\_sh v3.0 837 Nahuatl \_DateStampHasFourDigitYear \lxa ---- \lxo no:mpa \lxocpend no:mpa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm \pss \com \der \seo there also \sso allí también \xrb no: \xrb pa \nse This should be distinguished from no mpa, which is the 1st-person short independent pronoun, followed by the adverbial mpa, with the meaning 'I there.' \ref 08930 \lxa ---- \lxo ititomiyoh \lxocpend ítitómiyóh \dt 21/Nov/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der \seo having a hairy belly \sso con la panza peluda o con mucho pelo \xrb hti \xrb tohmi \nse Often this is found in the reduplicated form, ítí:tomíyoh. \ref 08931 \lxa ---- \lxo serakókoné:tl \lxocpend serakókoné:tl \lxop serakokone:tl \dt 22/Nov/2003 \psm N \com N-N \se \seo doll made of wax \sso muñeca de cera \xrb kone: \ref 08932 \lxa ---- \lxo ni:siwia \lxoc kini:siwia \dt 22/Nov/2003 \psm V2 \pss P2 \infv class-2a \se to draw close to \ss acercarse a \xrb ni:si \ref 08933 \lxa aa:wiltia \lxacpend kaa:wiltia \lxo náná:wiltiá \lxoc kí:ná:wiltiá; o:kí:ná:wíltikéh \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): o:kí:ná:wíltikéh \pa yes-rdp \seo to rape (a woman by a man) \sso violar (una mujer por un hombre) \syna a:wiltia \xrb a:wil \nae The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel initial stem) form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became reduplicated and lexicalized, meaning 'to rape', yielding náná:wiltiá. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. \pqry With a vowel initial stem form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding náná:wiltiá. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note the following /kí:ná:wiltiá/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/: The origin of this unusual Oapan Nahuatl word seems to be a reduplicated (reduced with a vowel initial stem) form of a:wiltia (yielding á:wiltiá) which has then had the reflexive object prefix ne- added, although the prefixal vowel /e/ has been lost. The result would be ná:wiltiá. This form then became lexicalized and reduplicated, yielding náná:wiltiá. The reduplicant is manifested when there is a preceding long vowel as in o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh 'they raped me' (although the reduplicant is very reduced, almost to a geminated nasal). However, when there is a preceding short vowel in the object prefix of this transitive verb the reduplicant is reduced: kí:ná:wiltiá. In the plural past another pitch accented syllable is introduced from the underlying {h} of the perfective stem. Thus one finds o:kí:ná:wíltikéh, which has four pitch-accented syllables in a six syllable word. To date náná:wiltiá is the only case of reduplication on an already reduplicated verb. Note that it appears this verb appears to derive from /a:wiltia/, reduplicated and with the reflexive or reflexive impersonal prefix /no-/ or /ne-/ added. The resulting verb is thus /ná:wiltiá/. All the examples I have of this verb are further reduplicated as /né:xnaná:wiltiáh/ or, when the prefix has a short vowel, /mí:sná:wiltiáh/. However, all the examples I have on tape, at least the minimal pairs tape, have a plural subject. Thus it remains to be seen whether this non-lexicalized reduplication only occurs with a plural subject and, therefore, whether or not one finds the unreduplicated /misná:wiltiá/ with a single subject. Check! \vl There are 3 forms of this verb : /kí:ná:wiltiá/ /o:né:chnaná:wíltikéh/ and /o:kí:ná:wíltikéh/. Tag all three forms with 6922 but only link the first and last. \ref 06922 \lxa a:bentado:r \lxac a:bentado:r \lxo á:pinté:do:r \lxoc á:pinté:do:r, á:pinté:do:rr \dt 12/Mar/2003 \loan aventador \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \rdp Reduced rdp-s \pa yes \seo fan of woven palm used to fan the flames under a koma:hli \sso abanico de palma tejida para abanicar la leña abajo de un comal \sem tool \sem kitchen \grmx Oapan pitch accent: the reason for the pitch accent in Oapan /á:pinté:do:r/ unless it was simply applied on the basis of analogy with other Spanish loans or perhaps the result of reduplication on a long initial stem vowel. \ref 06819 \lxa abió:n tarabi:yah \lxac abió:n tarabi:yah \lxo abion tarabi:yah \lxoc abion tarabi:yah \dt 20/May/2002 \loan avión; tavarvía \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao helicopter \ssao helicóptero \syno kohpa:pa:lakaxtli \nse This word is derived from the spinning action of a tarabilla, which is likened to the action of the blades on a helicopter. \ref 00830 \lxa abi:yah \lxaa gabi:yah \lxac abi:yah \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan avío \psm N \der N-loan \sea a bundle of dried corn leaves stripped off the stalk during the zacateo (iswate:kilistli) and that is later tied together with palm to be stored for fodder. \ssa manojo de hojas secas de maíz que se quitan durante el zacateo y que se guardan para forraje \syno iswaabi:yah \nse After being stripped from the stem, the bundle of leaves are placed between two bare stems, later to be tied into a manojo, or bundle. Usually one abi:yah is tied into a single bundle, although occasionally a bundle is made of what were originally two abi:yas. \nss Después de quitarse del tallo del maíz, las hojas se ponen entre dos tallos desnudos, para después ser atado en un manojo. por lo común una abi:yah se ata en un solo manojo, aunque ocasionalmente dos abi:yas se juntan en un manojo. \mod Illustrate \ref 07549 \lxa a:burrah \lxac a:burrah \lxo ---- \dt 21/Jun/2002 \loan (part) burra \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of fish not identified or described \ssa tipo de pescado no identificado ni descrito \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:pitso \xrb a: \nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as the a:pitso another type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen. \ref 03883 \lxa a:chakuwtli \lxac a:chakuwtli \lxo á:chakóhtli \lxoc á:chakóhtli \dt 29/Mar/2003 \loan (part) hacha \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-loan \se axe handle \ss manga de una hacha \sem tool-cultivate \xrb kow \nae The pitch accent in Oapan á:chakóhtli is the reflex of underlying {h} at the end of the Spanish loan a:chah. \qry Determine the nature of possessed forms. \sj Check /a:chahkohtli/? in SJ \ref 05376 \lxa a:cha:neh \lxac a:cha:neh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07875 \lxa a:chi \lxaa a:cho \lxac a:chi we:i \lxo kichin \lxoa kichi \lxoa kichih \lxoc kichin \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \seao a little \ssao un poco \seao somewhat (used particularly before adjectivals) \ssao poco o poquito; algo (utilizado particularmente antes de formas adjectivales) \pna A:chi kana:wak. \pea It is somewhat thin. \psa Es algo delgado. \pna A:chi we:i. \pea It's somewhat big. \psa Es algo grande. \pna A:chi tepitsi:n xne:chte:kili! \pea Serve me a little more! \psa ¡Sírveme un poquito más! \pno Kichi we:i \peo It is somewhat big. \pso Es algo grande. \xrb a:chi \nae The length of the first vowel is hard to determine (as is usual with word-initial vowels). However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am) were quite clear in their observation that the first vowel of the stem a:chi was long. It has so been recorded here and in related entries and sentences. Oapan Nahuatl often manifests an alternation between final vowel and final /n/ the context of which is not clearly understood. Here, the documented headword for Oapan is kichin. Nevertheless, some other speakers seemed to pronounced kichi. This variation may be parallel to that found in se: ~ se:n or yo ~ yon in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00522 \lxa a:chia \lxac a:chia \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3c(chia) \sea (for plants) to be "thirsting for water" and start drying up for lack of rain during the rainy season \ssa estar a la espera de agua (plantas) durante la temporada de lluvias cuando ha dejado de llover por algún tiempo \pna O:nosiahka:w nomi:l, a:chi:xtoya. Xo:tla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. \pea My cornfield got tired of waiting, it was waiting for rain. It didn't yield abundant fruit, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. \psa Mi milpa se cansó de esperar, estaba esperando el agua. No rindió fruta, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. \sea to wait for water (a person, such as one waiting for rain to fall before beginning to plow a field, or waiting as a well slowly fills up before drawing water) \ssa esperar el agua (una persona, p. ej., que espera la lluvia para poder empezar a zurcar su milpa, o que espera mientras un pozo se llena lentamente) \pna Sa: na:chia, yo:nike:kchi:w ka:n nito:kas. \pea I'm just waiting for rain, I've finished plowing where I'm going to plant (i.e., I am waiting for it to rain in order to plow over the tilled land for the final time, planting the seed). \psa Solamente estoy esperando el agua (de la lluvia), ya he terminado de surcar donde voy a sembrar (en otras palabras, estoy esperando la lluvia para volver por última vez a arar la tierra ya labrada, para entonces sembrar la semilla). \xrb a: \xrb chia \xvca \nae During an elicitation session I asked Gabriel de la Cruz whether the form a:chialtia existed, as a causative of a:chia. He pondered the question for a while and then answered that one could say this, for example, if a person was watching over a well and made others wait to fill up their jugs until the well filled up. \ref 01097 \lxa a:chichi:n \lxac a:chichi:n \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se teeny-weeny bit \ss poquitito \pna San a:chichi:n, noyo:lchi:n. \pea Just a teeny-weeny bit, my honey-bunch. \psa Sólo un poquitito, mi corazóncito. \syna a:chitsi:n \syno á:chitsí:n \xrb a:chi \nse Achichi:n is an alternative palatalized pronunciation of achitsi:n that is used most commonly by children or in talking to children. However, it is also used to emphasize that what is wanted is a very, very little (and less than would be indicated by achitsi:n. \qry I made a final check of /achichi:n/ in June 1986 and determined a vowel sequence of /a:chichi:n/. However, though apparently the second vowel, /i/, is definitely short, my recording of a long /a:/ is questionable and should be rechecked, as in all other entries I have a short /a/. \ref 04176 \lxa a:chichina:wi \lxac a:chichina:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get leaf burn (a plant from an overabundance of water) \ssa quemarsele las hojas (a una planta por una sobreabundancia de agua) \pna Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh. \pea At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it would start to turn brown from water, it would become blighted, its leaves would become perforated. \psa Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezaba a quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban. \xrb a: \xrb china \qry The length should be check since in all other cases I have short /a/, e.g., /tlachinawi/. If the length is changed, then also change it for this same phrase which occurs under /kokolisyowa/. In general an effort should be made to link together in a discussion the verbs /tlachinaw/, which seems to be {tlahchinawi} and /chinowa/. Since the standard variation is /a:wi/ and /a:wa/, and is /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/, one would expect that if /chichina:wi/ were correct, we would find ?china:wa. But rather, the transitive is /chinowa/; perhpas the /a/ is, therefore, short in /chinawi/. \ref 03546 \lxa a:chichitsi:n \lxac a:chichitsi:n \lxo a:chichitsi:n \lxoc a:chichitsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea type of water animal, perhaps a fish \ssa tipo de animal que habita el agua, quizá un pez \seo underwater dog that accompanies a:lámatsí:n and a:we:we:ntsi:n \sso perro que vive abajo del agua con a:lámatsí:n and a:wé:we:tsi:n \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb chichi \nse Luis Lucena (Am) mentioned that he had heard this word but never seen the animal is supposedly refers to. Apparently in Oapan this refers to \qry Type of fish? Luis Lucena has heard this word but has never seen the fish it supposedly refers to. It is questionable, then, whether this 'fish' actually exists. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'foca.' \ref 01367 \lxa a:chi:ka:lin \lxac a:chi:ka:lin \lxo a:chi:ka:lin \lxoa a:chi:ka:lih \lxoc a:chi:ka:lih, a:chi:ka:lin \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se Salunum cf. diversifolium Schlecht., wild nettle plant of the Solanaceae family \ss Salunum cf. diversifolium Schlecht., planta silvestre herbácea de la familia Solanaceae, aparentemente la ortiga \pna A:chi:ka:lin | Kipia iwitsio ke:n chi:ka:lin. Xnokwa. \pea A:chi:ka:lin : It has thorns like the chi:ka:lin. It isn't eaten. \psa A:chi:ka:lin : Tiene sus espinas como la chi:ka:lin. No se come. \src Cristino Flores \pna A:chi:ka:lin | Deke mitskukwa miti, tihkwe:cho:s, ika a:tl sesé:k tikoni:s. Mitsiso:tlas, ki:sas kokolistli. \pea A:chi:ka:lin : If your stomach hurts you, you grind it up, you drink it with cold water. It will make you vomit, the illness comes out.. \psa A:chi:ka:lin : Si te duele la barriga, la mueles finamente, te lo bebes en agua fría. Te hace vomitar, sale la enfermedad. \xrb a: \xrb chi:ka:l \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \qry In a review of the lexicon, C. Flores said he did not know of, or remember, any remedial use of a:chi:ka:lin. \cpl Ramírez identifies this as the ortiga of the family Papaveraceae. Schoenhals (1988) on ortiga, says the following: "1. (Urtica spp. e.g., U. dioica) 'nettle' Also called chichicastle, mala mujer. 2 (Cnidoscolus spp., e.g., C. urens) 'spurge nettle', 'tread softly' See mala mujer. 3. (Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scatchbrush' See mal hombre. Under mala mujer: "1. (Cnidoscolus spp. e.g., C. urens formerly Jatropha urens) 'spurge nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (Toxicodendron radicans) 'poison ivy' Also called árbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (Cnidoscolus spp. Urea spp., Urtica spp.) Poisonous vine, shrub, or tree. Also called chichicastle. 4. (Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scratchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (Urtica spp., e.g. U. dioica) 'spurge nettle.' See ortiga. 6. (Hibiscus bifurcatus) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte." Then, under mal hombre: "(Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scratchbush' Tropical tree with stinging hairs as befits a member of the nettle family. Also called chichicazillo, mala mujer, ortiga, quemador, tlachinole." See tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n. \nct xiwtli \vl Use final, second, tokens of both the male and female speakers. \ref 03240 \lxa a:chika:wi \lxac a:chika:wi \lxo a:chika:wi \lxoc a:chika:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to become hardened by having been immersed in water, or having been used to hold water for a long time (ceramics and other similar materials) \ss macizarse a causa de haber sido sumergida en agua o haber sido llenado con agua por mucho tiempo (particularmente la cerámica o materiales parecidas) \pna Xte:kili a:tl un tso:tsokohli, ma a:chika:wi! \pea Pour water into that water jug so that it hardens! \psa ¡Viértele agua a ese cántaro para que se macice! \xrb a: \xrb chika: \nse Once hardened as such, a ceramic container will no longer allow water to leak or filter out. \pqry Note that the initial vowel in this word is 95 and 99 ms for Florencia and 81 ms for both tokens of Inocencio. A question will be to compare the initial /a:/ of several words that would seem to have a long /a:/ in the incorporated noun stem with other words in which the /a/ should be short. Is there a difference? \grm Orthography: The tension between a deep and shallow orthography should be thoroughly discussed in the introduction. One question concerns vowel length. It seems clear that in certain contexts, particularly initial and final vowels (including final vowels followed by the absolutive) there might be some predictable vowel shortening. The question is, if length is found to be neutralized in initial position, should it not be marked. My feeling at this time is that in regard to vowel length, perhaps an effort should be made to mark underlying form (i.e., length) despite the lack of clarity as to whether length is continually maintained across positions in words. Certainly in /a:chika:wi/ it is not clear that the initial vowel has a long duration. But it should probably be written. \ref 04221 \lxa a:chi:kwa \lxac a:chi:kwa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \inc N-Adj-V2 \der N-dvb-0 \infv class-1 \sea to drink often (for example, a person while working during a hot day or while eating; an animal that is always thirsty) \ssa tomar agua seguido (p. ej., una persona trabajando durante un día caloroso, o al comer; un animal que siempre está con sed) \pna Na:chi:kwa. \pea I drink water often. \psa Yo tomo agua seguido. \syno a:tala \xrb a: \xrb chi: \xrb kwa \nse This is said of a person who is constantly, perhaps every couple of minutes, drinking water, usually because of the heat. \nae The verbal nature of this entry, a:chi:kwa is suggested by its morphology: an incorporated nominal element a:, a bound predicate modifier chi:, and a verbal root kwa. The fact that the 1st-person subject prefix is realized as n- rather than ni- again is slightly more indicative of a verbal analysis. However, there I have no documentation as yet on tense/aspect inflection of this lexeme although my recollection is that in this aspect it behaves like a nonverbal predicate, with a separate overt copula for the non-present (e.g., a:chi:kwa katka 'he used to drink a lot of water'). However, the nominal nature of this word is clear from the plural: tewameh ta:chi:kwameh. \qry Probably contains the intensifier chi:. Check for final /h/ and perhaps change category from verb to noun (see above in /nae field). Check whether it is /a:chikwa/ or /a:chi:kwa/. I had another entry /a:chikwa/ with the following def., an N-ap meaning 'person who drinks a lot of water; person who drinks a lot of water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) / algn quien toma mucha agua; algn que toma mucha agua al comer (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) \ref 01409 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo á:chitsí:n \lxoc á:chitsí:n \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \se a little \ss poquito \pna Xne:chmaka a:chitsi:n! \pea Give me a little (e.g., of food or drink)! \psa ¡Dame un poquito (p. ej., de comida o bebida)! \pna Xne:chmaka ok a:chitsi:n! \pea Give me a little bit more! \psa ¡Dáme un poquito más! \pna San a:chitsi:n. \pea Just a little (i.e., just give me a little). \psa ¡Un poquito nada más (esto es, dáme solamente un poquito más). \pna A:chitsi:n ma:w! \pea (Give me) a little bit of your water! \psa ¡(Dáme) un poquito de tu agua! \se for a short time \ss por poco tiempo \pna A:chitsi:n nikochi. \pea He sleeps justs a little. \psa Duerme solamente un poquito. \sea (sa: ~) a short time (from now; syn. Am/Oa sa: te:tepitsi:n) \ssa (sa: ~) dentro de poco (tiempo desde ahora; sin. Am/Oa sa: te:tepitsi:n) \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n wi:ts. \pea He will come a short time from now. \psa Dentro de poco viene. \xrb a:chih \nse Note the difference in meaning, in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, between san a:chitsi:n 'just a little bit' (e.g., of food) and sa: a:chitsi:n 'in just a little while (from now).' The equivalent of the latter in Oapan is san te:tepitsi:n. \nae The presence of {h} is indicated by pitch accent in Oapan (though without comparative evidence it would be unclear where the {h} was located). The length of the first vowel is still problematic, as the length of word-initial vowels are sometimes difficult to determine. However, both Roberto Mauricio (Oa) and Inocencio Díaz (Am), of the literacy workgroup, were quite certain that the first vowel of this word is long, and it has so been recorded here and in all illustrative sentences. The same observation applied to a:chi (Am). \qry Check this adjectival use given that I have added this entry based on some other similar phrases in the corpus. \qry Check vowel length. I have changed all entries and illustrative phrases with /a:chitsi:n/ (Am) to a standard of /achitsi:n/. The Oapan entry appears to have a short initial vowel, however, this is the vowel that needs to be fully and definitively determined. \ref 02587 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo á:chitsí:n \lxop a:chitsi:n \lxoc á:chitsí:n \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seao a little \ssao un poco \xrb a:chi \nae As FK notes under achi "In some, but not all, constructions this has a final glottal stop, achih. See achihtetzin, achihto:n, achihtzi:n. \qry I had originally /achi/ as an entry but this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier, /achitsi:n/ a noun. NB \grmx Pitch accent; numerals: One of the major problems in analyzing Oapan Nahuatl is the occurrence of pitch accented sequences in numeral diminutives with /tetsi:n/, e.g., /ó:ntetsí:n/. It would seem that what is occurring is a suppletive form, either of the number (with a final /h/) or of /te-/. However, since I believe (check) that /séntetsí:n/ has a pitch accented sequence and obviously there could not be an {h} in /sen/, it seems reasonable to posit forms such as {sentehtsi:n}, etc. I had originally /achi/ as an entry but this appears incorrect. I had the phrase /Ok achi xkwa:lte:ka!/ 'Pour out (serve) a little more!' but this is not correct. /Achi/ is a modifier, /achitsi:n/ a noun. NB \sj Check SJ for /sentetsi:n/, etc. \ref 06074 \lxa a:chitsi:n \lxac a:chitsi:n \lxo a:chitsi:n \lxocpend xpale:wi 'chitsi:n \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \com Adv-Dim \der Adv \sea adverbial particle that indicates a lessening of a verbal predicate \ssa partícula adverbial que indicate que un predicado verbal se lleva a cabo con menos intensidad \pna Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa 'chitsi:n, xmotlalo! \pea Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run! \psa ¡No vayas yendo así de despacio! ¡Aliviánate, corre! \nae It is apparently common for an abbreviated form, 'chitsi:n to be used following consonant-final verbal predicates. \ref 07613 \lxa a:chi:wia \lxac na:chi:wia \lxo a:chi:wia \lxof [a: chi: 'wi a] \lxoc na:chi:wia \dt 19/Feb/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-refl \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to add water to a mixture or dough-like substance that one is using (particularly to nextamahli while grinding it on a metate, but also in kneading dough to make bread, or in kneading clay for ceramics) \ss (refl.) agregar agua a una masa que uno está usando para suavizarla (particularmente al nextamal para molerlo sobre un metate, pero también hacerle lo mismo a masa para hacer pan o a lodo para hacer cerámica) \pna On suwa:tl na:chi:witok. \pea That woman is using water in grinding nextamahli on a metate (i.e., she is using her a:chi:wi:hli). \psa Esa mujer está usando agua para moler nixtamal sobre un metate (esto es, está usando su a:chi:wi:hli). \pna Na:chi:wia. \pea She takes water from bowl in order to use it in grinding (nextamahli when making tortillas, or in kneading clay for ceramics, etc.). \psa Ella toma agua de una taza para emplearla en moler (el nixtamal al hacer tortillas, en en amasar barro para cerámica, etc.). \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \nse Prototypically this verb refers to the use of water in grinding nixtamal, but is extended metaphorically to refer to other uses of water in softening mixtures. The etymology of this verb is unclear but is probably are related to chi:wa 'to do or make.' \qry Apparently only used in reflexive. This should be checked. In general note that there are a series of alternations in which the -ia form alternates with a -CV form: -te:ma and -te:mia; -chi:wa and -chi:wia, -ka:wa and -ka:wia, etc. All of these have an incorporated noun: -tla:lte:mia and, in Classical I believe, -tla:lka:wia. \ref 02695 \lxa a:chi:wihli \lxac a:chi:wihli \lxo a:chi:wihli \lxoc a:chi:wihli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \se the water (and sometimes by extension the bowl used to contain it) that is used to soften a mixture that is being ground or kneaded (particularly nextamahli on a metate) \ss el agua (y a veces por extensión el recipiente) que se usa para moler o amasar algo (particularmente el nixtamal sobtre un metate) \pna Yewa ma:chi:wil. \pea That is the water (and bowl that contains it) that you use to grind nextamahli. \psa Es el agua (y la tasa que la contine) que utilizas para moler el nixtamal. \pna "A:chi:wihli" kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan \pea A:chi:wi:hli is what they call a small little bowl that they make. \psa A:chi:wihli es lo que ellos llaman un recipiente pequeño que fabrican. \cfa a:chi:wia \cfo a:chi:wiya \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \nse Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) used a:chi:wihli to refer to the bowl that holds the water used to grind corn. However, it appears that he was either in error or was using the word metaphorically since this bowl is most commonly referred to as an a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl and the water itself more correctly refered to simply as a:chi:wi:hli. \qry Check correctness of /wan/ in /"A:chi:wi:hli" kito:ka:yo:tian se: tepalkatsi:ntli wan ke:kchi:wan/. \pqry This word, as all containing /a:chi:wil-/ should be rechecked for the length of the final /i/ of the stem. \ref 05900 \lxa a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxac a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxo a:chi:wiltepalkatl \lxoc a:chi:wiltepalkatl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se little bowl used to hold water that is mixed with something being ground or kneaded (particularly nextamahli being ground on a metate) \ss recipiente pequeño que contiene agua que se mezcla con algo para suavizarlo mientras que se muela o se amase (particularmente nixtamal al molerlo sobre un metate) \fla a:chi:wia \xrb a: \xrb chi:wa \xrb tepalka \nae The question of vowel length here is problematical. In the four Oapan speech tokens (of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the duration of the initial /a:/, in the range of 60 to 80 ms, is not what one would expect from a long vowel (even though standard parameters for measurement have not yet been set). Yet the short vowels in tepalkatl seem to be singificantly reduced (e.g., 43 to 53 ms for /te/ and 47 to 73 ms for /pal/). It might be the case that the duration of long vowels in this case is reduced because of the overall length of the word. For now the orthographic representation of this word has been left at a:chi:wihli. A complete comparison of all tokens (in isolated, possessed and incorporated forms) will need to be carried out). Note, finally, that comparative data exists for Tetelcingo (cf. a:chi:wahli 'agua que se ocupa para moler') and Pipil (cf. a:chiwal 'bowl of water for making tortillas'; note that in Pipil the word chiwa also has a short /i/). \pqry Re /a:chi:wiltepalkatl/: note problem of vowel length, cf. question of reduction in duration of individual vowels as words get longer. Perhaps do a study on this. \ilustmp Make illustratation \ref 04404 \lxa ade:lfaxo:chitl \lxaa ade:lfah \lxaa xo:chitl de ade:lfah \lxac ade:lfaxo:chitl \lxo adé:lfaxó:chitl \lxoc adé:lfaxó:chitl \dt 29/Mar/2003 \loan adelfa \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \pa yes-loan \se bush with rose-colored flowers used as decoration that is grown in house plots of the area, probably the Nerium oleander, though still not collected nor definitively identified \ss arbusto con flores color de rosa que sirven para decoración, que se halla solamente sembrado en jardines caseros, probablemente el Nerium oleander, aunque no ha sido colectado ni identificado definitivamente \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Under adelfa Schoenhals (1988) states: "(Nerium oleander) 'oleander.' The familiar shrub or hedge with pink, red, or white flowers. It is poisonous and can poison food cooked on the wood. Also called laurel rosa, narciso, rosa francesa, trinitaria." Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not mention this plant. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Although I had originally listed this as a /kuhtli/ this appears to be an error (as per the description in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez also has this classified as an 'arbusto.' \ref 05305 \lxa adobe:tsi:n \lxacpend *adobe:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \loan adobe \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \sea to be the color of beige \ssa ser el color beige \sem color \encyctmp colors \ref 02025 \lxa a:hwa \lxac a:hwa \lxo a:hwa \lxoc a:hwa \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \se Who knows? \ss ¿Quién sabe? \pna A:hwa! Xnikmati newa! \pea Who knows? I don't know! \psa ¿Quién sabe? ¡No lo sé yo! \xrb a:hwa(3) \nae The derivation or etymology of a:hwa is problematical. Ameyaltepec does not have surface /h/ derived from underlying {h}. In addition, there is no pitch accent marked in the Oapan cognate a:hwa, more evidence that the surface /h/ is not underlying. However, it is not clear where it comes from. It could, however, be a borrowing from other dialects that have surface /h/. \qry Although I had this note: "The first vowel of this word is definitely short and should be corrected to a short /a/ in all entries," it appears that the vowel is long. At least this is the impression that the students in the literacy workshop have. \vl Use second female token as linked to entry. \ref 03594 \lxa a:ichwia \lxaa a:wichwia \lxac ka:ichwia \lxo á:wichwíya \lxoc ká:wichwíya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seao to sprinkle with water (e.g., flowers or other plants, an earthen floor to harden it or keep it from becoming overly dusty) \ssao rociar con agua (p. ej., flores u otra plantas, un piso de tierra para amacizarlo o evitar que se levente el polvo) \src CF Am 901/02:05 \pna $00052_01_am$Dya kwa:k kona:te:kian tikito:s, "Xka:ichwi!" Kó:n tiktsi:ntepolketsas motso:tsokol noso mokube:tah dya un na:nkah moma 'ki xchi:wilito. Para ma:ka ... ma tsikwi:ni a:tl, tikito:s tika:ichwia. \pea And when they (flowers) are watered, you'd say, "Sprinkle water on them!" You turn your water jug or bucket upside down like this and with that arm you do like this to it, so that it doesn't... so that the water skips out, you'll that that your are sprinkling them \psa Y cuando se rocian vas a decir, "Rociales agua!" Así pones tu cántaro o cubeta boca abajo así y con este mano así le haces. Para que no... para que le brinque el agua, vas a decir que le rociaste agua. \pna Iún sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis. \pea That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up. \psa Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque. \pna Xka:ichwi para ma:ka tla:ltekwtlan yes! \pea Sprinkle water on it (in this case on the floor) so that the dust and dirt doesn't get all over the place! \psa ¡Rocíale agua (en este caso sobre el piso) para que no se levante el polvo! \pna Xka:ichwi un tla:hli para ma ye tlasese:hlo:tl! \pea Sprinkle some water on the ground so that the place cools off! \psa ¡Rocíale agua sobre el suelo para que esté más fresco! \pna Nitla:ichwitok para ma tla:ltepi:tsiwi. \pea I am sprinkling water so that the ground (the dirt floor) gets hard. \psa Estoy rociando agua para que se ponga duro el suelo. \xrb a: \xrb ich \obj so:ya:tl \obj tla:hli \nse The process of sprinkling water is commonly accomplished by pouring water from a container held and tilted with one arm. The other hand is moved rapidly back and forth under the water as it pours out, creating a sprinkling effect. Note that both a:ichwia and a:wichwia are utilized, though the former seems much more common in Ameyaltepec. \nde The Oapan form manifests a high-pitched initial /a:/. Given that no underlying {h} has been documented for this word, it may be that the Oapan pitch-accent on the initial /a:/ derives from reduplication, given that the action referred to is usually carried out repeatedly. \qry Actual tape of one example has the pronunciation a:wichwia:. However, this has been changed, in this dictionary entry, to the more common /a:ichwia:/. Recheck. \mod Add entry from above phrase under /tlasese:hlo:tl/. \ref 00052 \lxa aija:doh \lxac aija:doh \lxo aija:doh \lxocpend @aija:doh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan ahijado(a) \psm N \der N-loan \infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seao godchild \ssao ahijado, ahijada \equivo kompa:lkone:tl \nse This can be a vocative for godchild (male/female). It also may be used in the possessed form, with all possessive prefixes: noaija:doh 'my godson.' In Oapan this is a loan that is fully recognized as such. The Nahuatl term kompa:lkone:tl is used in fully Nahuatl discourse. \qry Make sure this can be used as a vocative. \ref 06665 \lxa aí:k \lxac aí:k \lxo ---- \dt 03/Jul/2001 \der Adv-tm \sea never; never again (emphatic) \ssa nunca; (nunca) jamás (enfático) \pna Aí:k wa:hlaw. \pea He never comes anymore. \psa Nunca viene. \pna Aí:k nikita. \pea I never see him at all. \psa No lo veo nunca. \xrb ah \xrb i:k \dis xkaman \ref 02433 \lxa á:ilah \lxac á:ilah \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan águila \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se hawk \ss gavilán \sem animal \sem bird \equivao kwi:xin \encyctmp to:to:tl \nse Cristino Flores named the following types of kwi:xin: kostik kwi:xin, tsomakwi:xin, kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n, and another found near the river that he does not know the name of but is me:dioh tli:ltiktsi:n, san temonextsi:n. This word is not used in Oapan. According to Roberto Mauricio the Nahuatl word for águila is wa:ktsi:n. \cpl An á:ilah is not considered a to:to:tl. Note that although the loan is from Spanish águila and one would expect this to signify 'eagle,' consultants indicate that á:ilah is synonomous with kwi:xin, which they translate as gavilán, or 'hawk' (note that RS gives milano, or kite, for kwi:xin). Thus it remains to be determined whether the á:ilah and kwi:xin are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the águila as indicated by the Spanish borrowing á:ilah, or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (milano), given the usual translation of kwi:xin. \ref 05297 \lxa a:istaya \lxac a:istaya \lxo a:istaya \lxoc a:istaya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[x] \infv class-4b(ya-s) \irregv In all dialects noted so far this verb is irregular in that the final /y/ converts to /s/, not /x/, probably the result of harmonization with the preceding /s/. \seao to become white from being sumerged a long time in water (perhaps some 3 days; particularly used in reference to maize that is allowed to soak too long in lime water in making nextamahli) \ssao ponerse blanco por quedar mucho tiempo sumergido en agua (tal vez unos 3 días; empleado particularmente para referirse al nixtamal que se deja demasiado tiempo en el agua acalada) \pna O:a:istayak monextamal. \pea Your nextamahli has turned white from being in the water a long time. \psa Tu nixtamal se volvió blanco por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua. \xrb a: \xrb sta \subadj nextamahli \subadj tixtli \nae To date this a:istaya has been the only intransitive verb of this type (with final -ya) that shows /s/ for /x/ in the progressive based on harmony with the preceding /s/. \qry Progressive with /s/ instead of /x/ is probably the result of consonant harmony. Recheck short /a/'s both penultimate and final. \grm Phonology: Note /s/ for /x/ in the progressive of /ai:staya/ > /a:istastok/. \ref 00504 \lxa aiwextli \lxac aiwextli \lxo áyowáxtli \lxop ayowaxtli \lxoc áyowáxtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seao squash seeds that have been dried and toasted on comal for eating \ssao pepitas secas de calabaza para comer \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb wech \nse In Ameyaltepec the Spanish borrowing semi:yah is much more commonly used than a:yowextli, which is, nevertheless, understood and occasionally used. The phrase semi:yah de a:yowextli is also heard in Ameyaltepec. Apparently the squash from which such seeds come is pipiana. \qry Check possession. /noa:yowech/?? etc. \pqry Check phonetics of this word. \vl Check vowel length and measure. Apparently in this as well as several other words, the sequence /ah/ has gone to /a:/, at least in Ameyaltepec (but still, recheck). In Oapan it appears that the vowel is also long, but this should be checked given that it would make sense for only the pitch-accent to surface (given that {h} motivates p-a) \ref 00200 \lxa a:i:xko \lxac a:i:xko \lxo a:i:xko \lxoc a:i:xko \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \com N-N-ko \der N-loc-1-k(o) \se on or near the water's surface \ss sobre o cerca a la superficie del agua \pna A:i:xko nemi un michin. \pea That fish is close to the surface of the water. \psa Aquel pez anda cerca de la superficie del agua. \pna A:i:xko ninemi. \pea I float on the surface of the water. \psa Floto sobre la superficie del agua. \xrb a: \xrl -i:xko \grm Clitics; stress: Oapan: note that when /yaw/ is added to verbs of location it is fully cliticized: /a:i:xkóyaw/. \ref 02621 \lxa a:ixwi \lxac a:ixwi \lxo a:ixwi \lxoc a:ixwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to become full or satisfied from drinking water or other liquids; to have ones fill of water or other liquids (a human or animate being) \ss llenarse o satisfacerse de beber agua u otro líquido (una persona o animal) \pna Yo:na:ixwik. \pea I've had my fill of water. \psa Ya estoy satisfecho de lo que he bebido. \pna Xwe:i koni, saniman a:ixwi. \pea He doesn't drink a lot, he gets his fill of water right away. \psa No toma mucha agua, luego luego se satisface. \se to get a full tank (a car) \ss llenarse el tanque (un coche) \xrb a: \xrb xwi \xvcao a:ixwi:tia \nse A:ixwi refers to either a human or animal that gets its fill of water, is satisfied, and does not desire any more. \nae The transitive takes the causative marker -tia rather than manifesting -wi/-wia non-directed alternation. This suggests that a:ixwi should be considered an unergative, not an unaccusative, verb, a fact quite consistent with the fact that the subject of a:ixwi is always an animate. This demonstrates that it is not the phonological structure of the verb (here superficially a -wi verb) that is the dominant factor in transitivity alternations, but the argument structure of the verb. Given the nature of the intransitive/transitive alternation, a:ixwi is classified as a basic verb with a causative morphologically marked form, a:ixwi:tia. \ref 01684 \lxa a:ixwi:tia \lxac ka:ixwi:tia \lxo a:ixwi:tia \lxoc ka:ixwi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca-ni \infv class-2a \se to give a lot of water to and satiate (either a human or an animal) \ss dar de beber mucha agua a (una persona o a un animal) hasta que se llene y se satisfaga \pna Nika:ixwi:ti:s un pitso. \pea I'm going to give that pig its fill of water. \psa Voy a darle a aquel marrano su ración de agua hasta que se llene. \pna Ne:cha:ixwi:tia un a:tl. \pea That water fills me up (is satisfying). \psa Esa agua me llena (me satisface). \se (~ i:ka tlato:hli) to give a lot of lip to; to overwhelm or berate with words \ss (~ i:ka tlato:hli) contestar y discutir \pna O:ne:cha:ixwi:tikeh ika tlato:hli. \pea They gave me a lot of lip. \psa Me (lo) discutieron hasta el cansancio. \xrb a: \xrb xwi \nse Residents of Ameyaltepec assert that that their water is heavy and filling, not so the water from the river, as in San Juan, Oapan, and other riverside villages. \qry Check to determine what other things, besides words, one can be "filled with." \ref 01275 \lxa a:jos \lxac a:jos \lxo ajos \lxoc ajos \dt 20/May/2002 \loan ajos \psm N \der N-loan \se garlic \ss ajos \pna A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos. \pea It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic. \psa Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo. \sem plant \sem domesticated \mod Make sure that this acceptation of /molo:nki/ is in the dictionary, as well as /panowa/. \ref 02916 \lxa a:jos komekatl \lxac a:jos komekatl \lxo a:jos kohmekatl \lxoc a:jos kohmekatl \dt 11/Jun/2003 \loan (partial) ajos \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao Amphilopium paniculatum (L.) Kunth var. paniculatum, vine of the family Bignoniaceae, it has purple flowers and is noted for its garlic-like smell (hence its name) \ssao Amphilopium paniculatum (L.) Kunth var. paniculatum, enredadera de la familia Bignoniaceae; tiene flores moradas y se nota por su olor a ajos (de eso su nombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \qry Obviously here it would seem safe to posit /meka/ as a stem, given the meaning. However, the meaning of /ko/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to /kwaw/. Check other dialects. \nct komekatl \ref 04536 \lxa a:josmolo:nki \lxac a:josmolo:nki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm \der \sea to be reeking of garlic \ssa estar aspestoso o hediondo de ajos \pna A:josmolo:nki, o:pano:k de a:jos. \pea It reeks of garlic, it has too much garlic. \psa Apesta a ajos, pasó de ajos. \xrb molo: \ref 07998 \lxa a:k \lxac xa:k \lxo a:k \lxoc xa:k; xa:keh \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv copular \se to be present in an expected or customary place (generally humans and other animate beings, but also inanimate objects) \ss estar presente en el lugar esperado (generalmente humanos y otros seres animados, aunque también se utiliza con ) \pna Xakah a:k. \pea No one is around. \psa No está nadie. \pna Xok a:k. \pea He is not here anymore. \psa El ya no está aquí. \pna Xa:k. \pea He isn't to be found. \psa El no está presente. \pna Xna:k yes. \pea I will not be present. \psa No estaré en asistencia. \pna Xa:keh katkan. \pea There weren't any (e.g., fish when one went fishing). \psa No habían (p. ej., peces cuando uno va de pesca). \pna O:nitlakwe:xtilih, wan xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. \pea I looked all over and what I was searching for wasn't there. \psa Miré por todos lados y lo que yo estaba buscando no se encontraba. \pna Xakah nemi, xakah a:k. \pea No one is around, no one is present. \psa Nadie está, nadie se encuentra. \xrb a:k \nse This is an irregular or defective verb in that it occurs only in the negative, although the negative clitic x- may be placed in a position that is not directly adjacent to a:k (e.g., xakah a:k). If one is asked, for example, why one didn't catch any fish, one could respond: Xa:keh katkan 'There weren't any/No habían.' Note that a:k may occasionally be used with non-animate objects, although the most common subjects are animates. \qry For /-tete:mowa:/ Cf. note with /kwe:xtilia:/. In general this and similar lexemes have been typologized (e.g., by Andrews) as "preterit-as-present." However, it seems best to consider this a deverbal adjectival that functions only as a predicate. The grammar should be changed accordingly. Also, this seems to be the only adjective that only functions as a predicate; all others that I can think of can be either attributive or predicative. \ref 05888 \lxa aka \lxac xne:chaka \lxo ---- \dt 01/Jul/2002 \sea see maka \ssa véase maka \xrb maka \nae Aka is an Ameyaltepec alternative form of the ditransitive verb maka. It is used when immediately to the left of the verb stem there is an object prefix that ends in a non-nasal consonant: ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-, and (a)me:ch, e.g., Ne:chakas i:burroh 'He will give me his donkey.' The shortened aka is not used in Oapan. \ref 02450 \lxa a:kachakalin \lxac *a:kachakalin \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea type of water animal still not identified, perhaps that called acamaya in Spanish \ssa tipo de animal de agua, todavía no identificado, tal vez él que se llama 'acamaya' \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a:ka \xrb chakal \nae The etymological analysis into a:ka and chakal is not entirely certain and should be checked. \qry The roots might, however, be /a:kach/ and /chakal/. Check with other words and comparative dialects. \ref 05783 \lxa a:kachikiwtli \lxac a:kachikiwtli \lxo a:chikihtli \lxoc a:chikihtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \se small reed basket used to serve tortillas \ss chiquihuite o canastita hecha de carrizo que se utiliza para servir las tortillas \xrb a:ka \xrb chikiw \nse Perhaps related to the verb chiki, meaning 'to scrape,' in reference to the manner in which the reed is prepared for weaving. \nae The Oapan form a:chikihtli manifests the loss of /k/ in intervocalic position. The initial vowel has a duration of 99 and 115 ms in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, and 125 and 119 ms in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez. Further analysis of the duration of word-initial vowels needs to be conducted to determine whether this is longer than expected, given the loss of intervocalic /k/. \qry Note that this is another one of the words that varies -Citl and -Ctli in the manner of /ko:ntli/ and /ko:mitl/. \ref 04863 \lxa a:kapilo:hli \lxac a:kapilo:hli \lxo a:kapilo:hli \lxoc a:kapilo:hli \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seao light beams that form part of a house; these run from the caballete down to the kontrasole:rah Am / tlaxipacholo:ni \ssao ciertas vigas que forman parte de una casa; corren desde el caballete a la kontrasole:rah Am / tlaxipacholo:ni \xrb a:ka \xrb pil \encyctmp kahli \ilustmp Make illustration of house frames; perhaps photograph \nse The a:kapilo:hli, part of a thatched roof house (of grass, sakatl, or palm, so:ya:tl), are thin rods of wood that descend vertically along the roof of the house from the caballete to the solera. They are distinct, however, from the cabezas. The a:kapilo:hli along with the kwihlo:tl form the major part of the house frame. \qry Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there, and also diagram under "casa" on the Spanish-Nahuatl filecards. \ref 00606 \lxa a:katl \lxac a:katl \lxo a:katl \lxoc a:katl \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se reed; cane \ss carrizo \se (tsatsi ~) for there to be a fancy wedding with contracted village musicians (música de viento) who take bread and chocolate to the bride's family home in a long procession \ss (tsatsi ~) haber una boda elegante con músico de viento contratado que lleva pan y chocolate a la casa de los padres de la novia \pna Tli:non o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl? \pea What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread, and chocolate? \psa ¿Qué se dijo? ¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate? \pna Pero nikneki tsatsis a:katl! \pea But I want there to be a grand wedding (i.e., the type of wedding called xo:chitlai:hli, with musicians, bread, and chocolate)! \psa ¡Pero quiero una boda grande (esto es, el tipo boda llamada xo:chitlai:hli, con músicos, pan y chocolate)! \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a:ka \encyctmp bodas \nse Tsatsi a:katl refers to the fanciest wedding, in which musicians are contracted, and bread and chocolate consumed. These weddings are also referred to by the impersonal verb xo:chitlai:lo or the nominalization xo:chitlai:hli. Whereas there were still a few of these weddings in Ameyaltepec in the early 1980s they have gradually come to an end, being replaced by the borrowed customs of the dominant Spanish society. \cpl Under carrizo, Schoenhals (1988) writes: "1. (Arundo donax) '[type of] bamboo,' giant reed.' 2. (Phragmites communis) 'reed grass,' 'cane'; a cane used for house roofing in Chiapas. 3. (Bambusa vulgaris) 'bamboo.' See bambú. Under bambú, Schoenhals simply notes the scientific name again, Bambusa vulgaris, while mentioning that these are of the hollow stem varieties, also called carrizo. \ref 02470 \lxa a:kawtia \lxac a:kawtia \lxo ákahtiá \lxop akahtia \lxoc ákahtiá \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \pa yes-lex \seao to become light (particularly items that lose water and, concommitantly, weight) \ssao ponerse liviano, de poco peso, o ligero (particularmente cosas que pierden agua y por está razón, peso) \pna Yo:toto:nalwa:hkeh a:yuteh. Xniman o:nosentla:lih. O:wawa:hkeh; yo:aa:kawtiakeh. \pea The squash has dried up in the sun. They didn't get harvested right away. They dried up; they got light (from loss of water; as a result they are no longer good to eat and are valued only for their seeds). \psa Las calabazas se han secado en el sol. No se cosecharon luego. Se secaron; se quedaron ligeros (por haberse perdido su jugo; como resultado ya no sirven para comer sino solamente para semillas). \xrb ahkaw \mod Under /piska/ etc. note that the common reference to harvest for squash is /sentla:lia/. The length of the first /a:/ needs to be carefully checked here and for all words containing this root. The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl would suggest an initial sequence of /ah-/, but the long vowel in Ameyaltepec suggests otherwise. Check the San Juan form. Oapan speakers during the workshop suggested that the initial vowel was short. \vl Check vowel length; check for initial /h/ in San Juan. \sj a:kawtia. \ref 00800 \lxa a:kawtik \lxac a:kawtik \lxo ákahtík \lxop akahtik \lxoc ákahtík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes-lex \seao to be light, of little weight \ssao ser ligero, ser de poco peso \se to be springy; to be fleet or light-footed; to be able to jump high \ss ser ligero o liviano; ser capaz de brincar lejos o alto \pna Na:kawtik. \pea I am springy. \psa Soy ligero. \pna On ne:nkah, ma ya toba:leh. Mlá:k a:kawtik. \pea That one there, let's have him go (as a messenger). He's really swift on his feet. \psa Aquella que está allá, qué vaya el (como mensajero). Es muy ligero y rápido. \xrb ahkaw \vl Check vowel length of Oapan data; and Am when available. Note that in general there seems to be a tendency either for Vh to go to V: or for length distinctions to be hard to hear in initial position. Check. \ref 00933 \lxa a:kawtilia \lxac na:kawtilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to hurry up or to walk fast \ssa (refl.) apurarse o caminar aprisa; saltar hacia arriba \pna Xmoa:kawtili! \pea Get a move on! (or, Spring over it lightly! Jump high!). \psa ¡Muévete! (o, ¡Salta! ¡Brinca alto!) \sea to spring (e.g., over a puddle); to jump up high \ssa brincar (hacia arriba, o adelante, sobre algo como un charco) \xrb a:kaw \nse Apparently this verb is used exclusively, or almost exclusively, in the reflexive with human, volitional, agents. \qry Check possibility of transitive use, and potential meanings. If only reflexive, perhaps recodify. \ref 05514 \lxa a:kawtomitl \lxac a:kawtomitl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of high-growing weed of the Asteraceae family, with prickly hairs, (i.e., totomioh), considered tlasohli \ssa tipo de maleza alta de la familia Asteraceae, con vellos espinosos (esto es, totomioh), considerado tlasohli \sem plant \sem herb \equivo ákawtlí tómiyóh \xrb a:kaw \xrb tomi \cpl This is a type of a:kawtli. Ramírez (1991) refers to this as acahual. Under acahual, Schoenhals (1988) notes: "1. Applied to several plants of the sunflower family (Compositae) with large yellow flowers. 2. (Heterotheca inuloides) 'blazing star.' Used as a poultice on bruises. Also called árnica, árnica del país, cuauteteco, falsa árnica. 3. (Bidens spp. e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' See acetilla. 4. (Helianthus annuus) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 5. (Tithonia spp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See girasol." Then, under acetilla or aceitilla. "1. (Bidens spp., e.g., B. aurea, B. pilosa) 'calendula-bur,' 'perennial beggar ticks.' A relative of the wild marigold. Seeds are like burs with hooks. Plant used as a preventive against eye infections in the newborn. Also called acahual, acahualillo, mulito, té de milpa. 2. (Galinsoga spp. e.g., G. parviflora '[family] aster.' See estrellita." Under girasol, there are three entries. Girasol: "1. (Helianthus annus) 'sunflower. See flor de gigantón. 2. (Tithonia spp. e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' Large sunflower-type plant with orange or yellow flowers. Also called acahual, árnica, gigantón, girasol mexicano, mirasol." The entry for girasol amarillo has the following: "(Cosmos sulphureus) 'yellow cosmos.' Also called mirasol, xochipali.." And, under girasol mexicano: "(Tithonia spp., e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' 'bush sunflower.' See girasol. Then, under girasol mexicano: "(Cosmos bipinnatus) 'purple cosmos.' Also called mirasol." Finally, under estrellita: "1. (Milla biflora) 'milla,' 'Mexican star.' Star-shaped, white flowers. Especially common in volcanic areas. Also called azucena del campo, estrella mexicana, flor de San Nicolás, lilia cimarrón. 2. (Stellaria spp. e.g., S. nemorum) '[relative of] chickweed.' White flowers in the Fall. Also called alahual, matanza. 3. (Galinsoga spp., e.g., G. parviflora '[family] aster]. A weedy herb of the mid-elevations. White flowers with yellow centers. Also called acetilla. \nct xiwtli \ref 03795 \lxa a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k \lxac a:kawtomitl de un chichí:k \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \nse This is apparently also called, at least occasionally in Ameyaltepec, a:kwatomitl temonextik. \ref 08533 \lxa a:kawtlapextli \lxac a:kawtlapextli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \sea raised bed-like platform made of a:kawtli that is set up in the sun and on which chile is dried \ssa plataforma como una cama hecha de a:kawtli y que se pone en el sol y se utiliza para secar chile \syno ákotlapéxtli \xrb a:kaw \xrb pech \ono a:kawtlapextli \qry Recheck vowel length in /tlapextli/. \mod Illustrate \ref 05748 \lxa a:kawtlapi:hli \lxac a:kawtlapi:hli \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea see kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \ssa véase kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \xrb a:kaw \xrb tla:l \xrb pi:l \encyctmp kweskomatl \mod Illustrate \ref 03645 \lxa a:kawtlapi:stli \lxac a:kawtlapi:stli \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea see kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \ssa véase kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \xrb a:kaw \xrb tla:l \xrb pi:ts \encyctmp kweskomatl \mod Illustrate \ref 07895 \lxa a:kawtli \lxac a:kawtli \lxo ákawtlí \lxoc ákawtlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se general name for several weeds of the Asteraceae family still not identified \ss nombre genérico para varias malezas de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificadas \se specific weed of those called a:kwawtli (Am) or ákawtlí (Oa), still not identified \ss tipo específico de maleza de las que se llaman a:kwawtli (Am) o ákawtlí (Oa), todavía no identificada \pna A:kawtli | Xiwtli, pero xok xiwtli kwa:k yo:wekapaniak. Tikihli:s xiwtli kwa:k pitentsi:n. \pea A:kawtli : It is a 'weed,' but it is not (called) a 'weed' when it has become tall. You call it a 'weed' (i.e., xiwtli) when it is small. \psa A:kawtli : Es una maleza, pero no se llama así cuando ya creció. Le dices 'maleza' (esto es, xiwtli) cuando es pequeño. \sem plant \sem herb \xrb ahkaw \nse This is a type of light reed that is often found in fields that have been previously planted, although it is also common elsewhere; it is often used in fencing.There are two types of a:kawtli: a:kawtli and a:kawtomitl. Note the change of category with growth, as indicated in the associated text. \nae The length of the initial /a/ in the Ameyaltepec form needs to be rechecked. The lengths of initial vowels are often difficult to determine. \cpl Not listed in Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). See discussion under a:kawtomitl. It is considered tlasohli and is cleared from fields before they are planted. \vl Link second male token. \nct xiwtli \ref 03961 \lxa a:kaxtetl \lxac a:kaxtetl \lxo a:kaxtetl \lxoc a:kaxtetl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao stone trough or bowl for giving water to animals \ssao pileta de piedra para darles de beber a los animales \xrb a: \xrb kax \xrb te \nse An a:kaxtetl is usually a large, flat, and probably volcanic stone in which a central depression has been created to hold water that is usually given to pigs, although also to dogs and chicks. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 01060 \lxa a:kayoh \lxac a:kayoh \lxo a:kayoh \lxoc a:kayoh \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be (an area) full of growing reeds \ss estar lleno (una área) de carrizo, o con mucho carrizo \xrb a:ka \nse This word refers only to places that have an abundance of growing reed, not to any place that might be filled with cut cane. \grm Vowel length: Note that the vowel length of the initial /a/ in this word (the following stop makes it easier to document) varies from 103 and 110 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 88 and 117 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 03917 \lxa akestete:ka \lxac kakestete:ka \lxo ákésteté:ka \lxoa ákésteté:ka \lxoc kákésteté:ka \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V-V \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to place down face up (a person or, metaphorically, an object with a "face" or "mouth") \ss acostar boca arriba (a una persona o, metafóricamente, un objeto con una "cara" o "boca") \pna Nikakestete:kas. \pea I am going to lay it down face-up. \psa Voy a acostarlo boca arriba \pna Nakestete:katok. \pea He is lying face-up. \psa El está acostado boca arriba. \pna Xmakestete:ka. \pea Lie on the ground face-up. \psa Acuéstate en el suelo boca arriba. \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb te:ka \dis akestok \nse Although L. Lucena stated that this verb also may occur without reduplication, i.e. akeste:ka, I have never heard it used this way. Thus although one does find akestok, the verb to which this would seem to correspond, *aketsa apparently does not exist: Instead the only documented form to date is akestete:ka. \nae The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ?áké:sté:ka. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ?áké:sté:ka and thus although it is clear that the primary form is ákésteté:ka there remains a possibility that áké:sté:ka might also be correct. \qry Check the length of initial /a/ as in one original example it was recorded long. Also recheck the possibility of a form without reduplication of the verb stem. \pqry The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ?áké:sté:ka. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ?áké:sté:ka and thus although it is clear that the primary form is ákésteté:ka there remains a possibility that áké:sté:ka might also be correct. \grmx Oapan reduplication; pitch accent: The Oapan pitch accent pattern needs to be further researched. It seems to manifest a high pitch on the first syllable, reflective of underlying {ah}, and a high pitch on the second syllable, a reflex of the coda {h} in the reduplicant {teh-}. The vowel length is definite as indicated. However, the most interesting question in this word is why the reduplicant of te:ka does not reduce on the preceding short vowel, creating a lengthened high-pitched vowel and yielding ?áké:sté:ka. Most likely there is some sort of constraint on such a sequence: 3 pitch accented syllables (two long) in a 4-syllable word. Although there are examples of 3 high-pitched syllables in a 4-syllable word (tétéyotík) this is the result only of underlying {h} ({tehteyohtik}) and not of a reduced reduplicant. Finally, though, note that I did not specifically ask for the possible form ?áké:sté:ka and thus although it is clear that the primary form is ákésteté:ka there remains a possibility that áké:sté:ka might also be correct. \sj Check for /h/, perhaps twice: /kahkestehte:ka/. Check. Also p-a is hard to determine. \ref 05752 \lxa akestetlakali \lxac kakestetlakali \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V-V \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to throw down (a person) so that he lands face up \ss aventar al suelo para que caiga boca arriba \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb tlahkali \ref 07964 \lxa akestetla:lia \lxac *kakestetla:lia \lxo ákéstetlá:lia \lxoa ákístetlá:lia \lxoc kákéstetlá:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to prop up the head of (sb or sth with a "head," figuratively speaking) \ss apoyarle la cabeza a (algn o algo con una "cabeza", en sentido figurativo) \pna O:ne:chakestla:lih. Nakestoya. \pea He propped up my head (e.g., with a pillow). I was lying face-up on my back. \psa Me apoyó la cabeza (p. ej., con una almohada). Estaba acostado boca arriba. \pna Xkakestla:li, kichi:was xi:nis tli:n pakah itik. \pea Prop it up (e.g., a bottle or water jug), otherwise what is inside might spill out. \psa Recárgalo en posición más vertical (p. ej., una botella o cántaro), a lo mejor se va a tirar lo que tiene adentro. \seo to place face up (e.g., a bucket, basket, etc. that was upside down or on its side) \sso poner boca arriba (p. ej., una cubeta, canasta, etc, que estaba boca abajo) \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \xrb tla:l \nse According to Cristino Flores in Ameyaltepec the form akestete:ka is used, not ?akestetla:lia. Nevertheless, given that the latter was previously documented in Ameyaltepec it has not been removed, pending further analysis. \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with tetla:lia are not uncommon (e.g., xoto:ntetla:lia) and it would seem that intensifier te- has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of tla:lia. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily explained. \qry Check vowel length of first /a/ in /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/. Sometimes had been recorded long. Also, cf. and explain the difference between /akestla:lia/ and /akestete:ka/. \pqry Check pitch accent in Oapan form: The etymology of this word is unclear. Words with tetla:lia are not uncommon (e.g., xoto:ntetla:lia) and it would seem that intensifier te- has been lexicalized in combinatory forms of tla:lia. But it also appears that Oapan Nahuatl has two pitch accented syllables at the beginning of the word. This might be an error in my transcription and it should be checked. One pitch accent would apparently derive from underlying {h} of {ah}, referring to 'upward'. The other is not easily explained. \sj Check /akestetla:lia/. Oapan has two pitch accented syllables (plus the word intonation high pitch). \vl I hear Florencia as /kákéstetlá:lia/ and Inocencio with a higher vowel /kákístetlá:lia/. Hence the different forms (let me know what you hear). \ref 04657 \lxa a:kestiw \lxac o:ta:kestiah \lxo ákestíw \lxocpend @ákestíw \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der Mod-*V1-Asp \infv Irregular: see -tiw \pa yes-lex \seo to fall backward (e.g., on a chair) landing on ones back facing face up \sso caerse hacia atrás (p. ej., al estar sentado sobre una silla) y quedar tirado boca arriba \cfa a:kestok \cfo ákestewéstok \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \qry Check whether Ameyaltepec has this form, and whether Oapan has /akestok/. \nse This verb is inflected as the aspectual ending -tiw. \ref 06448 \lxa a:kestok \lxac a:kestok \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2003 \com Adv-V1 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be lying down face up (a person or animal and, by extension, certain objects with a "face" or "mouth") \ssa estar acostado boca arriba (una persona o animal y, por extensión metafórica, algunos objetos con una "boca" o "cara") \pna Xki:xakamana, ma:ka ihkón a:kesto. \pea Place it upside-down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket) don't let it stay upright. \psa Colócala boca abajo (un plato, taza, cubeta), que no esté boca arriba. \pna Nika:n na:kestok. \pea Here I am lying face-up. \psa Aquí estoy acostado boca arriba. \syno ákestewéstok \xrb ah \xrb ketsa \fl a:kestete:ka \nae One finds both ta:kestok and tia:kestok. Carochi (f. 127; Lockhart p. 466) distinguishes a:quetza with a long vowel, from àquetza with a 'saltillo.' The former he glosses as 'larga, colgar el agua, como lo haze quien haze cacao para que haga espuma.' The latter as 'alço la cabeça.' Yet it seems that, at least occasionally, underlying {ah} in Ameyaltepec is realized as a long /a:/. Thus if the vowel length of a:kestok is confirmed as long, this would simply reflect lengthening of underlying {h} and not historical length. In Oapan one finds ákestewéstok \qry Determine whether other aspectual endings may be used and the form: /akestitiw/ or /akestiw/. Note that the differences between /akestok/ and /akestla:lia/, etc. should be discussed here; cf. the entries in Molina. \vl Check vowel length here as my original notes were inconclusive as to the length of the initial vowel. For determining length it might be best to elicit a form with an initial stop: /ta(:?)kestok/, etc. \grm The stative meaning of this form suggests that it is derived from an underlying unaccusative (intransitive), which would be ?/ketsi/ (cf. /a:ntok/, etc. Note that in Molina one finds /anqui/ and /titlantli/. Cf. comments by Launey on these derivations from transitives. \ref 01970 \lxa aketsi:lowa \lxac aketsi:lowa \lxo akétsi:lówa \lxoc akétsi:lówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to stand on tiptoe \ss pararse de puntillas \pna Xaketsi:lo para tasis! \pea Stand on your tiptoes so that you can reach it! \psa ¡Párate de puntillas para que lo puedas alcanzar! \pna Na:ketsi:lotok. \pea I'm standing on tiptoes. \psa Estoy parado en puntillas. \xrb ah \xrb kehtsi \nae The etymology of aketsi:lowa (Am) remains unclear as does the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, where it might be akétsi:lówa as written above, or ákétsi:lówa. More analysis will need to be conducted. It seems clear, however, that etymologically this verb is related to ké:ketsí:l, the word for the place on the body just above the heel, where a sandal strap passes (however, perhaps simply 'heel' would be a more adequate translation). The pitch accent on both these words suggests an underlying {h}, which would perhaps be located (pending evidence from neighboring dialects) at the coda of the second syllable: {keh + tsi}. This would mean that etymologically the word for heel is not directly related to ketsa 'to stand upright.' Note that The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests that there is no underlying {h}; however, this needs to be checked as the most likely etymology would have underlying {ah-} at the beginning of this word. Molina has two relevant forms: quequetzilotiuh. ni 'andar sobre las puntas delos pies' and quequetzolli 'calcañar' both of which mirror the Balsas definitions of the cognate forms: 'to walk on tiptoe' and 'heel.' In modern dialects the only pertinent information is from Northern Puebla , which has ixoquehtzol 'talón.' This evidence confirms an underlying {h} in the place posited from the Oapan data. However, the underlying for of the initial /a/ is still unclear. It might well be {ah}. This should lead to high pitch on this syllable (i.e., ákétsi:lówa), which might actually be the case. The acoustic evidence is not entirely clear. \qry Check the length of initial /a/, which in one example that I had written on the filecards appears long. Perhaps one of the roots of this word is /ketsa/. \sj aketsi:lowa; check for /ah-/ beginning and /kehtsi:l/. \vl Check vowel length of Ameyaltepec and vowel length and p-a of Oapan. \ref 01649 \lxa a:ketspalin \lxac a:ketspalin \lxo a:ketspalin \lxoc a:ketspalin \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se alligator (species not identified) \ss lagarto \seo (yo:yah ~) there is no more water left in the water jug \sso (yo:yah ~) ya no hay agua en el cántaro \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \nae The etymology of a:ketspalin seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root element a: 'water.' However, the acoustic duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored. There might be some neutralization process occurring. \pqry Vowel length: word initial and final vowels: The etymology of a:ketspalin seems clearly {a + ketspal + in} and it seems clearly to contain the root element a: 'water.' However, the acoustic duration of this root in word-initial position is at times quite reduced. One token of Florencia Marcelino measured 69 ms, well within the range of short vowels. Another token of Inocencio Jiménez, however, measured about 90 ms. The phonetics of word initial vowels (with no initial consonant) and of final vowels in closed syllables needs to be explored. There might be some neutralization process occurring. \mod Determine a way to include phrases in the dictionary, perhaps as sub/lexical entries. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04539 \lxa aki \lxo aki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se see onaki \ss véase onaki \xrb ak \nae This verb has been lexicalized in the Balsas River region with the directional prefix on-. \ref 01864 \lxa akia \lxac kakia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran Compl (irregular: onaki) \infv class-2a \sea to put or place (an object) inside of some small or tight space (such as a drawer or box) \ssa meter (un objeto) dentro de una lugar estrecho (como un cajón o algún lugar ajustado) \pna Ne: xkaki! \pea Place it in there! \psa ¡Colócalo ahí adentro! \cfa onaki \cfo kalahtia \dis disam kalaktia \xrb ak \xvaa akilia \nse There is a difference between akia and kalaktia. The latter refers to putting something inside a fairly ample space. The first, akia, refers to putting an object into something such as a box, a file drawer, etc., i.e., a space where the thing put in "fits." It appears that the distinction is somewhat similar to that in English between "put inside" and "put in." Akia can refer to placing a knife or machete it its sheath, or something in a place where it belongs: e.g. a drawer in a piece of furniture. Note that the imperative xkaki is homophonous with the negative xkaki 'listen' although the latter is often found apocopated as xaki. \grm Note that */aki/ without the directional /on-/ never occurs; cf. to /one:wa/ or /wa:le:wa/ and */e:wa/. \ref 03185 \lxa a:kia \lxac ka:kia \lxo a:kia \lxoc ka:kia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to wear or put on oneself (clothes, shoes, etc.) \ssao vestirse o ponerse (ropa, zapatos, etc.) \pna Xka:ki mowera:ch. \pea Put your sandals on! \psa ¡Ponte tus sandalias! \pna Xka:ki mokoto:n. \pea Put your shirt on! \psa ¡Ponte tu camisa! \pna Momo:stla nika:kia. \pea I put it on every day (e.g., a particular shirt, shoes, etc.). \psa Me lo pongo todos los días (p. ej., una camisa en particular, zapatos, etc.). \cfo tlá:kiyá; tlá:kí:ltia \xrb a:k \xvcao a:ki:ltia \xvao a:kilia \nse The object of the transitive verb a:kia is the item of clothing, shoe, etc., that one puts on. This contrasts, at least in Oapan, with tlá:kiyá, which apparently is the same verbal stem with no increased valency, i.e., despite the prefixation of tla- the valency of a:kiya (now reduplicated) is still two: subject and object. However, the object of tlá:kiyá is not the item of clothing but the person (reflexive object) who puts the clothes on. Apparently, although this needs confirmation, Oapan tlá:kiyá only accepts a reflexive object. The fully transitive, causative form, is Oapan tlá:kí:ltia which is perhaps best considered a causative of the reflexive verb tlá:kiyá. \qry Note that previously I had a definition: "to place in a housing (where the object belongs (cf. notes)." I'm not sure to what this refers. Check. Check also potential objects of this form. Check length in Am and Oapan forms. Check for ca and ap in each. \ref 00822 \lxa akilia \lxac kakilia \lxo ---- \dt 14/Jan/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to put or place (sth) inside a container or an enclosed place for (sb) \ssa meter (algo) dentro de un lugar o espacio cerrado para (algn) \pna Ne: xkakili! \pea Put it in there for him! \psa ¡Ponselo allá! \pna Xkakili:ti! \pea Go to put it in for him! \psa ¡Ve a meterlo para él! \xrb ak \xvba akia \ref 05022 \lxa a:ki:lia \lxac ka:ki:lia \lxo a:ki:lia \lxoc ka:ki:lia \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo to put on (an item of clothing) of \sso ponerse (algo de ropa, etc.) de \pno O:ne:cha:ki:lih nowe:rach. \peo He put on my sandals. \pso Se puso mis weraches. \xrb a:k \xvbo a:kia \pqry This word, /ka:ki:lia/ is particularly good to demonstrate the vowel length in the applicative. \vl There are four tokens of this word mistakenly uttered at 3827. These should be tagged as 6340 additional tokens. Note that the linked tokens should be those recorded at 6340. \ref 06340 \lxa a:ki:ltia \lxac ka:ki:ltia \lxo a:ki:ltia \lxoc ka:ki:ltia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to put (clothes, shoes, etc.) on (sb) \ss poner o vestir a (algn, con algo como zapatos, ropa, etc.) \pna Xne:cha:kilti nokoto:n! Nimokukwa. \pea Put my shirt on me for me! I hurt. \psa ¡Ponme la camisa! Estoy adolorido. \pna Timitsa:kilti:s mowera:ch. \pea I will put your sandal on for you. \psa Te voy a poner tu huarache. \xrb a:k \xvba a:kia \xv1a tlaa:ki:ltia \xv1o tlá:kí:ltia \nae Like namakiltia, this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus na:maka : na:makiltia :: a:kia:a:kiltia. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of namakiltia) or worn (in the case of a:kiltia) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the "applicative" semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. \vl Check vowel length of penultimate /i/. \grm Causatives: Add this word to that of /na:makiltia/ which has a causative form with applicative sense; cf. Launey on this. Like namakiltia, this causative verb seems to have an applicative sense. Thus na:maka : na:makiltia :: a:kia:a:kiltia. For both verbs the secondary object of the transitive is the object that is sold (in the case of namakiltia) or worn (in the case of a:kiltia) and the primary object (that directly marked on the verb) is the beneficiary (the person who is sold to, or the person who has something put on). For the applicative the primary object is the benefactive, the person sold to or for, or the person dressed or who has something placed on him or her. Despite the "applicative" semantics of these two verbs, they have both been considered causatives. \ref 01110 \lxa a:kin \lxac a:kin kineki \lxo a:kin \lxoa a:'in \lxocpend a:'in \dt 18/Nov/2003 \psm Reltz \der Pr-rel \sea who (as relative pronoun) \ssa quien (como pronombre relativo) \pna Nika:nas se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chtlasotlas. \pea I'm going to marry a man who will love me. \psa Me voy a casar con un hombre quien (que) me vaya a querer. \sea who; the one or person who (in a headless relative clause) \ssa el que; la persona que (en una claúsula relativa sin cabeza) \pna Nikwi:kas a:kin kineki. \pea I will take whoever wants (to go). \psa Me voy a llevar a quien quisiera (ir). \cfo yon \xrb a:kin \nse The precise conditions of use of a:kin as a relativizer as opposed to yewan are not clear and need to be completely researched. In Ameyaltepec a:kin is used both in relative clauses that are headless and those that have a nominal head. Thus one can say niktete:mo:s a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s 'I am looking for someone who will help me' (in reference to anyone, e.g., man, woman, child, etc.) or one can say niktete:mo:s se: tla:katl a:kin ne:chpale:wi:s 'I am looking for a man who will help me.' Apparently in Oapan the equivalent < \qry I have the following phrases in my notes, but they should be checked: /akin okse:?/ Who else? Quién más? Check to see if this is correct as I would expect /akinon okse:?/; perhaps /akin okse:?/ is simply contextually shortened. Likewise, check /akin kineki/, which according to my understanding now is a dependent/subordinate clause, and as a question should be /akinon kineki?/. Thus, check the correctness of the recorded phrases /akin okse:?/ and /akin kineki/. Perhaps in both cases the use of /akinon/ is called for given the interrogatory nature of the phrase. Also check vowel length. Note the possible relation to /a:k/. Likewise, check /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/, which, given its status as a complement, I would expect to be /a:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/. I have translated /a:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we'll see who arrives first'/'Ahora veremos quién llega primero.' In addition, since I made the sentence up as an example, check /nika:nas se: tla:katl akin ne:chtlasotlas/. Finally, check for possibility of sequences such as /in akin/. \vl Check vowel length of /a:/. \ref 02050 \lxa a:kinon \lxac a:kinon \lxo a:kinon \lxoa a:'inon \lxoc a:kinon \dt 18/Nov/2003 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \infv pl. akinono:meh; a:kino:meh \se who? (in terms of the identity of a person) \ss ¿quién? (en cuanto a la identidad de una persona) \pna A:kinon? \pea Who is it (that is being referred to, that will do sth)? \psa ¿Quién es (al que se refiere, que hará alguna cosa)? \pna A:kinono:meh? \pea Who (pl.) are they? \psa ¿Quiénes son ellos? \pna A:kinon tewa? \pea Who are you? (in the sense of 'Who do you think you are?'). \psa ¿Quién eres tu? (en el sentido de '¿Quién te crees?'). \pna A:kinon kineki? \pea Who wants (to do) it? \psa ¿Quién lo quiere (hacer)? \pna A:kinon nanwameh? \pea Who (pl.) are you? \psa ¿Quiénes son ustedes? \pna A:kinono:meh ya:skeh? \pea Who are the one who are going to go? \psa Quiénes van a ir? \pna A:kinon ia:xka (iwa:xka)? \pea Whose is it? \psa ¿De quién es? \pna A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh? \pea Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? \psa ¿Quiénes vienen? ¿son de aquí? \pna A:kinon iwa:n. \pea With whom (e.g., are you going)? \psa ¿Con quién (p. ej., vas a ir)? \se to be someone (usually used in the negative, i.e., to be no one important) \ss ser alguien (usualmente empleado negativamente para indicar no ser nadie importante) \pna Newa xnia:kinon, ma:ka xne:xchi:wili kwe:ntah. \pea I'm a nobody, don't pay attention to me. \psa No soy nadie, no me hagas caso. \pna Newa xnia:kinon, newa xnikmati. \pea I'm not anybody, I don't know. \psa No soy nadie, no lo sé. \pna Xa:kinomeh katkan, xtlah kimatin. \pea They weren't anyone (important), they know nothing about it. \psa Ellos no son nadie (importante), no saben nada acerca de eso. \se who (in an embedded question as complement) \ss quien (para introducir una cláusula complementaria) \pna Xnikmati a:kinon ya:s. \pea I don't know who will go. \psa No sé quien va a ir. \seo what (in reference to animates) \sso que (en referencia a seres animados) \pno Xnihmati a:inon! \peo I don't know what it is (e.g., in reference to an animal such as a bug)! \pso ¡No sé que es! (p. ej., en referencia a un animal como un insecto)! \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb a:kin \nse In Oapan the term a:inon or a:kinon can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say a:inon? 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative tli:non is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. \nae Occasionally some Ameyaltepec speakers will use akino:meh although the majority seem to accept only akinono:meh as the plural. In terms of agreement, one can say both a:kinon nanwameh and a:kinono:meh nanwameh. \mod Add reference and sentence to nika:meh under nika:n. \vl As checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. '86: /akinon/ was compared at this time with /misto:n/ which has a def. long final /o:/. In a final check of June 1986, the vowel length of /akinono:meh/ was found as indicated, i.e. with a long final /o:/. This should be the pattern recorded in all entries. At the same time I checked /akinon/ and perceived a short initial /a/. However, In a recent recording of Oapan Nahuatl I seemed to perceive a long initial /a:/. This should be checked both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec. For now the /a/ has been considered long in both dialects. This might be erroneous, at least for Ameyaltepec. \grm Akinono:meh wa:hlaweh?, de nika:meh? Who (pl.) is coming? Are they from here? Note the pluralization of /nika:n/ here! Thus the form /nika:n/ should be considered an adjectival. \grm Animacy: In Oapan the term a:inon or a:kinon can be used in reference to animals. Thus, one can can say a:inon? 'What is it? (i.e., what is its name).' This usage is only for animates, with inanimates the interrogative tli:non is used, as it is in Ameyaltepec for all non-humans. \ref 02149 \lxa a:kinono:n \lxac a:kinono:n \lxo a:yno:no:n \lxoc a:yno:no:n \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se who is it? \ss ¿quién es? \xrb a:kin \cfa tli:nono:n \nse Apparently the pronouns akinon and tli:non, and perhaps others, can take an additional and final on-. With this they become complete predicates, taking no other predicate. Thus one might have Akinon o:wahlaw? 'Who came?' but Akinonon? 'Who is it?' \qry Further determine the grammatical category of these terms. \ref 04606 \lxa akistiwe:wetsi \lxac akistiwe:wetsi \lxo akestewe:wetsi \lxoa akestewe:wetsi \lxoc akistewe:wetsi \lxt akestewe:wetsi, akistewewetsi \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm N \com S-V1 \der N-0 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sem plant \sem herb \se any of two types of closely related but still unidentified weed of the Malvaceae family, considered tlasohli \ss cualquier de los dos tipos de maleza de la familia Malvaceae, todavía no identificada, y considerada tlasohli \pna Akistewe:wetsi | Xiwtli, we:weyakia. Wel kikwa burroh. \pea Akistewe:wetsi : It is a herbaceous plant, it grows out long (along the ground). A donkey can eat it. \psa Akistewe:wetsi : Es una planta herbácea, crece largo (sobre la tierra). Un burro lo puede comer. \xrb akiste \xrb wetsi \nae The etymology of this plant is unclear. Apparently the verbal element wetsi is part of the lexeme, but the other elements are uncertain. Likewise the length of the /e/ of the first /we/ syllable is uncertain. In one utterance of Florencia Marcelino it appears long, but other times it seems to have quite a short duration. With Inocencio Jiménez it appears short. \pqry Vowel length is still a little uncertain and should be carefully checked. \cpl Type of xiwtli and tlasohli that grows along the ground, like watermelon. According to Ramírez and Dakin (1979), who give aquistiwe:wetsi, the Spanish gloss for this plant is "uña caída." No such entry is found in Schoenhals (1988). \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \qry If related to ""uña caída"; check possible relation of /akistewe:wetsi/ to /istitl/ and /wetsi/. Etymology unclear. Recheck vowel lengths with proper software. \vl Use 2nd male token. Vowel length is uncertain; recheck. \ref 02982 \lxa a:ki:xtia \lxac ka:ki:xtia \lxo a:ki:xtia \lxoc ka:ki:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to quickly put into water and take out (e.g., clothes to wash, without soap); to rinse or pour water over (e.g., to get the soap out of clothes that are being washed) \ss meter rápidamente en agua y sacarla; enjuagar (e.g., la ropa al lavarla para quitarle el jabón) \pna Xka:ki:xti motlake:n! \pea Pour water over your clothes (e.g., while washing, in order to get the soap out)! \psa ¡Vierte agua sobre tu ropa (p. ej., al lavarla, para quitarle el jabón)! \pna Nika:ki:xti:s notlake:n pa:mpa weyak, ma tso:liwi. \pea I'm dunk my clothes (in this case a shirt) quickly in water because they are long and I want it to shrink. \psa Voy a meter mi ropa (en este caso una camisa) rápidamente en el agua porque es larga y quiero que se encoja. \pna Xne:xchia, ma nika:ki:xti notlake:n! \pea Wait for me, let me rinse out my clothes! \psa ¡Espérame, déjame enjuagar mi ropa! \xrb a: \xrb ki:sa \nse A:ki:xtia signifies to wash clothes rapidly just with water, not with soap, or to rinse the soap out of ones clothes by pouring water over them. This verb also refers to the action of putting something, such as clothing, in water and then taking it out (in the case of clothes to hang up to dry). \grm Noun incorporation (semantics): Re: /a:ki:xtia/: Note that in this case the /a:/ seems to refer to the location at which the action takes place. That is, one is not "removing water" but rather "(putting in rapidly and) removing from water." The synthetic expression of /ka:ki:xtia/ would therefore be /kiki:xtia de itik a:tl/ or some such equivalent. \ref 04517 \lxa a:koita \lxac ka:koita \lxo ákoíta \lxoc kákoíta \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular: cf. ita \pa yes-lex \infv Irregular; see. ita \se to glance or look up at \ss ver a o echar una mirada (a algo) que está hacia arriba \pna Sa: kakoistok ikomo:chiw. Yo:tla:k, sa: para kitekis. \pea He's just gazing up at his guamúchil tree. It has already born fruit, it's just waiting to be picked. \psa No más está mirando hacia arriba a su guamúchil. Ya dió fruta, falta nada más cortársela. \xrb ahko \xrb ita \ono akotlachia \nae In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: mitsákoíta. The length of the initial /a/ in Ameyaltepec /a:koita/ is still not completely certain. \qry Recheck vowel length to determine whether initial 'a' is long or short. Cf. notes with /a:koki:sa/ and /akopilowa/, i.e. that possibly certain compounds derived with /ahko/ show initial vowel lengthening. Cf. GRAM 1986-03-7.1. In Oapan the first vowel is definitely short. Note that I had this definition: /to get large or swollen/ from the sentence /Sa: kakoistok i:ti, me:roh note:kas/ 'Her belly is large (with child), she's about to give birth.' \qry The meaning of /sa: ka:koistok iti/ should be checked. Is this used only with /iti/ and is the subject or object /iti/. This latter could be checked by asking if /sa: nika:koistok niti, me:roh nimote:kas/ is correct. Also question whether it only refers to pregnancy or whether it can also refer to boils, pimples and other such skin features. \grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan the pitch accent stays on the first syllable: mitsákoíta. NB. This suggests that the pitch accent is a result of a coda phenomenon that raises the pitch of the preceding nucleus, and that it is not a boundary phenomenon. \ref 04883 \lxa akoki:sa \lxac akoki:sa \lxo ákokí:sa \lxoc ákokí:sa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to move or slide upward (e.g., from a horizontal position, such as from the foot to the head of a bed) \ss deslizarse hacia arriba (desde una posición horizontal, p. ej., desde el pie a la cabeza de una cama) \pna Akoki:stok mokone:w. Xkonta, tla:mo wa:lwetsis! \pea Your child (while lying down) is moving up to the top of the bed. Go take care of him, if you don't he will fall to the ground! \psa Tu hijo (acostado sobre la cama) se está deslizando hacia arriba. Vélo, porque si no lo hagas se va a caer. \xrb ahko \xrb ki:sa \nae The length of initial vowels is often difficult to determine, as the range of variation between long and short vowels is not as great as it is in other phonological contexts. Acoustic measurements of the Oapan speech tokens reveals durations in the upper range of that for short vowels. \qry As with several other compounds beginning with the root /ahko/ this has been recorded with a long /a:/. Cf. extended note under /akopilowa/. For both /a:koita/ any /a:koki:sa/ I have one recorded example of each, both with an initial long /a:/ which should, nevertheless, be checked. \pqry Here as elsewhere check for all /ako/ morphemes. \ref 04369 \lxa a:ko:koh \lxac i:a:ko:koh \lxo a:ko:koh \lxoc i:a:ko:koh \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \seao Adam's apple \ssao nuez de la garganta \seo double chin \sso papada \equivao ko:koh \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \2links ko:koh is double. \qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check for /h/ in neighboring dialects. I originally had Am with a short /a/, this has been changed on the basis of the Oapan information \ref 05306 \lxa a:ko:koteteki \lxac ka:ko:koteteki \lxo a:kó:kotétekí \lxoc ka:kó:kotétekí \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to cause a sharp pain in the throat of (e.g., strong drink, sth very salty, etc.) \sso causar un dolor en la garganta a (p. ej., una bebida fuerte, algo muy salado, etc.) \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb teki \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /a:kó:kotétekí/. The first pitch accent is from the {h} of /a:ko:koh/. The second is from the coda {h} in the reduplicant, and the final is intonational. For an analysis of the possible reasons, cf /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. Note that Florencia and Inocencio specifically denied the acceptability of */a:kó:kó:tekí/ or similar forms. \ref 06811 \lxa a:ko:kotitlan \lxac i:a:ko:kotitlan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \xrb \ref 08257 \lxa akokwilia \lxac kakokwilia \lxo ákokwília \lxop akokwilia \lxoc kákokwília \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \inc Adv-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to pick or lift up for \ss recoger o levantar para \pna Xne:chakokwili! O:nikwa:ltlakal. \pea Pick it up for me! I dropped it (or knocked it down to the ground). \psa ¡Recógemelo! Se me cayó (o lo tiré al suelo). \pna Xkakokwili iko:lah moma:choh! \pea Lift up the tail of your mule! \psa ¡Levántale la cola a tu macho! \pna Xkakokwili! Xkwa:lmaka! \pea Pick it up for him! Reach over here and give it to him! \psa ¡Levántaselo! ¡Extienda el brazo hacia aquí para dárselo! \pna Tewa tine:chakokwili:s. Newa xniweli, yetí:k. \pea You're the one to lift it up for me. I can't, it's too heavy. \psa Tú eres él que lo va a levantar para mí. Yo no puedo, pesa demasiado. \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \xvba akokwi \xvbo ákokwí \qry In one entry I had /akokwilia/, reflecting the common /o/ - /u/ variation. In another entry I had a long /i:/, i.e. /akukwi:lia/. These issues should be checked. Perhaps change this to /akukwilia/ for Am practical orthography. \vl Check vowel length of both dialects. Cf. to all other words with /ahko/ as a stem/root. \ref 01874 \lxa a:ko:lo:tl \lxac a:ko:lo:tl \lxo a:ko:lo:tl \lxoc a:ko:lo:tl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of crayfish that is said to sting, still not definitively identified \ss tipo de cangrejo del río que dicen pica, todavía no identificado definitivamente \pna A:ko:lo:tl | Ke:n ko:lo:tl, pero itik a:tl cha:neh. Chika:wak te:kwa pero xmotech ki:sas. \pea A:ko:lo:tl : It is like a scorpion but it lives in the water. It stings very much but it will not make you ill. \psa A:ko:lo:tl : Es como un alacrán pero vive en el agua. Pica fuerte pero no se te va a trabar. \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb ko:lo: \nse The a:ko:lo:tl is not considered a type of michin, at least by several Ameyaltepec consultants. \ref 05135 \lxa akomi:na \lxac nakomi:na \lxo akomi:ni \lxoc nakomi:ni \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to jump forward (and generally over sth) \ss (refl.) saltar adelante (y generalmente sobre algo) \pna Xmakomi:na! Ma:ka tipolakis itik un sokitl! \pea Take a leap over it! Don't sink into that mud! \psa ¡Sáltale! ¡No te vayas a hundir en el lodo! \se (refl.) to leap or spring up in the air (e.g., fish that try to jump out of a terraya) \ss (refl.) saltar o brincar hacia arriba (p. ej., peces que tratar de salir de una terraya) \pna Xma:komi:na para tasis! \pea Jump up high so that you can reach it! \psa ¡Brinca arriba para que alcanzes! \pna Xma:komi:na! Xkontila:na! \pea Jump up! Reach up and take it down (sth hanging)! \psa ¡Bríncale! ¡Estírate para bajarlo (algo colgado)! \pna Xmakomi:na! Xtleko ipan burroh! \pea Leap up! Get on the burro! \psa ¡Bríncale! ¡Súbete al burro! \pna Asta nakomi:ntokeh! Miák michin. \pea The water is jumping (with fish)! There are a lot of fish. \psa ¡Hasta están brincando! Hay muchos peces. \pna O:nakomi:nte:w. O:nomamuwtih. \pea It suddenly jumped up. It got startled (in this case an animal). \psa De repente saltó. Se asustó (en este caso un animal). \pna Yo:isak. O:pe:w nakomi:na. Xkonta, ma:ka wa:lwetsis! \pea He's woken up (e.g., a child in a hammock). He's started to move up and down a lot. Take a look at him, make sure he doesn't fall to the ground! \psa Ya despertó (p. ej., un niño en una hamaca). Empezó a brincar. ¡Vélo para que no se vaya a caer al suelo! \seo to push up and against (e.g., a stick or post against a roof or covering) \sso empujar hacia arriba y contra (algo, p. ej., una vara o poste contra algo como un techo) \xrb ahko \xrb mi:na \nae In Ameyaltepec this word has only been documented in the reflexive form to indicate the jumping up or forward of an animate being. A transitive use with a specific object has only been documented in Oapan, as indicated in the final sense given above, referring to a stick or post pushing up against a covering or roof. \qry In a final check for Ameyaltepec I have determined that the initial vowel is definitely long, /a:/; it has so been recorded But the use in Oapan should be rechked. Check to see if non-reflexive use occurs and if so change the /cat code. \pqry Check vl of first /a/ particularly in Am form. \vl Check for p-a; it should be here. \ref 00250 \lxa a:komohli \lxac a:komohli \lxo a:komohli \lxoc a:komohli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \se large and deep area in a river where the water is calm and slow moving, circling around slowly \ss área larga, plana y profunda de un río donde el agua está calmada y algo estancada; no corre rápido y circula lentamente \xrb a: \xrb komol \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05847 \lxa a:komo:nia \lxac na:komo:nia \lxo a:komo:nia \lxoc na:komo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to make water splash loudly by hitting it hard with one hand (e.g., young people playing in the river) \sso (refl.) chapotear el agua para que hace un ruido fuerte al golpearla con la mano (p. ej., jovenes jugando en el río) \xrb a: \xrb komo: \ref 06960 \lxa a:ko:mposa:wa \lxac na:ko:mposa:wa \lxo ---- \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) (for certain mixtures such as dough) to expand or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts \ss (refl.) (por ciertas mezclas como la masa) crecer o levantarse por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar \pna Na:ko:mposa:wtok pa:n. \pea The bread is rising. \psa El pan se está levantando. \cfo ákokwí \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb posa: \nse A:ko:mposa:wa is also used to refer to maize that is placed in a nexko:ntli and rises to the surface as it expands from absorbing water. \nae The presence of the root for water is expected given the fact that the rising takes place because of the water. However, the identification of ko:m in the etymology is uncertain. The vowel length of the initial elements need, therefore, to be checked. \qry Recheck length. Check to determine whether a transative form can be used ?nika:ko:mposa:was. \grm The fact that the verb is a transitive used to indicate an intransitive action suggests that the reflexive is used to mark an anticausative. This should be noted in the grammar and perhaps a code developed to mark anticausatives. Note that it is interesting that despite the fact that /posa:wi/ exists as an intransitive, the transitive is used in this form. Perhaps the reason is that the water is a type of agent or cause and thus the dough rises because of the water; /posa:wi/ would then not be used since there is in effect some external cause. \vl Note to JDA: recheck Am vowel length later. \ref 03362 \lxa a:ko:nteya \lxac *a:ko:nteya \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea type of insect still not identified \ssa tipo de insecto todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equivo chochoteya \encyctmp insects \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb teya \nse The etymology of a:ko:nteya (also pronounced a:ko:nteyak) is uncertain. Pánfilo Lorenzo said that this is an insect that one asks where one is going to eat. Other consultants mentioned that they had heard of this insect but did not know of the custom. Others denied knowing the name at all. Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal called chochoteya, the male not the female, may be asked Ka:nika Mé:jikoh and in response it raises its arm. The female, which is eaten, is not asked this question. \qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had /a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation. \ref 07655 \lxa a:ko:ntli \lxac a:ko:ntli \lxo a:ko:ntli \lxoc a:ko:ntli \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se large, standing earthenware water jug \ss tinaja amplia hecha de barro que se usa para almacenar agua \cola wexo:lo:tl \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \qry Cf. drawing with 3x5 card entry. \mod Illustrate \ref 06031 \lxa akopanketsa \lxac nakopanketsa \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to buck or rear-up \ss (refl.) reparar o encabritar \pna Nakopanketsas momulah, kemech nomaxtia. \pea Your mule will rear up, it's just being broken in. \psa Tu mula se va a encabritar, apenas se está amansando. \pna Nakopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki. \pea Your burro will buck because it is wild. \psa Se va a encabritar tu burro por serrano. \syno á:watekétsa \xrb ahko \xrb pan \xrb ketsa \nse Akopanketsa is used to refer to the action of an an animal (mule, horse, donkey, etc.) that rises up on its hind legs while raising its front ones. \qry Determine whether only used in the reflexive and change /cat accordingly. Check for causative as originally I had this listed as having a causative. \pqry Check the vl of the first vowel in the Am form. \ref 05194 \lxa akopanketsaltia \lxac kakopanketsaltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc \der \tran \infv class-2a \se to cause to buck or rear-up \ss hacer reparar o encabritar \xrb ahko \xrb pan \xrb ketsa \mod C. Flores suggested that the /o/ be written /u/, as it is pronounced. \ref 08300 \lxa a:kopilkatinemi \lxac a:kopilkatinemi \lxo ákopilkatími \lxop akopilkatimi \lxoc ákopilkatími \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc Stat-Asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \seao to go around looking up in the air \ssao andar mirando hacia arriba \pna Nopió ye a:kopilkatinemi. Ye tlatlakalis. Notlaye:kchiwili:s. \pea My chicken is going around looking up (to see where it will roost). It is about to lay its eggs. It will arrange a nest for itself. \psa Mi gallina anda mirando hacia arriba (para ver donde hacer su nido). Está a punto de poner. Va a arreglarse su nido. \xrb ahko \xrb pilka \xrb nemi \dis akotlachia; akopilkatinemi \qry Check to determine whether /a:kopilkatok/ is an actual verb. I seem to remember it, but it is not in the lexicon. If it is, add it and mention why /a:kopilkatinemi/ and /a:kopilkatok/ are given separate entries (i.e., because of the rarity that a word would have these alternations). \vl Check here the vowel length. Am perhaps has a long vowel (there are numerous cases where I have written this down) whereas Oa has pitch-accent. However, many Oapanecos and Oapanecas seem to pronounce /ákopilatinémi/ with a long initial vowel that also receives how pitch. \rt Discuss relation between /pilka/ and /pil/. \ref 00825 \lxa akopilowa \lxac kakopilowa \lxo ákopilówa \lxoc kákopilówa \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to hang up (by the feet or neck) \ss colgar (por los pies o el cuello) \pna Ne: xkonakopilo, ma yestemo! \pea Go hang it up there so that the blood flows down (in this case a chicken hung up upside-down, to be eaten later, so that the blood flows to its head)! \psa ¡Ve a colgarlo, que se baje la sangre (en este caso una gallina colgada arriba-abajo para que la sangre baje a su cabeza para que después se coma)! \pna Yo:nikakopiloh se: un tópio para tihkwa:skeh. \pea I've hung up (upside-down in this case) one of our hens (after breaking its neck) so that we can eat it. \psa He colgado una de nuestra gallinas (cabeza abajo, después de haberle roto el cuello) para que la podemos comer. \se to tie upright and in a stretched out vertical position (an animal such as a dog by the neck, with its feet on the ground so that it can't lie down) \ss colgar o amarrar en posición vertical (un animal como un perro por el cuello, estirado hacia arriba con los pies en el suelo para que esté parado en puntas) \pna Nikimakopilowa:ya nokone:wa:n. Xkipia itlakakilis. \pea I used to tie my children up by their necks. They aren't obedient. \psa Solía amarrar a mis hijos del cuello. No obedecen. \pna Xkakopilo motskwin! \pea Tie your dog up high (by the neck so that it can't lie down; for example, near a milpa so that the dogs barking scares off animals)! \psa ¡Amarra a tu perro estirándolo para arriba (por el cuello para que no se pueda acostar; por ejemplo, a la orilla de una milpa para que ladre y ahuyente a los animales). \pna O:nika:piloh notskwin para ma tlayawato. Ke:n ne:xtlakwa:lia yo:lka:tsi:n. \pea I tied my dog up by the neck (so that he couldn't lie down) so that he would be barking. Animals have really eaten my milpa. \psa Amarré a mi perro por el cuello (para que no se pudiera acostar) para que estuviera ladrando. Los animales me han comido la milpa. \xrb ahko \xrb pil \dis ahkopilowa; pilowa \pqry This and other words beginning with /ahko/ at times have been recorded with a long vowel, and at times with a short vowel. They should all be rechecked: /a:koita/, /a:koki:sa/, /a:kopilowa/, /a:kotlachia/ and /a:kotoka/. However, all words with the root /ahko/ should be checked for initial vowel length. Also, cf. cognates in San Juan Tetelcingo and Oapan for /h/ and unusual stresIndeed, all have at least occasionally been recorded with a long initial /a:/ except /akukwi/ which is consistently short. For /a:kopilowa/ I have rechecked and determined that the initial /a:/ is indeed long. Note that the variation between /ako/ and /a:ko/ perhaps indicates a suppletive process similar to derivatives with /mah/ and /ma:/. Check and perhaps rewrite canonical head entries. The length of the first vowel in the Oapan Nahuatl tokens are 69 and 78 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 79 and 81 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. \mod Add entry under /yestemowa/ and /tlakakilistli/. \grm Note lack of number agreement in the example: /Nikima:kopilowa:ya nokone:wan. Xkipia itlakakilis/. This is a common occurrence and this particular one should be commented on re: number agreement. \ref 04267 \lxa a:kotoka \lxac ka:kotoka \lxo ákotokówa \lxop akotokowa \lxoc kákotokówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to go upriver against the current, walking, swimming, or in a small boat \ss ir río arriba, caminando, nadando, o en una lancha \pna O:nika:kotokak ipan la:nchah. \pea I went upstream in a small boat. \psa Fuí río arriba en una lancha. \pna Xka:kotoka! \pea Go upstream! \psa ¡Ve río arriba! \sem motion \xrb a: \xrb ahko \xrb toka \nae The etymology of a:kotoka or a:kotokowa is uncertain and needs to be carefully considered. One would expect a derivation including a:- (the root for 'water'). Or, considering that in Ameyaltepec underlying or historical {ah} sequences seem to yield a long vowel, one might expect simply the element ahko meaning 'high up' (as in a:kotlachia 'to look upward'). The final element, toka 'to follow,' seems considerably more transparent. The Ameyaltepec word could, therefore, be either {a: + ahko + toka} or simply {ahko + toka}, with ahko signifying 'upriver.' However, if the element ahko is part of the compound, one would expect pitch-accent in the Oapan version, which according to my initial notes is not present. This word should be rechecked for pitch accent and the cognates in other dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) should be elicited. Also problematical is the -owa ending for the Oapan term. Often this ending is found with intransitive verbs that were originally o-final and intransitive (e.g., Classical pano and Balsas panowa). But a:kotokowa is transitive. Note, finally, that a:kotoka has been documented only with the 3rd-person singular object marker k-. \qry The first vowel, it is definitely long and may be used in elicitation to compare with other derivatives using /ahko/, probably result from /a:/ of /a:tl/ plus /ahko/. Cf. note with /akopilowa/. In Oapan the form /-akotokowa/ is used (check pitch pattern). This verb might be used only with third person singular object, this should be checked. Also to be checked is the referent of this object. It might just well be that the etymology is simply {ahko + toka} and that the object is the river, with the meaning being 'to follow (toka) upward (ahko)' with the implied object. Cf. here also the /kakoistok iti/ and the question of the referent of the object marker /k-/. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan form. If it is there, add /pa yes field. \sj a:kotoka \ref 01144 \lxa akotlachia \lxac akotlachia \lxo ákotláchia \lxoc ákotláchia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes-lex \se to look upward \ss alzar la vista o mirar hacia arriba \pna Akotlachi:xtok. \pea He is looking upward (to a place up high). \psa El está mirando hacia arriba (hacia un lugar alto). \pna Xakotlachia! \pea Look upward! \psa ¡Mira (hacia) arriba! \xrb ahko \xrb tlachia \qry Vowel length has been recorded as both long and short and should be checked for initial /a:/ or /a/. Cf. extended note with /akopilowa/. However, in a final check I have recorded the initial vowel of /a:kotlachia/ as definitely long; it should thus be changed to /a:/ in all entries. \pqry Recheck vowel length of first vowel, particularly in Am and for all words with /ahko/. \vl Check vl of initial /a/ \ref 03290 \lxa akotlapextli \lxac makotlapech \lxo ákotlapéxtli \lxoc ákotlapéxtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com Mod-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo raised platform of corn stalks or cactus rods on which chile is laid out to dry \sso plataforma alzada hecha de los tallos de maíz o de varas de cactus y que se utiliza para secar chile \sem material \cfa a:kawtlapextli \xrb ahko \xrb pech \nse The Ameyaltepec synonym is a:kawtlapextli, named for the kind of material of which it is made. The Oapan form, ákotlapéxtli apparently refers to the fact that it is a raised platform, hence ahko, the stem for this meaning. \ref 06500 \lxa akotlekuwa \lxac akotlekuwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 31/Jul/2003 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08023 \lxa a:koxo:nia \lxac ka:koxo:nia \lxo a:koxo:nia \lxoc ka:koxo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seo to slosh around in water (e.g., vegetables, beans, fruit such as strawberries, etc. to wash them) \sso agitar en agua (p. ej., verduras, frijoles, frutas como fresas, etc., para limpiarlas) \xrb a: \xrb koxo: \ref 06380 \lxa akoya:chin \lxac akoya:chin \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \sem animal \sem insect \xrb \pqry Recheck vowel length. I would have thought the first /a/ long, but it does not seem so. \ref 08422 \lxa akukwi \lxac kakukwi \lxo ákokwí \lxoc kákokwí \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \sem motion \se to pick up (e.g., some object lying on the ground); to lift up (e.g., a sack, person, etc.) \ss recoger (p. ej., algo tirado por el suelo) alzar; levantar (p. ej., algo pesado como un costal, persona, etc.) \pna O:nikakukw un tomi:n. \pea I picked up that coin. \psa Alcé esa moneda. \pna O:ne:chakukw. \pea He lifted (picked) me up. \psa El me levantó (alzó). \pna Xkakukwi! \pea Pick it up (sth fallen on the ground; or, "Lift it up," sb or sth such as a heavy sack sitting on the ground)! \psa ¡Recógelo (algo caído en el suelo; "Levántalo," a (a algn o algo pesado como un bulto o costal parado en el suelo)! \se (refl.) to rise or puff up (skin from a rash or burn, the top of a blister, carded cotton or wool, tortillas being cooked on a griddle, bread that is rising, a frog when mad, a fire when starting to catch, etc.); to expand (certain mixtures such as dough) or rise from the addition of water or other liquids such as yeasts \ss (refl.) hincharse, inflarse o abultarse (la piel quemada o con comezón, la capa de una ampolla, algodón cardado o algo parecido, tortillas cocidos sobre el comal, pan que se levanta, una rana al enojarse, un fuego al empezar a brotar, etc.); crecer o levantarse (ciertas mezclas como la masa) por la agregación de agua u otros líquidos; leudar \pna Mikha:siwi. Kekexkia. Nakukwi itla:kayo, poso:ni itla:kayo. \pea He has red raised marks (weals) on his body. He itches. His body is puffing out, his body is getting bloated. \psa Tiene manchas rojas por el cuerpo. Tiene comezón. se hincha su cuerpo, se infla su cuerpo. \pna Kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi. \pea She cards the cotton so that it puffs up. \psa Ella carda el algodón para que se abulte. \pna Yo:pe:w nakukwi nonexko:n. \pea Your bucket for soaking maize in lime water has started to rise up (as the maize expands from absorbing water). \psa Tu cubeta de nixtamal se ha empezado a levantar (el maíz por el líquido y cal). \pna Xnakukwtok iti, xi:hla:nkalaktok. Xixwi, xtlakwa. \pea The belly (of my ox) is not bulging, its side is sunken in. It doesn't eat enough to get full, it doesn't eat. \psa La panza (de mi buey) no está combada, su costado está hundido. No se llena (de comer), no come. \pna Nakukwtok motlaxkal. \pea Your tortilla is puffing up. \psa Se está levantando tu tortilla. \pna O:tekwi:n, o:nakukw tlitl. \pea It flared up, the flames rose up. \psa Llameó, se alzaron las llamas. \se (refl.) to curl up \ss (refl.) enroscarse \pna O:nakukw ite:n moli:broh. \pea The edge of your book (its cover) has curled up. \psa Se encorvó la orilla de tu libro (su portada). \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \xvaa akukwilia \xvao ákokwília \nae The Ameyaltepec imperfective can be either akokwiya or akokwia, i.e., [a 'ko kwia] or [a ko 'kwi ya]. The duration of the initial vowel of Oapan ákokwi has been measured at 87 and 76 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 68 and 54 ms for Inocencio Jiménez, a clear indication of phonological shortness. \grm Note the many significations of the reflexive marker with this verb, from a type of passive to intransitive/anticausative. \ref 05713 \lxa a:kwa \lxac a:kwa \lxo a:kwa \lxoc a:kwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to absorb and transmit water (or other liquids); to let water filter out (e.g., through the walls of a container, particularly ceramics like clay canteens) \ss absorber y transminar o dejar filtrar agua u otro líquido (p. ej., a través de las paredes de un recipiente, particularmente las de cerámica como cántaros) \pna A:kwa pa:mpa ye:nkwik, xe a:chika:wi. \pea Water seeps out through it because it's new, it hasn't become hardened by water yet. \psa El agua se transmina (se filtra) a través de ello porque es nuevo, todavía no se ha macizado con el agua. \cfao chichi:na \xrb a: \xrb kwa \nse This is particularly said of things made of clay, such as an a:ko:ntli that slowlys leak because the pourous surface hasn't become hardened yet, a process that may take a couple of weeks. Often a ceramic piece is sumerged in water so that it hardens and thus leaks less; or the clay recepticle may be coated on the inside with a thin layer of cement for the same effect. \pqry This word should give a good example of long initial /a:/. \ref 05266 \lxa a:kwepa \lxac na:kwepa \lxo a:kopa \lxoc na:kopa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to spoil (apparently only eggs) \ss (refl.) echarse a perder (aparentemente solamente huevos) \pna Yo:na:kwep un to:toltetl. Yo:itlakaw, ko:koxo:ni. \pea That egg has gone bad. It's spoiled, it rattles inside (i.e., when shaken the rotten inside can be heard to move back and forth). \psa Ese huevo ya se echó a perder. Ya se pudrió, se siente el movimiento adentro (de la parte pudrida) cuando se agita. \se (refl.) to darken (a cloud as its about to rain) \ss (refl.) ennegrecerse (una nube cuando está a punto de llover) \pna Yo:na:kwep, ye kiawis. \pea It has turned dark (a cloud), it's about to rain. \psa Ya se ennegreció (una nube), está a punto de llover. \pna O:na:kwep moxtli, tli:ltik tlachia. Kiawis. \pea The cloud has gotten dark, it looks black. It's going to rain. \psa La nube se ennegreció, se ve negro. Va a llover. \xrb a: \xrb kwepa \nse This reflexive verb is used to refer to an egg which its inside turns to water as the white becomes runny. However, it may also refer to the darkening (like a rain cloud) of a spoiled egg. \qry Check exactly what is referred to when /na:kwepa/ is used to refer to an egg. Also, check what else might be a possible subject. \qry Check transitivity and whether /ka:kwepa/ is correct or whether a causative form exists for the transitive. \grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwe/ > /ko/ alternation in Am /a:kwepa/ > Oa /a:kopa/. \ref 01414 \lxa a:kwilin \lxac a:kwilin \lxo ---- \dt 06/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea type of water worm, still not positively identified \ssa tipo de gusano de agua todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem animal \sem marine \syno a:kwe:roh \syno a:kwitlaxtli \xrb a: \xrb okwil \cpl This is not classified as a michin. \ref 00709 \lxa a:kwitlayá:k \lxac a:kwitlayá:k \lxo a:kwítlayá:k \lxoc a:kwítlayá:k \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seao to smell, giving off an odor typified by nextamahli that has gone bad from sitting too long in water \ssao ser hediondo, emitiendo un olor como él del nixtamal que se ha echado a perder \pna A:kwitlayá:k motlaxkal. \pea Your tortillas are foul-smelling and foul-tasting (because the nextamahli had spoiled from sitting too long in water, i.e., o:a:kwitlaya:yak). \psa Tus tortillas están mal de olor y saber (porque el nixtamal se había echado a perder en el agua, esto es, o:a:kwitlaya:yak). \xrb a: \xrb kwitla \xrb hya: \nse A:kwitlayá:k is apparently used only to refer to nextamahli, masa, or tortillas. A:molo:nki (and the verb form a:molo:nia) can also be used to refer to the smell acquired by things that sit too long in water that then becomes rancid. \qry Check for other possible subject of a:kwitlayá:k, such as clothes left too long sitting in water. Also check the difference between a:kwitlayá:k and a:molo:nki. \ref 00632 \lxa a:kwitlaya:ya \lxac a:kwitlaya:ya \lxo a:kwiílayá:ya \lxoc a:kwítlayá:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seao to acquire a foul smell from sitting in water (e.g., nextamahli) \ssao adquirir un mal olor por quedarse en agua estancado (p. ej., nixtamal) \pna O:a:kwitlaya:yak monextamal. Asta ye wi:kplakayo:tl. \pea Your nextamahli has become foul-smelling (from sitting too long in water). It's already from the day before yesterday. \psa Tu nixtamal ha agarrado un mal olor por haberse estancado en el agua. Ya es de antier. \xrb a: \xrb kwitla \xrb hya: \dis a:molo:nia \mod Add entry under /wikplakayo:tl/. \vl Check p-a as my original notes/entry/orthography for the Oapan word did not have p-a and I have added it based on the morphology. \ref 01009 \lxa a:lache:wi \lxac a:lache:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08485 \lxa a:lachio \lxac i:a:lachio \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb a:lach \ref 08268 \lxa a:lachioh \lxac a:lachioh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08484 \lxa a:lachiwi \lxac a:lachiwi \lxo a:lachiwi \lxoc a:lachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become slimy or slippery; to acquire a soapy texture \ss hacerse baboso o viscoso \pna Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw. \pea You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (from the sweat). \psa Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (del sudor). \nse To become slippery and slimy like nopales, or old food such as beans that start to go bad. This verb can also refer to the texture of something soapy. \xrb a:lach \nae The vowel length of this word was originally noted as long, but measures of the duration of the 4 tokens from Oapan revealed lenghts of 104 and 99 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 88 and 92 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. This seems to be within the range of short word-initial vowels although further comparisons with related forms will need to be conducted. For now, however, the initial vowel of the Oapan form has been written left long as originally noted. \vl Check vowel length of first vowel \ref 03203 \lxa a:lamatsi:n \lxac a:lamatsi:n \lxo a:lámatsí:n \lxop a:lamatsi:n \lxoc a:lámatsí:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se literally the 'old woman of the water'; a being that lives underwater with her husband. