Ne:stok kamanon kayo:tl totio:pan. Am It appears (in a document) from when our church is (i.e., when it was built). Aparece (en un documento) de cuando (quéperiodo) es nuestra iglesia (esto es, cuando se contruyó). Kamanon kayo:tl. Am It is from some time ago. Es de hace mucho tiempo. kaman kayo: Apparently <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa> can be interpreted as a nominal form meaning, in essence, 'to be from [a time period].' Here it is combined in a colocation to mean 'to be from when.' Although there is no example sentence yet, it appears that <kamoa>kayo:tl</kamoa> may take any person as subject. Thus one could, I believe, say <kamoa>xne:si kamano:on tikayo:tl</kamoa> 'It's not clear from when you are (i.e., when you were born).' This usage and meaning should be checked. Check /o/ of Am /kamanon/. In Oapan it is definitely long. Cf. Gram 1985-01-20.1 Use 2nd female token. 03155 -se:lti tose:lti -se:lte -se:lti tose:lte, tose:lti
11/Feb/2006
N(rel) Rel-poss-com N2 -self (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, etc.); alone solo (p. ej., yo solo, túsolo,él solo, etc.) Pending Nose:lti nikchi:was. Am I will do it by myself Voy a hacerlo yo solo. Tosese:lti o:tiakeh. Am Each one of us went by himself (or herself). Cada uno de nosotros fue solo (aparte, por su cuenta). se:l <kam>Se:lti</kam> or <koa>se:lte</koa> is a relational noun that takes only the specific pronominal possessor prefixes; it does not occur with <kn>te:-</kn> nor <kn>tla-</kn>. In Oapan there is no plural form distinct from the singular: <koa>i:se:lte</koa> (singular) and <koa>to:se:lte</koa> (plural). In Ameyaltepec I have documented <kam>tose:ltimeh</kam> , but this seems to be an idiosyncratic case and most consultants rejected this. Check plural form for /-n/ marking; my original notes had /tose:lti/. Check /tosese:ltin/ and make sure this is not /tose:se:ltin/. If not, check whether /tose:se:ltin/ is correct and can be uttered. Make sure /te:se:lti/ is not correct. Also, on one filecard I had written /tose:ltimeh/. Check this too. On the basis that it might be I have added this in parentheses to one of the illustrative sentences. Relational nouns: Note that /se:lte/ in Oapan (/se:lti/ in Ameyaltepec) is possessed /tose:lte/ in Oapan. In Ameyaltepec it takes the plural marker: /tose:ltin/. Check. In Ameyaltepec /tosese:lti/ means 'each one of us (by him or herself).' Use second male token. 03156 tlatewistika:n tlatewistika:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-tla-ka:n Lex. rdp-s N1(N2-tla) see <klam>tlatetewitska:n</klam> véase <klam>tlatetewitska:n</klam> Pending 03157 na:ni:tah na:ni:tah na:ni:tah na:ni:tah
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap NO/N2 (poss. vocativo) (vocative) ma'am (generally used, including by Ameyaltepequeños, to address elder women from Oapan) (vocativo) señora (utilizado generalmente, también por mayores de edad, para dirigirse a mujeres de edad avanzada de oapan) Pending (<kamoa>tona:ni:tah</kamoa>) elder woman from Oapan (<kamoa>tona:ni:tah</kamoa>) señora de Oapan Pending Se: tona:ni:tah o:ne:chmak. Am An older woman from Oapan gave it to me. Una oapaneca adulta me lo dio. na:n This term is used to refer to older Oapan women, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. ta:ti:tah; ma:noh confer Am, Oa tati:tah confer Am 03158 netechowa kinetechowa netechowa kinetechowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-wi ~Intrans class-2b to place near together (two or more objects); to put close to (one object to another) acercar (dos o más objetos); colocar juntos o cerca (uno objeto al otro) Pending Xne:netecho! Am Put them closer together (e.g., a series of rods, things that are interwoven, etc., one group after another)! ¡Colócalos juntos (p. ej., una serie de varas que están en línea, algo entretejido, etc.)! Xmonetecho:kan! Am Place yourselves close together (e.g., people in a crowded place, two people lying down, etc.)! ¡Acérquense (p. ej., varias personas en un lugar apretado, dos personas acostadas juntas, etc.)! netech Check for intransitive. Perhaps this is another case of an anticausative for the intransitive. There seems to be a clear relationship of the root <kroot>netech</kroot>to the relational noun <kam>-tech</kam> and to the reflexive particle <kam>ne</kam>. An effort should be made to determine all instances in which <kam>ne</kam> and <kam>tech</kam> are found in roots. 03159 iyeltia kiyeltia iyeltia kiyeltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a to cause to or make fart (either a food or sth heavy that is lifted) hacer echar un pedo (o una comida o algo pesado levantado) Pending O:ne:chiyeltih un yetl, we:i o:nkwah Am Those beans made me fart, I ate a lot. Esos frijoles me hicieron echar pedos, comímucho. Melá:k yetí:k, a:sta o:ne:chiyeltih. Am It's really heavy, it even made me to fart (from its force and weight). Es muy pesado, hasta me hizo echar un pedo (a causa de su peso). yel This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb <klam>iyeya</klam> (Am) and <kloa>íyeyá</kloa>(Oa), 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between <kam>ito:nia</kam> and <kam>ito:niltia</kam> , although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, <kam>ito:ni:hli</kam> and <kam>iyehli</kam>. Recheck vowel length. With C. Flores (Am) it appears short. I had a long vowel for Oapan but this should be rechecked. Check entry for /yehli/, which should perhaps be /iyehli/. This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb <kam>iyeya</kam> , 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between <kam>ito:nia</kam> and <kam>ito:niltia</kam> , although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, <kam>ito:ni:hli</kam> and <kam>iyehli</kam>. Cf. the use of /-tia/ with nouns, as in the case of /na:miktia/. iyeya verb_base Am, Oa 03160 tlakechilia kitlakechilia tlakechilia kitlakechilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap class-2a to lengthen (by adding onto, e.g., a piece of rope or a strap by tying another piece onto the original, or an extension joined to a board of wood, etc.) alargar o aumentar (p. ej., al agregar algo a un pedazo de laso o un tirante de tela al agregarle otra parte, o al pegar una tabla de madera a otra, etc.) Pending Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili! Am Your rope isn't long enough, make it longer by adding on another piece! Tu laso no alcanza,¡hazlo más largo al agregarle otro cachito! kechi It seems that <kam>tlakechilia</kam> is an applicative form of <kam>ketsa</kam> , the meaning of which in Classical Nahuatl was 'to place in a vertical position."The applicative meaning of <kam>kechilia</kam> is clearest in the incorporated form <klam>ma:tlakechilia</klam> and its related form <klam>ma:tlakechia</klam> , both referring to the action of resting oneself on ones hands on a given surface. ma:tlakechia confer Am 03161 pi:na:wismiki pi:na:wismiki
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a(k)(Am:long) (often reduplicated with short vowel) to become extremely embarrassed (generalmente reduplicado con vocal corta) tener muchísima vergüenza Am to die (at times literally) of embarrassment (e.g., sb who is caught stealing, who is scolded in public, etc.) morirse (a veces literalmente) de vergüenza (p. ej., algn agarrado en el acta de robar, algn a quien se le regaña en público, etc.) Am O:pipi:na:wismihkeh pa:mpa na:na:walteh. Am They died of shame because (it was discovered that) they were <spn>nahuales</spn>. Se murieron de vergüenza porque (se descubrióque) eran nahuales. pi:na: miki The derivation appears to be one involving the incorporation of the deverbal nominal <klam>pipi:na:wistli</klam> and the verb <klam>miki</klam>. This seems to be derived from a nominalization of /pipi:na:wi/, /pipi:na:wistli/, incorporated into /miki/. Since /pipi:na:wistli/ is not in my lexicon. this should be checked. 03162 ikxipatil ikxipatil ixipatil ixipatil
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-ap to have a crooked leg tener una pierna chueca Pending (with short vowel reduplication) pigeon-toed; to have both legs twisted inward (con reduplicación de vocal corta) que tiene las puntas de pies hacia dentro, tener las dos piernas chuecas Pending kxi patil Check whether reduplication is of IN or verb stem, i.e., /iikxipatil/? or /ikxipapatil/??? Note the various ways in which reduplication can affect meaning and be related to headword entry. Thus /ikxikuhtia/ is a headword entry with nonreduplication, since it refers to an action that often occurs affecting only one leg (stiffening). However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/, which refers to the exhaustion of the foot or leg from activity has only been heard in reduplicated form, given that the action that can lead to such a state (walking, exertion, etc.) almost always affects both legs jointly. Finally, note that in the case of /ikxipatil/ either leg can be affected, individually, however, when both are affected a new type of situation occurs, signalled by a separate lexical item in English. Thus a second sense is given. 03163 i:xte:nyeyewaltik i:xte:nyeyewaltik i:xté:yewáltik i:xté:yewáltik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) tik>tikeh yes-rdp to have large, round eyes (e.g., an owl) tener los ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) Oa i:xte:nuwe:itik i:xté:we:ítik i:x te:n yewal This is the virtual equivalent of <kam>i:xte:nuwe:itik</kam> , literally: 'big-eyed.'. In root comments note how the compound form for 'eye' is /i:xte:n-/, whereas the elicitation form is /i:xtetl/. 03164 kone:tesosohli kone:tesosohli koné:sohlí koné:sohlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-ap Stem 3 yes-lex no-good kid niño maldito Am, Oa Né:yáxya koné:sohlí, táwáxtláh tikmati! Oa Go away kid, you don't know anything! ¡Véte niño chiquito, túno sabes nada! kone: hsol In Ameyaltepec, apparently the apocopated <kam>kone:tesosol</kam> is always used as a vocative, in directly insulting or taunting a child, a type of name-calling. While apparently <kam>kone:tesosohli</kam> can also be used in this manner, it is more often used in a predicative function. However, in Oapan the form with the absolutive can be as a vocative, e.g., in addressing a child who goes places he or she is not supposed to go, e.g., in town meetings. Nevertheless, it seems to be more often used in a referential manner, referring to young children who are always getting into places, trying to be where adults are. 03165 tlasohli tlasohli tlásohlí tlásohlí
