Shoebox: Nahuatl Dictionary Elements

Group: --- dt || Date marker

Group: --- rev || Date of revision

Group: lexeme--- lxam || This used to be the required record marker. It is now the canonical form of the Ameyaltepec lexeme (no overt prefixes). Note that if there is no Ameyaltepec lexeme then this fact (the date and conditions in which it was determined that there is no Ameyaltepec cognate, and any other relevant information) is recorded in the \lxanotes field. Usually a x-ref to a cognate Ameyaltepec form will be given.

Group: lexeme--- lxam-alt || In certain cases there are alternative pronunciations of a given word. These variations most often are those of vowel quality, though occasionally they are in relation to vowel quantity or some consonant different. Note that in searching for Am Nahuatl words, searches should be conducted automatically on both the lxa and lxaa fields.

Group: lexeme--- lxam-c || This is the citation form for recording the Am headword. In many cases it is the same as the lxam entry (e.g., with intransitive verbs and most nouns). However, with transitive verbs the lxac entry has the obligatory overt 3rd-person object marker. In other cases the reflexive is used. At any rate, the lxac is a form that speakers accept as a full word. Note that the lxam-c field is present only when there is an actual recorded word on the server. In the event that the recording is pending, an lxam-cpend field is used.

Group: lexeme--- lxam-cpend || This is a citation form of the Am headword that is pending, i.e., has not been recorded yet. In the event that the recording is already on the server, the lxam-c field field is used.

Group: lexeme--- lxam-f || Rarely used, this is the phonetic field to record the pronunciation of the lxam entry, if it is necessary. This is mostly used when a VwV sequence should be pronounced Vw-V, i.e., with the /w/ as a coda.

Group: lexeme--- lxam-notes || Contains notes that document an attempt to find an Ameyaltepec word that is cognate with Oapan. Thus, for example, a record might have an lxoa /a:tih/ (a greeting) and I will note here that the greeting has been checked for in Am and not found. This field is for research only and should not be uploaded or published.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa || This is the canonical form of the Oapan lexeme (no overt prefixes). Note that if there is no Oapan lexeme then this fact (the date and conditions in which it was determined that there is no Oapan cognate, and any other relevant information) is recorded in the \lxoa-notes field. Usually a x-ref to a cognate Oapan form will be given. Important: note that the orthography used for the lxo and lxoa fields always represents all 3 pitch accents: phrasal, *h, and morphological.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa-alt || In certain cases there are alternative pronunciations of a given word. These variations most often are those of vowel quality, though occasionally they are in relation to vowel quantity or pitch accent patterns. Note that in searching for Oa Nahuatl words, searches should be conducted automatically on both the lxo and lxoa fields.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa-c || This is the citation form for recording the Oa headword. In many cases it is the same as the lxoa entry (e.g., with intransitive verbs and most nouns). However, with transitive verbs the lxoa-c entry has the obligatory overt 3rd-person object marker. In other cases the reflexive is used. At any rate, the lxoa-c is a form that speakers accept as a full word. Note that the lxoa-c field is present only when there is an actual recorded word on the server. In the event that the recording is pending, an lxoa-cpend field is used.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa-cpend || This is a citation form of the Oa headword that is pending, i.e., has not been recorded yet. In the event that the recording is alreayd on the server, the lxoa-c field field is used.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa-pr || Practical orthography for an alternative Oapan pronunciation. Unfortunately it seems that if there are more than one alternative pronunciations there is no way to link a specific lxoa-alt with a specific lxoa-pr. It remains to be seen if this is a problem.

Group: lexeme--- lxoa-f || Phonetic transcription of Oapan main entry (lxoa). This is often important to document certain phonetic changes that are not expressed in the orthography, such as metathesis (ts + s > s + ts) and the change of fricatives to affricates (l + s > l + ts).

Group: lexeme--- lxao-notes || Contains notes that document an attempt to find a Oapan word that is cognate with Ameyaltepec. Thus, for example, a record might have an lxa /xte:h/ (isn't it not so?) and I will note here that the form has been checked for in Oapan and not found.

Group: lexeme--- lxgen || This is a general entry field for all Nahuatl variants that are not from the two main villages that are covered in the sense exploration. The word is entered in the lxgen field and the place where this word is used is entered in the lxvar field, with a five-letter code for the place (e.g., Tetel for Tetelcingo, Ahuep for Ahuehuepan, Ahuel for Ahuelican, etc.)

Group: lexeme--- lxvar || This is tied to the lxgen field and is used to enter the five-letter code for which this word form is valid. Note that if it is valid for various places, all are listed, separted by a comma.