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in the river. Offerings are given to appease her and a:we:we:ntsi:n and gain the return of lost and frightened souls. \ss literalmente la 'anciana del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposo: A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a ella y a a:we:we:ntsi:n para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas. \pna Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n. \pea Don't let "the old woman of the water" drag you away into the water. \psa No dejes que "la anciana del agua" te jale dentro del agua. \xrb a: \xrb lamah \encyctmp tlakaka:wa \qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/. \mod Add a text on these beings. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 01709 \lxa a:la:wa \lxac ka:la:wa \lxo a:la:wa \lxoc ka:la:wa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to pull or push down (items piled in a heap) \ss jalar o empujar hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas) \pna Xka:la:wa: sintli para ma tpixkaka:n! \pea Pull down the mazorcas (from the top of a pile down to where we are sitting on or close to the floor) so that we can shuck it! \psa ¡Jálale la mazorca (desde el tope de un montón hacia donde estamos sentados por el suelo) para que así podremos deshojarla! \se to smooth down and remove bumps (over an area) \ss aplanar y quitar las protuberancias (en un área) \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani! \pea Smooth that earth down (where it is slightly raised in a mound) so that the ground becomes even! \psa ¡Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano! \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok para ma chaya:wi! \pea Push that earth down there where it is piled up so that it spreads out (and the ground becomes more even)! \psa Jálale a esa tierra donde allí donde está algo amontonada para que se extienda (y que se alise la tierra)! \pna Xka:la:wa un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmanto! \pea Knock down that earth (where it is piled up) so that the ground becomes smooth! \psa ¡Jálale a esa tierra (donde está apilada) para que quede el suelo liso! \xrb a:la: \nse The most common sense of a:la:wa is to push, knock or pull a material such as earth, grain, etc. from a heap, pulling down the sides so that it comes sliding or falling down. Thus one illustrative sentence refers to a situation in which people are sitting in front of a mound of maize shucking the corn or shelling it. In this context one person may say to another: "xka:la:wa" so that the second individual pulls down some of the mazorca so that it is right in front of the workers.' This verb may also be used to refer to the action of pulling and pushing down earth that is heaped up over an area. As an intransitive it refers to soil that slides down along slopes with loosely packed earth. \qry In some entries I have recorded a long initial vowel whereas in others I have recorded a short /a/. This should be definitely checked. Check also whether the intensifier /te-/ can be used since it is recorded as possible with /a:la:wi/. \ref 01774 \lxa a:la:wi \lxac a:la:wi \lxo a:la:wi \lxoc a:la:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. prefix te- \se to crumble or fall down (things piled in a heap, land during an avalanche) \ss desmoronarse, venir hacia abajo (cosas amontonadas o apiladas, un avalanche) \pna Ma:ka mopan a:la:wis un tlikuwtli! \pea Don't let that pile of firewood come falling down on you! \psa ¡No dejes que ese montón de leña te caiga encima! \pna O:a:la:w un tekorral. \pea That stone wall (i.e., part of it) tumbled down (with the stones slipping off each other). \psa Esa cerca de piedras (esto es, parte de ella) se derrumbó. \pna Yo:pe:w a:la:wi moswaw. Xkwahli o:htili:nitiah. \pea Your bundles of (tied together) maize leaves have started to slip down (from where they had been piled up). You didn't tie them up tightly as you went along. \psa Los manojos de zacate (que guardaste) han empezado a venirse hacia abajo (de donde habían sido apilados). No ibas amarrándolos bien. \se to scrape oneself \ss rasparse \pna O:niteaga:la:w. \pea I got scraped (from falling). \psa Me raspé (al caer). \xrb a:la: \dis disam xiti:ni; xi:pe:wi; a:la:wi \nse This verb refers to items piled up that slide down: earth avalanching, things coming down a slope, etc. In reference to scraping, this form may be compounded with the parts of the body affected: ma:aga:la:wi, ikxiaga:la:wi, etc. Often a voiced velar stop (or fricative) occurs after the reduplicated syllable. This has been written with a /g/. \qry Perhaps the intensifier can only be used with the sense of 'scrape.' This should be checked. \grm Note the phonetically predictable insertation of [g] between the reduplicated /aa:/. \ref 03184 \lxa a:laxtik \lxac a:laxtik \lxo a:laxtik \lxoc a:laxtik \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-iwi-tik \se to be slimy, slippery, or viscous (like nopales, fruit such as pineapple that has gone bad, beans that are starting to spoil); soapy \ss ser baboso, resbaloso o viscoso (tal como nopales, fruta como la piña o también frijoles que se han empezado a echarse a perder); lleno de jabón \pna Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. \pea Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. \psa Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. \pna Xpapa:ka un michin ika límo:n, ma ki:sa a:laxtik! \pea Wash that fish with lemon to get out the slimy and slippery texture (chicken meat that is old is washed with lemon for the same reason)! \psa ¡Lava ese pescado con limón para que se le quite lo grasoso (por la misma razón se le frota con limón carne de pollo ya algo vieja)! \xrb a:lach \qry Although all my Ameyaltepec examples were originally written down with a short vowel, this should be checked as per the documentation from Oapan along with that reported in FK. \mod Add example of /san ke:nkah/ to the dictionary. \grm Note how /kah/ is added to certain adjectives: /ke:nka/, na:nkah/, etc. \ref 01281 \lxa alba:kah \lxac alba:kah \lxo aliba:kah \lxoc aliba:kah \dt 20/May/2002 \loan albahaca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se basil, a type of small, white flowering plant \ss albahaca, tipo de pequeña planta con flores blancas \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem domesticated \cpl Schoenhals (1988) identifies albaca as Ocimum basilicum, 'sweet basil' and states that it is used for stomache aches. \nfc xo:chitl \qry One record has /aliba:kah/. Check pronunciation. \ref 05634 \lxa albe:stoh \lxac albe:stoh \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \loan asbestos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea asbestos sheeting used for house roofs \ssa lámina de asbesto para techar \syno lá:minah \ref 02160 \lxa alégriah \lxac alégriah \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan alegría \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2(1=2) \se type of sweet, called alegría in Spanish, made from sesame and panela that is toasted on a clay griddle \ss alegría; tipo de dulce hecho de ajonjolí y panela que se dora sobre un comal \equivo ajolnekri:yah \ref 07634 \lxa alkó:l \lxac alkó:l \lxo alko:l \lxoc alko:l \dt 12/Mar/2002 \loan alcohol \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se alcohol \ss alcohol \se strong alcoholic beverage such as pika:doh or mezcal \ss bebida alcohólica fuerte como pika:doh or mezcal \cfa tlatlakola:tl \ref 03875 \lxa a:lma:mi:hli \lxac a:lma:mi:hli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan alma \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea cornfield planted late in the season, about August 15 when teams of oxen are traditionally let out to graze, so that elotes are available for All Saints Day \ssa milpa sembrada hacia el final de la temporada de lluvias, aproximadamente el 15 de agosto cuando tradicionalmente se deja la yunta para apacentar, para que los elotes estén para Todos Santos \xrb mi:l \nse In Oapan there is no specific or single word equivalent of this Ameyaltepec term. Rather, one might just say nito:kas i tlahpak para i:pan mihka:ilwitl onyes ye:lo:tl. \qry Recheck vowel length on original filecard. Once recorded as /a:lma:mi:hli/, another time as /a:lmami:hli/. \ref 04124 \lxa almo:n \lxac almo:n \lxo a:lmo:n \lxoc a:lmo:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan almud \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. almo:meh; poss. noálmo:n, noalmó:n. \se reed basket (typically of o:tlatl) used to hold or transport items, particularly dried ears of maize, shelled maize, ceramics, etc. \ss canasta, tipicamente de otate, usada para guardar o transportar cosas, particularmente mazorca, maíz, cerámica, etc. \sem measure \nse Although originally an almud referred to a particular measure (of 4 cuartillos, which equals 1/24 of a carga; an almud is also 7.568 liters or 6.88 dry quarts), in the Balsas area this term no longer a particular measure but rather a basket that can be various sizes: 4, 5, 6, or more cuartillos; the largest are 12 or even 25 cuartillos. \qry Also determine the number of liters in a cuartillo for my notes above. \vl Check vowel length: one instance had short final /o/. In general vowel length is difficult to record in final /on/. Perhaps accent shift affects length in this borrowing. Probably the Am form has a long initial /a:/. Check and confirm. \ref 02174 \lxa a:lo \lxac a:lo \lxo a:lo; a:lomeh \lxoc a:lo; a:lomeh \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. a:lomeh \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334 \se type of parakeet, apparently the Pacific Parakeet, Aratinga strennua, or a close relative \ss tipo de perico, aparentemente el "Pacific Parakeet," Aratinga strennua o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a:lo \nse Although the singular is a:lo, these birds are always found in groups; for this reason the plural form a:lomeh is more common and is the form used in describing them. This bird is large and not considered a to:to:tl. \nde Molina gives alo as 'papagayo grande.' \qry Check absence of final /h/. \pqry Use the plural form as a "control" for short /o/ before /-meh/ since /a:lomeh/ seems to definitely have a short /o/. \nct No overt category. \ref 05818 \lxa a:lpi:chia \lxac ka:lpi:chia \lxo a:lpi:chia \lxoc ka:lpi:chia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to spray with a liquid (water, insecticide, etc.) \ss rociar con algún líquido (agua, insecticida, etc.) \pna Tika:lpichi:s un tepa:ntli, kipia kalxomilin. \pea You will spray that wall (with insecticide), it has bugs. \psa Vas a rocíar aquella pared (con insecticida), tiene chinches. \pna Newa nitla:lpichi:s. \pea I'll do the spraying (e.g., of insecticide for bugs inside a house, on a bed, etc.). \psa Soy yo quien va a rociar (p. ej., con insecticida para chinches dentro de una casa, sobre una cama, etc.). \pna Nitla:lpi:chi:s para ma mikika:n tekpimeh. \pea I will spray (insecticide) so that the fleas die. \psa Voy a rociar (insecticida con una bomba) para que se mueran las pulgas. \se to force out liquid (particularly water) from ones mouth in a fine spray onto (e.g., onto a sick person during a curing ceremony, or onto sth to moisten it) \ss expulsar un líquido (particularmente agua) sobre con fuerza de la boca en un spray fino (p. ej., sobre un enfermo por un curandero durante una ceremonia para curar, o para humedecer algún objeto) \pna Xka:lpi:chi un so:ya:tl para ma a:yema:nia. \pea Spray water (forcing it out from your mouth) on that palm so that it softens up (and can be easily used to tie). \psa Rocíale agua (expulsándola de la boca) a esa palma para que se suavice (y se pueda utilizar para atar). \pna Ka:lpi:chi:s un kokoxki. \pea He (a curandero) will spray water (from his mouth) onto that sick person. \psa Le va a rociar agua a ese enfermo (un curandero, expulsándola fuertemente de su boca). \xrb a: \xrb pi:ch \qry /a:lpi:chia/ appears in several examples with a long /i:/, as expected, but also with a short /i/. The vowel length should be checked. \vl Link 1st female token. \rt There might be a relation between pi:ch of a:lpi:chia and pi:ts of pi:tsa. \ref 05137 \lxa a:ltia \lxac na:ltia \lxo a:ltia \lxoc na:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to bathe; (by extension) to wash clothes while bathing at the same time \ss bañar; (por extensión) lavar ropa y bañarse al mismo tiempo \pna Tika:lti:s mokone:w. \pea You are going to bathe your child. \psa Vas a bañar a tu niño. \pna O:na:lti:to nosuwa:w. tla:ltia \pea My wife went to wash clothes and bathe. \psa Mi esposa fue a lavar ropa y bañarse. \pna Ok ma nima:lti! \pea Let me first take a bath (i.e., and then I'll do it)! \psa ¡Déjame bañar primero (y entonces lo haré)! \se to make (candles, by pouring wax on them over and over) \ss hacer (velas, al bañarlas con cera) \pna Ka:ltitok ibe:lah a:mantsi:n. \pea Right now she is making her candles. \psa Ahora mismo está haciendo sus velas. \xrb a: \xv1ao tla:ltia \nse In regards to candlemaking, this verb refers to the action of pouring hot wax over wicks that are hung down from a large circular wooden frame of a bent stick. With the prefix tla- there is no reduction of the /aa:/ sequence in Ameyaltepec although the reduction of the vowel sequence does occur in Oapan. The forms tlaa:ltia (Am) and tla:ltia are always interpreted as referring to candlemaking (hence the separate entry. The reflexive na:ltia refers to bathing (male or female), but when applied to a woman it often refers to the process of going to wash clothes at the river and then bathing at the same time. This is true particularly when the directional is used, (e.g., o:na:lti:to) since when a woman goes to bathe (hence the directional) she will often take advantage of the opportunity to take clothes along to wash. Finally, given the lexicalization of this verb, I have not considered it as denominalized; thus it is coded as a basic verb (V2-b). \qry Probably derived from /a:tl/ plus the verbalizing suffix /-tia/, with loss of occlusion in the "absolutive" /tl/. \mod Illustrate \ref 03369 \lxa a:ltika:yoh \lxac xna:ltika:yoh \lxo á:ltiká:yoh \lxoc xná:ltiká:yoh \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(refl.) \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) \se (x + refl.) unbathed \ss (x + refl.) no bañado \pna Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh. \pea You (pl) are not cleanly bathed. You have dirty heads. \psa No están ustedes bien bañados. Tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras. \xrb a: \qry Although I have not checked in this present case, in other similar words ending in /ka:yoh/ apparently there is a tendency for them to be used in the negative; check to see if this is a necessary condition. Cf. also forms such as /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ or similar phrases. \grm Mention this form in the grammar. Also all should be coded and an explanation given in the coding manual that these are listed in the basic affirmative form. Note also that from /xtlah tikchi:wka:yoh/ that the negative marker is phrasal and may not occur next to the participial form. Note that it may take a reflexive morphology. \ref 04261 \lxa am \lxac ama:tekon \lxo nim- \lxocpend \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural \ssao de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural \nae The form nimo- is used before consonant-initial stems; nim- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally nimo- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07362 \lxa a:mai:skitl \lxac a:mai:skitl \lxo a:mai:skitl \lxoc a:mai:skitl \lxt a:mai:skitl \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree of those generically called a:matl or a:makuwtli \ss tipo de árbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matl o a:makuwtli \pna A:mai:skitl | San tihkukwa:s. Bwe:noh para tlikohtli, bwe:noh para yugoh. \pea A:mai:skitl : You just chew on its fruit. It's good for firewood, for making yokes. \psa A:mai:skitl : Solamente masticas su fruta. Es bueno para leña, para hacer yugos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb a:ma \xrb i:ski \cpl See entry under a:makuhtli and a:makostli. \nct kohtli; a:makuwtli \ref 01595 \lxa a:mai:xmatki \lxac a:mai:xmatki \lxo a:mai:xmatki \lxoc a:mai:xmatki \dt 03/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N-Ag \der N-ag-ki \syn a:mai:xmatke:tl \se person who is literate; person who knows how to read and write \ss alfabetizado; que sabe leer y escribir \pna Nia:mai:xmatki. \pea I know how to read. \psa Yo sé leer. \pna Yewa xa:mai:xmatki, xtlah o:wel (xtlah weli) \pea He isn't illiterate, he didn't learn a thing (can't do anything). \psa Es analfabeto, no aprendió nada (no puede hacer nada). \equivao a:mai:xmatke:tl \xrb a:ma \xrb i:x \xrb mati \ref 04991 \lxa a:makostli \lxac a:makostli \lxo a:makostli \lxoc a:makostli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree of those generically called a:matl or a:makuwtli \ss tipo de árbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matl or a:makuwtli \pna A:makostli | Xkanah nokwi. Tiá:s ka:n a:makostli dya tikpepecho:s ma:ski ne: itech itsi:ntew. Tiktemachi:was mokxopal. Tikraya:ros me:roh ke:n mowe:rach. Tiktetso:tsonas, ma ki:sa ime:me:yahlo para timotla:tla:lili:s ka:n tikpia mokoma:l. \pea A:makostli : It is not used for anything (i.e., firewood, construction, etc.). You go where there is an a:makostli and you place it (your foot) up against it, even just at the base. You measure (i.e., draw an outline in the shape of) your foot. You cut around an area just as if it were your sandal. You pound it hard with a stone so that the sap seeps out (where you cut it) so that you can then put it on your body where you have a pain in your stomach. \psa A:makostli : No sirve para nada (esto es, ni para leña, para construcción, etc.). Vas donde hay un a:makostli y se le acercas (la planta de tu pie) aunque sea junto a su base. Mides tu pie. Rayas (el árbol) mero como si fuera tu huarach. Le golpeas con una piedra para que salga su savia para que te la pones donde tienes tu vaso (esto es, dolor del estómago). \xrb a:ma \xrb kos \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl This type of tree is rare, perhaps only one or two are found on the lands of Ameyaltepec, Oapan, or San Juan Tetelcingo. Inocencio Díaz had never heard of this plant. Asención Marcelo had heard of this plant but does not know it. Silvestre Pantaleón stated that this tree is found on the southern side of the Balsas; he also mentioned that he has heard that there is one of these trees near Ostokiloya. Eventually, we did find one near A:ko:ntepe:k, on the path to the Tepecuacuilco River from the crossroads of Ameyaltepec and San Juan. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:90) have a listing for "amate amarillo," which they identify as of the family Moraceae and genus-species Ficus petiolaris H.B.K. Note that Schoenhals (1988) has for the Ficus petiolaris the tescalamate of which she says "'cliff fig' Fruit is a small fig; sap is irritating. Also called amate amarillo, chilamate." Note, however, that Guizar and Sánchez (1991) call another amate by the name texcalamate. This is also of the family Moraceae but is of the genus/species Ficus cotinifolia. But cf. the following entry by Schoenhals (1988) under matapalo: "1. (Ficus spp. e.g., F. glabrata, F. Cotinifolia, F. involuta) 'strangler fig,' 'wild fig' Grows around another tree eventually killing the host. Seeds sprout in the crotch of the host tree and send down roots which strangle the host. Simply leaves with smooth edges contrary to those of the domestic fig. Tree used for bark paper since pre-conquest days. Also called amate, higuero, higuerón, laurel de India. 2. (Clusia spp. e.g., C. flava, C. Guatemalensis, C. rosea) 'autograph tree,' clusia,' copey clusia,' 'pitchapple' Use for firewood. Epiphytic but not parasitic. Large, thick leaves of C. rosea can be used as a slate giving rise to the name 'autograph tree' Also called cucharo, cupey, memelita. \nct kohtli; a:makohtli \qry Determine precise medical meaning of /ka:n tikpia mokoma:l/. Correct in the text above and in entry under /koma:hli/. \ref 01302 \lxa a:makuwtli \lxac a:makuwtli \lxo a:makohtli \lxoc a:makohtli \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se generic term for groups of trees, all of which have a:matl in their name \ss nombre genérico por un tipo de árbol, todos los cuales tienen a:matl como parte de su nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao a:matl \xrb a:ma \xrb kow \cfa a:matl \ono super a:makuhtli \nse The following types of a:matl have been documented: a:mai:skitl, a:makostli, and a:matl or a:makuhtli, also called a:matl de on uwe:i. Consultants varied slightly in their information as to the identification of the a:matl de on uwe:i, but it seems that this is simply a further specification of the tree called simply a:matl or a:makuhtli, names that apply both to the group in general and to a specific species within this group. Marcelino Venancio mentioned that there were two types of a:makuhtli that are named by gender: a:matl de susowa:tl, which has large leaves (we:i i:xiwyo), and a:matl de tlatla:katl, which has small leaves (pi:pitik i:xiwyo). However, Cristino Flores mentioned that he did not know of the male and female name references. \cpl Under a:matl Ramírez (1991) simply gives the family name Moraceae and the scientific name as Ficus sp. However, Guizar and Sánchez list the following Moraceae: Chlorophora mollis (with no Spanish name given); Ficus cotinifolia (in Spanish texcalamate or higo); Ficus goldmanii (with no Spanish name given); Ficus mexicana (called in Spanish higo); and Ficus petiolaris (called in Spanish amate amarillo). \nct kohtli \ref 02175 \lxa a:man \lxac a:man \lxo a:man \lxoc a:man \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \sea today hoy (syn. Oa a:mani) \ssa hoy (sin. Oa a:mani) \pna San a:man niá:s. \pea I will only go today \psa Solamente hoy voy a ir. \se now \ss ahora \pna A:mantsi:n, xne:xchia! \pea In just a moment, wait for me! \psa Ahorita, ¡espérame! \se nowadays \ss estos días \pna Xikne:li:listli ika o:hmaxtih. A:man xne:chselia. \pea He's not thankful that I taught him. Nowadays he doesn't accept me in his house. \psa No está agradecido por eso de que le enseñé, ahora no me recibe. \se now (it has resulted that) \ss ahora (resulta que) \pna O:note:tsa:wih, a:man o:mik. chikwe:i \pea He had a premonition about himself, and now he has died. \psa Tuve una premonición sobre si mismo, y ahora se murió. \seo soon \sso ahora \pno A:man wa:hla:s. \peo He will come soon. \pso Ahora viene. \seo (sa: kin ~) just recently \sso (sa: kin ~) apenas \se (~ chikwe:i) a week from today \ss (~ chikwe:i) de hoy en ocho \se (~ kaxto:hli) two weeks from today; in a fortnight \ss (~ kaxto:hli) de hoy en quince \cfa sana:man \cfa a:manin \cfo sanimah \cfao kea:man \xrb a:man \nse In san a:man the /n/ is velarized before the word boundary. This is distinct in pronunciation from sana:man. \qry Check the vowel length and saltillo, etc of both /keh a:man i:n/ and /ke: a:man/ (perhaps /keh a:man/). \mod Enter /ke: a:man/ also under /ke:/ or /keh/ after checking correct form; i:e., either /ke: a:man/ or /keh a:man/, often pronounced /kya:man/. \ref 02926 \lxa amana \lxac kamana \lxo ámaná \lxoc kámaná \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to bother, annoy, or irritate \ss molestar o enfadar \pna Ne:chamantok. \pea It is bothering me (causing me to get worked up). \psa Me está molestando. \pna Ke:n timitsamana! \pea Oh! how I bother (irriate) you! \psa ¡Como te molesto! \pna Ne:chamana, ke:n te:rkoh para kalakis. \pea It (e.g., an animal) bothers me, its really stubborn about trying to get in (e.g., to my patio or house site). \psa Me enfada (p. ej., un animal), es muy terco para entrar (p. ej., a mi patio o solar). \se to get in the way (an object that hinders movement); to block ones view \ss estorbar el movimiento (algún objeto); estorbar la vista (a algn) \pna Ne:chamana, xwel nitekiti. \pea It gets in my way, I can't work. \psa Me estorba, no puedo trabajar. \se (refl.) to be worried, bothered, disturbed, or perturbed (by sth that is not right and causes worry) \ss (refl.) preocuparse, molestarse (por algo que no está bien) \pna Nimamana. \pea I am worried. \psa Estoy preocupado. \xrb ahmana \nse When used reflexively the prefix always loses the /o/: namana and not *noamana. \qry Ask for /ne:chamana/ in Oa and check where p-a falls. \grm In general the /no-/ of the reflexive loses /o/ before vowel-initial stems. However, the /no-/ of the possessive 1st person marker is often retained, though not always: /na:w/. \vl There is an additional token from 4011. \ref 04456 \lxa a:mana \lxac ka:mana \lxo a:mana \lxoc ka:mana \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to place in water \ss colocar en agua \pna O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman. \pea You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away. \psa Las colocaste (p. ej., flores) en agua para que no se marchitaran luego luego. \xrb a: \xrb man \qry Check definition/significance of word, i.e. to place "in" or "on" water. Also cf. if the intransitive form exists. \mod Determine proper codification and root forms for /mani/, etc., which differ from other /V:ni/ verbs. \grm Word order; predicate modification: /O:tika:man para ma:ka pili:nis niman/ 'You placed them (e.g., flowers) in water so that they don't shrivel up right away.' Note the word order with the /niman/ at the end. This should be commented on. \vl The first token of Florencia Marcelino is /kámaná/, with pitch accent on the first and last syllables. This should be tagged with reference 4456. The remaning four tokens are correct utterances of /ka:mana/. \ref 04011 \lxa a:manahli \lxac *a:manahli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \sea standing water \ssa agua estancada \pna Xkoni tewa un a:manahli! \pea You be the one to drink that sitting water! \psa ¡Tómate tu ésa agua estancada! \syno a:mantli \xrb a: \xrb man \ref 07544 \lxa a:manin \lxacpend a:manin \lxo a:mani:n \lxoa a:mani: \lxoa a:mani \lxocpend a:mani:n \dt 25/Jul/2003 \psm Modal \sea most likely; probably \ssa a lo mejor \pna A:manin ya:lwa o:mik! \pea Most likely he died yesterday! \psa ¡A lo mejor, ayer se murió! \pna A:manin yo:se:xiwtik ka o:yah. \pea Most likely it's been a year since he left. \psa A lo mejor ya tiene un año que se fue. \seo today \sso hoy \pno A:mani: mitspale:wi:s! \peo Today he is going to help you! \pso ¡Hoy te va a ayudar! \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \nse In Oapan a:man is used to indicate ahora, i.e., 'right away' or 'soon.' Thus one finds a:man wa:hla:s or a:man i wa:hla:s 'he will come shortly or soon.' In Oapan the present term, a:mani is used to mean 'today.' Thus one has a:mani wa:hla:s 'he will come today.' In Ameyaltepec, on the other hand, a:manin is used to indicate probability and a:man is used to indicate 'today' (e.g., a:man wa:hla:s 'he will come today.'). \nae This term has been written as one word given the accent on the /ma/ syllable in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan. According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) this word has a light final syllable, i.e., with a short vowel. In Oapan the pronunciations of this word and kea:mani often have a final glottal stop, indicating that if the original source or etymology of this word was i:n the final nasal has been lost. Nevertheless, in some pronunciations it seems that the final /i:/ is long, and is realized as such if there is a following word. Finally, in the pronunciation of elder individuals the final /n/ (or /h/) is present: a:mani:n and kea:mani:n. This phenomenon has been noted in other cases, but in the case of a:mani:n the variation between final /-i:n/, /-i:h/, /-i:/ and /-i/ is very clear among different speakers. \ref 08863 \lxa amanka:ita \lxac kamanka:ita \lxo ámanka:íta \lxop amanka:ita \lxoc kámanka:íta \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: see ita \pa yes-lex \seao to get angry or annoyed with; to find (sb [O]) bothering or annoying \ssao enojarse o enfadarse con \pna O:pe:w nikamanka:ita. \pea I began to find him annoying. \psa Empecé a enfadarme con él. \xrb ahmana \xrb ita \nae In essence the grammatical subject of amanka:ita is the thematic experiencer, the person who experiences the annoyance that is caused by what is, in this construction, the grammatical object. \qry Perhaps find a better translation. \ref 00779 \lxa amanka:kwi \lxac namanka:kwi \lxo ámanká:kwi \lxoc námanká:kwi \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V2 \der V1-refl \tran +Refl/-trans; +Caus \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to become upset or fed up \ss (refl.) hartarse \pna Nika:n kali yo:nimamanka:kwik, a:man ye niaw. \pea I've gotten fed up here indoors, now I'm going (outside). \psa Me he hartado aquí adentro, ahora ya me voy (afuera). \pna Nimanka:kwi. Tle:ka ihkón tine:chihlia? \pea I'm upset. Why do you say it to to me like that (i.e., that someone saw me drunk, or anything that might bother me or get me upset). \psa Estoy harto, ¿Porqué me lo dices de esta manera? (p. ej., que alquien me vió borracho, o cualquier cosa que me moleste, que me mortifica porque es algo que no me gusta escuchar o saber). \xrb ahmana \xrb kwi \xvca amanka:kwi:tia \xvco ámanka:kwí:tia \qry Apparently used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked. \grm The form /yenia:w/ is written as one word given the accent pattern, which falls on the /e/ in the phrase given. Add the clitic nature of /ye/ to the grammar notes. \grm Apparently /amankakwi/ is used only in the reflexive, although this should be checked. It seems that the causative is used transitively and that the reflexive is not. Thus both /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ are monotransitive. The diffence seems to be in the agentive quality of the subject. In the former, subject is simply co-referent with patient, and there is no agent or cause. In the latter, subject acts as agent and is the cause of patient's change of mental state. What apparently occurs is that in verbs in which there is no cognate intransitive to transitive constructions, the reflexive indicates non-agentive action, whereas the the causative indicates a prototypical agent-patient interaction. \ref 05608 \lxa amanka:kwi:tia \lxac kamanka:kwi:tia \lxo ámanka:kwí:tia \lxoc kámanka:kwí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V3 \infv class-2a \der V2-d-ca \pa yes-lex \se to bother; to annoy; to upset; to make mad \ss molestar; enfadar; hacer enojar \pna O:ne:chamanka:kwi:tih, san tli:mach o:ne:chihlih. \pea He annoyed me, he just said whatever he felt like to me. \psa Me hizo enfadar, me dijo cualquier cosa que se le ocurriera. \xrb ahmana \xrb kwi \xvba amanka:kwi \xvbo ámanká:kwi \qry Check valency pattern of /kwi:tia/. \grm Causative differs from the simple transitive /amanka:kwi/ not in regards to valency (both are monotransitive) but rather in regards to the relationship of subject to object. In the non-causative apparently only reflexive is employed and relationship is that of co-reference. It involves a change in emotional state. In the causative it appears that the reflexive is probably rarely if ever used, and subject-object relation is that of agent to patient. Finally note that the relationship of /amanka:/ to /kwi/ is one of modification, the valency of /kwi/ and /amanka:kwi/ is not changed syntactically although it is changed in that it can no longer take a patient. With /kwi:tia/ the difference is noted. A grammatical section should be devoted to these verbs (e.g., /yo:lkwi:tia/, which can be reflexive or transitive: /ne:chyo:lkwi:tia/ and /nimoyo:lkwi:tia/). The question here is whether causativization actually increases valency or simply changes the relationship of subject to object. And many comments should be devoted to the effect on valency of V-ka:-V compounds. Cf. comments under /amanka:kwi/. Cf. also /iyo:kwi/. \vl Use second token of female speaker, not first. \ref 02533 \lxa amantli \lxac amantli \lxo ámantlí \lxop amantli \lxoc ámantlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao (often preceded by kipia) anger, ire, or rage (in particular the anger of parents toward each other that affects and harms their children with cólico) \ssao (a menudo con kipia) enfado o ira; cólico (particularmente en referencia al enojo que un esposo se siente con su pareja, afectando y dañando sus hijos con cólico) \pna Kipia amantli pa:mpa itlah tli:non o:kihlikeh wa:n xo:kwelkak. \pea He is all worked up because they said something to him that he did not like. \psa El está enfadado porque ellos le dijeron algo que a él no le pareció. \pna Pero un kone:tsi:ntli, kipia san amantli ika kwalo, san nokwala:nitokeh un tatli wa:n na:ntli, a:man itech o:yah tlawe:hli. \pea But that little kid, his illness is simply from anger (of others that has spread to him), his father and mother pass the time fighting and now their rage has affected him (the child). \psa Pero ese niño chiquito, está enfermo nada más con cólico, su papá y mamá se la pasan discutiendo, ahora su ira se le fue al niño. \xrb ahmana \qry Check and correction all references to /pero/ and /para/ for final /h/. Check for possession ?noamanyo?? \ref 00196 \lxa a:mantli \lxac a:mantli \lxo a:mantli \lxoc a:mantli \dt 11/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \seo standing water \sso agua estancada \syna a:manahli \xrb a: \xrb man \ref 01839 \lxa a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxac a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxo a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc a:mapa:pa:lo:tl \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2 \seo paper kite \sso papalote de papel \xrb a:ma \xrb pa:lo: \ref 00093 \lxa a:mateteki \lxac a:mateteki \lxo a:má:tekí \lxocpend a:má:tekí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \seo to cut paper (e.g., with scissors) \sso cortar papel (p. ej., con tijeras) \xrb a:ma \xrb teki \ref 07208 \lxa a:matl \lxac a:matl \lxo a:matl \lxoc a:matl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln (poss. noa:maw, na:maw) \se generic name for a group of trees called amates in Spanish (syn. a:makuwtli) \ss nombre genérico de un grupo de arboles llamados amates en español (sin. a:makuwtli) \se paper \ss papel \pna I:n na:nkah a:matl, nihkwis. \pea This piece of paper here, I'll take it. \psa Esta hoja de papel, yo me la tomo. \se title or deed; contract \ss título (de propiedad); contrato \pna Yewa moa:maw. \pea That one is your title. \psa Ese es tu título. \pna Xkipia a:matl. \pea It doesn't have a title (e.g., a piece of land). \psa No tiene título (p. ej., un terreno). \pna A:matl | San tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo. \pea A:matl : You just chew on its fruit. \psa A:matl : Solamente masticas su fruta. \cpl See entry under a:makuwtli and a:makostli. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a:ma \encyctmp a:makuhtli \nse The Nahuatl word a:matl has a short second /a/ whereas the reborrowing from the Spanish amate has a long second /a:/. The back loan (in Nahuatl ama:teh) is used to refer to painted amates, sold to tourists and collectors. There are many types of a:matl trees. They are not particularly common in the Balsas region, but the following types have been documented in a wild state: a:mai:skitl, a:makostli and a:matl de un uwe:i. According to the three consultants of the first fieldwork session there is only one tree called specifically a:matl, and there is no gender distinction between male and female. Inocencio Díaz mentioned that some grow to a very large size, while others do not. He also said that this tree is sometimes referred to as a:matl de un uwe:i. He also added that the tree itself is more accurately referred to as a:makuhtli and the word a:matl to the fruit itself. \ncx a:matl; a:mai:skitl; a:makostli; a:matl de un uwe:i \nct kohtli \qry Check existence of /a:mayo/ for title to a property; also /a:mayoh/ for sth titled. Check to see if this is a tree or only a reference to a group of trees. Check what /san tihkukwa:s itla:kihlo/ means. Check for possibility of /i:a:mayo/. \ref 01770 \lxa a:matl de un uwe:i \lxaa a:matl de un we:i \lxac a:matl de un we:i \lxo a:matl yón wéwé:i \lxoc a:matl yón wéwé:i \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se species of tree of those generically called a:matl \ss especie de árbol de los genéricamente llamados a:matl \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a:ma \xrb we:i \encyctmp a:makuhtli \cpl See entry under a:makuhtli and a:makostli. \nct kohtli \ref 02020 \lxa a:matla:lia \lxac ka:matla:lia \lxo a:matla:lia \lxoc ka:matla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to write down on paper (e.g., a loan or other transaction) \ssao apuntar sobre un papel (p. ej., un préstamo u otra transacción) \seao to register (a person) on a written-down list \ssao registar a (una persona) en una lista apuntada \pna O:kima:matla:likeh ko:koneh. \pea They registered the children (e.g., for school). \psa Registraron a los niños (p. ej., en la escuela). \xrb a:ma \xrb tla:l \xvaao a:matla:lilia \ref 00687 \lxa a:matla:lilia \lxac ka:matla:lilia \lxo a:matla:lilia \lxoc ka:matla:lilia \dt 06/Dec/2001 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to write down on paper for (sb) \ssao apuntar sobre un papel para (sb) \seao to register (a person) on a written-down list for (another person) \ssao registrar (una persona) en una lista apuntada para (otra persona) \xrb a:ma \xrb tla:l \xvbao a:matla:lia \ref 01180 \lxa a:maxo:chitetehke:tl \lxac a:maxo:chitetehke:tl \lxo a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl \lxoa a:maxo:chi:tétehké:tl \lxoc a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \inc [(N-N)-V1]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo person who cuts out figures from crepe paper for adornment \sso persona que corta figuras de papel china para adorno \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \xrb teki \nae The pitch accent in a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl is the result of a reduplicated verb, tétekí that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem a:maxo:chitl, lengthening and "pitch-accenting" this vowel. \vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the "reduced" forms /a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/. \ref 07084 \lxa a:maxo:chiteteki \lxac a:maxo:chiteteki \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc [(N-N)-V1]-N \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to cut out figures from crepe paper for adornment \ssa cortar figuras de papel china para adorno \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \xrb teki \nae The pitch accent in a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl is the result of a reduplicated verb, tétekí that reduces onto the short final vowel of the nominal stem a:maxo:chitl, lengthening and "pitch-accenting" this vowel. \vl The first female token is /a:maxo:chitétehké:tl/, with the reduplicated verb stem /tétehké:tl/. It should be tagged but not linked. Link only the "reduced" forms /a:maxo:chí:tehké:tl/. \ref 08343 \lxa a:maxo:chitl \lxac a:maxo:chitl \lxo a:maxo:chitl \lxoc a:maxo:chitl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se crepe paper \ss papel crepé; papel de china \xrb a:ma \xrb xo:chi \nse This paper is used for cutting out flowers and decorations that are hung during festive occasions, for example in the church. \ilustmp Illustrate and obtain sample for archive. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05267 \lxa -ame:ch \lxac name:cha:tli:tia \lxo me:ch \lxoc me:cha:tli:tia \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm Pr(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \seao you (pl. object) \ssao a uds. (objeto) \nse Used after over subject prefixes; in Ameyaltepec there is an allomorph -me:ch used word initially, i.e., after the 3rd person zero subject morpheme. Otherwise the /a/ surfaces (e.g., after subject prefixes: name:chno:tsa). Oapan never has a:mech, thus one finds nime:chno:tsa. \ref 05941 \lxa a:me:hli \lxac a:me:hli \lxo a:me:hli \lxoc a:me:hli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \se small well dug in the sand next to a river allowing filtered water for drinking to seep through \ss pocito hecho en la arena junto a un río para que se llene de agua potable que se ha filtrado \pna Ma:ka umpa xtlate:ma ipan noa:me:l. \pea Don't fill your water jugs there in my well. \psa No llenes tu cántaro allí en mi pocito. \xrb a: \xrb me:ya \grm Note how it seems that /a:me:hli/ derives from /me:ya/, which indicates that perhaps the root is /me:/ and /-ya/ is a verbalizer. \mod Illustrate \ref 05584 \lxa a:melaktli \lxac a:melaktli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-k \infn N1 \sea straight part of a stream or river \ssa parte recta de un arroyo o río \pna A:melaktli, xok wekatlan. \pea It is straight running water, it's no longer deep. \psa Es donde el agua corre recto, ya no está profundo. \xrb a: \xrb mela: \nse A:melaktli refers to a part of a river or stream where the water runs straight and there is no deep place where water circles around (a:komohli) nor a place where there are rapids (a:solo:nka:n). \qry In Oapan I think the word for rapids in /a:sosolka:h/, check to see if this same word is used in Ameyaltepec. \ref 04703 \lxa a:michin \lxac a:michin \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea type of small fish that sparkles, still not identified but perhaps the platilla \ssa tipo de pescadito que brilla, todavía no identificado pero quizá el que se conoce como platilla \pna A:michin, yewa pepetlaka. \pea The fish named a:michin, they sparkle (glitter). \psa El pez llamado a:michin, brilla. \sem animal \sem marine \syna michpe:petla:ni \syno michpe:petla:n \xrb a: \xrb mich \qry Confirm that /a:michin/ is identical to /michpe:petla:ni/. \ref 02256 \lxa a:miki \lxac a:miki \lxo a:miki \lxoc a:miki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be thirsty (prototypically for water, but also used to indicate a desire to drink sth alcoholic) \ss tener sed (protipicamente por agua, pero también se utiliza para indicar un deseo para beber algo alcohólico) \pna Na:miki, xne:chaka a:chitsi:n ma:w. \pea I am thirsty, give me a little bit of your water. \psa Tengo sed, dáme un poquito de tu agua. \cfao a:mi:miki \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvca a:miktia \xvco a:mihtia \qry Check imperfective form with this verb and all /i/-final verbs. \mod Determine the best way to xref words with rdp verb-stem. \grm Note how reduplication here occurs on the verb stem; this should be discussed in regards to both reduplication and noun incorporation. That is, it would seem to be rare for the incorporated element to reduplicate (this is also the case with \ref 02526 \lxa a:mikilistli \lxac a:mikilistli \lxacpend \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08648 \lxa a:miktia \lxac ka:miktia \lxo a:mihtia \lxoc ka:mihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make thirsty (a person) \ss hacer que tenga sed (a algn); dar sed (a algn) \pna Ne:cha:miktia. \pea I makes me thirsty. \psa Me da sed. \pna O:necha:miktih michin, kas toto:nki. \pea The fish made me thirsty, probably it is "hot" (in the hot/cold classification of foods). \psa El pescado me dió sed, quizá es "caliente" (del sistema clasificatorio para comida de frio/caliente). \pna San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl. \pea He himself is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along. \psa El mismo tiene la culpa de tener sed, no llevó agua consigo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to drown (sb); to drown or damage with too much water (a plant) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ahogar (una persona); ahogar o dañar por una abundancia de agua (una planta) \pna Timitsa:mi:mikti:s. \pea I'm going to drown you. \psa Te voy a ahogar. \pna O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw. \pea The heavy rains drowned my corn field (i.e., gave my maize root rot from too much water). \psa La lluvia fuerte inundó mi milpa (esto es, pudrió la raíz del maíz con tanta agua). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to prevent from breathing or to suffocate; or make it hard to breathe for (sb) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sufocar; hacer la respiración difícil a \pna Ne:cha:mi:miktia ko:lo:tl. \pea The scorpion (bite) is making it difficult for me to breathe. \psa El (piquete del) alacrán me dificulta la respiración. \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvbao a:miki \qry Note the reference in one phrase above to the hot/cold system of classification. This should be explored and referred to in the cultural encyclopedia. \grm Re: causativization, note how it indicates when reflexively marked, indirectly by implication, culpability and responsibility: /San yewa na:miktia, xo:kwi:kak a:tl/ 'He himself is the cause of his thirst, he didn't take water along.' This naturally emerges from the semantics of a two-person reflexive event. \grm /O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l ika ke:n o:kiaw/ Note use of complementation with /ika/. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03678 \lxa a:miliwi \lxac a:miliwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc NV1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se [meaning not determined] \ss [significado no determinado] \xrb a: \xrb mil \ref 07832 \lxa a:mi:ltomatl \lxac a:mi:ltomatl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \sea tomatillo or green tomato \ssa tomate (de cáscara verde) \sem plant \sem edible \syno mi:ltomatl \xrb a: \xrb mi:l \xrb toma: \encyctmp tomatl \nct tomatl \cpl Ramírez (1991) does not list the a:mi:ltomatl; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give it as 'tomatillo de cáscara verde.' Schoenhals (1988) lists tomate silvestre and tomate verde, and refers both to tomate de cáscara, where she states: "1. (Physalis spp. e.g., P. pubescens) 'ground cherry,' 'wild tomato,' husk tomato,' 'strawberry tomate' Grows in temperate climates. The calyx covers the fruit like a husk. Used in salsa de tomate. Also called guajtomate, miltomate, tomate silvestre, tomate verde, tomatillo, tomatillo del campo." \mod Note that given that the Am and Oa forms have different etymologies/roots, they have been given two different entries. \grm Discuss that perhaps /tomatl/ has a shortened final vowel (cf. /toma:wi/, etc.) as does /xokotl/ (cf. /xoko:ya/). This should be in a section on phonology/vowel shortening and lengthening. \ref 07475 \lxa a:mi:miki \lxac a:mi:miki \lxo a:mi:miki \lxocpend @a:mi:miki \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-l- \infv class-3a(k) \se to drown (a person in water); to drown or to suffer from an abundance of water (a plant from too much water that comes from either rain or artificial watering) \ss ahogarse (una persona en agua); ahogarse o sufrir por una abundancia de agua (una planta por demasiada agua que viene de la lluvia o de medios artificiales) \pna Na:mi:mikis. \pea I will drown. \psa Me voy a ahogar. \pna O:a:mi:mik nomi:l, xo:tla:k. \pea My cornfield got too much water (i.e., got root rot from too much water), it didn't yield. \psa Mi milpa se echó a perder por demasiada agua (esto es, se pudrieron las raices por tanta agua), no rindió. \pna Xkwahli tla:hli, a:mi:mikis, kose:wis. \pea The land is no good (in this case because it retains too much water), it (e.g., maize, sesame, etc.) will die from too much water, it will turn yellow. \psa La tierra no es buena (en este caso porque retiene demasiado agua), se va a morir (el maíz, ajonjolí, etc.) por tanta agua, se va a amarillar. \se to be unable to breathe (see íyo:mi:miki) \ss no poder respirar (véase íyo:mi:miki) \pna I:tech yo:ki:s ko:lo:tl, a:mi:mikis. \pea He has been affected by the bite of a scorpion, he will be unable to breathe. \psa Ya se le trabó el piquete de un alacrán, no va a poder respirar. \xrb a: \xrb miki \xvca a:mi:miktia \ref 06827 \lxa a:mi:miktia \lxac ka:mi:miktia \lxo a:mi:mihtia \lxoc ka:mi:mihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \seao to drown (sb, e.g, by forcing them underwater and holding them there) \ssao ahogar a (algn, p. ej., al sumergirlo en el agua a fuerza) \xrb a: \xrb miki \ref 06923 \lxa a:mi:na \lxac na:mi:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb a: \xrb mi:na \ref 08236 \lxa amo- \lxac amokal \lxo nimo- \lxocpend \dt 11/Dec/2003 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person plural \ssao de Uds.; vuestro; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona plural \nae The form nimo- is used before consonant-initial stems; nim- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally nimo- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07361 \lxa amo kwahli \lxac amo kwahli \lxo amo kwahli \lxoc amo kwahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se the Devil \ss el diablo; el demonio \se no good person (an adult who does sth wrong, a mischievous child) \ss sinvergüenza (un adulto que hace mal, un niño latoso) \pna Amo kwahli tla:katl, o:tine:chtlapa:nilih notepalkaw. \pea You no good man! You broke my bowl! \psa ¡Sinvergüenza! ¡Rompiste mi plato! \xrb ahmo \xrb kwal \cfa Xye:ktli \nse Although amo kwahli can be used to refer to the Devil himself, it is is occasionally used as an exclamation or address term (it is never used with a person prefix, e.g., t-, even though the following verbal predicate does use a person marker, as in the above illustrative phrase) to express displeasure with a certain person for something he or she did. The only use of amo that I have documented in Ameyaltepec is in this set phrase used to curse people, adults as well as children (e.g., a mischievous child). In regard to Oapan, Florencia Marcelino has heard this word (or phrase) used in Oapan but has never understood what it means. Thus the pitch-accent pattern in her utterance might be in error. \ref 02008 \lxa a:mo:hli \lxac a:mo:hli \lxo ámó:hli \lxoc ámó:hli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se Ziziphus amole (Sessé & Moc.), tree of the family Rhamnacea whose fruit is crushed and, once dried, used as shampoo or soap \ss Ziziphus amole (Sessé & Moc.), arbol de la familia Rhamnacea cuya fruta es triturada, y una vez seca usada como champú o jabón \se shampoo (by extension from the basic meaning) \ss champú (por extensión de su significación básica) \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ahmo:l \nae If the long initial vowel in Ameyaltepec is confirmed, it would apparently reflect lenition of {h}, which would then have two reflexes: pitch accent in Oapan and length in Ameyaltepec. However, all long initial vowels in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl have to be carefully confirmed. \mod Note that the cultural encylopedia will have an ethnobotanical section under which the description and application of /a:mo:hli/ will be indicated. Note that originally for Ameyaltepec I had a long vowel here; given comparative documentation from the region I have temporarily changed this to a short vowel. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as amole, of the family Romnaceae and the genus/species Stegnosperma halimifolium. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give the Spanish name as amol. Guizar and Sáchez (1991) have two trees that might correspond. One (p. 158) is the the family Sapindaceae and genus/species Sapindus saponaria; they state that the Spanish name is coyul. The other is a species (p. 159) with amole in its name, the Ziziphus amole of the family Rhamnaceae, which they state is called capulincito in Spanish. \pqry Check first vowel of Am form. In C. Flores' pronunciation it appears long. \nct kohtli \vl Initial /a/ of Am uncertain in length. \ref 02361 \lxa a:molo:nia \lxac a:molo:nia \lxo a:molo:nia \lxoc a:molo:nia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to spoil and acquire a bad smell from being left in sitting water \ssao echarse a perder y adquirir un mal olor por haber sido dejado en agua estancada \pna O:a:molo:niak monextamal. \pea Your nextamahli became foul-smelling from sitting in water too long (e.g., 3 days or so). \psa Tu nixtamal se echó a perder por quedarse demasiado tiempo en el agua (tal vez tres días o más). \xrb a: \xrb molo: \dis a:kwitlayaya; a:molo:nia \ref 00739 \lxa a:molo:nki \lxac a:molo:nki \lxo a:molo:nki \lxoc a:molo:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a bad smell from to have been left soaking too long in water \ss tener un mal olor por haber sido dejado demasiado tiempo en agua estancada \se to be foul-smelling (water from having mud) \ss tener un mal olor (agua, por tener lodo) \xrb a: \xrb molo: \subadj nextamahli \nae A:molo:nki is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as nixtamal, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated a:- to molo:nki is quite distinct from that between a:- and poso:nki in a:poso:nki, 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. \qry Check to determine whether this adjective refers to items that smell bad from being too long in water, or to the water itself. \grm See discussion under /kwa:toto:nki/. A:molo:nki is used (predictivately or attributively) to refer to a material, such as nixtamal, clothes, etc., that has spoiled from sitting in water. Apparently it refers to the material itself and not to the water itself. In this sense the relationship of the incorporated a:- to molo:nki is quite distinct from that between a:- and poso:nki in a:poso:nki, 'boiled water,' where the incorporated noun is the head. \ref 00380 \lxa amo:lwia \lxac kamo:lwia \lxo ámo:wíya \lxoc kámo:wíya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to shampoo (a person or a part of the body) \ss poner champú (a una persona, o a una parte del cuerpo) \pna Yo:pe:w kamo:lwia itsontekon. \pea She has started to shampoo her hair (with a:mo:hli or, by exstension, any other type of shampoo). \psa Ella ha empezado a lavarse su pelo (con a:mo:hli o, por extensión, cualquier otro tipo de champú). \xrb ahmo:l \nse This verbal form is related to the fact that the fruit of the a:mo:hli (Am) / ámó:hli (Oa) tree was formerly used to make shampoo. The loss of /l/ from the nominal form is not unusual, as attested to by FK who notes that this change is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos; Zacapoaxtla; and Clavijero. \vl There are 3 female tokens here. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that besides the change in certain consonants (e.g., /s/ to /ts/) there is often a consonant loss. In this case one finds /ámo:wíya/ with the loss of the final /l/ of the noun stem. \ref 05535 \lxa a:moxkwitlatl \lxac a:moxkwitlatl \lxo á:moxkwítlatl \lxoc á:moxkwítlatl \dt 18/Nov/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \seao algae or any similar type of small green water plants that inhabit a large area of water \ssao algas o cualquier otro tipo de planta acuática que pulula por una área extendida de agua \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a: \xrb mox \xrb kwitla \nae The basis for pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl is not clear, unless it is related to reduplication reduction on a vowel-initial stem. Note that at least one consultant, Silvestre Pantaleón, seemed to pronounce a:moxkwitlatl without pitch-accent, as expected. \qry Check pronounciation of Oapan; in session Silvestra Pantaleón seemed to pronounce this without pitch accent. \sj a:moxkwitlatl \ref 00206 \lxa a:moyaktli \lxac a:moyaktli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08061 \lxa a:na \lxac ka:na \lxo a:na \lxoc ka:na \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to marry (sb) \ss casarse con \pna Nika:nas mokni:w. \pea I will marry your sibling. \psa Me voy a casar con tu hermano(a). \pna O:na:nkeh. \pea They got married. \psa Ellos se casaron. \se (with a directional affix) to pick up and take away \ss (con un afijo direccional) recoger y llevar \pna O:ka:nako. \pea He came to fetch her (pick her up, when subject is male and object female, the implication is often that of an intention of marriag). \psa El vino a recogerla (cuando el sujeto es masculino y el objeto feminino, la implicación es generalmente que es con fines de matrimonio). \pna Nankona:naskeh. \pea You (pl.) are going to go bring him (or it, if animate) back. \psa Ustedes van a ir a traerlo (una persona o ser animado). \pna Mitsa:la:nas motah. \pea Your father will come pick you up (and take you away). \psa Tu papá va a venir a recogerte (y llevarte). \pna O:te:a:nato astah Wa:pan, nika:n xtlah pió:n. \pea He went to pick up (fetch) people as far away as Oapan, there are no workers her. \psa El fue a traer gente hasta oapan, aquí no hay trabajadores. \pna Tikona:naskeh be:lah. \pea We are gong to pick up and bring back the offering of candles. \psa Nosotros vamos a recoger y traer una ofrenda de velas. \pna O:na:nato. Ise:lti xwa:hla:skia. \pea He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition. \psa El fue recogido (y traido aquí). No hubiera venido de su propia voluntada. \pna Nontla:nas Wa:pan. \pea I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.). \psa Voy a ir a traer algo de Oapan (p. ej. un burro que está apacentando, o aun una novia, etc.). \pna Timitsa:ntiki:sa (=timitsno:stiki:sa). \pea I will pick you up on the way there. \psa Te voy a recoger al ir en camino. \se (with a directional affix and the prefix tla-) to fetch (animals that have been left out to graze) \ss (con un afijo directional y el prefijo tla-) recoger y llevar (animales que han sido dejados a apacentar) \pna O:nitlaa:nato. \pea I went to fetch (and bring back) my animals (that had been left out to graze). \psa Fuí a recoger (y traer) a mis animales (que estaban apacentando). \se (with -tiki:sa) to pass by and knock down or run over \ss (con -tiki:sa) pasar y atropellar o tumbar \pna Timitsa:ntiki:sa. \pea I will knock you down in passing by (e.g., I am on a mule that is going to pass close by you). \psa Te voy a tirar al pasar (p. ej., estoy sobre una mula que va a pasar cerca de ti). \pna Xmekwani! Tla:mo mitsa:ntiki:sa! \pea Get out of the way! If you don't it'll knock you down in passing! \psa ¡Quítate del camino! ¡Si no lo hagas te tumbará al pasar! \se (with -tiki:sa) to trip; to cause to stumble and fall \ss (con tiki:sa) tropezar; hacer caer \pna O:ka:ntiki:s iburroh. \pea He made his burro stumble and fall. \psa Hizo tropezar y caer a su burro. \pna Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. \psa No voy a correr. Me voy a ir despacio, de otro modo me puedo tropezar. \pna Nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I will stumble and fall. \psa Voy a tropezar y caer. \xrb a:na \xv1ao tla:na \xvaao a:nilia \ono te:mowa \nse The difference between ontlaa:na and ontlate:mowa is that the former implies that one is going to bring back animals from a place one knows they are at. On the other hand ontlate:mowa refers simply to the fact that one is going to search for animals that had been left out to graze but are no longer to be found. Both can be compared to ontlayekwania, which refers to the act of moving animals that are tethered to graze from one place to another. In regard to the use of a:na with material objects (the usual verb is kwi), apparently the only time the former is used with material objects is when there is a reference to an offering, or perhaps procession, and not simply material objects that are brought back for use. Generally a:na is used to refer to bringing something that cannot be carried, usually a person or animal, but also a car, etc. Use of a:na instead of kwi even though the object is inanimate is perhaps because of respect for the offering or because the entire event, with human participants, is being referred to. Thus simply tikonkwiskeh be:lah refers to the act of going to buy or pick up a simple candle. It may also be that /a:na/ is used because the word /be:lah/ is a type of trope for the entire procession, a part for a whole. Note also that the phrase O:na:nato. I:se:lti xwa:hla:skia 'He was picked up (and brought here). He wouldn't have come on his own volition' is perhaps slightly idiosyncratic. It should be rechecked although it was definitely documented in natural discourse. Finally, it appears that o:nima:ntiki:s, i.e. the preterite, is used only if the person actually falls, otherwise one would might use the imperfect. \qry The only time I have heard ona:na used with an inanimate object was with candles, and here the reference seems to be of bringing back not simply the material offering, but the entire procession and accompaniment. \qry SEE Gram 1985-02-17.1 for /o:te:anato/. Check /asta/ with or without final /h/. \mod ADD DEF> (on)tla:na \grm Nontla:nas Wá:pan. 'I'm going to Oapan in order to bring something back (e.g., my burro that is grazing there, or even a girlfiend taken in elopement, etc.).' Note how /tla-/ is used and may even suggest the bringing back of a bride, although the usual acceptation would be of animals. \ref 05192 \lxa a:nahlo \lxac i:a:nahlo \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se sth adjoining, adjacent or contiguous to, or joined with (sth else [Poss], e.g., to a plot of land, etc.) \ss algo junto o aundado a (otra cosa [Pos], p. ej., en referencia a una parcela de tierra, etc.) \pna I:a:nahlo itla:l Beltran. \pea It is a parcel of land contiguous to Beltran's land. \psa Es un pedazo de tierra que está junto a la tierra de Beltran. \cfo a:nka \cfao a:ntok \xrb a:na \nse This word is apparently only used in reference to land, and refers to to a small parcel of land that is somewhat separte from the main portion of cleared land but that neverthless is part of the same possession. This work is slightly distinct from iwa:n a:ntok, which seems to refer not only to two pieces of land that are adjoining but to a piece of land that is physically somewhat separate but part of the same parcel as another piece of land. \qry Determine difference between /ia:nahlo/ and /iwa:n a:ntok/. \ref 07588 \lxa a:naltilia \lxaa kiya:naltilia \lxac ka:naltilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08403 \lxa a:neki \lxac a:neki \lxo a:neki \lxoc a:neki \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to be thirsting for water (a plant) \sso estar sediente (una planta) \xrb a: \xrb neki \pqry This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length (also, considering that the first element /a:/ 'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Re /a:neki/: This word, considering the facility of measuring vowel length before a nasal, provides a good example of initial vowel length (also, considering that the first element /a:/ 'water' is known to have a long vowel. Measurements for the 4 tokens show: Florencia Marcelino: 122 and 125 ms; Inocencio Jiménez: 114 and 112 ms. \ref 06247 \lxa a:nelowa \lxac a:nelowa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-2b \sea to swim \ssa nadar \pna Newa wel na:nelowa. \pea I can swim. \psa Yo puedo nadar. \sem motion \syno á:panówa \xrb a: \xrb ne:l \qry Check to see if it can be used reflexively. I don't think so, but if so, also check if this verb can be used with a non-reflexive object. (Note: it seems I wrote this question thinking that /a:nelowa/ was a transitive and that /na:nelowa/ was 0-3sgRefl-a:nelowa, rather than n-a:nelowa from 1sgS-a:nelowa. Check). \mod Add /newa wel na:nelowa/ to entry under /wel/. \ref 02819 \lxa a:nilia \lxac o:ka:nili:to \lxo a:nilia \lxoc o:ka:nili:to \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (with directional affix) to fetch or get for \ss (con afijo direccional) traer o llevar para \pna Xne:ca:nili:ti. \pea Go bring him (or her; e.g., as a bride) back for me. \psa Ve a traerlo (o ella, p. ej., como una novia) para mi. \pna Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl. Kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetsis le:cheh. \pea Go catch fish (crabs are also good), which will help make that woman's milk flow. She has just given birth, it (will be used) so that her milk comes forth. \psa Ve a conseguir pescado (cangrejos también son buenos) que ayudará a que aquella señora que tenga leche. Apenas ha dado a luz, será (utilizada) para que caiga su leche. \pna Xne:cha:nili:ti nosuwa:w, xne:chtla:kamati. \pea Go bring my wife back for me, she doesn't obey me (i.e. respect me, and didn't come back with me). \psa Ve a traerme a mi mujer, no me obedece (esto es, ella no me respeta y no se quiso regresar conmigo). \xrb a:na \xvbao a:na \nse For a discussion of the meaning of a:na, particularly in relationship to kwi, cf. these entries. \pqry The Oapan speech token is a good example of vowel lengthening before directional affixes. \mod Add entry under /me:yaltia:/. \ref 05379 \lxa a:njolin \lxaa a:njoli:n \lxac a:njoli:n \lxo a:jolin \lxoc a:jolin \dt 31/Jul/2003 \loan ajonjolí \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sesame \ss ajonjolí \cola itakatl \colo ítakátl \sem plant \sem domesticated \nae In Ameyaltepec it is unclear which of the two pronunciations is more common, or whether there is any distributional pattern to the variation. \qry Although the stress variation is accepted, and thus both entries (with penultimate and final syllable stress are correct, a problem with vowel length has been noted in various entries. Several entries had a long initial /a:/ followed by short /o/ and /i/. My feeling is that the /a/ should indeed be short but, given the status of this word as a borrowing, the final two vowels might alternate in length depending upon which receives stress (i.e. with stress determining length). Cf. /ama:tes/ as a borrowing vs. /a:matl/ from Nahuatl. Check pronounciation, i.e. placement of accent. Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ there is mention of prepared foods that use this type of bean. All have their own separate entry except /anjolí:n ika mo:hli/. Check this and if it is a food, give it an entry and discuss how it is made. \pqry Recheck vowel length! \ref 02953 \lxa anjoli:n burroh \lxac anjoli:n burroh \lxo a:jolkowborroh \lxoc a:jolkowborroh \dt 03/Jul/2002 \loan ajonjolí; burro \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-complex (Am) \se long row of cut sesame plants left bundled and upright to dry in the field \ss una larga hacina de plantas de ajonjolí cortadas que se atan en manojos y se dejan paradas en el campo para secar \pna Ye tsonaka westok moanjolí:n burroh, xkwahli o:nankitla:laktikeh punta:les. \pea Your row of cut sesame plants is already leaning over, you didn't put the stake supports into the ground well. \psa Tu hacina de ajonjolí ya se va cayendo, Uds. no metieron bien los puntales en la tierra. \qry See the drawing/illustration with original 3x5 card. Check to see if /burroh/ can be used with the same meaning in reference to any other type of plant. \nse The anjolí:n burroh refers to the cut sesame that is placed upright in rows, leaning one row against the other in a triangular setup, like a lean-to. \mod Illustrate \ref 03560 \lxa anjoli:n itakatl \lxac anjoli:n itakatl \lxo a:jolítakátl \lxoc a:jolítakátl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan (part) ajonjolí \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se an itacate or, in Spanish, toasted gordita, (type of toasted tortilla-like food) made of sesame \ss una gordita (o itacate) de ajonjolí \sem food \xrb htaka \encyctmp tlakwahli \fl itakatl \qry Check length of initial /a/ of /anjoli:n/ in Am. Check for possessed forms. Note that all initial vowel words should be compared for length. It seems that long initial /a:/ is quite obvious. \mod Add encyclopedia entry under food listing types of food \rt Probably /itakatl/ is related to the verb /itki/ and thus the nominal /tlatki/, although this should be checked. \vl Note that initial /a:/ in Oapan measures well over 100 ms. This should be used to compare to other roots/stems with short initial vowel \ref 03194 \lxa anjoli:n mo:hli \lxac anjoli:n mo:hli \lxo a:jolmo:hli \lxoc a:jolmo:hli \dt 07/Jul/2002 \loan ajonjolí \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of mole made of sesame seeds \ss tipo de mole hecho de anjolín \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb mo:l \pqry Recheck length of /a/ for all examples of 'sesame'. Here I seemed to definitely here a short /a/ in Ameyaltepec but a long /a:/ in Oapan. \vl Link 2nd female token of /a:jolmo:hli/ and 1st male token. \ref 05618 \lxa a:njoli:nteki \lxac a:njoli:nteki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 08635 \lxa a:ntok \lxac a:ntok \lxo a:ntok \lxoc a:ntok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be adjoined or adjacent to; to be one continuous unit \ss estar contigua a; ser una sola unidad continua \pna I:wa:n a:ntok. \pea It is one (e.g. piece of property) unit with the other. \psa Es uno solo (p. ej., parte de una sola propiedad) con el otro. \pna Tlama:kwilo:hli, san se: a:ntok. \pea Written script is just one continuous thing (line). \psa La letra cursiva es una cosa continua. \cfa a:nahlo \cfo a:nka \xrb a:na \nse Note that i:wa:n a:ntok might be said of a field that now has one owner but comprises lands that used to be separate. Since they are now together under one owner it is said of one parcel that, with the other, i:wa:n a:ntok. \qry Make sure of difference between iwa:n a:ntok and ia:nahlo. \ref 00871 \lxa anyá:n \lxac anyá:n \lxo kaya:n \lxoc kaya:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan gañán \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. anya:nes (Am) / kaya:nes (Oa); poss. noanyá:n (Am) / nokaya:n (Oa); poss. pl. noanya:nes, noania:nwan (Am) / nokaya:nwa:n (Oa) \se worker hired for the planting season in order to work the junta \ss gañan, esto es, un trabajador contratado en la época de siembra para trabajar la yunta \encyctmp labor arrangements \nse An anyá:n is usually paid a sum of money or maize and, in Ameyaltepec, often given two pair of clothes, a sombrero, and sandals, sometimes three pairs depending upon the arrangement with the land owner. Whereas in some areas the gañan only works the junta and after the end of plowing no longer works, in Ameyaltepec the gañan is also often obligated to help take in the harvest, an arrangement that indicates perhaps greater exploitation of this laborer here than in other villages in the northern Iguala Valley. Many gañanes from Oapan and Analco go to Santa Teresa to work, starting about May 21 and ending with the release of the yunta, about Aug. 7. There they are paid in maize, from 11 to 16 cargas for the season. They are also fed or, if their wives come with them, given a ration. The workers are then responsible for transporting the maize given in payment back to their pueblos, an obligation that often takes a considerable portion of their wages (for they often give a percentage of the maize to the trucker). Note also that in Sta. Teresa the gañanes are given the maize after harvest, around December; if they request a carga before, it counts as double in a deduction from the final "wages." A worker who aids the gañan is called a boyero (Nahuatl boye:roh). He does not work the team of oxen and is paid considerably less. \mod Note that in various entries I have recorded the spelling as /anyá:n/. Check and determine which spelling, with /i/ or /y/ more accurately reflects the actual pronunciation. \qry Check Oapan plural possessed form. \ref 05568 \lxa anya:nti \lxac anya:nti \lxo kaya:nti \lxoc kaya:nti \dt 20/May/2002 \loan gañan \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao to hire oneself out to work the junta, as a gañan \ssao contratarse como gañan \fla anyá:n \mod Note also the problem of spelling which applies to this verb form, i.e. whether there should be a /i/ or a /y/. \ref 01651 \lxa a:pachiwi \lxac a:pachiwi \lxo a:pachiwi \lxoc a:pachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get covered with water (e.g., sth that falls into a bucket, pool, pond, etc.) \ss cubrirse con agua (algo, p. ej., que se ha caido en una cubeta, charca, laguna, etc.) \pna O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. \pea It got covered with water. It fell off into a place where the water was deep. \psa Se tapó con agua. Cayó en una parte profunda del agua. \pna O:a:pachiw mosombre:roh, o:tma:niyew itik a:tl. \pea Your hat got covered with water, you let it slip out of your hands into the water. \psa Se cubrió tu sombrero con agua, se te fue de la mano al agua. \se to soak in water \ss remojarse en agua \pna A:pachiwtok. \pea The palm is soaking in water (e.g., palm to be softened, clothes that will be cleaned). \psa Está remojandose en agua (palma para suavizarse, ropa que se va a lavar, etc.). \se to become innundated (a field or section of land) \ss inundarse; cubrirse con agua (un terreno) .Está inundado (un campo o sembradío) \pna Yo:pe:w a:pachiwi nomi:l, kalaki a:te:ntli. \pea My cornfield has started to get flooded, the (rising) river has expanded into it. \psa Ya se empezó a inundar mi milpa, el río (crecido) le está entrando. \xrb a: \xrb pach \mod Use phrase with /ma:niyewa/ with entry under /ma:niyewa/. Check vowel length. \grm Locatives; /-ka:n/: O:a:pachiw, O:wetsito ka:n wekatlan. Note the use of /ka:n/ with a "locative." \ref 04078 \lxa a:pachowa \lxac ka:pachowa \lxo a:pachowa \lxoc ka:pachowa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to cover with water; to soak in water \ss sumergir en, o cubrir con, agua; remojar en agua \pna Xka:pacho, ma a:sia:wi! \pea Cover it with water, let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)! \psa ¡Sumérgelo en agua, déjalo remojar (p. ej., palma que se necesita ablandar para que se pueda atar, ropa para lavar, etc.)! \pna Xka:pacho un so:ya:tl para ma yema:nia. \pea Cover (soak) that palm in water so that it gets soft (and can be used to tie things). \psa Mete esa palma en agua para que se suavize (y se pueda utilizar para atar o entrelazar cosas). \pna Xka:pacho moyew para tikonxi:ni:s! Tikpapa:kas. \pea Place your beans in water, you will (later) toss them (into a pot to cook)! You will wash them (this refers to the action of placing beans in a water-filled bowl to soften and clean them before cooking). \psa Mete los frijoles en agua, los vas a hervir (después)! Los vas a lavar (se refiere a la acción de poner frijoles en un plato hondo con agua para ablandarlos y limpiarlos antes de cocerlos). \se to ply with drink; to give much drink to \ss ofrecer bebida con insistencia; ofrecer y servir mucha bebida \pna Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh. \pea They really plied us with drink. \psa Nos servieron mucha bebida. \xrb a: \xrb pach \nse Add phrase to entry under /xi:nia/. \ref 03705 \lxa a:palwah \lxac a:palwah \lxo a:palwah \lxoc a:palwah \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \seao type of black, or brown and black, snake with a red throat; it often inhabits the water \ssao tipo de culebra negra, o negra y color café, con una garganta roja; a menudo se halla en el agua \sem animal \sem sn \xrb a: \xrb pal \xrb -wah \nct kowatl \cpl According to Luis Lucena, this snake is brown and black with red on its throat. \qry Determine whether to classify /-wah/ here as a suffix. If there were to be a possessed form, determine its nature (i.e., does it have a -ka:w suffix as would be the case with -wah nominals?). \ref 00060 \lxa a:pan \lxac a:pan \lxo a:pan \lxoa a:pah \lxoc a:pah, a:pan \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1(loc) \sea village well \ssa pozo del pueblo \seo river \sso río \xrb a: \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan a:pan is used in reference to the river and a:te:nko to the river's edge. On the other hand, in Ameyaltepec the village well is referred to as a:pan whereas the river is called a:te:nko. \vl Link 1st female token /a:pah/ and 1st male token. \ref 06720 \lxa a:pani \lxac a:pani \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-Adv \der N-? \se place where the water is shallow (e.g., in a river or stream) \ss lugar donde está poco profunda el agua (de un arroyo o río) \pna Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. \pea I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. \psa He salido donde el agua es poco profunda, ya no es muy profunda. \cfo pani \xrb a: \xrb pani \qry The categorization of /a:pani/ is not clear. Launey gives /pani/ as an adverb (meaning 'on top' or encima). Cf. to /pani/. Here it would seem that the literal meaning is something like 'the water is on top' or 'el agua esta encima'. It would appear that the locative nature of /a:pani/ is diminished given the fact that /ka:n/ is used although one does have phrases such as /ka:n wekatlan/ as a type of headless relative with a modifier. \qry Determine when one uses /wekatlan/ (e.g., ka:n wekatlan) and when one uses /tlawekatlan/. I would think that the former can be used with /ka:n/ whereas the latter can't. \grm Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. "I've come out where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep." Note here the use of tla- with wekatlan. Whereas wekatlan is more an adjective, though it can be a predicate, tlawekatlan seems to be a noun, refering to a place that is deep. Note the difference in the use of /ka:n/ with /a:pani/ and the prefix /tla-/ with wekatlan (I believe a previous example had ka:n wekatlan (do a search). \ref 03886 \lxa a:pano:ltia \lxac ka:pano:ltia \lxo á:panó:ltia \lxoc ká:panó:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv class-2a \sea to take, carry, or help across a river \ssa llevar o ayudar a atravesar un río \pna O:necha:pano:ltikeh. \pea They helped (took) me cross the river. \psa Me ayudaron a cruzar (me llevaron al otro lado de) el río. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to play around with (e.g., a toy) in the water \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) jugar con (p. ej., un juguete) en el agua \xrb a: \xrb pano: \xvba a:panowa \xvbo á:panówa \nse Whereas a:panowa in Ameyaltepec means 'to cross to the other side of a body of water,' in Oapan the same intransitive verb, with reduced reduplication, signifies 'to swim.' This variation in meaning carries across to the causative. Thus Ameyaltepec has a:pano:ltia 'to take across to the other side of a body of water' whereas Oapan has á:pano:ltia (with the same reduced reduplication) meaning 'to play around with (i.e., "make swim") in the water.' \qry Perhaps a separate category of causatives should be made for those derived with -ltia, although these can be selected for by searching for -ltia in the /lx field and -ca in the /cat field. \ref 03397 \lxa a:panowa \lxac a:panowa \lxo á:panówa \lxop á:panowa \lxoc á:panówa \dt 24/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv class-4c \pa yes-rdp \sea to cross or fjord a river, lake or other body of water \ssa cruzar o atravesar un río, lago u otro cuerpo de agua \pna Wel a:panowa. \pea He can cross to the other side of the river (by himself). \psa Sabe cruzar el río (solo). \pna O:nia:pano:ko. \pea I came across to this side of the river (implied, to do sth). \psa Atravesé a este lado del río (implica, a hacer algo). \seo to swim (see (Am) a:nelowa) \sso nadar (véase (Am) a:nelowa) \xrb a: \xrb pano: \xvca a:pano:ltia \nae The reduced reduplication in the Oapan form á:panówa derives from the differing semantics of the identical verb in Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec the verb refers to the crossing of a body of water; in Oapan it means 'to swim.' The reduplication in Oapan (reflected in the stressed initial vowel) is probably due to the fact that swimming involves iterativity, the same repeated actions with ones arms and hands. However, note that in general Oapan words with the root a: (water) are often reduplicated (e.g., á:tlakwí. \qry Luis Lucena stated that both /o:nia:pano:ko:/ and /o:niwa:la:pano:k/ are correct, and indeed equivalent. However, not all informants agreed. Check my grammar notes on the subject and, if necessary, with native speakers at a later date. \ref 02815 \lxa a:pantetl \lxac a:pantetl \lxo a:pantetl \lxoc a:pantetl \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea child who wants to play, or often plays, in the water \ssa niño que quiere jugar, o que siempre juega, en el agua \seo stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym a:te:ntetl) \sso piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo a:te:ntetl) \xrb a: \xrb te \xrl -pan \nae The first element of the compound noun a:pantetl is a:pan a locative noun used to be 'river.' \pqry Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel). \grm Oapan phonology: The 4 tokens here provide a good illustration of variation in vowel length both within a word (long vs. short) and between speakers (Florencia has a smaller ratio between /a:/ and /a/, first and second syllables of /a:pantetl/, based on a long duration to her short vowel). \ref 06314 \lxa a:pantlakalilia \lxac ka:pantlakalilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to construct irrigation ditches for (a crop) \ssa poner zanjas para regar (un cultivo) \pna O:ka:pantlakalilikeh mi:hli. \pea They put in irrigation ditches for the corn. \psa Ellos pusieron zanjas (apancles) para regar el maíz. \syno sá:nkatlákalí \xrb a: \xrb -pan; tlahkali \qry Check existence of /a:pantli/ and decide on validity of secondary root /a:pan/. Also determine whether one can say /ka:pantlakalilia mihli/ or /... notla:lchi:wal/, etc. i.e., whether the object is simply the crop. Finally, this word might be a good candidate for a double applicative, check for /o:ne:cha:pantlakalililih nomi:l/. If correct, enter in grammar. Check correctness of Oapan /sá:nkatlákalí/ and remove from /cogo if not correct. \ref 01164 \lxa a:papa:ka \lxaa a:pupa:ka \lxac ka:pupa:ka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb a: \xrb pa:ka \pqry Check vowel quality in the reduplicant. Probably this should just be written as /a:papa:ka/ with an accompanying note as to vowel quality change. \ref 08415 \lxa a:pa:tsiwi \lxac a:pa:tsiwi \lxo a:pa:tsiwi \lxoc a:pa:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become moistened or wet with water \ss mojarse con agua; mezclarse con agua \xrb a: \xrb pa:ts \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \pqry The duration of the initial (long) /a:/ in Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation is significantly shortened. Under 90 ms. These should be compared to the longer duration of Inocencio's initial vowel and to the duration of Florencia's second vowel /pa:/, which is well over 110 ms (I don't have the measurements at hand). It is worth considering the possibility that there is some tendency to neutralization of initial vowels, just as occurs with final vowels. \ref 05849 \lxa a:pa:tsowa \lxac ka:pa:tsowa \lxo a:pa:tsowa \lxoc ka:pa:tsowa \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to moisten with water \ss mojar con agua; mezclar con agua \pna Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabó:n. Tika:poso:nalti:s \pea You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water. \psa Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua. \xrb a: \xrb pa:ts \ref 05929 \lxa a:pe:to \lxac i:a:pe:to \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan apetito \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea stomach \ssa estómago \pna O:te:n ia:pe:to. \pea He's had his fill \psa Ya se llenó (de comer). \sem body \sem human \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz, from whom I did not hear this word, this is a derivation from the Sp. apetito. It is a recent introduction and is used jokingly (as in the illustrative phrase) to mean 'stomach.' \qry Check for final /-h/. \ref 00976 \lxa a:petla:nwia \lxac ka:petla:nwia \lxo a:petla:nwia \lxoa a:petla:wia \lxof [a: pe tla: 'wi a] \lxoc na:petla:nwiya, na:petla:wiya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to flood or innundate (a field) \ssa inundar con agua (un terreno) \pna O:ka:petla:nwih itla:l, kibarbe:cho:s. \pea He innundated his field, he will plow it it for planting. \psa El inundó su campo, lo va a barbechar. \seao (refl.-anticaus.) to become flooded (a place); to get flooded and washed away (land by a river) \ssao (refl.-anticaus.) inundarse (un lugar); innundarse y arrastrarse (un terreno, por un río crecido) \pna O:na:petla:nwih ka:n o:nito:kak pa:mpa o:kalak we:i a:tl, o:we:iak. \pea The place where I planted got washed away, the swollen river entered into it (the field), it (the river) got big. \psa El lugar donde sembré se arrastró por el río crecido que le entró, se subió (el río). \pna O:na:petla:nwih nokalitsi:n. O:kalahka a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea The inside of my house got innundated and washed away. Flood waters entered into it (but have now subsided). \psa Se inundó y se arrastró el interior de mi casa. Entraron las aguas torrenciales de la lluvia (pero ya bajaron). \xrb a: \xrb petla: \nse Most documented uses of this verb are in the reflexive (anticausative) form, referring to land washed away by a river, flood waters, or similar processes. In fact, in Oapan only the reflexive is found. However, in Ameyaltepec it may apparently may be used as a simple transitive, at least by some speakers, to refer to the intentional flooding of a field. But this use might be idiosyncratic. \nae Note that in Oapan speakers vary in whether the nasal deletes before /w/. In the speech samples Florencia Marcelino retains /n/ whereas in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez it is deleted. \grm Oapan phonology: Note optional loss of /n/ in this word. \vl Make sure that the clearest examples of the difference between female (first) and male speech is present: female retains /n/, male loses it. \ref 02535 \lxa a:petla:nwi:lo \lxac a:petla:nwi:lo \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb a: \grm Passsive: Note that in this case both the transitive and the passive appear. The use of /-lo/ is interesting and should be discussed. \ref 08451 \lxa a:pilowa \lxac a:pilowa \lxo a:pilowa \lxoc a:pilowa \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to be tipped toward the horizon and in a waning crescent (the moon) \ss estar inclinada hacia el horizonte y de cuarto menguante (la luna) \pna A:pilowa me:stli; tsonakatsi:n unkah. Kito:sneki kiawis. \pea The tip of the crescent moon is dipping down toward the horizon, it's on its side. This means that it's going to rain. \psa La punta de la luna de cuarto menguante está inclinada hacia el horizonte; está de lado. Eso quiere decir que va a llover. \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb pil \mod Cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1 and add to entry. \grm Incorporation; The verb /a:pilowa/ is an interesting case of incorporation. It appears that the incorporated noun is in essence a thematic patient. \ref 02560 \lxa a:pio:tsi:n \lxac a:pio:tsi:n \lxo a:pio:tsi:n \lxoc a:pio:tsi:n \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan (part) pío \psm N \pss P1 \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 22, p. 334 \seao type of small bird that lives near the water, apparently the Collared Plover, Charadrius collaris or a closely related species \ssao tipo de pájaro pequeño que vive cerca del agua, aparentemente el "Collared Plover," Charadrius collaris o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a: \xrb pio \nse This animal is like a chick in size: to:to:tsi:ntli, i:pan a:te:ntli nemi. Apparently the name include pio probably after the sound that a chick makes. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'pollito de agua.' \nct to:to:tsi:ntli \mod Enter under /cho/. \ref 01472 \lxa a:pise:wia \lxac na:pise:wia \lxo a:pise:wia \lxof [a: pi se: 'wi a] \lxoc na:pise:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a small bite to allay ones hunger \ss (refl.) tomarse un refrigerio para mitigar o matar temporalmente el hambre \pna San o:nima:pise:wih. Xo:nixwik. \pea I just ate something to allay my hunger. I didn't get full. \psa Sólo tomé un refrigerio para matar el hambre. No me llené. \xrb a:pis \xrb se: \nse A:pise:wia is often used to refer to the action of eating something quickly in the field before returning home for a full meal. \qry Check to see if only used in the reflexive and if an intransitive exist. \mod Determine stems for /se:wia/ and use the same here. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 04571 \lxa a:pi:si:hli \lxac a:pi:si:hli \lxo a:pi:si:hli \lxoc a:pi:si:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao mist or spray; misty rain; vapor or spray that comes in a window during a heavy rain \ssao neblina o brizna; neblina o brizna que entra por la ventana durante una fuerte lluvia \pna Xok mlá:h kiawis, sa: puroh a:pi:si:hli xi:ntok. \pea It won't really rain anymore, just a fine misty spray is coming down. \psa Ya no va a llover de veras, ya nada más está cayendo una brizna fina. \xrb a: \xrb pi:si:l \nae Whether or not pi:si:hli, the second element of a:pi:si:hli and xa:lpi:si:hli, should be considered a nominal root is unclear. For a list of words containing pi:si:l see RJC (p. 250). \ref 00945 \lxa a:pismiki \lxac a:pismiki \lxo a:pismiki \lxoc a:pismiki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be hungry \ss tener hambre \se to look for trouble \ss buscar pleito \pna Ta:pismiki? Newa timitstlakwalti:s! \pea Are you looking for trouble? I'll be the one to give you a thrashing. \psa ¿Buscas pleito? ¡Yo te voy a dar una tunda! \xrb a:pis \xrb miki \nse Note the metaphoric use of both a:pismiki and kwaltia. \nae Almost always the /i/ of the subject prefixes is eliminated before this verb: na:pismiki 'I am hungry.' \mod Enter this phrase under /kwaltia/. I have always heard /na:pismiki/, never /nia:pismiki/. \pqry Note the variation in duration of the initial vowel between the 1st and 2nd tokens of Florencia Marcelino: 73 and 98 ms. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05481 \lxa a:pismiktia \lxac ka:pismiktia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \syna a:piste:ka \xrb \ref 08396 \lxa a:piste:ka \lxac ka:piste:ka \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-4a \sea to keep from eating (e.g., sb who takes another person along to work and doesn't leave time to eat) \sso no dejar (a algn) comer (p. ej., algn que lleva a otro a trabajar y no le da tiempo para comer) \sea (refl.) to go a long time without eating \ssa (refl.) ir mucho tiempo sin comer \xrb a:pis \xrb te:ka \ref 08395 \lxa a:pistli \lxac a:pistli \lxo a:pistli \lxoc a:pistli \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao hunger \ssao hambre \pna O:mik de a:pistli. \pea He died of hunger. \psa El se murió de hambre. \pna O:mik ika a:pistli. \pea He died from starvation. \psa Se murió de hambre. \pna Nimikis de a:pistli, umpa xtlakwalo. \pea I will be hungry all the time, over there (i.e., in a given village or town) no one eats well. \psa Voy a andar siempre con hambre, allá (esto es, en un pueblo o ciudad) nadie come bien. \pna Yo:ne:chasik a:pistli (=yo:pe:w na:pismiki) \pea I feel pangs of hunger (lit., 'I've been seized by hunger'). \psa Me agarró el hambre. \xrb a:pis \nse Compare o:mik de a:pistli in which the subject really died, to ye miktok de a:pistli 'he's dying of hunger,' 'he's really hungry,' 'he's starving,' etc. The sense of miki de a:pistli may be either literal or metaphoric, depending upon the context and the verb tense. For example, the perfective tends to orient a literal interpretation, the present or future is more metaphoric. \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 00322 \lxa a:pi:tsa \lxac na:pi:tsa \lxo a:pi:tsa \lxoc na:pi:tsa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to have diarrea; to have the runs \ss (refl.) tener diarrea; tener chorro \pna Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh. Ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. Xtetepi:stik ikwitl, a:tostik. \pea That steer has diarrea (this is a sign of health, that the steer has been eating well, water and zacate). Runny excrement comes out. His excrement is not hard, it is watery. \psa Aquel buey tiene diarrea (signo de salud, de que ha sido bien alimentado, con agua y zacate). Le sale excremento aguado. su excremento no es duro, es aguado. \se (refl.) to burst (a granery or storage bin) \ss (refl.) reventarse (una troje) \pna O:na:pi:ts ikweskon. O:tsomo:n pa:mpa te:ntoya, san de a:kawtlapi:hli. \pea His granary burst open. It split because it was full, it and was just made of a:kawtli with mud (i.e., it was not of the more durable and strong ones made of adobe). \psa Su troje se reventó. Se abrió porque estaba muy lleno y estaba hecha solamente de a:kawtli con lodo (esto es, no era de las que aguantan más, hechas de adobe). \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \xvcao a:pi:tsaltia \mod Note reflexive and cf. to causative /a:pi:tsaltia/, with no change in valence. Compare this to the pair of verbs /amanka:kwi/ and /amanka:kwi:tia:/ and the comments under these latter verbs. Also cf. to other similar verbs of states that affect the body: /i:to:nia/, etc. Cf. my coding explanation of V-1-refl and V-2-refl. I have temporarily coded /a:pi:tsa/ as V-2-refl, which would indicate that it takes an object with a meaning of 'to have diarrea on...' (as a:xi:xa). If this proves not to be the case then the code should be changed to V-1-refl \ref 02831 \lxa a:pi:tsahli \lxac a:pi:tsahli \lxo a:pi:tsahli \lxoc a:pi:tsahli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seao runny excrement; diarrea; the runs \ssao excremento aguado; diarrea; chorro \pna Na:pi:tsa un bwe:yeh, ki:sa ia:pi:tsal. \pea That steer has diarrea, runny excrement comes out. \psa Aquel novillo tiene diarrea, su excremento sale aguado. \qry Check for possessed form. \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \ref 00411 \lxa a:pi:tsalistli \lxac a:pi:tsalistli \lxo ---- \dt 03/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \sea diarrea; the runs \ssa diarrea; chorro \syno tlano:ki:hli \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \ref 05024 \lxa a:pi:tsaltia \lxac ka:pi:tsaltia \lxo a:pi:tsaltia \lxoc ka:pi:tsaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se to give diarrhea to; to cause diarrhea in (sb) \ss causar o dar diarrea a \pna Ne:cha:pi:tsaltia tli:n onkwah. \pea What I ate gives me diarrhea. \psa Lo que comí me da diarrea. \xrb a: \xrb pi:tsa \xvbao a:pi:tsa \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Note that this is a monotransitive causative from a reflexive base. Cf. notes with /a:pi:tsa/. \ref 04773 \lxa a:pitso \lxac a:pitso \lxo a:pitso \lxoc a:pitso \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of fish, apparently carp \ss tipo de pez, aparentemente carpa \se type of water animal that lives along with a:lamatsi:n and other such creatures \ss tipo de animal que vive en el agua con a:lamatsi:n y otras tales criaturas \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:burrah \xrb a: \xrb pitso \nse Luis Lucena was not sure what kind of fish this is. He stated that he has heard this word, but never seen the fish to which is supposedly refers. He added that it might be the same as a:burrah another type of fish of which he has heard the name but never seen. \pqry Note the variation in the duration of the initial vowel. IN the first token of Florencia Marcelino the length is quite short (at most 86 ms measuring from the extremes), in others it is long. \ref 05065 \lxa a:pochi:naltia \lxac ka:pochi:naltia \lxo a:pochi:naltia \lxoc ka:pochi:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni[+ca] \infv class-2a \se to soften by soaking in water, so that (the item soaked) becomes fuzzy, loose, and spongy \ss ablandar al remojar, para que (el objeto remojado) se ponga velloso y esponjoso \pna Xka:pochi:nalti un mexkahli para ixtli. \pea Soften that cactus in water to make rope (i.e., so that it can be shredded to make hemp twine). \psa Remoja ese cactus en agua para hacer cuerda (esto es, hasta que se ablande y se pueda trizar para hacer cáñamo enroscado). \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \xvbao a:pochi:ni \dis a:pochi:ni; a:yema:nia \nae Although the verbal base pochi:ni forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (pochi:na, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root a:. Here there transitive alternation is through causative morphology: a:pochi:ni and a:pochi:naltia. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see ma:kana:wa). \qry Note that although the pair /pochi:ni/ and /pochi:na/ exist as nondirected alternation, with the incorporated noun /a:/ it seems that only /a:pochi:ni/ and /a:pochi:naltia/ exist. This shoud be checked and if true, commented on in the grammar. For /a:yema:nia/, which is intransitive, determine whether a transitive exists (e.g., a:yema:nilia, which should if it exists, be added to the dictionary). \grm Noun incorporation; transitivity alternation: Although the verbal base pochi:ni forms a transitive through nondirected alternation (pochi:na, this is not the case with the same verb and the incorporated noun root a:. Here there transitive alternation is through causative morphology: a:pochi:ni and a:pochi:naltia. The fact that the verb root manifests nondirected alternation but that the incorporated form manifests overt causative morphology is encoded in the derivational field. It provides another example how noun incorporation can affect the nature of transitivity alternations, or how transitivity alternations can affect the semantics of noun incorporation (see ma:kana:wa). \ref 01628 \lxa a:pochi:ni \lxac a:pochi:ni \lxo a:pochi:ni \lxoc á:pochí:ni \dt 05/Aug/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni[+ca] \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to become spongy or fuzzy from water; to come apart in water (e.g. tortillas, bread, some types of paper, soap, and even some rocks) \ss esponjarse o desmoronarse por estar en agua; deshacerse en el agua (p. ej., tortilla, pan, algunos tipos de papel, jabón y hasta algunas piedras) \pna O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo. \pea The dirt on your feet got soft from water (i.e., in bathing, after it had hardened from not bathing). \psa La mugre sobre tus pies se ablandó con el agua (p. ej., al bañarte después de que se había endurecido porque no te habías bañado). \pna A:pochi:ni, papa:ti. \pea It softens up in water, it starts to dissolve. \psa Se ablanda en el agua, empieza a disolverse (papel, jabón, pan, tortillas, etc.). \pna Yo:a:pochi:n nokxi. A:man ma ntetechiki para ma ki:sa un tla:hli. \pea My foot (i.e., the dirt or even dried skin on it) has softened up in the water. Now let me scrape it so that the dirt comes off. \psa Mi pie (esto es, la tierra o mugre endurecida que ha formado una capa, o la piel muerta y dura) se ablanda con el agua. Ahora déjame rasparlo para que se caiga la mugre. \dis a:yema:nia \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \xvcao a:pochi:naltia \mod add ixkitla:hlo to dictionary. Also add the indicated phrase with /chiki/ and /pa:ti/ reduplicated under these headwords. \nae Although the citation form from Oapan manifests pitch accent on the initial underlyingly long vowel, which is a reflex of reduplication, the headword entry is not "reduplicated." This variation should be explored, but it would appear that Oapan a:pochi:ni is correct given that the causative form, a:pochi:naltia, has been documented without pitch accent. \nse Transitive form apparently takes causative. \ref 03823 \lxa a:pochi:nki \lxac a:pochi:nki \lxo a:pochi:nki \lxoc a:pochi:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be soft and fuzzy from haven gotten wet or to have being soaked in water (e.g., tortillas, paper, clothes covered in dirt from which the dirt becomes loose) \ss estar blando o esponjado por haberse mojado o haber estado remojando en agua (p. ej., tortillas, papel, ropa cubierta tener mugre que se había ablandado) \xrb a: \xrb pochi: \dis a:yema:nki; a:pochi:nki \vl Note that Oapan /á:pochí:ni/ has p-a whereas adjectival /a:pochi:ni/ does not. Check that this is indeed the case, and check for reasons, i.e., is the verbal form given in elicitation just an alternative to a non-reduplicated form. \ref 01730 \lxa a:po:ktli \lxac a:po:ktli \lxo a:po:htli \lxoc a:po:htli \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se driving rain and mist (particularly in reference to the smokelike mist of rainwater that precedes a tempest) \ss aguaviento (particularlmente en referencia a la brizna de lluvia que precede una tempestad) \pna Wa:hlaw chika:wak a:tl, a:sta ika a:po:ktli. \pea A strong storm is coming, it's so bad it's bringing along a driving rain and mist. \psa Se viene una lluvia fuerte, hasta trae consigo un aguaviento. \pna Asta ika a:po:ktli wa:hlaw kiawtli \pea The rain is coming along with a driving rain and mist. \psa La lluvia viene hasta trayendo consigo un aguaviento. \xrb a: \xrb po:ka \mod Here as elsewhere, check /astah/ and correct as necessary (i.e., in regard to vowel length or final /h/). \ref 04662 \lxa a:polaki \lxac a:polaki \lxo a:polaki \lxoc a:polaki \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to become summerged or summerge oneself completely under water (from a position already in the water) \ss sumergirse completamente en el agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua) \pna Ne:nkah, kwaltsi:n a:polaki, weka:wi kixi:kowa itik a:tl. \pea That person there can really go under water, he can last a long time underwater. \psa Aquel bien puede sumergirse en el agua, aguanta mucho tiempo bajo el agua. \pna Kwaltsi:n a:polaki motera:yah. \pea Your fishing net goes nicely into the water (e.g., because it has a lot of lead). \psa Tu atarraya entra el agua bien (p. ej., porque tiene mucho plomo). \pna Wel na:polaki. \pea I can dive underwater. \psa Puedo sumergirme en el agua. \xrb a: \xrb polak \xvca a:polaktia \xvco a:polahtia \nse In Ameyaltepec both na:polaki and nia:polaki were accepted by consultants, though the former seems vastly more common. Note that the sense of a:polaki, at least in Oapan, is that one is already in the water and becomes, or is, submerged under water. \pqry Note the differnece in the duration of the initial /a/ in the two female tokens; a good example of phonetic variation. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 06063 \lxa a:polaktia \lxac ka:polaktia \lxo a:polahtia \lxoc ka:polahtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sumerge or push underwater (from a position already in the water) \ss sumergir, empujar o meter abajo del agua (desde una posición ya dentro del agua) \pna Xka:polakti un toba:leh! \pea Push that guy under water! \psa ¡Empuja a este cuate para dentro del agua! \xrb a: \xrb polak \xvbao a:polaki \vl Link first female token. \ref 03412 \lxa a:pola:n \lxac *a:pola:n \lxo ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \loan plátano (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of banana not yet identified \ssa tipo de plátano todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem food \sem edible \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry Recheck length of final /a:/; obtain plural form. \ref 03506 \lxa a:poposoktli \lxac a:poposoktli \lxo a:poposohtli \lxoc a:poposohtli \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-ni-k \infn N1 \se foam from water, or any other liquid (from white water and rapids) \ss espuma de agua o de cualquier otro líquido (de los rápidos en un río o las olas turbulentas del mar) \xrb a: \xrb poso: \mod Originally I had this as possesionable, and as possibly referring to the head on a beer /Kipia i:a:poposokio/; but C. Flores stated that one would instead simply say /kipia i:poposokio/ and that /a:poposoktli/ is only found unpossessed. \ref 05003 \lxa a:po:poxowa \lxac na:po:poxowa \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to waddle, or roll back and forth, in water or mud (particularly animals such as pigs); to wiggle and wallow back and forth in the soft ground (as if there were water, e.g., a hen) \ssa (refl.) revolcarse en lodo o agua (particularmente un marrano); menearse en la tierra (como si fuera agua, p. ej., una gallina en la tierra suelta) \pna Yo:pe:w na:po:poxowa: un pitso. \pea That pig has started to waddle around in the mud (or a puddle or depression of mud and water). \psa Ese marrano ya empezó a revolcarse in el lodo (o en una depressión en la tierra, llena de agua y lodo). \pna Na:po:poxotok un pio. \pea That chicken is wallowing in the dirt (i.e., it wiggles back and forth to settle down into a depression it has made in the earth). \psa Esa gallina se está meneando para acomodarse en la tierra (esto es, se menea la colita de un lado a otro para hacer un lugar cómodo). \xrb a: \xrb pox \nse Apparently because of the nature of the action referred to, this verb is not used in a non-reduplicated form. \qry Check absence of transitive form. Also check to see if it is possible to use transitively. \ref 06075 \lxa a:posa:wa \lxac ka:posa:wa \lxo a:posa:wa \lxoc ka:posa:wa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to rise from the effects of water or yeast (certain mixtures such as bread dough) \ss levantarse por los efectos del agua o levadura (ciertas mezclas como masa para pan) \pna Yo:na:posa:w \pea It has already risen (e.g., dough). \psa Ya se levantó (p. ej., masa para hacer pan). \cfa i:xakokwi \xrb a: \xrb posa: \nse Used generally as reflexive. \qry Perhaps create an disambiguating entry with /i:xakukwi/ and other words. \ref 01420 \lxa a:poso:naltia \lxac ka:poso:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to make froth \ss hacer espumar \pna Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n jabón. Tika:poso:nalti:s \pea You will moisten it in the palm of your hand, it bubbles up like soap. You will make it froth up with water \psa Vas a echarle agua en la palma de tu mano, se hace espuma como si fuera jabón. Vas a hacerlo espumar con agua. \equivo a:poso:nia \xrb a: \xrb poso: \nae Unlike most verbs that end in -ni, a:poso:naltia follows the pattern of certain verbs of motion (tsikwi:ni, patla:ni) in that the transtive is a causative, not a nondirected alternation. However, the intransitive form a:poso:ni has not been documented. There is, however, an adjectival form a:poso:nki \qry Check for intransitive form ?