11/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 yes-lex dried brush (particularly that in fields that are to be prepared for planting) maleza seca (particularmente la que se encuentra en campos que se van a preparar para sembrar) Pending trash; refuse; garbage basura Pending hsol In regards to dried brush that is cleared in a field to be sowed, the following plants (and perhaps many others) are considered <kam>tlasohli</kam> : <klam>sakatl</klam> , <klam>mo:so:tl</klam> , <klam>a:kawtli</klam> , <klam>a:kawtomitl</klam> , <klam>xiwtematlatl</klam> , <klam>me:meya</klam> , and <klam>akistewe:wetsi</klam>. I have guessed/assumed that a possessed /-tlasohlo/ is also correct. Hence I have coded the /infn field as N1/2; and Aln/Intrin. However, this should be checked, i.e., whether an intrinsically possessed form does exist and, if it does, the circumstances under which it might be used. 03166 poso:nia kiposo:nia poso:nia kiposo:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to boil (water or other liquids) hervir (agua u otros líquidos) Pending to cook by boiling (foods such as beans, eggs in sauce, etc., cooking them in boiling water) cocer al hervir (comidas tales como frijoles, huevos en salsa, etc., cocinándolas en agua hirviendo) Pending to bring to a boil (a pot and its contents) hacer hervir (una olla y su contenido) Pending Xtoki nonexko:n, ma poso:ntiwetsi! Am Stoke the fire underneath my pot for making <klam>nextamahli</klam> so that it rapidly comes to a boil! ¡Atiza el fuego abajo de mi olla para hacer nixtamal para que de una vez hierva! poso: Note that the object of <kam>poso:nia</kam> can be any number of items: the liquid itself that boils, the items (or food) that is boiled and cooked, and the container (such as a pot) within which something is boiled. Determine whether there is an alternate transitive form, /poso:naltia/ and, if there is, how it differs from /poso:nia/. Also, change the cat coding as needed (e.g., adding [ca]). Finally, determine the semantics. What is boiled, i.e., what can be the object of /kiposo:nia/. Perhaps /poso:nia/ takes as its object the foods that are boiled, as well as the water/liquid, whereas /poso:naltia/ would only refer to the liquid, i.e., bringing it to a boil. Thus a check question might be the acceptability of /xposo:ni ma:w/ and /xposo:ni moyew/, and /xposo:nalt ma:w/ and /xposo:nalti moyew/. 03167 na:hpa na:hpa na:hpa na:hpa
22/Oct/2005
Adv Adv-tm four times cuatro veces Pending Num na:wi -pa The duration of the bilabial stop, particularly in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, is quite long, over 150 ms. Check how to categorize in cat field. 03168 nesawilia kinesawilia nesawilia kinesawilia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ap(ne) class-2a to fast for (i.e., so that sth, such as a curing ceremony, will proceed well); to fast for (a medicine, so that it takes effect) ayunar para (p. ej., para que algo vaya bien, como una ceremonia para curar); ayunar para (un remedio, para que surta efectos) Pending Tiknesawili:s. Am You will fast for it (in this case before using <kbam>chikimolin</kbam>to cure someone, so that the remedy"obeys"and takes effect). Le vas a ayunar (en este caso antes de emplear el remedio <kbam>chikimolin</kbam>para curar a algn, para que el remedio"obedezca"y surta efectos). Niknesawili:s un suwa:tl para kinekis. Am I'll fast for that woman so that she will want to (marry me). Me voy a poner en ayunas para esa mujer, para que vaya a querer (casarse conmigo). ne sawa In fasting for a particular remedy, the hope is that by fasting the remedy will"obey"(<kam>te:tla:kamatis</kam>). In the phrase <kam>niknesawili:s un sowa:tl para kinekis</kam> , the action is of fasting for as many as 2 days, from sunrise to sunset and 2 days to noon only. Then one places a candle near an image of San José, only him, so that the girl will accept a marriage proposal. sawa verb_base Am, Oa 03169 tlaxoxo:wia tlaxoxo:wia tlaxoxo:wia [tla xo xo: 'wi a] tlaxoxo:wia
09/Feb/2006
No V0 tla-V1 V1-b class-4b(ya-x) weather to become green all over the land during springtime and summer reverdecer todo el campo durante la primavera y verano Pending Yo:tlaxoxo:wiak. Tlaxoxo:hka:n Am It has gotten green all over. The area is all green from budding plants. Ya se puso todo verde. Laárea estátodo verde por los retoños de las plantas. xo: Perhaps change the categorization of /xoxo:wia/ and /tlaxoxo:wia/ to that of a paradigmatic set of -k/ya/lia. xoxo:wia minus_tla Am 03170 zzz This was an entry for /A:pantsi:n/, which has since been moved to the toponym section.
30/Jul/2005
 03171 pa:tskilia kipa:tskilia pa:tskilia kipa:tskilia
09/Feb/2006
No V3 V3-d-ap class-2a to squeeze for (sb) or onto (e.g., sth onto a dish of food) exprimir para (algn) o sobre (p. ej., algo a un guisado) Pending Xpa:tskili limó:n un nakatl! Am Squeeze lemon (juice) onto that meat! ¡Exprímele (jugo de) limón a esa carne! to milk for (a cow or other mammals to get their milk) ordeñar para (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche) Pending to squeeze or pull the trigger of (a pistol) jalar el gatillo de (una pistola) Pending O:kipa:tskilih ipisto:lah. Am He squeezed the trigger on his pistol. Le jalóel gatillo a su pistola. pa:tska pa:tska verb_base Am, Oa 03172 ye weka:wi kayo:tl ye weka:wi kayo:tl íwika:w káyo:tl ['i wi ka:h 'ka yo:tl] íwika:w káyo:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-d-kayo:tl Stem 2 yes-lex sth from a long time ago; sth that has been around for a long time algo de desde hace mucho tiempo; algo que ha estado presente o en existencia por mucho tiempo Pending wehka: kayo: Check the two forms and provide a grammatical analysis. This text by Cristino Flores is a good explanation of the use of terms such as /ye weka:wi kayo:tl/. 03173 mo:yo:tl mo:yo:tl mo:yo:tl mo:yo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 type of biting mosquito (in Spanish <kam>zancudo</kam>) zancudo, tipo de insecto que pica Pending animal insect mo:yo: The name of this insect might well be related to the verb <klamoa>moyo:ni</klamoa>, meaning 'to swarm,' although there is a difference in vowel length. Phonotactics: Note and check possibility that /VCo:nV/ have a surface constraint on the length of the first vowel. Thus it might be that there is a prosodic template that fits roots into this pattern even when underlyingly the first vowel is long; and thus this first long vowel might show up elsewhere. The vowel length here of the first /o/ seems short. But other words with /mo:yo:/ should be analyzed to determine whether this is indeed the case. sa:yo:lin confer Am, Oa 03174 tla:lko:lo:tl tla:lko:lo:tl tla:lko:lo:tl tla:lko:lo:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-b Stem 2 type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado Pending Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia. Am The <kam>tla:lko:lo:tl</kam> : It does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle. The <kam>tla:lko:lo:tl</kam> : No se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. Dicen que mata al ganado. tla:l ko:lo: ko:lo:tl Check meaning of /kowasiwisioh/. Word order: /Tla:lko:lo:tl | Xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh kitowan kimiktia./ 'The <kam>tla:lko:lo:tl</kam> | It does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. They that it kills cattle.' The the order OVS. ko:lo:tl de bwe:i equivalent Am 03175 yzzz kante:lah kante:lah
22/Oct/2005
candela N N-loan N1/2; Aln candle vela Oa tool Use first female and first male token. 03176 tlate:mowa tlate:mowa tlate:mowa tlate:mowa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2 V2-b class-2b to search for new people to fill village offices buscar gente nueva para llevar los cargos del pueblo Pending (with an extraverse directional) to (go) look for (animals left out to graze or lost) (con una direccional extraversa) (ir a) sabanear; (ir a) buscar (animales dejados a apacentar o perdidos) Pending O:tlate:mo:to. Am He went to look for animals (left out to graze or lost). Fue a sabanear. O:nitlate:mo:ko. Am I came to look for grazing animals. Vine a sabanear. A:man in to:nahli san nitlate:mo:s. Am This day today I will just look in the countryside for animals left out. Hoy este día voy a buscar en el campo para animales dejados sueltos. te:m-2- The verb <klam>te:mowa</klam> is almost always found in reduplicated form, in the sense of 'to look for' (not an unusual occurrence given that the act of looking often involves repeated"individual"actos of looking. However, with the null complement <kn>tla-</kn> it is seldom reduplicated, even though the action involved, that of looking for animals on the plains, is also often repeated, as the subject goes through the countryside searching. However, the meaning of <spn>sabanear</spn> 'to look for lost or grazing animals in the countryside' does almost always, though not always, require the presence of a directional, usually extraverse since the subject is often going"out"to carry out the indicated activity. The act involves one of going out to determine the location of these animals (e.g., donkeys left out to graze) either simply in order to check up on them or to bring them back. te:mowa minus_tla Am 03177 yzzz xoxo:hka:tli:ltik xoxo:hka:tli:ltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Part-Adj Adj-denom-tik to be dark green; to be olive green ser verde oscuro; ser color aceituna Oa color xo: tli:l Use second token of each speaker. 03178 cha:ntlamati cha:ntlamati cha:ntlamati cha:ntlamati