Group: lexeme--- lx_te || This is used for all parts of speech. It indicates whether the verb accepts the intensifier /te-/ which, although often prefixed, may be effectively infixed. Thus cf. koto:ni and tekoto:ni to tsonwe:weyak and tsontewe:weyak. There are three possible values for this field. "No" indicates that no use of the intensifier with the headword entry is possible. The second option is that if there is an acceptable use of the intensifier /te-/ then the correct form is entered (e.g., tekoto:ni, tekoto:na, tsonte:we:weyak, etc.). Finally, in a few cases there is a cross-reference to a form that is given a separate entry but that might involve the intensifier /te-/. Thus under /wa:ki/ one has "See <nlao>tewa:ki</nlao> and under /wa:tsa/ one finds "See <nlao>tewa:tsa</nlao>" Note that in cases in which /te-/ is lexicalized this is entered in a separate pair of fields \lexical and \lexical_t (see other entries).

Group: lexeme--- lx_te_d || This is the dialect extension of the intensified form. The options are Am (if only found in Ameylatepec), Oa (if only found in Oapan), and Am, Oa (if found in both villages).

Group: lexeme--- pitch || This is simply a yes/no field to mark whether the Oapan word shows one of the pitch-accent patterns from *h

Group: grammar--- lexical || This field gives one of several codes for lexicalization. These might be te- in which case the te- is lexicalized (as in tekwixtok), or in which a reduplicant is lexicalized. The four major forms of reduplication are coded as rdp-l (reduplication with a long vowel), rdp-s (reduplication with a short vowel), rdp-s/h (reduplication with a short vowel and coda /h/), and rdp-p (for reduplication of pitch on a CVCV sequence such as pé:petlaka; this is found only in Oapan). Note that although in Ameyaltepec it is not possible to distinguish between rdp-s and rdp-s/h, comparative study clarifies this.

Group: grammar--- lexical_d || Dialect extent of the lexicalization, again there are three possibilities: Am; Oa; or Am, Oa

Group: grammar--- loan || This is for words that are loaned into Nahuatl. Here is placed either the Spanish word (e.g., mancuernos) or the Nahuatl word that has been Hispanicized (e.g., ye:hma: as in ye:hma:te:roh). This field is obligatorily followed by a type field which indicates the type of loan. To date there are four types: Spn (for Spanish loans, e.g., pero); Nah (for Nahuatlized Spanish words, e.g., ayuda:rowa), Part (for partial loans in which there is a Spn+N or N+Spn compound), and Spz for Hispanicized Nahuatl word (e.g, ye:hma:te:roh).

Group: grammar--- loan_t || This is the

Group: grammar--- psm || Part of speech field: this gives the part of speech of the headword. In cases in which a a headword can be one of various parts of speech each distinct part of speech is a separate entry. Note that it is often a judgment call as to whether given uses represent different parts of speech. The major parts of speech are: N (noun), V (verb), Adj (adjectival), Adv (adverbial). For a complete list, see the coding database.

Group: grammar--- pss || This is the semantic part of speech. For now it is used in only a few entries. It remains to be seen whether this field will be continued. It may be used, for example, for words that are more nominal than verbal though the overt form is verbal, etc. Or perhaps, to indicate nouns and adjectives that may only be used predicatively, etc.

Group: grammar--- der || Derivation. There are three main categories. For verbs (psm=V) there are basic, derived (i.e., causatives, etc.), denominal, and deadjectival. For nouns there are basic, deverbal, and deadjectival. For adjectives there are basic, denominal, and deverbal. Within each there should be a set of hyphenated subgroups (e.g., derived-causative-lia, derived-causative-ltia, derived-causative-tia, etc.). These should be carefully documented and thought out.

Group: grammar--- compound || Compounded patterns (e.g., N-N, etc.). This is used for non-verbs. For verbs, cf. incorp.

Group: grammar--- incorp || Incorporation: This is used only for verb forms. Cf. compound.

Group: grammar--- infv || Verbal inflection: this is a set list of verbal inflectional patterns, including irregularities.

Group: grammar--- infn || Nominal inflection: this is a set list of verbal inflectional patterns, including irregularities.

Group: grammar--- infa || Adjectival inflection (i.e. pluralization): this is a set list of verbal inflectional patterns, including irregularities.

Group: grammar--- trans || Transitivity alternation for verbs

Group: grammar--- irregular || This is a short textual explanations of irregularities in any forms.

Group: grammar--- allomorph || Allomorphy: this describes various types of allomorphy. Particularly important is the original epenthetic /i/ that is lost after tla- and after no-, etc.

Group: grammar--- allomorph_e || Extension of the allomorphy. Again, the three possibilities in regard to the two villages of study: Ameyaltepec and Oapan.

Group: grammar--- impers || Impersonal forms (-lo, tla- or both) for intransitive verbs only.