/a:poso:ni/. Also check for /a:poso:nia/. \ref 03936 \lxa a:poso:nia \lxac ka:poso:nia \lxo a:poso:nia \lxocpend ka:poso:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seao to boil in water \ssao hervir en agua \equiva a:poso:naltia \xrb a: \xrb poso: \qry In the Ameyaltepec entry /a:poso:nia/, which itself needs to be checked, I had a xref to Oa /a:poso:nia/. However, this latter word was not in the dictionary. I have added it; likewise note that Am /a:poso:naltia/ needs to be checked. Note that the classical dictionaries do not have cognate verbal forms. Check also for intrans. /a:poso:nia/. \ref 07658 \lxa a:poso:ni:hli \lxac a:poso:ni:hli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb a: \xrb poso: \ref 08258 \lxa a:poso:nki \lxac a:poso:nki \lxo a:poso:nki \lxoc a:poso:nki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao water that has been boiled \ssao agua hervida \pna A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. \pea It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). \psa Es agua hervida, ya se había hervido (pero ahora no está hirviendo, puede ser que ni está caliente). \xrb a: \xrb poso: \qry Check for possible possessed ?na:poso:nka:w. If this is correct change /infn coding. \grm A:poso:nki, yo:posonka. It is boiled water, it had already boiled (but is now not boiling, or maybe not even hot). Note how the pluperfect is used here to indicate that the water had been boiled; it is boiled, but not boiling, water. \ref 02260 \lxa a:pupwa \lxac a:pupwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se to clean or cleanse water \ss limpiar agua \xrb a: \ref 08444 \lxa a:ra \lxaa a:ray \lxac a:ra \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \loan carajo (?); ora (?) \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \sea (~ [certain kin terms in 2nd-person singular possessive, often in diminutive]) your mother/father/grandmother! \ssa (~ [término de un pariente, a menudo en diminutivo]) ¡tu madre/padre/abuela! \pna A:ra mona:n (=a:ra mona:ntsi:n)! \pea Your mother! \psa ¡Tu madre! \pna A:ra mosi:s (=a:ra mosi:stsi:n)! \pea Your grandmother! \psa ¡Tu abuela! \nse Used most often as an insult. At times, however, it can be complementary. Thus a:rah motatsi:n can mean 'You are just like your father' either in an insulting (lazy like him) or complementary (skilled like him) way. It is not clear at the moment whether the Spanish source of this Nahuatl loan is carajo or ora. \ref 04858 \lxa araba:toh \lxac araba:toh \lxo ---- \dt 31/Jan/2002 \loan garabato \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea curved (used to refer to machetes) \ssa encorvado (aplicado a machetes) \pna Mache:teh araba:toh. \pea It is a curved machete. \psa Es un machete encurvado. \cfa mache:teh \ref 02475 \lxa Ara:doh \lxaa Aradi:toh \lxac Ara:doh \lxo ara:doh \lxoc ara:doh \dt 05/Jul/2002 \loan arado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se plow \ss arado \se constellation comprising the body of Orion \ss constelación de estrellas que se compone del cuerpo de Orión \sem heavens \sem tool \cfa tla:wi:hli \ref 05321 \lxa ara:doh de kuwtli \lxac ara:doh de kuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \loan (part) arado \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of plow \ssa tipo de arado \sem tool \cfa ara:doh de po:lkoh \encyctmp tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de po:lkoh/. \xrb kow \nse This type of plow is no longer used, having given way to the ara:doh de po:lkoh. According to Florencia Marcelino the term ara:doh de kohtli is not a proper term since the word ara:doh refers only to the plowshare, not the entire plow. \ref 05281 \lxa ara:doh de po:lkoh \lxac ara:doh de po:lkoh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan arado; polco (?) \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of plow yet not definitively identified, it has replaced the plow made of wood \ssa tipo de arado todavía no identificado definitivamente \sem tool-cultivate \cfa ara:doh de kohtli \encyctmp tla:hli; List types of plows under a synonym section on /tla:hli/ containing all the words associated with plowing, planting, etc. There is also a type of plow, or used to be, called /ara:doh de kuhtli/ \nse This type of plow is apparently the one used nowadays, having replaced the ara:doh de kuhtli. \nae As with most Spanish borrowings, the possessed form of the headword manifests no change on the complex noun, e.g, ara:doh de po:lkoh. \ref 00232 \lxa ara:joh \lxac \lxacpend ara:joh \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan carajo \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \sea shit; damn it \ssa carajo; chin; maldita sea \pna Ara:joh ikwitl. \pea Fucking shit! \psa ¡Carajo! \pna Ara:joh ikwitl! Mejó:r newa nikontekis. \pea Shit man! It would be better for me to (just) go and pick it myself (e.g., a fruit). \psa ¡Chin! Mejor voy yo mismo a cortarla (p. ej., una fruta). \pna Ara:joh ikwitl, xmlá:k. \pea Shit! it isn't true. \psa ¡Chin! ¡no es verdad! \pna Ara:joh itik ina:ntsi:n! xmlá:k! \pea Screw his mother! It's not true! \psa ¡Chinga a su madre! ¡No es verdad! \sea (~ miktlan + [adjectival]) god-damned [adjectival] \ssa (~ miktlan + [adjectival]) piche [adjectival] \pna Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. \pea That guy's a God-damned lazy bum. He never goes anywhere. \psa Ese tipo es un piche holgazán. Nunca va a ningún lado. \nse Note that ara:joh, i:kwitl is used mostly as an interjection if one does not like the sound of something that someone has said. \mod Add in entry under /kwitlatl/. \grm Syntax; negation; /kanah/: Note syntax in /Xkaman kanah yaw/ 'He never goes anywhere'. The negation is at the leftmost point of the \grm Note syntax: Xkaman kanah yaw 'he never goes anywhere'. \ref 02545 \lxa arrechia:rowa \lxac narrechia:rowa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (Nah) arrechar \psm V1 \der V1-refl[x] \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to have an affair; to engage in sex \ssa (refl.) tener una canita; coger \pna Xmarrechia:ro! \pea Have a fling! \psa ¡Échate una canita! \pna Kwaltsi:n xmarrechia:ro! Ma:ka san xteso:nsotik, ma mitsa:lwelita. \pea Go for it (sexually)! Don't just act like an idiot! Let her take a good look at you and like what she sees! \psa ¡Anímate (a hacerle el amor)! No seas tan zonzo. ¡Qué te vea, qué te aprecie (tu parecer, para ser su amante). \sea (refl.) to get horny \ssa (refl.) arrecharse; tener ganas de hacer el amor; calentarse \pna Yo:pe:w (n)arrechia:rowa. \pea She (or he) has started to get horny (and want lovers). \psa Empezó a querer tener amantes (una mujer o hombre). \nae Apparently arrechia:rowa may be used with or without the reflexive prefix, with no change in meaning. It is not found with any other specific or nonspecific object prefix. \qry Determine whether this verb can indeed be used with or without a reflexive. Determine the transitive. And determine whether it can apply to both men and women. \ref 03419 \lxa arre:ychah \lxac arre:ychah \lxo arre:ychah \lxoc arre:ychah \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan arrecho (a) \seao to be high-spirited, a live-wire (usually in reference to a woman) \ssao ser muy animada y chancista; ser alegre (generalmente en referencia a una mujer) \seao to have a lot of lovers; to be loose (sexually); to go around with or desire many lovers; to be constantly horny \ssao tener muchos amantes; ser disoluta o fácil (una mujer en particular); ser caliente (sexualmente) y siempre con ganas de hacer el amor \nse Although at times consultants have said that the male form of this adjective (arre:ychoh can be used to refer to men who are woman-chasers (i.e., mujeriegos) I have never heard it so used. To the best of my knowledge \qry For the entry I originally had both genders for Ameyaltepec although I seem to remember it was only used in reference to women. FM would not accept the male gender form. \ref 03201 \lxa arribe:nyoh \lxac arribe:nyoh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan arribeño \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. arribe:nyos \sea highlander; person from the high country \ssa arribeño \nse In Ameyaltepec this was used, during the time of active itinerant trading, to refer to people from Mexico City and Morelos, particularly those who used to come often to sell (ceramics, clothes, and other manufactures) and buy (e.g., cattle). This is also used to refer to Carnival performers who, when the Carnival was still held, used to dress like arribe:nyos and go around selling old pieces of cloth in jest. \ref 04821 \lxa arrie:raújah \lxac arrie:raújah \lxo arrie:roh \lxoc arrie:roh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan arriero + aguja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se muleteer's needle (i.e., a thick, sturdy needle for piercing thick material such as blankets and leather) \ss aguja de arriero (esto es, una aguja gruesa y fuerte que se utiliza para punzar cosas gruesas tales como cobijas y cuero) \nse Apparently in Oapan this item is referred to simply as arrie:roh, whereas the Ameyaltepec form has aújah (Sp. for 'needle') as well. \ref 04012 \lxa arrosi:yoh \lxac arrosi:yoh \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan arrocillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of white maize with large kernels \ssa tipo de maíz blanco con granos grandes \encyctmp maize \ref 02213 \lxa arro:tewia \lxac mitsarro:tewia \lxo karro:tewia \lxof [ka rro: te 'wi a] \lxoc kikarro:tewia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan (Nah) garrote \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seo to beat with a stick \sso pegar con un palo \pna Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia. \pea A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \psa Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \syna kowia \ref 06509 \lxa a:sese:ya \lxac a:sese:ya \lxo a:sese:ya \lxoc a:sese:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become or get cold because of water \ss enfriarse por causa del agua \pna O:ka:mi:miktih nomi:l a:tl. Ke:n o:a:sese:yak. \pea My cornfield got root rot from (an abundance of ) water. It really got cold from the water. \psa La raíz de mi milpa se pudrió (por demasiada agua). Se enfrió mucho por el agua. \cfao sese:ya \xrb a: \xrb se \pqry Check the duration of all vowels. The first /e/ seems longer than might be expected from a short vowel, but it still seems to indicate a short, not long, vowel. This is perhaps particularly true given that the usual pattern for reduplicated sequences of L-L vowels would be for the first vowel to have a considerably longer duration than the second. Nevertheless, recheck. \vl Link 2nd male token. \grm \grm Noun incorporation: Note that in this case we have an inchoative verb /sese:ya/ preceding by a nominal stem that indicates the cause of the change. That is, the change of state indicated by /sese:ya/ is not without a cause/agent, and it is this cause/agent that is incorporated. It is perhaps for this reason that there is no adjectival nor transitive form of this verb: ?/a:sese:yak/, and ?/a:sese:lia/. Check. \ref 04873 \lxa asi \lxac kasi \lxo asi \lxoc kásí \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to catch (sth thrown; see má:así (Oa)) \ss agarrar o asir (algo aventado o tirado; véase má:así (Oa)) \pna Xkasi, timitsontlakalili:s! \pea Catch it, I'm going to toss it over to you! \psa ¡Agárralo, te lo voy a aventar! \se to grab; to hold onto (a material object) \ss agarrar; asir (un objeto material) \se to catch (one person of another) \ss agarrar (una persona a otra) \pna Xmotlalo! Timitsasis! \pea Run! I'll catch you. \psa ¡Corre! ¡Te voy a agarrar! \se to touch or try to grab (a boy [S] of a girl [O]) \ss tocar (p. ej. un muchacho [S] a una muchacha [O]) \pna Timiste:ilwi:s deke tine:chasis. \pea I will bring charges against you (before the village authorities) if you touch me (said by a girl to a boy who was bothering her). \psa Te voy a denunciar (frente a las autoridades del pueblo) si me tocas (dicho de una muchacha a un muchacho quien la estaba molestando). \se to capture or seize to imprison \ss agarrar para apresar (algn para encarcelarlo) \se to force to serve (a cargo within the village) \ss agarrar para servir (un cargo en el pueblo) \pna Mitsasiskeh de to:pi:leh. \pea They will elect you topile. \psa Te van a elegir topile. \se to be the right size for (e.g., clothes, a hat, etc.) \ss ser la talla apropriada para (p. ej., ropa, un sombrero, etc.) \pna Tili:ntok, xne:chasi. \pea It is tight (a hat, clothes, etc.),. it doesn't fit me. \psa Está apretado (un sombrero, ropa, etc.), no me queda. \se (~ [with a noun that indicates a state of being involving some negative: sleepiness, sickness, laziness]) to be overcome by [this state] \ss (~ [con un sustantivo que indica un estado que tiene un aspecto negativo: sueño, flojera, enfermedad]) agarrarse por [este estado] \pna O:ne:chasik tlatsiwistli (a:pistli, kochistli ... ). \pea I was overcome by laziness (hunger, sleepiness, etc.). \psa Me agarró la flojera (el hambre, el sueño, etc.). \pna Kasis pa:smoh. \pea It will get infected. \psa Se va a infectar. \pna O:kalak a:tl, a:man o:kasik te:mahli. \pea Water got into it (e.g., a bandage), now it's gotten infected with pus. \psa Le entró agua (p. ej., en un vendaje), ahora se infectó con pus. \se (~ [with adjectival]) to do [in the way indicated by the adjectival] \ss (~ [con adjectival]) hacer [en la manera indicada por el adjectival] \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n, kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik! \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches, you need to use fine stiching! \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con puntadas muy abiertas, necesitas hacerlo con puntadas finas. \se to splatter, stain, spot, or get on (some liquid such as paint, oil, water) \ss manchar o salpicar (algún líquido como pintura, aceite, agua) \pna Mitsasis tlapahli. \pea The paint will get on you. \psa La pintura te va a manchar. \se to be enough for \ss alcanzar; ser suficiente para \pna Xkasis un chi:hli. San a:chitsi:n xwe:cho:ka:n para kasis! \pea That chile won't be enough. Just grind up a little more so that there will be enough! \psa No va a alcanzar ese chile. ¡Muélale un poquito más para que alcance! \pna Xkasi notomi:n. \pea I don't have enough money. \psa No tengo me alcanza el dinero. \se to reach a certain goal (such as to be long enough for as in a rope; to be a the right size for as in clothes); to be complete (some measure that is aimed for, e.g., a load of firewood, a collection of money) \ss alcanzar una cierta meta (por ejemplo, ser bastante largo para en cuanto a un laso, o ser de una talla equivocada en cuanto a la ropa); completarse (alguna medida o meta deseada, p. ej., una carga de leña, una colección de dinero) \pna Xkasi mola:soh, xtlakechili! \pea Your rope isn't long enough, add another bit onto it! \psa ¡Tu lazo no alcanza, agrégale otro pedazo! \pna Xne:chasi notlake:n. \pea My clothes don't fit me (either too small or large). \psa No me queda la ropa (por grande o apretado). \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti. Xasitok. \pea Complete it well! it isn't complete (in this case a load of firewood). \psa ¡Complétalo bien! No está completo (p. ej. una carga de leña u otra cosa). \se to take a certain direction (e.g., right or left, up or down) \ss tomar una dirección en particular (p. ej., para arriba o abajo, a la izquierda o a la derecha) \pna Ne: titlakwelpacho:s, tikasis para tlakpak. \pea There you will make a turn, you will take the high road (i.e., that which goes up or uphill). \psa Allá vas a dar vuelta, irás hacia arriba (cuesta arriba, tomando el camino que va subiendo). \se to come to understand or to attain a certain skill \ss llegar a entender o alcanzar una cierta habilidad \pna Yo:pe:w ka:asi, yo:pe:w weli. \pea He has started to get the hang of it (writing in this case), he has started to learn. \psa Ya empezó a agarrarle la onda (en este caso de escribir) ya empezó a aprender. \se (recipr.) to reach the same measure (of age, size, etc.) together \ss (recipr.) emparejarse; llegar a la misma medida (en cuanto a tamaña, edad, etc.) \pna On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh. \pea That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as strong). \psa Aquel fue el primero que nació (un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan bien como el que nació primero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza). \xrb ahsi \xvaa axilia \xvao áxilía \xvca axi:tia \xvca axi:ltia \xvco áxí:tia \xvco áxí:ltia \nae The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is axi:lo, with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no palatalization and the vowel is maintained as short, ásiló. This follows a pattern found in other words such as tisi. \mod Add entries under /kayo:tl/ and /kwelpachowa:/. \qry Check for ditransitive /axilia/ and give separate entry from transitive /axilia/. \grm Impersonal: The impersonal form in Ameyaltepec is axi:lo, with the palatalization and lengthening characteristic in this dialect. In Oapan there is no palatalization and the vowel is maintained as short, ásiló. This follows a pattern found in other words such as tisi. \ref 05051 \lxa asi \lxac asi \lxo ásí \lxoc ásí \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \pa yes-lex \infv class-4a \irregv In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the impersonal manifests the change /s/ to /x/: axilo (Am) / áxiló (Oa) \se to arrive at a destination (there, i.e., away from a deictic reference point and toward which one is going) \ss llegar a una destinación (allí, esto es, en sentido extraverso de un punto de referencia y hacia donde uno está yendo) \pna Ye tasitokeh. \pea We are about to arrive. \psa Estamos por llegar. \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi! \pea Take him right to his house! Have him get there OK! \psa ¡Hazlo llegar bien a su casa! ¡Qué llegue bien! \se to be able to reach with ones hands (e.g., sth high) \ss poder alcanzar con las manos (p. ej., algo colgado en lo alto) \pna Xwel tasis pa:mpa titla:ltech. \pea You won't be able to reach it because you are short. \psa No lo vas a poder alcanzar porque estás chaparrito. \se (~pan ~) to arrive (there) at a location where someone ([possessor of -pan]) is already located \ss (~pan ~) llegar (allí) a un lugar donde alguien ([poseedor de -pan]) ya está \pna Mopan nasi, xyatiw. \pea Go along! I (will) arrive (where you will be) later. \psa ¡Ve yendo! Llego (allá donde estarás) después. \se (san + with a directional affix) to arrive and quickly head back without much delay \ss (san + con un afijo direccional) llegar y luego luego estar de regreso \pna San o:tasiko. \pea You just arrived here and headed right back. \psa Solamente llegaste y luego luego te fuiste. \pna San tonasis. Ma:ka tiweka:wis! \pea You will just arrive there and come right back. Don't spend a long time (daudle) there! \psa Solamente vas a llegar allá y en seguido regresarás. ¡No te vayas a tardar allá! \sem motion \colao to:nahli \xrb ahsi \xvaa axilia \xvao áxília \xvca axi:tia \xvca axi:ltia \xvco áxí:tia \xvco áxí:ltia \cfa -tasi \nse Note that without a directional or with ~pan the verb asi contrasts with yeko: asi vs. yeko and ipan asi vs. ipan yeko. Asi indicates movement away from and yeko toward a given reference pont. However, with a directional indicating to go/come to a particular place and immediately head right out again, only asi is used: san tonasis or san tiwa:lasis but not *san tiwa:lekos, etc. \ref 06199 \lxa a:sia:wa \lxac ka:sia:wa \lxo a:sia:wa \lxoc ka:sia:wa \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to let soak in water without soap (palm, clothes, etc.) \ss remojar en agua sin jabón (palma, ropa, etc.) \pna San o:tika:sia:wte:w. Xo:tikchipa:wte:w. Tikchipa:wteko. \pea You just left it (e.g., clothes) soaking before you headed out. You didn't wash them. You'll wash them upon returning. \psa La dejaste remojando (en este caso ropa) antes de salir. No la la lavaste antes de salir. La vas a lavarla regresando. \pna Xka:sia:wa, newa nikpa:kas. \pea Put it in water to soak (e.g., clothes), I will wash them. \psa Ponlo a remojar en agua (p. ej., ropa), lo voy a lavar yo. \pna O:nika:sia:w tio:tlak, kwalka:n san nihki:xti:s. \pea I left it (in this case mud to make clay) to soak in the afternoon, in the morning I'll just take it out. \psa Lo dejé (en este caso lodo para hacer cerámica) remojando en la tarde, mañana temprano lo voy a sacar. \pna Xka:sia:wa un tla:hli para tihki:xti:skeh xa:ntli. \pea Soak that earth (e.g., by pouring water on it) so that we can make adobe. \psa Remoja esa tierra (al verterle mucha agua) para que podamos hacer adobe. \pna Xikpa:tso! Xka:sia:wa! \pea Get it wet! Soak it (e.g., clothes)! \psa ¡Mójalo! ¡Déjalo remojar (p. ej., ropa para lavar)! \xrb a: \xrb sia: \vl Link 1st female token; \rt Distinguish two roots in /sia:/: from /sia:wi/ 'to become tired' and from /sia:wa/ 'to soak'. \ref 04951 \lxa a:sia:wi \lxac a:sia:wi \lxo a:sia:wi \lxoc a:sia:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to soak or be soaking in water (without soap) \ssao remojarse en agua (sin jabón) \pna Xka:pacho! Ma a:sia:wi! \pea Put it in water! Let it soak (e.g., palm that will be used for tying, clothes to wash, etc.)! \psa ¡Ponlo en agua! ¡Que esté remojando (p. ej., palma que se va utilizar para atar, ropa para lavar, etc.). \cfao a:sia:wa \xrb a: \xrb sia: \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this is used only in reference to materials such as mud on which water is poured and which, as a result, softens up. \ref 00635 \lxa asika:mati \lxac kasika:mati \lxo ásika:máti \lxoc kásika:máti \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc V-ka-V2 \der V2-b \pa yes-lex \infv irregular; see mati \se to understand the meaning of \ss entender el sentido \pna Xnikasika:mati, oksepa xne:chihli! \pea I don't understand it, tell me again! \psa No lo entiendo, ¡dímelo otra vez! \xrb ahsi \xrb mati \ref 05033 \lxa asitok \lxac asitok \lxo ásitók \lxoc ásitók \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be complete or whole \ss ser completo o entero \pna Xasitok ite:n. \pea His lip isn't complete (said of sb with a harelip). \psa Su labio no está entero (dicho de algn con labio leporino) \xrb ahsi \nse Asitok may also have a progressive sense, often preceded by the adverbial particle ye, as in ye tasitokeh 'we are (already) arriving there.' \ref 01914 \lxa a:skalika:tsi:n \lxac a:skalika:tsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificada \xrb a:ska \cpl The name of this plant was given to me by Cristino Flores. Its etymology is not certain. \ref 07391 \lxa a:skatl \lxac a:skatl \lxo a:skatl \lxoc a:skatl \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se generic name for a type of very small ant \ss nombre genérico por un tipo de hormiga muy pequeña \cfao tsi:katl \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:ska \ncx a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik; a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh; a:skatl de un tli:ltik \cpl This is a generic term for a class of ants that is differentiated from the class known as tsi:katl. There are three types of a:skatl: a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik (te:kwa:nimeh); a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh (xte:kwa:nimeh); and a:skatl de un tli:ltik (xte:kwa:nimeh). However, another consultant mentioned the following three types of a:skatl: a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik (te:kwa:nimeh); a:skatsitsi:nteh (te:kwa:ni, kimich o:nene:s) and a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik (xte:kwa:nimeh pero momolo:nki). Thus in this second list the a:skatl de un tlitli:ltik is apparently equated with the a:skatl de un molomo:nkeh and another type of ant is introduced, the a:skatsitsi:nteh which is said to bite and just recently appeared. \mod Hand link types of /a:skameh/ from here, given that "de" is in parentheses. \vl There are four additional tokens of this word at 5911. They should be tagged here and from them the 2 links should be selected. \ref 03273 \lxa a:skatl chi:chi:ltik \lxaa a:skatl de un chi:chi:ltik \lxac a:skatl chi:chi:ltik \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \sem animal \sem insect \sea ant of the type known as a:skatl \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl \cfao a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb chi:l \ono hypo a:skatl \nse This is a type of a:skatl bites, te:kwa:nimeh. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, however, there is only one kind of a:skatl and therefore even though it is red it is still simply called a:skatl. \ref 05911 \lxa a:skatl de momolo:nkeh \lxaa a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh \lxac a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea ant of the folk generic group known as a:skatl \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl \sem animal \sem insect \equivo kwitlaya:keh \encyctmp a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb molo: \nse These ants, which don't bite (xte:kwa:nimeh), are very, very small and are so-called because if they get into ones tortillas (left hanging, for example, in the woods) and the tortillas are heated up, they smell. \ref 05948 \lxa a:skatl tli:ltik \lxaa a:skatl de un tli:ltik \lxac a:skatl de un tli:ltik \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea ant of the type known as a:skatl \ssa hormiga del tipo conocido como a:skatl \sem animal \sem insect \cfao a:skatl \xrb a:ska \xrb tli:l \encyctmp a:skatl \nse These ants bite, i.e., te:kwa:nimeh. Florencia Marcelino stated that the only a:skatl she knows is red; but she thought that the Ameyaltepec word might refer to the ants known as kwitlaya:htih. Nevertheless, at another point she gave kwitlaya:htih as equivalent to Ameyaltepec a:skatl de (un) momolo:nkeh. \qry FM states that the only /a:skatl/ she knows is red. These might be the same as a:skatl de un momolo:nkeh. Check. \ref 02812 \lxa a:skatlan \lxac a:skatlan \lxo a:skatlah \lxoa a:skatlan \lxoc a:skatlah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \se place with a lot of ants \ss hormiguero o lugar con muchas hormigas \xrb a:ska \xrl -tlan \grm Adjectivals; nouns: Note the key difference between the denominal adjectivals ending in /-yoh/ and the derived nouns ending in /-tlan/. The former refers to things (such as material objects) that are covered or full of what the noun stem expresses. The latter refers to an area that is covered with the objects indicated by the noun stem. \ref 01524 \lxa a:skawi:lo \lxac a:skawi:lo \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \aff rdp-s- \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to get attacked by ants (e.g., a bed, a person, tortillas, etc.) \ssa ser atacado por las hormigas (p. ej., una cama, una persona, tortillas, etc.) \equivo a:skawia \xrb a:ska \nae For a discussion of this form, see Oapan a:skawia. \ref 07420 \lxa a:skayowa \lxac a:skayowa \lxo a:skayowa \lxoc a:skayowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k] \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become covered with ants \ss cubrirse de hormigas \xrb a:ska \nse Can refer to the process of becoming covered with any type of ant, not only those known as a:skatl. \qry Check for /a:skayoh/. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04530 \lxa a:solo:nki \lxac a:solo:nki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07892 \lxa a:solo:ntok \lxac a:solo:ntok \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \inc [N-V1]-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea (place in a stream or river where) a rushing sound is made in the water (e.g., by eddies or rapids) \ssa (lugar en un arroyo o río donde) un sonido de gorgoteo se hace en el agua (a causa de rápidos o remolinos) \cfo a:solo:nka:n \xrb a: \xrb solo: \nse All documented uses of this term are preceded by an adverbial of place, relative pronoun, etc. that indicates where the verbal event occurs (e.g., nika:n a:solo:ntok 'there is the sound of rushing water here,' i.e., 'there are rapids here'; niá:s ka:n a:solo:ntok). Thus one cannot say *niá:s a:solo:ntok. The Oapan cognate as the verbal locative suffix -ka:n in the word itself and thus no additional locative lexeme is required. \nae Note that the intransitive verbal *a:solo:ni does not occur (cf. , the somewhat parallel construction of tla:loli:ni in which the intransitive verbal form exists and the -tok construction is a progressive (tla:loli:ntok) 'an earthquake is occurring.' \qry Syntactical use should be checked, i.e. the possibility of /ne: a:solo:ntok/ or /nenkah a:solo:ntok/, etc. Check also to see if the verbal form /a:solo:ni/ exists. \ref 00194 \lxa asta \lxaa sta \lxac asta \lxo asta \lxoa ta \lxoc asta \dt 20/Jun/2003 \loan hasta \der Adv-loan \se up to \ss hasta \pna A:sta ye:i yuntah o:kitla:lih. \pea He worked up to three teams of oxen (in planting his fields). \psa Trabajó hasta tres yuntas (al sembrar sus terrenos). \se until \ss hasta \pna A:sta a:man chikwe:i niás! \pea I won't go until a week from today! \psa ¡No voy a ir hasta de hoy en ocho! \syno ta \nse Although it seems that a:sta is used in Oapan, the more common form seems to be simply ta. \mod Note that in another entry (4883) the form /ta/ is used for /hasta/. This seems to be the correct form. Recheck. Perhpas change the main entry to /ta/. \vl Check vowel length. I had the Am. entry with a short /a/ and the Oapan entry with a long /a:/. Check/recheck for final /h/. \ref 01656 \lxa a:sta a:man \lxac a:sta a:man \lxo ta:man \lxoc ta:man \dt 29/Jun/2002 \loan hasta \psm Adv \der Adv-tm-loan(part) \se still; up to now \ss todavía \pna A:sta a:man toto:nki. \pea It is still hot. \psa Todavía está caliente. \pna A:sta a:man xnipati. \pea I still have not gotten better. \psa Todavía no me he mejorado. \xrb a:man \nse At times asta:man is simply pronounced sta:man with loss of initial /a/. The same occurs with axto:pa, which at times becomes xto:pa. In Oapan, Spanish hasta is borrowed simply as ta and the combination with a:man yields the present entry, ta:man. \pqry Have final vowel and /n/ sequence analyzed by phonetician. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 04884 \lxa astampa \lxac astampa \lxo tampa \lxoc tampa \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) hasta \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se up to there \ss hasta allá \pna A: Xtitlakwate:wa? B: Ka, astampa nitlakwatasi. \pea A: Will you eat before heading out? B: No I will (wait and) eat upon arriving there. \psa A: ¿Vas a comer antes de salir? B: No, voy a (esperar a) comer hasta que llegue allá. \xrb on \xrb pa \nae The analysis here has been to relate astampa (Am) and tampa (Oa) to a fusion of Spanish hasta with Nahuatl ompa. \nse Astampa is probably derived from ompa. \qry Check length of second /a/. \ref 04962 \lxa a:sta:tl* \lxac a:sta:tl \lxo a:sta:tl* \lxoc a:sta:tl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao type of bird, apparently a heron (no illustration of this bird has been found in Howell and Webb, 1995) \ssao tipo de ave, aparentemente una garza (ninguna ilustración de este ave ha sido encontrado en Howell y Webb, 1995) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a:sta: \nse The a:sta:tl is a large white bird, about the size of a chicken. Apparently it is a garza. \nct No overt category. \qry Check to see if the /a:sta:tl/ is the same as the loan /a:rsah/. \ref 00922 \lxa a:sti:lin \lxac a:sti:lin \lxo a:sti:lin \lxoa a:sti:lih \lxoc a:sti:lin \dt 31/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao nits, the larvae of lice \ssao liendres, la larva de los piojos \pna A:sti:lin | Xe tlatsi:ni. Pepechiwtok ipan tsontli. Pitsomeh ma:s miák kipian. \pea A:sti:lin : They have not yet hatched. They are stuck to head hair. Pigs are those that have them the most. \psa A:sti:lin : Todavía no nacen. Están pegados al cabello. Los marranos son los que más los tienen. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:sti:l \qry Check to see if used in Ameyaltepec, also check identification. I seem to remember that this refers to lice larvae and it has so been entered. Although a file card mentioned that this word is documented in Oapan, in another card (for /yo:leh/) this word appears from Ameyaltepec. Check how a possessed form would be used, if used. \ref 01379 \lxa a:te:ka \lxac na:te:ka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07802 \lxa a:te:kia \lxac ka:te:kia \lxo a:te:kia \lxoc ka:te:kia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to water or pour water on (e.g., a plant or seedlings) \ss regar (p. ej., una planta o planta de semillero) \pna Tle:ka xtika:te:kia? Yo:pili:n. \pea Why don't you water it? It's already withered up. \psa ¿Por qué no le echas agua? Ya se marchitó. \pna Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah. \pea I'm here watering in my garden. \psa Estoy regando aquí en mi huerta. \flao te:kilia \xrb a: \xrb te:k \xvaao a:te:kilia \nae The valency of this verb is discussed in the grammar, along with that of tla:lka:wia and tla:lte:mia. Apparently a:tekia is an applicative form of te:ka, with an incorporated noun a:. Launey (1992:188) notes that applicatives ending in -(l)huia are most common with verbs that end in -ca or -hua. However, in Balsas Nahuatl note that there is as yet no documented form ?a:te:ka, which would be an intransitive. Rather one has the "applicative" a:tekia, which is ditransitive te:kia (not documented in stand-alone form) with valency reduced to one argument after the incorporation of a nominal root: a:te:kia 'to pour water on' and then made into an applicative a:te:kilia, which would have a different derivation from te:kilia: the former is an applicative of the -ia-applicative a:te:kia while the latter is an applicative of the transitive te:ka. \qry Etymology/roots uncertain. Cf. root analysis of this word as compared to /se:wia/. \mod Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah. "I'm here watering in my garden." Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. \grm Nitla:te:kitok nika:n ika nowe:rtah. "I'm here watering in my garden." Note use of /ika/. Add to grammar and to definition of /ika/ in dictionary. \ref 02710 \lxa a:te:kilia \lxac ka:te:kilia \lxo a:te:kilia \lxoc ka:te:kilia \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to water (particularly plants and seedlings) for \ssao regar (particularmente plantas y plantas de semillero) para \pna Ma ne:cha:te:kilitiw noxo:chiw, ma:ka wa:kis! \pea Let him be watering my flowers for me so that they don't dry up! \psa ¡Qué vaya dándole agua a mis flores, para que no se sequen! \se to give water to (certain animals such as pigs and chickens, who are given water that is poured into a bowl or container) for \ss dar de beber (a animales tales como marranos y gallinas, que toman agua de un recipiente al que se vierte agua) para \se to give water to (certain animals such as pigs, i.e., for which one pours water) \ss dar de beber a (a algunos animales tales como marranos, a que se les da agua en piletas) \pna Ma kima:te:kili:ki nopitsowa:n (nopiowa:n)! Newa niá:s fériah. \pea Let him come and give water to my pigs (or chickens) for me! I'm going to the festival. \psa ¡Qué venga a darles agua a mis marranos (o gallinas)! Yo voy a ir a la feria. \fla te:kilia; a:te:kia \xrb a: \xrb te:k \xvba a:te:kia \xvbo a:te:kiya \grm Make sure to discuss the question of valency with this word in part of the grammar. \ref 00787 \lxa a:tekomatl \lxac a:tekomatl \lxo a:tekomatl \lxoc a:tekomatl \lxt a:tekomatl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \com N-N \infn stem-final vowel vowel loss; N1/2 \seao type of plant that bears gourds as fruit \ssao tipo de planta cuya fruta es un buleque se utiliza como cantimplora; tecomate \se type of gourd used as a canteen; (by extension) canteen \ss bule, guaje o tecomate para llevar agua al campo; (por extensión) cantimplora \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \nse The gourd of the a:tekomatl is used as a canteen, a cord woven around it and a corncob used as a stopper. Now these are seldom used since they can crack, instead plastic canteens or bottles are used (but still referred to by the term a:tekomatl); they don't break but heat up the water considerably. \nct xiwtli \qry Determine whether the there is any difference between /a:tekomatl/ and /kuhtekomatl/, i.e.,, are they they same, is the /a:tekomatl/ indeed only the gourd when used as a canteen? \rt Relate /tekoma/ to /ko:ntli/, and probable relation between {ko:m} and {koma}. \ref 00649 \lxa a:tekonmekatl \lxac a:tekonmekatl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08449 \lxa a:tekonxo:chitl \lxac a:tekonxo:chitl \lxo a:tekonxo:chitl \lxoc a:tekonxo:chitl \dt 27/Jan/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se flower of the a:tekomatl \ss flor del a:tekomatl \sem plant \sem fl \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \xrb xo:chi \qry Check how possession occurs. \ref 00180 \lxa a:tekonyo:hli \lxac a:tekonyo:hli \lxo a:tekonyo:hli \lxoc a:tekonyo:hli \dt 27/Jan/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se seeds of the a:tekomatl gourd \ss semillas del a:tekomatl \sem plant \sem part \xrb a: \xrb tekoma \xrb yo:l \ref 00125 \lxa a:te:ma \lxac ka:te:ma \lxo a:te:ma \lxoc ka:te:ma \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \seao to fill with water \ssao llenar de agua \pna Xka:te:ma ma:tekon para ma pala:ni itikwitl. Tikpapa:kas. \pea Fill your gourd with water so that the inside rots (and you can use it as a canteen)! You will then clean and rinse it out. \psa ¡Llena tu bule con agua para que se pudra lo de adentro (y así lo puedes utilizar como cantimplora)! Lo vas a limpiar y enjuagar. \xrb a: \xrb te:m \fl a:te:mi \mod Note the possible meanings of /te:ma/. \ref 01192 \lxa a:te:mi \lxac a:te:mi \lxo a:te:mi \lxoc a:te:mi \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \infv class-3a(m) \se to become filled with water (a ditch) \ss llenarse de agua (una zanja) \pna Yo:a:te:n kwentli. \pea The furrows have gotten filled with water (e.g., after a heavy summer rain). \psa Los surcos se han llenado de agua (p. ej., después de una lluvia fuerte de verano). \pna O:pe:w kiawi, yo:a:te:n. \pea It has started to rain, it (e.g., a ditch) has filled up with water. \psa Empezó a llover, ya se llenó con agua (p. ej., una zanja). \se to be almost ripe; to be just getting juicy (a fruit as it "fills up with water" and is still not fully ripe, but is "full of water" and can be eaten; a fruit that is a:te:nki is between selik and yo:iksik; it is still not ripe, xechika:wi) \ss estar casi a sazón; estar poniéndose jugoso (una fruta al "llenarse de agua"; todavía no está completamente madura, pero está "llena de agua" y ya se puede comer; una fruta que está a:te:nki está entre selik and yo:iksik, pero todavía no madura, xechika:wi) \pna Kemech a:te:mis un xokotl. \pea That plum is on the verge of becomeing ripe. \psa Esa ciruela está a punto de madurarse. \pna Yo:pe:w aga:te:mi. Ye totoma:wtok, ye yaw para iksis. \pea They (pieces of fruit such as mango, xokotl, tomato, watermelon, etc.) have started to get ripe (but are still somewhat green). They are getting fat, they are on their way to ripening. \psa Ellas (piezas de fruta tales como mango, ciruela, tomate, sandía) ya empezaron a sazonarse (pero están todavía verdes). Se están quedando gordas, ya están para ponerse maduras. \pna San a:te:ntok un xokotl. \pea That plum is becoming ripe. \psa Esa ciruela está casi madura \xrb a: \xrb te:m \encyctmp tla:kihli (i.e., stages of) \nse When a fruit is a:te:nki it is not fully ripe, it is still somewhat green and just starting to fill out. It is hard but it is edible. Thus, according to one Ameyaltepec consultant, when the kopaxokotl is a:te:ntok it is also called xokotl de tlatlatstopo:ni; it is not fully ripe but rather greeen and thus makes a crunching sound while being eaten. A:te:mi can be used in a vulgar sense, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to a pregnant woman, the subject of the verb: On ne:nkah sowa:tl, yo:pe:w a:te:mi, ne:si ye o:stli 'That woman over there, she's has a swollen belly, it appears that she is pregnant.' ('Aquella mujer, ya tiene la barriga hinchada, parece que ya está embarazada.'). \mod Create an onomasiological section for fruits in which their growth cycle is discussed, the laws for fruit, etc. \qry Apparently can also refer to the inside of a house getting filled with water, etc. Check this. Also check whether when referring to a person it can only be used to indicate pregnancy and whether in refering to pregnancy it can be used to refer to any animal. \ref 01808 \lxa a:temia \lxac ka:temia \lxo a:temia \lxoc ka:temia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-? \infv class-2a \se to delouse; to pick the lice out of the hair of \ss despiojar \xrb a:t \qry Check length of initial /a/. In other dialects one finds /a:tintli/. \mod Modify /cat field coding as the nature of /-ia/ here is determined. \grm The nature of this grammatical construction should be determined. Cf. whether there are other similar forms with other nominal roots. \rt Note that here the root seems the "classical" form for louse: /atemitl/; but in Ameyaltepec the word for louse itself has changed to /a:tintli/. Thus we seem to have {a:tim} and {a:tem} as suppletive roots. \ref 04383 \lxa a:te:ncha:neh \lxac a:te:ncha:neh \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea river-dweller \ssa persona que vive por la orilla de un río \pna A:te:nko cha:nekeh. \pea They dwell at the river's edge. \psa Viven a la orilla del río. \equiva a:te:nko cha:neh \cfao cha:neh \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb cha:n \ref 07864 \lxa a:te:nki \lxac a:te:nki \lxo a:te:nki \lxoc a:te:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be almost ripe; to be just somewhat juicy (a fruit between being green and being ripe) \ss estar casi madura o a la sazón; estar algo jugoso (una fruta que está entre verde y madura) \pna Ye pe:wa chika:wi, a:te:nki. \pea It is beginning to get ripe, it is getting a little juicy \psa Está a punto de madurarse; está poniéndose algo jugoso. \pna A:mantsi:n kemech a:te:nki, xe iksi. \pea It is just now getting somewhat juicy, it isn't ripe yet. \psa Ahorita está poniéndose algo jugoso, todavía no está a sazoón. \xrb a: \xrb te:n \nae The plural form of adjectivals such as a:te:nki is manifested through reduplication. Given that the Oapan adjectival is vowel initial, the reflex of reduplication is pitch accent: á:té:nki \qry Obtain Oapan plural form á:té:nki and add to /lxoc field. \grm Adjectives; nouns; deverbal: note the difference in words such as /a:poso:nki/ and /a:te:nki/. In the first the part of speech is a noun, which is followed by an attributive adjective. The meaning is "boiled water." In the second it is the subject that is filled "with water" (the incorporated noun). The IN is not the subject that is predicated upon, but is a peripheral argument to the verb phrase. Thus in /a:te:nki/ it is S that is filled (participal) WITH WATER. Thus in my coding there should be a difference between /com N-Adj that is an adjective ps and that which is a noun. \ref 02569 \lxa a:te:nko \lxac a:te:nko \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N-ko \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se river \ss río \pna Niá:s a:te:nko. \pea I'm going to the river (lit., 'to the river's edge'). \psa Voy al río (lit. 'a la orilla del río'). \se at the edge of a river; by the river \ss por la orilla de un río; por el río \syno a:pan \xrb a: \xrb te:n \rt I have analyzed this and other words with te:ntli as containing the root te:m. \ref 02945 \lxa a:te:nko cha:neh \lxac a:te:nko cha:neh \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea river-dweller \ssa persona que vive por la orilla de un río \pna A:te:nko cha:nekeh. \pea They dwell at the river's edge. \psa Viven a la orilla del río. \equiva a:te:ncha:neh \cfao cha:neh \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb cha:n \ref 04980 \lxa a:te:nkuwtli \lxac a:te:nkuwtli \lxo a:te:nkohtli \lxoc a:te:nkohtli \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Bursera lancifolia Schlecht, tree of the Burseraceae family \ss Bursera lancifolia Schlecht, árbol de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a: \xrb te:n \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05859 \lxa a:te:ntetl \lxac a:te:ntetl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm \der \sea stone found by or in the river that has been smooth by the action of running water (Am. synonym a:te:ntetl) \ssa piedra lisa que se encuentra por la orilla o dentro del río y que ha sido pulida por la acción de agua corriente (Am. sinónimo a:te:ntetl) \syno a:pantetl \xrb a: \ref 08157 \lxa a:te:ntli \lxac a:te:ntli \lxo a:te:ntli \lxoc a:te:ntli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se river; stream \ss río; arroyo \pna Nochi a:te:ntli xya! \pea Go all along the river! \psa ¡Ve por toda la orilla del río! \cfao tlate:ntli \xrb a: \xrb te:n \nse A:te:ntli is never pluralized, even after numerical modifiers, viz. o:me a:te:ntli. \qry Check difference in use of /a:te:nko/ and /a:te:ntli/. \ref 01094 \lxa a:tepe:ya:tl \lxac a:tepe:ya:tl \lxo a:tepe:ya:tl \lxoc a:tepe:ya:tl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se flood stream of water that runs off and down a hillside after a torrential rain \ss torrente de agua que baja de un cerro, o en una barranca, después de una fuerte lluvia \pna A:tepe:ya:tl o:kitetek notla:l, chika:wak o:kiaw. \pea Flash flood waters cut gullies in my land, it rained hard. \psa Aguas torrenciales cortaron mi terreno, llovió fuerte. \pna Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water. \psa Espuma salió por la superficie de este torrente de agua. \xrb a: \xrb tepe: \nae This word should be compared to Molina (Spanish to Mexicano side) atetepeyotl 'ola grande' derived from the nominal roots a: 'water' and, reduplicated, tepe: 'hill.' Given the obvious etymological relationship to a:tl and tepe:tl one would expect the initial /a:/ to be long. However, acoustic measurements of the duration of 4 Oapan speech tokens show that Florencia Marcelino had initial vowels of 58 and 45 ms, while her husband Inocencio Jiménez had vowels of 91 and 68 ms. It is unlikely that the vowel is underlyingly short as the relationship to 'water' (a:tl) seems clear. It is possible that this represents a real phonological shift for undetermined reasons even though there seems to be a tendency for phonologically long vowels to have a reduced duration in word-initial position. For now the orthographic representation has been left at /a:/ despite the acoustic evidence. \ref 05923 \lxa a:tepe:ya:wi:lo \lxac a:tepe:ya:wi:lo \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to be swept away by flood waters (a person, animal, or material object); to be crushed or flattened by passing flood waters (e.g., fields or plants) \ssa llevarse por un torrente de agua (una persona, animal, u objeto material); apachurrarse o doblarse por un torrente de agua (p. ej., campos, sembradíos o plantas) \pna O:a:tepe:ya:wi:lo:k mi:hli. \pea The maize plants got flattened by a torrent of water. \psa La milpa se arrastró por la fuerza de un torrente de agua. \equivo a:tepe:ya:wiya \nae In Oapan the semantic equivalent is a reflexive use of the verb a:tepe:ya:wiya. Although the passive derivations ending in -wi:lo are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides a:tepe:ya:wi:lo, which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard askawi:lo, where Oapan would use only a:skayowa, also found in Ameyaltepec. \grm Derived from noun /a:tepe:ya:tl/ with probable instrumental verbalized /- wia:/ then passivized. Long /i:/ indicates a process of passivization of transitive form. This process occurs in non-agentive constructions in which there is a definite patient or affected party, cf. grammar notes on this subject. Note also that in Oapan the semantic equivalent of /a:tepe:ya:wi:lo/ is a reflexive use of the verb a:tepe:ya:wiya. Although the passive derivations ending in -wi:lo are quite common in Oapan, they generally seem to refer to weather phenomenon such as (being affected by) the wind, the sun, or the rain. In Ameyaltepec, besides a:tepe:ya:wi:lo, which has not Oapan cognate, I have also heard askawi:lo, where Oapan would use only a:skayowa, also found in Ameyaltepec. \ref 01324 \lxa a:tete:mowa \lxac ka:tete:mowa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \sea to divine about (sth), using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water \ssa adivinar o echar suerte acerca de (algo), echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua \pna Xka:tete:mo. Abé:r deke none:xtia a:kin o:kontila:n ka:n iye:wtoya. \pea Look for it (or hire sb to look for it) through divination with water. Let's see if the person who reached out and took it from where it was stored shows up. \psa Búscalo (o contrata a algn para buscarlo) echando suertes de maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua. A ver si aparece la persona quien lo fue a quitar de donde estaba guardado. \xrb a: \xrb te:mo \xvaa a:tete:mowilia \ref 04910 \lxa a:tete:mowilia \lxac ka:tete:mowilia \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to divine about (sth) for, using copal and maize thrown in a bowl of water \ssa adivinar o echar suerte (acerca de algo) para, echando maíz y copal en un recipiente con agua \pna Xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito! \pea Divine for me about where it fell off (e.g., an animal off a cliff) by using copal and maize thrown in a jícara filled with water! \psa ¡Adivíname la suerte de donde se fue a caer, echando copal y maíz en una jícara con agua! \xrb a: \xrb te:mo \xvba a:tete:mowa \qry Check correctness of /xne:cha:tete:mowili ka:n o:wetsito/, a phrase that I have slightly changed from the original. Make sure how the secondary object can be expressed. \ref 04084 \lxa a:teteyoh \lxac a:teteyoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \rdp Lex. rpd-s \der Adj-denom-yoh \se area of water that is rocky \ss área de agua que está cubierta por piedras \xrb a: \xrb te \ref 08377 \lxa a:tetso:liwi \lxac a:tetso:liwi \lxo a:tetso:liwi \lxoc a:tetso:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to run out of water (e.g., in ones water jugs) \ss acabarsele el agua (p. ej., en la tinaja de uno) \flao tso:liwi \xrb a: \xrb tso:l \qry The correctness of /a:tetso:liwi/ meaning 'to run out of water' should be investigated. \ref 05688 \lxa a:tia \lxac a:tia \lxo a:tia \lxoc a:tia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become watery \ss hacerse o volverse aguado \pna Ma:ka a:tias un a:to:hli! Xnelo, ma tsakwa:nki! \pea Don't let the atole get watery! Stir it so that it thickens! \psa ¡No dejes que se aguade el atole! ¡Bátelo para que se ponga espeso! \xrb a: \nse This word is used in particular to refer to a liquid or mixture, such or atole, to which water may be added. \qry Check for transitive a:tilia, which should exist. Check for correct form with progressive. \grm Note that one has /a:tki/ and /a:tia/. Thus this is part of the paradigm mentioned. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03620 \lxa a:tia \lxac a:tia \lxo a:tia \lxocpend a:tia \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \seo to get or become watery \sso ponerse o hacerse aguado \xrb a: \ref 07686 \lxa a:tila:na \lxac ka:tila:na \lxo a:tila:na \lxoc ka:tila:na \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to pull along in the water (sth or sb) \ss jalar dentro del agua (algo o algn) \pna Ma tika:tila:naka:n un kuwtli, tikpano:lti:skeh nepa la:doh. \pea Let's pull that log along in the water (of a river or lake), we'll pass it over to the other side. \psa Vamos a jalar ese tronco en el agua (de un río o laguna), vamos a pasarlo al otro lado. \pna Nika:tila:ntiw. Xwel panowa san ise:lti. \pea I pull him along (on the surface of) the water. He can't cross (to the other side of a river or lake) by himself. \psa Lo voy jalando (por la superficie) en el agua. El no puede pasar (al otro lado de un río o laguna) por sí mismo. \se to pull (sb [O]) into the water (e.g., from the edge of a river or lake) \ss jalar (a algn [O]) abajo del agua (p. ej., desde la orilla o desde adentro de un río o laguna) \pna Ma:ka mitsa:tila:nas a:lamatsi:n. \pea Don't let a:lamatsi:n drag you down into in the water. \psa No dejes que a:lamatsi:n te jale abajo del agua. \se to restore a "fallen" fontanelle (for a child) by sucking on the soft spot with water in ones mouth \ss restorarle la fontanela caída a(un niño) al aspirar sobre ella con agua en la boca sobre la parte superior de la cabeza \pna Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon. \pea If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You should take water in your mouth and suck in on the top of the child's head. \psa Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). tomas agua en la boca e inhalas sobre su cabeza. \xrb a: \xrb tila:na \nse In the acceptation of a:tila:na that refers to helping someone pass from one side of a river to another, the action consists in one person holding onto a log and swiming while the other is being pulled across by holding onto the swimmers arm). The third sense of a:tila:na refers to taking water in ones mouth and sucking it up while ones mouth is placed on top of the "fallen" soft spot on a child's head. Note that this soft spot is called i:a:w (lit. 'his water'); thus it is not clear if the /a:-/ of a:tila:na refers to the water in ones mouth or the "water" of the child's soft spot. \ref 05721 \lxa a:tilia \lxac ka:tilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08068 \lxa a:tili:ni \lxac a:tili:ni \lxo a:tili:ni \lxoc a:tili:ni \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seo to be satiated from drinking water (or similar liquids) \sso quedar satisfecho y lleno de haber bebido agua (u otro líquido) \xrb a: \xrb tili: \ref 06775 \lxa a:tintli \lxac a:tintli \lxo a:tintli \lxoc a:tintli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao louse or lice \ssao piojo(s) \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:t \nse There are said to be the following types of a:tintli: i:a:tin pitso, i:a:tin burroh, i:a:tin mulah, i:a:tin pio, kalwa:wtli (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as i:a:tin pio). However, consultants stated that despite its name te:tsa:wa:tintli is not a type of a:tintli. \nae The duration of the initial vowel in four speech tokens from Oapan shows some variation: Florencia Marcelino has an initial vowel of 93 and 87 ms; her husband Inocencio Jiménez had an initial vowel that measured 135 and 127 ms. \qry There are said to be the following types of a:tintli: ia:tin pitso, ia:tin burroh, ia:tin mulah, ia:tin pio, kalwa:wtli (which is found on fowl, perhaps the same as ia:tin pio). Note, however, that consultants stated that despite its name te:tsa:wa:tintli is not a type of a:tintli. Check all this and determine whether each form should be given a separate entry, and whether each animal's lice are different species in Western classification. \rt Note that the root has been given as a:t in part because of the word a:tpatli. The root has also been analyzed at a:t based on the hypothesis that the final form is related to those types of nouns ending in -in (e.g., michin). \ref 04372 \lxa a:tioh \lxac a:tioh \lxo a:tioh \lxoc a:tioh \dt 08/Feb/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \tran -Trans \se to be full of lice \ss ser piojoso \xrb a:t \ref 02928 \lxa a:tiowa \lxac a:tiowa \lxo a:tiowa \lxoc a:tiowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get full of or covered with lice \ss empiojarse \xrb a:t \nse Getting covered with lice is considered a te:tsa:wtli, bad omen; see te:tsa:wtli. \ref 05034 \lxa a:ti:satl \lxacpend *a:ti:satl \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea water mixed with ti:satl, used as a remedy \ssa agua mezclada con ti:satl, empleada como remedio \fla ti:satl \xrb a: \xrb ti:sa \qry Determine what type of remedy. Make sure possession is acceptable, as indicated. \ref 01120 \lxa a:tki \lxac a:tki \lxo a:tki \lxoc a:tki \dt 01/Apr/2003 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se watery (a soup, consomé, beans cooking in broth, etc.) \ss aguado (un consomé, frijoles, etc.) \pna A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wan xkipia yetl miák. \pea Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean. \psa Esos frijoles están aguados. tienen mucho jugo y casi nada de frijol. \pna Xkwahli un a:to:hli, a:tki. \pea That atole is no good, it's watery. \psa Ese atole no está bien, está aguado. \sem consist \xrb a: \nse The reason for the presence of the /t/ is unclear. But there is a paradigm of a:tki and a:tia, parallel to forms such as yema:nki and yema:nia. Another derivation would have a -ti verbalizer, but this would yield *a:tik, which does not exist. \mod Check difference between /a:tki/ and /a:tostik/ and add to onomasiological section. Apparently the latter is more for mixtures whereas, former for liquids, e.g. ink, etc. \grm A:tki un yetl. We:i ia:yo wa:n xkipia yetl miak. Those beans are watery. They have a lot of juice and not much bean. Note syntax. \ref 05830 \lxa a:to \lxac i:a:to \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan hato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea flesh around the neck of a bull or steer \ssa carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res \pna Kipia ia:to. \pea It has flesh around its neck (e.g., a bull) \psa Tiene carne por su cuello (p. ej., un toro) \nse Kipia i:a:to is said of a live bull that is fattening up during the rainy season and builds up a layer of flesh around its neck. Although this is clearly a Spanish loan, the way in which this borrowing acquired its present meaning is not clear. One common meaning of hato is 'herd' (of cattle) or 'flock' (of sheep). However, it may also refer to bundles (of clothes or food) taken on a journey. Thus the Porrua dictionary definition of hato: 'Provisión de víveres que se abastece a pastores y mineros'). In Nahuatl this is usually referred simply as i:kechpan. \qry Check to determine whether there is or not a final /h/, which does not appear in my notes. \ref 01791 \lxa a:to:hli \lxac a:to:hli \lxo a:to:hli \lxoc a:to:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; poss. na:to:l, *noa:to:l \se atole (in general, of which there are many types) \ss atole (en general, de que hay muchos tipos) \sem food-atole \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \nse There are the following types of atole documented in Ameyaltepec, perhaps not a complete list: poyé:k a:to:hli, /tsope:lik a:tohli, /ye:lo:a:to:hli, /tlayo:la:to:hli, /i:skia:to:hli or /a:to:hli de i:skitl, and /a:to:hli de le:cheh or le:cheh a:to:hli. \qry Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. \mod For onomasiological section, give a complete account of how atole is made, the types, etc. Note that one type uses /pi:pitik yetl/; check which one. \vl There is an additional female token from 4600. \ref 04326 \lxa a:to:hli de i:skitl \lxac a:to:hli de i:skitl \lxo ---- \dt 13/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \sea type of atole still not fully described \ssa tipo de atole todavía no descrito plenamente \sem food \equiva i:skia:to:hli \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \xrb i:ski \nse See a:to:hli for list of types of a:to:hli. \ref 05327 \lxa a:to:hli de le:cheh \lxac a:to:hli de le:cheh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) leche \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of atole made with milk \ss tipo de atole con leche \equiva le:cheh a:to:hli \equivo lé:chea:tó:hli \encyctmp a:to:hli \xrb a:to:l \nse Until the encyclopedic entry is completed, a list of types of a:to:hli is found under this word. \ref 05179 \lxa a:tokowa \lxac a:tokowa \lxo a:tokowa \lxoc a:tokowa \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4c \se to be swept or carried away by a swollen river \ss llevarse o arrastrarse por un río crecido \pna O:a:toko:k. \pea He got swept away by the water. \psa Se lo llevó el río. \pna Ta:toko:s. \pea You will get swept away by the river. \psa Te va a llevar el río. \se to be washed away (e.g., by the rain) \ss deslavarse (p. ej., por la lluvia) \pna O:nikte:n notekal ika chi:lyo:hli para ma:ka a:toko:s un tla:hli. \pea I've spread chile seeds in my seed garden (hat has a row of stones around its perimeter so that the earth (in this case the earth and seeds) does not get washed away. \psa He sembrado semillas de chile en mi huertita con una fila de piedras por su perímetro para que no se deslave la tierra (en este caso tierra con las semillas). \xrb a: \xrb toka \xvca a:toktia \xvco a:tohtia \qry Check use of /a:to:kowa/ in example with chile seeds in a huertita. \grm Historical change: This verb is an example of /o:/ final verbs of classical Nahuatl that have been "regularized" in Guerrero by adding /-wa:/ in the present perfect. The underlying /o:/ appears in most other forms, for instance the preterite and progressive. Note and discuss the function of the incorporated noun as a nonvolitional agent, cf. to /yeyekawi:lo/, etc. \grm Phonology: Cf the words here as an example of raising of /o/ in /owa/ context. \ref 03510 \lxa a:toktia \lxac ka:toktia \lxo a:tohtia \lxoc ka:tohtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to allow to be swept away by the current (sth let loose in moving water, such as a river) \ss dejar que se lleve por el agua (algo soltado en la corriente, p. ej., de un río) \pna O:nika:toktih. \pea I let it get swept away by the river. \psa Dejé que el río se lo llevara. \pna O:nitla:toktih. \pea I let things (e.g., that I was holding) get swept away by the river. \psa Dejé que el río se llevera algunas cosas. \xrb a: \xrb toka \xvbao a:tokowa \qry Determine whether this only refers to accidently letting something get swept away, for whether it might be intentional. Thus, for example, cf. R. Siméon who gives: atoctia, nite- arrojar a alquien al agua and nitla- tirar una cosa a una corriente de agua para que se la lleve. \grm Causatives: Note that this is apparently a causative of a passive; and it has the meaning or significance, at least in some senses, of "let" or "allow that." Cf. Comrie's and others' discussion of causatives. Add this word to the chapter on causatives. \ref 04209 \lxa a:toktli \lxac a:toktli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-k-pret \infn N1 \sea sth carried away by a river, usually because of heavy rains (often a:toktli refers too wood that has been swept away by a rushing torrent and that may be collected along riverbanks and used for firewood, but can refer to anything carried away by the current) \ssa algo llevado por un río crecido a causa de las lluvias (por lo común a:toktli refiere a madera que ha sido llevada por una fuerte corriente, y que la gente junta para leña, pero también puede significar cualquier otra cosa así llevada) \xrb a: \xrb toka \ref 00376 \lxa a:to:lchi:wa \lxac a:to:lchi:wa \lxo a:to:lchi:wa \lxoc a:to:lchi:wa \dt 11/Feb/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to make or prepare atole \ss hacer o preparar atole \xrb a:to:l \xrb chi:wa \vl Use second pronunciation of each speaker. \ref 03082 \lxa A:to:le:roh \lxac A:to:le:roh \lxo Átolé:roh \lxoc Átolé:roh \dt 30/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) a:to:hli \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Venus as the Morning Star (lit., 'the one who brings atole') \ss Venus como la Estrella Matutina (lit., 'el que trae atole') \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \xrb a:to:l \nae The pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl átolé:roh seems to reflect that fact that the Nahuatl term is a reborrowing back into Nahuatl of a Spanish borrowing atole, which was reabsorbed into Nahuatl with a final /h/, so characteristic of borrowings from Spanish into Nahuatl. There seems no other easy way to explain the pitch accent. There are other indications that Nahuatl átolé:roh is a borrowing: the Spanish -ero ending and the vowel length shift from the basical Nahuatl term a:to:hli. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \sj a:tole:roh. \ref 04958 \lxa a:to:li \lxac a:to:li \lxo a:to:li \lxoc a:to:li \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink atole \ss beber atole \pna Kemech a:to:li:tok. \pea He is just starting to drink his atole. \psa Apenas está empezando a tomar su atole. \xrb a:to:l \xrb i: \xvcao a:to:li:tia \vl The first female token is /a:to:hli/ (note the aspiration before /l/). This should be tagged as #4326. The second token is /a:to:lih/, the plural of /a:to:li/ (the present entry). This should be tagged as 4600, but not linked, since it has a plural subject. Link first male token. \ref 04600 \lxa a:to:li:tia \lxac ka:to:li:tia \lxo a:to:li:tia \lxoc ka:to:li:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give atole to drink to; to make atole for \ss dar atole para beber a; hacer atole para \pna Xne:cha:to:li:ti. \pea Give me some atole to drink (or, Make some atole for me). \psa Dame algo de atole para tomar (o, Hazme un poco de atole). \xrb a:to:l \xrb i: \xvbao a:to:li \qry Recheck meaning of "to make atole for" \ref 05149 \lxa a:to:lko:ntli \lxac a:to:lko:ntli \lxo a:to:lko:ntli \lxoc a:to:lko:ntli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao pot used for making atole \ssao olla utilizada para hacer atole \pna O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n. \pea He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole. \psa Metió la mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole. \xrb a:to:l \xrb ko:m \ref 01047 \lxa a:to:lneloke:tl \lxac a:to:lneloke:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08308 \lxa a:to:lnelowa \lxac a:to:lnelowa \lxo a:to:lnelowa \lxoc a:to:lnelowa \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to stir atole (so that it doesn't burn) \sso batir o revolver atole (para que no se queme) \xrb a:to:l \xrb nel \nae The phonological length of the initial /a/ of a:to:hli is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This is particularly true when it is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., poye:h a:to:hli). In the present case, a:to:lnelowa, the initial /a:/ varies in duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel durations of 74 and 94 ms. (Note that in Pipil the initial vowel of atole has been documented as short.) The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of orthography is to standardize all written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with frequentatives). \pqry Vowel length The phonological length of the initial /a/ of a:to:hli is at times difficult to determine with absolute certainty as its duration is highly variable. This is particularly true when it is in word initial position, though it also is problematical in other contexts (e.g., poye:h a:to:hli). In the present case, a:to:lnelowa, the initial /a:/ varies in duration. The two speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) are between 60 and 70 ms; Inocencio Jiménez has vowel durations of 74 and 94 ms. The problem of shortening of word initial vowels needs to be examined. For now the general policy in terms of orthography is to standardize all written forms to a single vowel length except in cases where a clear phonological rule for shortening can be determined (e.g., as occurs with frequentatives). \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 06343 \lxa a:to:ltepalkatl \lxacpend a:to:ltepalkatl \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \com NN-N \der N-b \sea ceramic bowl used for drinking atole \ssa plato hondo de cerámica empleado para beber atole \xrb a:to:l \xrb tepalka \qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Make sure /okwihlowa/ and /okwilxi:ni/ are synonyms. If not, change definition and xrefs. \ref 07546 \lxa a:toma \lxac na:toma \lxo a:toma \lxoc na:toma \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran +Refl/-trans; -intrans \infv class-3a(m) \se (refl.) to fill out (a baby who gains weight) \ss (refl.) crecer y llegar a ser más llenito (un niño) \pna On suwa:tl tewa:hki katkah, a:man yo:pe:w na:toma. \pea That woman used to be skinny, now she's started to fill out. \psa Esa mujer estaba flaca, ahora ya ha empezado a estar más llenita. \pna Yo:pe:w na:toma yetl, yo:pe:w uwe:iya. \pea The beans have started to expand (while cooking), they're starting to get big. \psa Ya empezaron a abultarse los frijoles (por estar cocinándose en agua herviendo), se están haciendo grandes. \se to become erect (a penis) \ss pararse (el pene) \xrb a: \xrb tom \nse Although the sense of 'to uncoil (a snake)' for a:toma was documented in Ameyaltepec, this might have been in error for simply toma used reflexively. This should be checked. \qry Check length of final vowel by eliciting the future or imperfect tense. Also check if only the reflexive is used. Apparently the reference to a snake uncoiling might be in error and the word is /notoma/. \rt The possibility of a relationship between /toma/ 'untie' and /toma:wi/ 'to get fat' should be considered. Cf. /a:tonkwilin/. \ref 01283 \lxa a:tompits \lxac a:tompitsmeh \lxo ---- \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infn N1 \sea type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntli or water tank) \sso tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntli o tanque) \equiva a:tonkwilin \equiva a:tonkwitsmeh \equivo á:tonkwístih \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb pits \nse For Ameyaltepec a:tonkwitsmeh appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is a:tonkwilin or a:tompitsmeh. Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called a:tompitsmeh. In Acatlán, they are called ahtonquiztle: "maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). \nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in á:tonkwístih. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long (perhaps from the root a: 'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most likely scenario (cf. a:polaki, unreduplicated, and á:poláki, reduplicated) . However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and reduplication has led to lengthening (?átonkwístih, unreduplicated, and á:tonkwístih, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, ahtonquiztle. If this were representative of the underlying morphology, then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of átonkwístih. With this analysis the pitch accent derives from an underlying {h} and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of á:tonkwístih to a:tl 'water,' with a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \sj atonkwitsmeh. \rt Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/. \ref 08164 \lxa a:to:nawi \lxac a:to:nawi \lxo a:to:nawi \lxoc a:to:nawi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to have a fever and chills (as from malaria) \ss tener calentura y escalofrio a la vez (como de paludismo) \sem disease \xrb a: \xrb to:na \qry Check for transitive form and readjust codes accordingly. \vl Use second male token for link, which clearly manifests length distinctions. \ref 03299 \lxa a:to:nawistli \lxac a:to:nawistli \lxo a:to:nawistli \lxoc a:to:nawistli \dt 28/Jan/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1 \se coinciding fever and chills, as from malaria \ss calentura con escalofrío, como de paludismo \sem disease \xrb a: \xrb to:na \ref 01438 \lxa a:tonkwilin \lxac *a:tonkwilin \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sea type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntli or water tank) \ssa tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntli o tanque) \sem animal \sem marine \equiva a:tonkwitsmeh \equivo a:tonkwistih \cfa a:toma \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb kwil \nse Also documented for Ameyaltepec is a:tonkwitsmeh, but this appears to be idiosyncratic in this village.In Acatlán, however, these worms are called ahtonquiztle: "maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). In Oapan they are called a:tonkwistih. Cristino Flores stated that he did not know this term and instead used a:tonpitsmeh. \grm The form /a:tonkwilin/ is interesting for its morphology. It seems to take a reflexive verb (V-1-refl) and use the shortened stem as a modifier for the head noun form /kwilin/. Certainly, this would seem to be an unusual combination, and perhaps might be coded as S-N. \ref 05518 \lxa a:tonkwitsmeh \lxac *a:tonkwitsmeh \lxo á:tonkwístih \lxoc á:tonkwístih \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seao type of small worm that reproduces in standing, stored water (such as the water in an a:ko:ntli or water tank) \ssao tipo de gusanillo que sale en agua amacenada (como la que se guarda en un a:ko:ntli o tanque) \equiva a:tonkwilin \xrb a: \xrb tom \xrb kwits \nse For Ameyaltepec a:tonkwitsmeh appears to be idiosyncratic (it is rarely used); the more common form is a:tonkwilin. In Acatlán, they are called ahtonquiztle: "maromeros, gusanillos que se reproducen en ollas con agua"; see Matías A. and Constantino L. (1996:73). Cristino Flores stated that this term is used in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec they are called a:tompitsmeh. \nae Apparently reduplication is the motive for Oapan Nahuatl pitch accent in á:tonkwístih. However, there are two scenarios. The first is that the vowel is underlyingly long (perhaps from the root a: 'water') and that reduplication is reflected simply in pitch accent (with no lengthening of an already long vowel). This is perhaps the most likely scenario (cf. a:polaki, unreduplicated, and á:poláki, reduplicated) . However, it might be that the vowel is originally short with pitch accent and reduplication has led to lengthening (?átonkwístih, unreduplicated, and á:tonkwístih, reduplicated). It is interesting that the only cognate form from another dialect obtained to date, from Acatlán, Guerrero, has an /h/ closing the first syllable, ahtonquiztle. If this were representative of the underlying morphology, then Oapan would have a surface form (after the predictable phonological changes) of átonkwístih. With this analysis the pitch accent derives from an underlying {h} and not reduplication; reduplication, however, would lead to vowel lengthening. However, given the probably relation of á:tonkwístih to a:tl 'water,' with a long vowel, the first interpretation seems more likely. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \sj atonkwitsmeh. \rt Note that /kwits/ might here be an allomorph of /kwil/ as in /kwilin/. \ref 06196 \lxa a:to:po:lin \lxac a:to:po:lin \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt a:to:po:lin \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sea type of tree that grows at the river's edge \ssa tipo de árbol que crece a la orilla del río \pna A:to:po:lin | Ite:nko a:te:ntli unkah. Xtlah para. \pea A:to:po:lin : It is found at the river's edge. It's not used for anything. \psa A:to:po:lin : Se encuentra por la ribera del río. No se usa para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \syno tesontsi:n \xrb a: \xrb to:po:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name for this tree as peloncillo, stating that it is of the family Rubiaceae. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:182) give a tree with the Spanish name atopol or atepule of the family Rubiaceae and genus/species Cephalanthus occidentalis. The illustration matches that of Ramírez. They also give two other trees of this family: Hintonia standleyana and Randia echinocarpa. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the rosal de agua. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Final root uncertain. Check vowel length, particularly first /o/. \ref 07525 \lxa a:tostik \lxac a:tostik \lxo a:tostik \lxoc a:tostik \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be gushy; to be watery (a mixture of sth to which water is typically added but which should be thick) \ss estar aguado (una mezcla de algo a que típicamente se le agrega agua pero que debe ser espeso) \pna Mela:k a:tostik notix, xwel nikmana. \pea My masa is really watery, I can't make tortillas with it (lit., 'I can't lay it down'). \psa Mi masa está muy aguada, no puedo echar tortillas con ella (lit., 'no la puede poner plana'). \pna A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. \pea It is watery, it has too much water (e.g. mud or clay for ceramics, masa, etc.). \psa Está aguado, se pasó de agua (barro para cerámica, masa, etc.). \sem consist \flao a:totsiwi \xrb a: \xrb tots \nde No cognate words have been found in other dialects. Although the root element a: 'water' is clear in this compound, the other part ?tos or tots is not. \qry Roots and composition uncertain. Cf. entry under /a:totsiwi/ and /a:tki/. \mod Disambiguate /a:tostik/, /a:tki/, /a:yoh/, and any others that might later come to mind. \mod A:tostik, o:pano:k de a:tl. Add this use of /panowa/. \ref 02694 \lxa a:toto:ni:hli \lxac a:toto:ni:hli \lxo a:to:ni:hli \lxoc a:to:ni:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infn N1 \se hot water \ss agua caliente \xrb a: \xrb to:na \nae As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root to:n, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable reduplication of the root whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear. \pqry The spectrogram of this word seems to provide a good illustration of words with 3 consecutive long vowels. \grm Reduplication: As is often the case in the variation between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl with the root to:n, the Ameyaltepec form has invariable reduplication of the root whereas the Oapan form does not. The reason for this is not clear. \ref 05023 \lxa a:toto:ni:lwia \lxac ka:toto:ni:lwia \lxo a:to:ni:lwia \lxof [a: to: ni:l 'wi a] \lxoc ka:to:ni:lwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V-d-wia \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2a \seao to throw hot water on (particularly an animal to scare it away); \ssao echar agua caliente sobre (particularmente un animal para espantar y ahuyentarlo) \se to put or bathe in scalding water; to pour scalding water over (e.g., a chicken before plucking it) \ss meter o bañar en agua hirviendo; vertir agua muy caliente sobre (p. ej., un pollo antes de desplumarla) \pna Xka:toto:ni:lwi un pio para tikuwitlas iwiyo! \pea Pour scalding water on that chicken so that you can pluck its feathers! \psa ¡Échale agua caliente a ese pollo para que puedas desplumarlo! \pna Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh. \pea Again they're going to pour scalding water over that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms. \psa Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos. \xrb a: \xrb to:na \nae The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word a:to:nilwia is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form a:to:nihli. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence toto:n- manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec a:tsetselwia and Oapan á:tselwia. \grmx Reduplication; Oapan The absence of stem reduplication in the Oapan word a:to:nilwia is not expected, although the same absence is noted in the nominal form a:to:nihli. There is no apparent reflex of any type of reduced reduplication in the verbal compound given that the preceding syllable (of an incorporated noun) has a long vowel and no pitch accent was noted (as would be expected given that in no dialects does the sequence toto:n- manifest a coda {h} in the first syllable). A similar situation was noted in Ameyaltepec a:tsetselwia and Oapan á:tselwiya. See full discussion under a:tsetselwia. \ref 01121 \lxa a:totsiwi \lxac a:totsiwi \lxo a:totsiwi \lxoc a:totsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become watery (a mixture to which water is normally added, but here has had too much added) \ss aguadarse (una mezcla a que normalmente se le echa agua, pero que aquí se le ha echado demasiado) \pna O:a:totsiw motix, we:i o:hte:kilih a:tl. \pea Your maize dough (from nextamal) has gotten watery, you added a lot of water to it. \psa Tu masa de nextamal se aguadó, le echaste muchísima agua. \xrb a: \xrb tots \nse This verb and its derivatives indicate a mixture such as tixtli, mud for ceramics, mortar, etc. that has too much water in it. With tixtli, this makes it sticky and hard to make into tortillas. \nae The roots and composition of this word is uncertain. Obviously a: the root for 'water' is part of the word, but tots is not documented in other words from Ameyaltepec, Oapan, nor any other dialect I have searched. \mod Disambiguate from /a:tki/; cf. entry under /a:tostik/. \ref 02948 \lxa a:totsowa \lxac ka:totsowa \lxo a:totsowa \lxoc ka:totsowa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to water down or make watery (a mixture that normally would have some water added to it) \ss echarle agua para hacer más aguado (una mezcala a que normalmente se le agrega agua) \pna Xka:totso un sokitl para titlai:xmanaskeh. \pea Add water to that mud so that we can spread cover a surface (e.g., a floor, with it). \psa Echale agua al barro para que podamos cubir una superficie (como un piso, con ello) \xrb a: \xrb tots \qry See note under /a:totsiwi/. \ref 04107 \lxa a:tpatli \lxac a:tpatli \lxo á:tpatlí \lxoc á:tpatlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of herbaceous plant not yet identified \ss tipo de planta herbacea todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb a:t \xrb pah \nse According to some people this may be used as a remedio for a:tintli, lice. Although Inocencio Díaz did not recognize this plant, I had previously recorded its name during my early fieldwork. Thus most likely it is a plant known in Ameyaltepec. \rt Not use of root /a:t/ instead of full form /a:tem/, indeed, it might well be that the original form of /a:temitl/ was /a:tin/ with the root /a:t/. \ref 02735 \lxa a:tl \lxac a:tl \lxo a:tl \lxoc a:tl \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \se water \ss agua \pna Xmaka a:chitsi:n ma:tsi:n! \pea Give him a little bit of your water! \psa ¡Dale un poco de tu agua! \se rain \ss lluvia; las aguas \pna O:ki:s a:tl, ye tiaweh! \pea The rain has ended, let's go! \psa Dejó de llover, ¡ya nos vamos! \se (poss. with -w, often in the diminutive) fontanelle; the solf spot on the crown of a child's head (Note that i:a:w is used when the soft spot has started to close and harden a little. If still very soft and open, then the diminutive i:a:tsi:n is used.) \ss (pos. con -w, a menudo en diminutivo) fontanela (Nótese que se emplea i:a:w cuando la fontanela ya empezó a cerrarse y endurecerse un poco. Si todavía está muy abierta y suave, el diminutivo i:a:tsi:n se emplea.) \pna Deke se: pitentsi:n o:wetsito ia:w, xka:tila:na. Tihkamakwis a:tl, wa:n tikiyo:tila:na ipan itsontekon. \pea If the fontanelle of a young child's head falls in, pull it back up with water (i.e., suck it up with water in your mouth). You take water in your mouth and suck in aire with your mouth on the top of the child's head. \psa Si se le cae la fontanela a un niño, jálala con agua (esto es, aspira sobre la fontanela con agua en tu boca). Tomas agua en la boca y respiras jalando aire con la boca puesta sobre su cabeza. \se (intrinsic possession) juice (of a fruit); broth (of a cooked dish such as beans) \ss (posesión intrínseca) jugo (de una fruta, de un caldo como de frijoles hirviendo) \pna Kipia ia:yo un yetl. \pea Those beans have a lot of broth (i.e., there is a lot of water for the amount of beans cooked or served). \psa Esos frijoles tienen mucho caldo (esto es, hay mucha agua para la cantidad de frijoles cocidos o servidos). \pna Xoh kipia ia:yo. \pea It doesn't have juice anymore (e.g., a fruit that is somewhat dried out). \psa Ya no tiene jugo (p. ej., una fruta que ya se secó un poco). \se (poss. with -yo) sap (of a tree) \ss (poss. con -yo) savia (de un árbol) \pna Pipilkatok ia:yo un kohtli. \pea The sap of that tree is hanging down (from a cut in the bark, having slightly dried). \psa La savia de ese árbol se está colgando (de una cortada en la cáscara, habiéndose secado ligeramente). \xrb a: \qry Check to see if /a:tl/ can also be used to refer to rain, i.e., o:ki:s a:tl. \ref 01657 \lxa a:tl tsope:lik \lxac a:tl tsope:lik \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \infn N1 \sea sweet water \ssa agua dulce \pna Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tl tsope:lik. Noposo:nia ixiwio. \pea It (in this case damia:nah) is good for coffee, for sweet water. Its leaves are boiled in water. \psa Es (en este caso damia:nah) es bueno para café, para agua dulce. Se hierven sus hojas en agua. \xrb a: \xrb tsope:l \grm Noun incorporation; compounding \ref 02333 \lxa a:tlahke:tl \lxac a:tlahke:tl \lxo á:tlahké:tl \lxoc á:tlahké:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \seao person whose job it is to draw water; water-bearer \ssao aguador \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nae This is derived from a:tlakwi with an irregular perfective formation with a stem that loses the final vowel. The Oapan Nahuatl form of this agentive shows reduced reduplication on the long vowel of the stem, probably due to the fact that a person involved in drawing water almost by definition repeats this action several times. \qry Cf. note with /a:tlakwintsi:n/. Check possessed form to make sure the coding is correct. I have no documentation of it. \ref 01390 \lxa a:tlahke:tl \lxac a:tlahke:tl \lxo á:tlahké:tl \lxocpend á:tlahké:tl \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who brings water from a well, tank, river, etc. \sso persona que acarrea agua de un pozo, depósito, río, etc. \xrb a: \xrb kwi \ref 07269 \lxa a:tlahko \lxac a:tlahko \lxo a:tlahko \lxoc a:tlahko \dt 20/Nov/2001 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \seao in the gorge \ssao en la barranca \xrb a:tlaw \xrl -k(o) \ref 00714 \lxa a:tlakali \lxac ka:tlakali \lxo á:tlakáli \lxoc ká:tlakáli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to throw into the water (sth or sb, either in play or to kill the person, perhaps throwing him off a ledge into the water, tied up or with rocks as weights) \ss aventar al agua (algo o a algn, tal vez jugando o hasta para matar, aventando la persona de lo alto, quizás atada o con piedras amarradas) \pna Mitsa:tlakaliskeh. \pea They will throw you into the water. \psa Te van a aventar al agua. \se (refl.) to dive or jump into water (from outside, e.g., the bank of a river) \ss (refl.) clavarse o saltar al agua (desde afuera del agua, p. ej., la ribera de un río) \pna Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon (=yo:panwetskeh)! \pea Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (in this case after having used a máquina to fish, stunning them so they surface)! \psa ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua! ¡Ve que tantos pescados ya subieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una "máquina" para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)! \xrb a: \xrb tlahkali \ref 02012 \lxa a:tlakwa \lxac a:tlakwa \psm V1 \sea \ssa \ref 08636 \dt 07/Aug/2002 \lxa a:tlakwa:ni \lxac a:tlakwa:ni \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-V2 \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea someone who drinks water while eating (instead of after eating, as is the custom) \ssa algn que bebe agua mientras coma (en lugar de después de comer, como es de costumbre) \syno a:tala \xrb a: \xrb kwa \qry Check for other meanings of this term. \ref 03038 \lxa a:tlakwi \lxac a:tlakwi \lxo á:tlakwí \lxoc á:tlakwí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-rdp \se to draw water and carry it to where it will be used (generally from a well or a:me:hli) \ss traer agua; aguar; llevar el agua a donde se va a utilizar (generalmente de un pozo o a:me:hli) \pna A:tlakwtok. \pea He is drawing water. \psa Está trayendo agua. \pna Xa:k, o:a:tlakwito. \pea He's not around, he went to draw water. \psa No está, fue a traer agua. \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nse Note that like kwi when used with a directional affix, a:tlakwi implies the action of drawing water, that is going and returning. \nae The reason for pitch accent in Oapan á:tlakwí is apparently due to reduplication, reduced on a long-vowel-initial stem. If this is the reason, the reduplication probably reflects the nature of the action of drawing water, which involves repeatedly taking water from a well or water hole. I remember not being able to elicit a form without the pitch accent. \qry Check again for Oapan Nahuatl with no pitch-accent. \ref 01271 \lxa a:tlakwi:ltia \lxacpend ka:tlakwi:ltia \lxo á:tlakwí:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \rdp Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \seao to use (e.g., a mule or other beast of burden) to draw water \ssao utilizar (p. ej., una mula u otra bestia) para traer agua \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nse The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer to "causing" a non-volitional animal (a beast of burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose. \nae In Oapan átlakwí is usually found in reduplicated form (i.e., with a reduplicant reduced onto the long intial vowel of the stem); in Ameyaltepec this verb is rarely reduplicated. The same pattern continues onto the causative construction of the present entry. \grm Causative; reduplication: re /a:tlakwi:ltia/: The causative construction here is of a transitive verb, which is somewhat rare in Nahuatl. Note, however, that it is used to refer to "causing" a non-volitional animal (a beast of burden) to carry water, i.e., to using an animal for such a purpose. \ref 08708 \lxa a:tlakwintsi:n \lxaa aa:tlakwintsi:n \lxac a:tlakwintsi:n \lxo á:tlakwíni \lxoa á:tlakwíne \lxoc á:tlakwíne, á:tlakwíni \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-V2 \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \pa yes-rdp \se child who draws water often, whose task it is to draw water and take it to where it will be consumed \ss niño que siempre trae agua a donde se consume \pna Mlá:k a:tlakwintsi:n! \pea He's a real water-bearer (said slightly in jest)! \psa ¡Es un verdadero aguador (dicho algo irónicamente)! \xrb a: \xrb kwi \nae Oapan Nahuatl á:tlakwíni manifests a pitch-accented initial long vowel, the result of a reduplicant (short vowel with coda {h}). The reduplication is apparently related to the fact that any child (or person) who is known as a "water-bearer" is so known because he or she repeatedly goes to draw water, an iterative action that motivates the reduplication. \qry Cf. /a:tlahke:tl/ and determine difference, if any, between /a:tlahke:tl/ and /a:tlakwintsi:n/. The latter seems much more common, perhaps because little children are usually employed in this task, as opposed to adults. \grm Note how the agentive -ni forms a diminutive losing the final /i/ of the verbal ending. \ref 05839 \lxa a:tla:lia \lxac ka:tla:lia \lxo a:tla:lia \lxoc na:tla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to place in water \ssa asentar o poner en el agua. \pna O:na:tla:lih. Na:lti:s, ye:watok itik a:tl. \pea He sat himself down in the water. He is going to bathe, he is sitting in the water. \psa Se sentó en el agua. se va a bañar, está sentado en el agua. \seo (refl.) to enter the water (e.g., to cross of river) \sso (refl.) entrar al agua (p. ej., para cruzar un río) \xrb a: \xrb tla:l \nse Apparently in Oapan a:tla:lia is only used reflexively whereas in Ameyaltepec it is generally a transitive verb. \qry Check other nonreflexive uses of this word. If only reflexive, change code in /cat field. \ref 01349 \lxa a:tlapachiwi \lxac a:tlapachiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to be or become innundated or flooded \ss inundarse; anegarse; quedarse inundado \pna O:a:tlapachiw nomi:l pa:mpa chika:wak o:kiaw. Ipan o:pano:k a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea My field got flooded with water because it rained very hard. Rushing flood waters passed right over it. \psa Se inundó mi milpa porque llovió fuerte. pasó directamente sobre ella un torrente de agua de lluvia. \pna A:tlapachiwtok nomi:l. \pea My corn field is innundated. \psa Mi milpa está inundada. \syno a:pachiwi \syno a:petla:nwiya \xrb a: \xrb pach \qry Check existence or absence of /a:tlapachowa:/. According to Luis Lucena /a:tlapachiwi/ is the same as /a:pachiwi/ althoug this equivalence should be checked. Check the difference and set up an onomasiological entry for a:pachiwi, a:tlapachiwi, and a:petlanwia. Apparently a:pachiwi refers to an item that is in sth like a bucket of water, some small material object covered with or surrounded by water. However, a:tlapachiwi seems to refer to the flooding of a place. Finally, a:petlanwia seems to refer to location that is washed out from having been flooded. \grm /tla-/ Note the difference between /a:tlapachiwi/ 'for an area to get innundated' and /a:pachiwi/ 'for sth (an object) to get covered with water.' \ref 02538 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n \lxo á:tlapántsi:n \lxop a:tlapantsi:n \lxoc á:tlapántsi:n \lxt á:tlapántsi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of edible plant of which there are two types \ss tipo de planta comestible de que hay dos tipos \pna A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para ika titlakwa:s. \pea A:tlapa:ntsi:n : It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal. \psa A:tlapa:ntsi:n : Es fragante. También sabe bien para acompañar una comida. \sem plant \sem edible \xrb ah \xrb tlapa: \nse A:tlapa:ntsi:n is often eaten raw with tortillas. \nae The duration of the final /a/ in Oapan speech seems to have a short duration. Ameyaltepec forms need to be rechecked. \cpl Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as pipicha. Ramírez (1991) gives both pápalo and pipicha. Schoenhals (1988) has no plant listed under pipicha. Schoenhals (1988) has pápaloquelite as follows: "(Propphyllum spp., e.g., P. coloratum 'odora.' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado." According to Inocencio Díaz there are two of these one tlatla:katl that is more purplish and with a stronger taste and one susowa:tl which is also eaten; it has round leaves. \nct xiwtsi:ntli \grm Antipassive; obliques: Note /A:tlapa:ntsi:n | Awiá:k. No: we:lik para i:ka titlakwa:s./ 'A:tlapa:ntsi:n | It is fragrant. It is also a tasty for you to have it with a meal.' Note the use of an obliquely marked subordinate. \vl Four additonal tokens of this follow 02937 \ref 00843 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de susuwa:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n yeyewaltik ixiwio \xrb \ref 08538 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlatla:katl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n pitsa:wak ixiwyo \xrb \nse This is also referred to as a:tlapa:ntsi:n mora:doh i:xiwyo. \ref 08539 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un pitsa:wak ixiwyo \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n de tlaka:tl \xrb \ref 08541 \lxa a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio \lxac a:tlapa:ntsi:n de un yeyewaltik ixiwio \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva a:tlapa:ntsi:n de suswa:tl \xrb \ref 08540 \lxa a:tlawmatli \lxac a:tlawmatli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \qry I originally had this written as /a:tlahmatli/. Check and perhaps consult with other speakers. \ref 08129 \lxa a:tlawtli \lxac a:tlawtli \lxo a:tlahtli \lxoc a:tlahtli \dt 06/Mar/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se ravine; gorge \ss barranca \sem topography \xrb a:tlaw \ref 03144 \lxa a:tli \lxac a:tli \lxo a:tli \lxoc a:tli \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to drink water or, by extension, any other liquid \ss beber agua o, por extensión, cualquier otro líquido \pna Ma na:tli. Na:miki. \pea Let me take a drink! I'm thirsty. \psa ¡Déjame tomar agua! tengo sed. \xrb a: \xrb i: \xvcao a:tli:tia \vl The first female token is /a:tl/. This should be given ref. 1657. Then she makes another mistake and the next token is /a:ti/. This should be tagged as 7685. Finally there is the correct form, /a:tli/. \ref 04234 \lxa a:tli \lxac ka:tli \lxo a:tli \lxoc ka:tli \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \se to spill the liquid out of (said of what a hen [S] does to its egg; i.e., when a chicken breaks open one or more of its eggs, letting the liquid spill out and killing the embryo) \ss tirarle el líquido (una gallina de su huevo; se refiere a cuando una gallina rompe uno o más de sus huevos, dejando salir el líquido que esta adentro y así matando el fetus) \pna O:ka:tli:k ito:toltew. O:kitlapa:n. \pea It (i.e., a hen) made the liquid run out of its egg. It broke it open. \psa Ella (esto es, una gallina) hizo que saliera el líquido de su huevo. Lo reventó. \xrb a: \xrb i: \qry Re-check and confirm correctness of the transitive use in reference to a chicken. However, note that verbs derived from /i:/ 'to drink' and an incorporated noun might well accept both intransitive and transitive; thus cf. /po:ki:/ which in Ameyaltepec, although not Oapan, is both transitive and intransitive although defective in that it only accepts definite third person objects. \grm If a:tli can be both intransitive and transitive (cf. po:ki in Ameyaltepec) then this fact should be discussed in the grammar. Check. \ref 06049 \lxa a:tli:tia \lxac ka:tli:tia \lxo a:tli:tia \lxoc ka:tli:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give water to (particularly an animal, taking it to a well, river, or brook, or giving him water in a trough) \ss dar agua a o abrevar (un animal, o llevándolo a un pozo, río o arroyo, o dándole de beber de una pileta) \pna Nika:tli:ti:s. noburroh. \pea I will give my donkey water to drink. \psa Le voy a dar agua a mi burro para que beba. \xrb a: \xrb i: \xvbao a:tli \2links /a:tli/ at 4234. \ref 03891 \lxa a:tli:ya:n \lxac noa:tli:ya:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \sea natural and customary source of drinking water for (sb or some animal [Poss]) \ssa fuente natural y regular de agua de beber para (algn o algún animal [Pos]) \pna Toa:tli:ya:n. \pea It is the place from where we get customarily draw water (in Ameyaltepec, the toponym of place is called simply A:pan). \psa Es el lugar de donde tenemos la costumbre de traer agua (en Ameyaltepec, este lugar simplemente se llama A:pan). \xrb a: \xrb i: \xrl -ya:n \nse No cognate term has been documented in Oapan, but there is a similar construction tlakwa:ya:n referring to a customary place of eating (or, if an animal, grazing). \ref 00793 \lxa a:tsakwa \lxac na:tsakwa \lxo a:tsakwa \lxoc na:tsakwa \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \se (refl.) to be kept inside by the rain \ss (refl.) tener que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia \pna O:na:tsakw, xkineki pa:tsiwis. \pea He was kept inside by the rain, he didn't want to get wet. \psa Tuvo que quedarse adentro a causa de la lluvia, no se quiso mojar. \xrb a: \xrb tsakwa \qry Check for transitive or for the possibility of utilizing this form with a specific nonreflexive patient. \grm Noun incorporation: Note that the adverbial use of /a:/ incorporated here is as a cause. It wasn't water that did it, but which was the cause. This seems to be in keeping the with adverbial nature of incorporated nouns. Also discuss this under the applicative. \grm Oapan: perfective; note that final /kw/ goes to /k/: o:na:tsak/. However, note that with /nekwtli/ the ending is /w/: /i:new/ or /i:newyo/ of the /abeji:tos/. The perfective of /a:tlakwi/ is /o:a:tlak/. \ref 05207 \lxa a:tsetselwia \lxac ka:tsetselwia \lxo á:tsilwía \lxoc ká:tsilwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes \syna a:tsitsilwia \seao to finely sprinkle water on (e.g., a plant to water it lightly; a floor to settle the dust; the action indicated by a:tsetselwia is often accomplished by pouring water out of a bucket held in one arm while moving the other hand rapidly under the stream of water to make it sprinkle) \ssao rociarle agua muy fina a o sobre (una planta para regarle ligeramente, un piso para que no se levente polvo; la acción indicada por a:tsetselwia se realiza al verter agua de una cubeta sostenida con un brazo, mientras que la otra mano se menea rápidamente dentro del chorro de agua para que se rocie) \pna Xka:tsetselwi para tika:te:ki:s. \pea Sprinkle water on it to water it (e.g., flowers, plants, etc.). \psa Rocíale agua para regarle (p. ej., flores, plantas, etc.). \pna Nika:tsetselwi:s para ma:ka nokwite:was tlaltekwtli. \pea I'm going to sprinkle water on it (a dirt floor) so that dust doesn't come up. \psa Voy a rociarle agua (al piso de tierra) para que no se levante el polvo. \pna Ka:tsetselwitiw. \pea He goes along sprinkling water on it. \psa Va rociándole agua. \xrb a: \xrb tsel \dis Check if any different from /a:ichwia/. \nse In Ameyaltepec a:tsitsilwia is an alternative pronunciation of a:tsetselwia. For example, both Gabriel de la Cruz and his mother Aurora use a:tsitsilwia although many others say ,a:tsetselwia. It is not clear which pronunciation is more common. In Oapan I have only documented á:tsilwíya, not *á:tselwíya. \nae Apparently because of the type of action referred to a:tsetselwia occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as a:po:poxowa. However, the usual development with Oapan á:tsilwíya concerns the application of pitch-accent on the a:-, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has naká:skayá:wa for what in other dialects is nakaskahkaya:wa, or ní:kí:ski from "underlying" {ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be kíkí:ski. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., a:polaki redupilcates as á:poláki). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form á:tsilwíya appears to be a vowel-initial stem that, because of certain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb kákayá:wa). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ?a:tsilwiya that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as a:polaki and á:poláki) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. má:kwaló along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative "morpheme." On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl á:tsilwíya is one of those few words in which the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an incorporated noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for atzelhuia, each with a different prefixation pattern: nin. 'rociarse con agua'; nite. 'rociar a otro con agua'; and nitla. 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (a:) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root tzel with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the basic compound a:tselwia. In Ameyaltepec a:tselwia is treated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, as often occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to a:tsetselwia. However, in Oapan the compound a:tsilwiya is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in á:tsilwíya. Note the similar situation with a:toto:nilwia. \nde Whereas Ameyaltepec has both a:tsetselwia and a:tsitsilwia Oapan only has only been documented with the á:tsilwíya variant. Other dialects such as Classical (see above) only have the form with /e/. \grmx Oapan reduplication: Apparently because of the type of action referred to a:tsetselwia occurs only in reduplicated form, with a reduplicated verbal stem, as occurs with other words such as a:po:poxowa. However, the usual development with Oapan á:tsilwíya concerns the application of pitch-accent on the a:-, the nominal stem for water. Usually in Oapan Nahuatl reduplication is not reduced onto a preceding syllable unless it is light. Thus one has naká:skayá:wa for what in other dialects is nakaskahkaya:wa, or ní:kí:ski from "underlying" {ni + rdp-s + ki:sa + ki} where the 3rd-person form would be kíkí:ski. However, vowel-initial stems often reduplicate by lengthening and stressing, or simply stressing (when the initial vowel is long) the initial vowel (e.g., a:polaki redupilcates as á:poláki). From strictly internal evidence of Oapan, the form á:tsilwíya appears to be a vowel-initial stem that, because of certain semantic considerations appears only in reduplicated form (much as, for example, the transitive verb kákayá:wa). Evidence from Ameyaltepec, however, suggests that it is not a compound verbal stem ?a:tsilwiya that reduplicates (in the same paradigm as a:polaki and á:poláki) but rather from a verbal compound involving an incorporated nominal stem where the verbal base reduplicates (i.e., {a: + rdp-s + tsil + wiya}). If this is the case, however, then a long vowel preceding a stem receives pitch-accent as the sole reflex of reduplication. This is not unheard of as often certain body part incorporations (as well as a few others) may take pitch-accent (cf. má:kwaló along with quite a few other examples) for the reduplicative "morpheme." On this local evidence, then, it would appear that Oapan Nahuatl á:tsilwíya is one of those few words in which the reduplication of a verbal stem is reflected as pitch-accent on the long vowel of an incorporated noun. However, a further complication arises when Classical Nahuatl is examined. Molina has several entries for atzelhuia, each with a different prefixation pattern: nin. 'rociarse con agua'; nite. 'rociar a otro con agua; and nitla. 'rociar o regar el suelo para barrer.' All entries have the nonreduplicated form of this verb and no reduplicated entry with the incorporated nominal stem for 'water' (a:) exists. Nevertheless, in Molina the verbal root tzel with no incorporated noun is always reduplicated (see fol. 152f) as are all nominalizations (see fol. 142v). This seems to reflect the fact that the lack of specificity as a concomitant to noun incorporation has some reprecussions on reduplication. Returning to the question of the verb under consideration, it would seem that there are two patterns involved, derived in different ways from the basic compound a:tselwia. In Ameyaltepec a:tselwia is treated as a nominal stem incorporated into a verbal stem, as often occurs in such cases, reduplication is applied to the verbal stem, leading to a:tsetselwia. However, in Oapan the compound a:tsilwiya is analyzed as a single verbal stem and the reduplication is applied as pitch-accent to the long first vowel, resulting in á:tsilwíya. \grmx Note that this is not a metathesized applicative. This can be determined by noting the valency. A word such as /popolwia/ is an applicative of the transitive /popolowa/. Thus it is a ditransitive 'to erase sth to sb.' However, the primary object of /a:tsetselwia/ is the object onto which water is sprinkled, i.e. the "direct object" and hence the derivation is from a noun (*a:tsetsehli) which, in this case might not exist in isolated form. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that in /á:tsilwíya/ for Oapan Nahuatl and the fact that the Am form is /a:tsetselwia/ indicates that the reduplication is of the verbal stem. Note that the preceding vowel is long (from /a:/ 'water') but that nevertheless this takes pitch-accent. \ref 00660 \lxa a:tsotsono:kia \lxac a:tsotsono:kia \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to throw up; to vomit \ssa vomitar \pna Asta ke:n na:tsotsono:kia. Mlá:k o:nimiso:tlak. \pea I've even thrown up several times. I really vomited. \psa Hasta me vomité varias veces. De veras vomité. \cfo á:tsono:kíya \xrb a: \xrb tson \xrb no:ki \nae In Oapan this is a transitive verb meaning 'to pour water over ones head.' It has been given a different entry. \qry Check the difference between, the intransitive /a:tsono:kia:/and the reflexive /iso:tla/. Determine the transitive form of /a:tsono:kia/. \grm Incorporation; dialect: Note that at present (and the semantic and morphosyntactic differences will need to be confirmed) I have Ameyaltepec /a:tsono:kia/ as an intransitive and Oapan /á:tsono:kíya/ as a transitive. Thus in each dialect there is a different manner in which N is incorporated. Saturating in Ameyaltepec and nonsaturating in Oapan. However, the definitions of each form will need to be checked. \ref 03068 \lxa aujah de michin \lxac aujah de michin \lxacpend aujah de michin \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08647 \lxa awa \lxac kawa \lxo áwá \lxoc káwá \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to scold \ss regañar \pna Nona:n ne:chawaya. \pea My mother used to scold me. \psa Mi mamá me regañaba. \pna Te:awa. \pea He scolds people. \psa Regaña a la gente. \xrb ahwa(1) \nae When preceded by the nonspecific object marker te:- an epenthetic /y/ is often inserted between the verb root and the object prefix: te:yawa (Am) / té:yawá (Oa). \qry Confirm shortness of final /a/, cf. imperfect. \ref 04177 \lxa awa \lxac mitsawa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \sea to bark at \ssa ladrar a \xrb hyawa \xtla tlayawa \sj Check SJ for location of /h/ if there is one. If /tlahyawa/ then make sure a separate entry. If /tlayahwa/ then perhaps combine 08088 with /awa/ 'to scold'. \ref 08088 \lxa a:wakakuwtli \lxac a:wakakuwtli \lxo a:wakakohtli \lxoc a:wakakohtli \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se avocado tree \ss árbol de aguacate \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \equivao a:wakatl \xrb a:waka \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez (1991) gives this of the family Lauraceae and the genus/species Persea americana. It is not listed in Guizar and Sánchez (1991). Schoenhals (1988) under aguacate states: "(Persea spp., e.g, P. americana) 'avocado,' 'alligator pear.' Refers to the edible varieties. The Guatemala type has thick, warty, and brittle skin. The West Indian varieyt is a smooth-skinned, enourmous fruit such as can be obtained in Yucatán. The Mexican type is often considered the choiciest. Also calledlaurelillo, pagua." Apparently this tree is cultivated in the Balsas region, but does not grow wild. According to Marcelino Venancio there is a female and male variety of this tree. \nct kohtli \vl Vowel length of the first /a/ is hard to determine, but it seems long. A definite comparison should be made of all words with the nominal root /a:waka/. \ref 02230 \lxa a:wakateyo:hli \lxac a:wakateyo:hli \lxo a:wakateyo:hli \lxoc a:wakateyo:hli \dt 28/Jan/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao avocado pit \ssao hueso del aguacate \sem plant \sem part \xrb a:waka \xrb te \xrb yo:l \ref 01256 \lxa a:wakatl \lxac a:wakatl \lxo a:wakatl \lxoc a:wakatl \dt 08/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao avocado (the fruit) \ssao aguacate (la fruta) \seao avocado tree (by extension) \ssao árbol de aguacate (por extensión) \sem plant \sem edible \apa a:wakakohtli \apo a:wakakohtli \xrb a:waka \nct kohtli \ref 00607 \lxa a:wakeh \lxac a:wakeh \lxo á:wakéh \lxoa á:wakíh \lxoc á:wakéh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \pa yes \se rainmakers, i.e. those that are said to bring or cause it to rain, these are small beings who inhabit the heavens and bring rain (lit. 'possessors of water' or 'those who possess water'); ahuaques, Sp. \ss los que traen la lluvia o hacen que llueve, son seres pequeños que residen en el cielo (lit. 'dueños del agua' o 'los que poseen agua'); ahuaques \pna Te:na:wiltian a:wakeh ke:n xok kiawi. \pea The ahuaques are playing games on people with this that is doesn't rain anymore (i.e., not like it used to in previous years). \psa Los 'ahuaques' están vacilando con eso de que ya no llueve (esto es, como en años anteriores). \pna A:man pe:was kiawis, yo:wa:hlakeh a:wakeh. \pea Now it will begin to rain (referring particularly to the beginning of the rainy season), the ahuaques have come. \psa Ya va a empezar a llover (se refiere particularmente al inicio de la temporada de lluvias), los ahuaques ya vinieron. \xrb a: \ono a:wakeh \nse Some people say that a:wakeh is equivalent to moxteh 'clouds' as is ye wa:hlaweh a:wakeh 'the clouds are now coming.' However, others translate a:wakeh as as angelitos who are associated with bringing water or rain. It appears, however, that most people consider the a:wakeh as some sort of animate beings. When asked, Luis Lucena stated that he doesn't know if they are in the sie:loh or at chikna:wtipan. And when I asked him what they looked like he laughed and said he had never seen them. Perhaps I could find out, he said, since gringos have been to the moon. \grm Oapan phonetics; vowel length: the initial syllable of Oapan /á:wakeh/ is clearly long, and its measurement sets some parameters for judging whether certain word-initial vowels are long or short. My measurements give 135 and 137 ms as the length of the initial /a:/ in the speech of Florencia Marcelino; her husband's vowels measured some 106 and 138 ms. Thus the average of a high pitched initial /a:/ in this word is about 125 ms. \ref 03213 \lxa a:wakuwtli \lxac a:wakuwtli \lxo a:wakohtli \lxocpend @a:wakohli \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree (probably a type of oak) not found near Ameyaltepec but rather at higher altitudes, e.g, near Apango \ss tipo de árbol (probablemente un tipo de encina) no se encuentra cerca de Ameyaltepec sino en zonas más altas, como cerca de Apango \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb a:wa \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05798 \lxa a:watetl \lxac a:watetl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea filing stone \ssa piedra empleada para sacar filo \pna A:watetl | Se: tetl para ipan tlate:nti:lo. Me:dioh pestik, san chika:wak. \pea A:watetl is a stone that is used for sharpening. It's somewhat smooth, but its hard (i.e., its hardness is what make it an a:watetl). \psa A:watetl es una piedra utilizada para sacar filo. Es algo lisa, pero es dura (esto es, su dureza la hace un a:watetl). \syna tlate:nti:ltetl \syno tlate:nti:ltetl \fla a:watl \xrb a:wa \xrb te \ref 01352 \lxa a:watl \lxac a:watl \lxo á:wátl \lxoc á:wátl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrin \pa yes \se small, thin prickly hairs found on certain plants (corn stalks, sugarcane, cactus fruit, etc.); prickles \ss aguates, pequeños vellitos o espinitas muy delgadas que se hallan en ciertas plantas (tallos de maíz, caña dulce, tunas, etc.) \pna Kipia ia:wayo. \pea It has prickly hairs. \psa Tiene aguates. \pna Mistso:tsopi:ni:s ia:wayo mi:hli, mistsotsopitsas. \pea The prickly hairs of the maize plants will prick you here and there, they will prickle you. \psa Los aguates de las plantas de maíz te van a picar por acá y por allá, te van a causar picor. \se (kipia ~) to be sharp; (noka:wa ~) to acquire sharpness; to be sharp \ss (kipia ~) tener filo; (noka:wa ~) adquirir un filo; tener filo \pna Yo:noka:w a:watl. O:tlatekitiak. \pea It got a razor sharp edge. It got sharp. \psa Agarró un filo de navaja. se puso cortante. \xrb a:wa \nae The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it is also clear that the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl á:wátl derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps the only explanation is that certain forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire comparative study of the present phonetics and phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken. \qry In a final check of Sept. l986, in the speech of Luis Lucena, this was found to definitely have along initial /a:/; it was later checked with Gabriel de la Cruz and also found to definitely have a long initial vowel. Check with /kwatsonawatl/, where I have a short /a/. Nevertheless, the Oapan form has a pitch-accent and thus would seem to be by rule a short vowel. For this reason I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec entry, though this should be rechecked and rechecked. It might be that the two villages have different lengths here. \pqry Re: Oapan /á:wátl/: The length of the initial /a/ is problematical. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan forms show a relatively long duration and suggest a long vowel. However, it is also clear that the pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl á:wátl derives from an underlying {h}; comparative evidence shows that the form was {ahwatl}. Perhaps the only explanation is that certain forms with historically initial *ah have developed both pitch accent and length (or only length, in Ameyaltepec). Certainly an entire comparative study of the present phonetics and phonology of forms that were initially {ah} should be undertaken. \mod Add /tlatekitia/ to vocabulary. Note how an adjective /tlateki/ can be verbalized. \rt In Classical Nahuatl this root was ahwa. \ref 04609 \lxa a:wa:xin \lxac a:wa:xin \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \ssa Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \sea fruit of the tree of this name \ssa fruta del árbol de este nombre \src Luis Lucena (personal communication) \pna A:wa:xin | Nokwa, tla:ki ipan septie:mbreh, xtlah para. \pea It (the fruit of the a:waxkuhtli) is edible, the tree bears fruit in September, it (i.e., its wood) is not good for anything. \psa Es (la fruta del a:waxkuhtli) se come, el árbol rinde su fruta en septiembre, no es bueno (esto es, su madera) para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva a:wa:xkohtli \equivo kalwa:xin \equivo kalwa:xkohtli \xrb a: \xrb wa:x \nse The a:wa:xin fruit is eaten in September. In Ameyaltepec there are few of these trees, which are so named because they grow near the water or river. In Oapan, given that people live along the river banks and this tree grows in housesites, it is called kalwa:xin. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \ref 07582 \lxa a:wa:xkuwtli \lxac a:wa:xkuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \sea Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit, guaje of the Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) family with edible fruit \ssa Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit, guaje de la familia Fabaceae (ex Leguminosae) con frutos comestibles \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva a:wa:xinkuwtli \equivo kalwa:xkohtli \equivo kalwa:xin \xrb a: \xrb wa:x \xrb kow \ref 01955 \lxa a:waxokotl \lxac a:waxokotl \lxo á:waxókotl \lxoc á:waxókotl \lxt ahwaxokotl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao plum, fruit of the tree known as a:waxokotl \ssao circuela, fruta del árbol conocido como a:waxokotl \seao type of wild plum tree \ssao tipo de árbol de ciruelo silvestre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ahwa \xrb xoko \nae As with many lexemes that at point had an initial /ah/ sequence, Ameyaltepec and Oapan seem to manifest lengthening here. This should, however, be checked. The native speakers' etymological understanding of this word, and its relation to aguates suggests that they connect it with what in other dialects is ahwatl 'thorn.' \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as the aguajocote with no further identification. There is no immediately apparent cognate term in either Schoenhals (1988), who gives under ciruelo Spondias spp. and Prunus mexicana. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list for Spondias only Spondias purpurea, of the family Anacardiaceae, which might be either the masa:xokotl or kopaxokotl; they give the Spanish name as ciruelita de cerro or simply ciruelo. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ahuajocote. According to some consultants a:waxokotl is a remedy: deke mitskukwa mitik 'if your belly hurts you.' \nct kohtli \qry Cf. folklore notes. In one entry I have a short initial vowel, /awaxokotl/, recheck. Cf. entry under /awatl/. When Roberto Mauricio of Oapan mentioned this tree to me he also seemed to pronounce it with a long initial /a/ and no pitch accent. This should be rechecked. Felix Pantaleón also seemed to give a:waxo:tl as a variant name of this plant (this would be the result of loss of /k/ between two identical vowels). \vl Check vowel length of initial /a/! Roberto Mauricio of Oapan seemed to pronounce this without vowel length distinctiveness; this should be checked. \grm Phonology: after a full study of vowel-initial stems and the relative contrast in vowel length, determine whether initial vowel length is neutralized. \ref 00805 \lxa a:wayoh \lxac a:wayoh \lxo á:wayóh \lxoc á:wayóh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \pa yes-lex \se to be covered with small, prickly hairs (either sth that naturally has them, e.g., sugarcane, maize stalks, tomotlaxkahli, or a material object such as clothing that has become covered with them) \ss estar cubierto o lleno de aguates (o algo que los tiene naturalmente, como la caña dulce, los tallos de maíz, tomotlaxkahli, o un objeto material como ropa que se ha cubierto de aguates) \pna Owatl, mlá:k a:wayoh. \pea Sugarcane is covered with (full of) aguates. \psa La caña dulce está cubierta de (lleno de) aguates. \xrb ahwa \qry Cf. entry under /awatl/. Check first vowel length of both dialects. \vl NOTE: TO SELF: check length of all forms from underlying {ahwa}, etc. (and other {ah-}. I am not sure why the vowel has lengthened here, but it seems a general rule. \ref 03669 \lxa awayo:tia \lxac kawayo:tia \lxo áwayó:tia \lxop awayo:tia \lxoc káwayó:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:wa/yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to cover, fill, or cause to become covered with prickles (e.g., a person who might hit a plant with prickles, causing them to fly off and get on another person) \ssao hacer cubrir o llenar con aguates (p. ej., una persona a otra cuando la primera le tira a una planta con aguates) \xrb ahwa \qry Note that I originally had Am /Yo:ne:cha:wayo:tih, o:nitleko:k i:pan a:waxokotl/ 'It filled me with prickles, I climbed up an a:waxokotl tree.' but Cristino Floresstated that the subject of this verb is a person. \qry Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. \vl Check vowel length of initial /a/. Cf. /awatl/. \ref 00468 \lxa a:wayowa \lxac a:wayowa \lxo áwayówa \lxop awayowa \lxoc áwayówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \tran -Trans \se to get covered with small, prickly hairs (sb or a material object such as clothing) \ss cubrirse o llenarse aguates (algn o bien un objeto material como ropa) \pna O:na:wayowak, o:niswate:kato. \pea I got covered with small prickly hairs, I went to strip leaves from the maize plants. \psa Me llené de aguates, me fui a zacatear. \xrb ahwa \vl Check vl in both Am and Oa dialects. \ref 01828 \lxa a:wetsi \lxac a:wetsi \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \xrb a: \xrb wetsi \qry Check meaning as a wet dream; it appears that this is the primary meaning; this should be checked. \ref 05969 \lxa a:we:we:kuwtli \lxac a:we:we:kuwtli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \sea type of tree, called ahuehuete in Spanish \ssa ahuehuete, tipo de árbol \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:we:we:tl \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \xrb kow \ref 08020 \lxa a:we:wentsi:n \lxac a:we:wentsi:n \lxo a:we:wentsi:n \lxoc a:we:wentsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se literally the 'old man of the water,' a being that lives underwater with his wife. They are frequently the cause of illness and soul-loss of people who are frightened near or in the river. Offerings are given to him and a:lamatsi:n in order to appease them and gain the return of lost and frightened souls. \ss literalmente la 'mujer vieja del agua', un ser que vive dentro del agua con su esposa. A menudo son ellos la causa de las enfermedades y la pérdida de alma de gente que se asustan cerca de o adentro del río. se le hacen ofrendas a el y a a:lamatsi:n para obtener el regresos de almas perdidas y asustadas. \cfa a:lamatsi:n \cfo a:lámatsí:n \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \qry Cf. folklore notes and entry under /ka:wa/, as in /tlakaka:wa/. \qry I originally had /we:we:ntsi:n/, but this has been changed based on acoustic analysis of Oapan. Recheck this and all words with /we:wentsi:n/. \ref 03520 \lxa a:we:we:tl \lxac a:we:we:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea type of tree, called ahuehuete in Spanish \ssa ahuehuete, tipo de árbol \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:we:we:kuwtli \xrb a: \xrb we:we: \ref 08019 \lxa a:wexo:tl \lxac a:wexo:tl \lxo a:waxo:tl \lxocpend a:waxo:tl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08593 \lxa a:wia:hka:inekwi \lxac ka:wia:hka:inekwi \lxo áwia:ká:inékwi \lxoc káwia:ká:inékwi; o:káwia:ká:inék, o:káwia:ká:inékw \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw); o:nikáwia:ká:inék \pa yes-lex \seo to find fragrant; to like the smell of \sso gustarle el olor a; hallar fragrante el olor de \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \xrb hnekwi \nae The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the pitch accent on the first syllable of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \pqry Note re: /káwia:ká:inékwi/; /o:káwia:ká:inék/, and /o:káwia:ká:inékw/: The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by three syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:hka:ihnekwi}. One might have expected, therefore, an additional pitch accented syllable ?káwiá:ká:inékwi, with the pitch accents motivated by underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \grmx Oapan phonology: On the lexical DAT tape it is clear that Inocencio Jiménez had difficulty with this word, particularly with the perfective form. More importantly during one pronunciation he gava a final /kw/ rather than /k/. This does not seem to be usual with Florencia Marcelino, but perhaps it is among certain speakers. In the future care should be taken to determine the pronunciation of final /kw/, or underlying {kw} in both perfective verbs and possessed nouns. The pitch accent pattern of this verb is motivated by two syllables that have {h} as underlying coda: {ahwia:ka:ihnekwi}. Note that in the perfective there is no leftward shift of the pitch accent on the first syllable of the verbal compound. Another interesting aspect of this word is that in the perfective Florencia Marcelino has final [k] whereas Inocencio Jiménez maintains the labialized consonant [kw]. There seems to be some variation among Oapan Nahuatl speakers in the realization of final {kw}. \vl There are 3 good female tokens of /káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and then 2 good male tokens. Don't tag the stuttered male token; of the next two, tag both and link the second. Then there follows an attempt to pronounce /o:nikáwia:ká:inék/. Virtually all, if not all the 8 female tokens are good and should be tagged. I think the penultimate might be the best. One should be linked as the second pronunciation. Then there are the male tokens! There are I think 5 (this is apart from the two previous tokens that are the present tense ending in /-kwi/). The first and fourth, I think, are bad. The 2nd and 3rd are somewhat slowly pronounced, tag them but make sure they are not the links. As I heard it, the best for linking is the penultimate; the important thing is the final labialized /k/: /---inekw/. Florencia has a final /k/. Thus final sound file should have two words: present /káwia:ka:ínekwí/ and past, with two pronunciatoins: /onikáwia:ka:ínek/ and /onikáwia:ka:ínekw/. Please ask me if you have any questions. \ref 06597 \lxa awiá:k \lxac awiá:k \lxo áwiá:k \lxoc áwiá:k \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \pa yes-lex \seao to be fragrant or sweet-smelling (e.g., flowers, etc.); to be perfumed \ssao ser fragante o con un buen oler (p. ej., flores, etc.); estar perfumado \se to be flavorful (not bland, e.g., food with spices) \ss estar o ser sabroso; tener un buen sabor (p. ej., una comida tenerdimentada, que no está desabrida) \pna Xawiá:k, xnihkwa:sneki. \pea It is bland (doesn't taste good or doesn't smell good), I don't want to eat it. \psa Está desabrida (no sabe bien o no huele bien), no lo quiero comer. \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \subadj tli:n iksitok: yetl, tlaxkahli, nakatl \subadj nana:ntsi:n \subadj xo:chitl \nae The etymology of this word is unclear. Comparative evidence suggests that there is a coda {h} at the end of the first syllable. However, it also appears, semantically and in terms of the morphology of derivative forms, that the root {hya:}, which appears in many words that indicate smells, is also in this word. However, if it is the {h} of this root is lost. However, it might well be that there are words indicating smells of the form {root + ya:}. This would suggest that a better analysis of all these words would be {(i)h + ya:}, {xoh + ya:}, and, in the current case, {ahwi + ya:}. If this analysis is correct then perhaps awiá:k is one of the few that does not have a final /h/ in the root. \sj Check for position of {h}. \ref 00409 \lxa awia:lia \lxac kawia:lia \lxo áwiá:lia \lxop awia:lia \lxoc káwiá:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to perfume; to make fragrant or sweet-smelling \ssao perfumar o hacer oler bien y aromático \pna Xne:xchia! Ma nimoawia:li! \pea Wait for me! Let me put on some perfume (or, Let me freshen up so that I smell good)! \psa ¡Espérame! ¡Déjame poner perfume (o, ¡Deja que me refresque para que huela bien)! \se to spice or add flavor to (a food) \ss agregar especias (a una comida) \pna Xawiá:k! Xkawia:li! \pea It's bland! Spice it up (to give it flavor)! \psa ¡Es desabrido! ¡Agrégale especias (para que agarre sabor)! \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \ref 01263 \lxa awia:ya \lxac awia:ya \lxo áwiá:ya \lxoc áwiá:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to become fragrant or sweet-smelling \ss llegar a ser fragrante y aromático, o oler bien \se to become flavorful; to become good-tasting \ss agarrar un buen sabor; volverse o hacerse sabroso \cfa a:wiá:k \cfo áwiá:k \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \ref 02032 \lxa awia:yo \lxac iawia:yo \lxo áwiá:hyo \lxoc i:áwiá:hyo \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se fragrance or sweet smell (e.g., of a flower) \ss fragrancia o buen olor (p. ej., de una flor) \se good flavor or taste (of a food) \ss buen sabor (de una comida) \pna Xoh kipia iawia:yo. \pea It's lost its good flavor (or smell). \psa Ya no tiene su buen sabor (o olor). \equivo áwia:ká:yo \xrb ahwi \xrb hya: \nae My original notes from Ameyaltepec showed i:awia:yo, i.e., there was not reflex of the adjectival /k/ in the possessed nominal form as occurs in Oapan Nahuatl i:áwiá:hyo and its cognate i:áwia:ká:yo. There is a possibility that my notes for the Ameyaltepec form are erroneous at this point. Oapan Nahuatl is interesting in that both i:áwiá:hyo and i:áwia:ká:yo exist. Both seem to manifest the suffix intrinsic possession -yo on an adjectival form. In i:áwia:ká:yo the underlying {-ka:} is manifest, an ending that surfaces in combinatory forms of participials. In i:áwiá:hyo the suffix of possession is added directly onto the adjectival as it appears in surface form, i.e., áwiá:k. \qry Make sure absolutive doesn't exist. Make sure that no /h/, a reflex of /k/ from the adjectival, is present in the AM form. If not, split into two entries given that the derivational morphology would be distinct. \vl The first set of 4 tokens is /i:áwiá:hyo/. They should be tagged with this number 5979 and two chosen for linking. The next 4 tokens are /i:áwia:ká:yo/, they should be 06915. \grm Note for grammatical discussion of -yo possessive: awia:hyo as in xohkipia iawia:hyo. Here the /-yo/ is added to an adjectival. However, note that in the discussion before recording FM gave both /i:áwiá:yo/ and /i:áwiá:hyo/. In the recording studio Inocencio suggested /i:áwiá:ka:yo/ and this was accepted by Florencia. Finally, we recorded both /i:áwiá:hyo/ and /i:áwia:ká:yo/, but not ?/i:áwiá:yo/. \ref 05979 \lxa a:wihli \lxac a:wihli \lxo á:wihlí \lxoc á:wihlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. aa:wilteh, a:wilteh (Am) \pa yes \se toy; game \ss juguete; juego \se Carnival \ss Carnaval \pna Ki:sas a:wihli. \pea The Carnival will take place. \psa Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval. \xrb a:wil \nse In Oapan the reduplicated form á:wihlí refers to toys whereas the unreduplicated form a:wihli only refers to Carnival. In Ameyaltepec the unreduplicated form can refer to either Carnival or a single toy. Reduplication is used to pluralize the latter (although the unreduplicated a:wilteh is also an acceptable plural form). \pqry Note that the pitch accent on the final syllable of Oapan á:wihlí does not seem to peak at the end of the syllable. For Florencia Marcelino it peaks about halfway through the /i/, while for Inocencio Jiménez it peaks at the end of the preceding /l/. Perhaps an acoustic study should be done of final syllable pitch accent to determine the pattern found. The pattern also seems to show devoicing of the final vowel before the glottal stop ending. Finally, a study of the duration of these final vowels should be conducted. Although "short", the final /i/ of /á:wihlí/ seems to measure well over 100 ms. In nonfinal contexts this would be within the range of a phonologically long vowel. It seems that this is a function/reflex of the final pitch accent. Thus a ramification, in this interpretation of final pitch accent is vowel lengthening. \ref 04329 \lxa a:wilkorral \lxac a:wilkorral \lxo a:wilko:rral \lxoc a:wilko:rral \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) corral \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (toa:wilkorral, ta:wilkorral) \seao bull ring \ssao ruedo de toros \syno tó:rokó:rral \xrb a:wil \nde In Oapan tó:rokó:rral is now the more common term, though a:wilko:rral is still understood and sometimes used. \vl Check /r/ in Oapan pronunciation. I had written /a:wilko:rral/ but in my notes had "In Oapan the /rr/ is not used, only /r/." These conflicting statements should be remedied. Check vowel length in Am, final /o/ of /a:wilkorral/. \ref 00544 \lxa a:wilmati \lxac ka:wilmati \lxo á:wilmáti \lxoc ká:wilmáti \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infv irregular; see mati \pa yes-rdp \se to treat like a joke or to not take seriously \ss tomar como broma o no tomar en serio \pna Ka:wilmati. Kinemilia kichi:was, wa:n xmilá:k. Sahkó:n noka:wtia:s. \pea He treats it like a joke, He thinks about doing it and it isn't true. It just gets left like that (e.g., the task that was going to get done). \psa No lo toma en serio. piensa hacerlo, pero no es cierto. Así se va dejando (p. ej., la tarea que iba a hacer). \xrb a:wil \xrb mati \nae Oapan Nahuatl often shows reduplication on the first syllable of the root a:wil; see á:wihlí \vl The length of the first /a/ still needs to be determined. The reason for the high pitch in ON is not clear. \ref 01928 \lxa a:wilnemi \lxac a:wilnemi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to fool around (sexually); to have a lot of lovers (used in reference to women) \ssa andar con uno y otro, con muchos amantes (se dice de mujeres) \pna Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xakah ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. \pna Nopixtok un ichpokawah. Xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. \xrb a:wil \xrb nemi \nse In Oapan one will say simply kwaltsi:n nemi or xkwaltsi:n nemi. \mod Add under /pia/: /Nopixtok un ichpokawa. Xa:wilnemi/ That girl is saving herself. She doesn't fool around./ Esa muchacha está cuidando su virginidad. No anda suelta. \ref 03899 \lxa a:wiltia \lxac ka:wiltia \lxo a:wiltia \lxoc ka:wiltia; ká:wiltiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to play around with; to make fun of; to joke around with (a person) \ss vacilar; burlarse de (una persona) \pna Mitsa:wiltitokeh. \pea They are playing around with (joking around with) you. \psa Te están vacilando \pna Xa:wilnemi un ichpokawah. Xaka ka:wiltia. Kiye:kte:ne:wan pa:mpa xa:wilnemi. \pea That girl does not fool around. No one plays around with her. They speak well of her (praise her) because she doesn't fool around. \psa Esa muchacha no anda de loca. Nadie la vacila. Hablan bien de ella porque no anda con chavos. \pna Ma:ka san tikaa:wilti:s. Mistlawe:li:s. \pea Don't fool around with it (in this case a saint). It will hate you (causing you harm). \psa No tu burles de él (en este caso un santo). te va a odiar (haciéndote daño). \se (refl.) to play; (refl +ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) to play with (e.g., an object or toy) \ss (refl.) jugar; (refl + ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) jugar con (p. ej., un objeto o juguete) \pna Ke:n na:wiltia:ni! \pea Oh how he plays a lot! \psa ¡Cómo juega! \pna Newa nima:wilti:s ika ma:wil. \pea I will be the one to play with your toy. \psa Jugaré yo con tu juguete. \pna Mo:stla na:wilti:lo:s. \pea Tomorrow there will be a game (e.g,. of basketball). \psa Mañana va a haber un partido (p. ej., de basketbol). \se (recipr.) to play together \ss (recipr.) jugar juntos \pna Na:wilti:skeh. \pea They will play (together). \psa Van a jugar (juntos). \se to move back and forth; to (make) wobble (sth that is loose or not steady) \ss mover de un lado a otro; hacer tambalear (algo que tiene juego o está flojo) \pna O:nikwetla:n. O:ne:cha:wiltih. \pea I got jerked (thrown quickly by sth, e.g. an animal or bus, etc., that made a sudden movement). It tossed me around. \psa Me sacudí (esto es, me sacudió algo, p. ej., un animal o camión, etc. que de repente hizo un movimiento rudo). Me sacudió. \pna Se: xne:chki:tskili! Man koyo:ni! Ke:n na:wiltia! \pea Hold on to (one side of) it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! How it moves about (has play in it)! \psa ¡Deténmelo (agárramelo) por un lado (en este caso un morillo que se va a taladrar)! ¡Déjame hacerle un agujero! ¡Como se mueve! \dis a:wiltia; kakaya:wa \cfa te:na:wiltia \xrb a:wil \xv1ao tla:wiltia \nse Like in English, the usage of a:wiltia as in ne:cha:wiltia has a sense of evil intent quite different to the kidding around of /kamana:lwia (Am). Note, for instance, the phrase xmitsa:wiltia, san mitskamana:lwia 'He's not playing around with (making fun of) you, he's just kidding you.' The reflexive na:wiltia (Am) implies simply playing (e.g. marbles, basketball, etc.). In Oapan the reduplicated form (á:wiltiá), used reflexively with an oblique object or used transitively, refers to playing with a toy. \vl Note that there are 8 tokens here. The first set of 4 is /ka:wiltia/, with the stress/pitch on the penultimate, middle vowel. The second set of 4 tokens (also to be tagged 05967, is /ká:wiltiá/, with pitch accent (stress) on the first and final syllables. The final linked file will have 4 tokens, F-M-F-M first /a:wiltia/ and then /á:wiltiá/. \ref 05967 \lxa a:wiltilistli \lxac a:wiltilistli \lxo á:wiltilístli \lxoc á:wiltilístli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) (Oa) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se games; playing or fooling around \ss juegos; vaciladas o chanzas \pno Kwahli xkító, yéwa xá:wiltilístli! \peo Say it right, it's not a joking matter! \pso ¡Dílo bien, no es cosa de broma! \xrb a:wil \nae The Oapan form manifests reduced reduplication (i.e., pitch accent) on the long vowel of the initial syllable. Apparently Oapan Nahuatl reduplicates the root a:wil when it has the meaning of 'game' or 'toy.' Such is the case here. Note, however, that the highest frequency of the pitch is on the semivowel /w/, not the end of the /a/. \pqry Check pitch accent location with phonetician. \ref 03812 \lxa a:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxac ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxo a:wilto:ka:yo:tia \lxoc ka:wilto:ka:yo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to nickname; to call by nickname \ss dar un apodo a; llamar por su apodo a \pna Ne:cha:wilto:ka:yo:tian 'masa:tl.' \pea They nickname me 'deer.' \psa Me apodan 'venado'. \pna Ke:non ka:wilto:ka:yo:tian? \pea What is his nickname? \psa ¿Cuál es su apodo? \xrb a:wil \xrb to:ka: \ref 01512 \lxa a:wilto:ka:yo:tl \lxac i:a:wilto:ka:yo \lxo a:wilto:ka:yo:tl \lxoc i:a:wilto:ka:yo \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1/2; Inal(-yo) \se (rare) nickname \ss (raro) apodo \pna Kipia ia:wilto:ka:yo. \pea He has a nickname. \psa Tiene su apodo. \xrb a:wil \xrb to:ka: \pqry The spectrogram of the final sequence /a:yo/ provides a good illustration of vowel length before /y/. \ref 04337 \lxa a:wiska:n \lxaa a:uska:n \lxac a:wiska:n \lxo á:wiská:n \lxoc á:wiská:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \pss Adv \der Adv-pl \infn N1(loc) \se everywhere; in all places and directions \ss por todos lados o lugares; en todas direcciones \pna A:wiska:n nemi \pea He's all over the place (i.e., he can't stay put, in one place). \psa Está por todos lados (esto es, no puede quedarse en un solo lugar). \pna A:wiska:n tlatlachia. \pea He glances all over the place. \psa Mira por todos lados. \xrb a:wis \xrl -ka:n \nse This word is used, it seems, to indicate actions such as that of a child who goes from one place to another, or a person who, scared (or perhaps looking for something to rob) looks all around a:wiska:n tlatlachia. Some pronounce this word a:uska:n. \nae The pitch accent in the Oapan headword is apparently from reduplication of the initial syllable (reflective of the semantics of this lexeme). Since a surface pitch accented long vowel might result from reduplication on any of a series of underlying sequences, {a:}, {a}, or {ah}, it is not clear that the underlying vowel is simply from Oapan Nahuatl phonology. For now (20 March 2002) the underlying vowel has been considered to be long (based in part on the fact that my original notes from Ameyaltepec, which must be checked, indicate a long initial vowel). \qry Check in the phrase a:wiska:n tlatlachia whether the first /a/ in /tlatlachia/ should be long: /tla:tlachia/. \sj Check /a:wiska:n/ for /h/. \ref 04291 \lxa a:wistli \lxac a:wistli \lxo a:wistli \lxoc a:wistli \lxt a:wistli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao type of tree, identified by several consultants as chabuco \ssao tipo de árbol, identificado por varios asesores como 'chabuco' \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb a: \xrb wits \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chabuco as did one informant. Ramírez (1991) gives the same Spanish name, and identifies this of the family Rubiaceae. The only trees of this family in Guizar and Sánchez (1991) are the Cephalanthus occidentalis, which they state to be atopol or atepule in Spanish (see a:to:po:lin), as well as the Hintonia standleyana (in Spanish quina) and Randia echinocarpa (in Spanish granjel). Schoenhals (1988) has nothing under Hintonia standleyana or quina but does have a listing for granjel: "(Randia spp., e.g., R. echinocarpa, R. armata) 'randia,' 'thorn tree,' 'ink tree.' Branches come out at right angles to the stems. Yellow flowers, edible fruit; tree is well supplied with thorns. The tree is a good source of firewood and is protected as a land stabilizing agent. Fruit juices are used as ink. Also called crucecito, escambrón, maluco de montaña, papache, tintero, torolillo." This description of the granjel seems to correspond to that of the chabuco in Ramírez (1991). \nct kohtli \nfe Although one consultant once said that this was good for morillos this is not the case. It is just used for firewood. \qry Check homophony with /a:wistli/ meaning 'dew'. \pqry Determine variation /a:wistli/ 'dew' and /a:wistli/ 'chabuco'. \vl There are 4 more tokens at #4451. These will be tagged with 624. Note that the final link should include the tokens originally at 4451, which have a much better sound quality. \ref 00624 \lxa a:wi:teki \lxac ka:wi:tekin \lxo a:wi:teki \lxoc ka:wi:teki \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran Irregular \infv class-3a(k) \se to be struck by lightening (person struck is [O] of 3rd-person plural transitive; Oapan synonym: tsontewi:teki) \ss pegarsele un rayo a (persona pegada es [O] de un verbo transitivo en 3a persona; sinónimo en Oapan: tsontewi:teki) \pna Ne:cha:wi:tekiskeh. \pea I will be struck by lightening. \psa Me va a pegar un rayo. \pna O:kitsaya:nih pa:mpa o:ka:wi:tehkeh. \pea It got split lengthwise because it got hit by lightning. \psa Se partió a lo largo porque se le pegó un rayo. \seo to set upon (a carton of beer or other similar liquid) \sso caer sobre (un cartón de cerveza u otro líquido parecido) \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb wi:teki \nae In Ameyaltepec this verb is always found in transitive form with the object being the person or thing struck by lightening. The subject is always third person plural, suggesting that the lightening was caused by some volitional plural agent, although an "impersonal" interpretation is also valid. This is related to causitivity which people feel related to being struck by lightening, i.e. that others, plural, do it to the victim. In Oapan 'to be struck by lightening' is manifested in the verb tsontewi:teki; the verb a:wi:teki is used to indicate the act of rapidly drinking a large quantity of beer. \qry Check why the 3rd person plural, i.e., who does the striking. Check this phrase, note difference in number of subject/agent: /O:kitsaya:nih pampa o:ka:wi:tehkeh./ Check, perhaps simply /o:tsaya:n/ or /o:notsaya:nih/. \ref 00884 \lxa a:wixtlan \lxac a:wixtlan \lxo á:wixtláh \lxoc á:wixtláh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \pa yes-lex \se place with a lot of dew, or water from rain, that covers plants on the ground \ss lugar con mucho rocío, o agua que viene de la lluvia, que cubre las plantas \pna Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih. San puroh a:wixtli. \pea There was a lot of dew on the ground. It got me soaked. It was pure dew. \psa Había mucho rocío sobre la tierra. Me hizo empapar. Fue puro rocío. \sem weather \xrb ahwich \xrl -tlan \nae The pitch accent in the Oapan form is a reflex of an underlying {h} that closes the first syllable. The Classical stem shows this (cf. FK). However, it is unclear whether vowel lengthening has also occurred, either through lenition of {h} or through reanalysis of the etymology as containing the root for 'water' (a:). Nevertheless, a careful analysis of the length of word-initial /a/ in many lexemes, including those that manifest pitch accent, will be useful for a final determination. \qry Check short /a/ in /paltia/ and final /h/ in /puroh/. \vl Lenght of initial /á/ is unclear. Historically it is short, but it appears to be long here. Check. \ref 02696 \lxa a:wixtli \lxac a:wixtli \lxo á:wixtlí \lxoc á:wixtlí \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se dew; water left on plants in the morning after a night's rain \ss rocío; agua que se encuentra en la mañana sobre las plantas después de que llovió por la noche \sem weather \xrb ah \xrb ich \nae The pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) ahwechtli or ahwachtli; Carochi also gives áuachtli. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec a:wistli and Oapan áwixtlí should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. \qry For Ameyaltepec, check homophony with /a:wistli/, a type of tree. Check, perhaps this should be /a:wixtli/ as I have recorded it in one file card. Check initial vowel length carefully here and with other forms. \grmx Phonology; vowel length; phonetics: For /á:wixtlí/ the pitch accent in Oapan suggests an underlying {h}, which is confirmed by the Classical form (cf. FK) ahwechtli or ahwachtli; Carochi also gives áuachtli. Nevertheless whereas Classical and other dialects manifest a short initial /a/, the initial vowel of Oapan Nahuatl is high pitched with long duration. For this reason it has been written /á:/, assuming the duration reflects phonemic length. As it is difficult to determine the length of initial stressed vowels, the data on vowel length for Ameyaltepec a:wistli and Oapan áwixtlí should be rechecked here and in other words with this initial root. \vl Check vowel length in both Am and Oa. Oa shows p-a, but this may or may not indicate short vowel. Note that in other cases /ah/ initial sequences in Am go to a long vowel. Peterson and Lehiste suggest segmenting vowel and /w/ boundary at "the region in which the slope of the second formant acquired a positive value" (p. 697). This would clearly place some initial /a/s, such as Inocencio Jiménez's first token, as a long vowel and Florencia Marcelino's second utterance. The Ameyaltepec form still needs to be studies. Since historically the initial syllable was *ah (as in Classical) \sj Check for underlying /h/. \rt In Classical the cognate forms are ahwechtli and ahwachtli. In Ameyaltepec note the word for 'to sprinke,' a:icwia or a:wichwia. \ref 02878 \lxa a:xa:hloh \lxac a:xa:hloh \lxacpend \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08649 \lxa axilia \lxac kaxilia \lxo áxilía \lxoc káxilía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to hit (a target or sth aimed at, e.g., in hunting an animal) \ss pegarle (a un blanco o algo a que se le tira, p. ej., a un animal cazado) \pna O:tikaxilih ika tetl. Kwahli o:tiktlakal. \pea You hit it with a stone. You threw it well. \psa Le alcanzaste con una piedra. tiraste bien. \pna O:nikaxilih un to:to:tl. \pea I hit that bird (i.e., with a stone from a slighshot). \psa Le tiré en el blanco a ese pájaro (p. ej., con una piedra lanzada de un resorte). \se to strike or beat down on (e.g., the rays of sun on a person) \ss pegarle (p. ej. los rayos del sol a una persona) \pna Yo:pe:w to:nalwi:lo, kaxilitok to:nahli. \pea He has started to get affected by the sun, the sun is beating down on him. \psa Ya le empezó a afectar el sol, le está pegando el sol. \pna Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak. \pea The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt. \psa El sol me está pegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé. \se to indirectly hit (i.e., with an object or even part of the body, e.g., hitting a person accidentally with a stick or ones swinging arm, etc.); to brush up against (with an object or body part) \ss alcanzar inadvertidamente (con algún objeto o parte del cuerpo, p. ej., alcanzando a una persona con una vara, algo cargado, el brazo; etc.) \pna O:tine:chaxilih ika moma:sesepok. \pea You hit me (accidentally) with your elbow. \psa Me alcanzaste (por accidente) con tu codo. \pna Ne:chaxilia:ya. \pea It almost hit me (e.g., sth thrown or flying throw the air, a person with his body, etc.) \psa Estaba por alcanzarme (p. ej., algo que volaba, una persona con parte de su cuerpo, etc.). \se (refl-recipr) to collide together; (with -wa:n) to collide with \ss (refl-recipr) chocarse uno contra otro; (con -wa:n) chocar contra \pna O:naxilikeh. \pea They collided. \psa Chocaron. \pna O:tepapa:xiw. Te:wa:n o:naxilih. \pea It got crushed (e.g., a car, bus, etc.). It collided against something. \psa Se aplastó (p. ej., un coche, camión, etc.). Chocó contra algo. \se (with 3rd person object) to have time \ss (con 3a persona objeto) tener tiempo; alcanzar (a tener tiempo) \pna Xnikaxilia:ya. \pea I didn't have time. \psa No tenía tiempo (no me alcanzaba el tiempo). \sem contact \xrb ahsi \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \nse Axilia (Am) and áxiliá (Oa) often indicates to hit against something, but without intent, or to accidently cause something to hit something. Given that this verb is monotransitive, it should be considered an applicative of the intransitive asi (not of the transitive form of the same verb). \qry Check if a ditransitive (V3-d-ap) version of /axilia exists. If it does, give it a separate entry. Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It may be possible that there is another applicative formed from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked. \grm Note the use of the imperfective to indicate "almost," : ne:chaxilia:ya. Note that the form /o:tikaxilih/ can refer to the fact that you struck something (an object, an animal, a person) accidentally or it may be used in the sense of hitting something on purpose, premeditatedly, e.g. a deer in hunting (le diste al blanco). \grm Applicative; part-whole; valency: Note that one of the meanings of an applicative seems to be related to part-whole relations, and indicates partial affectedness. The question is, however, whether this applicative is formed on the intransitive or whether it is formed on the transitive. Syntactically it would seem that it would be formed on an intransitive, since the applicative is monovalent. Thus /asi/ 'to arrive at' and /axilia/ 'to hit' or 'to brush against.' It may be possible that there is another applicative formed from the transitive, e.g., /axilia/ as in /timitsaxilia moburroh/ (from /nikasis moburroh/). This should be checked. However, at this point note the difference between a transitive form of an intransitive and an applicative (whether this be taken as based on the intransitive or transitive). Thus one has /asi/ intransitive and /asi/ transitive syntacically and semantically or /axilia/ transitive syntactically, perhpas ditransitive semantically. All applicatives should be checked for the meaning of part/whole, in which only a part of an entire object is affected. \ref 03503 \lxa axi:ltia \lxac kaxi:ltia \lxo áxí:ltia \lxop axi:ltia \lxoc káxí:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to complete a measured task (e.g., collecting enough of a given material for sth such as a load of firewood, sand, etc.) \ss completar una tarea o cargo (p. ej., juntando lo necesario para una carga de leña, unos costales de arena, etc.) \pna Xtikaxi:ltis, poliwi miák tlikuwtli. \pea Your are not going to complete it (a load of firewood), a lot of firewood is still needed. \psa No lo vas a completar (una carga de leña), falta mucha leña. \se to successfully take or carry to a destination (e.g., a load being carried on ones back, etc.) \ss lograr a llevar a una meta o destinación (p. ej., una carga llevada a cuestas, etc.) \pna Xtikaxi:lti:s. Yetí:k. \pea You are not going to get it to its destination. It is heavy. \psa No vas a poder hacerlo llegar. Es pesado. \xrb ahsi \xvaa axi:ltilia \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \qry Cf. /axi:tia:/ with apparently similar if not same meaning; check for differences. \ref 00197 \lxa axi:ltilia \lxac kaxi:ltilia \lxo áxi:ltília \lxop axi:ltilia \lxoc káxi:ltília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make up the difference for (e.g., sb, for example by giving money needed to complete a given amount) \ssao completarle (algo a alguien); cubrirle la diferencia a (p. ej., a algn con dinero que le hace falta para hacer algo) \pna Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n. Xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. \pea Here is some (money), just in case it (sth to be bought) is more expensive. Pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (e.g., when you get back). \psa Aquí hay (dinero), en caso de que salga más caro. Complétale tú y aquí te pago la diferencia (p. ej., cuando regreses). \se to complete (a task, load, etc.) for \ss completar (una tarea, carga, etc.) para \xrb ahsi \xvba asi \xvbo ásí \qry Check correctness of /axi:ltilia/ meaning "to complete (a task, load, etc.) for. Check /dya/ or /dyah/. \ref 00354 \lxa a:xi:nia \lxac ka:xi:nia \lxo a:xi:nia \lxoc ka:xi:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to scatter or throw into water (e.g., seeds or small balls of copal into a jícara of water in order to divine) \ss echar o esparcir en el agua (p. ej., semillas o bolitas de copal a una jícara para adivinar suertes) \seo to throw into the water (e.g., olotes that are being tossed away into the river) \sso echar al agua (p. ej., olotes que se están tirando en el río de desecho) \se (refl.) to go into or throw oneself into the water, whether to bathe or swim \ss (refl.) meterse en el agua, o para nada o para bañarse \pna O:pe:w tima:xi:nian. \pea We started to throw ourselves into the water. \psa Empezamos a echarnos al agua. \xrb a: \xrb xi: \qry Recheck meaning and other possible uses. Check for absence of intransitive. \ref 04912 \lxa axi:tia \lxac kaxi:tia \lxo áxí:tia \lxoc káxí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to complete (e.g., a load or some number of objects to be gathered together) \ss completar (p. ej., una carga o alguna cantidad en particular de algunos objetos) \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti! Xasitok. \pea Complete it entirely! It isn't finished (or complete, e.g., a load of firewood, etc.). \psa ¡Complétala bien! No está completo (p. ej., una carga de leña, etc.). \pna Na:nkah i:n. San kichi:was ma:s patio:tsi:n, xkaxi:ti dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s! \pea Here is some (money). In the event it is more expensive, pay the difference (yourself) and I will make the difference up to you here (when you get back)! \psa Aquí hay (dinero). En el caso de que salga más caro, complétale tú y aquí te pago la diferencia (cuando regreses). \pna O:nikaxi:tih notomi:n para nontlakowas. \pea I've gotten together enough of my money to go shopping. \psa He juntado bastante dinero para ir de compras. \pna Yo:tlaxi:tih. \pea He's completed (finished) it (e.g., a load of firewood). \psa Ya la completó (p. ej., una carga de leña). \pna Saniman titlaxi:ti:skeh. \pea We will complete it right away (for example, a number of things to be gathered together). \psa Lo vamos a completar luego luego (por ejemplo, un número de cosas para juntar). \se (kaxitia plus a certain number of days, months, or years) to complete (the indicated amount of time); to be of or arrive at a certain age \ss (kaxitia más un cierto número de días, meses o años) to complete (the indicated amount of time); tener la edad indicada \pna Yo:kaxi:tih o:me xihpan. \pea He is two years old. \psa Ya llegó a los dos años de edad. \pna Yo:nikaxi:tih be:ynteh a:ños. \pea I've completed twenty years (of age, or of performing a particular task). \psa He cumplido veinte años (de edad, de hacer algo). \se to take to a destination; to make arrive (at ones home) \ss hacer llegar a su destino (o a casa) \pna Kwahli xkaxi:ti icha:n! Kwahli ma asi! \pea Take him right to his house! Make sure he gets there OK! \psa ¡Llévalo hasta su casa! ¡Qué llegue bien! \pna Deke o:nimik, tine:chaxi:ti:s tocha:n. \pea If I die, make sure that I (i.e., my corpse) am taken to our village (to be buried). \psa Si me muero, tienes que asegurarte que llegue (mi cuerpo) a nuestro pueblo. \pna Ya:lwa bweno:rah o:tine:chaxi:tih tocha:n. \pea Yesterday you took me back to our village early. \psa Ayer me llevaste a nuestro pueblo a buena hora. \pna Saniman mitsaxi:ti:s, kuwtik. \pea It will get you there right away, it is strong (in this case a beast of burden). \psa Luego luego te va a hacer llegar, está fuerte (en este caso un animal de carga). \xrb ahsi \xvaa axi:ltilia \xvba asi \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, the form tlaxi:tia (with a nonspecific object) is seldom used because of its closeness (in sound) to tlaxitia 'to get an erection' (derived from the causative of isa 'to awaken'; note that in Oapan the minimal pair is tláxí:tia 'to complete (sth)' and tláxitiá 'to get an erection'). Rather, a syntax that uses the definite object k- is preferred kaxi:tia. \qry Check the difference between /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia:/. Also note that /tlaxi:tia/ is In one filecard I have noted that /axi:ltia/ is the same as /axi:tia/. However, this should be checked to determine possible differences. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: The initial /a/ in Oapan /axitia/ varies in length very slightly among the two pronunciations each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. The range variation for the length of the initial /a/ seems to vary between 62 and 69 ms. \ref 03730 \lxa a:xi:xa \lxac na:xi:xa \lxo a:xi:xa \lxoc na:xi:xa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/+trans; +Caus \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to urinate (often used with an extraverse directional; without a directional the reflexive often has the sense of 'to urinate on,' i.e., 'to urinate (without moving); see below) \ss (refl.) orinar; mear (a menudo utilizado con una direccional extraversa; sin direccional el reflexivo tiende a interpretarse como 'orinar sobre', esto es, 'to urinate (without moving); véase abajo) \pna O:na:xi:xato. \pea He went to urinate. \psa Fue a orinar. \se (with a specific object or te-) to urinate on (e.g., a small baby [S] on the person [O] holding it; when the reflexive is used with this sense occasionally -pan will be added to reinforce the idea of 'on') \ss (con un objeto específico o te-) orinar sobre; mear sobre (p. ej., un bebé sobre la persona [O] que lo está sosteniendo; cuando el reflexivo se emplea con este significado ocasionalmente se le agrega -pan para especificar el sentido de 'sobre') \pna O:na:xi:x (=i:pan o:na:xi:x), o:kitla:n. \pea He urinated on himself, it (i.e., his need to urinate) got the better of him. \psa Orinó sobre si mismo, le ganó (esto es, su necesidad de orinar). \pna O:ne:cha:xi:x. \pea He urinated on me. \psa Me orinó. \se (refl.; fig.) discharge or excrete a liquid (e.g., as a tree does sap, or stones for making lime as they are being baked) \ss (refl.; fig.) descargar o excretar un líquido (p. ej., como un árbol a su savia, o piedras al cocerse para sacar cal) \pna Yo:pe:w na:xi:xa tenextli ka:n kitokitokeh. \pea The lime has started to form liquid which is dripping down (in the oven) into where they are stoking it. \psa El líquido de la cal (en el horno) ya empezó a escurrirse hasta donde alimentan el fuego. \sem functions \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xvcao a:xi:xaltia \pqry This is a good word to determine the length of initial /a:/ from 'water'. \ref 05792 \lxa a:xi:xaleh \lxac a:xi:xaleh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \sea to be a person who urinates a lot \ssa ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xpal \syno a:xi:xtewe:i \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nae With an overtly marked subject, there is usually no realization of the /i/, e.g., na:xi:xaleh \ref 04447 \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \lxa a:xi:xalistli \lxac a:xi:xalistli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08070 \lxa a:xi:xaltia \lxac ka:xi:xaltia \lxo a:xi:xaltia \lxoc ka:xi:xaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se to cause (sb) to urinate (e.g., a type of diuretic food or drug ) \ss hacer orinar (a algn, una comida o droga con efectos diuréticos [S]) \pna Mitsa:xi:xalti:s. \pea It will make your urinate. \psa Te va a hacer orinar. \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xvbao a:xi:xa \ref 04471 \lxa a:xi:xkokoyá:k \lxac a:xi:xkokoyá:k \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-S-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \seao to have a smell of urine \ssao tener un olor de o oler a orina \pna A:xi:xkokoyá:k mopantaló:n pa:mpa o:titla:wa:n wa:n mopan o:tima:xi:x. \pea Your pants smell of urine because you got drunk and urinated on yourself. \psa Tus pantalones huelen a urina porque te emborrachaste y te orinaste. \syno a:xi:xtésokwiyá:k \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb koko \xrb hya: \qry Check analysis of root /koko/, perhaps should be entered as /ko/. Note the use of /koko/ to indicate the abundance or proliferation of a smell, but check cognates. Check pronunciation of /pantaló:n/. \mod Add under /koko/, either in root section or dictionary section, idea of abundance of a smell. Check for other uses of this form with this meaning. \ref 00676 \lxa a:xi:xkokoya:ya \lxac a:xi:xkokoya:ya \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-S-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to acquire or become covered with the smell of urine \ssa agarrar el olor a orina \pna Mlá:k o:ta:xi:xkokoya:yak. Nochipa mitsa:xi:xtok mokone:tsi:n. \pea You've really gotten to smell of urine. Your little baby is always peeing on you. \psa De veras agarraste un olor a orina. tu hijito siempre te está meando. \syno a:xi:xtésokwiyá:ya \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb koko \xrb hya: \ref 00746 \lxa a:xi:xkwalo \lxac a:xi:xkwalo \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(oni) \se to feel pain when urinating \ss sentir dolor al orinar \pna Na:xi:xkwalo. Toto:nki nikpia nitik. \pea It hurts when I urinate. I am hot inside. \psa Me duele al orinar. siento caliente adentro. \equivo tlapia:skwalo \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb kwa \nse In Ameyaltepec it is said that if one goes to burn the fields (monte), one will as a result feel a burning pain when urinating (a:xi:xkwalo:s) as a result of being near the heat of the burning field. \ref 04323 \lxa a:xi:xkwalo:listli \lxac a:xi:xkwalo:listli \lxacpend a:xi:xkwalo:listli \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08683 \lxa a:xi:xmiki \lxac a:xi:xmiki \lxo ---- \dt 21/Mar/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to need to urinate badly \ss tener muchas ganas de o necesitar orinar \pna Na:xi:xmiki, xok nikxi:kowa. \pea I have to urinate badly, I can't bear it anymore. \psa Tengo muchas ganas de (necesidad de) orinar, ya no lo aguanto. \equivo tlapia:smiki \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb miki \ono miki \mod Add onomasiological entry discussing /miki/ as a compound verb. \ref 04366 \lxa a:xi:xmi:skitl \lxac a:xi:xmi:skitl \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrins. (i:a:xi:xmi:skiyo) \sea balls of partially dried up resin or sap; resin \ssa bolitas de resina o savia parcialmente secas; resina \pna Kipia ia:xi:xmi:skiyo. \pea It (a tree) has balls of dried resin on it. \psa Tiene (un árbol) sus bolitas de resina seca. \pna A:xi:xmi:skitl, mi:skitl ka:n ki:sa ikopahlo. \pea It is resin, it is (on) a mesquite tree where its resin comes out. \psa Es resina, es (sobre) un mesquite donde sale su resina. \sem plant \sem part \equivo mí:ska:xí:xtli \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \xrb mi:ski \encyctmp barro; kuhtli \nse The trees that have i:mi:skiyo are, according to Luis Lucena: mi:skitl, tepe:mi:skitl, kopalkuhtli, tsina:kan kuhtli, kopalchinoh, xo:chikopahli, kuhsa:watl, kuhxio:tl, and tlakwa:mpets. These were the ones he gave, though there might perhaps be some others. A:xi:xmiskitl is often collected by children and sold to potters, who use it to make natural color paints. \mod Add onomasiological discussion under barro on how ceramics are made, and under /kuhtli/ on the parts of a tree. \mod Add -w/yo inf under kopal and made sure -yo definition is given. \ref 00628 \lxa a:xi:xpal \lxac a:xi:xpal \lxo ---- \dt 06/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-N-pal \der N-loc-2 \sea to be a person who urinates a lot \ssa ser un meón; ser alguien que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xaleh \syno a:xi:xtewe:i \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrl -pal \ref 04271 \lxa a:xi:xtekiwia \lxac na:xi:xtekiwia \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to make an effort to urinate \ss (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo para orinar \pna Xma:xi:xtekiwi! \pea Make an effort to urinate (so that afterwards you do not want to)! \psa ¡Haz un esfuerzo para orinar (para que después no te den ganas de orinar)! \equivo a:xi:xtekimaka \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb teki \qry Determine whether only reflexive is used. Also, cf. use of /tekiwia/ in other contexts to indicate making an effort. Question Launey re: use of /-tekiwia/ to indicate making an effort to do sth. Check if there is a causative form. \ref 04407 \lxa a:xi:xtekomatl \lxac a:xi:xtekomatl \lxo a:xi:xtekomatl \lxoc a:xi:xtekomatl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se bladder \ss vejiga \sem body \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb tekoma \qry Reconfirm that the unpossessed also exists. This would seem to be the case given that in elicitation for the Oapan form I believe that the unpossessed form was given. \vl Check length of final /o/ and check whether unpossessed form also exists. \ref 02097 \lxa a:xi:xtemi:na \lxac ka:xi:xtemi:na \lxo a:xi:xtemi:ni \lxoc ka:xi:xtemi:ni \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a \se to urinate on (dogs and other animals that mark territory with urine) \ss orinar sobre (perros y otros animals que marcan su territorio con orines) \se (with tla-) to urinate by shooting ones urine a great distance (e.g., males yo hold their penises and urinate up in the air, causing the stream to go a great distance) \ss (con tla-) orinar echando la orina lejos (p. ej., un hombre que agarra su pene y orina hacia arriba, echando su orina lejos) \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb mi: \nse This verb may be used with a reflexive marker as a reciprocal to indicate events such as when young boys play and try to urinate on one another. \ref 04402 \lxa a:xi:xtewe:i \lxac a:xi:xtewe:i \lxo a:xi:xtewe:i \lxoc a:xi:xtewe:i \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \aff Lex. infix te- \seo to be a person who urinates a lot \sso ser meón; ser una persona que orina mucho \syna a:xi:xpal \syna a:xi:xaleh \syno a:xi:xte:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \ref 06238 \lxa a:xi:xtitlan \lxac a:xi:xtitlan \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-Rel-titlan \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N1 \sea covered with urine or the smell of urine (a place or person) \ssa cubierto con o lleno de orina o con su olor (un lugar o persona) \pna Nochipa a:xi:xtitlan onkah. \pea She is always covered with (smelling of) urine (e.g., a woman with a baby who is always urinating on her). \psa Está siempre llena de (oliendo a) orina (p. ej. una mujer cuyo bebé siempre le orina). \pna A:xi:xtitlan pa:mpa na:xi:xalo:tok. \pea It is (a place) full of the smell of urine because people are constantly urinating there. \psa Es (un lugar) lleno del olor de orines porque la gente está orinando ahí constantemente. \syno a:xi:xtesokwiyá:k \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrl -titlan \ref 00600 \lxa a:xi:xtlami \lxac a:xi:xtlami \lxo a:xi:xtlami \lxoc a:xi:xtlami \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \infv class-3a(m) \seo to urinate completely (emptying ones bladder so that one does not immediately need to go again) \sso terminar con la necesidad de orinar (para que no tiene que ir otra vez en seguida) \equivo tlapia:stlami \xrb a: \xrb xi:x \xrb tlami \nse This is usually used in the negative, as is the similar term xi:xtlami. \vl Link first female token and second male token. \ref 04134 \lxa a:xi:xtlapowi \lxac a:xi:xtlapowi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3b(ow) \der \se \ss \xrb \qry Check vowel length. \ref 08519 \lxa a:xi:xtli \lxac a:xi:xtli \lxo a:xi:xtli \lxoc a:xi:xtli \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1/2; Aln; poss. ma:xi:x \se urine \ss orina \sem functions \syno tlapia:stli \cola i:a:xi:x burroh \cola i:a:xi:x si:tlalin \cola i:a:xi:x tenextli \colo tenextli i:a:xi:x \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \pqry The initial vowel of these four tokens serves as a good illustration of the duration of initial long vowels. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05252 \lxa a:xi:xtsakwa \lxac na:xi:xtsakwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08127 \lxa a:xka \lxaa wa:xka \lxacpend ia:xka, nowa:xka \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal (nowa:xka, noa:xka) \sea property; belongings \ssa propiedad; bienes; pertenencias \pna Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kinon ia:xka. \pea Even though he is poor and suffering, he is able to easily recognize animals, whose they are. \psa Aunque es pobre y sufre, bien puede reconocer a los animales, sabe de quienes son. \pna Tekitla:hli katka, a:man ye te:a:xka (=te:wa:xka). \pea It used to be communal land, now it is private. \psa Era terreno comunal, ahora ya es de particulares. \pna Timitswa:xka! \pea You are mine (said by one lover to another)! \psa ¡Eres mío (dicho de un amante a otro)! \pna Ma:ka xki:tski, yewa te:wa:xka! \pea Don't touch it, it is someone elses (i.e., not belonging to speaker or addressee)! \psa ¡No lo agarres, es de otra persona (esto es, ajeno, ni del que habla ni de la persona a quien se dirige la palabra)! \syno tlatki \cfa wa:xkatia \xrb a:xka \nse Although in conversation this noun is almost always, if not always, possessed in normal speech, in a dance relation (Reyes Moros from San Juan Totolcintla) the phrase inon a:xka:tl inon o:roh repeatedly occurs. Note that in Ameyaltepec a [w] is often inserted at the beginning of the stem after possessive pronouns ending in /o/, i.e. nowa:xka for noa:xka; na:xka is very rare, if used at all. With the 3rd-person singular i:a:xka, the epenthetic /w/ is not used. Luis Lucena stated that ?te:a:xka is not acceptable, although it does appear that it is used by some. Nevertheless, the more common form is te:wa:xka 'it is someone else's.' Note, however, that the denominal verb is wa:xka:tia, with the epenthetic semivowel maintained in all person inflections, and not *a:xka:tia. \nae It might be that the final vowel of the possessed form is maintained long when not in phrase-final position (much like the /a:/ of /i:to:ka:/. This will be determined at a later date; however, when unpossessed the vowel does seem to be long: a:xka:tl. \qry Check possessed forms. Note that in a note under /wa:xka/ I had "see /lxo a:xka, but had no entry under this. I'm not sure if /a:xka/ is used in Oapan. If it is it is certainly uncommon. The much more usual form is /tlatki/ as in /motlatki/ 'it is yours.' \qry Check length of final vowel in possessed form when not in phrase final position. It might be long and thus should be written /i:a:xka:/, etc. \grm Possessed noun: Note reported in the original article is the following: /Timitswa:xka!/ 'you are mine (said to a lover)! \ref 03383 \lxa a:xkan \lxaa a:xkia:n \lxac a:xka:n ke:mah \lxo a:xká \lxoc a:xká \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm Modal \der Mod \pa yes \seo interjection with modal implications used to express surprise \sso interjección modal para expresar sorpresa \pno Á:xká! Simi ta ya: hkîon patioh? \peo Damn! Is it still as expensive as that? \pso ¡Híjole! ¿Todavía es así de caro? \sem Gender: male \xrb ach \xrb ka \nae The etymology of this term is uncertain, but provisionally it has been analyzed as the particles ach and ka. In Classical Nahuatl (see Launey 1992:332) it had the meaning of "es muy cierto que..." (it is very certain that...). It is now seldom used, mostly be a few elder men and thus the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez and Florencia Marcelino might differ from that of elder men of Oapan. Given the pitch accent or stress on the final syllable, perhaps this word would be best written as separated: a:x ka as it was in Classical although for orthographic simplicity for now it has been written as one word. \vl Given that this might be a word only used by men, please link only one male token. There were three recorded tokens and I think the best for linking is the last one. Tag, but do not link, the female tokens. \ref 06529 \lxa a:xo:chikuwtli \lxac a:xo:chikuwtli \lxo ka:rrasal \lxocpend @ka:rrasal \lxt a:xo:chitl \dt 11/Jun/2002 \se see a:xo:chitl \ss véase a:xo:chitl \sem plant \sem kuwtli \equiva a:xo:chitl \xrb a: \xrb xo:chi \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 01658 \lxa a:xo:chitl \lxac a:xo:chitl \lxo ---- \lxocpend \lxocpend @ka:rrasal \lxt a:xo:chitl \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea Asthianthus viminalis (Kunth) Baill., tree of the Bignoniaceae family found principally at the river's edge, called asúchil or carrizal in Spanish \ssa Asthianthus viminalis (Kunth) Baill., árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae que crece en la galería del río, llamado asúchil o carrizal en español \pna Kuwtli, unkah ipan a:te:ntli. \pea It (the a:xo:chitl) is a tree, it is found near the river. \psa (El a:xo:chitl) es un árbol, se halla cerca del río. \pna A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa. \pea A:xo:chitl : During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through. \psa A:xo:chitl : Durante Pascua ponen estacas paradas y sobre ellas lo amarran, en la iglesia donde pasa la gente. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva a:xo:chikuwtli \equivo ka:rrasal \xrb a: \xrb xo:chi \cpl Identified by Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as asúchil. Ramírez (1991) also identifies this as the asúchil. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:179) list this as of the family Bignoniaceae and the genus/species Asianthus viminalis. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \grm Impersonal /-wa/. Note the following phrase from my data: /A:xo:chitl | Ipan pa:skwah kite:teketsan esta:kas ipan kisa:sa:lowan tio:pan ka:n nowiti:wa/ 'A:xo:chitl | During Easter they set up stakes and on them they tie it, in the church where people pass through.' Note here the use of /-wa/ whereas most speakers now would use /-lo/. Cf. the data on /ka:n o:mikiwa:k/. \ref 07792 \lxa a:xo:lo:tl \lxac a:xo:lo:tl \lxo a:xo:lo:tl \lxoc a:xo:lo:tl \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se tadpole \ss reinacuajo \sem animal \sem marine \xrb a: \xrb xo:lo: \nse Translation is still uncertain although various individuals have said that the a:xo:lo:tl becomes (nokwepa) a rana (frog). Roberto Mauricio (Oa) classified the a:xo:lo:tl as a type of michin. \ref 02505 \lxa a:xopo:ni \lxac a:xopo:ni \lxo á:xopó:ni \lxoc á:xopó:ni \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a \seo to get blisters (on a part of the body) \sso salirle ampollas (a una persona sobre una parte del cuerpo) \equiva a:xoto:ni \equivo á:xotó:ni \xrb a: \xrb xopo: \qry All words with /xopo:ni/ and /xoto:ni/ need to be checked and reviewed. \pqry Use the first high-pitched vowel here to determine possible duration of a long, high-pitched, initial /á:/. Depending on how one measures vowel length (i.e., Florencia's /a/ seems to devoice earlier than Inocencio's before the fricative /sh/) the duration here is between 90 and 114 ms. This should give an idea of how initial long vowels seem quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal. A study should be carried out on, for instance /a:/ from 'water' to determine the conditions leading to variation. \grmx Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note in /á:xopó:ni/ has a definite long, high-pitched vowel. The duration seems to vary between 80 and 114 ms, although much depends on the measurement process (and decisions as to when to start/end the vowel measurement). But the very longest duration, from earliest incipient sound to the beginning of the fricative /sh/ is 114 ms. with Inocencio Jiménez. This is quite a bit shorter than long vowels that are word internal. \ref 06415 \lxa a:xoto:ni \lxac aa:xoto:ni \lxo á:xotó:ni \lxoc á:xotó:ni \dt 29/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \pa yes \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to get blisters (on a part of the body) \ss (por lo común con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele ampollas (a una parte del cuerpo de una persona) \pna O:aga:xoto:n noma (=O:nimaaga:xoto:n). \pea My hands got blisters on them (e.g., from chopping firewood, etc.). \psa Se les salieron ampollas a mis las manos (p. ej., por leñar, etc.). \equiva a:xopo:ni \equivo á:xopó:ni \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \nse With a verb such as a:xoto:ni possessor raising with incorporated noun/body part is more common than the separate expression of the affected body part as subject. For Oapan Nahuatl only the reduced reduplicated form has been documented, although the headword remains the base (nonreduplicaed form). Florencia Marcelino stated that even if only one blister occurs the form á:xotó:ni is used. In Ameyaltepec the nonreduplicated form is rare but documented; however, here too reduplication of this verb is the most common form though a velar voice stop or fricative often separates the reduplicant vowel from the initial vowel of the verb. \qry Check transitive form which appears to be /a:xoto:naltia/, but check. \pqry Check the nature of the initial /aa/ sequence. Is there some sort of closure between the 2 vowels. \grm Phonology: note insertion of voiced velar stop, or fricative (written as /g/) between the stem and reduplicated /a/. \ref 05359 \lxa a:xo:tla \lxac a:xo:tla \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \se to create a wake in the water (as a snake does when swimming with its head up) \ss dejar una estella en el agua (p. ej., una culebra nadando con su cabeza erguida por afuera del agua) \xrb a: \xrb xo:tla \ref 07800 \lxa a:xoxohko \lxac a:xoxohko \lxo a:xoxohko \lxoc a:xoxohko \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj-Rel-k(o) \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 \se place where the water is green or green-blue (because it is deep) \ss lugar donde el agua es verde o verde-azul (por estar algo profunda) \pna A:sta a:xoxohko. Wekatlan. \pea It is even a place where the water appears green. It is deep (i.e., not clear, shallow water). \psa Hasta es un lugar donde se ve verde el agua. Es profunda (esto es, no es clara por ser de poca profundidad). \xrb a: \xrb xowi \xrl -k(o) \sj a:xoxohko; should not have /h/ after first /xo/. But check. \vl Recheck vowel length of second /o/. \grm Note that locatives may be added to adjectivals. Here the locative /ko/ seems to occur on the adjective /xoxohki/. Note that this type of discussion does not seem to be found in classical; ask Launey. \ref 01670 \lxa axto:pa \lxaa xto:pa \lxac axto:pa \lxo xto:pa \lxoc xto:pa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Adv \pss PM; Pred \der Adv \se (predicate) first (one in order, e.g., in a race; noun sg) \ss (predicado) el primero en orden; (p. ej., en una carrera; sustantivo sg) \pna Ma timotla:nika:n a:kin xto:pa. \pea Let's race (or bet) to see who's first (e.g., arrives first). \psa Vamos a echar una carrera (o bien, apostar) para ver quien es (llegue) primero. \pna Newa niaxtopa. \pea I am the first (e.g., firstborn, etc.). \psa Yo soy el primero (p. ej., en nacer). \se (adjectival) the first or earliest (in speaking of a noun) \ss (adjectival) el primero o más temprano (en cuanto a un sustantivo) \pna Xtopa itsontsitsi:wa:n yo:tsomik. \pea Its first hairs (of a maize plant) have already dried up. \psa Sus primeros pelos (de una planta de maíz) ya se han secado. \se (predicate modifier) first (in doing sth, in occurring, etc.) \ss (modificador de predicado) el primero (en hacer algo, en suceder, etc.) \pna A:man tikitaskeh a:kin xtopa yekos. \pea Now we will see who arrives here first. \psa Ahora vamos a ver quien llega aquí primero. \pna Axtopa o:nemiko. \pea He was born first. \psa El nació primero. \se in the beginning; at first \ss al principio; primero \pna Axtopa nia:ya. A:man xok niaw, ne:si ne:chtlawe:litan. \pea In the beginning I used to go. Nowadays I no longer go, it appears that they despise me. \psa Al principio solía ir. Estos dás ya no voy, parece que me detestan. \xrb achto \xrl -pa \nse The more usual pronunciation is xto:pa. In Oapan this is the only pronunciation accepted. The precise part of speech of this headword still needs to be further explored. It seems definitely to function at times as a predicate, but it is also commonly a predicate modifier. Its use as a term modifier (adjectival) is also documented. Obviously more research needs to be conducted. \nae The question of vowel length is still unclear. In the Oapan speech tokens for this entry (2 each of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) the /o:/ seems to be consistently long. However, in their pronunciation of xtopa kayo:tl (reference #3564) the same /o/ is definitely short. I have written the present entry with a long /o:/ although there is no clear motive for vowel lengthening. Apparently in other dialects the \qry Check length of long /o:/. Cf. also discussion in notes under /asta:man/. Check whether meaning is more adjectival or adverbial. Finally, check whether the phrase /newa niaxto:pa/ is correct, or whether one can only say /niaxto:pakayo:tl/. \qry In /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ 'Now we will see who arrives here first' I would have expected perhaps /akinon/. However, there might be an explanation. Perhaps /A:man tikitaskeh akinon xto:pa yekos/ would refer to someone not known, someone not present, whereas /A:man tikitaskeh akin xto:pa yekos/ would refer to one of the people referenced by the subject if /ita/. Check. \ref 04374 \lxa axtopa kayo:tl \lxaa xtopa kayo:tl \lxac axtopa kayo:tl \lxo axtopa kayo:tl \lxoc xtopa kayo:tl \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \se first born (child or animal) \ss primogénito (en cuanto a seres humanos o animales) \pna On se:, axtopa kayo:tl, pero yo:nasikeh. \pea That one was first born, (a bull in this case) but they have evened out (i.e., another born later has achieved full size and now can work as well as the first born, it is just as strong). \psa Aquel fue el primero que nació (un toro en este caso) pero ellos se han emparejado (otro nacido más tarde ha alcanzado su tamaño de adulto y ahora puede trabajar tan bien como el que nació primero, ya los dos tienen la misma fuerza). \xrb axto \xrb -pa; -kayo: \qry Elicit all the forms of /-kayo:tl/ possible. \grm Note the use of /-kayo:tl/ here as elsewhere. Search for all forms and elicit additional ones. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Recheck all occurrences of /axtopa/, perhaps this should be /axto:pa/. To Kevin: Here there should be an additional 4 tokens from what was originally word /02285/, an entry that was a repeat and has since been deleted. \ref 03564 \lxa ay \lxac ay melá:k kokó:k \lxo ay \lxoc Ay nona:ntsi:n \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm Interj \der Inter \se oh! \ss ¡ay! \sem Gender: female \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh! \pea Oh my goodness, you ruined it! \psa ¡Ay diós! lo echaste a perder. \nse The exclamation Ay nona:ntsi:n is used only by females; hence only a female's voice is heard. The exclamation Ay! however, is not as gender specific though still mostly a female phrase. \vl Note that the phrase /Ay nona:ntsi:n/ is used only by female. Hence simply link the first token here. \ref 03592 \lxa a:yakaxtli \lxaa a:yekaxtli \lxac a:yakaxtli \lxo a:yakaxtli \lxoa a:yekaxtli \lxoc a:yakaxtli, a:yekaxtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \se rattle \ss sonaja \xrb a:yakach \nse The pronunciation a:yakaxtli is more common that a:yekaxtli although both are heard. Painted a:yakaxteh (Am) / a:yakaxtih (Oa) are made in the villages, particularly Oapan, and used in the dance called "danza de corona." \qry Check derivation and root structure. Check for verb /a:yakachowa/. \mod Illustrate \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \rt The word is essentially a type of squash. Note that the etymology might possible be /a:ya/ for /a:yotli/ and then /kaxtli/. Check. \ref 04519 \lxa a:yakaxtsi:n \lxac \lxacpend a:yakaxtsi:n \lxo ---- \lxt a:yekahtsi:n \dt 01/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea certain variety of the small, thin-skinned squash called tamala:yotli \ssa tipo de calabaza chiquita y de cáscara delgada de las llamadas tamala:yutli \sem plant \sem domesticated \fla tamala:yutli \xrb a:yakach \encyctmp a:yotli \nse According to Luis Lucena this type of small squash is not planted in Ameyaltepec but rather in in San Juan Tetelcingo and the huertas, irrigated riverbank plots, of Xalitla. For a list of types of tamala:yotli see the list under this latter entry. Both a:yakaxtsi:n and a:yekaxtsi:n are accepted pronunciations, with perhaps the first more common. \qry Check \mod Add /ono ref. to /a:yotli/ under /tamala:yotli/ and transfer all the information under the latter to the ono reference work. \ref 00517 \lxa a:yatok \lxac a:yatok \lxo a:yahtok \lxoc a:yahtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be running water (as in a stream or river) \ss ser agua corriente, que corre (como en un arroyo o río) \xrb a: \xrb yaw \nse My notes show that in Oapan the form a:yotok is also used, but this was not confirmed in the elicitation session. \qry Check etymology of this form; it is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the verb yaw. Make sure Am has /a:yatok/ and not /a:yatok/. But note that the progressive of /yaw/ in Am is /i yatok/, check in Oapan whether the prog. is /yahtok/ or /yatok/. Check translation and then add this to corrected grm notes. \grm Note that /a:yatok/ seems to have an incorporated subject. Nevertheless, further analysis is needed. It might be that this form is similar to that of /tla:lolini/, in that detransitivization takes place through incorporation of nouns. \ref 03454 \lxa a:ya:tl \lxac a:ya:tl \lxo a:ya:tl \lxoc a:ya:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; poss. noa:ya:w \se cloth type of woven square (or slightly rectangular) meshed fiber cloth, two ends of which are tied to make a sling (used in harvesting corn and other similar activities) \ss ayate, tela tejida o malla de fibra en forma cuadrangular (o algo rectangular) que se ata en las dos esquinas para formar un tipo de bolsa (utilizado paracosechar mazorca u otros objetos parecidos) \pna O:hka:n nosa:lowa a:ya:tl kwa:k tipixkas. \pea An ayate is tied in two places when you are going to (use it to) harvest. \psa Un ayate se amarra en dos partes cuando vas a (utilizarlo para) cosechar. \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp ma:tlatl \xrb a:ya: \cfa tema:tlatl \nse The tema:tlatl, like the a:ya:tl, is also used to harvest, but the former is a net bag with straps. \qry Check for possibility of /na:ya:w/ as possessed form. \ilustmp Illustrate. In ono field give a discussion of different types of nets, how they are made, and what they are used for. \ref 04355 \lxa a:yawtitlan \lxac a:yawtitlan \lxo a:yahtlah \lxoc a:yahtlah \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-Rel-titlan \der N-loc-1-titlan \infn N1 \se area that is foggy or misty \ss área con mucha neblina o brizna \se something fuzzy or out of focus (i.e., "foggy") \ss algo se se ve borroso o fuera de foco \pna San a:yawtitlan titlachia. \pea You just see everything fuzzy (i.e., because of your bad eyesight). \psa Ves todo no más borroso (p. ej., a causa de tu mal vista). \pna Ne:si san a:yawtitlan. \pea Everything looks out of focus. \psa Todo parece fuera de foco. \pna Ke:n a:yawtitlan tlachia, san tlaa:yawtitlan. \pea Things look fuzzy, it's fuzzy all over. \psa Se ve borroso, es todo borroso. \xrb a:yawi \xrl -titlan \xtla tlaa:yawtitlan \qry Check other possible meanings. Also recheck this meaning and the correctness of the phrases given above. \ref 02679 \lxa a:yawtok \lxac a:yawtok \lxo a:yahtok \lxoc a:yahtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V0-Stat \infv Durative \se to be foggy or misty \ss juntarse la neblina o brizna \pna A:yawtok. \pea It is foggy (or, becoming foggy). \psa Hay neblina (o, está poniéndose neblinoso). \sem weather \xrb a: \xrb yawi \xtla tlaa:yawtok \qry Check actual use in a phrase. Determine that no impersonal/detransitivizing marker can be used. Also check whether the stative or progressive interpretation is more common for /a:yawtok/, or whether the particle /ye/ must be used with the progressive, to wit /ye a:yawtok/ 'it is becoming foggy.' Check whether the intransitive can be used. Originally I had /a:yawi/ as an entry, but all examples are of the stative. \pqry For the determination of vowel length in words with /aya/ sequences, the pattern here in the spectrograms seems quite indicative (paradigmatic) for a /a:ya/ sequence. \rt Note problem of etymology here and in other words of climate, etc., i.e. should root be /a:yawi/ or simply /a:ya/; cf. /kiawi/, etc. For roots of /a:yawi/, /ce:payawi/, /kiawi/, etc. made a x-ref. note. \ref 04156 \lxa a:yawtli \lxac a:yawtli \lxo a:yahtli \lxoc a:yahtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao mist; fog; haze \ssao neblina; bruma \sem weather \xrb a:yawi \nde Classical Nahuatl has ayauitl, as expected given the generalized alternation between -wtli and -witl in Balsas and Classical Nahuatl, respectively. \ref 00617 \lxa a:yema:nia \lxac a:yema:nia \lxo a:yema:nia \lxoc a:yema:nia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to get soft from being in water or having water added (e.g., earth that is soaked in or mixed with water) \ss ablandarse por estar en el agua o por agregarsele agua (p. ej., tierra a que se le ha agregado agua para que se ponga más suave) \xrb a: \xrb yema:ni \dis a:yema:nia; a:pochi:ni \nse For example, when one is using earth to fill in the spaces in a stone wall, it may be mixed with water in order to soften it. One then can say yo:a:yema:niak when the moistened earth is ready to be used. \ref 02612 \lxa a:yema:nilia \lxac ka:yema:nilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \sea to soften (e.g., clay earth or mud, tixtli) by adding water \ssa hacer blando al agregar agua a (p. ej., lodo o barro, masa de maíz, etc.) \xrb a: \xrb yema:n \ref 08013 \lxa a:yema:nki \lxac a:yema:nki \lxo a:yema:nki \lxoc a:yema:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infn N1 \se lukewarm water \ss agua tibia \xrb a: \xrb yema:ni \grm For incorporation contrast the meaning of /a:yema:nki/ which is 'lukewarm water' to /a:yema:nia/, which is 'to become soft from being in water.' Discuss how, in this case the semantic function or /a:/ is distinct in each form. In /a:yema:nki/ 'water' is basically a head noun; in /a:yema:nia/ 'water' is the cause or instrument. \ref 05980 \lxa a:yewahli \lxac a:yewahli \lxo a:yewahli \lxoc a:yewahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se deep place in a river where the water slowly circles around (rather than running straight through) \ss lugar algo profundo en un río donde el agua gira despacio (en lugar de fluir recto y rápidamente) \se whirlpool \ss remolino de agua \xrb a: \xrb yewal \qry In this and other examples it is difficult to distinguish a basic noun form a derived one. Cf. /-yewalowa/, /yewaltik/, etc. Check also meaning: a whirlpool, a calm of circling water, or both. \ref 00831 \lxa a:yoh \lxac a:yoh \lxo a:yoh \lxocpend a:yoh \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Intrans \se juicy (a fruit, etc.) \ss jugoso (una fruta, etc.) \seo (with a human subject) to have the characteristic of bringing rain as one appears in a village \sso (con un sujeto humano) tener el poder o el caracter de traer lluvia consigo \xrb a: \qry I have added this entry. It should be rechecked. Check for /a:yowa/. \ref 07585 \lxa ayokakawatl \lxac \lxacpend \lxo áyokakawatl \dt 18/Jun/2003 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08831 \lxa a:yo:ki:sa \lxac a:yo:ki:sa \lxo a:yo:ki:sa \lxoc a:yo:ki:sa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to seep out the pus or liquid of an infection (e.g., a part of the body) \ss salirse agua del pus o líquido de una infección (p. ej., una parte del cuerpo) \pna Kipia ye:rbah. Totopo:ni, pe:wa a:yo:ki:sa ima ka:n isti. \pea It (a mule in this case) has a fungus infection (from Sp. yerba). It (the infected place) is bursting, it's front leg has started to get filled with pus where its hoof is. \psa Tiene yerba (en este caso una mula). se está reventando (el lugar infectado), su pierna de delante ya empezó a llenarse de pus, allí por su pezuña. \seo to secrete a liquid from inside (e.g., wood from which saps comes out, perhaps as it is cut) \sso echar o dejar salir un líquido desde adentro (p. ej., madera del cual se le sale savia al cortarse) \cfao kwitlati; kwitlatia \xrb a: \xrb ki:sa \qry I have only heard this used to refer to an infection that begins to fill with pus; check for other possible acceptations. \mod Perhaps add a discussion of the difference between /kwitlati/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/, if necessary. \grm A comment should be made on the manner in which incorporated nouns may indicate a type of specificity through the use of /-yo/, a suffix that indicates an inalienable or intrinsic relation. Thus /a:yo:tl/ is used most often for 'juice,' (of a fruit), 'broth,' (of a dish being cooked), etc. For the grammar contrast /a:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:ki:sa/. \ref 05649 \lxa a:yo:pets \lxac a:yo:pets \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea type of edible bug, stink bug \ssa tipo de insecto comestible, jumil grande \sem animal \sem insect \xrb a:yo: \xrb pets \qry Etimology not certain; check for meaning of animal as clue, i.e., perhaps it is very smooth. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:222) identifies the Sp. jumil as Fam. Pantomidae, and notes: "'stink bug' See chinche de jardín. " An insect of the central plateau that was toasted and eaten by the indigenous people." \ref 02998 \lxa a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxac a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxo a:yo:tetso:liwi \lxoc a:yo:tetso:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo for the water of to boil away (e.g., beans being boiled, tamales, corn, squash, etc., being steamed) \sso terminarsele el agua con que se cuece (p. ej., a frijoles cocidos, o elotes, tamales, calabaza, etc. cocidos al vapor) \syno a:yo:tlami \xrb a: \xrb tso:l \ref 06837 \lxa a:yo:tia \lxac ka:yo:tia \lxo a:yo:tia \lxoc ka:yo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to add water to (e.g., broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) \ss agregarle agua a (p. ej., caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) \se (refl.) to blister (in reference to blister with watery liquid inside) \ss (refl.) ampollarse (en referencia a ampollas con un líquido aguado adentro) \pna Ne:xhkukwa nowera:ch, yo:na:yo:tih nokxi. \pea My sandals hurt me, my feet have become blistered. \psa Me aprietan los huaraches, ya me salieron ampollitas. \se (refl.) to get infected (i.e., with pus) \ss (refl.) infectarse (esto es, con pus) \xrb a: \xvaao a:yo:tilia \qry Determine difference between /a:yo:ki:sa/ and /a:yo:tia/, if one exists. Also check for the various words that indicate 'to become watery,' 'to make watery,' etc. (perhaps do a search for root /a:/). Check for intransitive /a:yowa/, or other equal intransitives. A problem is to determine the difference between /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/. The former is glossed in many places as 'to add water to (broth, beans, other substances that have some water but need more)' as it is above. However, I also have the applicative with the same meaning. The difference between /xka:yo:ti moyew/ and /xka:yo:tili moyew/ should be checked, as indeed should the question as to whether both are correct. Cr. Flores denied the correctness of /Toto:nka:pachiwtok noma:se:katitlan, yo:pe:w na:yo:tia./ 'My armpit is hot and cramped, it's started to get wet from sweat.' I had defined this as '(refl.) to get wet from sweat' and have since removed it. Check. \mod Add disambiguation notes as necessary. \grm /-tia/: note the difference between /a:tia/ 'to become watery' and /a:yo:tia/, which is a transitive verb meaning 'to water down' or 'to add water to.' \ref 02502 \lxa a:yo:tilia \lxac ka:yo:tilia \lxo a:yo:tilia \lxoc ka:yo:tilia \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to add water to (broths, beans, other substances that have some water but need more) for (sb) \ss agregarle agua a (caldo, frijoles, substancias que tienen algo de agua pero que les hace falta más) para (algn) \xrb a: \xvbao a:yo:tia \qry Cf. query in /a:yo:tia/. Make sure to check whether /a:yo:tia/ and /a:yo:tilia/ are equivalent in meaning re: adding water to a food. Perhaps this is an indication of influence from Spanish 'leismo.' \xv2a tla:yo:tilia \ref 04756 \lxa a:yo:to:chin \lxacpend *a:yo:to:chin \lxo a:yo:to:chin \lxoc a:yo:to:chin \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao armadillo, i.e., the nine-banded armadillo found in Mexico (Dasypus novemcinctus) \ssao armadillo (el especie Dasypus novemcinctus) \syna tla:lpitso \xrb a:yo: \xrb to:ch \nse A:yo:to:chin is known by Ameyaltepequeños but apparently from contact with neighboring villages. The common term in Ameyaltepec is tla:lpitso. Cristino Flores was not familiar with the term a:yo:to:chin. \ref 00258 \lxa a:yo:tsi:n \lxac a:yo:tsi:n \lxo a:yo:tsi:n \lxoc a:yo:tsi:n \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo tortoise \sso tortuga \sea (rare) armadillo \ssa (raro) armadillo \equiva tortugah \pqry Use this to measure vowel length of vowels on either side of glide /y/. \ref 06253 \lxa a:yo:tsi:nkwepa \lxac na:yo:tsi:nkwepa \lxo á:ytsi:nkópa \lxoc ná:ytsi:nkópa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \pa yes \se (refl.) to do a somersault or tumble on the ground (placing ones head on the ground in front of ones knees and then tumbling forward); to do a somersault in the air \ss (refl.) hacer maromas sobre el piso (poniéndo la frente sobre el suelo delante de las rodillas y volteándose hacia adelante); hacer maromas en el aire \pna O:na:yo:tsi:nkwep. \pea He did a somersault on the ground. \psa Hizo una maroma sobre el piso. \se (refl.) to boil hard (beans) \ss (refl.) hervir agitadamente (frijoles) \se (refl.) for ones eyes to roll up into ones head (as when one is drunk or on the verge of fainting) \ss (refl.) voltearsele los ojos hacia adentro (p. ej., cuando uno está borracho o a punto de desmayarse) \pna Yo:pe:w na:yo:tsi:nkwepa mi:xtewa:n, ye titla:wa:ntok. \pea Your eyes have started to roll up into your head, you are already getting drunk. \psa Ya empezaron a voltearse tus ojos hacia atrás, ya te estás emborrachando. \xrb a:yo: \xrb tsi:n \xrb kwepa \nae The vowel lenght in Oapan á:ytsi:nkópa is hard to determine. The cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what is the equivalent in this dialect of three initial long vowels: a:yo:tsi:nkwepa. In Oapan it seems that the initial /a:/ is long and the off-glide short. For reasons of orthographic convention the initial sound has been represented as a glide /a:y/, with the pitch accent on the /á:/. The /o:/ is lost. Note that in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the total length of this sequence falls between 150 and 170 ms. This is long, but the division into /a/ and /i/ is not clearly longer at either of the two targets. Note also that in Ameyaltepec my original analysis had a long /o:/. Likewise, the etymology is not altogether clear. Molina has ayotzincuepa. nin 'voltear o trepar al modo de españa.' RS has an equivalent translation, but adds 'dar volteretas, girar, trepar.' He suggests the possibility that it might be derived from ayotl (i.e., a:yo:tl 'tortoise' but has a question mark there. \qry Determine whether this verb can be used transitively or if a transitive form (e.g., causative) exists. Check again whether this means sumersault or backflip. \vl Link second female token and second male token. NOTE TO SELF: Have a phonetician look at these sound sequences. \ref 03588 \lxa a:yo:wa:tsa \lxac na:yo:wa:tsa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to lose ones bodily fluids \ss (refl.) perder los líquidos corporales \xrb a: \xrb wa: \qry Check intransitive possibility /a:yo:wa:ki/. Determine that /a:yo:wa:tsa/ can only be used reflexively with human subjects. Check other uses of /a:yo:wa:tsa/. \mod Add /kuhmi:tl/ to dictionary. \grm a:yo:wa:tsa Note the incorporation of a derived noun with /-yo:tl/. Check to determine whether /a:yo:tl/ exists in nonpossessed form. \ref 04801 \lxa a:yoyontsi:n \lxac a:yoyontsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \se type of flying insect, apparently a type of dragonfly, that skims the top of the water in a pool, river, stream, etc. \ss tipo de insecto, aparentemente una libélula, que vuela y pasa ligeramente sobre la superficie del agua de un río, lago, charco, etc. \sem animal \sem insect \equivo áa:bió:ntsi:n \xrb a: \xrb yoma \nse Apparently the name of this insect derives from the motion it makes while skimming the surface of water. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have teyoyontsin for 'libélula.' \qry Recheck length in /tsi:n/. \ref 07619 \lxa ayukakawatl \lxac ayukakawatl \lxo ayó:kawátl \lxoa áyokakáwatl \lxocpend ayó:kawátl \dt 18/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \seo squash rind \sso cáscara de la calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kawa \grm Pitch accent; reduplication reduction: Note that at least from my preliminary investigation or determination the pitch accent pattern of /ayó:kawátl/ is as indicated. That is, the pitch accent is on the long vowel, not on the /a/, which is usually the case of derivatives with /áyutlí/. \ref 07214 \lxa ayukihli \lxac ayukihli \lxo áyokíhli \lxoc áyokíhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash \ss el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna ayuxiwtli \xrb ayoh \xrb kil \nfc xo:chitl \nde In Oapan only the form áyokíhli is used whereas in Ameyaltepec ones hears both ayukihli and ayuxiwtli. \nct ayutli \qry Determine if this can be possessed: /ia:yokihlo/?? As with all words contained /ayutli/ check length of initial vowel. This is hard to determine in Oapan with the pitch accent. \ref 02226 \lxa ayukilso:tl \lxac ayukilso:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb ayoh \xrb kil \xrb so: \ref 08221 \lxa ayukokone:tl \lxac ayukokone:tl \lxo ayó:koné:tl \lxoc ayó:koné:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se squash that has formed with a long, thin, and curved neck \ss calabaza que se formó con el cuello largo, delgado y encorvado \pna Kwaltsi:n noayukokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n. \pea My little, baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck. \psa Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb kone: \cfa sa:ndiakokone:tl \nse So called, it seems, for its resemblance to a doll or child. \nct a:yotli \nae The lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/ in Oapan Nahuatl ayó:koné:tl is the result of a reduced reduplicant. The underlying form would be {ayo + rdp-s + kone: +tl}. \qry Query if this is an actual type of squash (i.e., species) or is simply a reference to the fact that the squash is small and perhaps doll-like in appearance. \pqry Recheck the vowel length here. Also recheck the stress pattern. As is the case throughout, the length of the first /a/ of /ayotli/ is problematical. \mod Illustrate \grm Reduplication: note metaphoric use of /kokone:tl/ and the presense of this reduplicated form in two types of plants. \grmx Oapan phonology: reduplication. Note that although in the original form one has /áyotlí/ in Oapan and there would seem to be an underlying glottal (cf. ayo?tli is Classical) for the reduplication the glottal stop and pitch accent is lost. Thus it would seem that the combination form of /áyotlí/ is simply /ayo/ without pitch accent. Note that it would not be possible to have a long vowel before a glottal. Thus in a sense reducation of reduplication to vowel lengthening conflicts at least at some level with a rule against V:? sequences (i.e., long vowel followed by a glottal stop). Recheck all instances for determination of vowel length of /a/ in the word for squash. \ref 05978 \lxa ayukwa \lxac ayukwa \lxo áyokwá \lxocpend áyokwá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \pa yes-lex \seo to eat squash \sso comer calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kwa \ref 07215 \lxa ayukwa:ni \lxac ayukwa:ni \lxo áyokwá:ni \lxocpend áyokwá:ni \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ni \pa yes-lex \sem animal \sem bird \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 213 \seo type of falcon, apparently the Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus, or a close relative; it eats snakes \sso tipo de halcón, aparentemente el "Crested Caracara," Caracara plancus, o una especie cercana; come víboras \equiva tlakotatatsi:n \xrb ayoh \xrb kwa \nct to:to:tl \ref 07216 \lxa ayumo:hli \lxac ayumo:hli \lxo áyomó:hli \lxoc áyomó:hli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se type of food served in a mole sauce made with squash seeds, cominos, and chile \ss tipo de comida preparada con mole de pepitas, con cominos y chile \sem food \xrb ayoh \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli \mod Under mo:hli give all types of moles and the corresponding recipes. \vl Link 2st female and 1st male token. There is an extra female token from 5618. \ref 03378 \lxa ayupepena \lxac ayupepena \lxo ayó:pená \lxocpend ayó:pená \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to gather up squash during the harvest \sso cosechar la calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb pena \qry Check vowel length of /ayutli/. Check stress pattern. \ref 07199 \lxa ayusehli \lxac ayusehli \lxo áyoséhli \lxop ayosehli \lxoc áyoséhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se not fully ripe, but edible green squash \ss calabaza todavía verde, no totalmente madura pero sí comestible \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb sel \nct ayutli \vl Check vowel length in Am and Oa Nahuatl and p-a in Oa. \qry Determine whether the bound morpheme /-sehli/ occurs in the names of any other fruits or vegetables. \grm Note that /selik/ is one of the elements of the -ki/ya/lia paradigm, described as derived from nominal roots, although many seem to have disappeared. In this case there is a bound morpheme /-sel/ that suggests the correctness, at least in many cases, of the nominal base interpretation of this paradigm. \rt Note that clearly /selik/ is related to the /-sehli/ element in /a:yosehli/. \ref 01388 \lxa ayusentla:lia \lxac ayusentla:lia \lxo áyosentlá:lia \lxop ayosentla:lia \lxocpend áyosentlá:lia \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to gather squash together (e.g., during the harvest, bringing all the squash that has been picked to one spot) \sso reunir calabaza (p. ej., durante la cosecha llevándola a un solo lugar) \xrb ayoh \xrb sen \xrb tla:l \ref 07217 \lxa ayutamahli \lxac ayutamahli \lxo áyotamáhli \lxoc áyotamáhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se squash tamal, a tamal made of squash and panela and wrapped in corn husks (to:tomo:xtli) \ss tamal de calabaza, hecho con calabaza y panela, y envuelto en hojas de elote (to:tomo:xtli) \pna Tixtli iwa:n ayutli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli. \pea (Ayutamahli is made of) tixtli and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks. \psa (Ayutamahli se hace de masa y calabaza cocida, se endulze con panocha, (se envuelve con) las hojas de la mazorca. \sem food \xrb ayoh \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \qry See entry under /tamahli/. \mod Add notes under /tamahli/ to cultural encyclopedia for tamales. \vl NOTE TO SELF: The vowel length of all words with /ayotli/ should be checked. It is hard to determine the length. In the Oapan utterances here they seem short. I have compared this to /a:yahtli/ and there is a definite difference in the spectrogram. Thus for now I have considered the vowel short in Oapan. \grm Note order of attributive, meaning "cooked": /Tixtli iwa:n a:yotli o:iksik, notsope:lilia ika pano:chah, de to:tomo:xtli/, i.e., "(It is made of) masa and cooked squash, it is sweetened with panocha, it is (wrapped in) corn husks." Note the position of /o:iksik/, which modifies /a:yotli/. \ref 03752 \lxa ayutamaltsi:ntli \lxacpend *ayutamaltsi:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:ntli \sea brownish yellow or dark yellow, like the yellow of squash \ssa amarrillo algo café o oscuro, como el amarillo de la calabaza \sem color \xrb ayoh \xrb tamal \qry Check whether this word should have been recorded without the absolutive ending, as is the case with many colors. Also note how /-tsi:n(tli)/ makes a noun into a color term. Recheck here and with all words the length of the initial /a/. \ref 03697 \lxa ayutlapa:na \lxac ayutlapa:na \lxo áyotlapá:na \lxocpend áyotlapá:na \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to chop squash in half (to clean it for cooking, remove the seeds, etc.) \sso partir calabaza en la mitad (para limpiarla para cocer, quitarle la semilla, etc.) \xrb ayoh \xrb tlapa: \ref 07220 \lxa ayutlaxakwalo:hli \lxac ayutlaxakwalo:hli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \sea type of food made from squash \ssa tipo de comida hecho de calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb xakwal \ref 07957 \lxa ayutli \lxac ayutli \lxo áyotlí \lxoc áyotlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se generic name for squash \ss nombre genérico para calabaza \se a type of squash, called in Spanish pipiana \ss tipo de calabaza llamdo pipiana en español \fl tamalayutli \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \encyctmp a:yotli \nse Luis Lucena gave the following types of squash: pípian, which is the same as ixtla:wate:roh; tamala:yotli; and a:yekaxtsi:n, which is apparently grown locally only in San Juan and perhaps the irrigated fields of Xalitla. \nae Vowel length of both Ameyaltepec a:yotli and Oapan áyutlí have been difficult to determine. Certainly the sound files for the isolated word should be used in any exploration of acoustic duration. Historically, the initial /a/ is short, but lengthening, at least acoustically, of initial vowels seems common and some vowels (such as those in ixtaka) seem to have a fairly long duration. For now, the initial /a:/ of Ameyaltepec a:yotli has been maintained long as I first recorded it; Oapan áyutlí seems to have a duration not entirely in accord with a long vowel and thus has been written short here and elsewhere, pending further analysis. \pqry Note that in C. Flores' pronunciation of this word in our discussion it seems to have a definite long /a:/. \nct a:yotli \qry Although perhaps it should be rechecked and analyzed on a speech analyzer, I have check audibly with many speakers and found the first vowel of /a:yotli/ to be definitely long. However, in Oapan this is not clear and at times I notice it as short. This should be checked with a speech analyzing tool. \mod Make sure all types of /a:yotli/ are in the lexicon and identified, and that the onomasiological entry for /a:yotli/ is given. \ref 02824 \lxa ayuwechmo:hli \lxac ayuwechmo:hli \lxo áyawachmó:hli \lxoc áyawachmó:hli, áyowachmó:hli \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se mole verde, mole made with dried squash seeds \ss mole verde, hecho de pepitas de calabaza \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb ayoh \xrb wech \xrb mo:l \qry Note the sequence áya- at the beginning of this noun. Also check the length of the initial vowel. In this pronunciation it seems definitely short. \ref 05619 \lxa ayuxiwtli \lxac ayuxiwtli \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea the vine and leaves of the squash plant, of any type of squash \ssa el tallo rastrero y hojas de la calabaza, de cualquier tipo \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \syna ayukihli \syno áyukíhli \xrb ayoh \xrb xiw \nct ayotli \ref 01201 \lxa ayuxkwitlatl \lxac ayuxkwitlatl \lxo ---- \lxocpend \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \inc N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea stringy inside fleshy portion of certain squash plants \ssa parte interior hilosa de algunos tipos de calabaza \xrb ayoh \xrb kwitla \nae The origin or motivation from the /x/ is not clear. \qry Check meaning. \ref 07955 \lxa ayuxo:chitl \lxac ayuxo:chitl \lxo áyoxó:chitl \lxop ayoxo:chitl \lxoc áyoxó:chitl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seao flowers of the squash plant \ssao flor de calabaza \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem edible \xrb ayoh \xrb xo:chi \nct ayutli \ref 01733 \lxa ayuyo:hli \lxac ayuyo:hli \lxo áyoyó:hli \lxop ayoyo:hli \lxoc áyoyó:hli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seao squash seeds \ssao pepitas \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ayoh \xrb yo:l \nse A:yoyo:hli is rarely used in Ameyaltepec; it is more common in San Juan although understood throughout the valley. Ameyaltepequeños generally use the Spanish loan semi:yas. \nct ayutli \qry Check difference between /a:yowextli/ and /a:yoyo:hli/; in general check for all types of squash. Check for possessive contruction, in Oapan particularly, where this term is more common. \ref 00446 \lxa bah \lxac bah \lxo ba \lxocpend ba \dt 18/Jul/2003 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea sure; well indeed; hey; hmph \ssa pues; ves \pna O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa. Bah! tlaka xtewa! \pea I was fooled by someone with your appearance, I thought it was you that I was seeing. But hey, it wasn't you at all! \psa Me engañaba alguien con tu apariencia. Pensaba que te veía a tí. Pues ¡no me digas, no fuiste tu! \pna A: Ke:non tikma:ka:was mochpo:ch? Bah, ye nona:miktia! B: Sahki, ba xnikpia tli:non ika! \pea A: How will you give away your daughter? Y'know she's about to get married! B: Without fanfare, y'know, I don't have the means (to do it with the proper trimmings, e.g., I don't have an animal or similar thing for her to take to her in-laws)! \psa A: ¿Cómo vas a entregar a tu hija? ¡Pues, ya se va a casar! B: ¡Así nomás, sabes pues no tengo con que (esto es, no tengo un animal ni otra cosa así que puede llevarse a su casa nueva con los suegros)! \pna O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Bah! Xkwahli! \pea He wasted his money. He bought something that he liked. Hmph! It was no good! \psa Echó a perder su dinero. Compró lo que le gustó. ¡Ves! ¡No valía la pena! \nse Bah is an expression typical of San Miguel Tecuiciapan. However it is also occasionally, though rarely, used in Ameyaltepec, and more rarely in Oapan. \qry Check for possible presence of /h/ final, i.e. /bah/. \ref 03950 \lxa bajare:keh \lxac bajare:keh \lxo ---- \dt 11/Jun/2002 \loan bajareque \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of chinamíl fence with upright rods laced together with sections so constructed attached to upright posts sunk into the ground \ssa tipo de chinamíl una varas verticales, atados con cuerda entrelazada; una sección de tales varas se ata a estacas empotradas en la tierra \cola kweskomatl de bare:jeh \equivo abare:keh \qry Check to see if the Nahuatl should be /bajare:keh/ \ref 01786 \lxa ba:kah \lxac ba:kah \lxo ba:kah \lxoc ba:kah \dt 29/Mar/2002 \loan vaca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cow \ss vaca \ref 04770 \lxa ba:kanextamalkwitla \lxac ba:kanextamalkwitla \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08630 \lxa bake:ros \lxac bake:ros \lxo bake:ros \lxoc bake:ros \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan vaqueros \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of dance comprising cowboys and other characters \ss tipo de danza con vaqueros y otros carácteres \sem dance \encyctmp da:nsah \mod Add page on da:nsas including da:nsah de koro:nah, da:nsah de bo:lah, bake:ros, koneji:tos, Sie:teh Bi:sios, Tre:s Pote:nsias, Re:tos, Mo:ros, etc. Make a complete list. \ref 05871 \lxa ba:leh \lxac ba:leh \lxo ba:leh \lxoa ba:lih \lxoc ba:lih \dt 20/May/2002 \loan vale \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se buddy; friend \ss amigo; cuate \pna Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! \pea Run buddy, just go flying along! \psa ¡Andale amigo, ponte ligero! \sem Gender: male \vl NOTE: only link the male pronunciation, in the final form two tokens, to this entry. That is, tag two male tokens for final selection for online links. \ref 03116 \lxa bara de san josé:h \lxac bara de san josé:h \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \loan vara de san José \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea domesticated flowering herbaceous plant, still not identified \ssa planta herbácea doméstica que florea, todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \nct xiwtli \qry Check /rr/, perhaps, should be /r/. Check length of final /e/. \ref 02661 \lxa barbe:chowa \lxac kibarbe:chowa \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (Nah) barbechar \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to plow, placing the furrows close together so that the land can be immediately planted \ss arar con los surcos muy cercanos para que la tierra puede sembrarse inmediatamente \cfao xopo:nia \encyctmp tla:hli \ref 04585 \lxa bese:rrotlama \lxac bese:rrotlama \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08354 \lxa besti:doh \lxac besti:doh \lxo besti:doh \lxoc besti:doh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan vestido \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao dress that has a top piece joined to a bottom skirt, with two seams, one going down each side of the dress (i.e., not a skirt, kwe:tli) \ssao vestido con una blusa y falda parte de una sola pieza, y con dos costuras, una a cada lado del cuerpo (no es una faldas, cf. kwe:tli) \cfao kwe:tli \encyctmp tlake:ntli \mod Add onomasiological entry on all types of clothes \ref 01175 \lxa bie:joh \lxac bie:joh \lxo bie:joh \lxoc bie:joh \dt 28/Jan/2002 \loan viejo \psm N \pss Voc; P2 \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) "old man" (i.e., husband) \ss (vocativo) "viejo" (esto es, esposo) \se (poss.) husband \ss (pos.) esposo \pna Yewa nobie:joh, ma:ka xtete:ne:wa! \pea He's my old man, don't badmouth him! \psa Es mi esposo, ¡no hables mal de él! \ref 01503 \lxa bie:joh \lxac bie:joh \lxo bie:joh \lxocpend @bie:joh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan viejo \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea big (in size) \ssa grande (in size) \sea old (in age) \ssa viejo (en edad) \seo nominal suffix meaning big, e.g., michbie:joh (or michwe:weh) 'big fish' \sso sufijo nominal que significa 'grande', p. ej., michbie:joh (or michwe:weh) 'pez grande' \ref 04188 \lxa bie:jomiki \lxac bie:jomiki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \sea to die of old age \ssa morirse de vejez \xrb miki \ref 08080 \lxa bie:jotia \lxac bie:jotia \lxo bié:jotiá \lxoc bié:jotiá \dt 31/Mar/2003 \loan (part) de \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \pa yes-loan \seo if really \sso si de veras \pno Dilah titekitki, san niman tibié:jotiás. \peo If you work really hard, you'll get old quickly. \pso Si eres muy trabajador, luego luego te quedas viejo. \pqry Check vowel length in the Ameyaltepec form. I might have gotten this wrong. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note how the pitch-accent system affects length in borrowed words, here the /e/, not the /o/, is long. \ref 06937 \lxa boli:chih \lxac boli:chih \lxo boli:cheh \lxocpend @boli:cheh \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan boliche \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of tree still unidentified \ss tipo de árbol todavía no identificado \pna Boli:chih | Kipia itla:kihlo, xwelik. \pea Boli:chih : It bears fruit, it is not tasty. \psa Boli:chih : Rinde su fruta, no sabe bien. \sem plant \sem kohtli \nct kohtli \vl This identification and term was added after the recording session, thus it is not taped. Leave blank. \ref 03041 \lxa boli:chih \lxac boli:chih \lxo boli:cheh \lxocpend boli:cheh \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb \ref 08594 \lxa bone:teh \lxac bone:teh \lxo bone:teh \lxocpend @bone:teh \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan bonete \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Jacaratia mexicana, tree of the Caricaceae family called bonete in Spanish \ss Jacaratia mexicana, arból de la familia Caricaceae comúnmente llamado bonete \equivo kowáyotlí \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse Schoenhals (1988:22-23) states that this is :"A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona." Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention the family Caricaceae and genus/species Jacaratia mexicana, called bonete or cuauayote in Spanish. Note that although some Oapan consultants also call this tree bone:teh, it does have a Nahuatl name: Silvestre Pantaleón, during fieldwork in September and October 2001, called this tree kowáyotlí, which has a separate entry. \cpl According to Schoenhals (1988:22-23) "(Carica [formerly Pileus] mexicana) '[wild] papaya.' A large tree of hot country whose fruit is similar to a papaya. The trunk has a conical form and whitish bark; the sap is white. Also called guaguagote, papaya orejona." Ramírez (1991) identifes the bonete as of the family Caricaceae and the genus/species Joacavatia spp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:167) mention a tree of the family Caricaceae and genus/species Jacaratia mexicana as called in Spanish bonete or cuauayote. In Ameyaltepec I have heard the pronunciations bone:teh and bune:teh. \ref 03043 \lxa boye:roh \lxac boye:roh \lxo boye:roh \lxoc boye:roh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan boyero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. boye:ros \se worker, usually a child between 9 and 15 years old, hired for the planting season who does not work the junta but who does other tasks such a taking care of the animals by watering and grazing them, weeding and uprighting plants if earth covers them during plowing, setting stones between the furrows, and sometimes even harvesting \ss trabajador, por lo común un niño entre 9 y 15 años, alquilado por la temporada de siembra, quien no agarra la yunta pero sí se encarga de otras tareas tales como apacentar y cuidar a los animales, dándoles agua, desyerbando la milpa y enderezando las plantas si se cubren de tierra al pasar la yunta, poner las piedras entre los surcos y, ocasionalmente, aun cosechando \mod Perhaps add sound file/text \ref 05845 \lxa brenya:keh \lxac brenya:keh \lxo berinya:keh \lxoc berinya:keh \dt 15/Jul/2002 \loan ? \psm N \der N-loan \seo very thin cotton cloth used as a filter to strain atole \sso tela delgada de manta para colar atole \ref 06766 \lxa buchih \lxac i:buchih \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \loan buche \infn N2 \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \syna ko:kobuchih \syna ko:kobande:rah \syno kechtolopochyo \syno a:ko:kotolopochyo \sem body \qry Note that this is the same (or similar, check) to /ko:kobuchih/ and /ko:kobande:rah/. \ref 02570 \lxa buh \lxac pun wa:hlaw buh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan buey \psm Baby \der N-loan \sea ox, he-goat, or sheep (male animals with horns) \ssa buey, carnero o chivo (animales con cuernos) \pna O:yah buh. \pea The ox went away. \psa Se fue el buey. \sem baby \syno po:n \nse Buh us used by very young children before they can talk well, and used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. \qry Check entire range of animals covered by this term. \ref 07545 \lxa burrah \lxac burrah \lxo burrah \lxocpend @burrah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan burra \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao female donkey \ssao burra \sea a large bottle of beer (more or less a quart) \ssa caguama, una botella grande de cerveza (de como un litro) \pna Xkonkwi se: burrah! \pea Go fetch a large bottle of beer! \psa ¡Ve a traer una caguama! \sea wheelbarrow \ssa carretilla \se sawhorse \ss burra (para apoyar a cosas como madera al cortarla) \sem animal \sem domes \cfa burroh \nse Note that in Ameyaltepec burrah can refers to several objects, including the female donkey. However burroh can refer only to the male animal. \ref 03905 \lxa burroh \lxac burroh \lxo burroh \lxoc burroh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan burro \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se donkey; burro \ss burro \sem animal \sem domes \cfa burrah \cola anjolí:n burroh \nse Although burrah often refers to the female donkey, it can also have various other referents. For this reason it has been given a separate entry. \ref 01446 \lxa burroh me:soh \lxac burroh me:soh \lxo búrro mayé:soh \lxop burroh maye:soh \lxoc búrro mayé:soh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan manadero \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \seao donkey (or type of donkey) used to impregnate mares and thus sire mules \ssao burro (o tipo de burro?) utilizado para impregnar a las yeguas y producir mulas y machos \nse Me:so has only been documented in the phrase burroh me:soh. Note that in Oapan these types of donkeys are called ma:ye:soh. The words me:soh and maye:soh are probably derived from Spanish, although the source term has not yet been determined. \nct yo:lki \vl Check for final /h/ in both /burro/ and /me:so/. Check to see if /me:so/ occurs in other instances rather than only after /burroh/. \ref 01951 \lxa burromo:choh \lxac burromo:choh \lxo búrromó:nchoh \lxoc búrromó:nchoh \dt 15/Jul/2002 \loan (part) burro; mocho \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \seo donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno búrronakastetépon \syno búrronakaskarábo:n \ref 06777 \lxa burronakastetepon \lxac burronakastetepon \lxo búrronakastetépon \lxoc búrronakastetépon \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan (part) burro \psm N \com N-[N-Adj] \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-rdp \seo donkey that has an ear or both ears cut short \sso burro que tiene una o dos orejas mochas, cortadas \syno búrromó:nchoh \syno búrronakaskarrábon \xrb nakas \xrb tepon \pqry Recheck pitch accent. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 06785 \lxa burronextamalkwitla \lxac burronextamalkwitla \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08628 \lxa burrotlama \lxac burrotlama \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08355 \lxa bwemo:soh \lxac bwemo:soh \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \loan buen mozo \psm N \der N-loan \aff Gender \infn N1 \sea cute guy; smart-alec \ssa persona creída, que se cree bueno \pna Tibwemo:soh. Tikmati ke:n tikwahli tla:katl, xtite:tla:kaita. \pea You are a smart-alec. You think that you're the cat's meow, you don't respect people. \psa Eres muy mono. piensas que eres mucha cosa, no respetas a la gente. \nse The preceding phrase was said by an uncle to his nephew who called his WM by her name (not the address term na:nah), showing a lack of respect. \ref 04898 \lxa bwe:noh \lxacpend bwe:noh \lxo bwe:noh \lxoa we:noh \lxocpend bwe:noh \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \loan bueno \seao good \ssao bueno \nse Although there are Nahuatl terms for Spanish bueno (e.g., kwahli) this loan has been entered in the dictionary because it is so widespread in the lexicon of even the most monolingual speakers. In many transcriptions this is considered a Spanish loan and written bueno or, if missing the first stop, 'ueno. \ref 08821 \lxa bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxac bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan buen hora \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \se something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season) \ss algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias) \pna Bwe:noraka:yo:tl, saniman o:noto:kak. \pea It was done early (in the season), it was planted right away. \psa Fue hecho a buen hora, luego luego (esto es, al principio de la temporada de lluvias) se sembró. \equivo sanimankayo:tl \xrb -kayo: \qry Check to see if /bwe:norakayo:tl/ can refer to anything done early or if it is only used to refer to a field that had been planted early in the season so that it matured early and was also ready for the "zacateo" quite early. Recheck shortness of /a/ in /kayo:tl/ as in one example recorded it as long. \ref 03767 \lxa bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxac bwe:nora kayo:tl \lxo bwe:nóra káyo:tl \lxop bwe:norah kayo:tl \lxocpend bwe:nóra káyo:tl \dt 18/Nov/2002 \loan (part) buen hora \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \seo something done early (e.g., a field planted early in the rainy season) \sso algo hecho a buen hora (p. ej., una milpa sembrada al principio de la temporada de lluvias) \syno saniman kayo:tl \xrb kayo: \ref 07779 \lxa bwe:yeh \lxac bwe:yeh \lxo bwe:yeh \lxoc bwe:yeh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan buey \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) (pl. bwe:yesteh, bwe:yestih; poss. nobwe:yeh; nobwe:yeswan \se ox \ss buey \ref 00715 \lxa chacha \lxac kichacha \lxo 'chachá \lxoc kíchachá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to spit on \ss escupir sobre \pna O:mitschachak. \pea He spit on you. \psa Te escupió. \xrb chihcha \ref 03300 \lxa chacha \lxac chacha \lxo cháchá \lxoc cháchá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to spit \ss escupir \sem functions \xrb chihcha \grm Oapan phonology: Note /i/-to-/a/ in this case. \ref 02520 \lxa chachaktli \lxac chachaktli \lxo ---- \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infv N1/2; Aln \se spit \ss escupido; saliva escupida \cfo kwalahtli \xrb chacha \ref 04029 \lxa chachakwa:toh \lxac chachakwa:toh \lxo ---- \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-hisp \infv Gender; pl. chachakwa:tos \sea to have a rough or pockmarked face (a person) \ssa ser cacariso(a) \pna Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl \pea He has a pockmarked face, pimples (i.e., a bad case of acne) roughened up his skin. \psa Es cacariso, las espinillas que se le salieron (por la cara) le dejaran la piel muy áspera. \cfo ta:takaltik \xrb chakwa: \nse Apparently chachakwa:toh is derived from Nahuatl chachakwaka. There is Spanish influence in the vowel lengthening and -toh ending, as well as in the plural formation and gender specificity. The meaning is probably related to chachakwa, which RS glosses as 'ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto.' Molina does not list this intransitive but has chachaquatza. nitla 'chapatear en el lodo.' \qry Check to make sure this can only refer to humans. Also elicit the word /chachakwa/ and cf. to RS definition: "ser salpicado, mancharse, hablando de un objeto." Determine whether any other iterative forms are nominalized. \rt Perhaps /kwa/ of /chakwa/ is related to the root /kwa/ 'eat:' Cf: entry under /chakayolowa/. \ref 02394 \lxa chachalaka \lxac chachalaka \lxo chachalaka \lxoc chachalaka \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make or have a hollow ringing sound; to clatter (e.g., flat stones clattering together as one plows over stony land, or gravel as a car passes over it); to jingle (e.g., money in a bag) \ss sonar hueco; chacolotear (p. ej., piedras algo planas en un terreno cuando pasa sobre ellas el arado, grava al pasar un coche); tintinear (p. ej., monedas en una bolsa) \pna Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound that goes along when you work the team of oxen (or mules). There are a lot of flat, slatey stones, or it (might occur) where it is rocky, (with) stones thick on the ground. \psa Va chacoloteando cuando trabajas la yunta (de bueyes o mulas). Hay mucha piedra plana, o bien es un lugar pedregosa, hay muchas piedras (sobre la tierra). \pna Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli. \pea There is a hollow ringing sound going along, it (in this case a plow) goes along knocking down the rows of stones that have been made in the corn field. \psa Va saliendo un sonido hueco, (en este caso la yunta y el arado) va desbaratando las piedras que han sido alineadas entre las matas de maíz. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvnao chala:ni \nse Some Ameyaltepequeño consultants denied that chachalaka is a correct form, except as the Spanish name of a bird locally referred to as chalto:n. They stated that the correct form is chachalka. Nevertheless, Pánfilo Lorenzo insisted that chachalaka is correct and is in most cases equivalent to chachalka (he did not indicate when they might be different). Note that the Spanish borrowing of the bird name is chachala:kah. \qry Find additional uses of this term. Make sure that this is a class 3. \grm In the two phrases (Tlachachalakatiw kwa:k titekipanowa. Tepachakahloh, noso ka:n teteyoh, tila:wak tetl) (Tlachachalakatiw, kixiti:nitiw temantli) /tlachala:ntiw/ is not correct for /tlachachalakatiw/ although often, without /tla-/, /chachalaka/ and /chala:ni/ are virtually equivalent. Apparently /chala:ni/ does not easyly accept the prefix /tla-/. \ref 02553 \lxa chachalka \lxac chachalka \lxo chachalka \lxoc chachalka \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss][freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make or produce a hollow sound (such as a broken or fissured ceramic pot or plate when struck hard) \ss sonar hueco (como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto cuando se golpea) \pna Chachalka un tepalkatl, tlapa:nki. \pea That bowl has a hollow ring (when struck), it is broken. \psa Ese plato hondo suena hueco (cuando se golpea), está roto. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvnao chala:ni \fl chachalaka \qry Apparently /chachalaka/ and /chachalka/ are equal or near equal in meaning, although this should be checked. It might be that /chachalka/ is only used to refer to the sound made by broken ceramics, whereas /chachalaka/ to things that jingle or clatter. Also, the difference of both to /chala:ni/ should also be checked. In some notes I state that /chachalka/ is the virtual equivalent of /chala:ni/ and both are used to refer to the sound made when a broken bowl, or other ceramic which is fissured or split, is struck to make it ring. \ref 01176 \lxa chachapaka \lxac chachapaka \lxo chachapaka \lxoc chachapaka \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to continually pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., water spurting out of a container, streaming off a ledge) \ss verterse o caerse continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., agua que sale a chorros de un recipiente, de un techo o risco) \pna Yo:pe:w chachapaka a:tl, tlapa:nki moperó:l. \pea Water has started to stream out of your metal water jug, it is cracked. \psa El agua ya empezó a salir, tu perol está roto. \pna Wa:lchachapakatok ipan tla:hli. \pea It (in this case water) is pouring off onto the ground (e.g., from a roof or other high place and in a stream, not dripping). \psa Está cayéndose (en este caso agua) en chorros sobre la tierra (p. ej. del techo, en un chorro continuo, no goteándose). \pna Kwa:ltoya:wtiw, wa:lchachapakatiw \pea As he comes along he is spilling it out (e.g., water from a jug that is open or fissured), it is splattering out onto the ground. \psa Viene tirándola (p. ej., agua de un perol que está roto o tiene una fisura), viene caéndose salpicando al suelo. \xrb chapa: \xvnao chapa:ni \qry Determine whether this can only refer to water spilling in a continuous stream; cf. RS who mentions "caer grandes gotas." Check verbal inflection; is this really class 4 (o:chachapakak)? \ref 05750 \lxa chachapatsa \lxac kichachapatsa \lxo chachapatsa \lxoc kichachapatsa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se to continually let pour, spill, or fall out onto the ground (e.g., juice or broth from ones food, liquido from a container, etc.) \ss verter o dejar caer continuamente y en chorros al suelo (p. ej., el jugo o caldo de una comida, un líquido de un recipiente, etc.) \pna Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal. \pea I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.). \psa Dejo que se escurra el líquido de mi comida (p. ej., el jugo de un tamal o taco, etc.). \xrb chapa: \xvnao chapa:ni \qry Check whether one can say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/, cf. notes below in grammar field. \grm Antipassive: /Nitlakakapatsa ika notlakwal/ 'I let drippings fall from my food (e.g., the juice from a tamal, taco, etc.).' Note here again the "antipassive construction of /tla+V2 ika N/. Here, however, it might be argued (and this should be checked) as to whether one can indeed say /nikchachapatsa notlakwal/ since it really isn't the food, but rather part of it (the juice) that is splattered onto the ground. Check \ref 03864 \lxa chachawa \lxac chachawa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa pl. + meh \sea see tlanchachawa \ssa véase tlanchachawa \apa chachawatik \xrb chawa \qry Cf. comments under /chachawatik/. Check final for glottal stop and determine whether this is a noun or verb (I have it recorded as a noun). Also vowel length should be checked. Cf. Remi-Simeón /chachaua/ "s. moho que cubre los árboles". Note that /cat code as N-ap is provisional. \ref 03319 \lxa chachawatik \lxac *chachawatik \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea see tlanchachawatik \ssa véase tlanchachawatik \apa chachawa \xrb chawa \qry Cf. entry under /tlanchachawatik/. No evidence of unreduplicated form has been found, check. Also recheck vowels for possible ??chacha:watik given word /cha:wati/ etc. Apparently this form is related to the "apocopated"? noun /chachawa/. \ref 02943 \lxa chachayaka \lxac chachayaka \lxo te:chayaka \lxoc te:chayaka \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran No transitive form documented \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) (Oa) \infv class-4a \se to make a rattling noise (documented only to describe the sound made by a rattlesnake) \ss hacer un sonido como de sonaja (documentado solamente para describir el sonido de una serpiente de cascabel) \pna Chachayakatok ikwech te:kwa:nkowatl. \pea The rattlesnake's rattle is making a rattling sound. \psa La cascabel de una serpiente de cascabel está haciendo un sonido como de sonaja. \xrb chaya: \nse To date chachayaka has been noted only in reference to the sound emitted by a snake's rattle. However, given the difference in meaning from the Classical form, this meaning should be confirmed. \nae Although one might expect a derivation of chachayaka from a verb such as *chaya:ni, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of chachayaca it is clear that it derives from chaya:wi. Thus Molina has chachayaca 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for cacayacatimani, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to chayaui is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frecuentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, tzotzomoca is connected to the sound of tearing, tzomoni). Finally, note the use of the "dummy morpheme" te- in the Oapan form. \qry Check meaning of /chachayaka/, perhpas it should be ?/chachalaka/. \grm Frecuentatives: If /chachayaka/ proves to be correct, discuss re: Although one might expect a derivation of chachayaka from a verb such as *chaya:ni, such a form has not been found. However, in Classical from the meaning of chachayaca it is clear that it derives from chaya:wi. Thus Molina has chachayaca 'derrararse por el suelo trigo, mayz, o cosa semejante, o caerse poco a poco la pintura de la ymagen.' And for cacayacatimani, 'estar ralas las cañas en el cañaveral, o cosa semejante.' The relationship to chayaui is clear 'esparzirse assi trigo, o caer nieve.' The motivation for the Balsas Nahuatl meaning is unclear, therefore, and should be checked. It does, however, follow the general tendency of frequentatives in referring to a sound, though here one that is not transparently connected to the action of scattering (as, for example, tzotzomoca is connected to the sound of tearing, tzomoni). \ref 01114 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxoc cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxt cha:chaya:tsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea generic name for three types of wild plants or weeds, two of the Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de susowa:tl and cha:chaya:tsi:n de xtotomioh) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl) \ssa nombre genérico para tres tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, dos de la familia Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de susuwa:tl y cha:chaya:tsi:n de xtotomioh) y uno de la familia Caesalpiniaceae (cha:chaya:tsi:n de tlatla:katl) \seo generic name for two types of wild plants or weeds, one of the Leguminoseae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak) and one of the Caesalpiniaceae family (cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák) \sso nombre genérico para dos tipos de plantas silvestres o malezas, una de la familia Leguminoseae (cha:chaya:tsi:n i:mátlapál pipitsa:wak) y otra de la familia Caesalpiniaceae (cha:chaya:tsi:n de wa:xté:pitsák) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \qry Check vowel length of final /a:/. It does, however, appear long. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called cha:chaya:tsi:n. \nct xiwtli \ref 03748 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n de un a:te:ncha:neh \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxocpend cha:chaya:tsi:n \lxt cha:chayatsi:n \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff rdp-l- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \se specific name for one of the two types of cha:chaya:tsi:n; in Oapan this is considered tla:katl and in Ameyaltepec sowa:tl \ss nombre específico de una tipo de cha:chaya:tsi:n; en Oapan se le considera como tla:katl, y en Ameyaltepec como suwa:tl \equiva cha:chaya:tsi:n de pipitsa:wak \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called cha:chaya:tsi:n, one male and one female. In Oapan the cha:chayatsi:n with pointed leaves is referred to as siwa:tl; in Ameyaltepec the cha:chaya:tsi:n with pointed leaves is considered female: tla:katl. \nct xiwtli \ref 07408 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak \lxac cha:chaya:tsi:n de un pipitsa:wak \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva cha:chaya:tsi:n a:te:ncha:neh \xrb \ref 08542 \lxa cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh \lxac *cha:chaya:tsi:n de un tepe:cha:neh \lxo cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik \lxocpend cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik \lxt chichi:k tlako:tl \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff rdp-l- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \se specific name for one of the two types of cha:chaya:tsi:n; in Oapan this is considered siwa:tl and in Ameyaltepec tla:katl \ss nombre específico de una tipo de cha:chaya:tsi:n; en Oapan se le considera como siwa:tl, y en Ameyaltepec como tla:katl \xrb chaya: \mod Add /xtlah para/ under /itlah/ as a phrase. \cpl This plant is not used for anything: xtlah para 'it's not good for anything.' Ramírez gives its name as chachayate of the family Leguminosae, with no further identification. She states that it is used for its medicinal properties. Schoenhals (1988) gives no plant by this name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chachayote. Cristino Flores mentioned that there are two types of this plant, although he said that both were called cha:chaya:tsi:n, one male and one female. In Oapan the cha:chayatsi:n with rounded leaves in called cha:chaya:tsi:n tekwitlanextik and tla:katl; in Ameyaltepec the cha:chaya:tsi:n with rounded leaves is considered female: sowa:tl. \nct xiwtli \ref 07384 \lxa chakalin \lxac chakalin \lxo chakalin \lxoc chakalin \dt 13/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se type of water animal, red in color, still not identified, smaller than the acamaya), apparently a type of shrimp-like animal \ss tipo de animal acuático, rojo de color, todavía no identificado, parecido al acamaya pero más pequeño, aparentemente algo como un camarón \sem animal \sem marine \xrb chakal \ref 04091 \lxa chakayoliwi \lxac chakayoliwi \lxo chakailiwi \lxoc chakailiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become pockmarked or acquire a rough surface (a hard surface such as clay or stone) \ssao cacarañarse o quedar muy ápera (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra, un plato hondo de cerámica) \pno Kitetso:tsona para ma chakailiwi. \peo He hits it repeatedly with a stone so that its surface gets pockmarked. \pso Le golpea repetidas veces con una piedra para que su superficie quede cacarañada. \sem texture \xrb chakayol \ref 06947 \lxa chakayolowa \lxac kichakayolowa \lxo chakailowa \lxoc kichakailowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to pockmark; to roughen (a hard surface such as clay or stone) \ss cacarañar (una superficie dura como de cerámica o piedra) \pna Kichakayolowan mo:lkaxitl ika arrie:raújah \pea They pockmark the surface of the mortar with a muleskinner's needle. \psa Cacarañan la superficie del molcajete con una aguja de arriero. \pna Kichakayolowa tepalkatl ika o:lo:tl, ma noka:wa tesontik. \pea He uses a corncob to roughen up the surface of a ceramic bowl so that it winds up roughly textured. \psa Con un olote deja áspera la superficie de un plato hondo de cerámica, para que quedé áspero. \sem texture \xrb chakayol \nse A surface that has been altered in the process indicated by chakayolowa becomes chakayoltik or tsotsokoltik. In Oapan one would say, for example, kitetsotsona para ma chakailiwi. Thus in Oapan the transitive does not exist. \qry Perhaps related to /chachakwa:toh/; cf. /chachakwa/. Check for the existence of intr. /chakayoliwi/; if it does exist, delete [x] from code. \vl There are 4 tokens for this word at 6946. They should be tagged as 4348. \ref 04348 \lxa chakayoltik \lxac chakayoltik \lxo chakailtik \lxoc chakailtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be pockmarked; to be rough; to be uneven and not smooth; to be bumpy (said of a surface such as that of a good metate) \ss estar áspero; estar rasposo; estar disparejo y no liso; estar cacarañado (se dice de la superdicie de un objeto como la de un metate) \sem texture \xrb chakayol \dis chakayoltik; tesontik, tewistik; tsotsokoltik \nde Molina has chacayulli 'callos delos pies, o de las manos.' This is a nominal form that is clearly the base for the Balsas region adjectival. However, there is no other documentation of this root in the sources consulted. \qry Determine other surfaces that are /chakayoltik/; also determine whether this can refer to ones hands \mod Add an onomasiological entry on surfaces: rough and smooth: the words used to define these and typical objects. \grm Note that /chacayohli/ (callos) and /chacayoliui/ (tener durezas, callos) are both in RS. Thus /chakayoltik/ can be considered Adj-part-wi-tik or Adj-denom-tik. A surface of a good metate is /chakayoltik/. \grm Oapan phonology: It is not uncommon for Oapan Nahuatl to manifest a change of yo > i. There are other examples, such as /tepailowa/ cf Am /tepayolowa/. \ref 01992 \lxa chaktlatowa \lxac chaktlatowa \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \infv class-2b \sea to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) \ssa sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) \pna Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n. \pea It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which prevents it from emiting a solid ringing sound). \psa Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque está roto (no completamente sino con una fisura que inhibe que resuene bien). \sea to make an angry clucking or cackling sound (a chicken) \ssa cacarear como de enojada (la gallina) \pna Ne:nkah, ma:ka tihkowas! Chaktlatowa, ye tlapacho:s. \pea That one there (in this case a hen), don't buy it! It makes an angry clucking sound, it's going lay its eggs (and for this reason is thin and irritable). \psa Aquella de allá (en este caso una gallina), ¡no la vayas a comprar. Está cacareando como de enojada, ya va a empollar (y por esta razón está delgada y de mal humor). \sem sound-material \syno cháltlatówa \xrb chak \xrb hto \dis chaktlatowa; chaltlatowa \nse One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. One entry has chaltlatowa for a word with the same meaning. It is not clear whether chaktlatowa and chaltlatowa are two alternative pronunciations of the same word, whether one of the two has been erroneously written down, or whether they are two distinct words. \qry Determine (and correct translation if necessary) the meaning of /tlapachowa/, i.e., whether to lay, or to incubate. \pqry !! Check the /k/: it appears quite aspirated in some of the speech tokens of Cristino Flores. \mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. \grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. \ref 02990 \lxa chalalatli \lxac chalalatli \lxo chalálatlí \lxoc chalálatlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standl., tree of the Anacardiaceae family, apparently the cuachalalate in Spanish \ss Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standl., árbol de la familia Anacardiaceae, aparentemente llamado cuachalalate en español \seao fruit of the above tree \ssao fruta del árbol susodicho \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva chalalakuwtli \equivo chalálakóhtli \xrb chalalah \nct kohtli \ref 06018 \lxa chala:ni \lxac chala:ni \lxo chala:ni \lxoc chala:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to make or have a hollow sound (a piece of pottery that is fissured or cracked) \ss sonar hueco (una cerámica que está rota o resquebrajada) \pna Xtsili:ni kwahli. Chala:ni, ne:si ke:n tlapa:nki. \pea It doesn't have a good ring to it. It has a hollow ring (in this case a bowl), it appears to be cracked. \psa No suena bien. Suena hueco (en este caso un plato hondo de cerámica), parece como que está resquebrajado. \pna Chala:ni kampa:nah pa:mpa tsaya:nki. \pea The bell makes a hollow ringing sound because it is cracked. \psa La campana hace un sonido hueco porque está partida. \sem sound \xrb chala: \xvkao chachalka; chachalaka \qry Check diference in singificance between /chachalka/ and /chachalaka/ on the one hand, and /chala:ni/ on the other; also /chaktlatowa/. \ref 03640 \lxa chalto:n \lxac chalto:n \lxo chalto:n \lxoc chalto:n \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \syno chala \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 14, p. 221 \se bird known in Spanish as chachalaca, probably Ortalis poliocephala, or a closely related species \ss ave conocida como chachalaca, probablemente Ortalis poliocephala, o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \equivo chala \xrb chal \cpl Some informants identified this as chachalaca in Spanish, as do Ramírez and Dakin (1979). The species identification is from Leopold (1959). \qry Recheck length of /o:/; cf. to /miston/ or /misto:n/. \ref 01737 \lxa chaltlatowa \lxac chaltlatowa \lxo cháltlatówa \lxoc cháltlatówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to emit or have a hollow sound (particularly when struck, such as a ceramic pot or plate that is fissured or broken, but not completely through) \ss sonar hueco (generalmente al golpearse, como una vasija o un plato de cerámica roto) \pna Chaltlatowa mopla:toh; sio:tonki. \pea Your plate makes a hollow ringing sound; it is fissured. \psa Tu plato hace un sonido hueco; está roto. \sem sound-material \syna chaktlatowa \xrb chala: \xrb hto \encyctmp page on sounds; in general pages on all semantic fields \nse Apparently chaltlatowa is the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec chaktlatowa, which has not been documented in Oapan. \qry Check correctness of this term. \mod Add entry under /komo:nilia:/ for: One person described the sound signified by chaktlatowa as nokomo:nilia 'it makes a beating sound,' in reference to the sound the hen makes. Note also the meaning of /tlapachowa/, apparently this means to lay and then incubate, it refers to laying. Check correctness of /chaltlatowa/. \grm Note /chaktlatowa/ and how /tlatowa/ acts as an intransitive, check how many transitive verbs take a modifier before the fused /tla-/. \ref 01946 \lxa cha:mol \lxac i:cha:mol \lxo cha:mol \lxocpend i:cha:mol \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo gills (of a fish) \sso agalla; branquia (de los peces) \cfa te:ncha:mol \xrb cha:mol \nde Neither the word cha:mohli nor the root cha:mol has been documented in other dialects. \vl There is no recording for this entry. \ref 06973 \lxa cha:molin \lxac cha:molin \lxo cha:molin \lxocpend cha:molin \lxt cha:molin \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik and cha:molin de kokostik \ssao nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik y cha:molin de kokostik \se tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches \ss arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \equiva cha:molinkuwtli \equivao cha:molkohtli \xrb cha:mol \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosae and genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón, or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \ref 07322 \lxa cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik \lxac cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik \lxo cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxoa cha:molinkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxocpend cha:molkohtli yun chi:chi:ltik \lxt cha:molin de un chi:chi:ltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao type of cha:molin with red flowers that grows wild \ssao tipo de cha:molin con flores rojas que crece en los cerros \xrb cha:mol \xrb chi:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosae and genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón, or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. The red variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as tepe:k and in San Juan near the village at the edge of the river. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07411 \lxa cha:molin de kokostik \lxac cha:molin de kokostik \lxo ---- \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt cha:molin de un kostik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-comp \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao type of cha:molin with yellow flowers that planted in villages such as San Juan Tetelcingo and Ameyaltepec (but not in Oapan) \ssao tipo de cha:molin con flores amarrilas que se encuentra en algunos pueblos como San Juan Tetelcingo y Ameyaltepec (pero no en Oapan) \xrb cha:mol \xrb chi:l \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosae and genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón, or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. The red variety grows in the hills, but not in the area of Oapan. It is found in Ameyaltepec at the place known as tepe:k and in San Juan near the village at the edge of the river. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 07410 \lxa cha:molkuwtli \lxaa cha:molinkuwtli \lxac cha:molkuwtli \lxo cha:molkohtli \lxoa cha:molin kohtli \lxocpend cha:molkohtli \lxt cha:molin \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seao generic name for a type of small tree that includes two types: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik and cha:molin de kokostik \ssao nombre genérico para un tipo de arbusto que incluye dos tipos: cha:molin de chi:chi:ltik y cha:molin de kokostik \se tree or bush with small red flowers that grow in bunches \ss arbusto que tiene florecitas rojas que crecen en ramicitas \equivao cha:molin \xrb cha:mol \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as chamol in Spanish, of the family Leguminosae and genus/species Caesalpina pulcherrima. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:111) have a tree named in Spanish chamol, camaroncillo, pericón, or surungana. They identify this as of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as chamol. \nfc xo:chitl \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check to see if considered a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \ref 07788 \lxa champoltsi:n \lxac champoltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 14/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea bobcat, Lynx rufus \ssa gato montés; lince, Lynx rufus \sem animal \sem mammal \equiva tla:lakato:chin \cfa kuwmisto:n \nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified a lynx as the tla:lakato:chin (or champoltsi:n, an identical term). The identification as Lynx rufus is based on Leopold (1959). \xrb tla:l \xrb aka \xrb to:ch \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 07855 \lxa cha:n \lxac i:cha:n \lxo cha:n \lxoc i:cha:n \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der Rel-poss-sim \infn N2 \se place of permanent residence; village; place of origin (of a person) \ss lugar de residencia permanente; pueblo; lugar de origin (de una persona) \pna Nika:n tocha:n. \pea This is our village (where we live). \psa Esta es donde vivimos (nuestro pueblo). \pna Ka:non mocha:n? \pea Where are you from? \psa ¿De dónde eres? \se house; home \ss casa \pna O:yah te:cha:n \pea He went to someone's house. \psa Fue de visita (a la casa de algn). \pna Niá:s te:chacha:n \pea I will go around to several people's houses. \psa Voy a pasar por las casas de mucha gente. \se place customarily found (an animal or plant) \ss lugar donde se encuentra (un animal o planta) \pna Xnika:n icha:n. Nemi ipan tepe:tl. \pea It isn't found here (in this case a particular animal). It lives in the hills. \psa No se encuentra aquí (en este caso un animal en particular). Vive en los cerros. \xrb cha:n \nse In comparing the phrase Ka:non mocha:n? 'Where are you from?' or 'Where is your house located?' to Ka:non ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?' (referring to the act of living in a pueblo or house, i.e., 'Where do you make your home?'), the verbal form has less a sense of permanence, the nominal form has more a sense of identity. Note also that te:cha:n as in o:yah te:cha:n is often a response to the question ka:n(on) tiaw? 'Where are you going?' As an answer it is, effectively, a denial of information, something to the effect of 'Somewhere (that is none of your business)!' \ref 03654 \lxa cha:neh \lxac cha:neh \lxo cha:neh \lxoa cha:nih \lxoc cha:neh, cha:nih \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se citizen or inhabitant (with rights and obligations) of a particular village; \ss miembro o habitante (con derechos y obligaciones) de un pueblo en particular \pna Newa xnicha:neh. \pea I'm not an inhabitant (citizen). \psa No soy residente. \pna Pero a:man ye cha:neh, xok yaw. \pea But now he is a resident (e.g., of Ameyaltepec), he doesn't go (to his native village) anymore. \psa Pero ahora es habitante (p. ej., de Ameyaltepec), ya no va (a su pueblo de origen). \pna Sampa o:wa:hlah. Xcha:neh. \pea He just came to where he is (living now), he is not from here (said of a man in Ameyaltepec originally from San Juan but with 20 years living with his Ameyaltepequeña wife in Ameyaltepec). \psa Solo vino nada más, no es nativo. \seao (poss.) wife \ssao (pos.) mujer \pna O:nosiahka:w mocha:neka:w, pa:mpa xteko. \pea Your wife got tired of waiting because you haven't arrived. \psa Tu esposa se cansó de esperar porque no has llegado. \cola a:te:nko cha:neh \xrb cha:n \nse Note that one of the most important aspects of the phrase cha:neh is that its meaning (i.e., level of inclusion) shifts with context. Thus a Oapan resident once referred to those of Xalitla as xcha:neckeh, referring to fact that they are not Nahuatl peasants like the residents of other pueblos in the Balsas area. The implication was that unlike residents of other villages (Ameyaltepec, San Juan Tetelcingo, etc.) those of Xalitla were different, not mejikane:ros. In another instant I heard cha:neh used in the negative to refer to a citizen tekitla:katl of Ameyaltepec only because his great-grandfather had come from another village; the speaker wanted to emphasize the "foreign" origin of this family line, although the great-grandson was clearly a citizen of Ameyaltepec and would in any other context (i.e., one that was not focused on pointing out the outside origin of the line) be referred to as a cha:neh. Note then that cha:neh may be used with various senses, depending upon the contrast that the speaker wishes to establish. At times someone having lived in a village for 40 years may be called xcha:neh, not a native, while at other times someone with but a little time may be stated to be a cha:neh, in an effort to include him o her as part of an in-group. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05390 \lxa cha:neka:w \lxac i:cha:neka:w \lxo chá:neká:w \lxoc i:chá:neká:w \dt 05/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N2 \seao see cha:neh \ssao véase cha:neh \xrb cha:n \nse This word, at least in Ameyaltepec, it used to indicate a spouse, of either partner. \ref 00473 \lxa cha:nikni:wtli \lxac i:cha:nikni:w \lxo cha:ihni:htli \lxoc cha:ihni:htih; nocha:ihni:w \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infv N1/2; Aln \seo (poss.) fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \sso (pos.) paisano (del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \cfa cha:ntla:kah; cha:nsuwa:h \xrb cha:n \xrb kni:w \nse When possessed, this indicates the fellow-citizen of the possessor: nocha:ihni:w 'he is my fellow citizen (villager).' It may occur unpossessed but only in the plural as a reciprocal: cha:ihni:htih 'they are fellow citizens (i.e., from the same village). \grm Oapan phonology: Note the loss of /n/ intervocalically. This may be compared to cases of h > n, as in /chá:nenpíyo/. \grm Reciprocals (of noun): it seems that there are certain nouns involving terms of social relationships that are used in the plural to mean 'of each other.' One case is /ihni:htih/ and another is the present entry /cha:ihni:htih/. \vl There are 3 female tokens of /cha:ihni:htih/; the first is slightly stuttered: tag but don't link. \ref 07083 \lxa cha:nko:kopi \lxaa cha:nko:kopik \lxac cha:nko:kopi \lxo ---- \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-0 \aff Lex. rdp-l \se Proboscidea fragans, a bush, member of the Pedaliaceae family, whose fruit is called toto:roh and which has a purplish flower that blooms in September \ss Proboscidea fragans, un arbusto, miembro de la familia Pedaliaceae, cuya fruta se llama toto:roh y que tiene una flor moradita que se pone en septiembre \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo kwákwa:kohtsi:n \xrb cha:n \xrb kopi: \nae The etymology of cha:nko:kopi is not clear, but it may come from kopi:ni in some sort of apocopated form, particularly given the alternate pronunciation of cha:nko:kopik. Note that in general many verbs that end in -V:ni have a derived form ending in -ktik. This might be the case here. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give chanco:copi, which they identify as the cabeza de toro. Check the identification of this with the okichyo:yotli, which also has a fruit called toto:roh. \nct kohtsi:ntli \mod Connect /toto:roh/ to proper headword entry. \grm Cf. the form /cha:nko:kopik/ and suggest possible derivation from /kopi:ni/. The reason for /cha:n/ is not clear. Note also that in another entry I had a short /a/ for Oapan: /kwakwakohtsi:n/. Recheck. \ref 07591 \lxa cha:nsuwah \lxac i:cha:nsuwah \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se female fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \ss paisana (una mujer del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \pna Nocha:nsowah, nika:n cha:nti. \pea She is my fellow citizen, she lives here. \psa Ella es mi paisana, aquí vive. \cfa cha:ntla:kah \cfo cha:nihni:htli \xrb cha:n \xrb sowa: \nae This is an irregular form in that it is obviously derived from ?cha:nsuwa:tl; however, not only is the possessive form irregular (cf. nosuwa:w 'my wife') but cha:nsuwah is only found in possessed form. The plural is irregular: nocha:nsuwa:meh, i.e., the regular possessed plural marker -wa:n is not used. One also find a hispanized plural: /nocha:nsowa:s. As with cha:ntla:kah forms such as ?nocha:nsuwa:w are not used, since they would have the sense of 'lover.' Note also, and for the same reason (to avoid forms such as nocha:nsuwa:w) that the plural of cha:nsuwah comprises forms such as nocha:nsuwa:meh and nocha:nsuwa:s. \qry Apparently /-cha:nsuwah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? \ref 05459 \lxa cha:nti \lxac cha:nti \lxo cha:nti \lxoc cha:nti \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to reside or live in a given or particular place (a person) \ss (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) habitar o residir en un lugar en particular (una persona) \pna Nika:n nicha:nti. \pea Here is where I live. \psa Aquí es donde vivo. \se (with an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to be found in a particular place (a plant or animal) \ss (con un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) hallarse o encontrarse en un lugar en particular (una planta o animal) \pna Cha:nti ipan tepe:tl. \pea It is found in the hills (e.g., certain plants or animals). \psa Se encuentra en el cerro (p. ej., ciertas plantas o animales). \se (with short vowel reduplication and an adverb or adverbial clause of place) to hang out; to occasionally visit and stay, but not reside \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta y un adverbio o cláusula adverbial de lugar) andar o visitar ocasionalmente, sin quedarse ni residir \pna Umpa chacha:ntin, xmelá: incha:n. \pea They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there). \psa Allá andan (no es su lugar de residencia permanente, esto es, no viven allá sino que van de vez en cuando, por ejemplo pájaros que van a un determinado lugar pero que no establecen sus nidos allá). \xrb cha:n \vl Link first female token \qry Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and "sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/, "They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)." Make sure that this is short and not long vowel reduplication. \grm Note meaning of reduplication which indicates occasionality and "sort of": /Ompa chacha:ntin, xmela:h incha:n/, "They hang out there (i.e., they do not really live there but only go there every once in a while, such as birds who go to a place but do not have their permanent nests there)." Make sure that this is short and not long vowel reduplication. \ref 05298 \lxa cha:ntla:kah \lxac nocha:ntla:kah \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infv N2; Irregular: sg. nocha:ntla:kah, pl. nocha:ntla:kas, nocha:ntla:kawa:n) \se male fellow-citizen (from the same place, or reference point, as the possessor) \ss paisano (un hombre del mismo lugar, o punto de referencia, que el poseedor) \pna Nocha:ntla:kah, no: nika:n icha:n. \pea He is my fellow citizen, his home is also here. \psa El es mi paisano, también es de aquí. \syno cha:ni:hihni:htli \cfa cha:nsowah \xrb cha:n \xrb tla:ka \cfa cha:nsowah \nse Possessed forms such as nocha:ntla:kaw are not used given the sense of possessed tla:katl as 'lover' (e.g., notla:kaw 'my man/boyfriend'). For the same reason the plural possessed form is with the borrowed Spanish morpheme -s: nocha:ntla:kas and not ?nocha:ntla:kawa:n. In Oapan, apparently because of the connotations of tla:kah, the form cha:ntla:kah is not used. Rather one finds cha:nihni:w. \qry Apparently /-cha:nsowah/ is always possessed. Recheck this. Also check the possition of subjects: /nocha:n tisowah/ or /tinocha:nsowah/? FM stated that /i:cha:ntla:kah/ sounds bad, apparently referring to the fact that it is often used to indicate a lover. \ref 02473 \lxa cha:ntlamati \lxac cha:ntlamati \lxo cha:ntlamati \lxoc cha:ntlamati \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-(tla-V2) \der V1-b \infv irregular: see mati \se to feel at home (e.g., where one has moved to, or perhaps one who is living in sb else's house) \ss sentirse en casa; hallarse (p. ej., donde se ha mudado uno, o al estar hospedado en casa ajena) \xrb cha:n \xrb mati \grm /tla-/; noun incorporation: Note that the prefix /tla-/ is again used with a transitive verb taking an incorporated noun. \ref 03178 \lxa cha:ntsi:n \lxac cha:ntsi:n \lxo cha:ntsi:n \lxoc cha:ntsi:n \dt 11/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se female turkey \ss guajolote hembra o pípila \xrb cha:n \vl Select first female token, 2nd (last) male token. \ref 03045 \lxa cha:nwia \lxac kicha:nwia \lxo cha:wia \lxof [cha: 'wi a] \lxoc kicha:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to pay a call on (particularly at a home, in order to make a request or present some information, to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). \ss visitar a; hacer una visita a (particularmente a una casa, para pedir algo o comunicar o informar sobre algo en particular). \pna O:kicha:nwi:ton. \pea They went to pay him a visit (in this case to request a specific item in loan, to request a specific favor, to say sth in particular). \psa Fueron a visitarlo (para pedirle algo o un favor, para informar sobre algo en particular). \xrb cha:n \nae In this as in many other cases, Oapan Nahuatl shows a loss of /n/. It appears here (and other instances will need to be checked) that there might be some compensatory lengthening for the lost nasal segment. Only precise accoustical measurements of vowel length after loss of /n/ will determine this to any degree of certainty. \grm Oapan phonology: note the loss of /n/ n>0. \ref 02463 \lxa cha:nyekwania \lxacpend nocha:nyekwania \lxo cha:nyekwania \lxocpend nocha:nyekwania \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to move (i.e., in moving from one house to another) \ssao (refl.) mudarse (esto es, en cambiar de una casa a otra) \xrb cha:n \xrb ehkwa \nse This verb is usually found in the reflexive, although the transitive form such as ne:xcha:nyekwania (Am) may also be used. \ref 08870 \lxa chapa:ni \lxac chapa:ni \lxo chapa:ni \lxoc chapa:ni \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se (often with wa:l-) to continuously pour or spill out onto the ground (a liquid such as water spurting out of a tube) \ss (a menudo con wa:l-) derramarse o verterse a chorros sobre el suelo (un líquido como agua que sale rápidamente por un tubo) \pna Wa:lchapa:ntok a:tl ipan tla:hli. \pea The water is pouring out onto the ground. \psa El agua se está derramando sobre el suelo. \se to fall and be lying extended on the ground (sth long and loose such as a rope, a scarf, or long piece of cloth); to be hanging down to the ground \ss caerse al suelo y estar extendido sobre ello (algo largo y flojo como un lazo, o un rebozo, tira de tela o pedazo de ropa); colgarse hacia abajo hasta tirarse sobre el suelo \pna Ma:ka! ... pa:mpa deke tiktsono:kili:s, de tikte:kili:s san se: we:i, kwa:kon sila:ntroh pachiwi, chapa:ni ipan tla:hli. \pea Don't do it!... because if you dump water on it, if you pour water on it all at once, then the corriander will get plastered, it will fall flat on the ground. \psa No lo hagas!... porque si le echas un chorro de agua, si le tiras agua todo de una vez, entonces el cilantro se va a apachurrar, se va a quedar tirado sobre el suelo. \pna Chapa:ni morria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. \pea Your lariat falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it is no longer hard and stiff like it should be, but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. \psa Tu reata cae floja a la tierra (esto es, ya no es duro, sino flojo como soga). Ya no sirve para lazar las patas de algún animal. \xrb chapa: \xvkao chachapaka \dis toya:wi; chapa:ni \nse Chapa:ni is used, for example, if part of a blanket has slid down from a bed and is lying on on the ground. However, if the entire blanket is on the ground the word tlakaltok is used. Chapa:ni is also used to refer to objects such as ropes and hoses that are lying on the ground. When used in reference to water, this verb refers to water pouring onto the ground, e.g., from the top of a house during a storm, or from a pipe or tube. It is not used, however, to refer to water that is spilling out onto the ground over the top of a bucket or a perol. In this case the verb toya:wi is used. \mod Cf. illustration on original file card. Also, compare and distinguish /toya:wi/, /tlakali/ and /chapa:ni/. \ref 01635 \lxa chapa:nia \lxac kichapa:nia \lxo chapa:nia \lxoc kichapa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to throw or toss out \ss tirar o echar objetos a la tierra \pna Xkonchapa:ni un tlasohli! \pea Go throw out (toss out) that gargage! \psa ¡Ve a tirar esa basura! \xrb chapa: \xvaao chapa:nilia \qry Obtain a list of objects that can be the patients of /chapa:nia/. \ref 05490 \lxa chapa:nilia \lxac kichapa:nilia \lxo chapa:nilia \lxoc kichapa:nilia \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to throw onto (e.g., thorn bushes onto a fence) \ss echar o tirar sobre (p. ej., espinas sobre una cerca) \seao to sprinkle on; to spread on \ssao rociar sobre; untar sobre \pna O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skeh ipitsa:hka:n. \pea They ground up the nekaxa:ni:hli, vine, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. \psa Molieron la enredadera nekaxa:ni:hli, se le van a rociar por la parte posterior de su cintura. \pna Kichapa:nilian ka:n o:tipostek dya kitekwian ika tlake:ntli para nokwaltla:lia. \pea They spread it (in this case postekpatli) where you have broken a bone and then they wrap it up in cloth so that it gets better. \psa Le untan (en este caso postekpatli) donde tienes un hueso quebrado y lo envuelven en tela para que se componga. \xrb chapa: \xvbao chapa:nia \qry Check for other meanings and uses of this applicative. Check whether it can mean both sprinke and spread or only one of the two. \ref 00266 \lxa chapa:ntok \lxac chapa:ntok \lxo chapa:ntok \lxoc chapa:ntok \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be hanging down onto the ground (particularly sth long that is hanging down with part extended on the ground) \ss estar caído o tirado sobre el suelo (particularmente algo largo que está colgado, con una parte extendida sobre el suelo) \pna Xkakokwi mopilisa:l, chapa:ntok ipan tla:hli! \pea Pick up your blanket, it's hanging down on the ground! \psa ¡Alza tu cobija, está caiído en el suelo! \xrb chapa: \ref 05199 \lxa chapolin \lxac chapolin \lxo chapolin \lxoa chapolih \lxoc chapolih \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se generic name for grasshopper, of which there are almost 20 types \ss nombre genérico de chapulín, de que existen casi 20 tipos \seo specific type of grasshopper, also known as kwahli chapolin \sso tipo específico de chapolin, también conocido como kwahli chapolin \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chapol \encyctmp chapulin \nse There are the following types of chapolin identified by several Oapan consultants: sásajosé:ntsi:n, mali:ntsi:n, to:topo, kwíkwitlaxaterí:toh, kó:skayá:ntsi:n, chowilili, ye:lo:chapolin, tso:tsopa, te:si:s, kwahli chapolin, a:kayo:chin, a:kayo:pestli, te:poyo (which, according to Moises Domínguez, from Oapan, has 3 different types), chochoteya, tlako:me:meka, and tepachichi. I believe there is another type called in Ameyaltepec chiya:wak chapolin. This should be checked in Oapan. \cpl There are the following types of chapulin: te:si:s, ye:lo:chapolin, tlakome:meka, totopo, and chiya:wak chapolin. \ref 01780 \lxa chapoltlatlama \lxac chapoltlatlama \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-1 \sea to catch grasshoppers (grabbing them with ones hands off the maize leaves in September and October and then placing them in a container, often of palm, a pi:tso:tl, as one goes through the cornfields) \ssa juntar chapulines (agarrándolos con las manos de las hojas de maíz en septiembre y octubre, y después metiéndolos en un recipiente, a menudo de palma, pi:tso:tl) \pna O:chapoltlatlama:to. \pea He went to catch grasshoppers. \psa Fue a juntar chapulines. \equivo cháchapólma \cfa tlama \encyctmp hunting \xrb chapol \xrb ma \nae For a fuller discussion of the morphology of Ameyaltepec chapoltlatlama, see cháchapólma. \qry Determine whether /tlama/ is a transitive normally. Recheck verb class; it appears to inflect like /kwa/. Check to see if nonnreduplicated form can also be used; check for /ma:satlama/. \mod Add encyclopedic entry for tlama and types of hunting. \grm Incorporation; /tla-/; valency; transitivity: The reduplicated form, which appears to be the only possible, is probably the result of the type of action (repetitive) involved. Cf. entry under /tlama:/. Interestingly this verb seems to exist only with the detransitivizing /tla-/. What this means is that the incorporation of the objects hunted occurs as a modifying (Type I) incorporation: one can have both /tlatlama/ and /michtlatlama/ etc. RS gives under /ma/ the following: nitla- cazar; frec. nitlatlama, pescar, cazar con redes; tlatlama, el que pesca, pescador. Note, then, that the reduplication might reflect the way in which hunting is effected. Cf. /michtlatlamake:tl/ and elicit whether there is a word for deerhunter. \ref 07768 \lxa chapoltlatlamake:tl \lxac chapoltlatlamake:tl \lxo ---- \dt 29/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \sea person who gathers grasshoppers \ssa persona que caza chapulines \syno cháchapólmaké:tl \xrb chapol \xrb ma \ref 08170 \lxa cha:wi:lo \lxac cha:wi:lo \lxo cha:wi:lo \lxoc cha:wi:lo \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(oni) \se to become blighted (certain plants such as maize, wheat, watermelon, squash, etc.) \ss tener chahuistle, un tipo de enfermedad (ciertas plantas como el maíz, trigo, sandía, calabaza, etc.) \pna O:cha:wi:lo:k mi:hli, pe:wa tsi:ntlasolwa:ki. \pea The milpa got blighted, the bottom of the plant has begun to dry up. \psa La milpa agarró chahuistle, la raíz se empezó a secar. \xrb cha:wi \nse Most people attribute the state signified by cha:wi:lo to an overabundance of rain water. However, a few consultants have stated that it may be due to a lack of water. Other plants such as watermelon and squash may also become affected by the state known as cha:wi:lo. \qry Check how exactly the plants are affected, and whether with watermelon and squash it is the leaves, not root, that is affected. Determine all plants that can be so affected; also check for existence of /cha:wistli/ or similar form. \grm Passive: Note that this is a passive verb. FK has /cha:huistli/ from Zacapoaxtla and the definitio 'plaga, enfermedad (de plantas)' In a quick review I did not find it in Classical. The verbal form has also not been documented for other dialects. \ref 04508 \lxa chaya:wa \lxac kichaya:wa \lxo choya:wa \lxoc kichoya:wa \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to disperse or distribute (things among people) \ss distribuir (cosas entre gente) \pna Nikchaya:was, nikte:ma:makas. Te:pan chaya:wis. \pea I'm going to disperse it, I'm going to give it out to people bit by bit. It will get distributed among people. \psa Lo voy a distribuir, se lo voy a dar a la gente parte por parte. Será distribuido entre la gente. \pna Xikchaya:wa! Xikte:ma:maka! \pea Distribute it! Give it out to people (e.g., in portions given separately perhaps bread given to friends and relatives, house by house)! \psa ¡Distribúyelo! ¡Dáselo a la gente (p. ej., en porciones dadas separadamente, como pan distribuido a amigos y parientes, casa por casa). \pna Nikchaya:was notlayo:l. \pea I will distribute my maize (giving a little to various people). \psa Voy a distribuir mi maíz (dando un poquito a varias personas). \se to dissipate (smoke or other similar substances) \ss disipar; hacer desvanecer (humo u otras substancias parecidas) \pna Yo:kichaya:w yeyekatl un po:ktli. \pea The wind dissipated the smoke. \psa El viento dispersó ese humo. \se to scatter or spread out (items on the ground) \ss extender o desparramar (cosas que están sobre el suelo) \se (wa:lchaya:wa (Am) / wa:hchaya:wa (Oa) to scatter or spill from a height to the ground (objects, not liquids, that are spilled without any particular order) \ss (wa:lchaya:wa (Am) / wa:hchaya:wa (Oa) regar o tirar de arriba hacia el suelo (objetos materiales, no líquidos, que están tirados sin ningún orden) \pna O:pe:w notsi:nketsa, o:pe:w tlauwelowa. Kwa:lchachaya:wtiw notlikow. \pea It's started to buck (e.g., a mule), it's started to make things come apart (in this case a load of firewood tied onto the animal). It's coming along scattering my firewood onto the ground. \psa Ya empezó a encabritar, ya empezó a deshacer las cosas (en este caso la atadura o la carga de leña). Viene regando mi leña al suelo. \xrb chaya: \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz (Am) chaya:wa differs from tepe:wa in that the former, besides referring to the distribution of things in several places and among various individuals, is used to refer to something that is piled on the ground, e.g. seeds piled up, and then knocked over and spread. However, tepe:wi is used to refer to refer to scattering with more of a purpose, e.g., someone taking seeds in their hand and scattering them on the ground. \mod In /ono distinguish: /chaya:wa/, /toya:wa/, /moya:wa/, /tepe:wia/, /chapa:nia/ and other similar words \ref 04276 \lxa chaya:wi \lxac chaya:wi \lxo choya:wi \lxoc choya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to get distributed; to be lent out (among people) \ss distribuirse (entre gente); prestarse (a varias personas) \pna Te:pan ma chaya:wi! Nikte:ma:makas. \pea It should be distributed among people! I'll give it out to people (bit by bit, in portions). \psa ¡Qué se distribuya entre la gente! Voy a darle a la gente (poco a poco, en porciones). \pna Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. \pea I have maize but it is distributed (with portions in several people's houses). \psa Tengo maíz pero está esparcido (algunas porciones en las casas de varias personas). \pna Cachaya:wtok notomi:n; miahka:n o:nikte:ma:ma:k. \pea My money is spread out all over; I lent it out to a lot of people (each separately, in a diferent place). \psa Mi dinero está regada; se lo presté a gente en muchos lados (a cada uno aparte, en un lugar distinto). \se to get scattered or dispersed (clouds in the sky; objects such as seed stacked in heaps) \ss desparramarse; esparcirse; disiparse (nubes en el cielo; objetos amontonados, p. ej. semillas) \pna Tila:wtoya moxtli, a:man o:chaya:w. \pea The sky was thick with clouds, now they have scattered. \psa El cielo estaba cubierta con una gruesa capa de nubes, ahora ya se dispersaron. \se to spread out (sth that was piled up); to dissipate (sth that had been concentrated in a particular place) \ss esparcirse; desparramarse (algo que estaba amontonado); disipar (algo que se concentraba en algún lugar) \pna Xok tili:ntok moma. O:chaya:w ika tili:ntoya. \pea Your arm is no longer swollen. That which caused the swelling has dissipated. \psa Tu brazo ya no está hinchado. Se disipó lo que causaba la inflamación. \xrb chaya: \nse There are two general senses of words such as chachaya:wtok. The first refers to something, such as grain, that has been piled up and then knocked and spread out. The second refers to objects that have been dispersed or lent out among many people in different places. \ref 04066 \lxa chaya:wtok \lxac chaya:wtok \lxo choya:htok \lxoc choya:htok \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be spread out (on a surface) \ss estar regado o esparcido (sobre una superficie) \pna San chaya:wtok. Xtete:ma kwahli un a:matsitsi:nteh! \pea The (in this case little pieces of paper on a table top) are all scattered about. Place them in a neat pile! \psa Están todos regados (en este caso pedacitos de papel sobre una mesa). ¡Ponlos bien uno sobre otro! \se to be distributed or stored in various places (e.g., such as money lent out, or maize stored in various graneries) \ss estar repartido o guardado entre varios locales (p. ej., como dinero prestado a varios individuos, o maíz guardado en varias trojes) \pna Nikpia tlayo:hli pero chachaya:wtok. \pea I have maize but it is lent out to many people. \psa Tengo maíz, pero está repartido en muchos lugares. \xrb chaya: \ref 03220 \lxa che:che:tl \lxac che:che:tl \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-l \der N-b \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 67, 69, pp. 748, 750 \sea type of Orange Oriole, probably the Streak-backed Oriole, Icterus pustulatus or a closely related species; it makes a hanging nest \ssa tipo de "Orange Oriole," proablemente el "Streak-backed Oriole," Icterus pustulatus o una especie cercana; construye un nido colgante \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ichkakukwintsi:n \equivo chiá:chiá:tl \xrb che: \cpl Schoenhals (1988:391) gives several birds with the word cheje, all of which seem to refer to types of woodpeckers. She also give chej-chej, Cyanocitta stelleri or Steller's jay, cross-referenced with the azulejo ocotero, another name for Steller's jay: "Common, 5-13,000 in the pines of the mountains. Usually solitary. A rich blue in color. Has a high blacksih crest and a very loud call. Also called arrendajo, azulejo, copetón, cuauhgallito, cháchara, cháchara copetona, chara ocotera, chej-chej, cheje, gallito [in Michoacán], querre-querre" (p. 366). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'sinsontli.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 06062 \lxa che:ncheh \lxaa xmoche:ncheh \lxac che:ncheh \lxo che:ncheh \lxoa xmoche:ncheh \lxoc che:ncheh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan siéntate \psm Baby \der V2-loan \se sit down! \ss ¡siéntate! \pna Nika:n che:ncheh! \pea Sit down here (as used in talking to babies)! \psa ¡Siéntate aquí (empleado solamente al hablar con bebés)! \pna Xmoche:ncheh! \pea Sit down (baby-talk)! \psa ¡Siéntate (palabra de niños)! \sem baby \syno tla:lintsi:n \nae Che:ncheh is used in speaking to very young children. It may be used not only in the form listed as the headword but also as moche:ncheh, and xmochencheh. This word is a borrowing from Spanish 'siéntate' with palatalization, as is common in babytalk. \ref 01995 \lxa chia \lxac kichia \lxo chia \lxoc kichia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(chia) \irregv In Oapan chia is a class-4; in Ameyaltepec it is class 3c(long). \se to wait for \ss esperar \pna Ma tikinchiaka:n. \pea Let's wait for them! \psa ¡Vamos a esperarlos! \pna Xne:xchia. \pea Wait for me! \psa ¡Espérame! \pna San timitschichi:xtiw. Xtla:tlaksa! Ke:n tiyo:li:k! \pea I just go along constantly having to stop and wait for you (i.e., to catch up). Get a move on! Oh how slow you are! \psa Solamente voy yendo, parándome a esperarte constantement (esto es, para que me alcanzes). ¡Apúrate!, ¡Qué lento eres! \xrb chiya \xv1ao tlachia \xvcao chialtia \nae Occasionally in Ameyaltepec in the plural imperative the sequence /ia/ is fronted almost to /e/ (with a slight glide) as in ma tikcheka:n. Note that in Ameyaltepec this is a class 3 verb, with loss of final vowel and underlying {y} surfacing as final /x/ (and with vowel lengthening): o:kichi:x 'he waited for him.' In Oapan this verb is a class 4 verb, with the aggregation of /k/ in the perfective: o:kichiak. This also applies to other forms such as the progressives: Ameyaltepec kichi:xtok and Oapan kichiatok. Roberto Mauricio (Oa) accepted o:kichi:x as an alternate form, though he said it was rarely used. Finally, note that in other derivatives of this verb in Oapan the Ameyaltepec pattern is followed: o:tlachi:x 'he came to,' is used both in Ameyaltepec and in Oapan. \qry In this verb, in all forms, including noun and other derivates, the /i:/ is definitely long ansd should be recorded as such in all cases: /okichi:x/, /kichi:xtok/, etc. In this manner it differs from the /i/ in pia, i.e., kipixtok, which is definitely short. \ref 04190 \lxa chialtia \lxac kichialtia \lxo chialtia \lxoc kichialtia \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to save for \ss guardar para \src DT1:106 \pna Ne:chsentla:lilia: un a:tl, wan ne:xchialtia a:sta ma nasi. \pea He accumulates the water there for me and saves it until I arrive. \psa Me junta el agua allá y me la guarda hasta que llegue. \cfa a:chialtia \xrb chiya \xvbao chia \qry Check meaning to make sure meaning is not 'to make someone wait for something'. \ref 04392 \lxa chiantik \lxac chiantik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se beige spotted with black \ss beige salpicado de negro \xrb \ref 08183 \lxa chia:wa \lxac kichia:wa \lxo chia:wa \lxoc kichia:wa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to make greasy (e.g., a utensil, drinking water by contaminating it, etc.); to grease (e.g., a pot or cooking utensil) \ssao hacer grasoso (p. ej., un utensilio, agua potable al contaminarla, etc.); engrasar (p. ej., una olla o sartén) \pna Yo:kichia:w iko:n \pea He has made his pot greasy (e.g., by cooking something greasy in it). \psa Ha dejado grasosa su olla (p. ej., al cocinar en ella algo grasoso). \pna O:tchia:w ma:w. O:tpolaktih moma, xka:wa, chia:wak katka. \pea You made your water get greasy. You stuck your hand in it and, you know what! it was greasy. \psa Hiciste que tu agua quedara grasosa. Le metiste la mano y, ¡sabes!, estaba grasosa. \pna O:tine:xchiya:wilih tli:n o:timistlane:wtih. Xka:wa, niktlasotlaya, xnikchia:wa:ya. \pea You got what I lent you greasy. Indeed, I really took loving care of it (I valued it), I didn't get it greasy (the time I had it). \psa Cubriste de grasa lo que te presté. De veras, lo cuidaba mucho, no lo dejaba engrasar. \xrb chiya: \xvaao chia:wilia \nae Note the pronunciation for Oapan Nahuatl of kichiya:wa in which the first /i/ of the verb stem is virtually unnoticeable, kichya:wa. \qry Check to see if use of intensifier /te-/ is acceptable. Also check form for 'to grease,' as in a pot to prevent sticking. Applicative used? \ref 00596 \lxa chia:wak \lxac chia:wak \lxo chia:wak \lxoc chia:wak \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \infa k-to-keh \se to be fatty (meat) \ss ser grasosa (carne) \se to be greasy or oily (an object, utensil, etc., particularly those used for cooking) \ss estar lleno o cubierto de grasa o aciete (un objeto o utensilio, particularmente los que se utilizan para cocinar) \se to have a lot of lard (a food, such as a bowl of beans) \ss tener mucha manteca (un guisado como un caldo de frijoles) \xrb chiya: \grm Note plural of /chiya:wak/ as either chiya:hkeh or chichiya:hkeh. Make sure with /toma:wak/ the plural. Def. /totoma:hkeh/ is correct. Check /toma:hkeh/ and /tomawa:keh/; cf. /chiya:wakeh/. One file card has noted on it that /chiya:wak/ is used for 2, 3, 4, or a relatively few subjects, whereas /chichiya:hkeh/ is used for many subjects. \ref 04850 \lxa chia:wak chapolin \lxac chia:wak chapolin \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of grasshopper as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de chapolín hasta ahora no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equivo chiachia:wa \encyctmp chapolin \xrb chiya: \xrb chapol \qry I originally had this as /chaya:wak chapolin/ but changed it on the basis of the Oapan evidence. Correct if necessary and if there is a change, make sure to change teh xref under Oapan /chiachia:wa/. \ref 05488 \lxa chia:wi \lxac chia:wi \lxo chia:wi \lxoc chia:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become greasy \ss engrasarse; quedar grasoso \pna Newa xnikneki ma chia:wi nopla:toh \pea I don't want my plate to get greasy. \psa No quiere que se ponga grasoso mi plato. \pno Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan tlachia:wi. \peo When it is the time of the fiesta, many many people give offerings, a lot of candles are burning. Sometimes one falls, it melts on the ground, the ground becomes all greasy. \pso Cuando pasa la fiesta mucha gente hace ofrendas, muchas velas se encienden. A veces una se cae. Se derrite en la tierra, la tierra se pone todo grasosa. \se to fatten up (an animal that will eaten) \ss engordarse (un animal que se va a comer) \xrb chiya: \grm Use of /tla-/ with intransitives and statives. Note the following two phrase: /San tlachiya:wtok, o:toya:w mante:kah. 'It's a greasy place (in this case a spot on the ground), lard spilled there.' And, from the above (Oapan): /Ikwá:k nopanowa fie:stah, to:hla:n nowenti:lo, miék kante:lah tlikwi. Kamantika se: wetsi. Pa:ti tla:ltipan, tla:ltipan tlachiya:wi/. \vl Note that the first four tokens are /tiawih/ (the /tia/ is palatalized to /chia/ and there is a final aspiration). This means 'let's go' and should be given reference number 7657. Of the second set of 4 tokens /chiya:wi/, link the 2nd female token and the 1st male token. \ref 03918 \lxa chia:wilia \lxac kichia:wilia \lxo chia:wilia \lxoc kichia:wilia \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to put grease on (e.g., a certain spot [SO] of a material object [PO]) \ss echarle grasa a (p. ej., una cierta parte [SO] de un objeto material [PO]) \xrb chiya: \xvba chia:wa \xvbo chia:wa \nae The Oapan vowel in the first syllable of the stem is much further back, and lower, than the Ameyaltepec vowel. Perhaps it should be written as /i/ anyway. But for now phonetic considerations have led to writing this as indicated. \qry Determine if correct: Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. \grm Applicative: Note how the use of an applicative may at times signify affecting part of a larger object. The part is the Secondary Object and the whole is the Primary Object. Thus cf. /nikchiya:was noko:n/ 'I will grease my pot' to /nikchiya:wili:s noko:n/ 'I will grease (a part of) my pot.' At least this is the impression I have of the difference in meaning. It should be carefull checked. \vl Vowel quality of first vowel in Oapan. \ref 02335 \lxa chia:wistli \lxac chia:wistli \lxo chia:wistli \lxoc chia:wistli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1/2; Intrin \se fat or lard (of an animal) \ss grasa o manteca (de un animal) \pna Mlá:k kipia chia:wistli, yo:toma:w. \pea It's really got a lot of fat on it (an animal), it's already fattened up. \psa Tiene muchísima grasa, ya engordó. \pna ... ichia:wisio pió \pea ... chicken fat \psa ... grasa de gallina \xrb chiya: \qry Check to make certain poss. cannot be simply of /chiya:wis/. Recheck vowel length in measuring environment. It is difficult to hear here. \qry Check with a phonetician for glide presence. It might be that there is not, phonetically a glide. Nevertheless, it might be good to keep with /y/ in the orthography for standardization and to keep the CVCV pattern constant across lexemes. \ref 03346 \lxa chi:boh \lxac chi:boh \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan chivo \psm N \der N-loan \sea loan found only in a collocation with itakatl or compounded with the stem of yetl \ssa préstamo utilizado solamente en colocación con itakatl o compuesto con la raíz de yetl \cola itakatl \cfa yechi:boh \cfo ítakachí:boh; ítakátl \ref 02198 \lxa chichi \lxac chichi \lxo chichi \lxoc chichi \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao dog \ssao perro \seao (we:i ~) big shot; top dog; número uno (pl. tiuwe:i chichimeh or tiuwe:imeh chichimeh (Am)) \ssao (we:i ~) el mero-mero; (irónico) el más importante (una persona); el número uno (pl. tiuwe:i chichimeh o tiuwe:imeh chichimeh ((Am)) \pna Tiwe:i chichi yes. \pea You're going to be a big shot. \psa Vas a ser el número uno. \pno Milá:k tila:wak motlaxkal, san ke:n chichi tlaxkalwiya! \peo Your tortillas are really thick, just like a dog might make tortillas (i.e., since dogs can eat thick tortillas)! \pso Tus tortillas son muy gruesas, como un perro las echaría. \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chichi itskwintli \nse In Ameyaltepec, at least, chichi cannot be possessed; for possession, the suppletive form itskwintli is employed. Note that in other central Guerrero villages, such as Acatlán, forms such as mochichi do occur. Note finally, that the proper name of a dog may be possessed. I often heard Katli mowa:pan? 'Where is your (dog named) Oapan?' \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \rt Notice the possibility that chichi might be a repetitive construction of the stem -(i)tskwin. \grm Plural; NP: Note that according to Cristino Flores the plural of /we:i chichi/ is /tiuwe:i chichimeh/. It is possible to analyze this as /we:ichichi/ in which both the compounded attributive and the noun are pluralized (the first with reduplication and the second with the nominal ending). \ref 03601 \lxa chichi \lxacpend tomi:nchichi \lxo chichi \lxocpend barríkachichi \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \der \se \seao (in noun compounds) -hog; desirous of (noun) \ssao (en sustantivos compuestos) deseoso de (sustantivo) \pna Titomi:nchichi, tikneki un tomi:n, nochi para tewa. \pea You are a 'money-hog,' you want that money all for yourself. \psa Eres codicioso, quieres ese dinero todo para tí. \xrb chichi \ref 08921 \lxa chi:chi \lxac kichi:chi \lxo chi:chi \lxoc kichi:chi \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a(oni) \se to suckle; to nurse (a young child or animal) \ss amamantar (un niño) \pna Ok chi:chi, xka:wa, ye we:i. \pea He is still nursing, it not what you'd expect, he's already quite old. \psa Todavía amamanta, no es de esperar, ya es grande. \se (with specific object) to suck on (a person or animate being, particularly in extracting corporeal liquid such as milk or blood) \ss (con objeto específico) chupar (a algn, o un ser animado, particularmente para sacar un líquido corporal como la leche o la sangre) \pna Mitschi:chis se: te:chi:chi. \pea A techichi (type of bloodsucker) will suck your blood. \psa Un techichi (tipo de animal hematófago) te va a chupar la sangre. \xrb chi:chi \nse In Oapan this is rarely used as a transitive, and when it is it seems only to refer to a child nursing with its mother. \nae The long stem of this verb apparently ends with a long vowel: chi:chi:s. \ref 05108 \lxa chi:chi \lxac chi:chi \lxo chi:chi \lxoc chi:chi \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to nurse; to suckle \ss mamar \pna Ok chi:chi. \pea He is still nursing. \psa Todavía mama. \pna Chi:chisneki. \pea He wants to nurse (suckle) \psa Quiere mamar. \xrb chi:chi \xvcao chi:chi:tia \vl The first female token is the plural /chi:chih/ (with final /h/). It should be tagged as 5662 but should not be chosen to be linked since we are using the 3rd person singular subject (e.g. /chi:chi/) in all cases. NOTE: the male tokens have very low levels here and probably will have to be recuperated by hand. \ref 05662 \lxa chichi:hkuwtli \lxac chichi:hkuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree still not identified \ss tipo de árbol todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chichi: \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1978) identify chichihkuhtli as "palo amargo." It was sample #192 in the fieldwork session of Sept-Oct. 2001. \nct kohtli \ref 03385 \lxa chichí:k \lxac chichí:k \lxo chichi:k \lxoc chichi:k \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to be bitter \ss ser amargo \sem taste \xrb chichi: \qry Determine things that are classified as /chichí:k/. In my notes I have /kaxtilanmexkahli/. Check for transitive. \ref 05570 \lxa chichi:k to:motli \lxac chichi:k to:motli \lxo ---- \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of prickly pear cactus, to:motli or ó:rganoh \ssa tipo de tuna o cactus, to:motli o ó:rganoh \sem plant \sem cactus \equivo tó:mokóhtli xokó:k \xrb chichi: \xrb to:moh \nse This cactus was not identified during the fieldwork trip of October 2001 by any of the consultants. \nct to:motli \ref 02565 \lxa chichí:k to:motli \lxac chichí:k to:motli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of cactus, to:motli as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de cactus, to:motli, hasta ahora no identificado \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb chichi: \xrb to:moh \nse It is not clear whether this is actually a type of to:motli or whether it simply a descriptive term for certain types of prickly pears (cactus fruit). \nct to:motli \qry None of the consultants during the field botany project of 2001 were familar with this form. \qry Check whether /chichí:k to:mohtli/ is actually a type of cactus. I only have it recorded in one place, under a list of /to:motli/ on the filecard entry for this word. \ref 00246 \lxa chichi:k tlako:tl \lxac chichi:k tlako:tl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of small tree (or perhaps plant) of the family Lamiaceae \ssa tipo de árbol chiquito (o tal vez planta) de la familia Lamiaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chichi: \xrb tlako: \nae The accentual pattern of chichi:k tlako:tl suggests an analysis as two words, as opposed to chichi:hkamotli in which the accentual pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check note: The accent pattern indicates two words, as opposed to chichi:hkamotli where accent pattern and change of /k/ to /h/ suggests a single word analysis. \ref 02007 \lxa chichi:kamotli \lxac chichi:kamotli \lxo chichi:h kámotlí \lxop chichi:h kamotli \lxoc chichi:h kámotlí \lxt chichih: kámotlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of wild sweet potato still not identified \ss tipo de camote silvestre todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem tuber \sem edible (pend) \xrb chichi: \xrb kamoh \encyctmp kamotli \cpl Ramírez (1991) has this as chichikamotli, in Spanish camote amargo. She identifies it as of the family Convolvulaceae. Schoenhals (1988) lists a plant called chichicamole: "(Microsechium spp. e.g., M. helleri) '[family] squash.' Fruit resembles a big squash. Also called amole amargo, camote de cerro, chayotillo, sanacoche." This does not seem to correspond to the Nahuatl chich:kamotli. Under camote, Schoenhals (1988) lists the genus/species identification as Ipomoea batatas as a "sweet potato" also stating, however, that camote is used as a general term for any root of tuber shape. \nct kamotli \qry In my original notes I had /chichihkamotli/, which this appears to be an error. Nevertheless, check this form on the tape for all dialects. \ref 00928 \lxa chichi:ka:tl \lxac chichi:ka:tl \lxo chi:chi:katl \lxoc chi:chi:katl \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln \seao bile \ssao hiel \seao gall bladder \ssao vesícula bilial \sem body \spk hiel \xrb chichi: \nse Although consultants generally translated forms such as i:chichi:kaw (Am) as 'su hiel,' from verbal descriptions it appears that this lexeme can also refer to an organ, the gall bladder. The following animals have i:chi:chi:kaw according to Cristino Flores: michin, pitso, masa:tl, te:jon. \qry Check meaning as "gall bladder." Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. I have an entry on one of the original file cards as /ichichicaw pio/, probably the same lexeme as here. \pqry Check vl for both dialect. \vl Check. \grm Perhaps this is an example of a word with 'incorporation' possessive; RS has /chichicatl/ as "hiel." Cf. entry under /ikniwtli/. Note that a good way to check for incorporated possessives is the diminutive: /nokiwtsi:n/ cf. /noxwitsi:n/ Recheck. \ref 00041 \lxa chichikil \lxac chichikil \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se see techichikil (Am) \ss véase techichikil (Am) \syno té:chikíl \xrb chikil \qry It may well be that there is no form in Am without /te/ (i.e., that only /techichikil/ exists) \ref 05029 \lxa chichikiltik \lxac chichikiltik \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix te-; Lex. rdp-s \sea to be haggard and drawn; to be skin and bones; to be puny (a person or animal, generally from a lack of food and nutrition, though perhaps from not having grown to full size) \ssa estar demacrado; estar raquítico; estar enclenque (una persona o animal, generalmente por falta de comida y nutrición) \sea to be puny; to be tiny (a fruit that is poorly formed and not filled out) \ssa ser chiquita (una fruta muy mal formada y seca) \pna Chichikiltik un xokotl, xe totoma:wi, xe a:te:mi. \pea That plum is puny, it hasn't started to fill out, it hasn't started to ripen. \psa Esa ciruela es chiquita, todavía no se ha llenado, todavía no se madura. \syna techichikiltik \syno téchichikíltik \xrb chikil \nse Although chichikilti is acceptable and the te- element appears to be an intensifier, the form with te- is far more common than without, thus it has been accorded a separate entry. Other than this one entry, all other forms heard in conversation and documented are with the te- element. \qry Check if the form /chichikiltik/, without /te-/ can only be used in reference to fruit. Perhaps this entry should be eliminated and joined to /techichikiltik/. At the same time, all entries with /chichikil.../ should be studied for alternate forms and meanings. \mod Add to this entry, data for /techichikil(tik)/. \ref 02704 \lxa chichikone:tl \lxac chichikone:tl \lxo chichikone:tl \lxoc chichikone:tl \dt 08/Feb/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. chichiko:koneh \seao puppy \ssao cachorro \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chichi \xrb kone: \nse Unlike chichi, chichikone:tl can be possessed. \ref 02923 \lxa chichi:kwati \lxac chichi:kwati \lxo chíchi:kwáti \lxoc chíchi:kwáti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \se see chi:kwati \ss véase chi:kwati \xrb chi:kwa \pqry This word and the spectrogram are good illustrations of p-a and vowel length in reduplicants:stems. \ref 05262 \lxa chi:chi:l \lxac *chi:chi:l \lxo ---- \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea see polá:n chi:chi:l \ssa véase polá:n chi:chi:l \xrb chi:l \ref 04751 \lxa chi:chi:le:watki \lxac chi:chi:le:watki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm \der Adj \se \ss \xrb \grm Innovation: Note discussion of this word as an innovation by C. Flores! \ref 08339 \lxa chi:chi:le:wi \lxac chi:chi:le:wi \lxo chi:chi:le:wi \lxoc chi:chi:le:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. pref. te-: techi:chi:le:wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to redden or become red \ss ponerse rojo \pna Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok. \pea Go take a look at your milpa! It's all turning red, it's already begun to dry up. \psa ¡Ve a ver tu milpa! Está quedándose rojo, ya se está secando. \sem color \equivao chi:chi:liwi \xrb chi:l \nse It is interesting that the color red (and not brown or black) is used to refer to a milpa that is drying up. This may be compared to the use of the term for 'to become black,' tlitli:le:wi, which is used to refer to a healthy "green" milpa, particularly one that might result to use of a good fertilizer. \nae In regard to the variation between chi:chi:le:wi and chi:chi:liwi, many consultants consider them equivalent. However, when questioned about the phrase Xkitati momi:l! Sa: chi:chi:le:wtok, ye wa:ktok Luis Lucena remarked that sa: chi:chi:liwtok would not be correct. \ref 02060 \lxa chi:chi:liwi \lxac chi:chi:liwi \lxo chi:chi:liwi \lxoc chi:chi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l; Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn or become red or reddish (a drunkard's face; a person's skin; a river from clay during the rainy season) \ss ponerse rojo o enrojecerse; quedarse rojizo (la cara de un borracho; la piel de una persona; el agua lodosa de un río durante la temporada de lluvias) \pna Yo:pe:w techi:chi:liwi toba:leh. Ye tlawa:ntok, o:kixo:tlaltih tra:goh. \pea Our friend has started to turn red. He's begun to get drunk, drink has gotten him smashed. \psa Ya empezó a ponerse rojo nuestro amigo. Ya se está emborrachando, se le subió el trago. \pna Yo:pe:w chi:chi:liwi nopio. Ye tlatlakalis. \pea My hen has started to redden (on its head and face). It's about to start laying eggs. \psa Ya empezó a enrojecerse mi gallina (sobre su cabeza y cara). Ya está por poner. \pna Yo:ni:to:nih mokone:tsi:n. Mlá:k, a:sta yo:techi:chi:liw. \pea Your little baby has sweated. Indeed, he's even turned all red (from the sun and heat). \psa Tu bebé ha sudado. Hasta se puso todo rojo (del sol y calor). \pna Yo:chi:chi:liw a:tl. O:moya:w. \pea The water (in a river) has deeply reddened. It (the river) has gotten muddy (from the rising and rushing waters of the rainy season). \psa El agua (de un río) se ha enrojecido mucho. Estaban turbias (las aguas del río). \pna Kwaltsi:n motlikow, a:sta wa:lchi:chi:liwtiw. \pea Your firewood is really nice, it looks really red as it comes along (in reference here to the red wood of the tree called brasil). \psa Tu leña es chula, viene viéndose toda roja (se refiere especialmenteal a la leña del árbol llamado, palo de brasil que es muy rojo). \pna O:tichi:chi:liw ika to:nahli. \pea You've turned red from the sun. \psa Te quemaste por el sol. \sem color \equivao chi:chi:le:wi \xrb chi:l \xv0ao tlachi:chi:liwi \nse Apparently the two forms chi:chi:liwi and chi:chi:le:wi are identical, with the possible exception noted under chi:chi:le:wi. \qry Check for possible differences in use between /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/. \ref 05324 \lxa chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n \lxac chi:chi:lka:kafe:ntsi:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08405 \lxa chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh \lxac chi:chi:lka:moradi:toh \lxo chi:chi:lka:mora:doh \lxoc chi:chi:lka:mora:doh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) morado \com Part-Adj \der Adj-loan \se dark maroonish red \ss marrón obscuro \sem color \xrb chi:l \grm Compounds; incorporation: Note the combination of *chi:chi:lki + moradi:toh. The question for grammar concerns the syntactic nature of this form. What it does suggest is that even in the absence of an unbound adjectival, combinatory forms with use the archaic form. Cf. to yemanka: in combination. One difficulty that needs to be resolved \vl Use second female token. \ref 03610 \lxa chi:chi:lowa \lxac kichi:chi:lowa \lxo chi:chi:lowa \lxoc kichi:chi:lowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \se to color or paint red \ss pintar (un objeto material) de rojo \pna Yo:tikchi:chi:loh mokal. \pea You painted your house red. \psa Pintaste tu casa de rojo. \xrb chi:l \grm Compare this form to those that may have a double /ll/ (e.g. okwihlowa and tla:hlowa) which are intransitive and indicate inchoativeness. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03153 \lxa chi:chi:ltik \lxac chi:chi:ltik \lxo chi:chi:ltik \lxoc chi:chi:ltik \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \seao to be red \ssao ser rojo \xrb chi:l \ref 01270 \lxa chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxac chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxo chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \lxoc chi:chi:ltik tlayo:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se red maize \ss maíz rojo \sem plant \sem cultivated \sem food-maize \encyctmp tlayo:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb o:ya \nse This is a specific color of maize; also known as xo:koyo:lin. For a full list, see tlayo:hli. \vl Link 2nd male token. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 05575 \lxa chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl \lxac chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of flower \ssa tipo de flor \pna Chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl, ki:sa kwa:k yo:kiaw; deke yo:ixwak ipan ma:kwi:hli to:nahli yo:po:n. \pea The flower known as chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl appears after it has rained; if it has already come up, by the fifth day it has bloomed. \psa La flor llamadaas chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl aparece después de la lluvia, sí ya brotó la semilla, florece dentro de cinco días. \sem plant \sem fl(pend) \equivo a:skalxo:chitl \xrb chi:l \xrb xo:chi \nse Although Florencia Marcelino thought that Oapan a:skalxo:chitl was the same as Ameyaltepec chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl, she was not sure. Fieldwork will be necessary to sustain or negate this identification. \nfc xo:chitl \nct xiwtli \qry Florencia Marcelino thought, but was not certain, that the /a:skalxo:chitl/ is the same as the /chi:chi:ltik xo:chitl/. However, th \ref 02445 \lxa chichi:na \lxac kichichi:na \lxo chichi:na \lxoc kichichi:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff rdp-s- \infv class-3a \se to absorb a liquid; to let a liquid filter through (e.g, a wall, such as of fired clay) \ss absorber un líquido; dejar filtrar un líquido (p. ej., a través de una pared, como una de barro cocido) \pna Yo:tlan kichichi:na. \pea It has finished absorbing the water (e.g., a dirt floor, or the wall of a ceramic pot). \psa Ya terminó de absorber el agua (p. ej., un piso de tierra, o la pared de un objeto de barro cocido) \pna Yo:tlan kichichi:na ika ye:nkwik i:n na:ko:n. \pea Given that my water storage jug here is new, it has finished letting water filter through it (refering to the fact that the water leaks out slowly, filtering out through the walls) \psa Dado que mi tinaja es nueva, ya terminó de dejar que el agua se filtrara por ella (refiere al hecho de que el agua se transmina despacio, por las paredes) \cfao a:kwa \xrb chi:na \dis a:kwa; chichi:na \nse Several consultants mentioned that the usual subjects of chichi:na are ceramics or objects made of earth. \qry Check possible subjects. \ref 01849 \lxa chichinaka \lxac chichinaka \lxo chichinaka \lxoc chichinaka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to get itchy; for ones body to burn and itch (particularly from the small prickly hairs, a:watl, and other small particles of certain plants) \ss escocer o tener comezón; arder el cuerpo (particularmente por causa de los aguates y otras partículas de ciertas plantas) \pna Tichichinakas ika toniswate:kas. \pea You will get itchy and uncomfortable from working in the zacateo. \psa Vas a sentir comezón por ir a zacatear. \xrb china \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the unmarked (nonreduplicated) form chichinaka refers to a general itching that one feels all over the body. However, when stripping corn leaves from the stem during the zacateo, the reduplicated form chí:chináka is used, as one only itches here and there, over only parts of the body. \nae The verb chichinaka has the form of frequentative verbs derived from a basic verb ending in -V:ni. However, *china:ni has not been found to exist. Nevertheless; the root chin is found in other verbs and their derivatives, cf. chinowa that all appear to be related to the concept of burning. \grm Note the form /chichinaka/, which would seem to imply *china:ni (which doesn't exist). Thus it seems that the form rdp-s+stem+ka is not always derived from a -V:ni verb. Check Launey on this. \rt Perhaps root should be /china:/; if the verb /china:wi/ exists, then the root here should definitely be changed. \ref 04034 \lxa chichina:ntli \lxac chichina:ntli \lxo chichina:ntli \lxoc chichina:ntli \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo female dog that is nursing its young \sso perra que está amamantando su cría \xrb chichi \xrb na:n \ref 06486 \lxa chichinatsa \lxac kichichinatsa \lxo chichinatsa \lxoc kichichinatsa; kichí:chinatsá \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(ts) \se to cause to itch and burn \ss darle comezón o picazón a; hacer arder la piel a \pna Ne:xchichinatsa mi:hli. \pea Corn plants (i.e., in working in the corn field stripping leaves from the stalks) make my body itch and burn. \psa La milpa (esto es, el zacateo) hace que me arde el cuerpo de comezón. \pno Ne:xchí:chinatsa mi:hli. \peo Maize plants cause me to itch in places (i.e., not all over, just in places). \pso Las plantas de maíz me hacen escocer en lugares (esto es, no por todo el cuerpo, solamente en lugares). \flao chichinaka \xrb china \nse The triplicated Oapan form kichí:chinátsa represents a general morphosyntactic process in Oapan Nahuatl whereby the first syllables of frequentatives (and here chichinatsa can be considered similar to a frequentative) may lengthen and take high pitch to indicate that the action occurs "here and there" over a given space. In this case chichinatsa refers to an itching caused all over the body, whereas chí:chinátsa refers to an itching that is only on isolated portions of the skin. \grm Reduplication Oapan; note that /chichinatsa/ refers to a general itching whereas /chí:chinatsa/ refers to the type of itching caused by the /iswate:kilistli/ in which one feels the itchiness in various separated parts of the body. As FM stated, the form /chí:chinátsa/ is only used in reference to clearing the corn leaves from the stalks during the zacateo. \qry check inflectional paradigm. Check possibility of /te:chichinats/ as adjectival. \vl Note that there are two forms: /kichichinatsa/ and /kichí:chinátsa/. The first sequence of 4 is the first pronunciation (without marked pitch accent) while the second is /kichí:chinátsa/. All should be tagged with 3925, and the final sound file should have four tokens concatenated, F, M, F, M, of the first and then second pronunciation. \ref 03925 \lxa chichinawi \lxac chichinawi \lxo chichinawi \lxoc chichinawi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(w) \se to get seared and blackened from being close to a fire \ss chamuscarse y tiznarse por estar cerca a una flama \pna O:chichinaw un ko:ntli, yenkwik katka. \pea That pot got seared, it used to be new. \psa Se chamuscó esa olla, era nueva. \cfa tlachinawi \cfo tláchináwi \encystmp chinowa \xrb china \nae The unreduplicated form ?chinawi has not been documented in the corpus although it does occur with the indefinite null complement tla-: tlachinawi (Am) and tláchináwi (Oa). However, in this latter form the stem is preceded by an underlying {h}, that surfaces as pitch accent in Oapan tláchináwi. Note also that the intransitive/transitive alternation is between chinawi and chinowa a rather unusual combination. \qry Check to see if one says /o:chinaw notla:l/, /o:tlachinaw ipan nomi:l/, etc. Check to see if /chinawi/ can refer to a campo becoming burned (e.g., as fire spreads to it). \ref 04016 \lxa chichinowa \lxo chichinowa \dt 19/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao see chinowa \ssao véase chinowa \xrb chin \ref 03432 \lxa chichipika \lxac chichipika \lxo chichipika \lxoc chichipika \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to be dripping (e.g., sth left out to dry) \ss estar escurriendo (p. ej., algo dejado a secar) \pna Chichipikatok notlake:n. \pea My clothes are dripping. \psa Se le está escurriendo agua de mi ropa. \xrb chipi: \xvnao chipi:ni \qry Check for /tlachichipika/ and cf. to /tlachipi:ni/. Also check for /chichipitsa/ \ref 04171 \lxa chi:chi:tia \lxac kichi:chi:tia \lxo chi:chi:tia \lxoc kichi:chi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to nurse; to breast-feed \ss dar pecho o leche a (un niño) \xrb chi:chi \xvbao chi:chi \xvaa chi:chi:tilia \vl Check vowel length as this entry did not have it recorded in my original Am notes. \ref 02054 \lxa chichitilia \lxac nochichitilia \lxo chichitilia \lxocpend nochichitilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \seo (refl.) to act or be stubborn \sso (refl.) ser terco \xrb chichi \ref 07878 \lxa chi:chitilia \lxac kichi:chitilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb chi:chi: \ref 08131 \lxa chichitlai:ni \lxac chichitlai:ni \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N(tla-V2-ni) \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea sot; person who goes around drinking a lot (particularly house to house or bar to bar) \ssa teporrocho (particularlmente algn que anda de casa a casa o cantina a cantina) \xrb chichi \xrb i: \nse The meaning of chichitlai:ni derives from the metaphor of someone who like a stray dog, goes house to house, looking for food and, in the case of the human, drink. \grm Again, note the use of a transitive verb with the nonspecific object marker /tla-/, here to form an agentive. \ref 05391 \lxa chichitlayehli \lxac chichitlayehli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea to be mischievous, playful and troublesome like a dog (e.g., always getting into places, unable to stay still) \ssa ser latoso y juguetón como cachorrito (esto es, siempre metiéndose en lugares donde no se debe, muy agitado) \nse In various Ameyaltepec compound words chichi is used metaphorically to refer to someone who is "dog-like" in how he carries out certain activities, i.e., going around to and getting into many places. In Oapan chichi tláyehlí is only possible with chichi as the subject of the verbal predicate: 'mischievous or bothersome dog (e.g., that takes food, that pulls at clothes).' \ref 06014 \lxa chi:chiwahli \lxac chi:chiwahli \lxo chi:chiwahli \lxoc chi:chiwahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln \se teat; breast (typically of a woman, but it can also be said of a man). \ss seno o pecho (típicamente de mujer pero también podría ser de hombre) \se (maka ~) to breast feed \ss (maka ~) dar pecho a \pna Nikmakas chi:chiwahli noi:joh. \pea I'm going to breast feed my young child. \psa Voy a darle pecho a mi hijito. \se udder (of a cow or other animal) \ss ubre (de una vaca u otro animal) \xrb chi:chi \nae The derivational process for this noun is unclear, although obviously the word contains the root chi:chi. The ending wahli is of unclear history and etymology. Moreover, the precise length of the /a/ is also uncertain. To best ascertain its quanity, all words with this nominal stem should be examined. \qry For this and all derivates for /chichiwal/, check vowel length. I originally had it recorded as /chi:chiwahli/ in Ameyaltepec, but evidence from Oapan suggests perhaps /chi:chiwa:hli/. \ref 02687 \lxa chi:chiwalka:wa \lxacpend chi:chiwalka:wa \lxo chi:chiwalka:wa \lxocpend chi:chiwalka:wa \dt 05/Aug/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to stop suckling (a child or animal) \ssao dejar de tomar leche de pecho (un niño o animal pequeño) \xvcao chi:chiwalka:waltia \xrb chi:chi \xrb ka:wa \ref 08736 \lxa chi:chiwalka:waltia \lxacpend kichi:chiwalka:waltia \lxo chi:chiwalka:waltia \lxocpend kichi:chiwalka:wa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to wean (a child or animal) \ssao dejar de dar pecho a (un niño o animal pequeño) \xvbao chi:chiwalka:walka:wa \xrb chi:chi \xrb ka:wa \ref 08737 \lxa chi:chiwalkukuwtik \lxac chi:chiwalkukuwtik \lxo chi:chiwalkókohtík \lxoc chi:chiwalkókohtík \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have an udder that is hard and not pliable \ss tener el ubre duro y no flexible \pna Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh. \pea The cow's udder is rubbery. It is a tough udder, it is a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. \psa La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Es un ubre duro, es un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. \sem body-descript \xrb chi:chi \xrb kow \nae The length of the final vowel of the nominal stem chi:chiwal is difficult to determine. One piece of evidence that suggests a long vowel is the fact that in Oapan Nahuatl the reduplicant of kókohtík does not reduce to a lengthened pitch accented vowel on the nominal stem chi:chiwal. This might well reflect the fact that as a long vowel it does not accept the mora and pitch accent of the reduplicant. However, for now I have kept the vowel short given the fact that acoustically there seems to be a relatively short duration to this vowel. The reason that the reduplicant does not reduce to pitch accent and lengthening on the final /a/ of the nominal stem is, however, not immediately obvious. It may be related to the specific lexical meaning of the reduplicated form. Note that with mápilkókohtiá there is also no reduction on the final short vowel of the incorporated noun. \ref 04607 \lxa chi:chiwalnakayo \lxac ichi:chiwalnakayo \lxo chi:chiwalnakayo \lxoc i:chi:chiwalnakayo \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se flesh near or on the teats or breasts \ss carne del pecho o seno \pna Ba:kah kipia ichi:chiwalnakayo. \pea Cow have flesh on the inside of their udders. \psa La vaca tiene carne a un lado de su ubre. \sem body \xrb chi:chi \xrb naka \qry Check to see if other animals or humans have this. Make sure that /chi:chiwalnakayo:tl/ or /chi:chiwalnakatl/ do not exist. If so, change headword. \vl My original entry had a long /a:/ in /chi:chiwalnakayo/; this should be rechecked. \ref 01562 \lxa chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxac chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxo chi:chiwalpipixtik \lxoc chi:chiwalpipixtik \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have an udder that is rubbery and resistant \ss tener un ubre resistente, como hule \pna Pipixtik ichi:chiwal ba:kah. Chi:chiwalkukuwtik, chi:chiwalpipixtik, xwel ki:sa le:cheh. \pea The cow's udder is rubbery. It has a tough udder, it has a rubbery udder, milk can't come out. \psa La ubre de la vaca es como hule. Tiene el ubre duro, tiene un ubre resistente, no sale la leche. \sem body-descript \xrb chi:chi \xrb pich \ref 00450 \lxa chi:chiwaltekon \lxac i:chi:chiwaltekon \lxo chi:chiwaltekon \lxoc i:chi:chiwaltekon \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seao udder \ssao ubre \xrb chi:chi \xrb tekoma \pqry It seems that the fact that Oapan does not accept reduplication reduction with /chi:chiwahli/ indicates a long final /a:/, as in the nonsense word /kichi:chiwaltétekí/. However, this should be checked with a speech analyzer. \qry Note that I have removed this definition which might well have been a vacilada of Am men: "a breast when full of milk (including that of human females and of several animals)" or "un pecho o seno cuando esté lleno de leche (de una mujer o de varios animales)" \rt See entry under /tekomatl/. The aggregation of /-tekon/ undoubtedly gives the word the sence of 'container'. \ref 05516 \lxa chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \lxac chi:chiwalxakwaliwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb xakwal \ref 08310 \lxa chi:chiwalxakwalowa \lxac kichi:chiwalxakwalowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb xakwal \ref 08309 \lxa chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxac chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxo chi:chiwa:tsi:n \lxoc chi:chiwa:tsi:n \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se type of tree of the family Burseraceae that when cut excretes a milk-like sap \ss tipo de árbol de la familia Burseraceae que al cortarse sale savia parecida a la leche \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chi:chi \nae Although the derivational process of this word is not completely clear, it obviously is related to the root found in chi:chi. \qry Derivational process unclear although obviously contains root /chi:chi/. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the árbol lechero. \nct kohtli \pqry C. Flores def. has long final /a:/. \vl Check length of /a:/ and first /i:/. \ref 02441 \lxa chichi:ya \lxac chichi:ya \lxo chichi:ya \lxoc chichi:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infn -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become bitter; to acquire a bitter taste \ss amargarse; adquirir un sabor amargo \pna Tle:ka xtikoni:tiwetsi? Chichi:xtok. \pea Why don't you just drink it down? It's getting bitter (e.g., a beer left standing). \psa ¿Por qué no lo tomas de una vez? se está poniendo amargo (p. ej., una cerveza que se sirvió y no se tomó luego). \pna O:chichi:yak inakaw, o:topo:n ichichi:kaw. \pea Its meat has become bitter, its gall bladder burst open. \psa Su carne agarró un amargo sabor. se le reventó su vesícula biliar. \xrb chichi: \qry Determine transitive form. Recheck vowel length in /kichichiya/; is final /i/ long? \vl Recheck vowel length in /chichi:ya/. It appears long in Oapan Nahuatl, but a comparison must be made to other /-ia/ final verbs. \ref 02639 \lxa chi:hka:yoh \lxac xtlah kichi:hka:yoh \lxo chi:hka:yoh \lxoc xtlah kichi:hka:yoh \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg(trans.) \se (xtlah kichi:wka:yoh) to be a do-nothing; to be a good-for-nothing; to be a bum \ss (xtlah kichi:wka:yoh) ser vago; ser un no-hacer-nada; ser holgazán \pna Asta ye we:i wa:n xtlah kichi:hka:yoh. Xtlah tekitl kichi:wa, xkipia ino:biah. \pea He's already grown up and he's a good-for-nothing. He doesn't do any work, he doesn't have a girlfriend. \psa Ya es grande y es un holgazán. No hace ningún trabajo, no tiene novia. \se to have nothing happen as a result (e.g., after having it something, nothing happened, i.e., the person hit was not hurt) \ss no tener ningún resultado adverso (p. ej., después de alcanzar a algn con algo, no le pasó nada) \xrb chi:wa \qry Determine plural form for these words. In the future I should make an effort to determine all verbs (I believe there are others that I have recorded) that permit a formation such as /xtlah ki[verb-pret]ka:yoh/. Make sure that it is /kichi:hka:yoh/ and not /kichi:wka:yoh/. Note that originally I had recorded /kichi:wka:yoh/, which I have subsequently changed to /kichi:hka:yoh/. Check to determine which is correct. \grm Note the interesting syntax of /xtlah kichi:wka:yoh/. Discuss in grammar notes on this form. \ref 01540 \lxa chi:hli \lxac chi:hli \lxo chi:hli \lxoc chi:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \se generic name for chile \ss nombre genérico para el chile \se chile sauce \ss salsa de chile \se mischievous (particularly young children) \ss travieso; latoso (particularmente pequeños niños) \pna Tichi:hli. \pea You're mischievous. \psa Eres travieso. \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp chi:hli \xrb chi:l \nct chi:hli \mod Determine names of as many chiles as possible. \grm In my notes I state that the following should be compared: /miák chi:hli/ meaning 'there is a lot of chile' and /miák chi:lteh/ 'there are a lot of 'chilares' (or chile garden plots). If correct this would imply a new use/meaning of the plural, i.e., that the plural of basically mass nouns indicates the plurality of place. Cf. /miak xa:lteh/ and /miak yemeh/, etc. If this is indeed correct, then the entry and senses above should reflect the different meaning of the plura. \ref 05870 \lxa chi:hlo:tia \lxac kichi:hlo:tia \lxo chi:hlo:tia \lxoc kichi:hlo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj \infv class-2a \seao to put chile in; to sprinke chile on (e.g., a food as a spice) \ssao echar o agregar chile a (p. ej., a un guisado para darle sabor) \pna Xne:xchia san a:chitsi:n, ma nikchi:hlo:ti in yetl! Yo:iksik. \pea Wait for me just a moment, let me sprinkle chile on these beans! They've already gotten cooked. \psa ¡Espérame un moment, déjame echarle chile a estos frijoles! Ya se cocieron. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to stain with chile \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) manchar con chile \xrb chi:l \qry Check second definition. Probably the adjectival /chi:hloh/ exists, check and change codes as needed. \ref 00681 \lxa chi:hlowa \lxac chichi:hlowa \lxo chi:hlowa \lxoc chi:hlowa \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj \infv class-4a \se to get stained or dirty with chile \ss mancharse con chile \xrb chi:l \nse According to Florencia Marcelino is something gets completely covered with chile then the unreduplicated form is used, e.g., if it got submerged in chile. The reduplicated chíchí:hlówa is used if chile gets on several (isolated) parts, e.g, of clothes. \qry Check for adjectival /chi:hloh/. \ref 03930 \lxa chika \lxac chika \lxo chikas \lxoa chekas \lxoc chekas, chikas \dt 01/Jul/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \se that's right (I, as speaker, stand corrected) \ss así es de veras (yo, como hablante, lo reconozco aunque pensaba lo contrario) \pna Chika (=tlakachikas) yewa! \pea That's right, it is him (I had forgotten or been mistaken)! \psa ¡Así es, es él (se me había olvidado o me había equivocado)! \pna Chika ke:mah! \pea Yes indeed! \psa ¡De veras que si! \pno O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pa:kásiah! \peo He reminded me that indeed I should have washed the dishes! \pso Me acordó que de veras pues, hubiera lavado los platos! \se (~sa: ~) always indeed; indeed incessantly or all the time (used to indicate an element of surprise or marvel on the part of the speaker that a certain event occurs once and again) \ss (~ sa: ~) de veras en seguida o a cada rato, sin cesar (indica un elemento de sorpresa o maravilla por parte del hablante que un evento ocurra repetidas veces) \pna Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. \pea Your burro is indeed always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. That's no good. \psa En seguida se le cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \pna Sa: chika tine:chihlia timitswi:kilia. Bah! timistlaxtla:wili:s! \pea Really, you don't stop mentioning that I owe you money. Hey! I'm going to pay you! \psa No dejas de mencionar que te debo dinero. ¡Híjole! ¡Te voy a pagar! \synao tlakah; tlakachikas \cfa ka:chika \colao sa: \xrb chika \nse This word is used in the following manner. For example, if one identifies a person as so-and-so and then either remembers or is reminded that it was someone else, one may say chika yewa or the equivalent tlakachikas yewa with a meaning something like, "I stand corrected, it is him," or "Indeed (you're right), it is him." A phrase such as chika ke:mah indicates that the speaker had thought to say no, but then changed his or her mind. The etimology of tlakachikas and chika remains uncertain, perhaps they are related to chika:wi. See further account under tlaka. In the phrase O:ne:chilna:mihtih, chikas teh nitlá:pá:kasiah! the use of chikas is because the responsibility had been forgotten. \qry Get meaning of /san chika/ (Oa) and /sa: chika/ (Am). \vl Link first female token (chekas) and first male token (chikas). \ref 04173 \lxa chika:hka:kuwtli \lxac chika:hka:kuwtli \lxo chika:hka:kohtli \lxoc chika:hka:kohtli \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se to be hard wood \ss ser madera dura \encyctmp In /ono section on /kuhtli/ determine all the woods that are classified as "hard." \xrb chika: \xrb kow \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05316 \lxa chika:hka:miki \lxac chika:hka:miki \lxo chika:hka:miki \lxoc chika:hka:miki \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Part-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to die from old age \ssa morir de viejo \seo to have gotten to a state (an animal that is to be eaten) so that its meat is tough and does not cook rapidly \sso haber llegado a un estado (un animal para comerse) en que la carne se cocina muy despachio \seo to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside \sso llegar a un estado (p. ej., una sandía) en que aunque pequeño se abre sin tener casi nada adentro \xrb chika: \xrb miki \encyctmp Perhaps elicit a list of the stages through which a fruit passes. \qry The precise meaning of the second Oapan definition needs to be clarified: 'to get to a state (e.g., a watermelon) in which even though small there is no fruit inside' \ref 02166 \lxa chika:hka:no:tsa \lxac kichika:hka:no:tsa \lxo chika:hka:no:tsa \lxoc kichika:hka:no:tsa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to talk to in a loud voice (sometimes for being somewhat annoyed) \ss hablar a en una voz alta (y a veces algo molesto) \pna Kichika:hka:no:tsa, ye kwala:ni. \pea He speaks to him in a loud tone of voice, he is getting mad. \psa Le habla algo molesto y en voz muy alta, ya se enoja. \cfao yema:nka:no:tsa \xrb chika: \xrb no:tsa \ref 02078 \lxa chika:hka:tlatowa \lxac chika:hka:tlatowa \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adj-(tla-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to speak in a loud voice \ssa hablar fuerte \xrb chika: \xrb hto \ref 07860 \lxa chi:ka:hloh \lxac chi:ka:hloh \lxo chi:ka:hloh \lxoc chi:ka:hloh \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se place where there is an abundance of chi:ka:lin, a type of xiwtli \ss lugar donde abunda el chi:ka:lin, un tipo de xiwtli \xrb chi:ka:l \ref 03751 \lxa chi:ka:lin \lxac chi:ka:lin \lxo chi:ka:lin \lxoa chi:ka:lih \lxoc chi:ka:lin \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se folk generic name for a group that includes two species: chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio (Am) (Solanum rostratum Dunal.) and chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) (an unidentified plant of the Sonanceae family) \ss nombre genérico foklórico de un grupo que abarca a dos especies: chi:ka:lin de susuwa:tl de kostik i:xo:chio (Am) (Solanum rostratum Dunal.) y chi:ka:lin de tlatla:katl istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) (una planta no identificada de la familia Sonanceae) \pna Xiwtli, cha:nti ipan tepe:tl. \pea It (the chi:ka:lin) is a weed, it grows on the hills. \psa (El chi:ka:lin) es una mala hierba, crece en los cerros. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa a:chi:ka:lin \xrb chi:ka:l \nse In English the Solanum rostratum, common in the west, has several names: Buffalobur is the most common, but it is also known as Kansas thistle, and Mala mujer. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the chikal, of the family Solanaceae. Schoenhals (1988) gives chicalote, whose description is somewhat similar to that of the chi:ka:lin: "(Argemone mexicana) 'Mexican prickly poppy,' 'yellow prickly poppy.' Thistle-like leaves and white or light yellow flowers. A cough remedy. Also called adormidera espoinosa, amapola aamarilla, amapola blanca, amapola mexicana, cardo santo." \nct xiwtli \ref 05856 \lxa chika:wa \lxac kichika:wa \lxo chika:wa \lxoc nochika:wa \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to tighten up (e.g., a muscle or body part in exerting a force) \ss dar fuerza a (p. ej., un músculo al hacer un esfuerzo de trabajo, etc.) \se (refl.) to make a strong physical effort; to steel oneself; to brace oneself; to apply oneself with desire (e.g., to a task) \ss (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo; prepararse físcamente para un esfuerzo; aplicarse con afán (p. ej., a una tarea) \pna Xmochika:wa! Ma nimopilo! \pea Brace yourself! I'm going to pull down hard! \psa ¡Prepárate! ¡Voy a jalar con fuerza! \pna Te:wan nochichika:wtinemi. \pea He (e.g., a prisoner) goes around struggling to break out of the grasp of others. \psa Anda luchando (p. ej., un prisionero) para librarse de la gente que lo está agarrando \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to be stubborn or hold ones ground \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) actuar en una manera obstinada \seo (refl.) to strain (e.g., a woman to give birth, a person or animal in defecating when constipated, etc.) \sso (refl.) hacer un esfuerzo con el cuerpo (p. ej., una mujer para dar a luz, una person o animal constipado para defecar, etc.) \cfao yo:lchika:wa \xrb chika: \xvaa chika:wilia \qry Obtain further examples of use of this verb both in reflexive and with definite object. Particularly check for the correctness of the final two meanings with a reflexive, as opposed to the use of the intransitive to express these concepts. \ref 05741 \lxa chika:wak \lxac chika:wak \lxo chika:wak \lxoc chika:wak \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \pss PM; TM \der Adj-dvb-k \se forcefully; hard \ss fuertemente; duramente \pna Chika:wak xtetelo! \pea Hit it hard! \psa ¡Pégale duro! \pna O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak. \pea The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard. \psa El viento alzó su falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento. \pna Tetekwikatok noyo:hlo, o:nimotla:loh chika:wak. \pea My heart is pounding, I ran real hard. \psa Se me está latiendo fuerte el corazón, corrí rápidamente. \se loudly; at a high volume \ss fuerte o fuertemente; de alto volumen \pna Yo:li:k xtlatsotsona, ma:ka chika:wak! \pea Play it softly, not loudly (e.g. a radio)! \psa ¡Tócalo despacio, no fuerte (p. ej., una radio)! \pna Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik. \pea That hill echoes his voice because he shouted loudly. \psa Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritó en voz muy fuerte. \xrb chika: \qry Check for other meanings of /chika:wak/, i.e., 'hard' as in the consistency of certain woods; or difficult as in a task. \ref 03655 \lxa chika:walistli \lxac chika:walistli \lxo chika:walistli \lxoc chika:walistli \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \seo resistence (to illness); strength (in regard to health) \sso resistencia (en cuanto a las enfermedades); fortaleza (en cuanto a la salud) \pno Nóntlatlanília i:chika:walis. \peo I ask for his strong health (in this case case in leaving an offering in the church). \pso Pido que tenga su fuerza (en este caso al dejar una ofrenda en la iglesia). \xrb chika: \ref 06210 \lxa chika:waltia \lxac kichika:waltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb chika: \qry E.g., ramada/komaxahli; chi:hli, etc. Check. \ref 08074 \lxa chika:wi \lxac chika:wi \lxo chika:wi \lxoc chika:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get strong (a person) \ss ponerse fuerte (una persona) \se to pass the stage of fully ripeness (a fruit) \ss estar poco pasado y no a sazón (una fruta) \pna Ye chika:wtok, xok selik. \pea It is passing the stage of ripeness, it is no longer green. \psa Ya está un poco pasado (una fruta), ya no está verde. \pna Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sá:ndiah, yo:pala:n itik. \pea It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside. \psa Ya está muy madura, ya pasó de sazón, la sandía ya no está firme adentro, ya se pudrió. \se to become a fully mature adult (and either becoming old or, in a different context, pass beyond the customary age for getting married) \ss llegar a ser un adulto pleno (y estar ya viejo o, en otro contexto, estar ya más allá de la edad apropriada para casarse) \pna Ye tikchika:wtiw. \pea You are getting on in years (particularly if, at some 20 to 25 years old, the subject remains unmarried). \psa Ya te estás haciendo viejo (particularmente si tienes 20 a 25 años y sigues todavía sin casarse). \pna Te:lpo:chwe:wentsi:n, yo:chika:w. \pea He is a mature man (beyond the age appropriate for marriage, i.e., over some 25 years of age), he's become a fully mature adult. \psa Es un hombre maduro (más allá de la edad apropriada para casarse, esto es, más de como 25 años de edad), ya es un hombre plenamente maduro. \dis chika:wi; tepitisiw; kohtia; etc. \xrb chika:wa \nse The phrase ye chika:wtok can refer to a fruit, for example corn that has passed the stage of being elote or, in the case of a person, one who is no longer of a "ripe age," particularly in regards to marrying. \ref 05549 \lxa chika:wilia \lxac kichika:wilia \lxo ---- \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-3a(w) \se to insist or encourage to carry out (particularly certain tasks) \ss instistir, estimular, animar o alentar a que haga (algo, como una tarea en particular) \pna Tikchika:wilitok para kichi:was un tekitl. \pea You are encouraging him to do that job. \psa Estás alentándole a que haga ese trabajo. \pna Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa. \pea I insist that you eat. \psa Insisto que comas. \pna Ma:ka xne:xchika:wilito. \pea Don't be insisting (that I do sth)! \psa ¡No me estés insistiendo (que haga algo)! \cfo chi:waltia \xrb chika: \xvba chika:wa \qry Determine precise meaning of /chika:wilia/, whether more of insist or encourage. \grm Complementation; complementary clause: Note: /Timitschika:wilia xtlakwa/ here the phrase /xtlakwa/ is a complementary clause 'I insist that you eat.' Here the imperative functions much like the optative /ma/ in subordinate clauses that do not have a second person subject. This is a general trend. Thus, /nikneki xya/. 