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-(tla-V2) V1-b Irregular, see <klamoa>mati</klamoa> to feel at home (e.g., where one has moved to, or perhaps one who is living in sb else's house) sentirse en casa; hallarse (p. ej., donde se ha mudado uno, o al estar hospedado en casa ajena) Pending cha:n mati /tla-/; noun incorporation: Note that the prefix /tla-/ is again used with a transitive verb taking an incorporated noun. 03179 kuwyo:tia kikuwyo:tia kohyo:tia kikohyo:tia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-yo:tia class-2a to place a wooden handle on (e.g., on an axe, pick, hammer, planting stick, etc.) ponerle una manga de madera a (p. ej., a una hacha, pico, martillo, coa, etc.) Pending kow Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm <kam>-h/wa/tia</kam> (e.g., <kam>a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia</kam>) since one finds <kam>kuwtli, kuwyoh, kuwyowa, kuwyo:tia</kam> , the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as <kam>a:skayo:tia</kam> means 'to allow (sth) to get covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive <kamoa>a:skayowa</kamoa>, the transitive verb <kam>kuwyo:tia</kam> is not a causativized or transitivized version of <kam>kuwyowa</kam> , but rather has a different meaning, relating to <kam>kuwyo</kam> , the 'inalienably possessed' form of <kam>kuwtli</kam>. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as <kam>kaltia</kam> , meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, <kam>kuwyotia</kam> is 'to provide with a <kam>kuwyo</kam> ,' i.e. to provide with an intrinsically possessed piece of wood (that is the"part"of a part/whole relation): a handle. Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm <kam>-h/wa/tia</kam> (e.g., <kam>a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia</kam>) since one finds <kam>kuhtli, kuhioh, kuhyowa, kuhyo:tia</kam> , the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as <kam>a:skayo:tia</kam> means 'to make covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive <kam>a:skayowa</kam> , the transitive verb <kam>kuhyo:tia</kam> is not a causativized or transitivized version of <kam>kuhyowa</kam> , but rather has a different meaning, relating to <kam>kuhyo</kam> , the 'inalienably possessed' form of <kam>kuhtli</kam>. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as <kam>kaltia</kam> , meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, <kam>kuhyotia</kam> is 'to provide with a <kam>kuhyo</kam> ,' i.e. to provide with an inalienably possessed piece of wood: a handle. 03180 sió:tl sió:tl sió:tl sió:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 small piece of <klam>tixtli</klam> (i.e., ground <klam>nextamahli</klam>) that is shaped into a small, thick pancake and cooked a little on the <klam>koma:hli</klam> ; it is then taken off the griddle and kneaded or grinded on the metate into the remaining <kam>tixtli</kam> in order to make it stickier pequeño pedazo de masa (<klam>tixtli</klam>) que se hace como una gordita chiquita y se cuece sobre el comal; después se mete sobre el metate y se muele con la masa para que se vuelva más pegajosa Pending sio There is no documentation of cognate words in other dialects; nor is there any clear etymology to <kam>siyo:tl</kam> or <koa>sió:tl</koa>. The length of the final /o:/ in Oapan Nahuatl is not entirely clear, it appears to have a duration at the lower end of that for long vowels. However, most Nahuatl words with a final segment sequence of /-iotl/ have a long /o:/. Determine orthography for these types of words.... /sio:tl/ or /siyo:tl/. Illustrate. Obtain form in SJ, for vowel length comparison if nothing else. Check vowel length and cf. to /siyo:wiya/, which I have recorded with a long /o:/. 03181 ye:yeh ye:yeh ye:ye ye:ye
22/Oct/2005
Baby N-bb beans (baby talk) frijolitos (habla de niños) Pending baby ye See Gram 1984-10-16.1 Baby talk: Note absence of final /h/ in /ye:ye/, at least from Oapan. 03182 si:bara:tl* si:bara:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b N1 generic name of a type of small bird, <klam>to:to:tsi:ntli</klam> nombre genérico de un tipo de pájarito, <klam>to:to:tsi:ntli</klam> Am specific name of a bird with a yellow breast (<klam>ye:lpankostiktsi:n</klam>) within the group of birds also called <kam>si:bara:tl</kam> nombre específico de un pájaro con pecho amarillo (<klam>ye:lpankostiktsi:n</klam>) dentro del grupo también llamado <kam>si:bara:tl</kam> Am animal bird si:bara: si:bara:tl The presence of /r/ clearly indicates that there has been a phonetic change in the pronunciation of this word, or that it is a borrowing from Spanish. There are two types of <kam>si:bara:tl</kam> : <kam>si:bara:tl</kam> and <klam>kwa:teporo:n</klam>. 03183 tlakwiste:wa tlakwiste:wa tlakoste:wa tlakoste:wa
11/Feb/2006
No V1 tla-V2-asp V2-asp class-3a(w) to clear the dirt off and stand upright cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth (see <klam>kwiste:wa</klam>) limpiar o sacudir de tierra y colocar de pie plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas durante el arar de la tierra (véase <klam>kwiste:wa</klam>) Pending O:tlakwiste:wato nokone:w. Am My child went to clear off and upright corn and beans in the field (following behind the plow). Mi hijo fue a enderezar la milpa y los frijoles en la milpa (siguiendo atrás de la yunta). to pick everything up; to clear out (e.g., at the end of the day to pick up all ones merchandise that has been spread out to sell) levantar (p. ej., al final del día levantar toda la mercancía que había sido extendida para vender) Pending kwi e:wa tlakwiste:wilia val_add_applic Am kwiste:wa minus_tla Am 03184 a:la:wi a:la:wi a:la:wi a:la:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> to crumble or fall down (things piled in a heap, land during an avalanche) desmoronarse, venir hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas o apiladas, un avalanche) Pending Ma:ka mopan a:la:wis un tlikuwtli! Am Don't let that pile of firewood come falling down on you! ¡No dejes que ese montón de leña te caiga encima! O:a:la:w un tekorral. Am That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other). Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó. Yo:pe:w a:la:wi moswaw. Xkwahli o:htili:nitiah. Am Your bundles of (tied together) maize leaves have started to slip down (from where they had been piled up). You didn't tie them up tightly as you went along. Los manojos de zacate (que guardaste) han empezado a venirse hacia abajo (de donde habían sido apilados). No ibas amarrándolos bien. to scrape oneself rasparse Pending O:niteaga:la:w. Am I got scraped (from falling). Me raspé(al caer). a:la: disam <kam>xiti:ni</kam> ; xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi This verb refers to items piled up that slide down: earth avalanching, things coming down a slope, etc. In reference to scraping, this form may be compounded with the parts of the body affected: <kam>ma:aga:la:wi</kam> , <kam>ikxiaga:la:wi</kam> , etc. Often a voiced velar stop (or fricative) occurs after the reduplicated syllable. This has been written with a /g/. Perhaps the intensifier can only be used with the sense of 'scrape.' This should be checked. Note the phonetically predictable insertation of [g] between the reduplicated /aa:/. xi:kole:wi confer Am, Oa 03185 akia kakia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ki(a) Compl (irregular: <klam>onaki</klam>) class-2a to put or place (an object) inside of some small or tight space (such as a drawer or box) meter (un objeto) dentro de una lugar estrecho (como un cajón o algún lugar ajustado) Am Ne: xkaki! Am Place it in there! ¡Colócalo ahíadentro! disam kalaktia ak There is a difference between <kam>akia</kam> and <klam>kalaktia</klam>. The latter refers to putting something inside a fairly ample space. The first, <kam>akia</kam> , refers to putting an object into something such as a box, a file drawer, etc., i.e., a space where the thing put in"fits."It appears that the distinction is somewhat similar to that in English between"put inside"and"put in." <kam>Akia</kam> can refer to placing a knife or machete it its sheath, or something in a place where it belongs: e.g. a drawer in a piece of furniture. Note that the imperative <kam>xkaki</kam> is homophonous with the negative <kam>xkaki</kam> 'listen' although the latter is often found apocopated as <kam>xaki</kam>. Note that */aki/ without the directional /on-/ never occurs; cf. to /one:wa/ or /wa:le:wa/ and */e:wa/. onaki confer Am kalahtia confer Oa akilia val_add_applic Am 03186 matiltik matiltik matiltik matiltik
22/Oct/2005
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik twisted torcido Pending Matiltik, xwel tlapa:ni. Am It is twisted (in this case the grain that runs inside a log or branch), it can't be split. Estátorcido (en este caso el grano que corre por un tronco o rama), no se puede partir. matil Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. Devoicing: Make sure grammar, in phonology section, refers to devoicing of /l/ in syllable-final position. 03187 kwi:xin kwi:xin kwi:xin kwi:xih kwi:xin
11/Feb/2006
N N-b-in generic name for a group of large birds (perhaps hawks) as yet not entirely identified nombre genérico por un grupo de aves grandes (quizágavilanes) todavía no identificado plenamente Pending specific type of hawk; there is one type with a white breast, apparently the Short-tailed Hawk, <l>Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus</l>; another type of <kamoa>kwi:xin</kamoa> has a partially white tail, perhaps the Common Black Hawk, <l>Buteogallus anthracinus</l>, the Great Black Hawk, <l>Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi</l>, the Solitary Eagle, <l>Harpyhaliaetus solitarius</l>, or a closely related species. tipo específico de"hawk"; hay un tipo con el pecho blanco, aparentemente el"Short-tailed Hawk," <l>Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus</l>, o una especie cercana; otro tipo de <kamoa>kwi:xin</kamoa> tiene la cola con una parte blanca, quizáel"Common Black Hawk," <l>Buteogallus anthracinus</l>, el"Great Black Hawk," <l>Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi</l>, el"Solitary Eagle," <l>Harpyhaliaetus solitarius</l>, o una especie cercana. Am, Oa Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 3, 8, 9 p. 199; Pl. 4, 8, 10, 11, pp. 191, 193, 194 eagle águila (? o gavilán) Am, Oa animal bird kwix kwixin To date in Ameyaltepec fives types of <kam>kwi:xin</kam> have been identified: <klam>kwi:xin ko:stik</klam> , <klam>kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n</klam> and <klam>tsomakwi:xin</klam> , <klam>tlitliktsi:n</klam> , and another that lives by the river and is <kam>tli:lihka:tsi:n</kam> or, as Cristino Flores (who did not remember its name) said, <kam>poyaktsi:n</kam>. There is another <kam>kwi:xin</kam> -like bird called <kam>tlakotatatsi:n</kam> (in Oapan apparently <kloa>áyokwá:ni</kloa>. In Oapan there are two types of <koa>kwi:xin</koa> : <koa>kwi:xin kwitlanextik i:tsi:mpa ista:k</koa> and <koa>tsómakwi:xin</koa>. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that there is another bird named <kloa>tlítliktsí:n</kloa>that eats <koa>wi:lomeh</koa> such as the <kloa>sakatsi:n</kloa>. Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for <kamoa>kwixin</kamoa>, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives <kn>kwixti</kn> as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form <kn>tojtli</kn>. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec <kam>kwi:xin</kam> is in error and should be corrected. Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for <kamoa>kwixin</kamoa>, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives <kn>kwixti</kn> as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form <kn>tojtli</kn>. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec <kam>kwi:xin</kam> is in error and should be corrected. According to Roberto Mauricio the /i:/ is long. Recheck recording. A <kam>kwi:xin</kam> is not considered a <kam>to:to:tl</kam>. Note that although Nahuatl <kam>á:ilah</kam> is loaned from Spanish <spn>águila</spn> and one would expect this to indicate an eagle, consultants indicate that <kam>á:ilah</kam> is synonymous with <kam>kwi:xin</kam> , which they translate as <kam>gavilán</kam> , or 'hawk' (note that RS gives <kam>milano</kam> , or kite, for <kam>kwi:xin</kam>). Thus it remains to be determined whether the <kam>á:ilah</kam> and <kam>kwi:xin</kam> are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the eagle, as indicated by the borrowed term <kam>á:ilah</kam> or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (<kam>milano</kam>) given the usual translation of <kam>kwi:xin</kam>. In one entry I have recorded three types of <kam>kwi:xin</kam> : <klam>kwi:xin</klam> , <klam>tsomakwi:xin</klam> , and <klam>kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n</klam>. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'gavilán.' 03188 te:ma:muwtih te:ma:muwtih te:ma:mohtih te:ma:mohtih