Group: grammar--- impers_d || Dialect extension of impersonal forms.

Group: interlinear--- gloss-e || English gloss. This will eventually be used for the interlinear texts only.

Group: interlinear--- gloss-s || Glosa español. This will eventually be used only for the interlinearized texts in Spanish.

Group: sense--- sense_e || English sense of the Nahuatl word

Group: sense--- sense_s || Spanish sense of the Nahuatl word.

Group: sense--- sense_d || Dialect extension of the sense (Am, Oa, or both)

Group: sense--- src_s || Source (e.g., personal communication, text, etc.) for the sense.

Group: phrase--- phrase_n || This is a Nahuatl phrase. It must be followed by a phrase_d indicating the dialect from which the phrase is from.

Group: phrase--- phrase_d || This indicates the dialect/village from which the previous phrase originated.

Group: phrase--- snd_am || If there is a sound file associated with the phrase_n, then this is the name of the file (e.g., 00004_01_am). Note that the name is composed of the ref # (here 00004) followed by an underscore and the number of the phrase in the entry (an arbitrary number which reflects the order of the insertion of the phrase in the datebase. The final sequence represents the village. Note that if the phrase_d is Am, then snd_am is used; if the phrase_d is Oa, the snd_oa is used.

Group: phrase--- snd_oa || If there is a sound file associated with the phrase_n, then this is the name of the file (e.g., 00004_01_am). Note that the name is composed of the ref # (here 00004) followed by an underscore and the number of the phrase in the entry (an arbitrary number which reflects the order of the insertion of the phrase in the datebase. The final sequence represents the village. Note that if the phrase_d is Am, then snd_am is used; if the phrase_d is Oa, the snd_oa is used.

Group: phrase--- src_p || This is the source (e.g., the original recording location) of the phrase, particularly if recorded and extracted from a text.

Group: phrase--- phrase_e || Translation of the phrase into English.

Group: phrase--- phrase_s || Translation of the phrase into Spanish.

Group: seman--- semref || This is a link to a work that is semantically similar to the headword. There are various types of links: see semref_t.

Group: seman--- semref_t || Semantic type

Group: seman--- semref_d || Dialect extension of the semantic xref.

Group: seman--- semfld || This is a list of semantic fields. There may be several with each headword.

Group: morphxref--- xref || This is a cross-reference based on a derivational process (e.g., causatives). The type of xref is noted in a separate field, as is the dialect to which the xref is correct.

Group: morphxref--- xref_t || Type of morphological xreferenced link

Group: morphxref--- xref_d || Dialects for which the xref is a valid word.

Group: roots--- root || Roots of the headword. There may be several per headword.

Group: roots--- root_rel || Relational nouns that are part of the stem.

Group: roots--- root_notes || Notes about the root. These notes will later be compiled in a root section of the dictionary

Group: encyclo--- ency_ref || Link to an encyclopedic page; relative path as full path will be concatenated.

Group: encyclo--- ency_note || Note for development of future encyclo. pages. Should not be uploaded.

Group: encyclo--- illus_note || Note as to future illustrations.

Group: notes--- nse || Semantic notes in English about the entry. Elaboration on senses, etc.

Group: notes--- nss || Semantic notes in Spanish about the entry. Elaboration on senses, etc.

Group: notes--- nae || Notes in English on the morphology of the headword entry.

Group: notes--- nde || Notes in English on dialect variation.

Group: notes--- ncol || Notes in English on collocation (e.g. potential subjects, and objects, etc.).

Group: private--- notes_nature || Notes on natural environment. Not to be uploaded.

Group: private--- notes_func || Notes on the function of natural environment (e.g., plants). Not to be uploaded.

Group: private--- vl || Do not upload. Original comments on vowel length for selecting segmented files.

Group: private--- mod || Notes on how a record, particularly a deleted record, has been modified.

Group: private--- qry || These are queries to ask about the record. Again, not to be uploaded.

Group: private--- qry-fon || Query about the phonetics of a given entry.

Group: private--- qry-h || Query about the location of /h/ in a given headword.

Group: private--- grm || These are grammatical notes that I elaborated at the time of writing the entry.

Group: private--- grmx || These are grammatical notes (see grm) that have been transferred to the ProCite database on grammatical points.

Group: private--- discuss || This is an old field that remitted the user to an entry with a further discussion of the headword (e.g., remitting the viewer of poliwi to polowa). It will probably be eliminted.

Group: private--- fl || This will be deleted in the future. It should be ordered at the end of the entry.

Group: private--- fla || This will be deleted in the future. It should be ordered at the end of the entry.

Group: private--- flo || This will be deleted in the future. It should be ordered at the end of the entry.

Group: private--- flao || This will be deleted in the future. It should be ordered at the end of the entry.