'I want you to do.' Or, perhaps, /nikneki tia:s/. To date two major forms of complementation have been found here: the imperative (timitschika:wilia xtekiti) or /para/ (timitschika:wilia para titekitis), etc. \ref 05755 \lxa chiki \lxac kichiki \lxo ---- \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a(k) \se see techiki \ss véase techiki \sem distort-shape \equivo techiki \xrb hchiki \xvaa chikilia \nse Although the form chiki, without the intensifier, is accepted by Ameyaltepec consultants (though not by those from Oapan), all documented uses are of techiki. Note that a good indication of the lexicalization of techiki with the intensifier is the fact that when the verb is reduplicated in Ameyaltepec the intensifier reduplicates, indicating that it is part of the stem. This is not, however, the case in Oapan, which has té:chikí, from underlying {te + reduplicant + chiki}. \qry Determine whether the verb appears mostly with the "intensifier" or how common simple /chiki/ is. Check all words with /chiki/ in Oapan and determine pattern or reduplication/stress. \grm Note the reduplication of /te-/: Xmotetechiki, ke:n titlatla:hloh! Rub youself hard (e.g. with a stone, hard cloth, etc.), you are really covered with dirt! The relates to the problem of with the intensifier what reduplicates. Check /techichiki/ vs. /tetechiki/, and ?/tetekoto:na/ vs. /tekokoto:na/. Check to make sure class 3. \ref 03830 \lxa chikilia \lxac kichikilia \lxo ---- \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-b \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \sea see techikilia \ssa véase techikilia \sem distort-shapeur \xrb hchiki \xvba chiki \qry Perhaps remove this entry; FM denied that this form was acceptable. Recheck in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02807 \lxa chikimolin \lxac chikimolin \lxo chikomolin \lxoc chikomolin \dt 15/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao Leucaena sp. Benth., type of guaje of the Leguminoseae family \ssao Leucaena sp. Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae \pna Chikimolin: tipa:i:s kwa:k tikwalo, wan titla:wa:nis, tikwa:ixiwi:ntis. Despwé:s tikitas a:kin o:mitschi:wilih, tikto:ka:yo:ti:s, tikito:s "ma ya kokolistli" wan mikis a:kin fie:roh o:mitschi:wilih. Ttla:ki ipan febre:roh, nokwa, bwe:noh para wa:xyo:hli, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, komaxahli, tira:nteh. \pea The chiquimolin: when you are ill you drink a medicinal brew made of it, and you feel drunk, your head spins. Afterward you will see who did it to you, you will name that person, you will say: 'Let the sickness be gone!' and the one who did this bad thing to you will die. Its fruit appears in February, it is edible, it is good for the seeds in the pod, it (its wood) is good for firewood, for posts (horcones), for beams. \psa El chiquimolin: cuando estás enfermo bebes algo hecho de ello, y te siente mareado, se te revuelve la cabeza. Después vas a ver quien te lo hizo, vas a nombrar a esta persona, dirás, "¡Qué se vaya la enfermedad!" y él que te lo hizo se va a morir. Su fruta sale en febrero, se come, es bueno para sus semillas, es bueno para leña, para estacas, para tirantes. \seao fruit of the tree by this name \ssao fruta del árbol con el mismo nombre \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine \sem edible \equivao wa:xin de chikimolin \equivao chikimolkohtli \encyctmp wa:xin \xrb chikimol \nse In other notes I state that its wood is particularly good for horcones and its fruit ripens and is eaten about harvest time, in November and December. The wood or bark of the chikimolin may be boiled and employed in the type of cure indicated by the transitive verbal form pa:i:tia, a curing process whereby the patient 'drinks a medicinal brew' (pa:i:; cf. notes under Flk-1984-09-12.1). According to Bartolo Mondragón, a curandero from Oapan, this plant is also known as Sa:n Martí:n. It is thus like the tenexyetl (Sa:n Pe:droh) and sese:htsi:n (Margari:tah), which also have alternate human or saints names. \nct kohtli; wa:xin \qry Although I have all recordings here with a short /o/, in one entry under /chikimolkuhtli/ I have a long /o:/. This vowel should be rechecked. Note that according to pronunciation of Luis Lucena the form /chikimolin/ had what I heard to be a short /o/ whereas the form /chikimo:lkuhtli/ had what I heard to be a long vowel. This observation should be checked with the speech of others. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as "apostolado". Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the "guaje rojo" of the Leguminosae family. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:102) mention a tree as the guaje or guaje rojo, of the family and subfamily Leguminosae; mimosoideae and the genus/species Laucaena esculenta. However, I have already associated this with the tlapalwa:xin. It seems that most of the guajes are in the genera acacia, leucaena, or lysiloma. \ref 05173 \lxa chikimolkuwtli \lxac chikimolkuwtli \lxo chikomolkohtli \lxoc chikomolkohtli \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao Leucaena sp. Benth., type of guaje of the Leguminoseae family \ssao Leucaena sp. Benth., tipo de guaje de la familia Leguminoseae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao chikimolin \equivao wa:xin de chikimolin \ref 05682 \lxa chikino:liwi \lxac chikino:liwi \lxo chikino:liwi \lxoc chikino:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become crooked; to become bent \ss enchuecarse; encorvarse; ponerse chueco \pna O:chikino:liw un tlako:tl, peya:stik katka. \pea That rod has become bent (crooked), it used to be straight. \psa Esa vara se quedó chuecó, estaba derecha (recta). \pna Yo:chikino:liw mosurkoh, xkwahli tikwi:ka. \pea Your furrow (as you plow a field) has come out crooked, you aren't guiding it (the plow along the furrows) along well (i.e., not straight). \psa El surco ya está saliendo chueco, no lo llevas bien (esto es, no llevas bien el arado, no vas derecho con la yunta). \cfao no:liwi \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \ono pachowa \nse Apprently chikino:liwi and chikitoliwi (and their derivatives) have the same meaning or are very similar. However, note that the difference between chikino:liwi and chikitoliwi on the hand and no:liwi on the other appears to be the objects to which the verbs may be applied. The former two appear to be used more with hard or long things: rods. beams, furrows (in a field), etc. while the second no:liwi with softer things (such as candles) or smaller thing (e.g., pens, etc.). \mod In /ono contrast: chikino:liwi, chikitoliwi, no:liw, pachowa, cuelpachowa, etc. Recheck contrasts between these. \rt Perhaps /chiki/ is related to /chi:/ and both to /chika:/ indicating a form of intensification. \ref 03211 \lxa chikino:lkochi \lxac chikino:lkochi \lxo chikino:lkochi \lxocpend @chikino:lkochi \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seo to sleep crookedly (i.e., with ones body laying crooked) \sso dormir chueco (con el cuerpo chueco) \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \xrb kochi \qry Check vowel length of /chiki/ here against other forms of this word. \ref 06753 \lxa chikino:lowa \lxac kichikino:lowa \lxo chikino:lowa \lxoc kichikino:lowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to bend (e.g., a strip of metal in a circle to mold cheese; wood for a round cradle, chitatli (Am)); to make crooked \ss doblar; encorvar (p. ej., una tira de metal en un círculo para moldear queso; una varita para hacer una cuña, chitatli); enchuecar \se (refl.) to bend over backwards, arching the back \ss (refl.) doblarse hacia atrás, haciendo un arco con la espalda \pna Xmochikino:lo (=xmono:lo)! \pea Bend over backwards arching your back! \psa ¡Dóblate hacia atrás, haciendo una curva con la espalda! \pna Ma:ka xmochikino:lo para mokwitlapan! \pea Don't arch your back! \psa ¡No te arquees por la espalda! \syna chikitolowa \encystmp body positions \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \nse Whereas chikino:lowa is used for the action of bending backwards, for that of bending over forward pachowa is used: Xmopacho. \mod See illustration; illustration /chikino:ltik/, etc. \ref 04256 \lxa chikino:ltik \lxac chikino:ltik \lxo chikino:ltik \lxoc chikino:ltik \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked or bent \ss ser chueco o torcido \pna Chi:chikino:ltik mori:yoh. \pea The beam is bent and crooked in several places. \psa La viga está chueca en varios lugares \se to be gnarled \ss ser nudoso (un palo lleno de nudos) \pna Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n. \pea That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a not of knots. \psa Ese palo de madera está nudoso, tiene muchos nudos. \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \nse According to several consultants from Ameyaltepec, chikino:ltik is the semantic equivalent of chikitoltik \ref 04514 \lxa chikino:ltik \lxac chikino:ltik \lxo chikino:ltik \lxoc chikino:ltik \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object) \sso estar chueco; estar torcido; estar encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado) \syna chikitoltik \xrb chiki \xrb no:l \qry Determine whether both /chikitoltik/ and /chikinoltik/ exist in Ameyaltepec. \vl Recheck vowel length. I originally had it short for /chikino:ltik/ here, but found it long elsewhere. Therefore I have changed it here, provisionally, to a long vowel as well. \ref 06255 \lxa chikipe:liwi \lxac chikipe:liwi \lxo chikipe:liwi \lxoc chikipe:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to flare open; to severely split, rip, or burst apart (lengthwise: cloth, sacks, or even structures such as granaries that may burst and split apart) \ssao reventarse; abrirse profundamente a lo largo (cosas como telas, costales, o hasta estructuras como trojes que se revientan por no aguantar el peso de su contenido) \pna Yo:tetsaya:n mokoto:n, yo:chikipe:liw. \pea Your shirt has gotten a big tear in it (e.g., the sleeve), it's flared wide open. \psa Se rasgó tu camisa (p. ej., la manga), se abrió a lo largo. \pna O:chikipe:liw kwesko:matl. Mlá:k o:tili:n ika tlayo:hli a:sta o:chikipe:liw. \pea The corn bin split apart. It got so stuffed with maize that it split open. \psa Se reventó la troje. Tanto se atestó de maíz hasta que se reventó. \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Recheck length of first /i/ to make sure it is short, and compare to the particular /chi:-/, which is an intensifier as in /chi:patla:wi/. Also, I had first thought that the etymology might be /chiko/ 'crooked', but I have discarded this; it should be reexamined. It might be that there are two forms: /chi:-/ and /chiki-/ \ref 00703 \lxa chikipe:lowa \lxac kichikipe:lowa \lxo chikipe:lowa \lxoc kichikipe:lowa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to split open or cut open lengthwise so that the sides flare out (e.g., a pig in slaughtering, a maguey stalk that is cut, etc.) \ss reventar o cortar a lo largo y abrir; abrir en canal (p. ej., un marrano, la penca de un maguey, etc.) \pna Xchikipe:lo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli wa:n xma:tokili moburroh! Ke:n kipia sa:watl! \pea Split open and flare out (the leaves of) an agave plant lengthwise and rub it (the open part) on your burro! He is really very mangy! \psa ¡Abre las pencas del maguey a lo largo y frótaselo a tu burro! ¡Está muy sarnoso! \pna Kichikipe:lo:skeh un wa:kax. \pea They will slice that cattle open along its chest (after the cattle has been killed and flayed, to open its chest and belly, pulling it open and apart). \psa Van a abrir esa res en canal (después de haberla matado y desollado, se abre a lo largo para quitarle las vísceras). \pna Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. \pea They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. \psa Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. \cfa tlachikipe:lotok \cfo tlachikipé:lotók \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \ref 01712 \lxa chikipe:ltik \lxac chikipe:ltik \lxo chikipe:ltik \lxoc chikipe:ltik \dt 09/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be cut or torn open lengthwise and flared out (e.g., cloth that has been cut or ripped lengthwise or, particularly, a shallow pot with a wide brim) \ss estar cortado o rasgado a lo largo con las orillas abiertas hacia afuera (p. ej., tela o bien una olla o sartén poco profondo) \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \cfa pe:ltik \ref 01333 \lxa chikitoliwi \lxac chikitoliwi \lxo chikowitoliwi \lxoc chikowitoliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become crooked or bent (particularly long, straight objects such as rods, sticks, thin beams) \ss enchuecarse, torcerse o doblarse (particularmente objetos largos y derechos, como varas y vigas delgadas) \pna O:chikitoliw mochikol. Xpilowili tetl para ma mela:wi! \pea Your chicol has gotten crooked. Hang rocks from the bottom of it (after hanging the chikol by one end to a tall tree) so that it straightens out! \psa Tu chicol se enchuecó. ¡Cuélgale piedras por un extremo (después de haber colgado el chicol al atar un extremo en lo alto de un árbol) para que se enderece! \cfao tolowa \xrb chiki \xrb tol \encyctmp pachowa \nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan forms are clearly cognate although the basis for the initial chikowi- sequence in Oapan is unclear. Whether or not this is standard across all speakers is also not certain and needs to be checked. However, the use of chiki- is not uncommon: chikipe:ltik; chikino:liwi and derivatives. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez spontaneously gave chikowitoliwi as equivalent to Ameyaltepec chikitoliwi they often denied the acceptability of forms such as Ameyaltepec chikitoltik (giving instead chikino:ltik) and chikitolowa (giving instead chikino:lowa). Thus the possibility that this entry, chikowitoliwi is in error should be considered. \ref 01140 \lxa chikitolowa \lxac kichikitolowa \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to bend; to make crooked (long, straight objects such as rods and strips of wood, metal, etc.) \ss doblar; encorvar; enchuecar (objetos largos y derechos, como varitas y tiras de madera, metal, etc.) \pna O:kichikitoloh kwentli, xpeya:stik. Xwel tekiti. \pea He made his furrows come out crooked, they aren't straight. He can't work (the plow). \psa Hizo que los surcos le salieran chuecos, no derechos. No puede trabajar (la yunta). \synao chikino:lowa \xrb chiki \xrb tol \cfa chikino:liwi \ono pachowa \ref 05832 \lxa chikitoltik \lxac chikitoltik \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com Mod-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be bent or crooked (a long, thin object) \ssa estar chueco, torcido o encorvado (un objeto largo y delgado) \sea (with long vowel reduplication) windy (a road; see kwelpaxtik) \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) sinuoso (un camino; véase kwelpaxtik) \pna Chi:chikitoltik otli. \pea The road is windy. \psa El camino es sinuoso \syno chikino:ltik \cfao kwelpaxtik \xrb chiki \xrb tol \qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/. \ref 01579 \lxa chikiwtli \lxac chikiwtli \lxo chikihtli \lxoc chikihtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln (Oa: nochikiw) \se generic name for woven handleless baskets \ss nombre genérico para canastas sin astas \xrb chikiw \encyctmp chikiwtli \mod Add texts descriptions of how baskets are made, types of baskets, etc. \ref 00484 \lxa chikiyontik \lxac chikiyontik \lxo ---- \dt 30/Mar/2002 \loan chiquear (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \sea person who is reluctant to do something, to say something or to help \ssa renegón; persona que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar \apa chikiyón \ref 03548 \lxa chikna:wi \lxac chikna:wi \lxo chikna:wi \lxoc chikna:wi \dt 17/Nov/2001 \psm Num \com S-Num \der N-b \seao nine (as numerical modifier) \ssao nueve (como modificador numérico) \seao nine (of them) \ssao nueve (de ellos) \xrb chik \xrb na:w \ref 00445 \lxa chikna:wtipan \lxac chikna:wtipan \lxo chikna:htipah \lxoa chikna:htipan \lxoc chikna:htipah \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \com Num-N(rel) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \se literally 'place of nine,' this is the residence of the yeyeka:meh, or evil spirits, that cause people harm, illness, and soul-loss \ss literalmente 'lugar de nueve', este es la residencia de los yeyeka:meh, aires o espíritus malos que causan daños, enfermedades, y susto a la gente \nse In Ruiz de Alarcón there are references to chicnauhtopan, literally "nine above us," a place toward which, apparently, many of the chants are directed. Clearly the present-day chikna:wtipan represents an identical concept, perhaps simply through a reinterpretation of -topan. \xrb chik \xrb na:wi \xrl -tipan \ref 00142 \lxa chiko \lxac chiko \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se uneven in growth (height or length, e.g., hair, grasses, plants, etc.); crooked \ss de crecimiento disparejo (en lo alto o lo largo, p. ej., pelo, zacate, plantas, etc.); chueco \pna San chiko we:weyak nowapa:wa itson. \pea His hair grows unevenly (some parts growing faster than others, leaving the hair of unequal lengths). \psa Su cabello crece disparejo (algunas partes crecen más rápido que otras, dejando el cabello disparejo). \pna Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli, seki wekapan wa:n seki pi:pitik ika tikye:kpowa. \pea Those maize plants are uneven (in height), some are tall and some are short because you replanted where some seeds planted the first time did not come up. \psa Esas plantas de maíz están disparejas, algunas son altas y otras cortitas con esto de que volviste a sembrar donde las semillas sembradas al principio no brotaron. \syno chikotia \cfao chikotik \xrb chiko \nae Chiko is a modifier that signifies 'crooked,' 'uneven,' or 'off to one side.' Apparently Ameyaltepec chiko is used before a verbal predicate, which it modifies. Thus one finds Chi:chiko ya:s un mi:hli, in which chi:chiko 'crookedly' modifies how the maize plants grow. The phrase san chiko we:weyak is more complex, chiko modifies the adjectival we:weyak with a meaning like 'to be crookedly long.' However, on another original filecard I had documented chi:chiko we:weyak i:tson. The full range of contexts in which chiko is used needs to be determined. \qry Check length of first vowel in /wewe:yak/ in the phrase: /San chiko weweyak nowepa:wa itson/ as it seems that in similar uses of the same word the reduplicated vowel is long. Check. In another file card (with vowel length not marked), I have /chichiko weweyak itson/. Also, I had /weweyak/ but I think that the first vowel of the root is long (i.e., /we:yak/). Also, with /chikoki:sa/ determine whether one or two words, if two, then one would find /chi:ko niki:sa/. \qry Elicit all other forms wth /chiko/: cf. Karttunen, /chikokaki/, etc. Cf. /tsonaka/ and whether this should be analyzed as cliticized. \ref 02574 \lxa chikohli \lxac chikohli \lxo chíkohlí \lxoc chíkohlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \infv poss. Oapan: í:chikóhlo \pa yes-lex \sea long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end, of a hard and extremely straight material such as otate, used to pluck off fruit that is high up in a tree \ssa chicol \sem tool-cultivate \cfa tlanchikohlo \xrb chihkol \nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec chikohli refers to the entire apparatus (pole with crosspiece), in Oapan chíkohlí refers only to the \nde In Oapan this refers to the cross-piece on a long pole: wítlátl. \qry Check vowel length of /o/. \ilustmp Illustrate. See illustration on original filecard. \ref 03019 \lxa chikohlo:tia \lxac kichikohlo:tia \lxacpend kichikohlo:tia \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08660 \lxa chikoki:sa \lxac chikoki:sa \lxo chikoki:sa \lxoc chikoki:sa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to be angled or to go off at an angle; to be not at right angles (i.e., not perpendicular or parallel to an edge, e.g., an edge of a cut piece of cloth, wood, etc. that should be squared but that although straight goes off at a non-90o angle; a furrow that does not run parallel to the others; sb walking in a certain diagonal direction) \ss salir chueco, de soslayo o hacia un lado; no estar derecho (esto es, no perpendicular o paralelo a una borde, e.g., un lado de un pedazo de tela o madera que debe ser rectangular pero que va derecho en una dirección que no hace cuadro; un surco que no sale paralelo a los demás; algn que camina en una cierta dirección que va como de soslayo) \xrb chiko \xrb ki:sa \vl Link first female token. \ref 03771 \lxa chikoki:stok \lxac chikoki:stok \lxo chikoki:stok \lxoc chikoki:stok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be uneven (e.g., the ends of rods placed together); to be angled or at an angle (e.g., poorly cut cloth) \ss estar disparejo (p. ej., los cabos de varas juntadas en línea, algunos saliendo más adelante que otros); cortado de soslayo (p. ej., tela mal esquinada) \pna Chi:chikoki:stok motlapech. \pea Your bed (e.g., the rods of a bed of tlapextli) is uneven (in this case with some rods longer than others and jutting out at the side). \psa Tu cama (esto es, las varas de una cama de tlapextli) es dispareja (en este caso con algunas varas más largas que otras). \xrb chiko \xrb ki:sa \qry The phrase /chi:chikoki:stok/ is taken from a file card for which vowel length was not checked. It should be checked. The long vowel is based on a similar phrase, cf. phrases under /chikoki:sa/. \ilustmp Illustrate /chi:chikoki:stok motlapech/. See illustration on original file cards. \ref 01613 \lxa chikola:i \lxac chikola:i \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to drink a chocolate beverage \ssa beber agua de chocholate \pna Chikola:i:lo:s, nona:mikti:lo:s. \pea There will be drinking of chocolate, there will be a wedding \psa Se beberá chocolate, va a haber una boda. \xrb chikol \xrb a: \xrb i: \rt Note that the division of /chikola:tl/ into /chikol/ and /a:/ is perhaps problematical. \ref 02654 \lxa chikola:tl \lxac chikola:tl \lxo chikola:tl \lxoc chikola:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2 \se chocolate beverage \ss bebida de chocolate \sem food-drink \xrb chikol \xrb a: \nse Chicola:tl is a beverage made of ground chocolate beans, sugar, cinnamon and water; for the hard candy chocolate the back-borrowings chikola:teh (Am) and chokola:teh (Oa) are used. Note that in the purely Nahuatl form both Oapan and Ameyaltepec show the initial sequence chiko- whereas in the reborrowing Oapan switches to the Spanish choko-. \pqry Note length of final /a:/, which is definitely long. This should be compared to short /a/ in the same position (e.g., before /tl/). It might be taht /siwa:tl/ is in fact "short" and appears long only in compounds. This would be a nice discovery of phonetic variation. \vl Link first male token. \rt For a discussion of this word, see Dakin's article (check citation). \ref 04435 \lxa chikolo \lxac chikolo \lxo chíkoló \lxoc chíkoló \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se generic name for a type of bird that has two species documented in Ameyaltepec: chikolo tli:ltik and chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n; in Oapan only one type of chíkoló is recognized, the chíkolo tli:líhk \ss nombre genérico de un tipo de pájaro de tiene dos especies documentadas para Ameyaltepec: chikolo tli:ltik y chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n; en Oapan hay solamente un tipo de chíkoló reconocido, el chíkolo tli:líhk \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chihkolo \encyctmp chikolo \cpl Generic name for a type of bird that has two "species": chikolo tli:ltik and chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this bird as garrapatero and give the spelling as chiko:ló. \sj Since the location of the {h} is unclear, check SJ. \ref 03390 \lxa chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n \lxaa chikolo chila:doh \lxac chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 43, pp. 519, 506, 523 \sea bird of the rather red generic type called chikolo, perhaps one of the following: Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens, Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra, or Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus. It is rarely seen in the area. \ssa pájaro del tipo genérico llamado chikolo, quizá uno de los siguientes: "Speckled Mourner" Laniocera rufescens, "Rufous Mourner" Rhytipterna holerythra, o "Rufous Piha" Lipaugus unirufus. Es poco visto en la zona. \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chihkolo \xrb chi:l \encyctmp chikolo; birds \qry Check plural formation of /chikolo chi:chi:ltiktsi:n/. \sj Check for /h/ \ref 00743 \lxa chikolo tli:ltik \lxac chikolo tli:ltik \lxo chíkolo tli:líhki \lxoc chíkolo tli:líhki \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 351 \se bird of the generic type called chikolo (Am) / chíkoló (Oa), apparently the Groove-billed Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris or a closely related species; it announces the rain by singing \ss pájaro del tipo genérico llamado chikolo (Am) / chíkoló (Oa), aparentemente el "Groove-billed Ani," Crotophaga sulcirostris, o una especie cercana; anuncia la lluvia al cantar \sem animal \sem bird \encyctmp chikolo \xrb chihkolo \xrb tli:l \nae In Oapan Nahuatl the complex chíkolo tli:líhki functions as a single semantic unit, as suggested by the stress pattern which has one pitch accented syllable (chí) and another high pitched syllable from phrase intonation. Nevertheless, it has been written as two words. \qry Check plural formation of /chikolo tli:ltik/ \sj Check SJ \ref 04897 \lxa chikoltewila:na \lxac kichikoltewila:na \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \sea to hook or grab with a chikohli \ssa enganchar o agarrar con un chicol \syno chíkolá:na \xrb chihkol \xrb wila: \ref 07632 \lxa chikoltila:na \lxac kichikoltila:na \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to pick or pull down with a chikohli (long rod or pole with a small crosspiece tied at the end used to pull down fruits such as ma:ngoh, xokotl, komo:chitl, po:cho:tl, etc., or other objects from a high place) \ssa cortar o jalar con un chicol (p. ej., fruta como ma:ngoh, xokotl, komo:chitl, po:cho:tl, etc., u otros objetos de lugares altos) \equivo chíkolá:na \xrb chihkol \xrb tila:na \ref 05754 \lxa chiko:me \lxac chiko:me \lxo chiko:me \lxoc chiko:me \dt 03/Apr/2002 \psm Num \com S-Num \der Num-b \seao seven (as numerical modifier) \ssao siete (como modificador numérico) \seao seven (of them, used pronominally) \ssao siete (de ellos, usado como pronombre) \xrb chik \xrb o:me \ref 04992 \lxa chikoteki \lxac kichikoteki \lxo chikoteki \lxoc kichikoteki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut off a piece at an angle or diagonally from the edge of (e.g., paper, cloth, wood) \ss cortar en diagonal o de soslayo de (p. ej., tela, papel, madera) \xrb chiko \xrb teki \ref 05552 \lxa chikote:roh \lxac chikote:roh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan chicote \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small snake not yet identified \ssa tipo de culebra pequeña, todavía no identificada, aparentemente llamada chicote \sem animal \sem snake \encyctmp kowatl \qry I have here that /chikote:roh/ and /kowi:xkowatl/ are identical. But under \ref 02027 \lxa chikotik \lxac chikotik \lxo chikotik \lxoc chikotik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \se to have straight edges, ones that are not cut square but which leave the object trapezoidal (particularly used with poorly cut and non-square cloth, but also used to refer to land that is not rectangular) \ss tener orillas que van derecho pero que no forman un cuadro, tener esquinas que no están en ángulos rectos, dejando el objeto como trapezoide (empleado particularmente tener tela mal cortada y no cuadrada, también un terreno no cuadrado); sesgado \cfa chiko \cfa chiko:tl \xrb chiko \nae Chikotik is derived from the bound clitic modifier chiko; there is a nominal form chiko:tl, documented for Ameyaltepec but not for Oapan Nahuatl. \qry Recheck use to refer to land-surface areas such as 'solares.' \ref 01486 \lxa chiko:tl \lxac chiko:tl \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se something not square but with straight edges that go off at a nonperpendicular angle; something trapezoidal; something crookedly cut (particularly cloth, but any object that might not be square but with straight edges) \ss algo no cuadrado pero con orillas rectas que van en un ángulo; algo con forma de trapezoide; algo cortado chueco (particularmente tela, pero también cualquier objeto no cuadrado pero con orillas que van derecho) \pna Mlá:k chiko:tl un tlake:ntli. \pea That piece of cloth is really cut crookedly (i.e., at an angle, diagonally and not square). \psa Ese recorte de tela está muy chueco (esto es, descuadrado o cortado no en ángulo recto). \cfao chikotik \xrb chiko \qry Determine the precise meaning of chiko, chikotik and chiko:tl. \grm Note the vowel lengthening with /chiko:tl/ and discuss. Also, cf the difference between /chiko/, /chikotik/ and /chiko:tl/. Apparently the first is adverbial, modifying a verb, the second adjectival, and the final nominal. \ref 05293 \lxa chi:koyaktik \lxac chi:koyaktik \lxo chi:koyahtik \lxoc chi:koyahtik \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \com PM-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to be wide open and greatly expanded in a circular form (e.g., the mouth of a sack, the hole in the roof of a thatched hut, anything that should be circular but which is two wide in diameter) \ss estar abierto ampliamente en forma algo circular (p. ej., la boca de un costal, un agujero en el techo de una casa de zacate, cualquier cosa circular pero que rebasa lo deseado en lo ancho) \pna Chi:koyaktik un po:soh, o:tikpano:ltilih, xasta ihkón tikichwaskia. \pea That well is really opened too wide, you went too far on it, you shouldn't have excavated that much. \psa Ese pozo es demasiado ancho, le pasaste, no hubieras excavado hasta así. \pna A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi. \pea Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old. \psa Su casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedó abierto, dejó que se envejeciera. \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \grm Note that all entries that are categorized as Adj-part-wi-k-tik seem to take one of the two intensifiers. Thus one has /tetomaktik/ and /chi:koyaktik/. Determine, first, whether ?chi:tomaktik is acceptable (I believe not) and whether /tekoyaktik/ is (I believe it is). If the preceding is correct, do a test for all forms that accept both /chi:-/ and /te-/. \ref 03538 \lxa chi:koya:wa \lxac kichi:koya:wa \lxo chi:koya:wa \lxoc kichi:koya:wa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. te-: techi:koya:wa \infv class-3a(w) \se to make a gaping hole in (i.e., in piercing a piece of cloth or skin and then widening the diameter of the hole) \ss hacer un gran y ancho aguero en (p. ej., en perforar una tela, la piel, etc. y ensanchar el agujero) \pna Xtechi:koya:wa up pitso ma:s para ti:roh ma tlapowi, ma ki:sa yestli! \pea Open up the hole (in the neck of) that pig wider (with a knife when it is just being slaughtered) so that it really opens up, so that the blood comes out quicker! \psa ¡Ensánchale el agujero (que hiciste) a ese marrano (con un cuchillo en el momento de sacrificarlo) para que se abra más, para que salga bien la sangre! \pna Xkitati mobese:rroh! Yo:kichi:koya:hkeh kwilimeh ipan ikechpan. \pea Go take a look at your calf! The worms have opened up a gaping hole on its back. \psa ¡Ve a ver a tu becerro! Los gusanos le han abierto un gran hueco (al reventar una llaga) sobre su lomo. \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \nse The phrase about the calf was uttered in reference to what occurrs when a bat bites a cattle (or for another reason there is a small wound) and there flies lay their eggs, which hatch and then open up the wound. Like many words with koya:wa as a root, chi:koya:wa may be used in a vulgar sense, in this case with the meaning of 'to deflower.' \qry Check vowel length of /kechpan/ in the phrase above. \ref 03882 \lxa chi:koya:wi \lxac chi:koya:wi \lxo chi:koya:wi \lxoc chi:koya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc M-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. te-: techi:koya:wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to develop a long, open split; to open up wide (e.g., a hole in cloth, a thatched roof, an opening in the ground, etc.) \ss abrirse en forma ancha o ensanchándose; partirse a lo largo, quedando muy abierto (p. ej., un agujero en una tela, un techo de zacate, una abertura en la tierra, etc.) \xrb chi:- \xrb koya: \ref 02245 \lxa chi:koyo:ni \lxac chi:koyo:ni \lxo chi:koyo:ni \lxoc chi:koyo:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a \se for a wide gaping hole to form in (cloth, the surface of some object) \ss quedarse con un gran y ancho agujero (tela, una fruta comida por animales) \pna O:hne:xti:to o:chi:koyo:n tosándiah we:i. Xnikmati tli:n yo:lki o:kikwah. \pea I went and found our watermelon with a wide gaping hole in it. I don't know what animal ate it. \psa Fui a encontrar que nuestra sandía tenía un gran y ancho agujero. No sé que animal lo había comido. \cfao koyo:ni \xrb chi:- \xrb koyo: \nse As with other derivatives with chi:, this verb appears to have the sense of something that occurs in excess. \rt Note possible relation of /chi:-/ to the intensifier /cho/, which, however, is an independent, not bound, morpheme. \ref 00589 \lxa chi:koyo:nia \lxac kichi:koyo:nia \lxo chi:koyo:nia \lxoc kichi:koyo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to make a wide gaping hole (an animal gnawing at a fruit; a rock falling through a roof, etc.) \ss hacer un gran y ancho agujero (un animal que roe una fruta, una piedra grande aventada por un techo de palma, etc.) \pna Yo:kintechichi:koyo:nih tosandiatsitsi:wa:n mo:to. \pea A squirrel made holes all over our watermelons (by biting and eating them). \psa Una ardilla le hizo agujeros por todos lados en nuestas sandias. \pno Nochi yo:kinté:chi:koyo:nih moto. \peo Squirrels have made holes in everything (e.g., fruit). \pso Las ardillas han agujereado todo (p. ej., la fruta). \xrb chi:- \xrb koyo: \nae Note that when the intensifier prefix (which in Oapan often functions as a "dummy morpheme") is used, in Oapan the reduplicant reduces onto its underlyingly short syllable. Hence kinté:chi:koyo:nia. \ref 05098 \lxa chikyón \lxaa chikiyón \lxac chikyón \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jul/2002 \loan chiquear (?) \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \sea person who is unhelpful (reluctant to do something, to say something, to help, etc.) \ssa renegón (alguien que no quiere hacer una cosa, decir algo o ayudar) \pna Chikiyón, yewa xkineki ne:chpale:wi:s. \pea He's an unhelpful sort, he doesn't want to help me. \psa Es un renegón, no me quiere ayudar. \apa chikiyontik \nse In general, someone who is reluctant to help or lend a hand. In one case it was used to refer to someone who, although he could have, refused to be a witness. \qry Check pronunciation to see whether /chikyón/ might be a more accurate transcription. Check etimology for possible cognates although it appears to be a borrowing. I \ref 04789 \lxa chikwase:n \lxac chikwase:n \lxo chikwase: \lxoc chikwase: \dt 13/Apr/2002 \psm Num \der Adj-num \infa pl. chikwase:meh \se six \ss seis \xrb chik \xrb se: \qry Perhaps root contains /-wa:n/ or /-wan/. \pqry Check final vowel of Oapan with phonetician. \vl Link 2d female and 2d male tokens. \ref 05309 \lxa chi:kwati \lxac chi:kwati \lxo chi:kwati \lxoc chi:kwati \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a rash (such as diaper rash); to break out in heat rash (or a similar condition) \ss escaldarse (un bebé); tener la piel lastimada por frotarse, saliendo un sarpullido rojo \pna Nichichi:kwati ipan nonakas. \pea I have a heat rash behind my ears. \psa Tengo escaldadora atrás mis orejas. \sem disease \encyctmp skin disease; kokolistli \xrb chi:kwa \nse Chi:kwati refers, in particular, to a type of rash affecting babies on the inside of joints: under their arms, on the inside of their thighs, etc. Consultants gave the translation as escaldadora. It is a a reddish sore rash that results from from heat and rubbing. The etimology is problematic, although vowel length is definitely correct. Perhaps chi:kwati is formed from the intensifier chi: and kwa, with the verbalizer -ti, although this would be an unusual construction. \ref 04494 \lxa chi:kwatsi:n \lxac chi:kwatsi:n \lxo chí:kwatsí:n \lxoc chí:kwatsí:n \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 27, various \seao type of Nightjar, family Caprimulgidae, probably of the genera Chordeiles or Caprimulgus. This is called poxacuate in local Spanish. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca el río Balsas. \ssao tipo de "Nightjar," family Caprimulgidae, probablemente de los genera Chordeiles o Caprimulgus. Llamado poxacuate en el español local. Sale en la noche y vuela cerca del río Balsas \equivao po:xakwatl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chi:kwah \nse L. Lucena translated chi:kwatsi:n as Spanish tlacuacuanah. C. Flores stated that this is the same as kopa:ktekolo:tl and metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n. \nde In Oapan chí:kwatsí:h is a small bird that is said to be a te:tsa:htli that comes at night. In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect. \qry Recheck length of /a/. \qry Compare Oapan and Am forms for this word and make sure they are not both referring to an insect, or bird, as the case may be. \ref 00816 \lxa chikwe:i \lxac chikwe:i \lxo chikwe:i \lxoc chikwe:i \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Num \der Adj-num \infv pl. chikwe:imeh \se eight \ss ocho \seao (a:man ~) in a week from today \ssao (a:man ~) de hoy en ocho; en una semana de hoy \pna Niá:s lunes chikwe:i. \pea I will go one week from Monday. \psa Voy a ir de lunes en ocho. \seao (ye a:man ~) a week ago today \ssao (ye a:man ~) hace una semana de hoy \seo (ka:dah chi:chikwe:i) every week \sso (ka:dah chi:chikwe:i) cada semana \xrb chik \xrb ye:i \grm Reduplication; numerals: Note Oapan /ka:dah chi:chikwe:i/ with long vowel redupication indicating 'each and every'. This should be compared to short vowel redupication as in /náná:wi/ i.e., 'four by four' (in planting seeds). \ref 01820 \lxa chikwe:iti \lxac chikwe:iti \lxo chikwe:iti \lxoc chikwe:iti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se for a week to pass; to be in a weeks time \ss pasar o pasarse una semana \pna Nika:n nichikwe:itis. \pea I'm going to spend a week here. \psa Voy a pasar una semana aquí. \pna Yo:chikwe:it. \pea It's already been a week. \psa Ya ha pasado una semana. \xrb chik \xrb ye:i \ref 03685 \lxa chi:kwepo:naltia \lxac kichi:kwepo:naltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08009 \lxa chi:kwepo:nia \lxac kichi:kwepo:nia \lxo chi:kopo:nia \lxoc kichi:kopo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran No trans. form documented \aff Op. te-: techi:kwepo:nia \infv class-2a \seao to rip or cut open so that the sides of the opening flare out and fold or double back (e.g., skin cut so deeply so as to open up in a wide swatch and fold back on itself) \ssao rasgar o abrir a tal grado que los lados de la apertura salen para un lado y se doblan (p. ej., piel cortada a lo largo con un cuchillo) \se to turn or fold back upon itself, or inside-out (e.g., ones eyelid) \ss voltear y poner al revés (p. ej., el párpado superior) \pna Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew! \pea Turn your eyelid inside-out! \psa ¡Pon tu párpadeo superior al revés! \xrb chi: \xrb kwepo: \ono teki \qry I seem to have lost my original definition for this word and have reconstructed it from memory. It should be checked, as well as possible objects/patients. Recheck whether one may say /Xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew/; also check if it is also correct to say /Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew/. If so, add entry. \mod Under /teki/ in /ono, discuss /teki/, /tsonteki/, and various /chi:-/ words: /chi:patla:wa/, /chi:koya:wa/, /chi:koyo:nia/, etc. Add entry if needed under /kwepo:nia/. Distinguish if possible from /chi:kwepo:nia/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note shift /kwe/ to /ko/ in /kwepo:nia/ to /kopo:nia/. \ref 01077 \lxa chi:ladi:toh \lxac chi:ladi:toh \lxo chi:ladi:toh \lxocpend @chi:ladi:toh \dt 12/Jul/2002 \loan chilado \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange) \sso color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón \sem color \equiva chi:la:to:ltsi:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as bermejón. \qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated: "... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked. \vl Apparently this word was not elicited. \rt Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/. \ref 06376 \lxa chi:la:to:ltsi:n \lxac chi:la:to:ltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-N \der Adj-tsi:n \sea color that is a type of peach red-orange (a color between red and orange) \ssa color entre rojo y naranjo, un tipo de rojo durazno o bermejón \sem color \equivao chi:ladi:toh \xrb chi:l \xrb a:to:l \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is a type of 'watery' red. Some consultants translated this as bermejón. \qry The /a/ was recorded short in all my notes except one final check in which I recorded a long /a:/ and stated: "... all entires should be corrected to have the long /a:/. This change should be noted in my grammar notes as well. Thus, there appears a clear connection with the root /a:to:l/. Nevertheless, the vowel length of the /a:/ should be rechecked, in fact, in one entry I have /chi:lato:ltsi:n/, i.e. the length of the /a:/ should be rechecked. \rt Discuss possibility of further dividing /a:to:l/. \ref 05177 \lxa chi:la:tl \lxac chi:la:tl \lxo chi:la:tl \lxoc chi:la:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of broth made with chile and kaxtiltsi:n beans \ss tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado kaxtiltsi:n \qry To date (May 16 2001) I have only a mention of /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ in my notes, in an original file card under /kaxtiltsi:n/. I mention that /ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl/ is one type of food that uses /kaxtiltsi:n/ in its preparation, but not other notes on this food. For now I have entered \vl There are 4 Oapan tokens for this entry from 1487. However, the sound from these at 5936 is better, so select one female and one male from these for a link. Use the 1st male token of 5936. \ref 05936 \lxa chi:lbake:roh \lxac chi:lbake:roh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \ref 08281 \lxa chi:liksi \lxac chi:liksi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \xrb ksi \ref 08565 \lxa chi:lko:koto:na \lxac kichi:lko:koto:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08455 \lxa chi:lkuwtli \lxac chi:lkuwtli \lxo chi:lkohtli \lxoc chi:lkohtli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao generic name for chile-bearing plants or bushes (kohtsi:ntli) \ssao nombre genérico para los arbustos (kohtsi:ntli) que dan el chile \pna Chi:lkuwtli, wel nokwa ixiwio, ke:n chi:pi:lin yeskia, kikwan Wa:pan. \pea The chile plant, its leaves are edible, just like chi:pi:lin, they eat it in Oapan. \psa La planta del chile, se puede comer sus hojas como si fuera chi:pi:lin, la comen en Oapan. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb kow \nct chi:hli \qry Used to refer to may types of chile; check types. Check possibility of possessed form. Recheck lenght of /chi:pi:lin/. \ref 00911 \lxa chi:lkwa \lxac chi:lkwa \lxo chi:lkwa \lxoc chi:lkwa \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \se to eat chile or food prepared with a lot of chile (i.e., spicy food) \ss comer chile o comida preparada con mucho chile (esto es, comida picosa) \pna Mlá:k kwahli chi:lkwa, ma:ski pitentsi:n \pea He can really eat spicy foods, even though he is young. \psa De veras puede comer lo picoso, aunque es muy niño. \xrb chi:l \xrb kwa \ref 05106 \lxa chi:lkwe:chowa \lxac chi:lkwe:chowa \lxo chi:lkwe:chowa \lxoc chi:lkwe:chowa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to grind chile (in a mortar and pestle, on a metate) \ss moler chile (en molcajete o sobre un metate) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa, xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn, she can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Le arden las manos, no puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo es flojo. \xrb chi:l \xrb kwe:ch \ref 05429 \lxa chi:lkwitla \lxac chi:lkwitla \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N(ap) \com N-N(?) \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea person who is a big enter of chile \ssa persona que come mucho chile \pna Xma:s tichi:lkwitla. \pea Your're not a big eater of chile. \psa No eres un gran comedor de chile. \flao cho:kwi:tl \xrb chi:l \xrb kwitla \nse The derivation, grammatical category and roots uncertain. \qry Determine the plural forms and add above and to grammar. Elicit any other /-kwitla/ forms. Check for final /h/. \grm Investigate etymology of /chi:lkwitla/, /yekwitla/ and /cho:kwitla/. \ref 01605 \lxa chi:lmamana \lxac chi:lmamana \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \xrb mana \nae This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form; Cristino Flores (Am) specifically denied that ?chi:lmana was an acceptable word. \ref 08237 \lxa chi:lmante:ka \lxac chi:lmante:ka \lxo chi:lmante:ka \lxoc chi:lmante:ka \dt 15/Jun/2002 \loan (part) manteca \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se type of chile sauce made by boiling chile in lard (and occasionally adding egg) \ss tipo de salsa de chile cocida con manteca (y a veces con huevo echado) \sem food \xrb chi:l \encyctmp mo:hli \nse This sauce is made by heating the pork fat (manteca) with onions and then adding the chile (previously ground in a molcajete). If there is corriander available, it too is added and then, finally, a very few scrambled eggs. \qry Check final sound of AM for glottal stop or /h/. Check to see if this is classified/categorized as a type of /mo:hli/. Check whether it can be possessed. \mod Add a section on food. Note that FM apparently taped an account of this. \ref 02536 \lxa chi:lma:tsowa \lxac kichi:lma:tsowa \lxo chi:lma:tsowa \lxoc kichi:lma:tsowa \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to fold over with chile (i.e., a tortilla) \sso doblar con chile adentro (esto es, a una tortilla) \pno Kas nihchi:lmatso:s i:tlaxkal mokone:w? ---- Ka, yéwá xwel chi:lkwa, san xcha:xa:wili i:tlaxkal! \peo Should I make a taco with chile in it for your child? ---- No, he can't eat chile, just spread a little on the surface for him! \pso ¿Le hago un taco con chile para tu hijo? ---- ¡No, no come chile, solamente pónle un poquito de chile sobre la superficie! \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \vl First female token has a slight hoarseness in the throat: tag but don't link. \ref 07108 \lxa chi:lmo:hli \lxac chi:lmo:hli \lxo chi:lmo:hli \lxoc chi:lmo:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of mole sauce with green chile and wild tomatoes or tomatillo, made in a molcajete \ss tipo de mole con chile verde y tomates verdes o silvestres, hecho en molcajete \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb mo:l \nse Chi:lmo:hli is a type of ground chile sauce made in a molcajete with green chile, garlic and tomato, which can be either tepe:tomatl or mi:ltomatl. \ref 05145 \lxa chi:lpa:n \lxac chi:lpa:n \lxo chi:lpa:h \lxoa chi:lpa:n \lxoc chi:lpa:h \dt 31/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. chi:lpa:meh \seao wasp \ssao avispa \sem animal \sem insect \cola i:kal chi:lpa:n \xrb chi:l \xrb pa:n \nse This is one type of wasp; it is read. There are also two other types of wasps: chi:lpa:me:koh (Oa) / chi:pa:n de te:sotla:wani; and tekómasólin (Oa) / tetekumasol \qry One instance of /chi:lpan/ was written with a long /a:/, in other instances it had a short final /a/. This should be checked in the final edition. I have temporarily changed the major instances to a long vowel given the Oa evidence and other comparative data. \mod In my original notes I had a reference to: cf. /yetl/. \ref 01447 \lxa chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani \lxacpend chi:lpa:n de te:sotla:wani \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of striped yellow and coffee-colored wasp \sso tipo de avispa rayado de amarilllo y color café \equivo chi:lpa:me:koh \cfao chi:lpa:n \sem animal \sem insect \xrb chi:l \xrb sotla: \ref 08789 \lxa chi:lpopo:chwia \lxac kichi:lpopo:chwia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \infv class-2a \aff Lex. rdp-s \der V2-denom-wia \sea to burn chile seeds so that the smoke curls around \ssa quemar semilla de chile para que el humo envuelve a \xrb chi:l \xrb po:ch \ref 07861 \lxa chi:lposo:nki \lxac chi:lposo:nki \lxo chi:lposo:nki \lxoc chi:lposo:nki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao type of chile sauce, boiled and without pork fat \ssao tipo de salsa de chile hervida, y sin manteca \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb poso: \encyctmp mo:hli \qry Again, determine whether this, like /chi:lmante:kah/ is a /mo:hli/. \nse Chile sauce made with chile, water, garlic, onions, corriander, and eggs, all heated together to a boil. \vl Use second male token, first one is tinny. \ref 01195 \lxa chi:lsolo:tl \lxac chi:lsolo:tl \lxo chi:lsolo:tl \lxoc chi:lsolo:tl \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1 \se chile that dries before becoming fully ripe and red \ss chile que se seca antes de que madure bien y antes de que se quede rojo \pna Xo:chika:w kwahli kwa:k o:kitehkeh, kipia istá:k, chi:lsolo:tl. \pea It hadn't gotten fully ripe when they picked it, it has white on it, it is chi:lsolo:tl. \psa No había madurado bien cuando lo cortaron, tiene algo de blanco, es chi:lsolo:tl. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb solo: \nae The etymology or derivation of chi:lsolo:tl is uncertain. Note the -o:tl ending, which also occurs in other "green" produce of primary necessity: yelo:tl, xilo:tl, and yexo:tl. Among men chi:lsolo:tl may be used in a possessed form as a sexual reference to the penis. \nct chi:hli \qry Recheck term and elicit other types of chiles at different stages of growth. \ref 01234 \lxa chi:lsolo:tsi:n \lxac chi:lsolo:tsi:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08344 \lxa chi:ltamahli \lxac chi:ltamahli \lxo chi:ltamahli \lxoc chi:ltamahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se chile tamal, a tamal made of pork and chile and wrapped in corn leaves \ss tamal hecho de carne de puerco con chile, y envuelto en hojas de elote \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb tamal \encyctmp tamahli \qry Make a list of the types of tamales. Determine the plural of /chi:ltamahli/. Also note that I mentioned that these are wrapped in corn leaves. Check whether this refers to the /to:tomoxtli/ or not. \mod Later, make a list of the types of tamales. \ref 02830 \lxa chi:lteka:kala:n \lxac chi:lteka:kala:n \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln \seo (often possessed) chile sauce ground in a mortar \sso (a menudo poseído) salsa de chile hecho en un molcajete \equiva chi:ltekakala:n \synao chi:lmo:hli \syno kala:n \xrb kala: \nse Kala:n is a word used occasionally by elder women of Oapan. It is synonymous to chi:lmo:hli and the name derives from the sound the pestle makes as it hits against the side of the mortar. \ref 08165 \lxa chi:ltekpin \lxac chi:ltekpin \lxo chi:ltehpin \lxoc chi:ltehpin \dt 08/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se type of very small, spicy chile \ss tipo de chile pequeño y muy picoso \se bush that bears the chile of this name \ss arbusto que da el chile de este nombre \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb chi:l \xrb tekp \encyctmp chi:hli \nct chi:hli \qry Check type of chile: translation. \ref 01132 \lxa chi:lte:ma \lxac chi:lte:ma \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \nae Here Cristino Flores denied that the reduplicated form occurs with the incorporated noun stem chi:l: ?chi:ltete:ma. \grm Reduplication: cf. /chi:lmanana/ to /chi:lte:ma/. \ref 08238 \lxa chi:ltepapaye:xtli \lxac chi:ltepapaye:xtli \lxo chi:lté:paíxtli \lxoc chi:lté:paíxtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-? \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo crushed dried peppers (e.g., of the type used on pizza) \sso chile seco y triturado (p. ej., el tipo empleado con pizza) \xrb chi:l \xrb paya: \nae The word chi:lté:paíxtli is clearly related to Oapan papaitsa (cf. Ameyaltepec papayetsa), in turn derived from paya:ni. The "dummy morpheme" te- takes the lengthening and pitch accent that is a reflex of the reduplicant. \ref 06189 \lxa chi:ltixtli \lxac chi:ltixtli \lxo chi:ltixtli \lxoc chi:ltixtli \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1/2; Aln \se mixture of chile with other herbs and ground dried items \ss mezcla de chile con varias hierbas y otras cosas molidas \xrb chi:l \xrb tisi \nse In one original filecard I recorded that chi:ltixtli is simply ground and dried chile, with no masa, that is mixed directly with tepe:tomatl, pimie:ntah, kla:bos and komi:nos. \sem food \qry Check recipe. \ref 01639 \lxa chi:ltoto:roh \lxac chi:ltoto:roh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan toro \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea food made of a soft tortilla folded in half on top of itself with chile sauce, silantro, onions, and other spices in the center, the taco is heated on the griddle with its edges pressed together so it acquires a crescent shape with pointed ends like horns (hence its name) \ssa comida hecha de una tortilla blanda doblada sobre si misma y rellenada con salsa de chile con silantro, cebolla y otras especies en medio, el taco se calienta por el comal con las orillas prensadas para que adquiera una forma de media luna con puntas como cuernos por las extremedades (así su nombre) \sem food-tortilla \synao chi:ltlama:tsowahli \xrb chi:l \ref 07759 \lxa chi:lto:to:tl \lxac chi:lto:to:tl \lxo chi:lto:to:tl \lxoc chi:lto:to:tl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 58, p. 675 \seao type of red bird with black wings, perhpas the White-winged Tanager, Spermagra leucoptera, or a closely related species \ssao tipo de pájaro rojo, con alas negras, quizá el "White-winged Tanager," Spermagra leucoptera, o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \xrb chi:l \xrb to:to: \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'cardenal.' \ref 03457 \lxa chi:ltla:hli \lxac chi:ltla:hli \lxo chi:ltla:hli \lxoc chi:ltla:hli \dt 15/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Al \se land on which chile is planted \ss terreno sembrado de chile \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb tla:l \ref 05449 \lxa chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxac chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxo chi:ltlako:lo:hli \lxoc chi:ltlako:lo:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \se a tlako:lo:hli (inclined hill of poor terrain to steep to be plowed) hand-planted with chile \ss un tlacolol sembrado a mano con chile \encyctmp tla:hli \xrb chi:l \xrb tlako:l \ref 04292 \lxa chi:ltla:lia \lxac chi:ltla:lia \lxo chi:ltla:lia \lxoc chi:ltla:lia \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seo to plant chile (on high land where nothing else is planted except perhaps watermelon) \sso sembrar chile (en tierra alta donde nada más se siembra menos quizá sandía) \xrb chi:l \xrb tla:l \ref 06816 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxac chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxo chi:ltlama:tsowahli \lxoc chi:ltlama:tsowahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \se taco made of a tortilla folded over while hot, with chile sauce spread in the middle \ss taco hecho de una tortilla caliente doblada con salsa de chile en medio \syna chi:ltoto:roh \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \qry Although a possessed form has not been documented, I have included it as part of the code in the /infn field. Nevertheless, this should be checked. \rt Rootnote for /ma:tsiwi/: this is undoubtedly related to the root for hand, /ma:/ or /mah/. Either this should be added as a note to both roots ma:tsV and ma: or ma:tsV should be considered a secondary root. \ref 02353 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowia \lxac kichi:ltlama:tsowia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2(?) \infv class-2a \der \sea [meaning undetermined] \ssa [significado pendiente] \xrb chi:l \xrb ma:ts \grm Applicative: Note what appears to be an applicative form in /kichi:ltlama:tsowia/. \ref 07863 \lxa chi:ltlama:tsowilia \lxac kichi:ltlama:tsowilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \grm Applicative; valency: Note that Am has /chi:lma:tsowa/ as a transitive (to fold a tortilla with chile inside) and the appplicative /chi:ltlama:tsowilia/. Discuss. \ref 08347 \lxa chi:ltlasektli \lxac chi:ltlasektli \lxo chí:ltlaséhtli \lxoc chí:ltlaséhtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo chile that has been dry-roasted on a clay griddle \sso chile que ha sido tostado sobre un comal \sem food \sem chile \xrb chi:l \xrb hseki \nae The standard pronunciation is chí:ltlaséhtli. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the form chi:ltlásehtli, in which the pitch accent is immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely chi:ltlásehtli is not an acceptable or common form. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note /chí:ltlaséhtli/. Here there is a leftward shift of pitch from /tlásehtlí/. I.e., the Input Output identity is not maximized but a more favorable stress pattern is (i.e., long vowels stressed and final syllables unstressed). Florencia Marcelino stated that /chi:ltlásehtlí/ was not acceptable at all; Inocencio Jimenez did accept it as an alternative pronunciation. The standard pronunciation is chí:ltlaséhtli. When asked, Inocencio Jiménez accepted, and uttered, the form chi:ltlásehtli, in which the pitch accent is immediately on the syllable nucleus that as the coda {h} (i.e., {chi:l + tla + hsek + tli}). He said that the two forms were equivalent although Florencia Marcelino was reluctant to accept the second form. Given this. it is most likely chi:ltlásehtli is not an acceptable or common form. \ref 06291 \lxa chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia \lxac chi:ltla:tla:wa:ntia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \ref 08381 \lxa chi:luwitla \lxac chi:luwitla \lxo chi:lwiwitla \lxocpend chi:lwiwitla \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to uproot (and transplant) chile seedlings from a seed garden \sso sacar (para transplantar) plantitas de chile de un pachol \xrb chi:l \xrb witla \flo wiwitla \ref 07344 \lxa chi:lwa:hki \lxac chi:lwa:hki \lxo chi:lwa:hki \lxoc chi:lwa:hki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \infn N1 \seao any type of dried chile (not simply the type in Spanish called huajillo) \ssao cualquier tipo de chile seco, no solamente el que se conoce como huajillo \sem food \cfa chi:lwa:ktli \cfa chi:hli de wa:ktli \xrb chi:l \xrb wa: \encyctmp chile \ref 00741 \lxa chi:lwa:ktli \lxac chi:lwa:ktli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \sea chile huajillo, a type of dried red chile \ssa chile huajillo, un tipo de chile seco y rojo \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva chi:hli de wa:ktli \cfao chi:lwa:hki \xrb chi:l \xrb wa: \nct chi:hli \qry Recheck the entries for /lxa: chi:lwa:hki, chi:lwa:ktli, and chi:hli de wa:ktli. Make sure that the definitions I gave were correct. Check for possessed form. \ref 02320 \lxa chi:lwia \lxac kichi:lwia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb chi:l \ref 08476 \lxa chi:lxoxo:hki \lxacpend chi:lxoxo:hki \lxo chi:xo:hki \lxocpend chi:xo:hki \lxoc \dt 25/Jul/2003 \psm N \pss \com N-N \der \seao green chile \ssao chile verde \xrb chi:l \xrb xo:wi \nae The Oapan diminutive is chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending -ka: surfaces, as it does in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical -ka: does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive is added. Note also the lost of stem-final /l/ in the Oapan form chi:xo:hki and the lack of the reduplicant, with no compensatory pitch accent. \grm Diminutive: Am /chi:lxoxo:hki/ and Oa /chi:xo:hki/. The Oapan diminutive is chi:xo:hka:tsi:ntli whereas the Ameyaltepec diminutive is chi:lxoxo:hkitsi:n. Here the different rules of diminutive derivation are clear. In Oapan the historical participial ending -ka: surfaces, as it does in Classical Nahuatl. The absolutive is not added, given its absence in the non-diminutive form. In Ameyaltepec the diminutive is added directly onto the regular form, with no change in the final vowel (i.e., the historical -ka: does not surface). Moreover, the absolutive is added. \ref 08926 \lxa chi:lyo:hli \lxac chi:lyo:hli \lxo chi:lyo:hli \lxoc chi:lyo:hli \dt 04/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se chile seed \ss semilla del chile \sem plant \sem part \xrb chi:l \xrb yo:l \ref 05053 \lxa chi:maliwi \lxac chi:maliwi \lxo chi:maliwi \lxoc chi:maliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a(w) \seao to spread out in a circle (e.g., a liquid spilled on a flat surface, a dress that billows out as a woman swirls, the outer edge of a village as it expands equally in all directions, a fishing net properly thrown, etc.) \ssao extenderse en forma de círculo (un líquido que se derrama sobre una superficie plana, una falda que se vuela al dar giros la que la tiene puesta, la orilla de un pueblito que se va creciendo igual en todas direcciones, una terraya aventada bien, etc.) \pna Asta chi:maliwi ikwe. \pea Her dress even flies out in a wide open circle (e.g., when she twirls while dancing). \psa Hasta se le vuela la falda en un círculo (p. ej., cuando gira al bailar). \pna Nitotitinemi un suwa:tl, techi:maliwi ikwe. \pea That woman is going along dancing, her dress is billowing out in a large circle. \psa Esa mujer va bailando, su falda se vuela a su alrededor en un gran cículo. \pna Chi:maliwis un tlapahli \pea That (spilled) paint will spread out in an ever-widening circle. \psa Esa pintura (derramada) se va a extenderse hacia afuera en un círculo. \pna Techi:maliwi kohsa:wananakatl kwa:k yo:topo:n. \pea The fungus mushroom called kuhsa:wananakatl spreads out in a wide circle when it has burst open. \psa El hongo llamado kuhsa:wananakatl forma un gran círculo cuando ya se reventó. \xrb chi:mal \subadj kohsa:wananakatl \subadj i:kow burroh \ref 00067 \lxa chi:malowa \lxac kichi:malowa \lxo chi:malowa \lxoc kichi:malowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to flatten out in a circle; to extend and spread out in a circle (a single object, e.g., dough when making bread or clay for making ceramics) \ss extender en un círculo plano; ampliar una cosa plana hacia afuera en forma de círculo \pna Kichi:malowan a:matl. \pea They spread the amate out in a flat circle (when originally making it, by pounding it out) \psa Extienden el amate (al fabricarlo golpeando el papel para que se haga más grande), ampliándolo en un círculo plano. \seo to spread out in a wide circle (e.g., a skirt being spread out to dry, or a turkey in regard to its tail feathers) \sso extender en un círculo grande (p. ej., una falda para secarse en el sol, o un guajolote a su cola) \xrb chi:mal \cfa chi:maltik \qry Check for possible use of /te-/ intensifier. It probably can be used as a prefix given that it has been documented with /chi:maliwi/. \ref 03051 \lxa chi:maltik \lxac chi:maltik \lxo chi:maltik \lxoc chi:maltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Op. prefix te- \se to be big, round, and mostly flat (large tortillas, loaves of certain types of bread, pancakes, stains, fishing nets when properly thrown, omelettes, mushrooms, billowing dresses, records, etc.) \ss ser redondo, grande y algo plano (tortillas grandes, ciertos panes como semita, hotcakes, manchas, terrayas cuando se avientan bien, omeletes, ciertas faldas que se hinchan, discos, etc.) \pna Ne: mlá:k uwei, ihkí:n techichi:maltik. \pea Those there (in this case loaves of bread) are really big, they are wide and round like this (indicating with hands). \psa Esos son grandes de a deveras (en este casom panes), son hasta así de grandes y redondos (indicándolo con las manos). \pna Asta techi:maltik. \pea It's just so big and round (in this case a fried egg tort) \psa Es hasta muy grande y redondo (en este caso una torta de huevo). \xrb chi:mal \nse If the round object is small, the diminutive chi:maltsi:n is used. \qry Check to see if /chi:maltik/ is commonly used, or if the main (perhaps only) form is intensified: /techi:maltik/. \nse If the round object is not big the diminutive without /-tik/ is used: /chi:maltsi:n/, e.g. a small tortilla. In vulgar speech this and related terms are at times used to refer to the male organ. This word is often used in reference to the male organ and considered vulgar when so used (cf. kuhchi:maltik). \rt Review possible etymology of /chi:mal/ based on /chi:-/ and /malV/ based on other words with /malV/ indicating roundness such as /malacatl/. \ref 02889 \lxa china china china chinah \lxac china china china chinah \lxo china china chinah \lxocpend china china chinah \dt 22/Jul/2002 \loan cochino \psm Interj \der Interj-loan \seo sound used by women in calling their pigs to eat \sso sonido utilizado por las mujeres en llamar a sus marranos a comer \ref 07761 \lxa china:nkahli \lxac china:nkahli \lxo china:nkahli \lxoc china:nkahli \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo house made of wattling \sso casa de chinamitl \cfo china:ntli \encyctmp kahli; china:ntli (and fencing) \xrb china:m \xrb kal \ref 06324 \lxa china:ntia \lxac kichina:ntia \lxo china:ntia \lxoc kichina:ntia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to construct a wall of china:ntli for (e.g., as the walls of a house or kitchen) \ss construirle o eregirle una pared de chinamil para (p. ej., una casa o una cocina) \pna O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti. \pea The chinamíl of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) one of chinamíl for it! \psa Se envejeció el chinamíl de tu casa. ¡Póngale uno (nuevo)! \se to place a chinamíl fence around (an area such as a housesite) \ss cercar con chinamil (particularmente un solar) \xrb china:m \qry For Oapan, determine the word /pakyo:tl/ or similar construction. \ref 01568 \lxa china:ntli \lxac china:ntli \lxo china:ntli \lxoc china:ntli \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se wattling; type of wall or fence made of canes or rods that are interwoven around stakes placed firmly in the ground \ss chinamíl, tipo de pared o cerca cerca construido de varas entrelazadas entre estacas clavadas fuertemente en la tierra \seo name of one of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail \sso nombre de uno de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail \encyctmp kahli; cerca \xrb china:m \nse This type of fencing is, itself, divided into two types. The first is called bajere:keh (Am) and the second is called tlawi:pantli Bajere:keh consists of rods twisted around stakes. Tlawi:pantli has upright rods tied together by interlaced twine. At either side the upright ends of these fences are tied to stakes. The better part of this tlawi:pantli simply rests on the ground, end up. It is thus a much weaker construction than bajere:keh. According to Emidgio Rosendo, the best rods for making china:ntli, apparently of the type known as bajere:keh are from ista:kwistli, tetekolotsi:n (Am), and tlapa:nwistli (a tree or bush not yet identified). Also able to be used are komalakawistli, witspatla:xtli, koo:la:wa, and kuwiya:wtli. For a more extensive discussion of the dance kwa:tepail and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under kwa:tepail. \mod Make sure both /bare:jeh/ and /tlawi:kpantli/ have separate entries. \ref 06012 \lxa chinawi \lxac chinawi \lxo chinawi \lxocpend chinawi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se see chichinawi \ss véase chichinawi \xv0a tlachinawi \xv0o tláchináwi \ref 05017 \lxa chi:noh \lxac chi:noh \lxo chi:noh \lxoc chi:noh \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan chino \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infv Gender: chi:nah \seao to be curly-haired \ssao ser chino; tener el pelo enrizado \cola tlayo:hli de un chi:noh \ref 01541 \lxa chino:tilia \lxac kichino:tilia \lxo chínotília \lxoc kichínotília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (refl.) to get or have ones hair curled \ss (refl.) enchinarse el pelo \nae Like xi:ma when referring to a haircut, chino:tilia is most often documented in the reflexive although it is also found as a fully transitive verb. \vl Check vowel length in /chino:tilia/ (Am and Oa) and change as needed in all fields. \ref 01687 \lxa chi:notilia \lxac nochi:notilia \lxo chí:notília \lxoc nochí:notília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan (Nah) chino \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infn +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo (refl.) to curl ones hair \sso (refl.) enchinarse el pelo \nae The pitch accented pattern of chí:notília quite clearly derives from the underlying {h} of the Spanish loan chino. \ref 07088 \lxa chinowa \lxac kichinowa \lxo chichinowa \lxoc kichichinowa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to set fire to (brush in a hill or field to clear the land in preparation for planting; see tlachinowa) \ss quemar o incendiar (campo o monte para limpiar un terreno en preparación para sembrar; véase tlachinowa) \pna Kichinowa tepe:tl ka:n sakayoh. \pea He is burning the hill where it is covered by grass. \psa Está quemando el cerro donde hay mucho zacate. \pna O:kichinoh sakayoh, o:kiyo:kolih. \pea He set the field of grass ablaze, he did it on purpose (i.e., the blaze did not start accidently, as it sometimes does). \psa Incendió el campo de zacate, lo hizo a propósito (esto es, el incendio no se propagó por accidente, como a veces sucede). \pna Kichinowa ka:n to:ka. \pea He burns the field where he plants. \psa Quema el terreno donde siembra. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to sear; to hold a fire close to \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) chamuscar; acercarle una flama a \pna Xchichino para ki:sas itomiotsitsi:wa:n! \pea Sear it (in this case a plucked chicken) so that its little hairs come off! \psa ¡Chamúscalo (en este caso un pollo desplumado) para que se quiten sus vellitos! \pna Nikinchichino:s in a:skameh. Ke:n miakeh! \pea I'm going to set a flame to these ants (to kill them, e.g., ants marching in a line by holding a torch to them and following down the line with the flame). There really are a lot of them! \psa Voy a acercarle una flama a estas hormigas (para matarlas, esto es, acercándole la flama a una fila de hormigas). ¡Qué tantas hay! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to deliberately blacken by burning (a pot or similar item) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tiznar intencionalmente al chamuscar (una olla u otro objeto similar) \pna Yo:nikchichinoh noko:n. Ye:nkwik katka. \pea I blackened my pot (on purpose). It was new. \psa Tizné mi olla (a propósito). Estaba nueva. \cfao chichinawi \xrb chin \xv1a tlachinowa \xv1o tláchinówa \nse One burns a field by either gathering weeds (sakatl or tlasohli) in bunches or beating them down, then setting the the matted brush ablaze. This must be done because the weeds do not catch fire in their natural upright state. The verb chinowa refers to burning the heaps of cut and dried thorns, or the weeds that have first been beaten down so that they hold the flame. Note that the phrase o:kichinoh sakayoh refers to the destructive burning of grasslands. To clear their fields without much effort, certain individuals sometimes set fire to the brush, destroying the grazing land of cattle. This is heavily penalized, but sometimes done. Finally, in the phrase refering to the ants, the action indicated is that of setting a bundle of zacate on fire and holding it near the ants, who are moving along in a line. The grass is then moved close along the line, burning the ants as it is moved along. \nae Apparently when chichinowa is used with the nonspecific object tla- the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects (definite null complement). However, the unreduplicated chinowa utilizes the nonspecific object tla- as in a non-context dependent manner (indefinite null complement), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. te:mowa, which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between -awi and -owa, rather than -iwi and -owa as is often the case; cf. chichinawi. \qry Check whether /h/ is in the root: /tlachinawi/, /tlachinowa/, /kichinowa/ and /chinawi/. Also check re: unreduplicated form, i.e., is /kichinowa/ Ok, or is it always reduplicated. \mod In Ameyaltepec it is not possible to determine if the unreduplicated form is underlyingly {hchinowa}; the cognates from neighbouring villages should be checked. It is possible that the forms are {chichinowa} and {hchinowa}. Perhaps, finally, /chichinowa/ should be entered under /chinowa/ as a reduplicated form. Probably this entry should be included within that for /chinowa/. But the problem is that after other dialects are examined, perhaps the entry should be /(i)hchinowa/, which might make it difficult to combine /chichinowa/. \grm Indefinite null complement: Apparently when chichinowa is used with the nonspecific object tla- the referent of this prefix is contextually determined and can be any one of a multitude of objects. However, the unreduplicated chinowa utilizes the nonspecific object tla- as in a non-context dependent manner (null complement deletion), to indicate solely the burning of fields (cf. te:mowa, which manifests a similar pattern). Note also that the nondirected alternation between intransitive and transitive forms of this verb is between -awi and -owa, rather than -iwi and -owa as is often the case; cf. chichinawi. \ref 01442 \lxa chi:patla:wa \lxac kichi:patla:wa \lxo chi:patla:wa \lxoc kichi:patla:wa \dt 15/Nov/2002 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to cut a long, wide swath in; to clear a large area (in the woods) \ss hacer una larga y ancha franja en; limpiar un claro (en un bosque) \pna Yo:titlako:lo:to. Mo:nteh katka, a:man yo:noka:w sa: tlapatla:hko, we:i o:tikchi:ipatla:w un kowyoh katka. \pea You went to clear the land. It was forest, now it's become nothing more than a wide clearing, you cleared a wide swath in what was once an area full of trees. \psa Fuiste a desmontar. Era monte, ahora no quedó más que un ancho claro, abriste una franja en un lugar donde había muchos árboles. \xrb chi: \xrb patla: \mod Add entry for /chi:patla:wi/. Also check for other uses. \ref 04641 \lxa chi:patla:wi \lxac chi:patla:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08241 \lxa chipa:wa \lxac kichipa:wa \lxo chipa:wa \lxoc kichipa:wa \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to clean (material objects such as clothes, a wall, particularly sth that needs to be cleaned with soap) \ssao limpiar (objetos materiales como ropa, una pared, particularmente algo que se necesita limpiar bien con jabón) \pna On suwa:tl, wel tlachipa:wa, kwahli tlapa:ka. \pea That woman gets things clean, she can wash clothes well. \psa Esa mujer sabe hacer que las cosas queden limpias, lava bien la ropa. \pna Mlá tlachipa:wa mojabó:n. \pea Your sopa really gets things clean. \psa De veras limpia bien tu jabón. \se (refl.) to bathe and clean oneself thoroughly \ss (refl.) bañarse y limpiarse bien \pna Kwahli o:timochipa:w. \pea You cleaned (bathed) yourself really well. \psa Te limpiaste (lavaste) bien. \xrb chipa: \cfa tlachipa:wa \ref 00047 \lxa chipa:wak \lxac chipa:wak \lxo chipa:wak \lxoc chipa:wak \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be clean (clothes and other material objects that are cleaned with soap or sth similar; a person after bathing, etc.) \ss estar limpio (ropa y otros objetos materials que se limpian con jabón o algo parecido; una persona después de bañarse, etc.) \pna Nichipa:wak. Yo:nima:ltih, yo:nimochipa:w. \pea I am clean. I took a bath, I got myself clean. \psa Estoy limpio. Me bañé, me limpié. \pna Chipa:wak notlake:n, xok tlatla:hloh. \pea My clothes are clean, they are no longer dirty. \psa Mi ropa está limpia, ya no está sucia. \se to be clear (water) \ss ser limpio y claro (agua) \pna Chipa:wak a:tl, xok moya:wak. \pea The water (in a river) is clear, it is no longer muddy. \psa Está limpia el agua (de un río), yo no está revuelta (o lodosa). \se to be fair-skinned; light-skinned (a person) \ss ser güero (una persona) \pna Mlá:k tichipa:wak. \pea You are really fair-skinned. \psa De veras eres muy güero. \xrb chipa: \ref 02827 \lxa chipa:wi \lxac chipa:wi \lxo chipa:wi \lxoc chipa:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to become clean (clothes or objects, usually with soap; a person upon bathing) \ss quedar limpio (ropa u otros objetos, con jabón; una persona al bañarse) \se to become clear (water, particularly in a river that had been muddy) \ss quedarse claro y limpio (agua, particularmente el agua corriente de un río que estaba lodoso o revuelto por las lluvias) \xrb chipa: \xv0ao tlachipa:wi \ref 05050 \lxa chi:pi:lin \lxac chi:pi:lin \lxo chi:pi:lin \lxoa chi:pi:lih \lxoc chi:pi:lih \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao generic name for a group of plants that include the chi:pi:lin, tepe:chi:pi:lin, and another plant with various names in the Balsas River basin \ssao nombre genérico de un grupo de plantas que incluye chi:pi:lin, tepe:chi:pi:lin y otra planta cuyo nombre varia en la región del Balsas \seao edible plant apparently of the family Leguminosea and genus Crotolaria \ssao planta comestible, aparentemente de la familia Leguminosea y género Crotolaria \se (i:xixi:tew ~) frutescence of the chi:pi:lin (and other plants of this genus) \ss (i:xixi:tew ~) frustescencia del chi:pi:lin (y otras plantas de este género) \sem plant \sem edible \xrb chi:pil \qry Note that in one example phrase I have recorded /chi:pi:lin/ in a previous entry example phrase. In other cards I have /chi:pilin/. However, in my botany notes the vowel is long. Also note that that Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give /chipi:lin/, which they identify as chipil or chipilín. Vowel length should be rechecked. \cpl Schoenhals (1988:42) gives "chipilín de monte (Crotalaria spp., e.g. C. longirostrata) 'rattlepod,', has yellow flowers and grows in the corn fields; the leaves are eaten like spinach or used as a cooking herb. Also called chepil, tronadora." Ramírez (1991) gives the Spanish name as chipile and the family as Leguminosae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the chipil or chipilin. \nct xiwtli \ref 02184 \lxa chi:pi:ltlatowa \lxac chi:pi:ltlatowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08443 \lxa chipi:ni \lxac chipi:ni \lxo chipi:ni \lxoc chipi:ni \dt 14/Oct/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to drip (for drops to fall from sth like a roof's edge) \ss gotear (caer gotas de algo, como el borde de un techo) \se (with wa:l-) to drip through, from one side to another (e.g., rain or water sitting on a roof that passes through to the inside of the house) \ss (con wa:l-) gotear, pasando de un lado de algo al otro (p. ej., la lluvia o agua estancada sobre un techo que pasa adentro de la casa) \xrb chipi: \xv0ao tlachi:chipi:ni \xvkao chichipika \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Valency and impersonal. The construction /asta nitlachichipi:ni/ is interesting in that it has both an over subject and a /tla-/ impersonal marker. Basically, it seems that the /ni-/ here indicates the "site" at which the action occurs; usually the site with /tla-/ impersonals Certainly the /ni-/ is not an agent. An effort should be made to determine other cases of /tla-/ impersonals with an over subject. Also, check to determine whether a construction such as /nichichipi:ni/ is correct, and if so the sense difference with /nitlachichipi:ni/. \ref 05152 \lxa chipi:nia \lxac kichipi:nia \lxo chipi:nia \lxoc kichipi:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to let drops fall (e.g., of medicine into a wound) \ssao dejar caer gotas (p. ej., de un remedio a una herida) \pna Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. \pea If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. \psa Si has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de tus orejas. \xrb chipi: \xvaao chipi:nilia \ref 00234 \lxa chipi:nilia \lxac kichipi:nilia \lxo chipi:nilia \lxoc kichipi:nilia \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to let drops fall on \ss dejar caer gotas sobre \pna O:nimochi:chipini:lih yetl. \pea I let drops of liquido from the beans fall on me. \psa Me dejé manchar por el caldo de los frijoles. \xrb chipi: \xvbao chipi:nia \qry Check correctness of short vowel rdp in /O:nimochichipini:lih yetl./. \ref 03703 \lxa chi:polo:ni \lxac chi:polo:ni \lxo chi:polo:ni \lxoc chi:polo:ni \dt 14/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc PM-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran +Compl \infv class-3a \seao to bubble up (air from under water) \ssao subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua) \sea to spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein) \ssa salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria) \pna Chi:polo:ni yestli, me:dioh me:ya. \pea Blood spurts out, it sort of flows out (like water from a spring). \psa Sale a chorritos la sangre, casi fluye (como agua de un manantial). \xrb chi: \xrb polo: \qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc. \rt The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.' \ref 05873 \lxa chi:polo:nia \lxacpend tlachi:polo:nia \lxo chi:polo:nia \lxocpend tlachi:polo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-2a \seao to make bubble up (air from under water) \ssao hacer subir burbujas (de aire desde el fondo del agua) \sea to make spurt out (a liquid such as blood for a severe wound such as that which cuts an artery or vein) \ssa hacer salir a chorros (un líquido como la sangre de una grave herida, como una que corta una vena o arteria) \xrb chi:- \xrb polo: \nse This verb is usually uses with the nonspecific object prefix /tla-/ with the sense of 'to release bubbles from under water (e.g., fish, sb swimming underwater, etc.). The use of the intraverse directional prefix wa:l- is not uncommon. Thus one may hear wa:ltlachi:polo:nia (Am), 'he is making bubbles rise to the surface of the water' (e.g., by breathing underwater).' The form tlachi:polo:nia can also be used, for example, to refer to the action of fish below the surface of the water. \qry Check other possible uses of /chi:polo:ni/ and, if it exists, /polo:ni/. Check for trans. ?chi:polo:nia or ?chi:polo:naltia, etc. \rt The occurrence of /polo:/ as a root in /chi:polo:ni/ is unclear. Perhaps it is related to the /pol/ in /polaki/. However, at the same time there is a /polo:ni/ meaning 'to stammer.' \ref 07313 \lxa chitapetlatl \lxac chitapetlatl \lxo chítapétlatl \lxoc chítapétlatl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se small petate used in cribs \ss petate pequeño utilizado en las cuñas \cfa chitatli \cfo chítatlí \xrb chitah \xrb petla \ilustmp illustrate, cf. illustration for /chitatli/. \ref 04008 \lxa chi:tatli \lxac chi:tatli \lxo chí:tatlí \lxoc chí:tatlí \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infv Poss. nochi:tah \infn stem-final saltillo; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seao cradle (for babies); household item used to store things on and made of a wooden rod bent and tied in a circle, with a slightly concave surface of woven palm strung through the center \ssao cuna (para bebés); utensilio casero empleado para guardar cosas; está hecho de una vara doblada y atada en un círculo, con una superficie de palma tejida en en centro y que se emplea para guardar cosas dentro de la casa \sem material-house \xrb chi:tah \ilus http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/chitatli.htm \nse RS cites from Betancourt: "Redecilla para llevar comida en viaje o para pescar." However, note that in Ameyaltepec a chitlatli is instead solely found only in homes or ramadas. It is hung high from a beam and things (such tortillas, papers, remedies, money, etc.) are stored on top of it. Or it is used as a cradle. Often a small, prickly cactus is placed on the cord sustaining the chitatli to prevent mice from climbing down onto its surface. \ilustmp Illustrated; make link. \ref 00524 \lxa chi:toh \lxac chi:toh \lxo chi:to \lxoc chi:to \dt 20/May/2002 \loan chivo (?) \psm N \der N-loan (?) \infn N1 \se goat barbecue \ss barbacoa (de chivo) \sem food \qry Check with Spanish speakers on the possibility of a loan. Check final /h/ in Am. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05786 \lxa chi:wa \lxac kichi:wa \lxo chi:wa \lxoc kichi:wa \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to do (in the sense of fulfill an obligation, complete a task, etc.) \ssao hacer (en el sentido de cumplir con una obligación, llevar a cabo una tarea, etc.) \pna Nikchi:was un tekitl. \pea I will do that job. \psa Voy a hacer ese trabajo. \pna I:tekiw nochi:was. \pea It's bound to get done. \psa De por sí se va a hacer (o, llevar a cabo). \seao (refl.) to act dumb; to play the fool; to pretend or feign ignorance; to put on an act (in order to deceive, not have to do a job, etc.) \ssao (refl.) hacerse (el tonto; esto es, una persona que finge ignorancia, que no sabe algo, etc.); fingir \pna San timochi:wa. Xmilá:k! \pea You are just putting on an act. It's not true! \psa Solamente te estás haciendo. ¡No es verdad! \pna O:nimochi:w para ma pipi:na:wi. \pea I acted dumb (in this case pretending not to hear sb's calls to me) so that he would be embarrassed. \psa Me hice el tonto (en este caso no contestando a una persona cuando llamaba) para que tuviera vergüenza. \seao (-pan with refl.) to happen to (a person [Poss. of -pan]) \ssao (-pan con refl.) sucederle a; acaecerle a (una persona [Pos. de -pan]) \pna Xo:nikwelitak tli:n mopan o:nochi:w. \pea I didn't like what happened to you (i.e. something bad). \psa No me gustó lo que te pasó (algo malo). \se ([adj. or noun] with refl.) to become; to convert into ([adjective or noun]) \ss ([adj. o sustantivo con refl.) hacerse; llegar a ser; convertirse en ([adjectivo o sustantivo]) \pna We:i wa:lnochi:was motomi:n. \pea Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here. \psa Tu dinero se va a valer más (hacerse "grande") acá. \seao (~ wa:xin) to made a fool out of \ssao (~ wa:xin) hacerle guaje a; hacerle parecer tonto a (algn) \pna O:tine:xchi:w wa:xin, xmlá:k tli:n o:tine:chihlih. \pea You made a fool out of me, it wasn't true what you said to me. \psa Me hiciste guaje, no fue verdad lo que me dijiste. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to make; to produce; to fabricate \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (un producto); producir; fabricar \pna Nikchichi:was a:to:hli (=na:to:lchi:was). \pea I will make atole. \psa Voy a hacer atole. \pno Kí:chí:was semi:tah. \peo He is going to make semita (a type of bread made in Oapan). \pso Va a hacer semita (un tipo de pan hecho en Oapan). \cfa kichi:was \xrb chi:wa \xvaao chi:wilia \xvcao chi:waltia \xv1a tlachi:wa \xv1o tlá:chí:wa \nse The reflexive and idiomatic use of nochi:wa is probably a borrowed calque from Spanish, e.g. 'no te hagas'. Likewise the idiomatic expression hacerle guaje a alguien 'to make a fool of somone' is also found in Spanish, though the direction of borrowing is not entirely clear. Often chichi:wa seems to be a virtual equivalent of e:kchi:wa. However, there may be a slight but important difference: Chichi:wa is used more to refer to household or petty production whereas e:kchi:wa to a village industry: I:pan un kahli kichichi:wan ke:soh 'In that house they make cheese'; cf. Ne: San Jua:n ke:kchi:wan ke:soh, 'There in San Juan they produce cheese.' In addition chichi:wa refers to rather small items that are fashioned with ones hands, whereas e:kchi:wa refers more to larger objects that are assembled or put together, e.g., ke:kchi:was i:kal 'he will make (build) his house.' However, the distinction between the two verb forms needs further research. \dis e:kchi:wa; chichi:wa \qry Check the correctness of /nikchi:was a:to:hli/ vs. /nikchichi:was a:to:hli/. Also, cf. these to /na:to:lchi:was/. In general determine whether /chi:wa/ can be used in the sense of the manufacture or make, or whether the reduplicated form is necessary for that. Check a phrase (for predication) such as nimochi:was tiopixki; cf. Classical, e.g., RS: nimochiua \grm Note the following use of a directional and the reference point in the future: /We:i wa:lnochi:was motomin/ 'Your money will buy a lot more (be worth a lot more) here.' \ref 00284 \lxa chi:waltia \lxac kichi:waltia \lxo chi:waltia \lxoc kichi:waltia \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to obligate or force to do (e.g., a task or chore, etc.); to boss around \ss obligar o forzar a hacer (p. ej., una tarea u otra obligación, etc.); mandar \pna On suwa:montli, ke:n kichi:waltia imona:n. Kina:watia tli:non ma kichi:wa se: tekitl. Ma:ski kihlia xweli, kichi:waltia. \pea That daughter-in-law is really bossed around by her mother-in-law. She orders her to perform a certain task, even though she says that she can't (do it), her mother-in-law obligates her. \psa A aquella mujer ¡cómo la hace trabajar su suegra! Le manda hacer una cosa (y) aunque ella diga que no puede, a fuerza la obliga (a hacerlo). \pna Ne:xchi:walti:skeh. \pea They will force me to do a lot of work (e.g. housework). \psa Me van a obligar a trabajar mucho (p. ej., en los quehaceres de la casa). \pna Xonite:chi:waltih para afwe:rsah ma titlami:ka:n. \pea I didn't force people so that we would finish. \psa No obligué a nadie para que termináramos. \se (with 3rd-person specific object ki-) to eat or drink with relish \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona, ki-) comer o beber con gusto \pna A:ndaleh, xikchi:walti:kan! Xtlakwa:kan! Newa kemech o:nikwa:lchi:waltite:w. \pea Come on, go for it (food)! Eat! I just had something to eat before coming this way. \psa ¡Órale! ¡Lléguenle a la comida! ¡Coman! Yo apenas comí algo antes de venirme. \se (with 3rd-person specific object ki-) to go all out (e.g., in throwing a party) \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona, ki-) hacer con todo entusiasmo (e.g., una fiesta) \pna O:kichi:waltikeh, ye wi:kpla ipan domi:ngoh. Mlá:k o:tlai:lo:k. \pea They threw a party, the day before yesterday, on a Sunday. People really got drunk. \psa Hicieron una fiesta, fue antier, domingo. Fue una verdadera borrachera. \xrb chi:wa \xvbao chi:wa \nae Although chi:waltia is apparently a ditransitive verb with two objects, it seems that in many cases the secondary object is not directly expressed. This is particularly true in regard to the two idiomatic meanings, 'to eat or drink with relish' and 'to go all out (in doing sth).' \qry Note that the meaning of /chiwa:ltia/ is unclear and should be checked. Apparently it is a ditransitive with the primary object being human. Thus the sense of /ne:xchi:walti:skeh/. Apparently this can stand alone. But there is a question as to how the second object is expressed. That is, does one have /ne:xchi:walti:skeh tekitl/ or is there a complement: /ne:xchi:walti:skeh ma nitlachpa:na/. Or are all correct. Also, with /o:kichi:waltikeh/ determine what the object refers to. Can was say: /xikchi:walti mokone:w/? etc. \ref 01045 \lxa chi:wilia \lxac kichi:wilia \lxo chi:wilia \lxoc kichi:wilia \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to do to (sth to sb, e.g., to cause sth to befall sb) \ss hacerle (algo a algn, p. ej., causar que algo le pase a algn) \pna Tli:non o:tine:xchi:wilih? \pea What did you do to me? \psa ¿Qué me hiciste? \pna O:nikontak. O:pe:w tikchi:chi:wilia tekitl ka:n tito:ka. \pea I saw you over there. You started to do things here and there (to) where you plant (i.e., clear spots here and there, arrange the field for sowing, etc.). \psa Te ví alli. Ya empezaste a hacerle trabajitos por acá y por allá donde vas a sembrar (p. ej., a limpiar el terreno en partes, a trabajar en las varias partes donde se necesita hacer algo). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to make (some produced object, or a food or dish) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer (una cosa fabricada o elaborada, una comida) para \pna Ne:chtlachichi:wilitok. \pea He is making something for me (i.e., producing sth such as ceramics, etc.). \psa Me está haciendo algo (p. ej., fabricando algo como cerámica, etc.). \pna O:nimochichi:wilih na:to:l. \pea I made (prepared) atole for myself. \psa Me hice atole. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to splatter on (i.e., some liquid, mud, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) salpicar; manchar (p. ej., con algún líquido, con lodo, etc.) \pna O:pe:w tine:xchi:chi:wilia ika sokitl. O:tine:chtla:tla:lilih. \pea You've started to splatter me with mud. You've gotten it on me in various places. \psa Me has empezado a salpicar con lodo. Me manchaste en varios lados. \pna O:nimochi:chi:wilih, o:ne:cha:asik ipan notlake:n. \pea I besplattered myself, it got on my clothes (e.g., chile, mud, paint, etc.). \psa Me salpiqué, me cayó sobre la ropa (p. ej., chile, lodo, pintura, etc.). \se (kichi:wilia luchah) to struggle; to make a concerted effort (e.g., to make a living, to support ones family; to build a house; to sell merchandize) \ss (kichi:wilia luchah) hacerle la lucha; esforzarse mucho (p. ej., para mantenerse a si y a la familia; para fabricar una casa; para vender) \pna Xikchi:wili luchah! Ma:ka mistla:nis! \pea Give it a go! Don't let it defeat you! \psa ¡Hazle la lucha! ¡No dejes que te venzca! \se (chi:wilia kwe:ntah) to pay attention to \ss (chi:wilia kwe:ntah) hacerle caso a \pna Xne:xchi:wilia kwe:ntah. \pea He doesn't pay attention to me. \psa No me hace caso (presta atención). \xrb chi:wa \xvba chi:wa \xv1a tlachichi:wilia \xv1o tlá:chi:wília \xv1ao tlachi:chi:wilia \ref 03987 \lxa cho \lxac cho tlakwatok \lxo cho \lxoa chi \lxoc cho nika:ntsi:n \dt 25/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \se very \ss muy \pno Cho nika:ntsi:n. \peo It is very close. \pso Está muy cerca. \se (~ [verb; often progressive] just (i.e., to be just doing [verb] and nothing else); simply (doing [verb] and nothing else) \ss (~ [verb; often progressive] simplemente (esto es, estar simplemente [verbo]); nomás; pasarsela [verbo] \pna Nochipa cho tlake:nxixi:ntok \pea Clothes are just dropping off of it all the time (in this case the kohxio:tl, a tree with peeling bark, as mentioned in a riddle). \psa Nomás se le está tirando ropa todo el tiempo (en este caso el kohxio:tl, un árbol con cáscara que se pela, como se menciona en una adivinanza). \pna Cho titlakwatok wa:n ne: a:kin iwa:n titekiti, yewameh ye tekipano:tokeh. \pea You are just totally involved in eating and there your work partners, they are already working. \psa Nada más te la pasas comiendo, y allá tus compañeros de trabajo, ellos ya están trabajando. \pna Cho ye:watoya, wa:n o:wets. \pea He was just sitting there (minding his business), and he fell over. \psa Estaba no más sentado, y se cayó. \pna San cho poti:xatsi:n, yo:pi:tso:t. \pea He has a little bloated belly (in this case a young child), he has sibling rivalry. \psa Tiene la barrigita hinchadita (en este caso un niño pequeño), tiene chípil. \se (~ [adjectival]) almost; nearly [adjectival] \ss (~ [adjectival]) casi; aproximadamente; un poquito [adjectival] \pna San cho kostiktsi:n. \pea It's just a little yellowish (i.e., sth like palm that is white but has a yellow tint, not really yellow). \psa Es solamente algo amarillo (p. ej., algo como la palma que es blanca pero que tiene un matiz amarillo, pero no es amarillo de a deveras) \xrb cho \nse Cho is often pronounced with the back vowel [u]. \qry Both the derivation and the precise meaning are uncertain. Above I have it indicating to be doing nothing but X (action signified by the verb). Phrase is from a riddle. Perhaps it signifies to be doing something like (but not actually) X. Check definition of /cho/ i.e. whether it is 'something like', 'really', etc. I.e. is it an intensifier or better understood as referring to something which is like X but not \grm Diminutive: /tsi:n/: Note the use of /tsi:n/ in the phrase from Oapan: /cho nika:ntsi:n/. 'It is really quite close.' \ref 02468 \lxa cho:choh \lxac cho:choh \lxo xo:choh \lxoc xo:choh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-bb \se flower (baby talk) \ss flor (palabra para niños) \pna Xka:wilti mocho:choh! \pea Play with your flower (in talking to a baby)! \psa Juega con tu flor (hablando con un niño)! \sem baby \xrb xo:chi \nae Although palatalization is often indicative of baby talk, the Oapan term xo:choh seems to lack this phonological development. Ameyaltepec cho:choh is apparently derived from the reduplication of the first syllable of xo:chitl with the final /h/ characteristic of baby talk and the change from fricative to affricate. The Oapan form on the surface seems to be xo:chitl with a final vowel change. However, it could be simply xo:xo:h with \mod See discussion in Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 05231 \lxa chochopilo:l \lxac i:chochopilo:l \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \se skin that hangs down from the forehead of a turkey \ss pedazo de piel que se cuelga de la frente de un huajolote \sem body \sem animal \equiva te:nchochopilo:l \syna te:nchochopio \syno te:nchopi:yah \xrb te:n \xrb chopi: \xrb pilo:l \ref 08024 \lxa chochoteya \lxaa chochoteya \lxac ---- \lxo chochoteya \lxoa chachataya \lxoc chochoteya \dt 18/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of small nsect still not identified \ssao tipo de insecto pequeño todavía no identificado \seo type of edible grasshopper still not identified \sso tipo de chapulin todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \equiva a:ko:nteya \encyctmp insects \xrb a: \xrb ko:m \xrb teya \nse Florencia Marcelino stated that the animal called chochoteya, the male not the female, may be asked Ka:nika Mé:jikoh and in response it raises its arm. The female, which is eaten, is not asked this question. Moises Domínguez, however, stated that there are in fact two different animals called by this name. One is small and this is the one that one may ask directions of (e.g., where is ones house). The other is larger and is a type of edible grasshopper. According to Roberto Mauricio there are two sexes of this grasshopper. The male has a small rear and the female has a large rear. Both are green. \qry Note that my notes had only the name /a:ko:nteya/ in a list of small animals, yet with no description. Apparently this is another animal, but it should be confirmed. In my notes I had /a:ko:nteyak/ as an alternative pronunciation. Note the C. Flores denied that the correct form was /a:kon:teya/ and instead gave /chochoteya/ \ref 03869 \lxa cho:ka \lxac cho:ka \lxo cho:ka \lxoc cho:ka \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to cry (a human) \ss llorar (un humano) \pna Tlachocho:ka ika ko:koneh. Mlá:k kone:wakeh! \pea There is a sound of crying children all over. They really have a lot of children! \psa Hay llanto de niños por dondequiera. ¡De veras tienen muchos niños! \se to moo (a cow); to bleat (a goat); to make a characteristic sound (certain other animals) \ss mugir (una vaca); balar (un chivo); hacer su sonido típico (varios animales en particular) \se to make a rumbling or grinding sound (the motor of a vehicle) \ss rugir; rezumbar (el motor de un vehículo) \pna I wa:lcho:katiw un tepostli. \pea That car (or bus, etc.) is coming roaring along (its motor making the sounds). \psa Ese carro (o camión, etc.) viene rugiendo. \se to make a whistling sound (a rock thrown through the air; bullets shot from a gun) \ss hacer un sonido como de silbido (una piedra aventada por el aire; balas disparadas de una arma de fuego) \pna San tlachocho:ka ika bala:soh. \pea There is just a screaming of bullets (e.g. as hunters try and shoot a running dear). \psa Las balas silban por todos lados (p. ej. cuando muchos cazadores están tratando de matar a un venado). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to cry on and off; for ones voice to break occasionally in crying; to be continually on the verge of crying while crying slightly and softly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) llorar por momentos; quebrarse ocasionalmente la voz en llanto; estar a punto de llorar o llorar quietamente \pna Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:yah imulah. \pea His voice breaks (as he is on the verge of tears) because his mule has taken off. \psa Se le quiebra la voz (al estar al borde del llanto) porque se fue su mula. \pna Cho:cho:ka pa:mpa o:notsontek. \pea At moments he cries because he cut himself. \psa Llora por momentos porque se cortó. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to bray on and off (a mule, horse, or donkey, from pain or hunger) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) rebuznar repetidas veces (una mula, caballo, o burro, por el dolor o el hambre) \pna Cho:cho:ka momulah, a:pismiki. \pea Your mule is braying, it's hungry. \psa Rebuzna tu mula, tiene hambre. \sem sound-human \sem sound-animal \xrb cho:ka \xvaao cho:kilia \xvca cho:ktia \xvco cho:htia \qry Check precise animals and things that make this sound. Note also that with the long vowel reduplication in regards to a mule: /cho:ka/ when the animal is looking for its partner, but /cho:cho:ka/ when it is hungry. This is a different type of sound. Recheck all the meanings of long vowel reduplication. \ref 03840 \lxa cho:kani \lxac cho:kani \lxo cho:kani \lxoa cho:kane \lxoc cho:kani \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se baby who cries a lot \ss bebé que llora mucho \se cry-baby \ss llorón \xrb cho:ka \qry Determine whether this refers mostly to babies or adults. Cf. to /cho:kwitla/. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05242 \lxa cho:kilia \lxac kicho:kilia \lxo cho:kilia \lxoc kicho:kilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to cry for or about (e.g., particularly for sb or sth, e.g., a beloved animal, that dies) \ssao llorar a o por (p. ej., a una persona o animal querido recién muerto) \pna Timitscho:kili:s kwa:k timikis. \pea I will cry for you when you die. \psa Voy a llorar por ti cuando te mueras. \seao (~ tomi:n) (fig.) to be a penny-pincher \ssao (~ tomi:n) (fig.) ser codo; llorar por su dinero \pna Kicho:kilia: itomi:n. \pea He counts his pennies (he is a cheapskate, i.e., 'he cries after (or for) his money'). \psa Es codo (llora por su dinero). \xrb cho:ka \xvbao cho:ka \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, in regard to crying about humans, cho:kilia is used for crying about someone's death whereas -ka cho:ka is used when crying about someone's absence (e.g., moka nicho:ka), when someone is sick, etc. \vl Ignore first erroneous pronunciation kikochi:lia; rather, tag this as 01932 letter "z" or whatever is needed. \ref 02964 \lxa cho:kilistli \lxac cho:kilistli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm N \der \se crying; the act of crying \ss llanto \xrb cho:ka \mod Check: Chen Diaz stated that the form is /cho:kistli/. It should probably be changed from what C. Flores gave. \ref 07698 \lxa cho:kistlatowa \lxac cho:kistlatowa \lxo cho:kistlátowá \lxop cho:kistlatowa \lxoc cho:kistlátowá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der tla-V2 \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to speak while crying or about to cry; to speak while on the verge of tears \ssao hablar al punto de llorar; hablar entre llanto \xrb cho:ka \xrb hto \nae The incorporation of cho:kis is to the lexicalized intransitive verb tlatowa, itself derived from the transitive form to which the nonspecific object prefix has been added. For this reason the compounding has been considered N-V1, which could also be represented N-(tla-V2). \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent; noun incorporation; boundaries: Note that in /cho:kistlátowá/ the pitch accent does not cross the boundary of the incorporated noun. This is the case even though the "location" of the p-a mark is as here indicated: /cho:kistla'towa/. \ref 00834 \lxa chokola:teh \lxaa chikola:teh \lxac chokola:teh \lxo chokola:teh \lxoc chokola:teh \dt 14/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) chikola:tl \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem food \se chocolate (candy) \ss chocolate (dulce de) \xrb chikol \nae The lexemes in this entry are back-borrowings from Spanish. They refer only to chocolate in the hard form, not liquid, for which chikola:tl is used. \ref 02480 \lxa cho:ktia \lxac kicho:ktia \lxo cho:htia \lxoc kicho:htia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make cry (particularly a human, though various animals as well) \ssao hacer llorar (particularmente a una persona, pero varios animales también) \pna Kicho:ktia ika o:mik itah. \pea It makes him cry that his father died. \psa Le hace llorar que se murió su papá. \se to irritate the eyes of \ss irriatarle los ojos a \pna Ne:xcho:ktia po:ktli. \pea The smoke irritates my eyes. \psa El humo me irrita los ojos. \se to sound (e.g., a horn on a car) \ss pitar; soñar (p. ej., el klaxon de un coche) \pna Kicho:ktitok ikarri:toh, i yaw. \pea He is sounding the horn on his car, he is about to go. \psa Está haciendo sonar el claxon de su coche, ya se va \se to cause to or make whistle (e.g., a rock by throwing it through the air) \ss hacer silbar (p. ej., una piedra aventada fuertemente por el aire) \pna Xwel tikcho:ktia tetl? \pea Can you make a rock whistle (throwing it hard in a certain way so that it whistles)? \psa ¿Puedes hacer silbar una piedra? (al aventarla fuertemente para que se haga el sonido de silbido). \xrb cho:ka \xvba cho:ka \ref 00603 \lxa cho:kwi:tl \lxac cho:kwi:tl \lxo cho:kwi:tl \lxoc cho:kwi:tl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1; pl. cho:kwi:meh \seao cheapskate; miser \ssao codo; mezquino \pna Cho:kwi:tl, kicho:kilia itomi:n. \pea He's a cheapskate, he cries after his money. \psa Es mezquino, le llora a su dinero. \seo cry-baby \sso llorón \syno tla:kacho:kwi:tl \cfa cho:kwitla \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \nse Cho:kwi:tl refers to a person who although rich cries after his money (kicho:ki:lia i:tomin) and doesn't want to spend it on anything. The etimology of this form is uncertain, although the long /i:/ suggests the possibility of a derivation related to kwi. \nae The length of the final vowel in cho:kwi:tl is uncertain. In the plural, cho:kwi:meh it seems definitely long, but before the absolutive it is hard to determine the length of the \qry Check dif. between this word and /cho:kwitla/. \vl Check vowel length. Originally in my notes (both Am filecards and Oa documentation of sound recordings) I had a long vowel /cho:kwi:tl/. I have maintained this even though /cho:kwitla/, which is perhaps related, has a short vowel in this position. Check all forms. \ref 04646 \lxa cho:kwitla \lxac cho:kwitla \lxo ---- \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm N(ap) \com N-N(?) \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. cho:kwitlameh \sea crybaby; a big cryer \ssa llorón; mezquino \pna Cho:kwitla. Ke:n cho:kani! \pea He is a crybaby. Oh, how he cries! \psa Es un llorón. ¿Cómo se la pasa llorando? \cfao cho:kwi:tl \xrb cho:ka \xrb kwi \nse The etymology of cho:kwitla is uncertain. It seems to be closely related to cho:kwitl, though with the slight difference in meaning between the two noted in the definitions. Note that cho:kwitla refers to someone, particularly small children, who cry a lot. Cho:kwitl refers more to figurative, metaphoric crying, such as that which is 'after money.' \qry For cho:kwitla, see GRAM 1984-09-02.1 Although it is usually used to indicate a crybaby, one entry stated that at times it can also be used interchangeably with cho:kwi:tl. \grm Determine meaning of both /cho:kwitl/ and /cho:kwitla/ and discuss derivational process. \ref 06108 \lxa cholo:ltia \lxac kicholo:ltia \lxo cholo:ltia \lxoc kicholo:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to let escape (an animal, particularly because it had been poorly tied up) \ss dejar escapar (un animal, particularmente por haberse atado mal) \pna Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih. \pea You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape. \psa No amarraste bien a tu caballo. se fue con todo y lazo, lo dejaste escapar. \seao to cause to run away (e.g., an animal that ones is trying to capture) \ssao ahuyentar (p. ej., un animal que uno está tratando de agarrar) \seao to take and elope with (a girlfriend) \ssao fugarse con (una novia) \pna O:kicholo:tih un te:lpokawah ne:nkah ichpokawah. \pea That boy eloped with that girl over there. \psa Ese muchacho se fugó con aquella muchacha. \xrb cholo \xvbao cholowa \grm Note re: causative of /Xo:tsa:loh mokaba:yoh. O:yah ika imekayo, o:tcholo:ltih/ 'You didn't hitch your horse up right. It ran away with all and lasso, you let it escape'. Here the meaning of the causative is "let" not "make." Note this and cf. Comrie's discussion of the point. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03330 \lxa cholowa \lxac cholowa \lxo cholowa \lxoc cholowa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-2b \se to flee; to run away \ss fugarse; huir \pna O:choloh, o:nomamuwtih. \pea He ran away, he got frightened. \psa Huyó, se espantó. \se (often with -wa:n) to elope (with) \ss (a menudo con -wa:n) fugarse (con) \pna I:wa:n cholo:s ino:bioh; itekiw kwala:niskia itah. \pea She will elope with her boyfriend; her father would have gotten mad at any rate. \psa Se va a fugar con su novio; de todos modos se hubiera enojado su papá. \se (-pan ~) to run over; to trample \ss (-pan ~) atropellar; pisotear \pna Xmekwani! Ma:ka mopan cholo:s! \pea Get out of the way! Don't let it trample you (e.g., an animal)! \psa ¡Quítate! ¡Qué no te vaya a atropellar (p. ej., un animal)! \se (-pan ~) to disobey; to counter and challenge (an authority such as parents) \ss (-pan ~) desobedecer; desafiar; afrontar o arrollar (una autoridad como los padres) \pna Nopan o:choloh nokone:w. Xok ne:xtla:kamati, kimati san yewa tla:katl! \pea My son has challenged me. He doesn't obey me anymore, he think's that he's the only man (e.g., in this household). \psa Mi hijo ya me afrontó. Ya no me obedece, el cree que el es el único hombre (p. ej., en esta casa). \sea (with long vowel reduplication) to walk or move fast \ssa (con reduplicación de vocal larga) caminar a prisa \pna Ma:ka timoka:was! Xcho:cholo! \pea Don't lag behind! Get a move on! \psa ¡No te quedes rezagado! ¡Apúrate! \pna Ticho:cholo:s para ma:ka mistlakaltiki:san. \pea You will walk fast (in this case between a team of mules while plowing a field) so that they don't knock you down as they go. \psa Vas a caminar a prisa (en este caso atrás de una yunta de mulas) para que de paso no te avienten. \pna Deke tito:kas ika ma:chos, melá:k ticho:cholo:s. \pea If you plow with a team of mules, you'll be moving quickly (behind them). \psa Si siembras con una yunta de machos, vas a estar corriendo (atrás de ellos). \sem motion \xrb cholo \xvcao cholo:ltia \qry Get all motion verbs that reduplicate with a long vowel to show fast motion. \grm Note that the reduplication with a long vowel for certain verbs of movement indicates to move quickly, cf. /xne:nenemi/ and /xtla:tlaksa/, In Oapan I believe is /xto:toka/, check. I have not run into this use of long vowel reduplication elsewhere. Cf. my notes in Gram 1986-08-14.1. Cf. /cholwia/ and determine whether applicative in /cholowilia/ exists. \ref 02379 \lxa cholwia \lxac kicholwia \lxo cholwia \lxof [chol 'wi ya] \lxoc kicholwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take quick leave of; To run off to avoid seeing (e.g., in seeing that sb is coming to visit) \ss de repente salir de la companía de; despedirse rápidamente de (algn); huir (al ver a algn acercarse, para evitar hablar con él) \pna O:tikincholwih. Inwa:n timonono:stoya wa:n o:tikinka:wte:w. \pea You took sudden leave of them. You were carrying on a conversation with them and then you got up and left them behind. \psa Saliste rápido de su companía. Estabas hablando con ellos y de repente te paraste y los dejaste al salir. \xrb cholo \nae This is an applicative of the intransitive verb cholowa, manifesting the metathesis that Canger (1980) describes. \grm Apparently this is an applicative of an intransitive, with the metathesis described by Canger. Check if the conditions for such metathesis are filled. \ref 02104 \lxa cho:mboh \lxac cho:mboh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-loan (?) \infn Gender \sea blind \ssa ciego \nse The etymology of cho:mboh is uncertain, it is probably borrowed from some word in Spanish. \ref 02045 \lxa dale teh \lxac dale teh \lxo dáleté:h \lxoc dáleté:h \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan (part) (án)dale \psm Interj \der Interj \syn Á:ndale teh! \se Ok then! \ss ¡Ándale pues! \xrb teh \nse This interjection is used in response to a statement that the first party is going to do something, usually leave a place. It is the same as /ándale téh/ and is a Spanish borrowing meaning 'ándale pues.'For example, after someone says ma nia ('I'm going now!') in taking leave, the one remaining behind may respond dale téh, i.e. 