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-perf frightening espantoso Pending dangerous peligroso Pending mawi In my original notes I had 'peligroso' as a translation given by an Ameyaltepec consultant. However, perhaps 'frightening' is more accurate. Use in context should clarify the precise semantics of <kamoa>te:ma:muhtih</kamoa>. Check translation; on my original file card I had 'peligroso'; check if this is correct and elicit the Nahuatl for 'peligroso.' Perhaps frightening is more correct (or both). Get contextual use. Note that the file card also did not have vowel length recorded (it also had /te:momuhti/, which might be a writing error). Check. 03189 pitsa:hka:n i:pitsa:hka:n pitsa:hka:n i:pitsa:hka:n
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-dvb-ka:n lower back or waist (of a person or animal, with a person the most usual reference is to the waist along the back) cintura o espalda inferior (de una persona o animal, en cuanto a una persona, se refiere generalmente a la cintura por la parte atrás) Pending O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n. Am They ground up the vine called <kbam>nekaxa:ni:hli,</kbam>they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. Molieron la enredadera llamada <kbam>nekaxa:ni:hli</kbam>, se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura. body pitsa: -ka:n 03190 pitsi:nia kipitsi:nia pitsi:nia kipitsi:nia tepitsi:nia Am, Oa
11/Feb/2006
V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl Op. prefix <kn>te-</kn> class-2a to lightly crush or break (the hard surface of sth, such as an egg by tapping it softly against sth hard) romper o estallar ligeramente (la superficie dura de algo, como el cascarón de un huevo al golpearlo suavemente contra algo duro, o bien una fruta muy madura) Pending Xpitsi:ni un to:to:ltetl! Am Lightly break the shell of that egg (particularly by tapping it against sth hard)! ¡Rómpele el cascarón a ese huevo (especialmente al golpearlo ligeramente contra algo duro)! to pinch lightly (an animate being) pellizcar ligeramente (un ser animado) Pending O:nikompitsi:nih nono:biah. Am I reached over and lightly pinched my girlfriend. Le di un ligero pellizco a mi novia. distort-fissure pitsi:ni pitsi: 03191 ka:xtik ka:xtik tekaxtik tekaxtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik to be concave (a material object such as a bowl); to be depressed (the ground where there is a concave depression); to be sagged or bent in the middle (e.g., an animal's back) ser concavo (un objeto material tal como un plato hondo o tacita); estar sumido (e.g. un terreno); estar pando (p. ej., el lomo de un animal) Pending Ka:xtik un a:kaxtetl. Am That stone trough for giving water to pigs is concave (hollowed out). Esa pileta para darle de beber a los marranos estáconcava. form-bulk kax The Oapan utterances all seem to have a short /a/ in the middle syllable. The lengths were 73 and 90 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 73 and 79 msm for her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. The Ameyaltepec form should thus be rechecked, as well as all verbal forms with this root. Determine the difference between /ka:xiwtok/ and /ka:xtik/, perhaps it is similar to that between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/. Note that the vowel appeared short to me in /tekaxtik/. This would be in accord with /a:kaxtetl/. However, cf. to /ka:xiwi/. Vowel length here should be checked. I expected a long /a:/. Check with other words with this /kax/ element. 03192 kuwa kikuwa kowa kikowa
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-b class-3b(ow) to buy comprar Pending Ke:ch ika o:tko:w? Am How much did you pay for it? ¿Cuánto te costó? Xwel nokuwa. Am It can't be bought. No se puede comprar. ko:wa The question of the duration and length of /o/ before /wa/ needs to be thoroughly studied. It is generally held that length is neutralized in this context, and that there is not difference in realization of an underlying long {o:} and an underlying short {o} before /-wa/. However, this statement needs to be reevaluated through an analysis of length in words such as <klamoa>sepowi</klamoa>and other words with underlying long {o} and those that have a short vowel in this place. The difference is most directly manifested in perfective forms, in which underlying length {o:} maintains word-final /w/. Thus one finds <kamoa>o:kisepo:w</kamoa> from <kamoa>kisepowa</kamoa>, whereas one obtains <kamoa>o:kipoloh</kamoa> from <kamoa>kipolowa</kamoa>. Nevertheless, the duration of the /o/ or /u/ in Oapan <koa>kikowa</koa> is longer than expected. Definitely needed are more examples of use, although perhaps the meaning of this word is not as problematical as that of others. Check vowel lenght of /-owa/ verbs. Here the {o:} is underlyingly long. The surface length seems also quite long, but this might also reflect syllable structure, etc. Perhaps change the orthography of this to /kowa/. Make a decision. Check vl of final o/u in /kikowa/. Check with other /o/'s in this position. kowilia val_add_applic Am, Oa 03193 tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni tlato:lchi:kwepo:ni
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-PM-V1 V1-alt-ni(a) ~Trans class-3a to run off at the mouth very much de repente hablar muchísimo Am O:nitlato:lchi:kwepo:n, xwel nikteltia:ya ika te:wa:n nimonono:stoya. Am I ran off at the mouth for a long time, I couldn't stop talking to people. De repente empecéa hablar muchísimo, no podía para de placticar con la gente. communicate hto chi:- kwepo: Check for transitive form, for form without /chi:-/ (i.e., /tlato:lkwepo:ni/), and disambiguate from /tlato:lpo:ni/. tlato:lpo:ni synonym Am tláto:lpó:ni synonym Oa 03194 anjoli:n itakatl anjoli:n itakatl a:jolítakátl a:jolítakátl
11/Feb/2006
(part) <spn>ajonjolí</spn> N N-complex Stem 2 yes-lex an <kam>itacate</kam> or, in Spanish, toasted <spn>gordita</spn>, (type of toasted tortilla-like food) made of sesame una gordita (o itacate) de ajonjolí Pending food htaka tlakwahli itakatl Check length of initial /a/ of /anjoli:n/ in Am. Check for possessed forms. Note that all initial vowel words should be compared for length. It seems that long initial /a:/ is quite obvious. Add encyclopedia entry under food listing types of food Probably /itakatl/ is related to the verb /itki/ and thus the nominal /tlatki/, although this should be checked. Note that initial /a:/ in Oapan measures well over 100 ms. This should be used to compare to other roots/stems with short initial vowel 03195 istatl istatl istatl istatl
22/Oct/2005
N N-b Stem 2 salt sal Pending sta Check whether a -yo possessive form exists: ?istayo. If so, change entry. 03196 tokatl tokatl tokatl tokatl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b Stem 2 animal insect generic name for spider nombre genérica para araña Pending Ka:dah se: ima tokatl tikoni:s se: pla:toh de a:to:hli deke o:mitskwah. Am For each leg of a spider (in this case a tarantula) you will drink a bowl of atole, if it bit you. Para cada pierna de una araña (en este caso una tarantula) vas a beber un plato de atole, si te mordió. toka This is the generic name for all spiders (e.g., tarantula, house spiders, etc.) except daddy longlegs (see <klam>ma:se:kapochik</klam>) Use first tokens from each speaker. tokatl de un totomioh; ma:se:kapochik confer Am ma:sia:pochik confer Oa 03197 kafenya:rowa kafenya:rowa kafenya:rowa kafenya:rowa
09/Feb/2006
(Nah) <spn>café</spn> No V1 V1-loan class-2b to drink coffee (usually in the morning) tomar café(generalmente en la mañana) Pending Xkafenyarote:wa! Am Have some coffee before you head out! ¡Tómate un caféantes de salir! The length of the final /a/ is uncertain and should be rechecked. In Oapan it appears to have long duration, probably the effect of the loan status from Spanish: 03198 tlakukwahli tlakukwahli tlá:kwahlí tlá:kwahlí
09/Feb/2006
N N-dvb-pas Stem 3 Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) yes-rdp food that has been chewed in ones mouth comida que ha sido masticada en la boca Pending Xtolo motlakukwal! Am Swallow the chewed food that you have in your mouth! ¡Trágate la comida masticada que estéen tu boca! cud comida masticada que rumian las vacas Oa food kwa tlakwahli confer Am, Oa tlakukwaltik confer Am tlá:kwaltík confer Oa 03199 patile:wi patile:wi patile:wi patile:wi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi[e] Compl class-3a(w) to go or lean over to one side; to slip out of line (e.g., a wall that is leaning over, a leg or foot that twists, for instance as one missteps on a rock or edge) ladear; ponerse o quedar chueco o no recto (p. ej., una pared a punto de caer, una pierna o pie que se desliza y va por un lado como cuando algn pisa una piedra suelta) Pending Mopan wetsis mokaltsi:n, yo:patile:w. Am Your little house will fall down on you, it's leaning over crooked. Se te va a caer encima tu casita, ya quedóchueco por un lado. (with long vowel reduplication and <kn>-tiw</kn> or other similar aspectual markers) to go wobbling along, walking crookedly or swaying from one side to another (e.g., sb very sick, drunk, etc.) (con reduplicación de vocal larga y <kn>-tiw</kn> u otros similares marcadores de aspecto) ir tambaleándose, andar yendo de lado a lado (p. ej., algn muy enfermo, un borracho, etc.) Pending Pa:patile:wtiw -=pa:patiliwtiw- yo:tla:wa:n. Am He goes along on wobbly feet (swaying and walking crookedly), he's gotten drunk. Va tambaleándose (caminando o yendo de un lado a otro), ya se emborrachó. patil patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. <kam>Patile:wi</kam> , and other roots with the same stem, apparently refers to situations in which something goes off to one side, such as a wall that is about to fall over, a leg that slips on a rock, a drunk trying to walk straight and upright, etc. The meaning, then, seems to indicate things that go off-line. Check possibility of transitive form and, in general, transitives of verbs that show /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation in the intransitive. Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check dif. with other verbs or stems with similar meaning. patiliwi equivalent Am, Oa 03200 ile:wilistli ile:wilistli ile:wilistli ile:wilistli
22/Oct/2005
N N-dvb-lis Stem 1(w) sth appearing inviting or appetizing (particularly sth to drink or eat) algo apetitoso, que se antoja (particularmente algo para beber o comer) Pending l e:w Query on tape for word explanation. Check for possessed form. Use second female token and first male token. 03201 arre:ychah arre:ychah arre:ychah arre:ychah
11/Feb/2006
arrecho (a) to be high-spirited, a live-wire (usually in reference to a woman) ser muy animada y chancista; ser alegre (generalmente en referencia a una mujer) Am, Oa to have a lot of lovers; to be loose (sexually); to go around with or desire many lovers; to be constantly horny tener muchos amantes; ser disoluta o fácil (una mujer en particular); ser caliente (sexualmente) y siempre con ganas de hacer el amor Am, Oa Although at times consultants have said that the male form of this adjective (<kamoa>arre:ychoh</kamoa> can be used to refer to men who are woman-chasers (i.e., <spn>mujeriegos</spn>) I have never heard it so used. To the best of my knowledge For the entry I originally had both genders for Ameyaltepec although I seem to remember it was only used in reference to women. FM would not accept the male gender form. 03202 tsi:nko itsi:nko tsi:nko i:tsi:nko
22/Oct/2005
N N-loc-poss-k(o) N2 anus; asshole ano; culo Pending body tsi:n -ko Tag and label, but do not link to online dictionary 03203 a:lachiwi a:lachiwi a:lachiwi a:lachiwi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to become slimy or slippery; to acquire a soapy texture hacerse baboso o viscoso Pending Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw. Am You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (from the sweat). Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (del sudor). To become slippery and slimy like nopales, or old food such as beans that start to go bad. This verb can also refer to the texture of something soapy. a:lach The vowel length of this word was originally noted as long, but measures of the duration of the 4 tokens from Oapan revealed lenghts of 104 and 99 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 88 and 92 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. This seems to be within the range of short word-initial vowels although further comparisons with related forms will need to be conducted. For now, however, the initial vowel of the Oapan form has been written left long as originally noted. Check vowel length of first vowel 03204 kaxa:nia kikaxa:nia kaxa:nia kikaxa:nia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-alt-ni(a) Compl class-2a to loosen (e.g., a knot, sth tightly bundled) aflojar (p. ej., un nudo, algo bien apretado) Pending to loosen (sth) of or on (e.g., the saddle of an animal [O]) afojar (algo) a (p. ej., una silla a un animal [O]) Pending Witsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan i:n xo:chitl. Na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl. Ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia. Am The hummingbird, it alights on this flower. Then it sticks its small little beak into the flower. That's the way it opens things up, it loosens it (the flower) up. El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor. Ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor. Asíabre flores, la afloja (la flor). Xkaxa:ni un burroh. Am Loosen (the saddle on) that burro. Aflójale (la silla) a ese burro. to weaken (ones body, i.e., the back and lower back from activities such as carrying heavy weights) debilitar (el cuerpo, esto es, la espalda y la espalda inferior al llevar a cabo actividades como el de cargar un peso grande) Pending O:nkaxa:nih notla:kayo pa:mpa yetí:k un kósta:l. Am I weakened my body because that sack was heavy. Hice que se me aflojara el cuerpo porque ese costal era pesado. (refl.) to relax (ones body) (refl.) relajarte (el cuerpo) Pending Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s! Am Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax! ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)!¡No te vayas a aflojar! (refl.) to exhaust and weaken ones back and lower back (refl.) quedar exhausto o debilitarse (por la espalda o espalda inferior) Pending O:nokaxa:nih, o:kima:mah ti:roh yetí:k. Am He got a sore back (at the waist), he carried something really heavy. Se quedóadolorido de la espalda (a la cintura), llevóa cuestas un peso grande. O:nimokaxa:nih. Am I exhausted myself (getting a sore back from working a lot). Me hice cansar mucho (quedando adolorido de la espalda por trabajar mucho). (refl.) to loosen ones clothes (refl.) aflojar la ropa Pending Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! Am Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., el cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura estámuy apretada (p. ej., porque comímucho)! to have intercourse with (a woman) for the first time shortly after childbirth (e.g., more or less before 15 days have passed after childbirth; a man should wait 30-40 days to have intercourse with a woman who has given birth) tener relaciones sexuales con (una mujer) por primera vez poco después de un parto (e.g., más o menos antes de que hayan pasado 15 días; un hombre debe esperar 30-40 días después del parto para tener relaciones sexuales con un mujer) Pending Kikaxa:ni:s isuwa:w. Am He will have intercourse with his wife for the first time after childbirth. Va a tener relaciones sexuales con su esposa por primera vez después del parto. kaxa: According to Panfilo Lorenzo one should wait 30 to 45 days after birth to have intercourse with one's wife. But if one has intercourse much sooner (e.g. 15 days or less) then the verb <kam>kaxa:nia</kam> is appropriate. Note also that with an animate the verb <kamoa>kaxa:nia</kamoa> has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say <kam>xkaxa:ni moburroh</kam> 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, <kam>nokaxa:nia</kam> (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. Valency; transitivity; reflexive: Note the following sentence and meaning: /Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!/ 'Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!' The meaning of /ma nimokaxa:ni/ in the preceding phrase is reminiscent of /o:nokoto:n noburroh/ in another phrase. In /o:nokoto:n/ the meaning is that the subject snapped something (a tether) that was part of it (i.e., inalienably possessed) and that affected it (as a middle construction). Viewed in this way, one might suggest that the undering form of both /nokaxa:nia/ and /nokoto:na/ is {ki + no + kaxa:nia} and {ki + no + koto:na} and that in both cases the reflexive does not occupy an argument slot, as is often the case with reflexives in middle constructions (cf. /notlalowa/). Note also that a potential argument or fact in support of this interpretation is that in many cases the specific object /ki-/ is not marked with reflexive const ructions. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds /nimokowili:s se: burroh/ 'I will buy myself a donkey' instead of the Classical /niknokowili:s/, in which both the specific 3rd person and the reflexive are overtly marked on the verb. Note also that with an animate the verb <kamoa>kaxa:nia</kamoa> has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say <kam>xkaxa:ni moburroh</kam> 'loosen (it up on) your donkey"with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, <kam>nokaxa:nia</kam> (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. kaxa:nilia val_add_applic Am 03205 mo:so:tl mo:so:tl
11/Feb/2006
N N-b type of weed eaten by donkeys, still not identified, occasionally called <kam>xiwtli de mo:so:tl</kam> tipo de maleza comida por los burros, todavía no identificada, a veces llamada <kam>xiwtli de mo:so:tl</kam> Am plant xiwtli mo:so: Check uses. FK lists <kam>mo:zo:tl</kam> of which she states:"plant that produces indigo dye and from which an antidysentery medicine is made"; mozote. It is listed in the Zacapoaxtla dictionary. 03206 te:nxokwi:chiwi te:nxokwi:chiwi te:nxokwi:chiwi te:nxokwi:chiwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to make an expressive face by tightening ones lips and mouth in a snarling-like gesture (e.g., the face one makes when eating sth sour; the face one makes with gestures of disbelief, turning up ones mouth and lips; and the face a male animal makes, such as a bull, dog, or donkey, when smelling the rear of a female) hacer muecas al tensar y abrir los labios como de disgusto (p. ej., al comer algo muy agrio; la cara que uno hace de incredulidad, alzando la boca y labios, abriéndolos poquito; también la cara que hace un animal macho como perro, toro o burro al oler la parte trasera de una hembra) Pending Te:nxokwi:chiwtok, xkwelita. Am He's making a face of dislike, he doesn't like it (i.e., its taste). Estáhaciendo muecas de disgusto, no le agrada (p. ej., su sabor). Te:nsokwi:chiwi to:roh kwa:k kitsi:ninekwi ba:kah. Am Bulls turn up their mouth and curl their lips out when they smell the rear of a cow. Los toros alzan el hocico y encrespan los labios cuando huelen la parte trasera de una vaca. to be buttoned crookedly (e.g., the front of a shirt so that the edges of the two sides are bunched and curled up) quedar mal abrochada (p. ej., la frente de una camisa con el resultado que los dos lados de la camisa no estén alineadas, quedándose fruncidos y arrugados) Pending Te:nxokwi:chiwi mokoto:n. Am Your shirt is buttoned wrong. Estámal abrochada tu camisa. te:n xokwi:ch xokwi:chiwi Illustrate. yekaxokwi:chiwi confer Am, Oa 03207 wa:kaxko:hke:tl wa:kaxko:hke:tl wa:kaxko:hke:tl wa:'axko:hke:tl wa:kaxko:hke:tl
22/Oct/2005
N N-ag-ke:tl Stem 2 (part) vaca person who buys cattle comprador de ganado Pending ko:wa In all these cases, check /w/, or should it be /h/. wa:xko:hke:tl confer Oa 03208 zzz This entry was for /tsotsomi:ntia/ and has been removed as a duplicate.
30/Jul/2005
 03209 zzz This entry used to be /i:xpankekelowa/ but has been removed for vulgar.
30/Jul/2005
 03210 tlawekatlan tlawekatlan
11/Feb/2006
N N-loc-1[tla-] N1(loc) extended area where it is deep (particularly sections of a river) lugar oárea extendido donde estáprofundo (particularmente secciones de un río) Am Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. Am I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. Salía donde el agua estápoca profunda, ya no es profunda. wehka -ka:n Oapan does not use the <kn>tla-</kn> for * <koa>tlawékatlán</koa> but would instead say: <koa>nowiyá: wékatláh</koa>. Query all the following: Adjectivas in -tik or -ki that form tla + adjectival stem + ka:n (pa:stik and tlapa:stika:n). Query all locatives that form /tla-/ derivatives: /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/. Finally, query all possessed locatives that have a /tla-/ form, e.g., /-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/. /tla-/ with locatives; impersonals; subjectless: One of the major semantic distinctions that I have yet to resolve is the difference between"locative"constructions with and without /tla-/. There are many such constructions is which forms with and without seem to alternate. Thus one has /nepantlah/ and /tlanepantlah/, /-tsi:ntlan/ and /tlatsi:ntlah/, and many forms such as /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/. It would seem, though this has to be further determined, that in such cases or constructions /tla-/ acts as it does with other one-place predicates: it indicates a general state of affairs, or a generalized event, without any particular reference to a definite subject. Thus /tlawa:ki/ refers to drying that takes place (over an extended space) and not to any particular object that dries. Following this analysis, /wekatlan/ is used to describe a particular location. I would think (and thus should be checked) that one can say /nika:n wekatlan/ 'it is deep here' but not ?/nika:n tlawekatlan / . But this should be checked. Note also that there are other constructions that only exist with /tla-/. In such cases the /tla-/ (plus /-ka:n/) gives the predicate a spatialextension. Thus one has /wa:hki/ 'it is dry' and /tlawa:hka:n/, but not (I think) ?/wa:hka:n/. The same would be true of /pa:stik/, which exists as /tlapa:stika:n/ but not (I think) as /pa:stika:n/. It seems that perhaps those adjectivals that end in /-k/ or /-ki/ may form impersonal adjectivals only (and don't have a corresponding form with /-ka:n/ but without /tla-/. Thus /wa:hki/ and /tlawa:hka:n/, /xoxo:hki/ and /tlaxoxo:hka:n/ (but not, it seems, ?wa:hka:n or ?xoxo:hka:n). Similarly /pa:stik/ and /tlapa:stika:n/, but not ?pa:stika:n. For these cases /tla-/ plus /-ka:n/ together give a spatial dimension to the adjectival. However, there are the other cases in which one has a locative (e.g., /wekatlan/) than can occur with /tla-/ (as in /tlawekatlan/). Thus there are two general paradigms. The first are locativ e s that may or may not occur with /tla-/. These include those that are possessed (e.g., /-te:nko/ and /tlate:nko/), where /tla-/ takes the place of the possessor prefix; and it includes those thatare not possessed (e.g., /wekatlan/ and /tlawekatlan/) in which /tla-/ acts, it seems, as an"impersonal"though this needs further investigation. Finally, and on the other hand, there are cases in which both /tla-/ and /-ka:n/ are added to adjectivals and indicate a spatial dimension to the characteristic referenced. Finally, note that in certain cases there is simply the addition of /tla-/, as in /we:i/ and /tlawe:i/. Here there is a reference to /we:ika:n/ in the dance relation for Moros (/we:ika:n Jerusalé:n/). wekatlan minus_tla Am 03211 chikino:liwi chikino:liwi chikino:liwi chikino:liwi
11/Feb/2006
No V1 Mod-V1 V1-alt-wi Compl class-3a(w) to become crooked; to become bent enchuecarse; encorvarse; ponerse chueco Pending O:chikino:liw un tlako:tl, peya:stik katka. Am That rod has become bent (crooked), it used to be straight. Esa vara se quedóchuecó, estaba derecha (recta). Yo:chikino:liw mosurkoh, xkwahli tikwi:ka. Am Your furrow (as you plow a field) has come out crooked, you aren't guiding it (the plow along the furrows) along well (i.e., not straight). El surco ya estásaliendo chueco, no lo llevas bien (esto es, no llevas bien el arado, no vas derecho con la yunta). chiki no:l pachowa Apprently <kam>chikino:liwi</kam> and <kam>chikitoliwi</kam> (and their derivatives) have the same meaning or are very similar. However, note that the difference between <kam>chikino:liwi</kam> and <kam>chikitoliwi</kam> on the hand and <kam>no:liwi</kam> on the other appears to be the objects to which the verbs may be applied. The former two appear to be used more with hard or long things: rods. beams, furrows (in a field), etc. while the second <kam>no:liwi</kam> with softer things (such as candles) or smaller thing (e.g., pens, etc.). In /ono contrast: chikino:liwi, chikitoliwi, no:liw, pachowa, cuelpachowa, etc. Recheck contrasts between these. Perhaps /chiki/ is related to /chi:/ and both to /chika:/ indicating a form of intensification. no:liwi confer Am, Oa 03212 owitia nowitia ówitiá owitia nówitiá
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-tia +Refl/-Intrans class-2a yes-lex (refl. + adverb of place) to pass through (a given place [expressed adverbially], e.g., a person who passes through or along a particular path, such as along the banks of a river, through a mountain pass, etc.); to make ones way through or along (e.g., a particular path) (refl. + adverbio de lugar) encaminarse por (un lugar dado [expresado adverbialmente], p. ej., una persona que pasa por una senda en particular, o por las orillas de un río, etc.); pasar por (un lugar, una senda o camino, etc.) Pending Nika:n nowitian. Am They pass through here. Pasan por aquí. Ka:no:n nowiti:lo? Am Where do people go through (i.e., what is the path that people take)? ¿Dónde pasa la gente (esto es, donde estáel camino preferido)? O:nimowitih ne:,ite:nko nomi:l. Am I took the path there, at the edge of my <spn>milpa</spn>. Toméel camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa. Ne: xmowiti! Am Go through there (e.g., a small break in a fence)! ¡Pásate por allí(p. ej., un pequeño espacio en una cerca)! (refl.) to flow through (e.g., water in a channel, or along and through a depression in the ground, a ditch, etc.) (refl.) fluir; correr; manar (p. ej., un líquido por una depresión en la tierra, por un canal o zanja, etc.) Pending oh It seems clear that as with <kam>owimati</kam> , <kam>owitia</kam> is derived from the nominal root {oh} 'path' or 'road.' This would explain the pitch accent in the Oapan form. Since Ameyaltepec does not manifest underlying {h} this word should be checked in other nearby dialects and the root (for this entry and for others such as /nowitike:tl/) changed if needed. 03213 a:wakeh a:wakeh á:wakéh á:wakíh á:wakéh
11/Feb/2006
N N-posr-wah N1 yes rainmakers, i.e. those that are said to bring or cause it to rain, these are small beings who inhabit the heavens and bring rain (lit. 'possessors of water' or 'those who possess water'); <kam>ahuaques</kam> , Sp. los que traen la lluvia o hacen que llueve, son seres pequeños que residen en el cielo (lit. 'dueños del agua' o 'los que poseen agua'); ahuaques Pending Te:na:wiltian a:wakeh ke:n xok kiawi. Am The <kam>ahuaques</kam> are playing games on people with this that is doesn't rain anymore (i.e., not like it used to in previous years). Los 'ahuaques' están vacilando con eso de que ya no llueve (esto es, como en años anteriores). A:man pe:was kiawis, yo:wa:hlakeh a:wakeh. Am Now it will begin to rain (referring particularly to the beginning of the rainy season), the <kam>ahuaques</kam> have come. Ya va a empezar a llover (se refiere particularmente al inicio de la temporada de lluvias), los ahuaques ya vinieron. a: a:wakeh Some people say that <kam>a:wakeh</kam> is equivalent to <kam>moxteh</kam> 'clouds' as is <kam>ye wa:hlaweh a:wakeh</kam> 'the clouds are now coming.' However, others translate <kam>a:wakeh</kam> as as <kam>angelitos</kam> who are associated with bringing water or rain. It appears, however, that most people consider the <kam>a:wakeh</kam> as some sort of animate beings. When asked, Luis Lucena stated that he doesn't know if they are in the <kam>sie:loh</kam> or at <kam>chikna:wtipan</kam>. And when I asked him what they looked like he laughed and said he had never seen them. Perhaps I could find out, he said, since gringos have been to the moon. Oapan phonetics; vowel length: the initial syllable of Oapan /á:wakeh/ is clearly long, and its measurement sets some parameters for judging whether certain word-initial vowels are long or short. My measurements give 135 and 137 ms as the length of the initial /a:/ in the speech of Florencia Marcelino; her husband's vowels measured some 106 and 138 ms. Thus the average of a high pitched initial /a:/ in this word is about 125 ms. 03214 ompú:n ompú:n
22/Oct/2005
Adv Adv-demon Adv-pl right there! ¡allí! Am on -pa Give the four Oapan tokens here the number 01917 and add to the tokens for this word already isolated. sampú:n confer Am páon confer Oa 03215 koyo:nki koyo:nki koyo:nki koyo:nki
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-ki to be perforated by a hole (hard materials and even clothes, that might have holes form cigarrette ash, etc.) estar agujereado; estar taladrado Pending tlaxkahli koyo: Refers to objects such as wood or other materials that have been drilled or otherwise perforated. Even an items of clothing with small holes, such as those from cigarrette ash, may be considered <kamoa>/kokoyo:nki</kamoa>. Check to see if /te-/ can be used with the adjectival. One major problem to determine is the difference in meaning between /-ki/ adjectivals and /-tok/ statives. It seems that permanent changes are expressed through /-ki/ participals. Thus one has, I believe, /koyo:nki/ but not /koyo:ntok/ (or at least /koyo:ntok/ sounds a little strange, whereas /kaxa:ntok/ sounds as normal as /kaxa:nki/. For the final grammar one elicitation that should be carried out will be to pull up all /-V:ni/ verbs and determine which take /-ki/, which take /-tok/ and which take both, and then do an analysis. Thus the progressive meaning of /-tok/ might not simply be related to the difference between unergative and unaccusative, but to questions of the relative permanence of the verbal action. 03216 tepetlatia tepetlatia tepetlatia tepetlatia
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4b(ya-x) to get calluses (e.g., on ones hands, feet, etc.) salirsele callos (p. ej., en o a las manos, las plantas de los pies, etc.) Pending Yo:tetepetlatiak noma, yo:titila:w. Am My hands have gotte calluses on them, (the skin) has gotten thick in places. Se le salieron callos a mi mano, en varias partes la piel se puso gruesa. to thin out (clouds) quedarse ralos (nubes) Pending te petla Check the progressive, which as a class 4b should be /tepetlatixtok/. Check for incorporated forms, e.g. /ma:tepetlatia/, etc. 03217 ikomekayo ikuw chichi ikomekayo ikuw chichi
11/Feb/2006
N N-complex N1(N2-NP) generic name for type of vine, <kam>komekatl</kam> , whose fruit is called <kam>i:kuh chichi</kam> ; there is an edible and inedible variety of this plant (the edible variant has been identified as <l>Marsdenia sp.</l>R. Br. of the family Asclepiadaceae; the inedible variant has been identified as <l>Funastrum pannosum</l>(Decne.) Schlechter of the family Asclepiadaceae nombre genérico de tipo de enredadera, <kam>komekatl</kam> , cuya fruta se llama <kam>i:kuh chichi</kam> ; hay un variante comestible y otro no comestible (el variante comestible ha sido idenficado como <l>Marsdenia sp.</l>R. Br. de la familia Asclepiadaceae; la variante no comestible ha sido identficado como <l>Funastrum pannosum</l>(Decne.) Schlechter de la familia Asclepiadaceae Am plant xiwtli kome:ka kow chichi komekatl Note in general many plants/trees which begin with /ko/ probably related to /kuh-kwaw/. Check. 03218 ikopi:ltia kikopi:ltia íkopí:ltia ikopi:ltia @kíkopí:ltia
11/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to close or make close (eyes); to close or make close the eyes of (a person) cerrar o hacer cerrar (los ojos); cerrar o hacer cerrar los ojos a (una persona) Pending Xkikopi:lti mi:xtew! Am Close your eyes! ¡Cierra los ojos! Mlá:k ne:chikopi:ltia. Am He really closes my eyes (e.g., by putting his fingers on my eyelids and pressing downward).. De veras me hace cerrar los ojos (por ejemplo, al poner sus dedos sobre mis párpados). to close or make close (the sphinkter muscle) cerrar o hacer cerrar (el esfincter) Pending hkopi Note that the object of <kam>ikopiltia</kam> may be either the eyes themselves (as in <kam>Xkikopilit mi:xtew</kam>) of the"possessor"of the eyes (as in <kam>ne:chikopiltia</kam>). Both uses mentioned in the notes, i.e. where the object are the eyes themselves and when the object is the body possessor, should be checked. Also needing to be checked is the use which means 'to force one to close ones sphincter muscle." There is a mistake here. FM and IJ say /kikopi:ltia/ (no pitch accent) for /kíkopíltia/ (with pitch as indicated). Thus the four token here for this entry should be given numbers 3114, token letters c and above. Please note that there are correct pronunciations of this word on the minimal pairs recording. These can be edited for your here in the lexicon. ikopi verb_base Am íkopí verb_base Oa 03219 tleko:ltia kitleko:ltia 'tlakó:ltia 'tlekó:ltia tleko:ltia kítlakó:ltia
09/Feb/2006
No V2 V2-d-ca class-2a yes-lex to take up high (e.g., a material object to the roof of a house, maize to pour in a granary, etc.) subir (p. ej., un objeto material a la azotea, maiz a la troje, etc.) Pending to raise up (e.g, a flag on a staff, maize to be poured into a granary, etc.) subir (p. ej., una bandera sobre una asta, maíz para verterle a una troje, etc.) Pending to raise the price of subirle el precio a (una cosa a la venta) Pending tlehko: Check for applicative. tlekowa verb_base Am tlákowá verb_base Oa 03220 chaya:wtok chaya:wtok choya:htok choya:htok
22/Oct/2005
Stat Stat Durative to be spread out (on a surface) estar regado o esparcido (sobre una superficie) Pending San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh! Am The (in this case little pieces of paper on a table top) are all scattered about. Place them in a neat pile! Están todos regados (en este caso pedacitos de papel sobre una mesa).¡Ponlos bien uno sobre otro! to be distributed or stored in various places (e.g., such as money lent out, or maize stored in various graneries) estar repartido o guardado entre varios locales (p. ej., como dinero prestado a varios individuos, o maíz guardado en varias trojes) Pending Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. Am I have maize but it is lent out to many people. Tengo maíz, pero estárepartido en muchos lugares. chaya: 03221 tsi:ntemolo *i:tsi:ntemolo
11/Feb/2006
N N-N N-ap N2 hipbone hueso de la cadera Am Totsi:ntemolo. Am It is our hip bone. Es nuestro hueso de la cadera. body tsi:n temolo Although this word was not accepted by Cristino Flores (Am) it has temporarily been left in the lexicon pending further consultation. He accepted only <klam>temolo</klam> as referring to the part of the hip where the leg bone is attached, i. e., hipbone. The etymology of <kam>tsi:ntemolo</kam> is still not entirely clear. It might be related to the word for pestle, the stone used with a mortar for grinding, given the shape of the bone. On a card for /temolo/ I had the simple note:"see /ma:temolo/ and /tsi:ntemolo/. The meaning of this is not yet clear. Check also whether there is a final /h/ or /-w/, in the possessed form, with this word. Finally, recheck vowel length, particularly of the first /o/. Also, given that Oa has /temoloh/, check for final /h/ here in this present entry. 03222 kukuwintsi:n kukuwintsi:n
09/Feb/2006
N N-ag-ni-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador Am kow Check to determine whether a possessed form is possible. kókowíni synonym Oa 03223 kwecha:wi kwecha:wi kwecha:wi kwecha:wi
09/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-alt-wi ~Trans class-3a(w) to become damp or moist quedar húmedo o ligeramente mojado Pending San o:tlakwecha:w, xo:kiaw chika:wak. Am The ground got moistened all over, it didn't rain hard. El suelo se quedóalgo húmedo por todos lados, no lloviófuerte. Kwecha:wis motlake:n. Am Your clothes will get damp (humid). Tu ropa se va a poner húmeda. kwecha: Probably a transitive exists; document. 03224 ma ma tekiti ma ma tekiti
11/Feb/2006
Comptzer complementizer used to introduce object complement phrase complementizador que encabeza las frases complementarias de objeto Pending Nikneki ma kiawi, yo:tlawa:k. Am I want it to rain, there's a drought. Quiero que llueva, hay una sequía. (<koa>tliá: xma</koa> [verb]) why shouldn't I [verb] (<koa>tliá: xma</koa> [verbo]) porque no voy a [verbo] Oa Tliá: xma na:tli:te:wa? Oa Why shouldn't I go drink some water before departing? (with the implication that I am going to drink water before leaving) ¿Por quéno voy a tomar agua antes de salir? (con la implicación que sívoy a tomar agua antes de salir) ma The phrase <koa>tliá: xma</koa> [verb] is also often realized as <koa>tliá: xmejó:r ma</koa> [verb]. Phonetics: This file (the Oapan version that I have on the Nahuatl phonetics directory, is good for the nature of the vowels and their phonological context. The /ma-/ /te-/ and /ki-/ syllables all demonstrate what may be considered a prototypical exemplification of vowel length. All vowels are between 52 and 70 ms for Florencia Marcelino; they are slightly longer for Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, about 60 to 80 ms. (of course these should be analyzed by a real phonetician. Tense agreement: Note that the optative is used for sentential complements after /neki/ nikneki ma kiawi. Xkineki ma nihte:maka tomi:n. Kinekiya ma nihpale:wi. Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed. 03225 i:xte:mpipi:stik i:xte:mpipi:stik i:xté:mpí:stik i:xté:mpí:stik
11/Feb/2006
Adj N-Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) yes-rdp to have small eyes (e.g., a bull that has gotten fat) tener los ojos chiquitos (p. ej., un toro muy gordo) Pending i:x te:n pi:ts Often when Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has <kam>i:xte:m-</kam> , Oapan Nahuatl manifests <koa>i:xte-</koa>. This is found in many words (e.g., Ameyaltepec <klam>i:xte:nyeyewaltik</klam> and Oapan <kloa>i:xté:yewáltik</kloa>). In the present example this is not the case. Of course there might be a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between <koa>i:xte-</koa> and <koa>i:xte:n</koa>, and this might be the reason for the presence of /m/ in the present entry. But it also might be that the /m/ is epenthetic, inserted before the following bilabial stop. Also interesting about the present form, <koa>i:xté:mpí:stik</koa> is that the reduplicant of the deverbal adjectival <kamoa>pi:stik</kamoa> is reduced onto the final syllable of the noun. This almost always reflects an underlying short vowel, which would be the case with <koa>i:xte-</koa> but not with <koa>i:xte:n-</koa>. These questions will need further investigation. Under both /i:x/ and /i:xte:m/, place a cross-reference to the other. Reduplication Oapan: Note again the stress assigned to a syllable ending in /V+nasal/ to indicate"reduplication": /i:xté:mpí:stik/. i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik synonym Am i:xté:ntsoyó:tik synonym Oa 03226 yzzz áa:bióntsi:n aa:biontsi:n áa:bióntsi:n
11/Feb/2006
avión N N-N N-tsi:n Lex. rdp-s N1 yes-rdp type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc. tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc. Oa animal insect a: yoma The Oapan form here is interesting. Probably as a coincidence the Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms show phonetic similarity although etymologically distinct. The Ameyaltepec name for the dragonfly seems to be based on a particular characteristic of its flight, as it comes swooping in and along the surface of bodies of water. The Oapan form seems to be a reduplication of the Spanish loan <spn>avión</spn> 'airplane.' Short vowel reduplication of nouns is often used to indicate"play Noun"or"fake Noun"(e.g., <kam>mémetlátl</kam>), so <koa>áa:bióntsi:n</koa> would be"play airplane."There is also a possibility, however, that <koa>áa:bióntsi:n</koa> is a"folk etymological"interpretation of <kam>a:yoyontsi:n</kam>. Finally, the initial double vowel of <koa>áa:bióntsi:n</koa> is interesting. In most cases, reduplication of vowel initial stems results in lengthening and pitch accent of the initial vowel or, if that vowel is underlyingly long, simply pitch accent on the vowel (thus unreduplicated <koa>a: polaki</koa> redupli cates in Oapan as <koa>á:poláki</koa>). Accordingly, one would expect <koa>a:bión</koa> to redupicate as <koa>á:bión</koa>. There is no obvious reason why this does not occur. a:yoyontsi:n equivalent Am 03227 pino:lki:sa pino:lki:sa
09/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-b class-3a to get termite eaten (a piece of wood that begins to get powdery sections from termites) carcomerse (un pedazo de madera a que se le empieza a formar polvo por la acción de polilla) Am pino:l ki:sa Noun incorporation: Note that this word gives an interesting case of incorporation. The IN /pino:hli/ is the final state at which the subject arrives at. 03228 te:ntlapa:ni te:ntlapa:ni te:ntlapa:ni te:ntlapa:ni
11/Feb/2006
No V1 N-V1 V1-alt-ni Compl class-3a to have an edge or end crack (e.g., a plate, or other objects to which the verb <klam>tlapa:ni</klam> can apply) rompersele la orilla o punta (p. ej., a un plato, u otros objetos a que el verbo <klam>tlapa:ni</klam> es aplicable) Pending te:n tlapa: te:mposteki First utterance of female is /tetlapa:ni/. Code this 99999 special code for words to be added later. 03229 tlakoxelowilia kintlakoxelowilia tlákoxelowíliah tlakoxelowilia kintlákoxelowíliah
11/Feb/2006
No V3 Mod-V3 V3-d-ap class-2a yes-lex to divide in half among or for (two individuals or groups) dividir en la mitad entre o para (dos individuos o grupos) Pending Xte:xtlakoxelowili! Am Divide it in half between us (or, for us)! ¡Divídelo en la mitad para nosotros! O:timotlakoxelowilikeh. Am We divided it in half among ourselves. Lo dividimos en la mitad entre nosotros. tlahko xel xelowilia; tlakoxelowilia; notlakowia; notlakoxelowilia Given the semantics of this verb, it always takes a plural object. Determine, as with other cases of /tlako/ is this refers always to a half. Also determine whether if there are three of us one would say /xte:chtlakoxelowili/ or simply /xte:chxelowili/. Check. Recheck vowel length. I had this with a long /e:/, probably in error. tlakoxelowa verb_base Am tlákoxelówa verb_base Oa 03230 yekawi:teki kiyekawi:teki yekawi:teki yikawi:teki kiyekawi:teki
09/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-3a(k) to hit or belt on the snout or nose golpear por el hocico o la nariz Pending Xikseja:ro! Xikyekawi:teki! Ma tsi:nki:sa! Am Make it back up (in this case an ox pulling a plow)! Hit it on its snout! It needs to back up! ¡Hazlo retroceder (en este caso un buey de una yunta)!¡Golpéalo por el hocico!¡Quése eche para atrás! contact yeka wi:teki Check to see if /te-/ can be inserted as in ?yekatewi:teki Use first male token. 03231 ka:waltia ka:waltia ka:waltia ka:waltia
11/Feb/2006
No V1 V1-d-tia class-4d(tia) to become a widow or widower quedarse viuda o viudo Am, Oa ka:wa See also <klam>tlaka:waltia</klam>. Check meaning of this term in both villages. ka:walti equivalent Am 03232 neltoka kineltoka neltoka kineltoka
11/Feb/2006
No V2 N-V2 V2-b class-4a to believe (sth such an occurrence or happening, a story, etc.) creer (algo como un acontecimiento, que occurrió, un evento, historia, etc.) Pending Xkineltoka. Am He doesn't believe it. No lo cree. to believe (a person in what he says) creer (a una persona en lo que dice) Pending Tle:ka xtine:chneltoka? Am What don't you believe me (what I say)? ¿Por quéno me crees (lo que digo)? nel toka Recheck and determine that the object of this verb can be both the person who is believed as well as the thing believed. Apparently, from the example sentences I have, both are possible. Check /tlaneltoka/. If /neltoktia/ is not found without /tla-/ then change causative to /tlaneltoktia/. Check /tlaneltoktia/. tlaneltoktia val_add_caus Am tlaneltoltia val_add_caus Oa 03233 tlapati:hloh tlapati:hloh tlápatí:hloh tlápatí:hloh
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-d-yoh yes-lex to contain (a mixture, pills, etc.) medicine or some similar substance tener (una mezcla, pastilla, etc.) medicina o algo parecido Pending Tlapati:hloh, kipia bitami:nas. Am It has medicine mixed in, it has vitamins. Estámezclado con un remedio, tiene vitaminas. to have additives (e.g, milk or cheese that is no longer pure); to be impure or doctored tener algo agregado (p. ej., leche o queso que no estápuro); ser impuro o adulterado (una bebida) Pending Tlapati:hloh, ma:ka tikoni:s. Am It has been doctored, don't drink it! ¡Estáadulterado, no te lo vayas a beber! to be watered down (e.g., an alcoholic drink such as <klam>pika:doh</klam> , with added soda or fruit juice) estar diluido (p. ej., una bebida alcohólica, <klam>pika:doh</klam> , con refresco o agua dulce agregada) Pending I:n alcó:l ye tlapati:hloh, xok a:sta ihkón te:kokoh. Am This alcoholic beverage has been rectified (i.e., by pouring more soda or fruit juice into it), it's no longer as strong as it was. Esta bebida alcohólica ya estádiluido (esto es, al echarle más refresco o agua fresca), ya no estátan fuerte como antes. to be chemically or medicinally treated (a person in order to cure or rectify a given condition, a plant to resist disease or plague, etc.) estar con o bajo tratamiento (una persona para aliviar o rectificar alguna condición, una planta para evitar plagas) Pending Xok tlai un toba:leh, kas ye tlapati:hloh. Am That friend of ours no longer drinks, perhaps he's been treated (with sth to make him stop drinking). Ese amigo de nosotros ya no bebe, quizáya estábajo algún tratamiento (de algo para que ya no tome). A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s. Am My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs. Mi maíz ya estátratado. Le echéun remedio para que no se picara. Ma:ski xi:niskeh kwilimeh, nomi:l ye tlapati:hloh. Am Even though worms might get on my maize plants, they've already been treated (so that they don't become infested). Aunque les cayera gusanos, mis plantas de maíz ya están tratadas (para que no se coman). pah Apparently this derives from <klam>patia</klam> meaning"to cure."Nevertheless, though not always, the implication of <kam>tlapati:hloh</kam> is occasionally negative, indicating something that has been adulterated or to which some noxious substance has been introduced. Check derivation from {pahtia} in Tetelcingo or Oapan where the underlying {h} is manifested. Also check if there is a nominal form /tlapatihli/. 03234 pipixtik pipixtik pipixtik pipixtik
11/Feb/2006
Adj Adj-dvb-wi-tik Lex. rdp-s to be tough; to be stretchy; to be sinewy (certain meat, such as that with a lot of tendones, skin, certain breads such as <klam>semi:tah</klam> from Oapan, corn leaves in the field after a morning dew, etc.) ser correoso; ser resistente y que se estira (como algunas carnes con muchos tendones, la piel, algunas panes como la <klam>semi:tah</klam> de Oapan, las hojas de maíz cubiertas con rocío en el campo, etc.) Pending Pipixtik sokitl kwa:k nochichi:wa tepalkatl pa:mpa miák kipia ichkatl. Am The mud used for ceramics is strechy because it has a lot of cotton (actually <klam>po:cho:ichkatl</klam>) in it. El lodo que se utiliza para la cerámica es resistente al estirarse porque tiene mucho algodón (o, más precisamente, <klam>po:cho:ichkatl</klam>). Pipixtik, san notila:na. Am It is tough (e.g. certain types of bread), it just stretches (and doesn't pull apart). Es resistente (e.g., ciertos panes con mucha manteca), solamente se estira (no se parte). Pipixtik, xo:iksik. Am It is tough (in this case a piece of meat), it didn't get cooked. Estádura y resistente (en este caso un pedazo de carne), no se coció. Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aú:jah. Am His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it. Estádura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja. Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkokohtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel kis:sa le:cheh. Am The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. Xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw. Am The bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's already gotten toughened. La planta de tu pie no se va a poner tierno, ya quedóduro y resistente. pich pipi:nki; pipixtik <kam>Pipixtik</kam> is used to indicate that something is 'tough,' such as meat or leather that streches but, as one consultant said, <kam>xkoto:ni</kam> , 'doesn't snap.' Determine whether there is another form of this root and how a verb is expressed ?/pipixtia/. Is this related to ?/(pi)pixiwi/ or ?/(pi)pichiwi/ if such a verb exists.According to some people the word /pipixtik/ is more accurately used to refer to /iswatl/ in the early morning dew, not /pipi:nki/. This should be checked. Check all possible subjects of this verb. One example sentence that I had is /xok selias mokxopal, yo:pipichiw/ 'the bottom of your foot won't get tender, it's gotten toughened.' I have included this above in the illustrative sentences, but it should be rechecked. 03235 yzzz kechkwitlapi:leh kechkwitlapi:lih kechkwitlapi:leh, kechkwitlapi:lih
11/Feb/2006
cola N N-N N-ag-eh N1 person having hair down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to men) percona con pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse a un hombre) Oa