'Ok then!' \ref 01973 \lxa da:le te:h \lxac da:le te:h \lxo á:ndaleh téh \lxoc á:ndaleh téh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan ándale \psm Interj \der Interj \se OK then; get with it \ss ándale pues \qry Check final /h/ in /teh/, which appears to be variable. This is the same as /dale téh/ and entry under this latter should be checked, and gloss from /dale téh/ entered here for /andale téh/. \vl Link first female token and last (3rd) male token. \ref 04648 \lxa damia:nah \lxac damia:nah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan damiana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small bush not yet identified \ssa tipo de arbusto todavía no identificada \src Luis Lucena (personal communication) \pna Bwe:noh para kafé:h, para a:tsope:lik, noposo:nia ixiwio. \pea It (the damia:nah) is good for coffee, for sweet water, its leaves are boiled in water. \psa (Damia:nah) es bueno para café, para agua dulce, se hierven sus hojas en agua. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \nse Damia:nah is used as a remedy for stomach ailments, i.e., when your stomach hurts (mitskukwa mitik). \cpl Schoenhals (1988:43-44) "1. *Turnera diffusa) "turnera" Fragrant leaves; yellow flowers; fruit is a capsule. Used as a tonic and an aaphrodisiac. 2. (Haplopappus venetus) "[family] aster" An alpine shrub of exposed rocky places. Also called falsa damiana. 3. (Chrysactinia mexicana) "[family] aster" A bush with many branches and yellow flowers. Also called falsa damiana, hierba de San Nicolás." \nct tlako:tsi:n \ref 02547 \lxa da:nsah \lxac da:nsah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan danza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea religious dance \ssa danza religiosa \encyctmp da:nsah (give a list: and link to page with a description) \nse The Spanish loan da:nsah is used specifically to refer to religious dances performed during town fiestas, such as da:nsah de bo:lah, da:nsah de koro:nah, bake:ros, etc. \qry Recheck if there is a Oapan word; note that originally nlo>nitó:tiké:tl was here, but this seems to refer to the dancers themselves and not to the "dance." Check. \ref 00668 \lxa Da:nsah de Bo:lah \lxac Da:nsah de Bo:lah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan Danza de Bola \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \ssa religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa \sem dance \syno kwa:tepáil \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \ref 00324 \lxa Da:nsah de Koro:nah \lxac Da:nsah de koro:nah \lxo ---- \dt 02/Mar/2003 \loan Danza de Corona \psm N \der N-loan \se religious line dance performed by young women, now only in Oapan during Carnival and Holy Week \ss religiosa danza de línea bailada por jovenes doncellas, ahora sólo se presenta en solamente en Oapan durante Carnaval y semana santa \sem dance \cfo koró:nawákeh \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this and Da:nsah de Bo:lah check the circumstances when it is performed. They are definitely performed during Carnaval and, I think, during Holy Week. Check whether performed at other times. \ref 07060 \lxa de \lxac de nocha:n \lxo deh \lxoc deh \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan de \psm Subord \der Subord \se from \ss de \pna De ka:non tiwa:le:wa? \pea Where are you from? \psa ¿De dónde vienes? \se (de o:me) two forms \ss (de o:me) dos formas \pna De o:me kipia. \pea It has two forms \psa Tiene dos formas. \ref 02564 \lxa de \lxac de \lxo de \lxoa de:n \lxoc nide Wa:pan \dt 21/Jun/2002 \loan de \psm V1 \der V1-loan \infv Irregular: independent copula \se to be of \ss ser de \pna Un tepostli de newa. \pea That rifle is mine. \psa Ese rifle es mío (de mí). \pna De tepostli moko:n. \pea Your pot is made of metal. \psa Tu olla es de metal. \se to be from \ss ser de \pna Newa nide nika:n. \pea I'm from here. \psa Soy de aquí. \qry Note that when pronounced separately /de/ in Oapan has a final /n/ or /h/. Yet perhaps this is wrong for the form in actual speech. \vl Florencia pronounces /de:h/ once before the beep, and then their is a sequence of 4 tokens (2 and 2). The token pronunciations are /de:n/ or /de:h/. These should be tagged with the number 3774, but not linked. Then there follows a sequence of /nide Wa:pan/ by both speakers. These too should be tagged as 3774, and it is these phrases that should be linked to the dictionary, one female and one male. Link second female and second male token of /nide Wa:pan/. \ref 03774 \lxa deke \lxac deke tikneki \lxo deke \lxoa deki \lxoa diki \lxoc deke kinekis, deki kinekis \dt 01/Jul/2003 \loan de que \psm Subord \der Subord-loan \se if; in the event that \ss si; en caso de que \pna Deki niá:s, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea If I go, I will help you. \psa Si voy, allá te ayudaré. \pna Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih. \pea It didn't smell as if he had slaughtered an animal. \psa No olia como si hubiera sacrificado un animal. \pno Xnikmati deke niá:s. \peo I don't know if I'm going to go. \pso No sé si voy a ir. \mod Check use from taped conversations. \vl Note that there are 4 tokens of /deke kinekis/ (to be tagged as 4639) followed by four tokens of /deke:n/ or some similar form (which should also be tagged also as 04639). But the linked element to the lexical entry should be /deke kinekis/, one female and one male token. \ref 04639 \lxa dela:ntar \lxaa dela:ntár \lxac dela:ntár \lxo dela:ntar \lxoc dela:ntar \dt 29/Jun/2002 \loan delantal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se apron \ss delantal \ono tlake:ntli \nse There are two basic types of aprons, both of which are worn all the time as part of the everyday accoutrements of village women from adolescents on. Younger women (and more and more even married women) wear a dress (besti:doh) and a full-length dela:ntal that covers from the chest to the knees. Older women who wear two blouses (the sowa:koto:ntli underneath and the sa:koh on top) utilize an apron that goes only from the waist to just below the knees. In Oapan there are the following parts of an apron: i:ma:wa:n, i:ye:lpan, i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa, i:tra:nteyo or i:pwe:nteyo, i:kwe:yo, i:jola:nyo, and i:bo:lsayo. \qry Check to determine whether there is a different word for each of these two types of aprons. \vl Check Oa /tra:nteyo/, /pwe:nteyo/, etc. If there is p-a after reviewing the headings, change this here. \ref 01537 \lxa deporsí:h \lxaa deporsí:n \lxac deporsí:h \lxo deporsi:n \lxoa deportsi:n \lxocpend deporsi:n \dt 01/Jul/2003 \loan de por sí \psm Modal \der Modal-loan \seo certainly \sso de por sí \pqry Note that accoustic measurements show that the final vowel of this word is long in Oapan. Check Am which also seems to be the same, except for the final /h/. \ref 07538 \lxa deporsi:na:ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxac a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it \ss sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema \equiva ko:kopi:tsiwi \cfo a:kó:kokohpitsíwi \xrb a: \xrb ko:koh \xrb pi:ts \pqry Of Oapan and Am form check for initial /a:/ and compare to other /a/-initial words. Check throughout for any changes to headwords. Recheck the vowel length of /i:/. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word originally recorded at 6436. These should be tagged as 464 and, moreover, two of these later recorded words should be chosen for the link. \ref 00464 \lxa derroblante:roh \lxac derroblante:roh \lxo rroblante:roh \lxoc rroblante:roh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan derrobar (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao percussionist of a small drum \ssao baterista de tambor chiquito \nse The drum is like that used by village músicos or that which is used in the comisaría. \ref 01209 \lxa diabli:piltsi:n \lxac diabli:piltsi:n \lxo diablipiltsi:n \lxoc diablipiltsi:n \dt 17/Jul/2002 \loan (part) diablo \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo (curse) God-damm (you) \sso (injuria) hijo del diablo \pno Diablipiltsi:n, ¿xtitlachia? \peo God damn you! Can't you see (e.g., said to sb who knocks one over)? \pso ¡Hijo del diablo! ¿No puedes ver (p. ej., dicho a algn que te atropella)? \sem Gender: male \apo blipiltsi:n \nse This is used as a curse when someone or something causes one harm, e.g., in cursing at an animal, a person, etc. Apparently it literally means 'hijo del diablo' (child of the devil). \pqry Check length of /i:/ in Am word as well as Oa form. \vl Given that this is a curse word, tag it but do not link. \ref 06862 \lxa dia:bloh \lxac dia:bloh \lxo dia:bloh \lxoc dia:bloh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan diablo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0 \seao Devil \ssao el diablo \se (~ miktlan) god-damn (etc., used with a following insulting adjective in insulting phrases) \ss (~ miktlan) pinche (etc., utilizado antes de un adjetivo insultante en frases injuriosas) \pna Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok. \pea Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags. \psa No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos. \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! \pea The hell with you, you toothless hag! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! \cfa miktla:n \nse According to L. Lucena only women say dia:bloh miktlan ~ because only they can shout such insults (can te:uwicaltia) without being ashamed. Men either fight or use other words often, it seems, Spanish loans (pende:joh, pi:ncheh, etc.). Note that the phrase dia:bloh miktlan is used as a vocative onl , that is, it is never accompanied by subject pronoun. For instance dia:bloh miktlan te:ntsonpochik translates as '(you) god- damn fuzzy bearded thing' or something similar. Often the adjectives found in this collocation are not found in general speech as descriptive terms and are considered highly insulting (whether or not preceded by dia:bloh miktlan). They often refer to a part of the body, clothes, etc. \qry Check length of /miktlan/ and correct if necessary. \ref 00766 \lxa Dió:s \lxac Dió:s \lxo Dió:s \lxoc Dió:s \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan Dió:s \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se God \ss Diós \pna Xkineltoka Dió:s. \pea He doesn't believe in God. \psa No cree en Diós. \pna Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi! \pea Cheers (said to sb about to take a drink of hard alcohol)! \psa ¡Salud (dicho a una persona a punto de tomar un trago de una bebida fuerte)! \pna Ma Dió:s mitswi:ka! \pea May God be with you (said to sb about to embark on a journey)! \psa ¡Qué Dió:s te acompañe! \nse The first example phrase is said in drinking rounds, and is said by those not drinking to one who is about to take a swig of picado (pure alcohol mixed with soda, juice, etc.), who himself first says ika molise:nsiah. \mod Add /ika molise:nsiah/ \ref 04202 \lxa Dió:s ipiltsi:n \lxac Dió:s ipiltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea see piltsi:n \ssa véase piltsi:n \xrb pil \ref 02115 \lxa dyah \lxac dyah \lxo di \lxoa dya \lxoa tia \lxoc di yo:tima:ltih tiá:s \dt 20/Jul/2003 \loan de (ya?) \psm Subord \der Subord \se and then \ss y después; y entonces \pna Tima:lti:s dya tiá:s \pea You will bathe and then you will go. \psa Te vas a bañar y entonces te irás. \pna Tli:tlikwi dya se:se:wi. \pea It blinks on and off (e.g., lights on a Christmas tree). \psa Se enciende y se apaga (p. ej., las luces de un árbol de Navidad). \pno Di yo:nina:ltih, niman niá:s. \peo Once I've bathed, I'll go right away. \pso Una vez que me bañé, luego me voy. \pna Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli. Xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl dya xoko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! \pea The paint has thickened. Pour in a little water (to the bottle) and shake it deliberately back and forth so that it gets better (i.e., thins out)! \psa Se quedó espesa la pintura. ¡Échale un poquito de agua (al frasquito) y agítalo deliberadamente de un lado a otro para que se diluya! \sea and then? \sso ¿y? \cfo man \qry Check presence of final /h/. Etimology might include /ya/ of Nahuatl or Spanish. \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec dyah can be used in a sense similar to that of Oapan man as in dyah ke:non 'and how then?' In this usage it has a modal function to indicate a questioning doubt on the part of the speaker. \nae The pronunciation of dya (Am) or di (Oa) seems to vary greatly. It is never heard in isolation and never receives pitch accent stress. Therefore the Oapan form has been written as simply di. Nevertheless, I do remember hearing dyaw (with the final sound a palatized fricative). In Ameyaltepec it is also not clear what the best orthography would be, but for now the representation is simply dya, with no final /h/. It seems that when uttered alone, in a question Dyah? there is a final /h/. But it might be best to write this without the /h/ when the word is not phrase final. In Oapan the sequence dya is palatalized to [chia]. \vl Use 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04719 \lxa e:kchi:wa \lxac ke:kchi:wa \lxo e:hchi:wa \lxoc ke:hchi:wa; tlaye:hchi:wa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \initial y-epenthesis \seao to make; to fabricate (particularly things that involve several parts) \ssao hacer; fabricar (particularmente cosas que tienen varias partes) \pna Kipa:xowan mexkahli de meská:l para ke:kchi:waskeh meská:l. \pea They grind up the type of maguey used to make mescal in order to make mescal. \psa Trituran el maguey de mescal para fabricar mescal. \seao to prepare (food involving several ingredients, such as atole, cheese, etc.) \ssao preparar (comida con varios ingredientes, como atole, queso, etc.) \pna Ke:kchi:waskeh a:to:hli. \pea They will prepare atole. \psa Van a preparar atole. \seao to fix; to repair (sth broken or in a poor state) \ssao componer; arreglar (algo descompuesto o en ruina) \pna Nika:n nitlaye:kchi:wtok. \pea I'm fixing things up here. \psa Aquí estoy arreglando. \pna Newa nike:kchi:was, newa niweli. \pea I'll be the one to fix it, I can do it. \psa Yo voy a componerlo, yo lo puedo hacer. \pna Tlaye:hka:n unkah ne: tio:pan, kwahli o:tlaye:kchi:hkeh. \pea It is a well cared for place there in the church, they fixed it up nicely (i.e., painting it, putting in lights, tiles, etc.) \psa Es un lugar bien cuidado allá en la iglesia, la arreglaron bien (p. ej., pintándola, poniéndole luz, colocando loza, etc.). \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to look or come alive \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) alivianarse; animarse \pna Xmeek:chi:wa, ma:ka san xmotsotsontoka! \pea Look alive, don't just be with your head bowed over! \psa ¡Anímate, no estés nada más con la cabeza agachada! \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xvaa e:kchi:wilia \xvao e:hchi:wilia \encystmp chi:wa \nae An epenthetic /y/ is always inserted after the nonspecific object tla-: tlaye:kchi:wa, which is used to indicate the general activity of making, preparing, fixing, etc. \mod Determine the difference between /e:kchi:wa/, /-chi:wa/, and /-chichi:wa/. Apparently /-chi:wa/ refers to an activity in general (such as feeding an animal, chopping down a tree, etc.), i.e., 'to do' in the sense of 'to perform' a task. The other two refer to the creation of some material object, though /e:kchi:wa/ also may indicate the action of fixing something. \vl There are four tokens from 00426. These should of course be tagged with 5035. However, they should not be used for the links. The two linked words should be taken from the ones here recorded at 5035. The first female token here at 5035 is /ke:hchi:wah/ with a final aspiration. This should be tagged but definitely not chosen for the link. Then there are 4 tokens (2 F and 2 M) of /ke:hchi:wa/ and 4 tokens of /tlaye:hchi:wa/. Chose one female and male from each. Teh final file should have 4 concatenated sound files as indicated above. \ref 05035 \lxa e:kchi:wilia \lxac ke:kchi:wilia \lxo e:hchi:wilia \lxoc ke:hchi:wilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao see ye:kchi:wilia \ssao véase ye:kchi:wilia \xrb e:k \xrb chi:wa \xvba e:kchi:wa \xvbo e:hchi:wa \nae Given that the historically epenthetic /y/ is maintained after the nonspecific object prefix tla- (and in the nominal form ye:ktli) this verb is found under ye:kchi:wilia. \ref 00981 \lxa eko \lxac neko \lxo eko \lxoc yékó \dt 21/May/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao to arrive (toward a deictic reference point) \ssao llegar (hacia un punto de referencia) \pna Xnikmati kamanon yekos motah, xtlah o:ne:chihlite:w. \pea I don't know when your father will arrive here, he didn't say anything about it to me before he left. \psa No sé cuando va a llegar aquí tu papá, no me dijo nada al respeto antes de salir. \pna I yekotok. \pea It is now arriving here. \psa Ya está llegando aquí. \seao (-pan ~) to arrive at the place where (sb [marked as the possessor of -pan] is at) \ssao (-pan ~) llegar a un lugar donde está (algn [señalado como el poseedor de -pan]) \pna Nopan yekos noba:leh, nika:n nikchias. \pea My friend will arrive here where I am, I'll wait for him. \psa Mi amigo va a llegar aquí donde estoy, lo voy a esperar. \pna A:mantsi:n mopan yekos. \pea He'll arrive here where you are very soon. \psa Ahorita va a llegar aquí donde estás. \se (-pan ~) to suddenly affect (sb [marked as the possessor of -pan], particularly by mental illness) \ss (-pan ~) de repente afectar (a algn [señalado como el poseedor de -pan], particularmente por una enfermedad mental) \pna A:chitsi:n noteltia iwa:n oksepa ipan yeko. \pea It dies down for a while and then once again it suddenly affects him (in this case a person who was suffering from an illness that at times makes him lose his wits). \psa Se detiene por un rato y después otra vez le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que sufría una enfermedad que le hacía perder el juicio de vez en cuando). \pna Sa: ipan yeko. \pea It just hits him every once in a while (in this case a person who had occasional fits of madness). \psa De repente le llega a afectar (en este caso a una persona que periodicamente sufría por la demencia) \pna I:pan yo:yekok kokolistli. \pea He suddenly got ill. \psa De repente le llegó una enfermedad. \cfa asi \sem motion \nae The collocation of yeko (or yékó) with -pan shows interesting variations between Ameylatepec and Oapan, particularly in how certain combinations of -pan with different person prefixes on yeko and yékó are realized. Ameyaltepec shows, for example, i:pan neko, i:pan teko, and i:pan yeko. In Oapan one finds i:pá néko i:pá[n] tekó, and i:pá yekó \xvca yeko:ltia \cfa asi \xrb ehko \qry Next elicitation get /nékó/ for Oapan Nahuatl. \vl Link the additional tokens (one of each) from 3737, these have less echo than the ones recorded here, on tape 4. Thus the linked tokens, male and female, should be above "b". Note also the best female token from 3737 is the second. \ref 00661 \lxa eko:ltia \lxac keko:ltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to induce to or make (sb) come (a particular place toward a deictic reference point) \ssa convencer o inducir a llegar (a un punto particular hacia un punto de referencia deíctica) \pna Yo:tine:cheko:ltih nika:n mocha:n iwa:n newa xniknekia niwi:ts. \pea You brought me here to your house and I didn't want to come. \psa Me trajiste aquí a tu casa y no quería venir. \syno ékó:tia \xrb ehko \dis axi:tia; yeko:ltia \nse According to several speakers, yeko:ltia implies that the person was brought somewhat unwillingly, or at least not enthusiastically. In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was ékó:tia and although she does not use ékó:ltia, it might also be correct. This should be checked. \qry In a discussion with Florencia Marcelino (Oa), she stated that the term she used was ékó:tia and although she does not use ékó:ltia, it might also be correct. This should be checked. \ref 01277 \lxa eko:tia \lxac keko:tia \lxo ékó:tia \lxoc kékó:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to take to or help arrive at a destination \ssao hacer o ayudar llegar a un destino \pna Sana:man ne:cheko:tia. Ke:n wel nenemi! \pea It (in this case a mule) gets me to my destination right away. It can really walk! \psa Rápido me hace llegar a mi destino (en este caso una mula). ¡Cómo camina! \pna Yo:li:k o:ne:cheko:tih noburroh, ye siawtok. \pea My donkey got me slowly to my destination, it's getting tired. \psa Mi burro me hizo llegar a mi destino muy despacio, ya se está cansando. \sem motion \xrb ehko \qry Check /yo:lik/ to make sure final vowel /i:/ is not long. \ref 00686 \lxa ekowa \lxac kekowa \lxo ékowá \lxop ekowa \lxoc kékowá \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to crawl up on (e.g., an insect [S] on a person's [O] body) \ss subirse a (p. ej., insectos [S] sobre el cuerpo de un animal [O]) \pna Tlatlatsiwintsi:n, se: yo:lka:tsi:n ke:itlah tsi:katsi:ntli. San kima:maltian deke titlatsiwi mitskwa:s. Xpatla:ni, san mitsekos. \pea The tlatlatsiwintsi:n it is a little animal like a small ant. They say that if you are lazy it will bite you. It doesn't fly, it just crawls up on your body. \psa El tlatlatsiwintsi:n es un animalito como una hormiga pequeña. Dicen que si eres flojo te va a morder. No vuela, solamente te sube (al cuerpo, desde suelo). \pna Kemech mitsekotok. \pea It is just climbing up on you (e.g., a little animal or insect such as tla:lsa:watl). \psa Apenas te está subiendo (p. ej., un animalito o insecto como el tla:lsa:watl). \sem motion \xrb ehko \xv1a tlekowa \xv1o tlákowá \dis te:-tleko:ltia; te:-eko \qry Check meaning of /eko/ as a transitive, and check correctness of translation above. \ref 01660 \lxa e:ktla:lia \lxac ke:ktla:lia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to set right; to fix \ssa componer; dejar bien (algo roto, como una máquina, etc.) \pna Oksepa nike:ktla:li:s. \pea I'll set it right again. \psa Una vez más lo voy a dejar bien. \equiva kwaltla:lia \equivo kwehtla:lia \cfa e:kchi:wa \cfo e:hchi:wa \xrb e:k \xrb tla:l \dis e:ktla:lia; e:kchi:wa; kwaltla:lia \ref 02138 \lxa ekwania \lxac kekwania \lxo ékwaniá \lxoa íkwaniá \lxoc kékwaniá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to move from one spot or place to another (generally so that the object moved is no longer in the way) \ss mover de un lugar a otro (generalmente para que el objeto movido ya no estorbe) \pna Xkekwani! Nika:n nipano:s! \pea Move it out of the way! I'm going to pass through here! \psa ¡Quítalo! ¡Aquí voy a pasar. \se (refl.) to move oneself (from one spot to another, e.g., a person changing homes or simply sliding down a little at a table, or animals left to graze who go to a new location, a \ss (refl.) moverse (de un lugar a otro, p. ej., una persona que cambia de residencia o que simplemente se hace a un lado alrededor de una mesa, o también un animal dejado a apacentar que va a un nuevo lugar) \pna Xmekwani, nika:n ma nimotla:li! \pea Move over, let me sit here! \psa ¡Hazte a un lado, aquí me voy a sentar! \sem motion \xrb hkwani \xvaa ekwanilia \xvao ékwanília \xv1a tlayekwania \xv1o tláyekwánia \qry Etymology uncertain. Check. \ref 02262 \lxa ekwanilia \lxac kekwanilia \lxo ékwanília \lxoc kékwanília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to move (sth) for or on (sb) \ss mover (algo) para, de o a (algn) \pna O:nitsi:ntechakwa:n, o:ne:chekwanilikeh nosi:yah. \pea I banged my rear hard (on the ground), they pulled my chair out from under me. \psa Me golpeé dura las nalgas (sobre el suelo), me quitaron la silla. \xrb hkwani \xvba ekwania \xvbo ékwaniá \grm tla-; indefinite null complement. Note that following phrase: /Xne:xtlayekwanili! O:kse: la:doh xkinsa:lo noyo:lka:wan!/ 'Move them for me! Tie up my animals in another place.' In the first sentence or phrase the nonspecific object marker /tla-/ is used. Here it is not a case of \ref 02373 \lxa elka:wa \lxac kelka:wa \lxo ilka:wa \lxoc kilka:wa; nilka:wa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \initial Oapan shows loss of k- object pronoun in many cases: n'ilka:wa 'I forget it' \se (often with complement clause) to forget \ss (a menudo con frase de complemento) olvidarse de \src DT1:512 \pna Iún, ma:ka tikelka:was! \pea That thing, don't forget it! \psa Esa cosa, ¡No se te vaya a olvidar! \pna O:nikelka:w ka:non cha:nti. tlalka:wani \pea I forgot where he lives. \psa Se me olvidó donde vive. \pna Tlatlapowtok nokal. O:nikelka:w, xo:nitlatsakw. \pea My house is open (i.e., the door). I forgot, I didn't close it up. \psa Mi casa está abierta. Se me olvidó, no la cerré. \xrb el \xrb ka:wa \xv1a tlalka:wa \xv1o tlá:lká:wa \nae Elka:wa takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is alsmost always deleted, e.g., n'ilka:was 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is occasionally heard as long, perhaps from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the contrasting forms ni:lka:wa and nilka:wa, the second a reflexive construction, but others disagreed. Apparently the nonspecific object prefix tla- is rarely used with this verb although it is found with the suffix -ni, see tlalka:wani. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in kika:wa Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person subject form ni:lka:wa the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105 and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervocalic loss of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel. Apparently there are certain i-initial transitive verbal stems that in Oapan almost always have a zero 3rd-person object marker after an overt subject prefix. Thus n'ilka:wa. In transcriptions these forms are written as abbreviations with an apostrophe: n'ilka:wa. Such verbs include ilna:miki, ihti, ihlia, ítowá. It appears that the verb ita is slightly different in that often a double initial vowel is heard, niita, which is not the case with the other verbs previously mentioned. For this reason, the orthographic convention for ita is, for example, ni'ita. \qry Check correctness of /timitselka:was/ and meaning of this; recheck and compare to /timitselna:mikis/. Check if there is any causative, though I have none recorded in my data corpus (filecards). Check vowel length of /nilka:wa/. \grm Oapan phonology: Elka:wa takes a complement clause, referring to what was forgotten. In Oapan, with an overt subject prefix the 3rd-person object is absent, e.g., ni:lka:was 'I will forget (it).' The resulting initial vowel is manifested as long from the loss of intervocalic /k/. Note that Marcial Camilo gave the contrasting forms ni:lka:wa and nilka:wa, the second a reflexive construction. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Oapan usually manifests the deletion of the 3rd-person object prefix after 1st- and 2nd- person subjects. This apparently leads to the lengthening of the stem-initial vowel, /i/. A rough measure of 8 tokens showed that in kika:wa Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez words had lengths in milliseconds of 65 and 94 (FM), and 130 and 89 (IJ), respectively. With the 1st-person subject form ni:lka:wa the lengths were 143 and 134 (FM) and 105 and 117 (IJ). The measurements were only approximate, but it does seem that the intervocalic loss of /k/ here results in a lengthened vowel. \vl There are two forms of this verb /kilka:was/ and /nilka:was/. Thus f1 and m1 should have tokens a-d. For the first pronunciation, select the second female and first male token. For /nilka:wa/, select first female (3rd female overall) and first male (3rd male overall) tokens. \ref 03374 \lxa elna:miki \lxac kelna:miki \lxo ilna:miki \lxoc kilna:miki \dt 09/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k); k->0 (Oa) \se (plus NP or complement) to remember \ss (más frase nominal o complemento) recordarse de \pna Xnikelna:miki tli:non o:kitoh. \pea I don't remember what he said. \psa No me acuerdo lo que dijo. \pna Xnikelna:miki notah katka. \pea I don't remember my deceased father. \psa No me acuerdo de mi papá que falleció. \xrb el \xrb na:miki \xvca elna:miktia \xvco ilna:mihtia \nae Elna:miki often takes a complement clause, referencing what was remembered, although it may also take a simple nominal phrase or pronominal argument (e.g., timitselna:miki). In Oapan, with a 3rd-person object and a 1st- or 2nd-person subject the overt marker is absent, e.g., nilna:mikis 'I will remember (it),' which in the orthography used is n'ilna:miki. \qry Check correctness of /timitselna:miki/. \vl Vowel length check in Oa /ni:lna:miki/. Record and place on internet. \ref 00071 \lxa elpo:tsa \lxaa ilpo:tsa \lxac nilpo:tsa \lxo ípó:tsa \lxoc nípó:tsa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl; +Caus \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes \se (refl.) to burp; to belch \ss (refl.) eructar \pna O:nimelpo:ts, we:i o:nikoni:k. \pea I burped, I drank a lot. \psa Eructé, bebí mucho. \sem functions \xrb l \xrb po:tsa \xvca ilpo:tsaltia \xvco ípo:tsáltia \nae Although both elpo:tsa and ilpo:tsa are utilized in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, the latter is much less common. The pitch accent of the Oapan form ípó:tsa probably derives from underlying {h} (which might be present in San Juan Tetelcingo). Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, Zacapoaxtla, and Northern Puebla all have ihpo:tsa. \qry Check to see whether /ilpo:tsa/ or /elpo:tsa/ is more common. Check also length of final /a/. Check to see if specific object indicates place: ne:chilpo:tsa? The reason for the pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear. This should be rechecked. The possibility that I obtained a "reduplicated" form should be checked. \sj Check for /h/ \rt Note the variation between /il/ and /el/. Note the general correspondence between words that begin in /el-/ and those in /il-/ (e.g., elpo:tsa and ilpo:tsa, elka:wa and ilka:wa, elna:mik and ilna:miki, etc. Yet considering the lose of /i/ after the nonspecific object marker (e.g., in tlalna:miktia) the /i/ of /il/ has been considered epenthetic. \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at entry 3992 (which has been deleted as a duplicate). There are also 4 additional tokens of this word from 7138, which should also be tagged s 2354. \ref 02354 \lxa eltsi:mia \lxac neltsi:mia \lxo eltsi:mia \lxof [el tsi: 'mi a] \lxoc keltsi:mia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to choke (on ones food or drink) \ssao (refl.) ahogarse (por la comida o bebida) \pna O:neltsi:mih ika o:tlai:k. \pea He choked from drinking. \psa Se ahogó por beber. \seao to cause to choke (certain foods or drink [S], but not animate agents) \ssao hacer ahogar (ciertas comidas o bebidas [S], pero no agentes animados) \pna O:ne:cheltsi:mih ka:ldoh, chia:wak katka. \pea The broth made me choke (by coming up my throat after I had swallowed it), it was greasy. \psa El caldo me hizo ahogar (al subir por mi garganta después de que lo había tragado), estaba grasoso. \sem functions \xrb el \xrb tsi:mi \nse Eltsi:mia is documented most often in the reflexive as referring to what happens when food or drink does not stay down in ones stomach but comes up again, making one choke by cutting off ones breath. This is usually not fatal, but it can be. In also is used to refer to death by drinking. Thus in Oapan when a man apparently died from too much liquor, people said o:neltsi:mih. \ref 00706 \lxa eskale:rah \lxac eskale:rah \lxo eskale:rah \lxoc eskale:rah \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan escalera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se ladder \ss escalera \pna Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo un eskale:rah! \pea Tie the rungs on that ladder well! \psa ¡Átale bien los travesaños a esa escalera! \grm Reduplication; long vowel: Note in the phrase /Kwahli xiksa:sa:lo on eskale:rah!/ 'Tie the rungs on that ladder well!' Long vowel reduplication is used here because the rungs are tied at even intervals on the vertical posts. The tieing takes place one rung after another. Cf. this to /xiksasa:lo/, which refers to the tieing of a knot. \ref 05736 \lxa eskaltia \lxacpend *noskaltia \lxo eskaltia \lxoc keskaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to raise (children) \ss criar (a niños) \xrb skal \nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec. \nae The initial vowel may be maintained neskaltia or deleted noskaltia. Note that several Ameyaltepec words show initial /e/ for what in neighboring dialects is initial /i/ (e.g., elka:wa and Oapan ilka:wa). According to Cristino Flores this word is rarely used and when it is used it is employed in the reflexive: noskaltia, which is the equivalent of we:iya \ref 01869 \lxa eskorpió:n \lxac eskorpió:n \lxo eskoro:bio:n \lxoc eskoro:bio:n \dt 26/Feb/2002 \loan escorpión \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of brownish lizard said to be poisonous (gila monster?) \ss tipo de animal color café, dizque venenoso \sem animal \sem lizard \ref 03411 \lxa espá:tulah \lxac espá:tulah \lxo espá:tilah \lxoc espá:tilah \dt 20/May/2002 \loan espátula \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se flat piece metal, shaped like an elongated triangle, placed on the end of a digging stick (and, by extension, the entire digging stick with this type of point attached) \ss pieza de metal, plano y ancho (como un triángulo elongado), que se coloca al cabo de una coa (y, por extensión, todo una coa así armado) \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp witso:ktli; agricultural tools \nse As a type of metal point for a digging stick, the espá:tulah contrasts with the witso:ktli and tewitso:ktli. \mod Illustrate and distinguish types of digging sticks and their points. See illustration on original filecard. \ref 02839 \lxa estri:boh \lxacpend iestri:bos \lxo estri:boh \lxocpend i:estri:bos \dt 20/Jan/2003 \psm N \loan estribos \der N-loan \seao (usually plural and possessed: iestri:bos (Am) / i:estri:bos (Oa)) lower part of the legs of grasshoppers, the part which is used to kick off \ssao (generalmente plural y poseído: iestri:bos (Am) / i:estri:bos (Oa)) parte inferior de las piernas de los chapulines, la parte que se usa para brincar \seo (usually singular and possessed: i:estri:boh) part of lime kilns that separates the upper chamber (where the rocks are placed) and the lower chamber (where the firewood is stoked) \sso (generalmente singular y poseído: i:estri:boh) parte de un horno de cal que separa la cámara superior (donde se colocan las piedras) y la cámara inferior (donde se pone la leña) \sem animal \sem body part \ref 08772 \lxa e:wa \lxac ke:wa \lxo e:wa \lxoc ke:wa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d \infv class-3a(w) \se to be able to lift; to be able to bear the weight of (e.g., sth heavy in either holding it up or lifting it) \ss poder alzar o levantar; poder aguantar el peso de (p. ej., algo pesado, al sostenerlo o alzarlo) \pna Xnike:was, newa xma:s nikuwtik. \pea I won't be able to bear its weight (lift it up), I'm not that strong. \psa No voy a poder aguantar su peso (alzarlo), no estoy muy fuerte. \se (refl.) to be able to stand up and walk; to be able to maintain oneself upright (often used negatively to refer to sb so old, weak, and overweight that he is unable to stand up and walk) \ss (refl.) poder incorporarse y caminar; poder mantenerse de pie (a menudo utilizado en forma negativa para indicar a algn quien está tan viejo, débil y pesado que no puede incorporarse y caminar) \pna Xok ne:wa, nochi to:nahli san yewatok. \pea He can't stand up and walk anymore, all day he just sits. \psa Ya no puede incorporarse y caminar, todo el día está nomás sentado. \pna Xok wel ne:wa pa:mpa we:i iti. \pea He can't bear his weight anymore (e.g., in order to stand up for a long time) because he has a huge belly. \psa Ya no puede aguantar su peso (p. ej., para quedarse parado) porque tiene un barriga muy grande. \xrb e:wa \xv1ao tlaye:wa \vl The first female token (of 3) is a mistake and should be tagged #01705. It should also be the token that is linked to the headword at 1705, /é:wá/. \ref 04872 \lxa e:wa \lxo e:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se see one:wa and wa:le:wa \ss véase one:wa y wa:le:wa \xrb e:wa \xvcao e:wi:tia \nse The intransitive e:wa is only found (as an intransitive) lexicalized with directional prefixes: one:wa and wa:le:wa. However, its causative form is only found without a directional prefix. \ref 05349 \lxa e:waltia \lxac ke:waltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to begin (a job, chore, etc.) \ssa comenzar (un trabajo, tarea, etc.) \pna Saniman ke:waltia, pe:wa tekiti. \pea He begins it right away, he starts to work. \psa Luego lo empieza, comienza a trabajar. \syna pe:waltia \syno pe:waltia \xrb e:wa \xvba e:wa \dis pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia \nse The difference between e:waltia and pe:waltia is not altogether clear, and they might well be virtually synonymous. My impression, however, is that the latter is more common, though this will have to be checked for specifically. \qry The difference between /pe:waltia/ and /e:waltia/ needs to be determined. These two seem synonymous to me; /e:wi:tia/ might be slightly distinct, though one of the senses seems also equivalent to the former two. \ref 01213 \lxa e:watekechilia \lxac ke:watekechilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08007 \lxa e:wateketsa \lxac ke:wateketsa \lxo a:wateketsa \lxoc ka:wateketsa; ná:watekétsa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to set upright (sth that was tilted, such as a chair leaning up against a wall); to place in a more vertical position (sth that was leaning or more inclined, or a tortilla to be roasted near burning coals) \ss poner vertical o de pie (algo que estaba inclinado, como una silla inclinada contra una pared); poner en una posición más vertical (p. ej., tortillas cerca de las brazas para tostearlas) \pna Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia! \pea Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, kalma:tli), let it be a little higher! \psa ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, kalma:tli), qué esté algo más alto! \seo (refl. with short vowel reduplication; ná:watekétsa (Oa)) to stand up on ones hind legs; to buck or rear-up (a horse, donkey, etc.; Ameyaltepec equivalent: akopanketsa) \sso (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta; ná:watekétsa (Oa)) pararse por las patas posteriores; reparar o encabritar (un caballo, burro, etc.; Equivalente de Ameyaltepec akopanketsa) \cfo a:wateketsaltia \xrb e:wa \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nse In Oapan a:wateketsa is used for things, for people the form a:watetla:lia is used. It is not clear at this point whether this distinction is also valid in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check correctness of /tlakpantia/. Perhaps it should be /tlakpaktia/. Note that originally I had a xref to the causative for Oa Nahuatl /a:wateketsaltia/. However, this is not in the database so I have removed the xref. Check. Note that on the recording of the elicitation session it seems clear that there are two Oapan forms /ka:wateketsa/ and /ká:watekétsa/. It is not clear what the different in potential objects is between these two forms, but this should be investigated. \pqry Note that the tokens form 6377 illustrate a good case of minimal pairs /na:wateketsa/ vs. \vl There are four tokens at 6377 that should be tagged as 5280. These are for the second, pitch-accented pronunciation: /ná:watekétsa/. All four should be tagged as 5280 and two should be linked to form the second pronunciation in the lxo field /ná:wateketsa/. \ref 05280 \lxa e:wateketsaltia \lxac ke:wateketsaltia \lxo a:wateketsaltia \lxoc ká:wateketsáltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo (often with short vowel reduplication: ká:wateketsáltia (Oa)) to make (a horse, donkey, etc.) rear up on its hind legs \sso (a menduo con reduplicación de vocal corta: ká:wateketsáltia (Oa)) hacer (un caballo, burro, etc.) pararse sobre las patas posteriores \xrb e:wa \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nae Both a:wateketsa and a:wateketsaltia are transitives. However the latter is used for making animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material object upright. \grm Causatives: cf. /a:wateketsa/ and /a:wateketsaltia/: Both a:wateketsa and a:wateketsaltia are transitives. However the latter is used for making animals rear up on their hind legs; the former is used reflexively to indicate a animal doing this on its own, or it can be used to refer to the action of setting some material object upright. \ref 06986 \lxa e:watetla:lia \lxac ke:watetla:lia \lxo a:watetla:lia \lxoc ka:watetla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp2 \infv class-2a \seo to place (sb) in an upright sitting position \sso incorporar (a algn) en una posición asentada pero más vertical \xrb e:wa \xrb tla:l \nae As with other cases of verbs that end in tetla:lia it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical Nahuatl form -titla:lia, a transitive, nonreflexive auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui 'Levanto al enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The meaning of Classical e:huatitla:lia is identical to Oapan Nahuatl a:watetla:lia, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas -tetla:lia is equivalent to the cited Classical form. \grm Aspectuals; auxiliaries: Note that the form /tetla:lia/ is very common as a verbal ending in Oapan and Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. Thus we have /xoto:ntetla:lia/, /a:watetla:lia/, etc., etc. I believe that there are many verbs like this. As with other cases of verbs that end in tetla:lia it seems likely that this is a reinterpretation of the Classical Nahuatl form -titla:lia, a transitive, nonreflexive auxiliar. Launey (p. 251) has the example sentence Nique:huatitla:lia in coco:xqui 'Levanto al enfermo y lo siento' (I raise up the sick person and sit him down.' The meaning of Classical e:huatitla:lia is identical to Oapan Nahuatl a:watetla:lia, which lends great support to the hypothesis that Balsas -tetla:lia is equivalent to the cited Classical form. \ref 06402 \lxa e:watok \lxac ye:watok \lxo a:watok \lxoc ya:watok; nia:watok \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be seated (a person or animal capable of such positioning) \ss estar sentado (una persona o animal capaz de tal posición) \pna Ne:watoya kwa:k o:yekok. \pea I was sitting down when he arrived here. \psa Estaba sentado cuando llegó aquí. \se (~ -pan [noun]) to be resting on ([noun], e.g., as clouds gathered around a hilltop) \ss (~ -pan [noun]) estar descansando sobre ([sustantivo] p. ej., nubes sobre los cerros) \pna Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl. \pea The clouds are gathered around the top of the hill. \psa Las nubes están descansando sobre la cima del cerro. \xrb e:wa \nae At times Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, at least, has tiye:watok, etc. for te:watok. That is, occasionally the epenthetic /y/ remains after a pronominal prefix. However, with the 3rd-person the epenthetic /y/ is always present: ye:watok (Am) / ya:watok (Oa). Like other statives that indicate body position (e.g., westok and ikatok (Am) / yékatók) when used with certain aspectual markers the -ti is maintained: e:watitiw. \qry Determine nature of full aspectual compounds possible: /e:watitok/, /e:watitiw/? \vl Use both sets of tokens, that in the 3rd person (/ya:watok/) and that in the 1st person (/nia:watok/). Total is 4 words concatenated. \grm Oapan phonology: One finds /nya:watok/ but also, it seems /niya:watok/. \ref 05687 \lxa e:wi:tia \lxac ke:wi:tia \lxo e:wi:tia \lxoc ke:wi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send (a person, e.g., to do a job, etc.) \ss enviar; mandar ir (a una persona, p. ej., para hacer un trabajo) \pna Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. \pea You just (want) to send me off to my milpa, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning). \psa No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). \se to begin (a task or chore) \ss comenzar (una tarea) \pna Yo:kintete:nkeh nito:tikeh. A:man xke:wi:ti! \pea They've lined the dancers up (in a religious line dance). Now begin it! \psa Ya pusieron a los danzantes en fila (para un baile religioso). ¡Ahora comiénzalo! \se to start in with (beating or hitting a child [O], usually by parents [S]) \ss empezar con (una paliza a algn, generalmente un niño [O], por sus papás [S]) \pna Juan saniman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka itah, xkipale:wia. \pea Right away Juan was being beaten by his mother, even though his father was there, he didn't help him. \psa Luego luego a Juan le daba una paliza su mamá, aunque allí estaba su padre, no lo ayudaba. \pno Sápa ne:wi:tí:skeh. \peo They will begin to go at it once again (e.g., children who begin fighting again). \pso Van a empezarle otra vez (p. ej., niños que empiezan a pelearse otra vez). \dis e:wi:tia (sense 1); pe:waltia; ti:tlani \dis pe:waltia; e:waltia; e:wi:tia (sense 2) \xrb e:wa \xvbao e:wa \qry Check the precise set of objects that can occur with /e:wi:tia/ used to mean 'to begin.' Check difference from /pe:waltia/. One phrase, not entered above, is /san niman o:ke:wi:tikeh, pe:wa kwi:tekin/ which I had translated as 'They started in with him rightaway (in this case parents), they begin to give him a thrashing.' I have not included this because I am not sure that the translation is correct. Perhaps it should be 'They started with it right away...' Also, recheck the correctness and meaning of /Juan san niman ke:wi:tia:ya ina:n, ma:ski pa katka itah, xkipale:wia/, in regard to word order (Juan/Object is initial) and the meaning of /e:wi:tia/ as 'to thrash.' In general question whether a human can be the object of /e:wi:tia/. Thus, ask was /o:ne:che:wi:tikeh/ might mean. \ref 04907 \lxa faji:yah \lxac faji:yah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan fajilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea wattle; thin 2x2s or similar wood that runs lengthwise on the inside of the roof in a house with sheeting, similar in where it is placed to the kwihlo:tl of a house with thatching \ssa fajilla; tablas delgadas y largas que corren a lo largo en el interior de un techo de lámina, parecida en su ubicación a la del kwihlo:tl en una casa con techo de palma o zacate \encyctmp kahli \mod Illustrate. \ref 05842 \lxa fa:ltoh \lxac fa:ltoh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan falto \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infv Gender \sea foolish; simple (in the sense of mentally challenged) \ssa tonto \pna Ma:ka xfa:ltoh! \pea Don't be foolish! \psa ¡No seas tonto! \grm /ma:ka/; negation: note that /ma:ka/ can be used with nominal predicates. The structure is as indicated: /ma:ka xfa:ltoh/. Check for other occurrence of this negative form with nonverbal predicates. \ref 02186 \lxa fie:roh \lxac fie:roh \lxo fie:roh \lxoc fie:roh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan fiero \psm Adj \pss N \der Adj-loan \se something ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.) \ss algo muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.) \pna O:nikinekw fie:roh, xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n. \pea I smelled something bad, it wasn't good, it was a really foul-smelling place. \psa Olí algo mal, no estaba bien, era un lugar muy apestoso. \pna Fie:roh o:kichi:w. \pea He did something bad. \psa Hizo algo mal. \ref 01587 \lxa fie:roh \lxac fie:roh \lxo fie:roh \lxoc fie:roh \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan fiero \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \se ugly (in physical appearance, smell, etc.) \ss muy feo; (en cuanto a apariencia física, olor, etc.) \pna Fie:roh un a:matl. \pea That bark painting is ugly. \psa Esa pintura sobre papel amate es feo. \pna Fie:roh un karrete:rah. \pea That highway is in bad shape. \psa Esa carretera está en muy malas condiciones. \se bad (an action or behavior) \ss malo (una acción o comportamiento) \pna Fie:roh tla:katl. \pea He is a bad man. \psa Es un hombre malo. \se (de ~) very much; intensely \ss (de ~) mucho; intensamente \pna Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh. \pea Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall. \psa Se te va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo. \nse The source of this borrowing is not entirely clear. It might well be fiero, but it also might be feo. Nevertheless, note that one meaning of fiero is, according to the Real Academia, 'horroroso, terrible.' \vl Link first male token. \ref 03625 \lxa fiská:l \lxac fiská:l \lxo fi:skal \lxoc fi:skal; bi:skal \dt 06/Aug/2002 \loan fiscal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao the highest officer of the village church, elected every year from among the adult men \ssao el oficial de más algo rango en la iglesia del pueblo, elegido cada uno de entre los hombres adultos \sem govern \encyctmp give list of village officials; church separate from secular \ref 00383 \lxa fle:chah \lxac fle:chah \lxo fle:chah \lxoc fle:chah \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan flecha \psm N \der N-loan \se bus \ss camión \pna Niá:s ipan fle:chah. \pea I'm going to go by bus. \psa Voy en camión. \nse The word derives from the company name of a economical bus service in Mexico that goes to many villages southwest of Mexico City, la Flecha Roja. \ref 05274 \lxa flo:r de ka:siah \lxac flo:r de ka:siah \lxo flo:r de ka:siah \lxoa flo:r de ka:nsiah \lxocpend flo:r de ka:siah \dt 26/Jun/2002 \loan flor de casia \psm N \der N-loan \seao see ka:siah \ssao véase ka:siah \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nct kohtli \cpl Apparently this is of the Leguminosae family, though further identification has not been possible. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:115) give for the paraca a tree identified as in the family and subfamily Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae, which they state to be Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. This suggests that cassia was a genus. The name might also be related to the genus Acacia. Schoenhals (1988) lists many plants of the Cassia genus, many of which are called senna. According to Florencia Marcelino in Spanish this is called 'flor de pascasia.' \ref 07453 \lxa frasí:l \lxac frasí:l \lxo ---- \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Apr/2003 \loan Brazil \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se tree of the Leguminoseae family, probably the one called palo de Brasil in Spanish (identified by Guizar and Sánchez as Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst.) \ss árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, probablemente el palo de Brasil (identificado por Guizar and Sánchez como el Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst.) \pna Frasí:l, bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, chi:chi:ltik iyo:l. \pea The palo de Brasil, it is good for firewood, it's heartwood is red. \psa El palo de Brasil, es bueno para leña, su corazón es rojo. \src Felix Venancio \pna Deke xwel na:xi:xa se: wa:kax ma koni frasí:l, ka:tli:ti ia:yo frasí:l! Itik kipia ke:n chi:chi:ltik ia:yo, wan tiktla:lia itik se: kube:tah iwa:n a:tl. Ba! wel na:xi:xas. \pea If a head of cattle cannot urinate, let it drink palo de Brasil, give it its juice to drink. Inside it has reddish sap; you put it into a bucket with water. With that it'll be able to urinate! \psa Si un ganado no puede orinar, que beba el palo de Brasil, dale de beber su jugo. Adentro tiene como rojo su jugo, y lo pones en una cubeta con agua. Así pues, va a poder orinar. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem medicine \equivo barasi:l \equivo bransi:l \cpl Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:113) identify a tree called in Spanish palo de Brasil, or simply Brasil as of the family Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the genus/species Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst. \nct kohtli \qry Note that although Felix Venancio dictated the preceding text about the medicinal properties of the palo de Brasil, Luis Lucena denied any knowledge of this use. \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 07644 \lxa fwe:rteyo \lxac i:fwe:rteyo \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se the strong scent of \ss el olor fuerte de \xrb \grm /-yo/: Note the use of /-yo/ for intrinsic possession here. \ref 08433 \lxa ga:chopi:nes \lxaa a:chopi:nes \lxac ga:chopi:nes \lxo ka:chopi:meh \lxoc ka:chopi:meh \dt 05/Jun/2002 \loan gachupines \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao type of religious line dance with masks made in the stereotyped image of Spaniards \ssao tipo de danza religiosa en línea con máscaras hechas como la imagen estereotipificada de los españoles \pna Kito:ka:yo:tian "achopi:nes." \pea They call it (the dance) a:chopi:nes. \psa Ellos la llaman (a la danza) a:chopi:nes. \encyctmp danzas \nse A:chopi:nes is almost always employed in the plural, the singular is a:chopí:n. \nae The /i/ in the plural apparently varies between long and short, depending upon the speaker. \ref 00257 \lxa garaba:nsoh \lxaa araba:nsoh \lxac araba:nsoh \lxo garaba:nsoh \lxoc garaba:nsoh \dt 09/Jun/2002 \loan garbanzo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se chick-pea; garbanzo \ss garbanzo \sem plant \sem domesticated \ref 01238 \lxa ga:rsah \lxaa a:rsah \lxac ga:rsah \lxo a:rsah \lxoc a:rsah \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan garza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. arsa:meh, ársá:meh \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: cf. Pl. 1 \seao type of grey-colored heron, with a long neck extended as it flies; of the family Ardeidae (apparently not illustrated in Howell and Webb) \ssao tipo de garza gris, con un cuello largo que se extiende al volar; de la familia Ardeidae (aparentemente no ilustrado en Howell y Webb) \equivo áxoké:n \sem animal \sem bird \nse The a:rsah is not classified as a to:to:tl. It is about the size of a chicken, and of a tekwitlanextik color. It is apparently the same as Oapan a:sta:tl. \nct No overt category. \qry Check to see if the /a:rsah/ is the same as the /a:sta:tl/. Check plural form in Oapan; is p-a OK. \ref 01252 \lxa ge:nteh \lxac ge:nteh \lxo ge:nteh \lxoc ge:nteh \dt 19/Nov/2003 \loan gente \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se generous or good person (one that is willing to share what they have with others) \ss persona generosa o buena (uno que está dispuesto a ayudar a otros, a prestarles lo que tiene) \pna Yewa ge:nteh, mitspale:wi:s. \pea He's a good person, he'll help you. \psa Es una buena persona, él te va a ayudar. \se people \ss gente; personas \vl For Florencia Marcelino use 2nd token. \nae Plural in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan is ge:ntes, never ?ge:ntewa:n. \ref 02400 \lxa i \lxo i \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \se see oni and tlai \ss véase oni y tlai \xrb i: \xv1ao tlai \cfa oni \nse The verb i, which has an underlying long vowel, only occurs with the prefix tla-, referring to the drinking of an alcoholic drink. For nonalcoholic drinks, oni is used, a verb form that can take both specific (e.g., koni) and nonspecific (e.g., tlaoni) prefixes. \ref 01640 \lxa i- \lxac i:tlan \lxo i: \lxoc i:tlan \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Pr(pos) \der Pr-pre-poss \seao his or her \ssao su (de él o de ella) \qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec, checked several times. However, in Oapan it appears long, as it was in Classical. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the plural /im-/, and, most importantly, correct all occurrences if length needs to be changed. \ref 05569 \lxa i- \lxac ikal \lxo i:- \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Prefix \seao his or her; possessive prefix for 3rd person singular \ssao de él o ella; prefijo posesivo de 3a persona singular \ref 07357 \lxa ia:xi:x burroh \lxaa kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x burroh \lxac ia:xi:x burroh \lxo ---- \lxt i:a:xi:x burroh \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of small mushroom that grows on the ground \ssa tipo de hongo pequeño que crece sobre la tierra \sem plant \sem mush \syno sósombrerí:toh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse Some people use this term to refer to what is more properly called ikuhsa:wananakayo ia:xi:x burroh; cf. entry under this latter term. \qry Determine all types of mushrooms. \ref 01601 \lxa ia:xi:x si:tlalin \lxac ia:xi:x si:tlalin \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \se small shooting star \ss pequeña estrella fugaz \sem heavens \cfao kabaye:roh \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb si:tlal \ref 04487 \lxa ia:xi:x tenextli \lxac ia:xi:x tenextli \lxo tenextli i:a:xi:x \lxoc tenextli i:a:xi:x \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \seao drippings of honey-like consistency that trickle down a lime oven as rocks are fired and baked and the cooking process is nearly finished \ssao líquido de la consistencia de la miel que se escurre de un horno de cal cuando está por terminar el proceso de cocer las piedras que están adentro \pna Yo:pe:w wa:ltemo:tiw ia:xi:x tenextli. \pea The drippings from the lime (i.e., from rocks cooked in a lime oven) has started to run down. \psa El líquido que se escurre de la cal (esto es, de las rocas que se cuecen en un horno de cal) ha empezado a bajar. \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \xrb te \xrb nex \ref 01053 \lxa ichkakukwintsi:n* \lxac ichkakukwintsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea type of very small grey and spotted bird, still not identified \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño, salpicado de gris, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \equiva che:che:tl \equivo chiáchiá:tl \xrb chka \xrb kwi \cpl Type of very small bird that makes its nest out of light things such as cotton, hence its name. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'tentelito.' \nct to:to:tl \ref 01105 \lxa ichkakuwtli \lxac ichkakuwtli \lxo ichkakohtli \lxoc ichkakohtli \lxt ichkakohtli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao Gossypium hirsutum L., cotton tree of the Malvaceae family; in Oapan two types of ichkakohtli are recognized \ssao Gossypium hirsutum L., árbol de algodón de la familia Malvaceae; en Oapan se reconocen dos tipos de ichkakohtli \pna Ichkakuwtli | Xkuwtli pa:mpa xwe:i. Kipia ichkayo. \pea Ichkakuwtli : It isn't a tree because it isn't big. It has its cotton. \psa Ichkakuwtli : No es un árbol porque no es grande. Tiene su algodón. \sem plant \sem kohtli \cfao ichkaxo:chitl \xrb chka \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as "árbol de algodón." \nct kohtsi:ntli \nfe In Oapan there are two types of ichkakohtli. One grows in the village and has white flowers. Its cotton was previously used for spinning thread with a malacate (para kitsa:wa). There is another type that grows wild in the hill with purplish flowers. \qry Check to determine if this is a tree or bush, i.e., if it is the cotton plant itself or simply a tree (like the /po:cho:tl/) with cotton pods. Description mentioned: /kipia ichkayo/. In another file card I had /kipia ichkaw/ which would seem to be in error. But check whether both are OK. Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 00223 \lxa ichkato:motli \lxac ichkato:motli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \syn to:moichkatl; chichí:k to:motli \sem plant \sem cactus \se type of tuna cactus still not identified the fruit of which is not edible \ss tipo de cactus todavía no identificado cuyo fruta no es comestible \xrb chka \xrb to:moh \nct to:motli \qry My original notes stated that this was a type of /ó:rganoh/. I have changed the definition to indicate that this is a type of /to:motli/ with the understanding that the two words (/ó:rganoh/ and /to:motli/) both refer to the same generic group. This should be checked. Florencia and Inocencio were not entirely sure of the name of this cactus. \mod Cf. entry under /ôrganoh/ for full list of types. \ref 07443 \lxa ichkatl \lxac ichkatl \lxo ichkatl \lxoc ichkatl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrins \se (alienable possession) cotton (e.g., possessed or owned by a person) \ss (posesión enajenable) algodón (p. ej., el que se puede posesionar por una persona) \se cotton plant (i.e., by extension) \ss planta de algodón (esto es, por extensión) \se (intrinsic possession) cotton or cotton-like plant fiber (of a plant [Poss] such as that of the po:cho:tl or to:moichkatl) \ss (posesión intrínseca) algodón o una fibra como algodón (de una planta [Pos] como lo que tiene el po:cho:tl y to:moichkatl) \pna To:moichkatl kipia ichkayo. \pea The to:moichkatl cactus has cotton-like fibers. \psa El cactus llamado to:moichkatl tiene fibras como de algodón. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb chka \vl Link second female and second male tokens. \ref 03716 \lxa ichkaxo:chitl \lxac ichkaxo:chitl \lxo ichkaxo:chitl \lxoc ichkaxo:chitl \lxt ichkama:satl \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se the flower of the ichkakuwtli tree, Gossypium hirsutum L. of the Malvaceae family \ss la flor del árbol ichkakuwtli, Gossypium hirsutum L. de la familia Malvaceae \pna Ye weka:wi kontekiyan ichkaxo:chitl para kwi:kayan tio:pan. \pea A long time ago they would pick ichkaxo:chitl in order to take it to the church (for the altar). \psa Hace mucho tiempo cortaba el ichkaxo:chitl para llevarlo a la iglesia (y ponerlo en el altar). \se tree named ichkakuwtli (by extension) \ss árbol llamado ichkakuwtli (por extensión) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb chka \xrb xo:chi \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check to see if this is a plant or tree, and if another meaning refers simply to the flower of the cotton plant. \ref 04588 \lxa ichkayoh \lxac ichkayoh \lxo ichkayoh \lxoc ichkayoh \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be full of cotton (e.g., clay that has been mixed and prepared with the cottony fibers of the po:cho:tl tree) \ss estar lleno de algodón (p. ej., barro que ha sido preparado y mezclado con fibras de pochote) \xrb chka \qry Determine what else is /ichkayoh/. \pqry Note that with C. Flores he corrects my pronunciation, from /ichka:yoh/ to /ichkayoh/. This should be used in the page on vowel length. \ref 02523 \lxa ichkayo:hli \lxac ichkayo:hli \lxo ichkayo:hli \lxoc ichkayo:hli \dt 20/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se seed of the cotton plant \ss semilla de algodón \xrb chka \xrb yo:l \ref 05753 \lxa ichkayo:mo:hli \lxaa ichkamo:hli \lxac ichkayo:mo:hli \lxo ichkamo:hli \lxoc ichkamo:hli \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of mole sauce made with ground cotton seeds and eaten with fish \ss tipo de mole hecho con semilla de algodón y servido sobre pescado \sem food \encyctmp mo:hli \xrb chka \xrb mo:l \qry Obtain full recipe for /ichkayo:mo:hli/. Check if /ichkayo:mo:hli/ is correct, or whether there is an /l/ as in ?ichkayo:lmo:hli/. Check etymology. Perhaps separate Oapan and Am into two entries if etymology is distinct. \ref 04725 \lxa ichpa:na \lxac kichpa:na \lxo ichpa:na \lxoc kichpa:na \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to sweep (e.g., a porch or patio); to sweep up (garbage on the ground) \ss barrer (un lugar como patio o piso, o también lo que está tirado) \pna Nikichpa:nas un tlasohli. \pea I will sweep up that garbage. \psa Voy a barrer esa basura. \pna Nitlachpa:ntok. \pea I am sweeping. \psa Estoy barriendo. \se (refl.) to move suddenly to the side (a beast of burden as it is walking) \ss (refl.) hacerse de repente a un lado (una bestia de carga al caminar) \xrb chpa: \qry Determine whether the object can be both the object swept (as in /nikichpa:nas un tlasohli/) or the place swept (nikichpa:nas nokal, or nokali). My preliminary information suggests that both are possible. \ref 02905 \lxa ichpa:nilia \lxac kichpa:nilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb chpa: \ref 08037 \lxa ichpo:chka:wahli \lxac ichpo:chka:wahli \lxo ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \se girl who has married and then was either abandoned or wound up a widow soon afterward \ss muchacha que se casó y poco después o la dejó su esposo o se murió \sea girl who has had part with a man but was then abandoned \ssa una joven que ha tenido relaciones con un hombre que después la dejó \xrb chpo:ch \xrb ka:wa \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \nse The term ichpo:chka:wahli refers to a girl who has either been taken away (eloped) by a boyfriend who didn't marry her and then left her, or to an unmarried girl who has been deflowered by a man, or had a baby, but did not get married. \ref 04003 \lxa ichpo:chkihli \lxacpend *ichpo:chkihli \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of plant or small bush still unidentified \ssa tipo de planta o abusto todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pending) \xrb chpo:ch \xrb -kil \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as hierba muchacha. Luis Lucena stated that he had heard the name of this plant but could not identify it. \ref 01062 \lxa ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxac ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxo ichpo:chkwa:naka \lxoc ichpo:chkwa:naka \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm N(ap) \com N-(N-N) \der N-ap \infn N1 \infv poss. nochpo:chkwa:naka \se young hen that is not yet laying eggs \ss gallina joven que todavía no pone \sem animal \sem domes \xrb chpo:ch \xrb kwa: \xrb naka \encyctmp kwa:naka; perhaps on barnyard animals, hens, etc. \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \ref 02292 \lxa ichpo:chlamatsi:n \lxac ichpo:chlamatsi:n \lxo ichpo:chlámatsí:n \lxoc ichpo:chlámatsí:n \dt 13/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se young woman who is past traditional marrying age; spinster \ss mujer joven que ya rebasó la edad tradicional para casarse; solterona \pna Ichpo:chlamatsi:n, xok nona:mikti:s. \pea She's a spinster, she won't ever get married. \psa Es solterona, ya no se va a casar. \sem age \cfao ichpo:xchika:wi \xrb chpo:ch \xrb lamah \encyctmp age; ichpo:xtli \nse An ichpo:chlamatsi:n is a woman of some 22, 23, or more years who is past the traditional age of marrying and who, at least in the past, would probably never marry. \nae The pitch accent of Oapan ichpo:chlámatsí:n is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root lamah, which with the diminutive suffix -tsi:n is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. \qry In one entry I state that an /ichpo:chlamatsi:n/ should be over 25 years old), past marrying age. Check. Check for possessive form. \grmx Oapan phonology: pitch accent; : The pitch accent of Oapan ichpo:chlámatsí:n is reflexive of underlying {h} in the root lamah, which with the diminutive suffix -tsi:n is no longer word final and is thus realized as pitch accent. Note that the pitch accent does not shift leftword over the stem boundaries. This is another case of I/O correspondence seemingly holding sway over "regular" pitch accent over a whole compound or polysynthetic form. It may also reflect other limitations, such as reassignment on a grid that is limited to one slot to the left or right. Finally, it might suggest that syllable counting takes place from the right of the word, and that the favored pattern is one of alternating stress. But the final suggestion is that demarcative stress and pitch accent coincide on the same (penult) syllable and that there is a subsequent adjustment to the left and right. Or, one could posit that pitch accent is penultimate and that clash is avoided by shifting stress rightward: {ichpo:chlámátsi:n} shifts to /ichpo:chlámatsí:n/. All these possibilities should be explored. \vl Use first male token. \ref 02669 \lxa ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \lxac yo:ichpo:chlamatsi:ntiak \lxo ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia \lxop ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \lxoc yo:ichpo:chlámatsí:ntiak \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \pa yes-lex \se to grow old (a woman) as a spinster by passing the common or proper age for marriage (e.g., by exceeding approximately 22 or 23 years of age) \ss llegar (una mujer) a ser solterona por rebasar la edad más apropriada para casarse (al rebasar los 22 o 23 años de edad) \sem age \xrb chpo:ch \xrb lamah \flr lamah \qry Also, make sure to determine progressive forms. I have recorded this as inflecting like /yema:nia/: check therefore whether this is indeed the case, i.e., whether the prog. is /ichpo:chlamatsi:ntixtok/. Code accordingly \sj Check for /h/.. \ref 00242 \lxa ichpo:chpió \lxac ichpo:chpió \lxo ichpo:chpiyo \lxoc ichpo:chpiyo \dt 19/Mar/2002 \loan pió \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. ichpo:chpiomeh \se young hen still not fully grown and still not ready to be killed \ss una gallina tierna todavía immadura y no lista para ser matada \sem animal \sem domes \cfao kwa:naka \xrb chpo:ch \ono kwa:naka \mod Add discussion under /kwa:naka/ in encyclopedia. \vl Use first token of female and of male. \ref 03253 \lxa ichpo:chwia \lxo ichpo:chwia \lxof [ich po:ch 'wi a] \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \aff +Nonspec \seao see tlaichpo:chwia (Am) or tlaichpo:chwiya (Oa) \ssao véase see tlaichpo:chwia (Am) o tlaichpo:chwiya (Oa) \xrb chpo:ch \vl The speech tokens here should be tagged with reference 01109. \ref 03948 \lxa ichpokatsi:n \lxac ichpokatsi:n \lxo ichpakatsi:n \lxoa ichpa:tsi:n \lxoc ichpakatsi:n \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \se very young girl or maiden, between about 8 and 13 years old \ss una muy joven muchacha, entre como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \syna ichpo:xtsi:n \syno ichpo:xtsi:ntli \xrb chpo:ch \qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Check to see if can be possessed as such, with /-tsi:n/ Check also whether the word /ichpo:tsi:n/ is correct. \mod The relationship between /ichpokawa/, /ichpokatsi:n/, /ichpo:xtli/, etc. should be discussed. \ref 05201 \lxa ichpokawah \lxac ichpokawah \lxo ichpakawah \lxoc ichpakawah \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln (irregular: nochpo:ch; pl. Am: ichpokameh; Oa: ichpakameh) \se young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old \ss jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad \sem age \synao ichpo:xtli \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check difference between /ichpo:xtli/ and /ichpokawa/ if there is any. In another entry I had recorded that the two were synonyms. \ref 02233 \lxa ichpo:xchika:wi \lxac ichpo:xchika:wi \lxo ichpo:xchika:wi \lxoc ichpo:xchika:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to pass (a female) beyond the customary age for marrying \ss rebasar (una mujer) la edad apropiada para casarse \cfa ichpo:chlamatsi:ntia \cfo ichpo:chlámatsí:ntia \xrb chpo:ch \xrb chika: \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check to determine whether there is a transitive form. \ref 01738 \lxa ichpo:xtli \lxac ichpo:xtli \lxo ichpo:xtli \lxoc ichpo:xtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \se young girl or maiden of marriagable age, about 14 to 20 years old \ss jovencita o doncella de una edad apropriada para casarse, como de 14 a 20 años de edad \pna Nochpo:ch, ye nitlai:s. \pea She's my daughter, I'm going to have a wedding feast soon. \psa Es mi hija, pronto voy a tener una fiesta de bodas. \sem age \syna ichpokawah \syno ichpakawah \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \ref 02485 \lxa ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxac ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxo ichpo:xtsi:ntli \lxoc ichpo:xtsi:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln \se very young girl or maiden, between some 8 and 13 years of age \ss muy joven muchacha o niña entre algo como 8 y 13 años de edad \sem age \syna ichpokatsi:n \syno ichpakatsi:n \fla te:lpokatsi:n \xrb chpo:ch \encyctmp ichpo:xtli \qry Check difference between /ichpo:tsi:n/ and /ichpokatsi:n/, i.e., whether there is indeed no difference. Note that the original Ameyaltepec entry had /ichpo:tsi:h/. FM rejected this and gave /ichopo:xtsi:h/, the diminutive of /ichpo:xtli/. \ref 01925 \lxa ichwa \lxac kichwa \lxo ichwa \lxoc kichwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to excavate or dig at (a particular place with a pick, crowbar, witso:ktli, etc.) \ss cavar o excavar a (un lugar en particular con un pico, barreta, witso:ktli, etc.) \pna Nikichwas. \pea I'm going to dig there (i.e., in a particular place). \psa Le voy a cavar (e.g., en un lugar en particular). \pna Tlachwalo:s. \pea People will dig. \psa Habrá gente cavando. \xrb chwa \ono ichwa \nse Ichwa refers to the action of loosening earth with a pick, crowbar, or spade. It is a transitive though it is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-. For shoveling, Ameyaltepequeños use the compound word tla:lxi:nia. \qry Determine what the patient of /ichwa/ is, i.e. whether the place dug, etc. Elicit a full sentence with use. \ref 01794 \lxa í:dolos \lxac í:dolos \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan ídolo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se prehispanic figurine \ss figura prehispánica \pna O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih un í:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. \pea The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor. \psa Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontré muchos. No lo vas a creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre. \equivo temunye:kos \ref 04250 \lxa ihki \lxac ihki weli \lxo ki: \lxoa hki:; ki:i:n \lxoc ki: weli; ki: i:n weli \dt 07/Jul/2002 \der Adv-man \se in this manner \ss así, de esta manera \pna Ihki, ke:n tikonchi:wilian \pea This is the right way, the way we are doing it. \psa Esta es la manera, como lo estamos haciendo. \sea (san ke:n ihki) in any way whatsoever; in any which way \ssa (san ke:n ihki) como sea; en cualquier manera \pna San ke:n ihki kitla:lia. \pea He just sets it down in any way whatsoever (i.e., without any particular order or concern). \psa Lo coloca como sea (esto es, en cualquier manera, sin cuidado). \pna Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:n ihki. \pea You have places on your head with real short hair, they cut your hair just in any old way. \psa Tienes lugares con poco pelo por tu cabeza, te cortaron el pelo sin cuidado. \xrb iw \cfa no:hki \nse Ihki is more commonly found in the negative xihki which, at any rate, seems rarer than /xihkó:n/ . However, cf the more common ihkí:n or ihkó:n, both of which are more common than ihki. \nae At least sometimes the /i/ of ki (Oa) might be greatly extended in duration. However, this seems more a prosodic or pragmatic feature than a direct representation of the surface form. \qry Do a study of contextual use of all the /ihki/, /ihkí:n/, /ihkó:n/, etc. Check for Oapan equivalent of Am /san ke:n ihki/. \pqry Check carefully with a phonetician for all tokens that were originally here (some will have been renumbered to be at 3616, for initial /h/ or aspiration after /no:/. \qry During the elicitation of the tokens for this word, C. Flores suggested that /ihki/ was not used in Ameyaltepec. Rather, forms such as /ihkón/ and /ihkín/ are found, as well as /xihki/. Nevertheless, I seem to have documented /ihki/ and for now it has been maintained as a lexical entry. Its use and correctness in Am. should be rechecked. \vl There are a total of 6 female and 6 male tokens. They are basically divided into two groups: The set of three from each speaker that is /no: hki:i:n weli/, i.e., the final three of each speaker, should be tagged with re. #3616. For this present entry; 4495, there are therefore 3 tokens from each speaker. Link as follows: for /ki: weli/ use the 2nd female token and the 2nd male token. Then, for the sequence /ki:i:n weli/ link the first female token and the first male token. Thus the final sequence should be: 2nd female-2nd male-1st female-1st male. As with all other cases, the final joining here should be done manually. \ref 04495 \lxa ihkí:n \lxaa hkí:n \lxac ihkí:n \lxo kíi:n \lxoc kíi:n \dt 21/Jun/2003 \psm Pr(demon) \der Pr-dem \pa yes \seao in this very manner \ssao así, de esta misma manera \pna Ihkí:n tikchi:was. \pea This is the way you will do it (e.g., a particular task or job). \psa Esta es la manera en que la vas a hacer (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en específico). \cfa no: ihkí:n \cfo no: kíi:n \fl sayhkó:n \xrb iw \xrb i:n \qry Check vowel length. Also problematical is the difference between /ihki/ and /ihkí:n/. In the phrase above I checked the possibility of substituting /ihki/ for /ihkí:n/, but it was not accepted in Ameyaltepec. Note that for the Oapan sound I had first recorded /kíí:n/ in my notes based on the Yale recording session. However, later in Oapan with Tom Smith-Stark and the pronunciation was definitely [kíi:n] althought the final sound was a velarized or nasalized vowel and not an /n/. \ref 00790 \lxa ihkon \lxaa hkon \lxac hkon ke:mah \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \se in that way, in that very manner \ss así; de esta manera; de esa misma manera \pna San hkón tihkwi. \pea You just use it like that. \psa Solamente de esa manera la utilizas. \pna Ihkón! \pea That's the way! \psa ¡Así es! \seao (as a predicate with a subject prefix, usually as a question) to be that way \ssao (como predicado con un prefijo de sujeto, generalmente como pregunta) ser así \pna Tli:aon tihkón? \peo Why are you like that? \pso ¿Por qué eres así? \fla sahkón \equivo kion \xrb iw \xrb on \cfa ihki \nse This is a shortened form of ihkón/, common in speech. The full form itself is derived from ihki plus the deictic on-, which changes the meaning from 'in this way' (ihki) to 'in that way.' At times in rapid speech the pronunciation tends to kon although for the purposes of a standardized orthography this word is written as hkon in such circumstances. Note that with the meaning 'to be that way' the Ameyaltepec equivalent of the Oapan phrase given above is tle:ka tihkón? or tle:ka asta tihkón? \nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the lengthening of the final vowel in these constructions (the same occurs with such words as a:kino:n) and marked nasalization. \qry In one phrase check termination of /teh/, which perhaps should be /te/. In one entry I have recorded a long vowel but with the note: "the second vowel is definitely short and should be written as such in all entries, corrected if not so written." Recheck length of this second vowel in all the demonstratives (/iwí:n/). Note that originally I had many instances of /ihkón/ with a long final vowel; however, I have standardized to a short final vowel for the headword and all documentation in the corpus. This should be checked and corrected. \qry Check the phonology of this with an expert. \vl The four Oapan tokens here should be tagged with number 03404; probably the two linked files at 3404 should be selected from among these originally recorded at 4842. If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 4842; these should be tagged as 3404; probably the two linked files (one female and one male) should be taken from the tokens originally at 4842 (the sound might be better). If one of the 4842 tokens is selected use only the first female and first male tokens. \ref 04842 \lxo kio:n \lxoc kio:n \lxa ihlia \lxac kihlia \lxo ihlia \lxoc kihlia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \irregv In Oapan the 3sgO is often deleted when preceded by an overt subject: n'ihlia. \se to tell; to mention to; to advise or give notice to (sb, about sth having occurred) \ss decir; mencionar; notificar, avisar o advertir a (algn, acerca de algo acaecido) \pna Oksepa xkihli! \pea Tell it to him again! \psa Díselo otra vez! \pna Yo:ne:chihlikeh. \pea They have already notified me. \psa Ya me avisaron. \pna Xekihlia, pero yo:kinemilih para kihli:s, kiyo:le:was. \pea He hasn't mentioned anything to her yet (in this case his plans for marriage), but he has already thought about telling her, he's going to court her. \psa Todavía no le ha dicho nada (en este caso, sobre sus planes de matrimonio), pero ya ha pensado decirle algo, la va a cortejar. \pna San timitsihlia. \pea I'm just telling you (i.e., you will take it from here, or decide). \psa Solamente te lo digo (esto es, tu determinas lo que va a pasar, tu decides). \se (recipr.) to debate; to discuss \ss (recipr.) hablar sobre un tema; consultarse \pna Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh. \pea We discuss when we will go. \psa Discutimos cuándo vamos a ir. \se (itlah + recipr.) to get into a verbal argument or fight \ss (itlah + recipr.) debatir; discutir; pelearse en una discusión \pna Xkaman itlah nohlian. \pea They never get into a fight (i.e., shouting match, saying things to each other). \psa Nunca discuten (esto es, nunca se pelean con palabras, nunca se dicen cosas). \pna Ke:non nohlian? \pea How do they discuss things among themselves? \psa ¿Cómo hablan entre si? \se (with te:-) to reveal (a secret); to tell about or to tell people \ss (con te:-) revelar (un secreto); decir (algo) a la gente \pna Saniman kite:ihlia. \pea He tells people about it (e.g., sth that happened, sth he was told, etc.) right away. \psa Luego luego se lo dice a la gente (p. ej., algo que sucedió, algo que se le había dicho, etc.). \se (with directional prefix and te:-) to send word about (with sb not specified) \ss (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) mandar avisar o decir sobre (con algn no especificado) \pna O:kwa:lte:ihlih yo:mik motah. \pea He sent word back with someone that your father had died. \psa Mandó aviso aquí con alguien que tu papá se había muerto. \sem communicate \xrb hli \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix k- is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus nihli:s 'I will tell him (it).' Orthographically this is represented as n'ihli:s. See discussion under ilka:wa. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as ni:hli:seh with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix as well as the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object. \mod Perhaps add /kihlia/ as a separate entry as a modal marking reported speech. \grm Note the embedded question and following syntax: /Timohlian kamanon tia:skeh/ 'We discuss when we will go' Add to sitautions in which embedded question is used. \grm Oapan phonology: Oapan has the forms ni:hlia for nikihlia. This would apparently contrast with the reflexive nihlia although I was not able to obtain this latter form in elicitation; cf. ilka:wa and ítowá. The /i:/ is lengthened from the double vowel that results from the intervocalic loss of /k/. The same occurs with ní:towá. Note that in the 2nd-person plural for Oapan Nahuatl one finds forms such as ni:hli:seh with the loss of final nasal of the subject prefix. \ref 02796 \lxa ii:mati \lxac nii:mati \lxo é:matí \lxoc né:matí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv irregular; see mati \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to be careful or prudent \ss (refl.) ser cuidadoso o prudente \pna Xtimi:matis ke:n tikochis. \pea You are not careful with the way you sleep (e.g., you sleep in the nude, or because you sleep alone). \psa No tienes cuidado en como duermes (p. ej., desnudo, o porque duermes solo). \pna Tli:non o:mitsasik? Tle:ka xtimi:mati? Tle:ka xtimoma:te:kia? \pea What's gotten ahold of you? Why aren't you prudent? Why don't you wash your hands? (in this case said to sb who has cut himself and doesn't wash the wound). \psa ¿Qué te pasa? ¿Por qué no tienes cuidado? ¿Por qué no te lavas las manos? (en este caso dicho a algn quien se ha cortado y no lava la herida). \xrb ihmati \nae In Oapan initial sequence is apparently a reduplicant on an initial {ih-} syllable. The underlying {h} is also reflective in the pitch accent pattern of tlámatí. However, it is inclear why the initial vowel of Ameyaltepec is long. Perhaps it has undergone a process of lenition ({h} becoming length), or perhaps it is a result of reduction of a VV sequence to V:. Or, perhaps, the length is underlying for all effects and purposes; it may even be that the pitch accent of the Oapan form is the result of a reduplicant on a long initial vowel. This would simply the interpretation of the data gathered to date: the length is underlying and reflected in Ameyaltepec i:mati whereas the pitch accent of Oapan né:matí is the result of reduplication (whether or not this is lexicalized or optional still needs to be determined even though the Oapan form produced spontaneously by two consultants was with a long high-pitched vowel, as exemplified in the sound files here). \qry Recheck the long /i:/ in Ameyaltepec. However, note that various /ih/ initial words in Ameyaltepec seem to have a reflex in /i:/. Also, I am not sure if the compound /tlamati/ or /tlai:mati/, etc. meaning 'to be an expert in something' exists in Ameyaltepec. Check. \ref 05130 \lxa i:joh \lxac i:jóh \lxo i:joh \lxoc i:joh \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan hijo (a) \psm N \der N-b \infn Gender; N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) son or daughter, son-in-law or daughter-in-law, or, by extension, an affection address to any child (boy or girl) \ss (vocativo) hijo o hija, yerno o yerna, y por extensión, un término de afecto para cualquier niño o niña \se (alienable possession) son or daughter \ss (posesión enajenable) hijo o hija \nse When possessed this borrowed term is used to reference a son or daughter only. As a vocative, however, it has a much wider use. It is used to address not only sons and daughters, but sons-in-law and daughters-in-law as well as children addressed in an endearing way (in one entry I recorded that it is used with children less than about 12 years old, in another I refer to age as under 8). However, in such cases often the diminutives are used, iji:toh and iji:tah. The Ameyaltepec citation form is the vocative. \ref 05014 \lxa ika \lxaa ka \lxac nipa:ktitok ika tiá:s \lxo ya: \lxoa ika \lxoa yeka \lxoc ya: \dt 11/Jul/2003 \der Comptzer; Subord \se that (as complementizer to introduce clausal complements) \ss que (como complementizador para introducir claúsulas complementarias) \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh i:ksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \pna Kitas ika tlakechi:hloh. \pea He will notice that it has been added on to. \psa Va a ver que es algo que ha sido aumentado. \se that; because; with this that (functions as a subordinator for an adverbial clause) \ss con que; porque; con esto de que (funciona para subordinar claúsulas adverbiales) \pna Nipa:ki ika tine:chpale:wi:s. \pea I am happy that you will help me. \psa Estoy feliz con eso de que me vas a ayudar. \se with, with the use of (to mark instrumentals or adverbial clauses of manner; in an antipassive construction may be used to introduce a clause after a transitive verb with tla- prefix) \ss con, con el uso de (para instrumentales o claúsulas adverbiales de manera; puede utilizarse en formas antipasivas para encabezer una claúsula después de un verbo transitivo con el prefix tla-) \pna San te:pa:k ika kateh, xkaman nokwala:nian. \pea They are living happily, they never get mad with each other. \psa Están viviendo felizmente, nunca se enojan. \pna Melá yo:ne:chkwah to:nahli, o:niah xka nosembre:roh. \pea The sun really scorched me, I left without my hat. \psa El sol me quemó bien, salí sin sombrero. \pna Titlakwa:s ka yetl. \pea You will eat (and there will be) beans. \psa Vas a comer (y habrá) frijoles. \pna Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k (ika) wi:lo:meh. \pea I'm going to go hunting huilotas. \psa Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. \pna De o:me ika onkah, tla: kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities (lit., 'there are two with which'), either he will enter (in this case into cargo service) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades (lit., 'hay dos con que'), o va a entrar (en este caso a llevar su cargo), o no. \pna Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. \pea Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. \psa Aquí hemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden venir (en este caso ladrones). \pno Tlaxi:ni ya: o:lo:tl. \peo There are corncobs scattered all over the ground. \pso Hay olotes regados por todo el suelo \se in regards to \ss en cuanto a \pna Sahkí:n xke:kchi:wa ika we:itsi:n! Ma:ka ma:s pitentsi:n! \pea Make it (in this casem a bowl being shaped) big just like this (i.e., like this in terms of bigness)! Don't make it any smaller! \psa ¡Hazlo (en este caso un plato hondo) así en cuanto a grande! ¡Qué no sea más pequeño! \se (yewa ika) for this reason; because (synonym Oapan: yo ya) \ss (yewa ika) por esta razón; porque (sinónimo Oapan: yo ya) \pna Yewa ika niá:s \pea That's why (that's the reason) I'm going. \psa Es por esa razón que voy a ir. \sea (~ pa:mpa) because, given that \ssa (~ pa:mpa) dado que, a causa de que, porque \pna Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi! \pea Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there! \pso Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar! \se (~ [number] be:ses) the [number as ordinal] time \ss (~ [número] be:ses) el [número como ordinal] vez \pna Ika na:wi be:ses yaw. \pea This is the fourth time he is going. \psa Es la cuarta vez que va. \se (~ [number]) to cost (lit., 'with [number]') \ss (~ [número]) tener el precio de (lit., 'con [número]) \pna Ya:lwa katka ika (=saka) sinkwe:ntah, o:tleko:tiwets. \pea Yesterday it cost fifty, it went up in a hurry. \psa Ayer costaba cinquenta, subió rápido. \se (i ika (Am); or i ya, often following de or para) forever; permanently; for good; for a long time (in Ameyaltepec one also finds ye ika) \ss (i ~ or ye ~; a menudo siguiente de o para) para siempre; permanentemente; por mucho tiempo (en Ameyaltepec también se dice ye ika) \pna Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. \pea They didn't give it to him forever. \psa No se lo dieron para siempre. \pna Xpara ye ika o:kima:keh. \pea They didn't give it to him forever. \psa No se lo dieron para siempre. \pna Ye ika timoka:was. \pea You'll stay (away) for a long time. \psa Te vas a queda (afuera) por mucho tiempo. \pna I ika o:tiah, o:tiweka:w. \pea You went away for a long time, you took a long time. \psa Te fuiste por mucho tiempo, te tardaste. \pna De i ika tiksempolowa pa:mpa o:tikuwitlak, o:tiktlakal. \pea You've killed it forever because you've uprooted it, you've thrown it away (e.g., a plant or tree). \psa Lo mataste para siempre porque lo arrancaste, lo tiraste (p. ej., una planta o arból). \seo ([independent pronoun] ~ nochi + [predicate noun]) to be the only [noun] \sso ([pronombre independiente ] ~ nochi + [sustantivo predicado]) ser el único [sustantivo] \pno Tiya: nochi titla:katl. \peo You are the only male. \pso Eres el único hombre. \colao tli:no:n \colao ke:ch \xrb ka \nse In Oapan ones finds phrase such as táwá ya: nochi titla:katl 'You are the only male.' However, the first or second person pronouns are often abbreviated in this construction: ni:ya or ti:ya as in one of the example sentences. In Oapan the element pa:mpa, common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a "borrowing" from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase yeka pa:mpa. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form. \nae For reasons not entirely clear it appears that in Oapan the /a:/ is long in ya: while short in ika (rarely used) or yeka (somewhat more common). In Ameyaltepec the form ika always manifests a short vowel. One problem or question that needs to be resolved is when in Oapan the form ya:n (or ya:m) is used instead of ya:. Given the lack of predictability (cf. also se:, and reference to se:n) the transcriptions have both these forms (with and without nasal). \qry Check grammatical correctness and translation of /titlakwa:s ka yetl/, i.e. whether meaning is to 'eat beans' or 'eat (something) with beans'. Obtain a tape of Oapan /ti:ya nochi titla:katl/ to recheck whether vowel is long. When used with a full independent pronoun also check. to see if vowel is long ?táwá ika or i:ka nochi titla:katl.. Check whether this is correct in Am. Check whether plural can be used; I seem to remember only the singular. \grm Pluralization; adverbs: Note that pluralization is not limited to predicates. Plural is also marked on adverbs (/de nika:meh/ in a previous example) and on forms such as /ika/: Ke:ch ikameh? 'How much are they' Determine what part of speech is /ika/ in /ke:ch ika/. It seems to be a fronting of /nihkowas ika ___/ i.e., a type of instrumental. \grm /Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh/ 'Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come.' Note that way in which /ika/ introduces an adverbial particle. I would imagine (check) that the /ika/ might here be omitted. \ref 02997 \lxa ika \lxac ika noyo:hlo \lxo ya \lxocpend ya noyo:hlo \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Conj \der Conj \se with \ss con \xrl -ka \nae Apparently Ameyaltepec ika and Oapan ya (for iya or ika) are grammaticalized terms derived from the relational noun -ka and the 3rd-person possessor prefix i:-. Nevertheless, it seems that in this grammaticalized form the initial /i/ has been shortened. More acoustic analysis will be necessary, however, \qry Determine length of /i/ in /ika/. \ref 07593 \lxa ika o:kpa koko:hli \lxac ika o:kpa koko:hli \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm N \com PM-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se great-grandfather \ss bisabuelo \pna Yewa ika okpa nokokol. \pea He is my great-grandfather. \psa El es mi bisabuelo \cfa o:kpa \xrb o:k \xrb koko:l \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse In Ameyaltepec apparently expressions such as noo:kpakoko:l and ika o:kpa nokoko:l are equivalent, although my impression is that the latter is much more common. In Oapan the compound form is not acceptable. Rather, forms such as ya o:hpa nó:kó:l. The ya (Oapan for what in other dialects is ika) is necessary, as it converts o:hpa into a cardinal number. Finally, note that o:kpakoko:hli is rarely found in unpossessed form. \ref 03275 \lxa ika o:kpa suwa:tl \lxac ika o:kpa isuwa:w \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea second wife \ssa segunda esposa \pna Yewa ika o:kpa nosuwa:w. \pea She is my second wife \psa Ella mi segunda esposa \cfa o:kpa \xrb o:k \xrb sowa: \xrl -pa \nse The expressions noo:kpasowa:w and ika o:kpa nosowa:w are equivalent in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan one says only ya o:hpa i:siwa:w. Note that o:kpasowa:tl is rarely found in unpossessed form. \ref 03586 \lxa ika o:kpa we:wentsi:n \lxac ika o:kpa iwe:wentsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N/2 \sea second husband of \ssa segundo esposo of \pna Yewa ika o:kpa nowe:wentsi:n. \pea He is my second husband. \psa El es mi segundo esposo. \sem kin \xrb o:k \xrb we:n \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse The expressions noo:kpawe:we:ntsi:n and ika o:kpa nowe:we:ntsi:n are equivalent. Note that o:kpawe:wentsi:n is rarely found in unpossessed form. In Oapan the form would be ya o:hpa nowe:wentsi:n. \ref 04089 \lxa ikal chi:lpa:n \lxac ikal chi:lpa:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea wasp's nest \ssa panal de avispas \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a wasp's nest, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el panal de avispas, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili ikal chi:lpan, na:nkah noso:ya:w! \pea Weave me palm in the form of a wasp's nest, here is my palm! \psa ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un panal de avispas, aquí está mi palma! \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \xrb kal \xrb chi:l \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan the locution i:kal chi:lpa:n is used only for a wasps nest. \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \ref 04635 \lxa ikalakia:n to:nahli \lxac ikalakia:n to:nahli \lxo i:kalakia:n to:nahli \lxoc i:kalakia:n to:nahli \dt 27/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2(N1-NP) \se west \ss oeste \sem space-earth \xrb kalak \xrb to:na \xrl -ya:n \ref 04705 \lxa ikamak kowatl \lxac ikamak kowatl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a serpent's mouth, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que se ve como la boca de una serpiente, empleada durante Domingo de Ramos \xrb kama \xrb kowa \xrl -k(o) \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \ref 01425 \lxa ikanochi \lxacpend tikanochi \lxo iya:nochi \lxoc \lxocpend tiya:nochi \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \pss \com \der \seao (often with diminutive -tsi:n) to be the only (sibling) \ssao (a menudo con el diminutivo -tsi:n) ser el único (hijo) \xrb ka \xrb nochi \nae This is an alternate form of the sequence ika nochi (Am) / ya nochi (Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier nochi. Thus ika tinochi (Am) is the equivalent of tikanochi. This form is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g., tiya:nóchitsí:n (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in ya:. The incorporation of the possessed relational noun ka is interesting (cf. panwetsi). It might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics, here placed at the head of a phrase. \grm Cliticization; pronominal subject prefixes: /ikanochi/ (am) / /iya:nochi/ (Oa) is an alternate form of the sequence ika nochi (Am) / ya nochi (Oa), with the subject prefix before the quantifier nochi. Thus ika tinochi (Am) is the equivalent of tikanochi. This form is used only with a singular subject. It is often found in the diminutive, e.g., tiya:nóchitsí:n (Oa), which in Oapan seems to always result in a pitch-accented word (as indicated). The length of the two initial vowels in the Oapan form is unclear but it seems that the /a:/ is long, as it is in ya:. The incorporation of the possessed relational noun ka is interesting (cf. panwetsi). It might suggest that the subject pronominal prefixes be considered preclitics, here placed at the head of a phrase. \pqry Check length of forms in Oapan; at times the /i/ and at times the /a/ seem long. It has been recorded. \ref 08889 \lxa ikatok \lxac ikatok \lxo yékatók \lxoc yékatók \dt 19/Jul/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be upright (an object, such as those, e.g., tables, that stand on legs, or others that may be upright, such as books on end, a broom leaning up against a wall, etc.); to be standing up (a person or animal) \ss estar parados (un objeto, como las que, p. ej., una mesa, se sostienen sobre sus patas, u otros como libros puestos verticales, o una escoba parada contra una pared, etc.); estar de pie (una persona o animal) \pna Tsonaka unkah mome:sah, xkwahli ikatok. \pea Your table is leaning over to its side, it is not properly upright. \psa Tu mesa va de lado (está chueca), no está bien parada. \pna Iikatok un li:bros. \pea The books are upright. \psa Los libros están parados. \pna Nikatitiá:s. \pea I will go along (e.g., on a crowded bus) standing up. \psa Voy a ir parado (p. ej., en un camión que está lleno). \pna Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n. \pea A cat always lands on its feet. \psa Un gato siempre llega al suelo parado. \pna O:ikatitekok (cf. o:ikatitasik). \pea It fell down and landed upright (on its feet). \psa Se cayó de arriba y llegó parado (sobre sus patas) al suelo. \sem motion \xrb ika \nae Like several other statives (e.g., ye:watok, westok) ikatok can be followed by aspectual markers (such as -tiw). In such cases the durative -tok is realized as simply -ti. The meaning of a compound form such as ikatitiw, therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' Note that in Oapan the combination form of westok is wetso- as in westotok \qry Check for whether /e:watitiw/ is correct. Cf. comments above. If so, add to the /e:wa/ entry. \grm Cf. Gram 1985-10-05.2 Refers to something standing up: books on end, a broom leaning against a wall, a person, etc. Add the following to the grammar for the aspectuals of statives: /Nikatitiá:s/ 'I will go standing up (e.g., on a crowded bus)'; /Nochipa ikatiteko mistó:n/ 'A cat always lands on its feet'; and /O:ikatitekok/ (cf. o:ikatitasik) 'It fell down and landed upright (on its feet).' Like several other statives (e.g., ye:watok, westok) ikatok can be followed by aspectual markers (such as -tiw). In such cases the durative -tok is realized as simply -ti. The meaning of a compound form such as ikatitiw, therefore, is 'to go along being in a standing position.' \ref 01428 \lxa iki:saya:n to:nahli \lxac iki:saya:n to:nahli \lxo i:ki:saya:n to:nahli \lxoc i:ki:saya:n to:nahli \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N1(N2-NP) \seao the east \ssao el oriente \sem space-earth \xrb ki:sa \xrb to:na \xrl -ya:n \nae The citation form includes i:- a prefix cross-referencing the possessor, in this case to:nahli. The length of the middle /i/ of i:ki:saya:n seems rather short, but this acoustic information would not seem to negate the fact that this is an underlyingly long vowel. \qry Check for any other use of /ikisa:yan/, similarly for /ikalakia:n/. \mod Make sure to check all possessives /i/ for length when this is finally determined. \grm Make note for orthography that /iya/ is used whether the /i/ is stressed, otherwise /ia/, as in /ikalakia:n/ which is [ikalákia:n]. \ref 02307 \lxa ikiti \lxacpend *kikiti \lxo ---- \dt 29/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: Perfective o:kikit / o:kikitik \sea to weave on a loom (standing or backstrap) \ssa tejer en telar (parado o de cintura) \xrb hkiti \nae This word is now almost never used, and at the time of original fieldwork was known only by the eldest Ameyaltepequeños. There is some variation for inflected forms, undoubtedly related to the rarity of use of this word. I have recorded the perfective as both o:kikit (don Luis Lucena) and o:kikitik (others). Historically this is an intransitive although in Ameyaltepec it is used with a 3rd-person object marker. Cristino Flores was not familiar with this term \qry Since I have recorded this as a transitive in Ameyaltepec although historically it is intransitive, this should be checked. Perhaps Oapan speakers will need to be consulted for for possible transitive/intransitive alternation. It may also be that this verb, like /to:ka/, is not used with /tla-/. This too should be checked. \sj kikiti \ref 00325 \lxa ikne:lia \lxac kikne:lia \lxo ihne:lia \lxoc kihne:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \seao to pity; to feel sorry or have compassion for (sb poor, ill, etc.) \ssao tener o sentir lástima por (algn pobre o enfermo, etc.) \pna Xte:iknelia. \pea He doesn't pity anyone. \psa No le tiene lástima a nadie. \pna O:mistemo:ltilih, mitsikne:lia. \pea He lowered (the price) for you, he takes pity on you. \psa Te bajó (el precio), te tiene compasión. \xrb kne:li \qry Check to make sure that the initial vowel is epenthetic. \ref 00577 \lxa ikne:li:listli \lxo ihne:li:listli \dt 29/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \seao see xikne:li:listli (Am) / xihne:li:listli (Oa) \ssao véase xikne:li:listli (Am) / xihne:li:listli (Oa) \xrb kne:li \ref 06374 \lxa ikni:wtia \lxac kikni:wtia \lxo ihni:htia \lxoc kihni:htia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran Refl>V3(Oa) \infv class-2a \se to place together in a single space; to merge or join with others of the same (animals in a corral, items in a pile or bag, etc.) \ss juntar cosas iguales en un solo espacio (animales en un corral; objetos sueltos en una pila o bolsa) \pna Xkikni:wti un yetl. \pea Place those beans together with the rest (e.g., in a sack). \psa Junta esos frijoles con los demás (p. ej., en un costal). \pna O:nikimikni:wtih. O:nikwi:kak ika ikni:wa:n para wa:hla:skeh. \pea I placed them together (in this case animals from one stable that were difficult to manage with other animals from another stable that were more manageable). I took them along with their mates so that they would come back. \psa Los junté (en este caso animales de un establo que eran difíciles de arrear con los de otro establo más mansos). Los llevé con sus compañeros para que vinieran juntos. \seo to think that (sb) is the sibling of another person one has seen \sso pensar que (algn) es el hermano de otra persona que uno ha visto \seo (refl. with object) to treat and call (sb [O]) as ones sibling (when the person is not in fact) \sso (refl. con objeto) tratar y llamar (a algn [O]) como si fuera hermano (cuando no es de veras) \pno Kinohni:htia, kitlásotlá. \peo He treats him as if he were his brother, he loves him. \pso Lo trata como si fuera su hermano, lo quiere. \xrb kni:w \nse In the case of grains, this word refers to the action of receiving a certain portion and placing it in a sack with other portions of grain that have already been received (e.g., during a wake when relatives and friends bring grain to help defray the costs of the ceremony). This verb can also refer to the action of writing something on paper and putting this paper with others that have already been written on. \nae The Oapan form kinohni:htia manifests a reflexive formation that is benefactive in its sense, since the referent of the grammatical subject/reflexive is at one time both agent and benefactive. However, there is no overt marker that increases valency. The cognate use in Ameyaltepec has still not been determined (by cf. na:ntia), i.e., whether one has a form such as ?kinokniwtia or whether the object is expressed obliquely. Also, it has not yet been determined whether variations in valency such as that of the present verb should be given separate entries. They probably should be, which would mean that the two senses of ihni:htia documented to date should receive separate entries. \ref 02170 \lxa ikni:wtli \lxac ikni:wtli \lxo ihni:htli \lxoc ihni:htih; nohni:w \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; \se sibling (male or female, having at least one parent in common) \ss hermano(a) (con por lo menos un pariente en común) \pna Yewameh ikni:wteh. \pea They are siblings. \psa Ellos son hermanos. \se (ika o:kpa (Am) / ya o:hpa (Oa) ~) half-sibling \ss (ika o:kpa (Am) / ya o:hpa (Oa) ~) medio hermano(a) \pna Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokse: ina:n newa nokse: nona:n. \pea I have a half-sibling, (s)he has one mother and I have another. \psa Tengo un medio-hermano(a), él(la) tiene su madre y yo tengo otra. \se similar; making a matching set (e.g., an earing that matches another, or that complements it; any object that looks like or makes a pair with another) \ss parecido; igual; que hace juego con (p. ej., un arrete que hace juego con otro; o cualquier objeto que parece a o hace pareja con otro) \se synonym \ss sinónimo \pna Techichilka:miki, san no: yewa ikni:w tewa:hka:miki \pea Tewa:hka:miki has as a synonym techichilka:miki. \psa Tewa:hka:miki tiene su sinónimo en techichilka:miki. \sem kin \xrb kni:w \nse The relationship of ikni:wteh, at least in its extended sense, obtains between any two individuals who have at least one parent in common. Thus if a man has a child by one woman, and then remarries and has another child, the two children are considered ikni:wteh. \mod Perhaps give /o:kpa ikni:wtli/ a separate entry. Or, perhaps use the system used with /me:sti/ although the limited number of kinterms that can be so used suggests that separate entries might be ok, with x-reference at /okpa/ Note in general the use of /o:kpa/ with kinship terms and varied meaning, usually signifying a generation difference from two to three lineal generations. Cf. Dakin's observation that /w/ might be related to possessed suffix. Check. \vl Note that the final selection should include 4 concatenated tokens, two each of /ihni:htih/ and /nohni:w/. \grm Reciprocal: Note that the plural of nouns that usually indicate two-place predicates is used to indicate a mutual/reciprocal relation. Thus /ikniwteh/ 'they are siblings (of each other)' However, other two-place predicate nouns (i.e., those that are not reciprocal terms) in the plural indicates that the subjects share this relationship not to each other, but to a series of other individuals. \ref 06019 \lxa ikno:ti \lxac ikno:ti \lxo ihno:ti \lxocpend ihno:ti \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-ti \sea to become an orphan \ssa quedarse huerfáno \seo to feel alone and melancholic \sso sentirse solo y melancólico \xrb kno: \xvco ihno:tlamaxtia \qry Check pitch accent in Oapan. My original notes (taken hurridly) show /íhnó:ti/. This should be checked. \ref 07852 \lxa ikno:tl \lxac ikno:tl \lxo ihno:tl \lxoc ihno:tl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se see ikno:tsi:ntli \ss véase ikno:tsi:ntli \xrb kno: \nse Given that this word is almost always uttered in the affective diminutive, it is listed as such for the main entry. \ref 03237 \lxa ikno:tsi:ntli \lxac ikno:tsi:ntli \lxo ihno:tsi:ntli \lxoc ihno:tsi:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \infn N1 \se orphan (a young child who has lost both parents, although occasionally used for a child who has lost one of two parents) \ss huérfano (un joven que ha perdido a ambos padres, aunque a veces se emplea para algn que ha perdido uno de los dos) \se standing alone (e.g., a tree that stands alone from all others) \ss que queda solo o aparte; apartado (p. ej., un árbol que está aparte de los demás) \xrb kno: \nse This term for 'orphan' is usually, indeed virtually always, used in the diminutive. \qry Check to see if non-diminutive form is acceptable. Refers in most cases to a child who has lost both parents but, apparently (check) may also refer to one who has lost only one parent. Check also reference to "standing apart" definition, which I have added from my recollection. \ref 04779 \lxa iko:lah ko:lo:tl \lxac iko:lah ko:lo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea constellation of stars (lit. 'scorpion's tail') located between Orion and the Milky Way when Orion is close to the southern horizon \ssa constelación de estrellas (lit. 'cola de alacrán') ubicada entre orion y la Vía Láctea cuando orion está cerca del horizonte del sur \sem heavens \equiva okichko:lo:tl \equivo ko:lo:tl i:kwitlapi:l \encyctmp stars \cfa okichko:lo:tl \ref 00459 \lxa iko:lah koyo:tl \lxocpend *i:ko:lah koyo:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08581 \lxa ikomekayo ikuw chichi \lxac ikomekayo ikuw chichi \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea generic name for type of vine, komekatl, whose fruit is called i:kuh chichi; there is an edible and inedible variety of this plant (the edible variant has been identified as Marsdenia sp. R. Br. of the family Asclepiadaceae; the inedible variant has been identified as Funastrum pannosum (Decne.) Schlechter of the family Asclepiadaceae \ssa nombre genérico de tipo de enredadera, komekatl, cuya fruta se llama i:kuh chichi; hay un variante comestible y otro no comestible (el variante comestible ha sido idenficado como Marsdenia sp. R. Br. de la familia Asclepiadaceae; la variante no comestible ha sido identficado como Funastrum pannosum (Decne.) Schlechter de la familia Asclepiadaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kome:ka \xrb kow \xrb chichi \ono komekatl \nct komekatl \rt Note in general many plants/trees which begin with /ko/ probably related to /kuh-kwaw/. Check. \ref 03217 \lxa ikopi \lxac ikopi \lxo íkopí \lxoc íkopí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to have ones eyes closed (e.g., while sleeping); to close ones eyes (e.g., voluntarily, but not repeatedly) \ss cerrar los ojos (p. ej., al dormir); cerrar los ojos (p. ej., voluntariamente, pero no repetidas veces) \pna San ke:nkah ikoptok. Koxtok. \pea His eyes are closed just as they had been. He is sleeping. \psa Tal como estaban, tiene los ojos cerrados. Está durmiendo. \se to squint (e.g., from direct sunlight) \ss entrecerrar los ojos (p. ej., a causa de la luz directa) \se (fig.) for ones sphincter muscle to tighten (e.g., while exerting great force) \ss (fig.) cerrarsele el esfinter \pna Asta tikoptok. Yetí:k. \pea Even your sphincter muscle is tightening. It is heavy. \psa Hasta se te cierre el esfinter. Está pesado. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to blink; to rapidly close and open ones eyes (or eye) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) pestañear; parpadear; cerrar y abrir rapídamente los ojos (o un ojo) \pna Iikopi. \pea He blinks his eyes (several times). \psa Parpadea (varias veces). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to flash or blink on and off (e.g., a light, such as those used on Christmas trees) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) encenderse y apagarse (p. ej., una luz intermitente, como las de un árbol de navidad) \xrb hkopi \xvaa ikopilia \xvao íkopília \xvca ikopiltia \xvco íkopíltia \qry Check /ke:nkah/ in one of the above phrases as to whether there should be a final /h/. Check whether the meaning to 'to blink on and off' has a long reduplicant vowel. This would seem to be indicated; the best way to tell would be from an analysis of Oa and Tet forms. Oa has p-a for short vowels; Tet would have the /h/ for short vowels and no /h/ for long vowels. \ref 05326 \lxa ikopi:lia \lxac kikopi:lia \lxo íkopí:lia \lxoc kíkopí:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to close ones eye at (at times taken as a sign of dislike) \ss cerrarle el ojo a (a veces tomado como un señal de disgusto hacia la persona) \pna O:ne:chikopi:lih. Melá:k o:ne:chtlawe:litak saka o:nyeka icha:n. \pea He squinted his eyes at me. He really despises me only because I went to his house. \psa Me cerró los ojos. De veras me odia, nada más porque había ido a su casa. \pna O:tikikopi:lih, tiktlawe:lita. \pea You blinked your eyes at her, you dislike her. \psa Le pestañeaste, no te cae bien. \xrb hkopi \xvba ikopi \xvbo íkopí \nse This should be compared to two forms of the verb kopilia: kikopilia and the reduplicated kí:kopília. \pqry Check length of /i/ in the final segment, /ikoPILia/, in one instance I have it recorded long. I have changed it to long based on this and the fact that in Oapan it is long. Recheck. \vl The first male token is /íkopília/, without the object prefix /k/. It should be /kíkopília/. I do not know what word /íkopília/ is so it should be tagged 99999_05612_OM1a.wav \ref 05612 \lxa ikopi:ltia \lxac kikopi:ltia \lxo íkopí:ltia \lxocpend @kíkopí:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to close or make close (eyes); to close or make close the eyes of (a person) \ss cerrar o hacer cerrar (los ojos); cerrar o hacer cerrar los ojos a (una persona) \pna Xkikopi:lti mi:xtew! \pea Close your eyes! \psa ¡Cierra los ojos! \pna Mlá:k ne:chikopi:ltia. \pea He really closes my eyes (e.g., by putting his fingers on my eyelids and pressing downward).. \psa De veras me hace cerrar los ojos (por ejemplo, al poner sus dedos sobre mis párpados). \se to close or make close (the sphinkter muscle) \ss cerrar o hacer cerrar (el esfincter) \xrb hkopi \xvba ikopi \xvbo íkopí \nse Note that the object of ikopiltia may be either the eyes themselves (as in Xkikopilit mi:xtew) of the "possessor" of the eyes (as in ne:chikopiltia). \qry Both uses mentioned in the notes, i.e. where the object are the eyes themselves and when the object is the body possessor, should be checked. Also needing to be checked is the use which means 'to force one to close ones sphincter muscle." \vl There is a mistake here. FM and IJ say /kikopi:ltia/ (no pitch accent) for /kíkopíltia/ (with pitch as indicated). Thus the four token here for this entry should be given numbers 3114, token letters c and above. Please note that there are correct pronunciations of this word on the minimal pairs recording. These can be edited for your here in the lexicon. \ref 03218 \lxa ikoptok \lxac ikoptok \lxo íkoptók \lxoc íkoptók \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to have ones eyes closed \ss tener los ojos cerrados \xrb hkopi \ref 04774 \lxa -ikpak \lxac ---- \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jun/2002 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-k(o) \infn N2(rel) \sea see tlakpak \ssa véase tlakpak \syno -ihpahtlah \xrb kpa \xrl -k(o) \nae This relational ending is found only with tla- as a nonspecific possessor. \ref 00404 \lxa ikpatl \lxac ikpatl \lxo ihpatl \lxoc ihpatl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \seao thread \ssao hilo \xrb kpa \nae In regard to vowel length, Lockhart (2001:219) notes: "Some evidence points to the i being long, but since it is seen elided in some sources, for at least some spaekers it must have been short, which fits better with the structure of the word, for initial i: in a simple root was rare and before two consonants much rarer.' The documentation on a long vowel, however, has apparently been misinterpreted. FK reports a long vowel on the basis of Tetelcingo evidence. However, in Tetelcingo, as a perusal of the entries from pages 127 to 128, initial /i/ is almost always reported as long (in Tetelcingo an unmarked /i/ is the reflex of the long vowel, an underlined /i/ is the reflex of a short vowel), even before the reflex of the 'saltillo' as in i:jcatica and i:jyöya. \qry Check epenthetic quality of /i/ and that both possessive constructions exist. \vl Check vowel length; FK has a long first vowel. \ref 00657 \lxa ikpayo:kopi:na \lxac kikpayo:kopi:na \lxo ipayo:kopi:na \lxoc kipayo:kopi:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to pull the thread out of \ss deshilar; quitar el hilo de \pna Xkikpayo:kopi:na! Ma tsomo:ni! Oksepa tiktlamanili:s. \pea Pull the thread out of it (in this case a thread that is hanging loose from where a garment has been patched)! Let it rip open! You can patch it up again! \psa ¡Quítale el hilo (en este caso un hilo que se cuelga de donde se había remendado un vestido)! ¡Que se desbarate! ¡Después lo volverás a remendar! \xrb kpa \xrb kopi: \qry Check for intransitive form of headword. \mod Add entry under /tsomo:ni/. \grm With noun incorporation, note cases of /-yo:/. Here the /-yo:/ does not at all seem part of an abstract noun, but rather is related to part/whole or intrinsic possession; cf. /a:yo:ki:sa/ and other similar words. \ref 01707 \lxa ikpayo:kopi:na \lxac kikpayo:kopi:na \lxo ipayokopi:na \lxoc kipayokopi:na \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to pull the basting out of; to unstich; to remove a thread from \ss deshilvanar; descoser \xrb kpa \xrb kopi: \qry Check /ikpayo:tia/ as possible word. Get contextual use of /ikpanyokopi:na/. Note that I orginally had /ikpanyokopi:na/ for AM headword but have changed this on the basis of Opan data. The Am form needs to be checked. \pqry Check and recheck vowel length. I do not hear long duration here. \ref 04919 \lxa i:ksan \lxac i:ksan \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se a long time ago \ss hace mucho tiempo, antiguamente \pna O:te:chnono:tskeh i:ksan totawa:n ika wi:tseh, wi:ts teposto:to:tl. \pea A long time ago, our ancestors told us that they would come, that an airplane would come. \psa Hace mucho tiempo, nuestros antepasados nos platicaron que vendrían, vendría un avión. \pna Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, i:ksan tinemiko:ya. \pea A tla:lme:stli, if it passes between your legs, you had been born a long time ago (i.e., you will die soon). \psa Un tla:lme:stli, si pasa entre tus piernas, ya hace mucho tiempo que habías nacido (esto es, vas a morir pronto). \syno i:san kayo:tl \cfa i:ksan kayo:tl \xrb i:ksan \qry Oapan has the nominal form i:san kayo:tl though not the adverbial i:san, at least not in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \qry Recheck length of initial vowel, although in a later entry I have recorded as a note: "the first vowel is definitely long and should be recorded or changed to such in all entries." \ref 02589 \lxa i:ksan kayo:tl \lxac i:ksan kayo:tl \lxo i:san kayo:tl \lxoa i:sen kayo:tl \lxoc i:san kayo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se sth from a long time ago; ancient \ss algo de hace muchos años; antiguo \xrb i:ksan \xrb kayo: \nae There is a possibility that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez have different vowel quantities in the initial /i/ of i:san kayo:tl. The two speech tokens of Inocencio have a duration well within the range of long vowels: 96 ms. However, those of Florencia are considerably shorter, just under 80 ms. Initial vowels seem to vary considerably in duration, so it might simply be a natural variation. More examples would be needed to make any definitive statement; for now the word and its root have been written with a long initial vowel. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male token. \ref 04321 \lxa i:ksan tla:katl \lxac i:ksan tla:katl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1; pl. i:ksantla:kameh, i:ksantla:kah \sea ancestor \ssa antepasado \xrb i:ksan \xrb tla:ka \qry Check to see if this should be recorded as one word /i:ksantla:katl/. Perhaps one manner of telling is the position of pronominal prefixes. However, since prefixes are in Ameyaltepec at the left of a clause and since /i:ksan/ is or would not be pluralized, it might be difficult to assert that /ti iksan tla:kah/ is definitely one or two words. Check to see where plural markers might go: /ti iksan tla:kameh/ or ?/iksan titla:kameh/. Perhaps a better test of word boundaries is velarization of /n/. \ref 04378 \lxa iksi \lxac iksi \lxo isi \lxoc isi \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to get or become cooked (food) \ss cocinarse (una comida) \se to get ripe (a fruit or vegetable) \ss madurarse (una fruta o verdura) \pna San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi. \pea They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside). \psa Todas maduran al mismo tiempo (p. ej., varios tipos de frutas que maduran a la vez, en la misma temporada, por todo el campo). \se to get fired (ceramics) \ss cocerse (barro o cerámica) \se (kwahli ~) to get soft-boiled (an egg) \ss (kwahli ~) quedar algo cocido (un huevo cocido en agua hirviendo que todavía puedes sopear) \pna Ma kwahli iksi, poliwitsi:n! \pea Let it get hard boiled, it still has a little time to go! \psa ¡Qué se cuezca duro, todavía falta poquito! \cfa teiksi \cfo teisi \xrb ksi \xvca ikxitia \xvco ixitia \nse Given the quite specialized meaning of teiksi, this has been accorded a separate entry. \nae The aspectual marker -tok with iksi tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is usually expressed by the perfective, e.g., yo:iksik, literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' \nde Classical Nahuatl has icuci for Ameyaltepec iksi and Oapan isi. \grm Impersonal: /San se: tie:mpoh tlaksi/ 'They all get ripe at the same time (e.g., various types of fruit that ripen together, all over the countryside)' Note the use of /tla-/ here. \grm Stative/resultative; perfect: Note that the aspectual marker -tok when combined with iksi tends to have a progressive meaning (a diagnostic of unergative verbs). Thus the stative/resultative is expressed by the perfect, yo:iksik, literally 'it has cooked' but translatable as 'it is cooked.' Cf. the discussion on the perfect and the stative/resultative in Nedjalkov. The same can be said of the unergative /miki/ 'to die.' This verb passes the test of unergative verbs by forming a morphological causative (miktia). It also has /-tok/ as a progressive: /miktok/ 'he is dying.' And, finally, the perfect is used as a stative: /yo:mik notah/ 'my father has died' or, 'my father is dead.' This type of division (-tok as progessive and perfect as stative/resulative) seems to affect only certain verbs. However, other unergative verbs (perhaps those more classically or typologically unergative) have a true perfect meaning with the perfect: /yo:cho:kak/ 'he has cried'. (?he is cried). \ref 02529 \lxa iksik \lxacpend *iksik \lxo isik \lxoc isik \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be cooked (a food) \ss estar cocinado (un manjar) \se to be ripe (a fruit or vegetable) \ss estar maduro (una fruta o vegetal) \se to be fired (ceramics) \ss estar cocido (barro o cerámica) \xrb ksi \qry Check if this form is actually used, or if the verbal form /yo:iksik/ is more common. In general there seems to be a tendency for the perfective in /yo-/ to be used as stative/resultative for unergative verbs. Probably this word should be taken out. \ref 01293 \lxa iksika:miki \lxac iksika:miki \lxo isika:miki \lxoc isika:miki \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to get over-ripe (a fruit) on the vine or tree \ss pasarse de maduro (una fruta) antes de cortarse o caerse del árbol o planta donde crece \pna O:iksika:mik melo:n, tepapa:xiwi itik kosta:l. \pea The cantaloupe (or melon) got over-ripe on the vine, it's getting smashed up in the sack (where it is placed for transport after harvest). \psa El melón se pasó de maduro antes de cortarse, se está aplastando dentro del costal (donde se pone para transportar después de la cosecha). \xrb ksi \xrb miki \ref 03453 \lxa iksika:miki \lxac iksika:miki \lxo ísika:míki \lxoc ísika:míki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes \seo to get overdone in boiling water or sauce \sso pasarse de cocido en agua o un líquido herviendo \xrb ksi \xrb miki \nse This word is only used for things that are overcooked in boiling liquids, and that start to fall apart (e.g., chicken being boiled). If things are overdone while being roasted a word such as tliwa:ki might be used, or tepi:tsiwi. \ref 06759 \lxa ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n \lxac ikuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea blade of obsidian or flint found scattered on the ground \ssa cuchillo de obsidiana o pedernal encontrado tirado por el suelo \xrb wa:k(2) \nse Apparently the meaning of i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n derives from the identity of the wa:ktsi:n as an avatar of Tezcatlipoca, a deity related to war in the Mexica pantheon. In Oapan it is said that the wa:htsi:n kipiya i:neba:jah, although this is not applied to obsidian blades. In Oapan one may say o:mitsixipiltek wa:htsi:n. This is said when one finds a cut on the bottom of ones foot, near the toes. It is said in Oapan that the wa:htsi:n has i:neba:jah; cf. to the Ameyaltepec term i:kuchi:yoh wa:ktsi:n in reference to obsidian blades. \ref 00788 \lxa ikuw chichi \lxac ikuw chichi \lxo ---- \lxt i:kow chiche \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea generic name for the fruit of two vines called i:komekayo i:kuw chichi, one of which has edible fruit (i:kuw chichi de welik) and the other has inedible fruit (i:kuw chichi de welik) \ssa nombre genérico de la fruta de dos enredaderas llamadas i:komekayo i:kuw chichi, una de las cuales tiene fruta comestible (i:kuw chichi de welik) mientras la otra tiene fruta no comestible (i:kuw chichi de welik) \sea generic name for the vine which bears fruit of this name \ssa nombre genérico de una enredadera que tiene fruta de ese nombre \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \cfa i:komekayo ikuw chichi \xrb kow \xrb chichi \encyctmp komekatl \cpl Silvestre Pantaleleón did not know of this vine; Asención Marcelo has heard this name but does not know the plant. Inocencio Díaz knows this vine. He said that the fruit itself is called i:kuh chichi while the vine is called i:komekayo i:kuh chichi. \nct komekatl \ref 01745 \lxa ikuw chichi de we:lik \lxac ikuw chichi de we:lik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem komekatl \xrb \ref 08557 \lxa ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl burroh \lxac ikuwsa:wananakayo ikwitl burroh \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of mushroom that grows on burro or cow dung \ssa tipo de hongo que crece sobre el excremento de burro o vaca \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo kuhsa:wananakatl \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \xrb kwitla \ref 06143 \lxa ikxi to:to:tsi:n \lxac ikxi to:to:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea Ipomoea diegoi, wild herbaceous plant of the Convolvulaceae family \ssa Ipomoea diegoi, planta herbácea de la familia Convolvulaceae family \pna Ikxi to:to:tsi:n | Xiwtsi:ntli ke:itlah komekatsi:ntli. Seki no: wel kikwa. \pea I:kxi to:to:tsi:n : Its a little herbaceous plant like a small vine. Some people can eat it. \psa I:kxi to:to:tsi:n : Es una plantita como bejucco. Alguna gente se lo puede comer. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kxi \xrb to:to: \nse This plant is used as food for burros, i.e., i:tlakwal burroh. Note that the Ameyaltepec name was given by Inocencio Díaz; Silvestre Pantaleón of Oapan referred to this plant as xino:lah komekatl sísiwá:tl. However, Honorio de la Rosa of Ameyaltepec called this plant simply kokomekatl de moradi:toh or some nearly equivalent name. For him there was an i:kxi to:to:tsi:n de moradi:toh, but this is a member of the Malvaceae family still not identified. \nct xiwtli \ref 05322 \lxa ikxi wexo:lo:tl \lxac ikxi wexo:lo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea Boerhavia coccinea Miller, type of thin weed of the Nyctaginaceae family \ssa Boerhavia coccinea Miller, tipo de maleza delgada de la familia Nyctaginaceae \pna Ikxi wexo:lo:tl, ixwa, wekapania. \pea The plant known as ikxi wexo:lo:tl sprouts (and) grows tall. \psa La planta conocida como ikxi wexo:lo:tl brota (y) crece alto. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kxi \xrb wexo:lo: \nct xiwtli \ref 03638 \lxa ikxia:la:wi \lxac ikxia:la:wi \lxo ixia:la:wi \lxoc ixia:la:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (often reduplicated with a short vowel) to scrape ones leg \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) rasparse la pierna \pna O:nikxiaga:la:w. \pea I scraped my leg (in various places, e.g., in falling). \psa Se me raspó la pierna (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme). \cfao a:la:wi \xrb kxi \xrb a:la: \qry My original entry spelling had simply /o:nikxiaa:la:w/, which I think should be /o:nikxiaga:la:w/, to which I changed it after the data entry. Check. \pqry In dictionary discussion here check for pronunciation of reduplicated form, approixmately 1 hr. 12 minutes. \ref 05492 \lxa ikxia:ntiki:sa \lxac kikxia:ntiki:sa \lxo ixia:ntiki:sa \lxoc kixia:ntiki:sa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-[V2-asp] \der Asp \infv class-3a \seao to knock over (sth on the ground) with ones feet while passing by \ssao tirar (algo extendido sobre el suelo) con los pies al pasar \pna O:nikikxia:ntiki:s motepalkaw. Xo:nikitak. \pea I knocked your bowl over with my foot as I passed by. I didn't see it. \psa Tiré tu plato hondo con mi pie al pasar. No lo ví. \seo to get ones feet or legs tangled up in those of another (e.g., in those of another person while trying to step over him) \sso enredarse los pies o pierna con las de otra persona (p. ej., en los pies de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella) \syna ikxinelotiki:sa \xrb kxi \xrb a:na \xrb ki:sa \nse The verb ikxia:ntiki:sa (Am) refers to the action of kicking something over, particularly when one spills or knocks out its contents, although this is not necessarily the case. \qry Check to see if /ikxia:na/ exists as a transitive.Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though, because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist. \vl In the tokens recorded here, the best to link would be the 1st female and 2nd male tokens. However, there are additional tokens of this word in the Oapan dialect at 6612. These should be tagged as 5486. Judge whether they provide a better sample or corpus for linking. \ref 05486 \lxa ikxia:pio:tsi:n \lxac ikxia:pio:tsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \pss P1; TM \com N-(N-N) \der N-tsi:n \sea to have skinny, bird-like legs \ssa tener las piernas delgadas como las de un pájaro \pna Tikwelita wa:n cho ikxia:pio:tsi:n. \pea You like her and she has skinny legs (like those of an a:pio:tsi:n). \psa Te gusta aunque tiene las piernas muy delgadas (como las de un a:pio:tsi:n). \xrb kxi \xrb a: \xrb pio \nae Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, a:pio:tsi:n, is used in a modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.'). \grm Adjectivals; attributive nouns: Re: /ikxia:pio:tsi:n/ Although this compound form is derived from two nominal stems the second stem, a:pio:tsi:n, is used in a modifying function to indicate a characteristic of the possessor-raised noun. The modifying use of the nominal stem is typical in that a particular aspect of the referent, in this case skinny legs, is taken as the defining characteristic of a modified noun (much like 'lion' for 'brave' in 'John is a lion.'). \ref 07527 \lxa ikxiasi \lxac kikxiasi \lxo ixíasí \lxoc kixíasí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seo to catch up to while walking \sso alcanzar caminando \syna iyo:asi \xrb kxi \xrb ahsi \ref 07117 \lxa ikxikelo:ni \lxac ikxikelo:ni \lxo ixikelo:ni \lxoc ixikelo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Apparently no transitive from \infv class-3a \seo to severely strain (but not dislocate) ones leg or foot \sso torcersele duro o fuertemente la pierna o pie (pero no hasta luxarse) \pna Xne:xtewila:nili nokxi, o:nikxikelo:n. \pea Pull on my leg for me, I sprained it badyly it. \psa Jálame la pierna, se me torció fuertemente. \flao kelo:ni \xrb kxi \xrb kelo: \nse Although at one point some consultants from Ameyaltepec gave the meaning of kelo:ni as 'to dislocate' (a bone, that gets out of socket), Florencia Marcelino mentioned that kelo:ni refers to a severe strain but not dislocation. Many speakers would illustrate the meaning of ikxikelo:ni by illustrating the movement of a donkeys foot as it gets doubled back upon landing on an uneven surface, getting severely sprained but not dislocated or broken. \qry Check to see if the intensifier /te-/ can be use, ?ikxitekelo:ni, etc. \ref 00993 \lxa ikxikextlan \lxac i:kxikextlan \lxo ixikextlah \lxoc i:xikextlah \dt 27/Jan/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn i-loss; N2 \se ankle; joint where ones foot meets ones leg \ss tobillo; coyuntura donde el pie se junta con la pierna \sem body \dis ikxikextlan; kakayol \xrb kxi \xrb kech \xrl -tlan \ref 00188 \lxa ikxikoko:n \lxac ikxikoko:n \lxo ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be pidgeon-footed \ssa tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera \apa ikxikoko:ntik \xrb kxi \xrb ko:m \qry Recheck meaning. \ref 07838 \lxa ikxikoko:ntik \lxac ikxikoko:ntik \lxo ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be pidgeon-footed \ssa tener los pies vueltos hacia afuera \apa ikxikoko:n \xrb kxi \xrb ko:m \qry Recheck meaning. \ref 07919 \lxa ikxikoko:pi:l \lxac ikxikoko:pi:l \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ab \aff Op. infix te-: ikxitekoko:pi:l \sea to take small steps; to be a slow-poke (in terms of walking) \ssa ser lento para caminar, ser alguien que toma pasos chicos \pna Tikxitekoko:pi:l. Xwel tinenemi. \pea You are a slow-poke on your feet. You can't walk well. \psa Eres un lento para caminar (al tomar pasos chiquitos). No caminas bien. \xrb kxi \xrb ko:pi:l \nse Said of a person who is a slow-poke, who takes small and slow steps even though he is not ill. \qry Check incorporation of /te/, apparently word can appear with or without this incorporation. \mod There is an important question about how to translate words like this, as a noun or adjectival. Check and discuss with lexicographers. \ref 03957 \lxa ikxikoko:xo \lxac ikxikoko:xo \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \loan (part) cojo \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \sea to be lame; to have bad legs (particularly as the result of having them slightly twisted or crooked) \ssa ser cojo; tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos) \syna koko:xotik \syno ko:xotik \xrb kxi \nae Although ixiko:xo is apparently accepted in Oapan, it is not common. Much more usual is simply ko:xo, a full borrowing from Spanish. \qry Note reduplication and check if only /ikxikoko:xoh/ is used or whether one can also have /ikxiko:xoh/. Also check possible gender. Remove this entry for Oapan; more common is /ko:xotik \pqry Check. Note that in the recording session I heard a final glottal stop in Cristino Flores' (Am) pronunciation. However, check the form /koko:xo/ if it exists. \vl Although this entry, /ixiko:xo/ was elicited and the tokens should be tagged, later I came to understand that the form was produced more as a result of elicitation. It has been removed. The word should still be tagged and form part of the archive, but it should not be linked. \ref 02737 \lxa ikxikoltotsiwi \lxac ikxikoltotsiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get or have cramps in ones leg \ss tener calambres en la pierna \xrb kxi \xrb koltots \qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage. \rt Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check. \ref 08246 \lxa ikxikoltotsiwilistli \lxac ikxikoltotsiwilistli \lxacpend ikxikoltotsiwilistli \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08682 \lxa ikxikopal \lxac ikxikopal \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08189 \lxa ikxikopaliwtiw \lxac ikxikopaliwtiw \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08188 \lxa ikxiko:pi:liwi \lxac ikxiko:pi:liwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran No transitive form documented, perhaps given the semantics involved \infv class-3a(w) \sea to walk like a slow-poke; to move along slowly (with small-sized steps) \ssa andar muy lentamente (con pasos muy pequeños) \pna Ikxikoko:pi:liwtiw. San yo:li:k notetekestiw. \pea He goes walking along at a snail's pace. He goes along slowly, stopping a lot as he walks. \psa Anda lentamente. Va yendo despacio, parándose cada rato. \syno ko:pi:lyaw \cfa ikxikoko:pi:l \xrb kxi \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check possible transitive form. Recheck etymology and other occurrences of /ko:/. Note that this word /ikxiko:pi:liwi/ is the virtual equivalent of /ko:pi:liwi/ in some of the latters uses. Check. \ref 01058 \lxa ikxiko:tsi:liwi \lxac ikxiko:tsi:liwi \lxo ixiko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ixiko:tsi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get or have cramps in ones leg \ss tener calambres en la pierna \xrb kxi \xrb ko:tsil \qry Also check existence of transitive cognate and possible usage. \rt Perhaps further analysis will yield roots of /ko:/ and /tsilV/. Check. \ref 04215 \lxa ikxiko:tsi:wilistli \lxac *ikxiko:tsi:liwistli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb kxi \qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form. \ref 08150 \lxa ikxikukwalo \lxac ikxikukwalo \lxo ixí:kwaló \lxoc ixí:kwaló \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pass \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a(oni) \pa yes-rdp \seo for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.) \ssa agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.) \equiva ikxikuwtia \xrb kxi \xrb kwa \xvco ixí:kwaló:tla \nse The reduced reduplication of the Oapan headword ixí:kwaló is a simple reflection of the fact that two legs are affected at the same time. It has never been documented in the nonreduplicated (i.e., singular) form. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6998, these later tokens should also be tagged as 6438. \ref 06438 \lxa ikxikukwalo:tla \lxac kikxikukwalo:tla \lxo ixí:kwaló:tla \lxoc kixí:kwaló:tla \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \seo to make the legs of (sb) stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.) \sso hacer agarrotar o entumecer las piernas a (algn), para que se queden adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb kwa \xvco ixí:kwaló \ref 06989 \lxa ikxikukwetlaxiwi \lxac ikxikukwetlaxiwi \lxo ixí:kwetlaxíwi \lxoc ixikwetlaxiwi, ixí:kwetlaxíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s): ixí:kwetlaxíwi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se for ones leg to get exhausted and weak or rubbery \ss cansarsele o enflaquecersele a uno la pierna, o quedarsele débil \xrb kxi \xrb kwetlax \nse This verb is used to refer to the manner in which ones legs give out from walking very far, from running a lot, i.e. when ones legs become weak and are about to give out. \nae Both the unreduplicated ikxikwetlaxiwi or ixikwetlaxiwi and reduplicated ikxikukwetlaxiwi or ixí:kwetlaxíwi forms are correct. The former refers to this effect on one leg, the latter to the same effect on both legs. The Oapan reduplicated form shows phonological reduction of the reduplicant onto the short final vowel of the incorporated noun stem ixi. The verb is usually found with reduplication given that it is usually the result of an action that affects both legs at the same time. \qry Check for transitive form. Check for unreduplicated form; also with /ma:/?? \grm Note that two words referring to feet/legs getting tired, etc. are entered in the headword category in two different ways. Thus /ikxikutia/ does not have redpulication because it can easily happen to just one leg, as in the example. However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/ is the result of actions that almost inevitably affect both legs. \ref 02573 \lxa ikxikuwso \lxac nokxikuwso \lxo ixikohso \lxoc noxikohso \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in ones foot \ss (refl.) enterarsele en el pie una astilla o espina \pna O:nimokxkuwsok. \pea I got a splinter (or thorn) in my foot. \psa Se me enteró una astilla (o espina) por el pie. \xrb kxi \xrb kow \xrb so \nae Usually this is found in the reflexive, since the action is involuntary. But perhaps grammatically the fully transitive form would also be correct. \qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chikxikuhso. \ref 00818 \lxa ikxikuwtia \lxac ikxikuwtia \lxo ixikohtia \lxoc ixikohtia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \sea for ones legs to stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from a long walk or run, etc.; see Oapan ixí:kwaló) \ssa agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno las piernas, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber caminado una gran distancia, etc.; véase Oapan ixí:kwaló) \pna Yo:nikxikukuwtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok. \pea My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body. \psa Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas. \seo (often used on the negative) for ones legs to get strong (e.g., a child who is just starting to walk) \sso (a menudo empleado en el negativo) ponersele las piernas fuertes a (p. ej., un niño que apenas está aprendiendo a caminar) \xrb kxi \xrb kow \nse The Oapan word ixikuhtia is often used in the negative xeixikuhtia or perfective o:ixikuhtiak. Note the difference in semantics of this word in the two dialects. It is seldom found in the present tense without xe-. \qry Check use in neighboring dialects to determine which is the most usual interpretation. \vl Note that the first 4 tokens are of the perfect form /yo:ixikohtiak/. These should be tagged as 5539, but not linked. There then follow 4 tokens of /ixikohtia/. These should also be tagged and 2 linked. \ref 05539 \lxa ikxikwe:chiwi \lxac ikxikwe:chiwi \lxo \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der \infv class-3a(w) \se \ss \xrb kxi \xrb kwe:ch \ref 08641 \lxa ikxikwepaliwi \lxac ikxikwepaliwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to twist ones foot (e.g., as one is walking and turns ones ankle to the outside so that the outside of the foot turns in and goes against the ground) \ssa torcérsele a uno el pie (p. ej., mientras uno camine y se le voltea el tobillo para que la parte hacia afuera del tobillo da vuelta y queda contra el suelo) \syno ixikwelpachiwi \cfa ikxinekwiliwi \xrb kxi \xrb kwepal \nae As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, ikxikwepaliwi does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form. \grm Transitivity alternation: As with many verbs that indicate accidental harm to parts of the body, ikxikwepaliwi does not have a transitive form. Undoubtedly, given the proper circumstances (including aggressive elicitation) one could be formed or uttered. However, none was found in the corpus. \ref 01289 \lxa ikxikwepaltik \lxac ikxikwepaltik \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crooked foot (particularly in reference to humans) \ssa con el pie chueco (particularmente en referencia a los humanos) \pna Sahkó:n itekiw, ikxikwepaltik. \pea That's his condition, he has a crooked foot. \psa Así es de por si, tiene chueco el pie. \xrb kxi \xrb kwepal \nse The plural ikxikukwepaltik, which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, ikxikwepaltikeh refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. \grm Plural of adjectives: The plural ikxikukwepaltik, which manifests the usual pattern of reduplication of the predicaate stem, refers to someone with both legs so formed. Likewise, ikxikwepaltikeh refers to several people, each with one foot so formed. Note, therefore, that when reduplication occurs in reference to an action or state, it refers to several points at which one entity is affected. This should be further explored, e.g., /totoma:wak/ vs. /toma:hkeh/ or /totoma:hkeh/. Etc. \ref 00895 \lxa ikxima:poxtli \lxacpend ikxima:poch \lxo ixiyma:poxtli \lxocpend i:xima:poch \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal. \se left leg \ss pierna izquierda \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb ma: \xrb poch \ref 08923 \lxa ikximatiliwi \lxac ikximatiliwi \lxo iximatiliwi \lxoc iximatiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get ones legs tangled up \ssao enredarse las piernas \pna Sa: chika ikximatiliwi moburroh. Xkwahli. \pea Your burro is always getting its feet tangled up (crossed) when walking. It's no good. \psa En seguida se cruzan las piernas de tu burro al caminar. No es bueno. \xrb kxi \xrb matil \qry Check meaning of /sa: chika/ and offer better translation. Note that the phrase /sa: chika ikximatiliwi.../ has been entered under /chika/ as headword. Recheck whether /sa: chika/ should be written as one or two words (to date I have it as two). Check for transitive form of /ikximatiliwi/ and use. \ref 01040 \lxa ikximelaktik \lxac ikximelaktik \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \ssa tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikxito:pi:ltik \syno ixipeya:stik \xrb kxi \xrb mela: \qry Apparently identical in meaning to /ikxito:pi:ltik/. This should be checked. \mod Add an ono entry for all types of foot positions, etc. /ikxikwepaltik/, /ikxito:pi:ltik/, /ikximelaktik/, etc. \ref 02423 \lxa ikximela:wa \lxac nokximela:wa \lxo iximela:wa \lxocpend noximela:wa \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No documented intransitive \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg \ssao (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna \syna ikxiweyakilia \xrb kxi \xrb mela: \ref 07500 \lxa ikximo:motsi:ni \lxac ikximo:motsi:ni \lxo iximo:motsi:ni \lxoc iximo:motsi:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l?; Op. te-: ikxitemo:motsi:ni \infv class-3a \se to get cracks in ones legs (e.g., from contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.) \ss agrietarsele a uno las piernas (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, etc.) \se to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin to dry and crack on one's leg \ss secarsele y agrietarsele una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por la pierna a \pna Xonitla:lki:s, san o:nikxitemo:motsi:n. \pea All the dirt didn't come off (my leg), I was left with a thin layer of dry cracked dirt on my leg. \psa No salió toda la mugre (de mi pierna), se me quedó una capita de mugre secada y agrietada sobre la pierna. \pna Melá nikximo:motsi:ni. \pea The back of my heel (most commonly, although can refer to other parts of one's foot) is really cracking from dryness. \psa De veras se me está agrietando mi talón (o, tal vez, la piel de otras partes del pie) por seco. \xrb kxi \xrb motsi: \nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. Often this verbal stem is used to refer to situations such as when after bathing some soap or dirt remains on one's body and it dries, leaving a thin crackled layer or pattern on ones skin. Or perhaps one has walked through muddy water, and the water dried leaving a thin cake of dirt, which dries and crackles. The verb may also refer to a layer of dried, cracked skin, such as might occur on one's foot or leg. Apprently this meaning is communicated only with long vowel reduplication. \nae Documentation to date does not indicate whether only the reduplicated forms exists. Nor is the difference between long and short vowel reduplication clear. It appears that the Oapan headword form has short vowel reduplication and no pitch-accent, indicative of the lack of underlying {h}; the Ameyaltepec headword according to my original written notes, has long vowel reduplication. It is possible that this is in error. \qry Check vowel length in /mo:motsi:ni/ as well as other uses of this term. Check to whether a nonreduplicated form can exist, and the difference between the two types of reduplication, with long and short vowels. Note: check to see if a transitive form exists. Check etymology, particularly formation of words with /mots.../. In one entry I have a long first /o:/, i.e. /ikxitemo:motsi:ni/. Recheck vowel length. Also, in this second entry I have /te/ in parentheses, suggesting that it is optional, not required, i.e. that /ikximo:motsi:ni/ is also correct. Note that for Oapan I had this first recorded as short reduplicant. But after doing the entry for /ma:mo:motsi:ni/, it appears that the /o:/ is long there, therefore I have changed it here, pending further analysis. \vl Check vl and p \ref 02048 \lxa ikximonexe:wi \lxac ikximonexe:wi \lxo iximónexé:wi \lxoc iximónexé:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix te-: ikxitemonexe:wi (Am) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have ones feet (or legs) to get grayish white (e.g., from not having bathed for several days after which time salt from dried sweat, or dried powder from walking in lime or dusty white earth, covers ones legs) \ssao ponersele gris o grisceo las piernas o los pies a (p. ej., por no haberse bañado por much tiempo, secándose sal que se dejó por el sudor, o por secarsele polvo blanco que acumuló por haber uno caminado en cal o tierra blanca y polvosa) \xrb kxi \xrb mohnex \qry Question is semantic difference and basis for alternation. Cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/: is there a /ikximonexiwi/? This alternation is significant for discussions of vowel length stability. Finally, note here problem of etymology. Obviously related to root /nex/ 'ashes'. However, Ameyaltepec more commonly uses forms such as /monextik/ and /temonextik/, as in the present compound word. Perhaps related to reflexive /mo-/ and intensifier /te-/. Check these problems. \sj ikximonexe:wi; check for reason for Oapan p-a. \ref 00874 \lxa ikxinekwil \lxac ikxinekwil \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \sea see ikxinekwilin \ssa véase ikxinekwilin \sem heavens \syno ixinekwilih \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \encyctmp ci:tlalin \ref 02380 \lxa Ikxinekwilin \lxac Ikxinekwilin \lxo Ixinekwilih \lxoc Ixinekwilih \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-? \infn N1 \se constellation of stars (lit. 'crooked-footed') identifiable as six stars comprising the Big-Dipper \ss constelación de estrellas (lit. 'piernachueca') identificable como seis estrellas (el 'Big Dipper') del Oso Mayor \syna ikxinekwil \encyctmp ci:tlalin \nse According to Cristino Flores the correct name for this constellation is Ikxinekwil, i.e., without the -in ending. \grm Nouns: nominalization: The reason for the final /-in/ on /ikxinekwilin/, which is synonomous to /ikxinekwil/ is uncertain. It might be related to the /-in/ of /ci:tlalin/ and the fact that /ikxinekwil/ is a constellation. \ref 01433 \lxa ikxinekwiliwi \lxac ikxinekwiliwi \lxo ixinekwiliwi \lxoc ixinekwiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones leg to become crooked (from injury, disease, dislocation, etc.) \ss enchuecarsele la pierna (a algn, por enfermedad, dislocación, accidente, etc.) \cfa ikxikwepaliwi \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \qry Check for transitive form and use. \rt Recheck etymology, i.e. whether /nekwiliwi/ should be considered as formed from two morphemes. Probably not, but note all the /-iwi/ verbs that indicate a type of physical distortion, bending, etc. \ref 03519 \lxa ikxinekwiltik \lxac ikxinekwiltik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crooked leg \ssa tener una pierna chueca \xrb kxi \xrb nekwil \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb ixinekwiliwi exists, the adjectival *ixinekwiltik is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in -tik indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., yo:ixinekwiliw) indicates a short-term state. \qry Plural, i.e., with both legs crooked, is /ikxinenekwiltik/ (check). \grm Adjectivals; perfectives: Florencia Marcelino (Oa) observed that although the verb ixinekwiliwi exists, the adjectival *ixinekwiltik is not used because ones leg does not stay in this form or position. The implication is that adjectival forms ending in -tik indicate a more or less permanent state, whereas a perfective construction (e.g., yo:ixinekwiliw) indicates a short-term state. \ref 01671 \lxa ikxinelotiki:sa \lxac kikxinelotiki:sa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2-asp \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to get ones feet or legs tangled up in (those of another person while trying to step over him) \ss enredarse los pies o pierna con (las de otra persona al tratar de pisar sobre ella) \pna Mopan o:pano:tiki:s, o:mitsikxinelotiki:s. \pea He passed over you (e.g., while you were lying stretched out on the ground), his feet got tangled up yours as he stepped over you. \psa Pasó sobre ti (esto es, mientras que estabas acostado en el suelo), sus pies se enredaron con los tuyos al pisar sobre tí. \pna O:timitsikxinelotiki:s, pero xmlá:k mopan o:nicholotiki:s. \pea I got my feet tangled up in yours (e.g., I was walking in the dark and did not see you lying there), but I didn't really step on you (i.e., I jumped to the side to avoid this). \psa Se enredaron mis pies con los tuyos (p. ej., estaba caminando en la obscuridad y no te vi acostado), pero no te pisé de veras (esto es, brinqué a un lado). \cfa ikxia:ntiki:sa \cfo ixia:ntiki:sa \xrb kxi \xrb nel \qry Check to see if this verb can occur without the aspectual ending. If it doesn't, remark on this in the /nae field. Also check if the intransitive /ikxineliwi/ exists. Apparently, though, because of the definite 'agentive' quality of this action, *neliwi is not used or does not exist. \ref 02678 \lxa ikxinepaniwtok \lxac ikxinepaniwtok \lxo ixinepanihtok \lxoc ixinepanihtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \sea to be sitting with ones legs crossed (see mesnepanihtok) \ssa estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas (véase mesnepanihtok) \pna Asta ikxinepaniwtok. Tlatski! \pea He's just sitting there with his legs crossed. He's lazy! \psa Hasta está sentada con las piernas cruzadas. ¡Qué flojo! \seo to be sitting with ones legs crossed near the ankles (see iximali:ntok) \sso estar sentado con las piernas cruzadas cerca de los tobillos (véase iximali:ntok) \xrb kxi \xrb nepan \encyctmp body postures and positions; perhaps \nse According to my original documentation in Ameyaltepec ikxinepaniwtok was used in reference to a man sitting with his legs crossed at the thighs, with one leg over the other. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that the Oapan word with the same meaning is metsnepanihtok. In Oapan, the formal equivalent to the Ameyaltepec headword is ixinepanihtok, and a synonym of this is ixí:malí:ntok. \qry Check etymology. Check to see if intranstive form exists as such, i.e. /ikxinepaniwi/. Note that in the original cross-reference from here I had this Oa word written as /ixí:malí:ntok/. Check which form, the reduplicated one with reduction on /ixi-/ or the headword here /iximali:ntok/. \grm Statives; Unrealized intransitive verbs: Balsas Nahuatl seems to manifest many cases of statives/resultatives that morphologically would derive from an intransitive verb (e.g., kweptok) but for which the intransitive is not independently documented. In some cases it may perhaps be assumed that this is just a lack of full language documentation. However, in some cases, like the present with /ikxinepaniwtok/ it is hard to imagine the semantics of an intransitive form, i.e., what would ?/ikxinepaniwi/ mean, since it is hard to imagine the process occurring without an agent. Thus the transitive /ikxinepanowa/ has been documented only as a reflexive. \rt Note that a discussion in the root dictionary should be given for /nepan/. \ref 00744 \lxa ikxinepanowa \lxac nokxinepanowa \lxo ixinepanowa \lxoc noxinepanowa \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to cross ones legs in a sitting position \ss (refl.) cruzarse las piernas al estar sentado \xrb kxi \xrb nepan \qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. Cf. /ikxinepaniwtok/ which suggests an intransitive at some level. \ref 03512 \lxa ikxine:si \lxac ikxine:si \lxo ixine:si \lxoc ixine:si \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se for footprints to be or become visible (of a human or from the back legs of an animal) \ss aparecer o ser visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o de las piernas traseras de un animal) \xrb kxi \xrb ne:si \ref 05357 \lxa ikxine:stok \lxac ikxine:stok \lxo ixine:stok \lxoc ixine:stok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der Stat \infv Durative \se for footprints to be visible (from a human or the back legs of an animal) \ss estar visibles las huellas de pie (de un ser humano o las piernas traseras de un animal) \pna Ikxine:stokeh, nika:n o:pano:lo:k. \pea There are footprints visible, people passed by here. \psa Se pueden ver huellas de pie, aquí pasó gente. \se to have ones legs exposed \ss tener las piernas expuestas \xrb kxi \xrb ne:si \ref 01989 \lxa ikxinetechowa \lxac nokxinetechowa \lxo ixinetechowa \lxoc noxinetechowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[refl] \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to put ones legs close together \ss (refl.) cerrar las piernas o ponerlas muy cerca, la una a la otra \pna Xmokxinetecho. \pea Put your legs together (in this case said to a woman sitting with her legs apart)! \psa ¡Cierra las piernas (en este caso dicho a una mujer sentada con las piernas abiertas)! \xrb kxi \xrb netech \qry Check etymology. Check possible transitive use and also intransitive cognate ending in /iwi/. \ref 00255 \lxa ikxio:li:ni \lxac ikxio:li:ni \lxacpend ikxio:li:ni \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08666 \lxa ikxipa:chaka:ti \lxac ikxipa:chaka:ti \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08111 \lxa ikxipan \lxac i:kxipan \lxo ixipan \lxoc tlaxipan \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-pan \infn N2(rel) \se on foot \ss a pie \pna Tokxipan tia:skeh. \pea We will go on foot. \psa Vamos a ir a pie. \pno San tlaxipan yaweh. \peo The are just going by foot. \pso Solamente van a pie. \xrb kxi \nse In Oapan Nahuatl the relational expression ixipan has only been documented with the nonspecific possessor tla- meaning, in general, 'on or by foot.' \qry Check for other possible meanings. \ref 04118 \lxa ikxipatil \lxac ikxipatil \lxo ixipatil \lxoc ixipatil \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have a crooked leg \ss tener una pierna chueca \se (with short vowel reduplication) pigeon-toed; to have both legs twisted inward \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) que tiene las puntas de pies hacia dentro, tener las dos piernas chuecas \apa ikxipatiltik \apo ixipatiltik \xrb kxi \xrb patil \qry Check whether reduplication is of IN or verb stem, i.e., /iikxipatil/? or /ikxipapatil/??? \grm Note the various ways in which reduplication can affect meaning and be related to headword entry. Thus /ikxikuhtia/ is a headword entry with nonreduplication, since it refers to an action that often occurs affecting only one leg (stiffening). However, /ikxikukwetlaxiwi/, which refers to the exhaustion of the foot or leg from activity has only been heard in reduplicated form, given that the action that can lead to such a state (walking, exertion, etc.) almost always affects both legs jointly. Finally, note that in the case of /ikxipatil/ either leg can be affected, individually, however, when both are affected a new type of situation occurs, signalled by a separate lexical item in English. Thus a second sense is given. \ref 03162 \lxa ikxipatiliwi \lxac ikxipatiliwi \lxo ixipatiliwi \lxoc ixipatiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones leg or foot to twist and turn crookedly (e.g., from slipping on a wet rock and twisting ones ankle, etc.) \ss irle a un lado la pierna; torcerse la pierna (p. ej., al resbalarse sobre una piedra mojada y torciendo el pie, etc.) \pna O:nikxipatiliw, ye niwetsiya. \pea My leg twisted, I was starting to fall. \psa Se me dobló la pierna, ya iba cayendo. \sem distort-break \xrb kxi \xrb patil \qry Check if there is a transitive form. Also recheck meaning, i.e. if only refers to the effect of slipping, etc. Finally, determine whether this verb can be metaphorically applied to objects. Note also that /patil/ and /matil/, etc. seem to have some meaning in common. \mod Determine all words that have something to do with bending, etc. /patiliwi/, /kwepaliwi/, /matiliwi/ etc. \ref 03239 \lxa ikxipatiltik \lxac ikxipatiltik \lxo ixipatiltik \lxoc ixipatiltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked-legged \ss tener una pierna chueca \se (with short vowel reduplication; ikxipapatiltik) pigeon-footed; with both legs crooked \ss (tener reduplicación de vocal corta; ikxipapatiltik) tener las puntas de pies hacia adentro \apa ikxipatil \apo ixipatil \xrb kxi \xrb patil \nse Ikxipatiltik refers to someone with a crooked leg that is, typically, stiff when the person walks, swinging out as he walks. The acopated form ikxipatil. \ref 01704 \lxa ikxipeya:siwtok \lxac ikxipeya:siwtok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1~Stat \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08191 \lxa ikxipeya:stik \lxac ikxipeya:stik \lxo ixipeya:stik \lxoc ixipeya:stik \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seo to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \sso tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikximelaktik \syna ikxito:pi:ltik \xrb kxi \xrb to:pi:l \nse Same as /ikximelaktik/. \qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. Check the Oapan equivalent. \ref 06200 \lxa ikxipihli \lxac ikxipihli \lxo ixipihli \lxoc ixipihli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln \sem body \sem human \se toe (any one) \ss dedo de pie (cualquier) \xrb kxi \xrb pil \qry Check vowel length of final /i/; cf. to /mapihli/. Also, elicit the names of all the fingers and toes. \ref 00614 \lxa ikxipil bie:joh \lxac i:kxipil bie:joh \lxo ---- \dt 17/May/2002 \loan (part) viejo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea big toe \ssa dedo de pie grande \equiva ikxipil we:i \equivao ixipil we:i \sem body \syna ikxipil we:i \syno ixipil we:i \xrb kxi \xrb pil \ref 03966 \lxa ikxipil nepantlah \lxac i:kxipil nepantlah \lxo ixipil nepantlah \lxoc i:xipil nepantlah \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn i-loss; N1 \seao middle toe \ssao dedo medio del pie \sem body \sem human \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrl nepantlah \qry Check plural: note that I think C. Flores stated /nokxipilwa:n de nepantlah/!! Add to grm \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 04543. Of the 04543 tokens one female and one male should be used as a link to the lexicon, they are probably better sounding than the 2512 tokens. \ref 02512 \lxa ikxipil we:i \lxac i:kxipil we:i \lxo ixipil we:i \lxoc i:xipil we:i \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn i-loss; N2; Aln \seao big toe \ssao dedo gordo del pie \pna Toma:wak mokxipil we:i. \pea Your big toe is fat. \psa Tu dedo gordo del pie está grueso. \sem body \sem human \syna ikxipil bie:joh \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrb we:i \qry Check whether one can state /nixipilwe:i/. If this is correct then it should be given a separate entry as a single adjectival lexeme /ixipilwe:i/ in which the nominal incorporation is like possessor raising (i.e., equal to /we:i noxipil/. \vl Check for /lxoc form to insure that the initial sound is a long /i:/ of the possessor and not the stem vowel. I would imagine that in pronouncing this word without an absolutive. Note that added tokens of this word are at 3469. \ref 00033 \lxa ikxipil weyak \lxac i:kxipil weyak \lxo ixipil weyak \lxoa ixipil wiyak \lxoc i:xipil wiyak, i:xipil wiyak \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \seao second toe (next to the big toe) \ssao dedo largo del pie (junto al dedo gordo) \sem body \sem human \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrb weya \nse My original data had ikxipil weyak as the obligatorily possessed term for big toe. This is essentially a possessed noun (nokxipil) followed by a modifier (weyak). However, here there appears to be another form with an incorporated noun, an example of possessor raising. An example of this use was given by Florencia Marcelino, who gave nixipil wiyak for the first person. This is apparently best analyzed as possessor raising incorporation, i.e., the incorporated form of wiyak noxipil in which the possessor is "raised" to subject and the possessed noun is incorporated into an adjectival predicate. Thus another entry has been created: ixipilwiyak as an adjectival predicate. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 04602. These should be tagged as 1135 and the two links (F and M) should be chosen from the tokens recorded at 4602. The female link should be the first from 4602, the male should be the second. \ref 01135 \lxa ikxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxac i:kxipil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 04/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infv Oblig. poss. \sea little toe \ssa dedo pequeño o meñique del pie \sem body \sem human \equivo ixipil komixtsi:n \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \qry Can one say 'dedo meñique del pie'? Check. \ref 05898 \lxa ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni \lxac ikxipilchi:kwepo:ni \lxo ixipilchi:kopo:ni \lxoc ixipilchi:kopo:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-[PM-V1] \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infn -Trans \infv class-3a \se to split open the end of ones toe \ss reventarsele la punta de un dedo de pie \pna O:nikxipilchi:kwepo:n, o:nimokxipiltewih ika tetl. \pea I split the end of my toe open, I stubbed my toe on a rock. \psa Se me reventó la punto del dedo de pie, me di con una piedra en el dedo del pie. \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb chi:- \xrb kwepo: \qry Check causative/transitive form, perhaps also as a reflexive. Check for possiblity of /te-/. \vl Use second token for each speaker. \ref 02966 \lxa ikxipilisti \lxac ikxipilisti \lxo ixipilisti \lxoc i:xipilisti \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \com [N-N]-N \der N-b \infn N2 \seo toenail \sso uña del pie \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb sti \ref 06425 \lxa ikxipilpi:pitik \lxac ikxipilpi:pitik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08402 \lxa ikxipiltewia \lxac nokxipiltewia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to stub ones toe or foot \ss (refl.) darse en el dedo de pie o en el pie \pna O:nimokxipiltewih, te:kokoh. \pea I stubbed my toe, it hurts. \psa Me di (me golpeé) en el dedo de pie, duele. \equivo ixipiltechakwa:nia \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb te \qry I have only heard this used in the reflexive, check to see if other forms exist. I also have never heard an intransitive cognative; probably this is because the derivation is from the noun stem /te/ 'rock' with the verbalizer /-wia/. Finally, recheck vowel length as in one instance I have /ikxipilte:wia/ and in another /ikxipiltewia/. \ref 04385 \lxa ikxipiltopo:ni \lxac ikxipiltopo:ni \lxo ixipiltopo:ni \lxoc ixipiltopo:ni; ixipiltótopó:ni \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to have ones toe split open (e.g., after stubbing it hard) \ss reventarsele el dedo de pie (p. ej., después de golpearlo contra algo) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to have a knuckle of a toe crack \ss (con reduplication de vocal corta) tronarsele el nudillo de un dedo de pie \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb topo: \nae Although often manifesting reduplication of the verbal stem, this compound is also found in the singular, i.e., unreduplicated, form: ikxipiltopo:ni. Despite the fact that the final vowel of the incorporated noun is short (i.e., -pil) in Oapan Nahuatl it does not accept the reduction of the reduplicant from tótopó:ni. The reason for this is not clear. \qry Determine that there should be no reduplication of the /topo:ni/ element, as I would expect this to be common. \vl For link use second female token of the first form, /ixipiltopo:ni/. Note that this entry will have two female and two male tokens, one for each form. In tagging, tag consectively letters a-d. \ref 03355 \lxa ikxipiltotopo:nia \lxac kikxipiltotopo:nia \lxo ixipiltotopo:nia \lxoc kixipiltopo:nia; kixipiltótopó:niah \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to crack the knuckles of ones toes \ss (refl.) tronarse los nudillos de los dedos de pie \pna Xmokxipiltotopo:ni! \pea Crack the knuckles of your toes! \psa ¡Haz tronar los nudillos de los dedos del pie! \xrb kxi \xrb pil \xrb topo: \qry Check for possible transitive use. \nse Note the lack of reduction in the reduplicated form from Oapan. The reason seems to be the very specific and lexicalized nature of this verb. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that it was impossible to obtain the reduced form of /ixipiltótopó:nia/, i.e., /ixipí:ltopó:nia/. The reason for this is not entirely clear, but seems to be related to the fact that /totoponia/ has a very specific lexicalized meaning and is not the regular transitive form of the verb /topo:ni/, for which /topo:naltia/ is often used. \vl Note that the sequence of sounds here are four repetitions of each of the following: /kixipiltopo:nia/, /kixipiltótopó:niah/, and /kixipiltótopó:nia/. The first, unreduplicated form refers to the cracking of a single knuckle on the toes, the second and third sets refer to the cracking of multiple knuckles. The second has a final -h, the plural marker, the third set has no -h (rather a final glottal stop) and has a singular subject. Tag these consecutively a, b, c, d, e, and f, for each speaker. The links should be for one female and one male of the first unreduplicated set and one female and one male of the second (plural with final -h) set. \ref 03515 \lxa ikxipilwe:weyak \lxac ikxipilwe:weyak \lxo ixipilwe:weyak \lxocpend ixipilwe:weyak \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \seao to have long toes \ssao con los dedos de pie largos \fla ikxipil weyak \xrb xki \xrb pil \xrb weya \qry Check use in Ameyaltepec, i.e., can it be used as a predicate adjective/possessor raised construction. \ref 07507 \lxa ikxipipitsa:wak \lxac ikxipipitsa:wak \lxo ixí:pitsa:wak \lxoc ixí:pitsá:wak \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seo to have skinny legs \sso tener las piernas delgadas \syno ixí:pitsahtik \cfa ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsako:tsi:n \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \ref 04833 \lxa ikxiteki \lxac kikxiteki \lxo ixiteki \lxoc kixiteki \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut on the leg \ss cortarle la pierna a \se to amputate the leg of \ss amputarle la pierna a \xrb kxi \xrb teki \qry Check whether /ikxitsonteki/ is also acceptable. \ref 00130 \lxa ikxitekwia \lxac kikxitekwia \lxo íxitekwía \lxof ['i xi te 'kwi a] \lxocpend kíxitekwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \seo to wrap cloth around a foot or leg \sso vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela \syna ikxitlake:nwia \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \ref 07592 \lxa ikxitemonextik \lxac ikxitemonextik \lxo ixitémonéxtik \lxoc ixitémonéxtik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. infix te- \pa yes-lex \seo (insulting) to have dusty and dirty feet and calves \sso (insultante) tener los pies y parte inferior de la pierna cubiertos de polvo \xrb kxi \xrb mohnex \ref 07032 \lxa ikxitemotso:liwtok \lxac ikxitemotso:liwtok \lxo ixitemotso:lihtok \lxoc ixitemotso:lihtok \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be in a position with ones legs drawn up close to the body \ss estar en una posición con las piernas encogidas y pegadas al cuerpo \pna Yo:nikxikokohtiak, san nikxitemotso:liwtok. \pea My legs have gotten sore, I've just been sitting with my legs pulled up close to my body. \psa Se me agarrotaron las piernas, he estado nada más sentado con mis piernas encogidas. \xrb kxi \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \qry Discuss difference between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/ and /nokxitemotso:lotok/ \qry Determine whether form ?/ikximotso:liwi/ exists; I do not believe that I have heard it. \qry Again, as with several other verbs, problem of etymology. In this case two possible divisions should be checked: temo+tso:lV and te+motso:lV. The first would contain the same root as in /tso:ltik/ (check vowel length) whereas the second would manifest the *te intensifier, and perhaps be related to a root /motso:/, as in /momotsowa/. \rt Under /temotso:l/ root, connect and analyze in connection of /temotsoliwi/ and other forms with /tsol/. \ref 04454 \lxa ikxitemotso:lowa \lxac nokxitemotso:lowa \lxo ixitemotso:lowa \lxoc noxitemotso:lowa \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to draw ones legs up close to the body \ss (refl.) encogerse las piernas cerca del cuerpo \pna Xmokxitemotso:lo! \pea Draw your legs up and into your body (e.g. a person sitting or lying down)! \psa ¡Encógete las piernas hacia el cuerpo (p. ej., una persona sentada o acostada)! \pna Sa: nokxitemotsolotok, kwalo. \pea He's just has his legs drawn up tight to his body, he's sick. \psa Está nomás con las piernas encogidas hacia el cuerpo, está enfermo. \xrb kxi \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \qry Check for intransitive form. Determine whether the reflexive stative /nokxitemotso:lotok/ should be given a separate entry. Determine whether /ikxitemotso:liwi/ exists, or only the stative. \qry Determine the difference between the transitive and intransitive. Determine whether the transitive can be used in a nonreflexive form. Add a discussion between /ikxitemotso:liwtok/ and /mokxitemotso:lotok/ to the grammar. \sj Check for absence of /h/ and cf. to Oapan entry for /'motso:lowa/. \ref 05411 \lxa ikxitepachowa \lxac kikxitepachowa \lxo ---- \dt 30/Apr/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented \infv class-2b \sea to drop a rock on the foot of \ssa dejar caer una piedra sobre el pie de \pna O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. \pea I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. \psa Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb pach \ref 00947 \lxa ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \lxac ikxitepipitsaktsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n \aff Lex. inflix te- \se to have very skinny legs \ss tener las piernas muy delgadas \equivo ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n \cfo ixí:pitsáhtik; ixí:pitsá:wak \xrb kxi \xrb pitsa: \qry Check utilization of this term and possibility that the non-diminutive form /ikxitepipitsak/ also exists. Check also if the noninclusion of /te-/ also occurs: ?/ikxitepipitsaktsitsi:nteh/. Note that when I asked Florencia Marcelino for the Oapan equivalent, she gave simply /ixí:pitsá:wak/ and /ixí:pitsakó:tsi:n/. The latter seems synonymous with the Am form. \grm Oapan phonology: note /pitsako:tsi:n/ here and elsewhere. \ref 07720 \lxa ikxitesasa:wa \lxac ikxitesasa:wa \lxo ixité:sá:wa \lxoc ixité:sá:wa \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-N(ap) \aff Lex. infix te-; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo person with legs covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness) \sso persona con la pierna cubierta de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.) \sem disease \cfa sasa:wa; ma:té:sá:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. \ref 06619 \lxa ikxitesasa:watik \lxac ikxitesasa:watik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07459 \lxa ikxitetekwia \lxac nokxitetekwia \lxo ixitékwiá \lxof [i xi 'te kwi 'a] \lxoc noxitékwiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff +Refl/-trans; Lex. rdp-s* (Am)) \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to role up ones trousers \ss (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \pna Nimokxitetekwias, ke:n sokitlan. \pea I'm going to role up my pants, it's really muddy. \psa Voy a arremangarme los pantalones, es un lodal. \syna pantalontetekwia \syno pantaló:ntekwíya \xrb kxi \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \qry Determine the transitive, or whether there is another form with increased valency (e.g., /ikxitekwilia/). Also cf. whether /ikxitekwia/ can be used transitively, ?ne:chikxitewia. My understanding is that it can. If not, change the coding accordingly. \vl Check the vowel length of /te/ in the Oapan form. If it is long, as it well might be, offer a discussion in the grammar re: different patterns of reduplication. \grm Incorporation: note how /ikxi/ here refers not to the leg, but the the pants leg. Or, if referring to the leg, the signification is the site at which the action takes place. Cf. if a non-reflexive object can be used. \ref 01399 \lxa ikxitetlanwia \lxac kikxitetlanwia \lxo ixitlawia \lxof [ix i tla 'wi ya] \lxoc kixitlawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Lex. te- (Am) \infv class-2a \seao to trip and cause to fall by placing ones leg in front of those of another, or by hitting the other's legs with ones own \ssao hacer tropezar al poner el de uno pie frente a los del otro, o al usar las piernas para hacer tropezar;; dar una zancadilla a \se (refl.) to trip or get tripped up (e.g., by getting ones feet tangled up, or by tripping, such as over a rock jutting out of the ground) \ss (refl.) tropezar (p. ej., al enredarsele las piernas, o al tropezar sobre algo como una piedra empotrada que sale de la superficie de la tierra); darse una zancadilla \pna O:nimokxitetlanwih, o:niwets. \pea I got my feet tangled up, I fell. \psa Me tropecé al enredarme las piernas, me caí. \pna Ma:ka mokxitetlanwi:s moburroh! \pea Don't have your donkey get tripped up and fall! \psa ¡Qué no se vaya a tropezar tu burro! \sem contact \cfa ma:tetlanwia \xrb kxi \xrl -tlan \nae The Ameyaltepec version of this verb manifests the intensifying affix te- in a unique position: before the relational element -tlan and -wia, used to form denominalized verbs. Likewise, the use of -wia itself after a relational noun formation seems slightly unusual, though this derivational process has still not been completely studied. What appears to be the case in Ameyaltepec is that a denominal verb such as Classical icxitlanuia, which Molina glosses as 'çancadilla, dar a otro,' (note that this is taken from the Spanish to Nahuatl side, fol. 33v; the Nahuatl to Spanish section has icxitlauia, without the /n/) as been reinterpreted by Ameyaltepequeños so as to allow the inflixation of the intensifier te- before the relational noun -tlan. This is not the case in Oapan, nor Classical. Note also that Ameyaltepec, unlike Oapan or Classical, has the additional form ma:tetlanwia which is used reflexively in reference to animals that trip over their own front legs. \grm /te-/ intensifier; /-wia/ verbalization: Note Ameyaltepec /ikxitetlanwia/ and Oapan /ixitlawia/. According to RS this is derived from /ikxitlan + wia/. This seems a valid observation that had escaped me given the presense of /te-/; yet there is no isolated verb */tetlanwia/. There are two points from this that need to be added to the grammar. The first is that /te-/ can obviously be affixed between a verbalizing element for denominals and the nominal/locative stem. The second is that /-wia/ can be used after a relational construction. \qry Check etymology and grammatical categorization. Note that /nokxitetlanwia/ can refer to tripping over a rock or other object, because on catches ones sandal, tangles ones feet, etc. In the active form it refers to the action of tripping someone by sticking ones leg out so that the other will fall. Cf. to /ma:tetlanwia/. \ref 00605 \lxa ikxitexama:ni \lxac ikxitexama:ni \lxo ---- \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2b \sea to have ones foot get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \ssa apachurarse el pie (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syno ixitekwe:chowa \cfo ma:tekwe:chowa \xrb kxi \xrb xama: \nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an "abnormal" action occurred, in this case the crushing of the feet. \ref 08341 \lxa ikxitia \lxac kikxitia \lxo ixitia \lxoc kixitia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cook (food) \ss cocinar \se to fire (ceramics) \ss cocer (cerámica) \pna Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawa:n. \pea I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls. \psa Voy a cocer mi platos hondos de barro. \xrb ksi \xvba iksi \xvbo isi \grm Antipassive: /Nitlakxiti:s ika notepalkawan/, 'I'm going to fire my ceramic bowls.' Note here another example of the use of the /tla-/ prefix with an oblique. \ref 04673 \lxa ikxitila:na \lxac kikxitila:na \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \sea to pull on the leg of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.) \ssa jalarle la pierna de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb tila: \ref 07935 \lxa ikxitilia \lxac kikxitilia \lxo ixitilia \lxoc kixitilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to cook (food) for \ssao cocinar para \seao to fire (ceramics) for \ssao cocer (cerámica) para \pna Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawa:n! \pea Go fire my ceramics for me! \psa ¡Ve a cocer mi cerámica para mi! \xrb ksi \xvba iksi \grm Antipassive: /Xne:chtlakxitili:ti ika notepalkawan!/ 'Go fire my ceramics for me!' Again, note the antipassive construction here with a secondary object cross-referenced by /tla-/ and expressed obliquely. \ref 00641 \lxa ikxitipan \lxac se: ikxitipan \lxo ixitipan \lxoa ixitipah \lxoc ixitipan \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1(loc) \seo step \sso paso \pno ... ka:da se: ixitipan. \peo ... every step \pso ... cada paso \xrb kxi \xrl -tipan \ref 06715 \lxa ikxito:ka \lxac ikxito:ka \lxo ---- \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-4a \sea to plant with ones foot \ssa sembrar con el pie \pna Xne:xto:kili:ti noyew! San tikxi:nitia:s, xtikikxito:kas. \pea Go plant my beans for me! You'll just go along dropping them on the ground, you won't (have to) use your feet to cover them over with dirt. \psa ¡Ve a sembrarme mi frijol! Simplemente vas a ir dejándolos caer al suelo, no vas a (tener que) taparlos con tierra usando los pies. \xrb kxi \xrb to:ka \xvaa ikxito:kilia \nse The verb ikxito:ka refers to action of planting seed by digging a hole in the ground with either ones foot or a coa ('digging stick') and then, after dropping the seed in the hole, pushing the loose earth over it with ones foot. It is this second action that seems to be most directly indicated by the verb. \nae To date ikxito:ka has been documented only with a specific object; it is not clear whether it can occur, like to:ka, without an object (i.e., ?ikxito:ka). \qry Determine whether, like /to:ka/, the verb can take a specific object. \ref 03892 \lxa ikxitolopochiwi \lxac ikxitolopochiwi \lxo ---- \lxocpend ixitolopochiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on the hind legs \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita al las patas posteriores \xrb kxi \xrb tolopoch \ref 08160 \lxa ikxitoma:hka:n \lxac i:kxitoma:hka:n \lxo ixitoma:hka:n \lxoc i:xitoma:hka:n \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der N-b \infn N2 \seo calf \sso pantorilla \sem body \equiva ko:stamal \equivo ixia:po:tetl \xrb kxi \xrb toma: \ref 07113 \lxa ikxito:pi:ltik \lxac ikxito:pi:ltik \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to have a stiff leg that can't be bent \ssa tener una pierna tiesa que no se puede doblar \syna ikximelaktik \syno ixipeya:stik \xrb kxi \xrb to:pi:l \qry Make sure that /ikximelaktik/ and /ikxito:pi:ltik/ are the same. \ref 01499 \lxa ikxitoto:kwati \lxac ikxitoto:kwati \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Check length of final /a/. \ref 08488 \lxa ikxitl \lxac ikxitl \lxo ixitl \lxoc ixitl \dt 21/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Inal; nokxi (Am); noxi (Oa) \se leg \ss pierna \se foot \ss pie \sem body \xrb kxi \qry Make sure that it can mean both 'leg' and 'foot.' \vl First male token has low levels. \ref 05914 \lxa ikxitla:hlo \lxac i:kxitla:hlo \lxo ikxitla:hlo \lxoc i:xitla:hlo \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-poss-yo \infn N2 \seao the dirt on ones leg or foot \ssao la mugre o tierra sobre la pierna o pie de uno \pna O:a:pochi:n mokxitla:hlo. \pea The dirt on your feet has gotten soft from being in water (e.g., from bathing, after it had hardened from a continued lack of bathing). \psa La tierra sobre tu pie se ablandó por el agua (p. ej., al bañarse después de mucho tiempo de no haberse bañado). \xrb kxi \xrb tla:l \ref 01111 \lxa ikxitlake:nsosohloh \lxac ikxitlake:nsosohloh \lxo ixitlaké:sohlóh \lxocpend \lxocpend @ixitlaké:sohlóh \dt 18/Nov/2002 \psm Adj \com N-N-Suf(adj) \der Suf-adj \pa yes \seo to have old cloth as a bandage around ones leg \sso tener tela vieja como vendaje por la pierna \cfa ikxitlake:ntli \xrb kxi \xrb ke:m \qry In the entry for /lxa ikxitlake:nsosohli I simply had a reference to see Oa /ixitlaké:sohlóh/. But there was no entry for this. Therefore, I have created an entry and given a provisional, minimal definition based on my recollection. However, this should be rechecked! \ref 07498 \lxa ikxitlake:ntli \lxac ikxitlake:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea (rare) sock \ssa (raro) calcetín \se stockings \ss medias (de mujer) \cfo ixitlaké:sohlóh \xrb kxi \xrb ke:m \qry Check meaning as 'sock.' The first meaning above, however, was checked. \ref 00973 \lxa ikxitlake:nwia \lxac * kikxitlake:nwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to wrap cloth around a foot or leg \ss vendar el pie o la pierna con una tela \pna O:nimokxitlake:nwih, o:nikxitlatlak. \pea I wrapped a cloth around my foot (or leg), I burnt my leg. \psa Me vendé el pie (o la pierna) con una tela, me quemé por la pierna. \syno íxitekwíya \xrb kxi \xrb tlake:m \ref 02750 \lxa -ikxitlan \lxac i:kxitlan \lxo -ixitlah \lxoc i:xitlah \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2(rel) \se at the foot of (usually sb lying down) \ss a los pies de (generalmente de algn acostado) \pna Pakah nokxitlan. \pea It is right there at my feet. \psa Allí está a mis pies \se below (i.e., lower down on a slope in reference to sb standing) \ss abajo de (esto es, más abajo de una persona parada en una cuesta) \xrb kxi \xrl -tlan \dis tsi:ntlan; i:kxitlan; tlampa \nse The locative ikxitlan may be uttered by a person lying down, referring to something located at his feet, or by someone standing up, referring to something at his feet. \nae In the Oapan form there does not seem to be any evidence of a final nasal. \qry Check and confirm final /h/ in /paka/ \ref 03907 \lxa ikxitlapowa \lxac kikxitlapowa \lxo ixitlapowa \lxoc kixitlapowa \dt 24/Nov/2001 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to open the legs of (sb or, figuratively speaking, sth) \ssao abrir las piernas de (algn o, figurativamente, algo) \pna Xmokxitlapoto, motlampa ma nipano! \pea Keep your legs open, let me pass (e.g., crawl) underneath you! \psa ¡Manténte con las piernas abiertas, déjame pasar abajo de tí!! \xrb kxi \xrb tlapo: \nse Cf. note with /ikxitlapowi/. \ref 00872 \lxa ikxitlapo:wtok \lxac ikxitlapo:wtok \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-(tla-V2)-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be with ones legs open \ssa estar con las piernas abiertas \syna tlachikipe:lotok \syno tlachikipé:lotók \xrb kxi \xrb tlapo: \qry Recheck pret. and future forms, etc. for length of /o/. Present seems to neutralized length before /wi/. Finally, check for meaning of words like /o:ikxitlapo:w/ as opposed to /o:nokxitlapoh/. Check transitive form. \ref 01583 \lxa ikxitlatlaka:miki \lxac ikxitlatlaka:miki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08298 \lxa ikxitsitsilka \lxac ikxitsitsilka \lxo ixitsitsilka \lxoc ixitsitsilka \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to feel a tingling in ones foot or leg (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.) \sso sentir un hormigueo en el pie o pierna (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.) \xrb kxi \xrb tsili: \dis tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka \nae The reduced form *ixi:tsilka is not possible. \grm Oapan reduplication: The reduced form *ixi:tsilka is not possible. \ref 06933 \lxa ikxiwelati \lxac ikxiwelati \lxo ixiwelati \lxoc ixiwelati \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se to get exhausted and sore legs (from overexertion, a long walk or run, etc.) \ss tener las piernas agotadas y adoloridas (de gran esfuerzo, mucho caminar, etc.) \pna O:nikxiuwelat, mlá:h o:nimotlaloh. \pea My legs got sore and exhausted, I really ran hard. \psa Mis piernas quedaron agotadas y adoloridas, corrí duro de a de veras. \cfa ikxiuwelaxtik \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nae The reason for the reduplication in Ameyaltepec and not in Oapan is unclear. Probably in the former reduplication of the verbal stem results from a reference to the two legs together. Yet it is not clear why the Oapan Nahuatl form does not manifest reduplication. Note that the lexical form welati is probably derived from the verb wila:na; note that Molina gives uilantli 'tollido que anda a gatas.' \qry Cf. notes under /ikxi(te)uwelaxtik/. Not clear whether /ikxiuwelati/ also may take incorporated intensifier. This should be checked. \grm Cf. /ikxiuwelaxtik/. Note that in the present derivation there seems to be a type of verbalization on a stem, using /-ti/. This suggests the varied use of /-ti/ verbalizer, not only limited to nouns. \ref 01028 \lxa ikxiwelaxtik \lxac ikxiwelaxtik \lxo ---- \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik \aff Op. infix te-: ikxitewelaxtik \sea to have sore legs (e.g., from an abundance of work, from getting tired); to have bad legs (by nature) \ssa tener las piernas adoloridas (p. ej., de demasiado trabajo, de cansancio); tener las piernas malas (de por si) \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nse The use of the intensifier te- is common though not mandatory with this adjectival. The etymology of ikxiwelaxtik is related to wila:na; the vowel shortening in forms such as welaxtik is a general type of change, those these types of adjectival derivations (to adjectivals ending in -xtik are not common. Several consultants gave a reduplicated form ikxiuwelaxtik, but Cristino Flores insisted that the nonreduplicated form is the correct lexeme. \rt The appearance of /x/ before /tik does not seem that uncommon, but check other occurrences. Note incorporated reduplication clearly related to plurality of the subject: legs. \grm Note derivation of /-ni/ verbs to adjectivals in /-xtik/. Here is /welaxtik/, obviously related to /wila:ni/. Cf. Launey's comment on /kwaxtli/. \ref 03117 \lxa ikxiweyakilia \lxac nokxiweyakilia \lxo ixiwiyakilia \lxoc noxiwiyakilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Only documented in reflexive; no intransitive documented *ikxiweyakia \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to straighten or stretch out ones leg \ssao (refl.) enderezar o estirar la pierna \pna Xmokxiweyakili, ma:ka tikxikohtias! \pea Stretch out your leg, don't let it get stiff! \psa !Enderézate la pierna; qué no se te vaya a agarrotear! \syno iximela:wa \xrb kxi \xrb weya \qry Determine whether intransitive and adjectival exist: /ikxiweyakia/ and /ikxiweyak/. Check for reduplication. \rt With this and other words with the root /we:ya/ reanalize to determine whether root should be /we:ya/, /we:i/, /we:iya/, etc. \ref 00984 \lxa ikxiwi:loh \lxac ikxiwi:loh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \infv Gender \sea to be lame; to have a bad leg (a human or animal) \ssa ser cojo(a); tener una mala pierna (un ser humano o animal) \syno wi:loh (ah) \xrb kxi \xrb wila: \nde Given that this word follows the gender marking of Spanish, it might be a reborrowing of a Nahuatl word. Molina lists uila 'persona tollida que anda agatas.' This is apparently derived from the verbal base uilana; Molina has the reflexive form of this verb meaning 'andar arrastrando y agatas por el suelo.' \ref 01750 \lxa ikxiwi:teki \lxac nokxiwi:teki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08202 \lxa ikxiwiwiyoka \lxaa ikxiuwiyoka \lxac ikxiwiwiyoka \lxo ixiwiwiyoka \lxoc ixiwiwiyoka \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones legs to tremble (e.g., from bearing a heavy weight) \ss temblarsele las piernas (p. ej. por estar sorportando algo muy pesado) \cfao wiyo:ni \xrb kxi \xrb wiyo: \qry Check to determine whether /ikxiwiyo:ni/ is acceptable. If not, determine whether or how to code /xvn in these cases. \ref 05498 \lxa ikxixoxopo:naltia \lxac kikxixoxopo:naltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08312 \lxa ikxixoxopo:ni \lxac ikxixoxopo:ni \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08314 \lxa ikxiye:kma:tli \lxacpend ikxiye:kma \lxo ixiye:hma:tli \lxocpend i:xiye:hma \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-(N-N) \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal. \se right leg (as body part) \ss pierna derecha \sem body \sem human \xrb kxi \xrb ye:k \xrb ma: \pqry Check vowel length of /ye:k/ in Am /ye:kma:tli/, Chen Díaz asserted that it was short. \ref 08922 \lxa ikxiyeti:ya \lxac ikxiyeti:ya \lxacpend ikxiyeti:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao for ones legs to feel heavy \ssao sentirse las piernas pesadas y cansadas \xrb kxi \xrb e \ref 08663 \lxa ikxiyo:tia \lxac kikxiyo:tia \lxo í:xiyó:tia \lxoc kí:xiyó:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seo to place legs on (e.g., a water jug, animal figurines, etc.) \sso ponerle las patas a (p. ej., un cántaro, figuras de animales, etc.) \pno A:ko:ntli, kwa:h kámách kichi:wah, kí:xiyó:tiah. \peo Water jugs, when they are just making them, they put legs on them. \pso Tinajas cuando apenas las hacen, le ponen patas. \xrb kxi \vl The first female token and male token are not the word here. Rather, they are 7167, /kixihyo:tia/. However, given the low level this first female token, which is 07167, might not be segmented. If this is the case there would be only 2 females and 3 males, with the first male as 7167. \ref 06863 \lxa ikxopahli \lxac ikxopahli \lxo ixipahli \lxoc ixipahli \dt 16/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn i-loss \se bottom of the foot \ss planta del pie \sem body \xrb kxi \xrb pal \ref 05469 \lxa ikxopahli \lxac i:kxopal \lxo ixipahli \lxoc ixipahli \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se sole of the foot \ss planta del pie \pna O:tso:tsomo:n itlampa nokxopal. \pea The skin on the bottom of my feet cracked (from dryness). \psa Se agrietaron las plantas de mis pies (de la sequedad). \sem body \sem human \xrb xo \xrl -k(o); -pal \qry C. Flores defined this as the part of the foot below where the leg joins, and said that it referred to both the top and bottom. \vl Use first male and second female tokens for link. \ref 03245 \lxa ikxopahli pani \lxac i:kxopal pani \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com \der \infn \se top of the foot \ss parte superior del pie \sem body \sem human \xrb xo \xrl -k(o); -pal; pan \ref 08043 \lxa ikwa:k \lxac ikwa:k \lxo íkwá:k \lxoc íkwá:k \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord-b \pa yes-lex \seao see kwa:k (Am) \ssao véase kwa:k (Am) \xrb hkwa:k \ref 00734 \lxa ikwech kuwatl \lxac ikwech kuwatl \lxo i:wech kowatl \lxoc i:wech kowatl \dt 18/Nov/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \se snake's rattle \ss cascabel de serpiente \se design of woven palm in the shape of a snake's rattle, used on Palm Sunday \ss diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el cascabel de serpiente, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Wel kichichi:wa so:ya:tl ke:n ikwech kuwatl. \pea He can weave palm like the rattle of a snake. \psa Puede tejer palma como la cascabel de una serpiente. \equivo i:a:yakach kowatl \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \xrb kwech \xrb kowa \mod For /so:ya:tl/ in ono, cover all types. \pqry Check the phonetics of the second female token, particularly the final /a/. \ref 04287 \lxa ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh \lxac ikwitlaxkol dia:bloh \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) diablo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of vine used in tying sesame, still not yet identified \ssa tipo de bejucco utilizado para atar ajonjolí, pero todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kwitlaxkol \cpl The identity of the vine called i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh has not yet been determined. However, several consultants (Feb. 2001) mentioned that it grows on trees, hanging straight down from trees: nopilowa i:pan kuhtli. Cristino Flores mentioned that this vine is used for tying bundles of cut sesame. Marcelo Venancio was not familiar with the name i:kwitlaxkol dia:bloh but did know of the vine, which he said was called simply komekatl. None of the three consultants in the first botany fieldwork session were familiar with this term. \nct komekatl \ref 00311 \lxa ilakastik \lxac ilakastik \lxo ilakastik \lxoc ilakastik \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be crooked, to not be in a straight line (the edge of cloth, sth that goes off at an angle that is not perpendicular) \ss estar chueco, no estar en una línea recta (la orilla de una tela, algo que va por un ángulo que no es perpendicular) \pna Ilakastik ke:n nenemi. \pea He walks crookedly (stiff and twisted, e.g., sb with one leg shorter than another, or whose body, especially the legs, ache from having worked all day). \psa Camina chueco (no en una línea recta, p. ej., algn con una pierna más corta que la otra, o cuyo cuerpo está adolorido por haber trabajado todo el día). \se twisted \ss torcido \cfa chiko \encystmp crookedness \xrb ilakats \nae For a discussion of vowel lenght of the initial /i/, see ilakasteki. \pqry Have a phonetician look at the length of the initial /i/ of the tokens of these two speakers. \mod Cf. and compare for disambiguation with /chiko/. \ref 03873 \lxa ilakatsiwi \lxac ilakatsiwi \lxo ilakatsiwi \lxoc ilakatsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a sprained or twisted back \ss torcersele la espalda a \pna O:nilakatsiw ipan noteposmilo:l. \pea I sprained by back (i.e., twisted my spine). \psa Se le torció la columna vertebral. \xrb ilakats \nse One person gave the pronunciation wilakatsiwi (vowel length not recorded). Although there might be a relationship to wi:laka it appears that the pronunciation is ilakatsiwi and the person referred to was constructing a "folk phonology." \qry Check also use and meaning of transitive form, if it exists. Recheck the precise objects that can be so affected. \ref 01451 \lxa ilakatsowa \lxac kilakatsowa \lxo ilakatsowa \lxocpend kilakatsowa \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seo to sprain or twist (sb along his back) \sso torcer o causar una torcedura (algn por la espalda) \seo to make crooked (e.g., a cloth not cut evenly) \sso hacer que quede chueco (p. ej., una tela no cortada parejo) \xrb ilakats \qry Check meaning of transitive form and the precise objects that can be so affected. \ref 07305 \lxa ila:mah \lxac ila:mah \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infv poss. noi:la:mah \sea anona, fruit of the tree called i:la:makuwtli \ssa anona, fruta del árbol llamado i:la:makuwtli \sea by extension, the zapote tree of the Annonaceae family that bears this fruit; according to one consultant from Ameyaltepec there are two species: i:la:makuwtli mora:doh and i:la:makuwtli istá:k \ssa por extensión, el árbol de zapote de la familia Annonaceae que da esta fruta; según un asesor de Ameyaltepec hay dos especies: i:la:makuhtli mora:doh and i:la:makuwtli istá:k \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \apa ila:makuwtli \encyctmp tsapotl \xrb ila:mah \nse This contrasts with i:lamah 'his old woman,' derived from lamatsi:n. The first person possessed forms also contrast: nolamah 'my old woman' vs. noila:mah "my zapote." \cpl Ramírez (1991) simply gives the Spanish name ilama without any further identification. Schoenhals (1988) gives under ilama: "(Annona diversifolia) 'custard apple.' Narrow leaves; fragrant bark; downward-pointing proturberances on the fruit. The pinkish, fragrant fruit is edible and highly esteemed. Also called papausa." Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list no tree of the genus Annona. \nct kohtli \ref 04930 \lxa i:la:mah de un istá:k \lxac i:la:mah de un istá:k \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb \nse This is also referred to as i:la:makuwtli istá:k. \ref 08573 \lxa i:la:mah de un moradi:toh \lxac i:la:mah de un moradi:toh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb \nse This is also referred to as i:la:makuwtli moradi:toh. \ref 08574 \lxa ila:makuwtli \lxac ila:makuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea generic name for a group of trees that includes two types, differentiated by the color of their fruit \ssa nombre genérico para un grupo de árboles que incluye dos tipos, diferenciados por el color de su fruta \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sem edible \equiva ila:mah \xrb ila:mah \xrb kow \qry Check status of initial /i/ as to whether epenthetic. ila:mah. Although Florencia Marcelino gave /tsapokohtli/ as the Oapan equivalent, this might be in error given that Silvestre Pantaleón, during the Oct. 2001 field session, did not identify the /ila:mah/ that we saw. Also, check vowel length as in my botany notes I have a long initial /i/. \nct kohtli \ref 02623 \lxa ile:wia \lxac kile:wia \lxo ile:wia \lxof [i le: 'wi a] \lxoc kile:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to desire (particularly the taste of sth, such as a particular food or prepared dish) \ss antojarsele (particularmente el sabor de algo, como una comida en particular, o un guisado) \pna Nikile:wia, nihkwa:sneki. \pea I desire it, I want to eat it. \psa Se me antoja, tengo ganas de comerlo. \se to be hot for (a person's body); to lust after \ss tener ganas de (estar con una persona sexualmente); desear a (algn, sexualmente) \pna Nikile:wia un suwa:tl, kwaltsi:n. \pea I'm hot for that woman, she's pretty. \psa Tengo ganas de esa mujer, es bonita. \se to covet; to want to possess (wealth, material objects, etc.) \ss codiciar (riqueza, objetos materiales) \pna Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chtlawe:lita. \pea He covets my money, he despises me. \psa Desea mi dinero, me odia. \xrb l \xrb e:w \xvaa ile:wilia \nse The etymology of this verb is uncertain; cf. other words with initial il or el such as elka:wa, elna:miki, etc. Local dialects in the Balsas River valley seems to vary as to whether the initial syllable is il or el. In Ameyaltepec, apparently the verb ile:wia is only used to refer to food or, by extension a woman. For example, it is said that if a pregnant woman wants to eat a particular food while pregnant (/kile:wia:/) and doesn't, then her child will be born with some mark. In the phrase /kile:wia notomin/ the use is idiomatic; in general /ile:wia/ is not used to refer to coveting the wealth of another, or a person, but, almost always, to desiring a food. \qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/. \ref 06081 \lxa ile:wilia \lxac kile:wilia \lxo ile:wilia \lxoc kile:wilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to covet or want to possess (sth) of (sb) \ss codiciar (algo) a (algn) \pna San kite:ile:wilia, xkaman kikowa. \pea He just covets it (e.g., fruit, other delicious foods) when it belongs to someone else, he never buys it (for himself). \psa Nada más se lo codicia (p. ej., fruta o algo sabroso para comer) a otra gente, nunca se lo compra (para si mismo). \xrb l \xrb e:w \xvba ile:wia \xvbo ile:wiya \qry Check for underlying {h} after initial /i/. \grm Phonology: note that in Oapan the sequence /lia/ in the speech of FM often goes to /ya/ thus this word is pronounced like /kilewiya/. \ref 02772 \lxa ile:wilistli \lxac ile:wilistli \lxo ile:wilistli \lxoc ile:wilistli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \se sth appearing inviting or appetizing (particularly sth to drink or eat) \ss algo apetitoso, que se antoja (particularmente algo para beber o comer) \xrb l \xrb e:w \qry Query on tape for word explanation. Check for possessed form. \vl Use second female token and first male token. \ref 03200 \lxa ilpihlo \lxacpend *i:lpihlo \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-yo; N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \sea cord used to tie the diaper of (sb [Poss]) \ssa cordón utilizado para atar el pañal de (algn [Pos]) \pna Ok tikone:tsi:ntli, ok tikpia molpihlo. \pea You're still a little child, you still have your diaper cord. \psa Todavía eres un niño chiquito, todavía tienes un cordón para tu pañal. \pna Xkonkwi ilpihlo! \pea Go get the cord used to tie his diaper on! \psa ¡Ve por el cordón que se usa para atar sus pañales! \syna tsi:nilpikatl \syno ma:ilpikatl \cfao ilpikatl \xrb ilp \dis ilpihlo; ilpikatl; ma:ilpikatl; tsi:nilpikatl, etc. \nse Apparently the obligatorily possessed ilpihlo is used only to refer to a diaper cord, whereas ilpikatl is more general, and includes sashes and other similar objects. Oapan has ma:ilpikatl and Ameyaltepec tsi:nilpikatl, all apparently with similar meanings. \nae Although the possessor of ilpihlo in the phrase ok tikpia molpihlo is the person wearing a diaper, it is possible that the -yo possessed suffix is used because the cord is part of a diaper (much as in the phrase i:kahlo mokal 'the roof of your house,' the -yo is used because the roof is part of the house). In this case the possessor of i:lpihlo would actually be the diaper, i.e., 'its cord,' and the construction molpihlo would be a metaphoric extension. \qry Check the difference between /ilpikatl/ and /ilpihlo/, and possible other uses of each word. Apparently the first is simply a band of cloth, and the second more particularly that used to tie diapers. Check. Recheck the correctness of /-ilpihlo/. \ref 01890 \lxa ilpikatl \lxac ilpikatl \lxo ilpikatl \lxoc ilpikatl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln \se sash; band of cloth or other material, usually placed around ones waist (in particular, this is used to refer to the band of colored cloth used in certain dances such as moros, danza de bola, etc.) \ss faja o fajín, una banda de tela u otro material que se coloca por la cintura (en particular se refiere a la faja de tela colorida que se emplea en ciertas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) \pna Suwa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa. \pea Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist. \psa Las mujeres también tienen su tira de tela, que atan por la cintura. \se sash that is worn diagonally across the chest \ss faja o fajín que se coloca diagonalmente por el pecho \pna Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpikaw! \pea Place my band across my chest for me! \psa ¡Colócame la faja atravesando por mi pecho! \se diaper cord \ss cordón para pañal \pna Kipia ilpikaw ika kitsi:nkwe:tian. \pea He has a band of cloth cord with which they tie his (child's) diapers on. \psa Tiene una tira de tela con que le atan sus pañales (a su hijo). \se weight belt (used by men when lifting sth heavy) \ss ceñidor (empleado por los hombres para alzar algo pesado) \xrb lpi \nse Some consultants mentioned that this refers to a sash or band that is placed across the chest in certain dances, or even of the type that is worn by beauty contestants. \grm Generic nouns: Note the following for the placement of a noun with generic meaning: /Sowa:tl no: kipia ilpikaw ika notlakotia:nsa:lowa/, 'Women also have their cloth band, which they tie around their waist.' Cf. this to the phrase in the brideasking speech: /a:tl xkwahli/, etc. This is common, e.g, /tla:katl xkwahli/. \vl There are extra tokens of this word at 1168. \ref 01449 \lxa ilpi:tsa \lxac kilpi:tsa \lxo ilpi:tsa \lxoc kilpi:tsa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to blow lightly on the surface of (e.g., a tabletop to blow off the dust, a fire so that it flares a little; beans and grain to remove the chaff) \ss soplarle ligeramente a la superficie de (p. ej., de una mesa para quitarle el polvo; un fuego para que llamee; frijoles y granos para quitarle la paja) \xrb il \xrb pi:tsa \qry Check etymology, i.e. roots of words in /il/ or /el/ and words with /pi:ts/. \ref 05021 \lxa ilpo:tsaltia \lxaa elpo:tsaltia \lxac kilpo:tsaltia \lxo ípo:tsáltia \lxoc kípo:tsáltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V3 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to make burp \ss hacer eructar a \pna O:ne:chilpo:tsaltih serbe:sah. \pea The beer made me burp. \psa La cerveza me hizo eructar. \fla elpo:tsa \xrb l \xrb po:tsa \fla ilpo:tsa \xvba elpo:tsa \xvbo ípó:tsa \qry Check to see if /elpo:tsaltia:/ also exists. \vl Use second token of female speaker and first token of male speaker. \ref 02703 \lxa ilteki \lxac kilteki \lxo ilteki \lxoc kilteki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to sip or sip up the juice of (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later) \ss sober, beber o chupar el líquido de (un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato, para ser comido después) \pna Xkilteki! \pea Sip its juice! \psa ¡Chúpale el caldo! \se to absorb a liquid (e.g., a rag used to absorb and clean a spilled liquid; a porous paper absorbing ink) \ss absober un líquido (p. ej., un trapo empleado para quitar un líquido que se tiró; un papel a porous paper absorbing ink) \pna Kilteki we:i tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni. \pea Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up. \psa Los amates aborben mucha pintura, la beben. \se (refl.) to wheeze \ss (refl.) resollar \pna Sa: noltektok, xok weli tlato:hli. \pea He's reduced to just wheezing, he can't talk anymore. \psa Está reducido a resollar, ya no puede con palabras. \xrb lteki \xvco ilteki:ltia \qry Check for possible further etimological division to /(h)l/. Another entry I have not recorded is /kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl/. Check for syntax, i.e. whether /un/ should be placed here; cf. the phrase also recorded without /un/. I have an entry /tlalteki:ltia/ which was a mistaken Oapan utterance for /tlateki:tia/. This was located at 05118. I have created a new entry /tlateki:ltia/; but I was not sure what the word meant. Provisionally I have entered it as /iltekiltia/. This should be checked and the xrefs changed as necesary. \grm /Kilteki we:i un tlapahli a:matl, koo:ni/ 'Amates absorb a lot of paint, they suck it up' Note VOS word order. \rt The root /teki/ here is perhaps related to the /tek/ of /teka/ 'to pour out' and /tekilia/ 'to pour or serve sth to sb'; check vowel lengths. \ref 06220 \lxa ilteki:ltia \lxac kilteki:ltia \lxo ilteki:ltia \lxocpend kitlalteki:ltia \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \seo to give (sb, sth) to sip; to force (sb) to sip (a solid food with a great amount of tasty broth, such as beans, while leaving on the plate the solid food, to be eaten later) \sso dar a (algn, algo) para sober, beber o chupur (p. ej., el líquido de un guisado preparado con mucho caldo sabroso, como los frijoles, dejando la comida sólida en el plato, para ser comido después) \xrb lteki \qry Note that this token was simply a mis-elicitation at 5118. I made this new entry under the assumption that /tlalteki:ltia/, the definition of which I did not know, was the causative of /ilteki/. This needs to be checked and changed if not correct. Also, change the xref at /ilteki/ to this as a causative. \grm Antipassive: an excellent example of the antipassive is offered here by C. Flores /tikilteki:lti:s kaldi:toh mokone:w, san no: yewa tiktlalteki:lti:s ika kaldi:toh/. NOTE and transcribe use as example sentence in sound file. \ref 07735 \lxa ilwia \lxac kilwia \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \sea (ritual) to tell (sth) to \ssa (ritual) decirle (algo) a \sem ritual \fl te:ilwia \xrb lwi \xv2a tlalwia \nse Ilwia has been encountered in Ameyaltepec only in certain ritualized speech, such as bride petitions and carnival songs. Nevertheless, the form with the null complement tla- is common to both the Ameyaltepec (tlalwia) and Oapan (tlalwiya) subdialects. \ref 05433 \lxa ilwikak \lxac ilwikak \lxo ilwikaw \lxoc i:lwikaw \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 (Am); N2 (Oa) \se heaven (where God is) \ss los cielos (donde está Diós) \pna Ilwikak wan tla:ltikpaktli. \pea The Heavens and the Earth. \psa Los Cielos y la Tierra. \xrb lwika \xrl -k(o) \nse Ilwikak (Am) / i:lwikaw (Oa) is where God is, not simply the sky, for which the Spanish loan sie:loh is used. It is also be differentiated from chikna:wtipan (Am), where the yeyekameh (Am) are. Note that in Oapan the possessed form i:lwikaw is used, in which the possessor is God and the literal meaning is 'his heavens.' \pqry Check the final consonant of Inocencio Jiménez against that of Florencia Marcelino. Discuss the nature of final /w/ in Oapan. \ref 04746 \lxa ilwitl \lxac ilwitl \lxo ilwitl \lxoc ilwitl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se holiday, a saint's day which is taken as a day of rest (Sunday is not an ilwitl) \ss día de fiesta o de un santo (el domingo no es un ilwitl) \cfao tlalwiki:xtilia \xrb lwi(2) \qry Check status of initial /i/ as to epenthetic. Check possessed form: /ilwiw/ or /ilwiyo/. \ref 04979 \lxa im- \lxac imina:n \lxo i:m- \lxoc i:minakaw \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Pref(pos) \der Pr-pre-poss \se their \ss su (de ellos) \qry A recorded, or noted, a short vowel in Ameyaltepec. Check Oapan variation and cf. to Classical Nahuatl long /i:/. Recheck length for this and for the singular /i-/. \ref 02123 \lxa ima:kti \lxac ima:kti \lxo i:ma:hti \lxoc i:ma:hti \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to get legal possession of (land, an animal, a housesite, etc.) \ss lograr posesión legal de (un terreno, animal o solar, etc.) \pna O:i:ma:ktik para nochipa yewa ia:xka (iwa:xka) yes. \pea He has obtained official (legal) possession so that it will always be his. \psa Ha conseguido posesión legal para que siempre sea suyo. \xrb ma: \xrl -k(o) \nae The 1st person singular is noma:kti, the 2nd person singular is moma:kti, the 1st person plural toma:kti, 2nd person plural amoma:kti, and the 3rd person plural i:nma:kti (according to Cristino Flores, he also accepted i:mima:kti. This final form should be checked with other consultants. \qry Check to determine how the object is expressed. I.e., how can one say 'he gained possession of his house'. I would suspect that there is a form /imaktia/, but I'm not sure if this is used reflexively, etc. Check. \vl Originally for the Am entry I had /ima:kti/, with a short initial /i/. However, given the Oapan data and the probable etymology, I have provisionally changed this. It should be checked. \grm Unusual etymology which seems to have a possessed locative construction that is verbalized. This clearly illustrates the very productive use of /-ti/. Cf. Launey's discussion of words like /i:masewalti/? or similar forms. \ref 01100 \lxa imansa:nah kuwatl \lxaa imamansa:nah kuwatl \lxac imansa:nah kuwatl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) manzana \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea Lantana camara L., small bush of the Verbenaceae family with brightly colored yellow and red flowers \ssa Lantana camara L., pequeño arbusto de la familia Verbenaceae con llamativas flores de color amarilla y roja \pna I:mansa:nah kuwatl kipia imansani:tah, xnokwa. \pea The i:mansa:nah kowatl plant has its manzana, it is not edible. \psa La planta i:mansa:nah kowatl tiene su "manzana", no se come. \equivo a:i:skitl de kowatl \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kowa \nct kohtsi:ntli \ref 05701 \lxa ima:tl tokatl \lxac ima:tl tokatl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea spiderweb (with a live spider) \ssa telaraña (con una araña viva) \cfo takatsa:wahli \xrb ma:tla \xrb toka \encyctmp nest (animal and insect nests) \dis ima:tl tokatl; tokatsa:wahli \nse There are two Ameyaltepec words for spiderweb: i:ma:tl tokatl and tokatsa:wahli. The difference between the two is not entirely clear but it may be that the former refers to the web of a live spider (with the spider in it) and the second to cobwebs. However, this interpretation will need further confirmation with speakers. \qry Check the difference between /tokatsa:wahli/ and /ima:tl tokatl/. Provisionally, it might be that /ima:tl tokatl/ refers to a spiderweb that is active, and /tokatsa:wahli/ to cobwebs. But this should be checked. Cf. entry under /tokatsa:wahli/. \mod Develop an ono section of animals 'homes' (nests, burrows, etc.) \ref 00833 \lxa imelo:n masa:tl \lxac imelo:n masa:tl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) melón \psm N \der N-complex \sea Labidostelma guatemalense Schlechter; vine of the family Asclepiadaceae that bears a long, watermelon colored fruit \ssa Labidostelma guatemalense Schlechter; enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que tiene fruta larga, color de la cáscara de sandía \pna Nopi:pilowan ke:n melonsi:tos, xnokwa. \pea They (the fruit of the i:meló:n masa:tl) hang down like little melons, the fruit is not edible. \psa Cuelgan (los frutos del i:meló:n masa:tl) como meloncitos, no son comestibles. \xrb masa: \qry One entry had /imélo:n masa:tl/, check stress and vowel length. \ref 02855 \lxa in- \lxac ino:lo:w \lxo i:m- \lxocpend i:m- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae The form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. \qry Get possessive form for all dialects. \pqry NOTE: check the syllable division on this word and note how /n/ is coda not onset: example of how morphological information affects pronunciation/phonology. \ref 07364 \lxa in- \lxac inmimi:l \lxo i:mi- \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is i:n-. This does not change before labials: i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked. \qry In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is i:n-. This does not change before labials: i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked. \grm Prefixes: In Oapan the form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. However, in Ameyaltepec the form, at least for Cristino Flores, is i:n-. This does not change before labials: i:npilisa:l. However, other speakers seem to use i:m- before vowel-initial stems and i:mi- before nasals. This should be checked. \ref 07366 \lxa in- \lxac inkal \lxo i:n- \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Prefix \seao their; possessive prefix for 3rd person plural \ssao su (de ellos); prefijo posesivo de 3a persona plural \nae The form i:m- is used before vowel-initial stems or those that begin with a non-nasal bilabial consonant. The form i:n- is used before non-bilabial consonants; i:mi is used before the bilabial nasal /m/. Note that Oapan has the unusual form i:mo- before the relational noun wa:n. This is the only documented context so far for i:mo-. \ref 07365 \lxa i:n \lxac i:n tla:katl nikpale:wi:s \lxo i:n \lxoc yo i:n tekitl \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm Pr/Adj(demon) \der Adj-dem \se this; these \ss este; estos \pna Ma:ka i:n me:sah, un ne:nkah! \pea Not this here table, that one there! \psa ¡No este mesa, aquella allá! \pna Xnihkwa:s i:n nakatl. \pea I'm not going to eat this meat. \psa No voy a comer esta carne. \pno Ná:wiltiá ya: i:n ka:rroh. \peo He is playing with this car. \pso Está jugando con este carro. \xrb i:n \nae In some notes I have mentioned that in with a short vowel is used as a demonstrative adjective ('this,' or Spanish este) as in xkwa in tlaxkahli 'eat this tortilla,' whereas with a long vowel it is used as a demonstrative pronoun ('this one,' or Spanish éste) the vowel is long and stressed, e.g., xne:chmaka i:n 'Give this one to me!' However, in other notes I mention that both seem long, both the demonstrative adjective and the associated pronoun. Nevertheless, this needs to be checked. \qry Check vowel length of /i:n/, perhaps it should be long. I have noted that /in/ can be used for singular or plural, check. Correct whatever is determined. I was entirely inconsistent in my recording of this particle. Since then I have standardized, without checking, to /in/. This needs to be checked. My understanding from memory is that as a demonstrative the /i/ is short, as in /xne:chmaka in tlake:ntli/ 'give me this piece of cloth.' However, unlike Classical, /in/ does not function as a relativizer. Finally, note that Launey discusses the vowel length of the demonstratives: "La vocal de los demostrativos puede ser facultativamente alargada: /Ca tetl i:n, ca calli o:n, in pilto:ntli i:n, ino:n piltontli (sic), etcetera." All this should be carefully checked. Note that perhaps as a pronoun there is a long vowel: /nikneki i:n/ as opposed to a demonstrative /nikneki in xo:chitl/. Check. \mod A subsequent recording of /i:n/ has been made: /yói:n tekitl nikchi:was/. \vl The Am word was originally written short. It is very hard to determine proper length. At times it seems as if the adjectival element is /in/ and the pronominal is /i:n/, stressed and phrase-final, but this needs to be thoroughly checked. \ref 02051 \lxa í:n \lxac nihkwis í:n \lxo i:n \lxoa i:h \lxoc i:n \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm Pr \der Pr-dem \se this one \ss éste \pna Tikonka:ka:was i:n. \pea You're going to go leave this in various places. \psa Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. \pno Tihkwa:si:h \peo You are going to eat this! \pso ¡Vas a comer este! \xrb i:n \qry Check all uses and pronuncations of the demonstrative /i:n/ (or ?/in/) in regards to vowel length and stress. \nae As a demonstrative pronoun, i:n in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from i:n, a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan the demonstrative pronoun is extrametical, in that is doesn't take stress it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. Perhaps in a later orthography this will be written tihkwa:s í:n, with the observation in orthographic rules that this term (along with the copula yes) is not stressed. In Oapan, if the demonstrative is fronted to the beginning of the phrase it appears with the shortform independent pronoun yo as in yo i:n tihkwa:s. \grm Demonstratives; word order; fronting: As a demonstrative pronoun, í:n in Ameyaltepec is apparently usually phrase final and stressed. The length of the vowel still needs to be confirmed. It differs in syntactic function from in, a demonstrative adjective that seems to always precedes a noun. In Oapan it is fused to the verb, as in the example sentence. If it is fronted to the beginning of the phrase is appears with the shortened independent pronoun yó as in yó í:n tihkwa:s. \ref 02644 \lxa inakas chichi \lxac inakas chichi \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of food made by tearing apart tortillas and tossing them into chi:lmante:kah; the result is similar to chilaquiles \ssa tipo de comida hecha al echar tortillas despedazadas en chi:lmante:kah, el resultado es como sopes o chilaquiles \pna I:nakas chichi | Tlaxkahli. Ke:kchi:wan chi:lmante:kah pero san a:tki dya umpa kiko:koto:nan tlaxkahli. \pea I:nakas chichi : It is a (food made of) tortillas. They make a boiled red chile sauce and then they rip up pieces of tortilla into it. \psa I:nakas chichi : Es una (comida hecha de) tortilla. Hacen una salsa de chile verde hervido con manteca y allá le despedazan tortillas. \sem food-maize \xrb nakas \xrb chichi \ref 00851 \lxa inakas ko:lo:tl \lxac inakas ko:lo:tl \lxo nakasko:lo:tl \lxoc nakasko:lo:tl \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N (Oa) \der N-complex (Am); N-b (Oa) \infn N1(N2-NP) (Am); N1 (Oa) \se Caesalpinia coriacea Poit., tree of the Leguminoseae family, called cascalote in Spanish \ss Caesalpinia coriacea Poit., árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, llamado cascalote \pna I:nakas ko:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh, para nokurti:rowa kwe:roh. \pea I:nakas ko:lo:tl : It is good for timbre, to cure leather. \psa I:nakas ko:lo:tl : Es bueno para timbre, para curar cuero. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb nakas \xrb ko:lo: \cpl Ramírez (1991) states simply that this is the cascalote tree, a member of the Leguminoseae family. Schoehals (1988) mentions under cascalote: "(Caesalpinia coriaria, C. cacalaco) 'bird-of-paradise' English name is a misnomer as it should be reserved for the banana relatives. Tree is simlar to an acacia and is used medicinally and for tanning. It bears large, showy, yellow and red flowers which become fat pods. Also called huizache, oreja retorcida." It is not immediately apparent whether Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a tree that corresponds to the inakas ko:lo:tl. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this, giving the name nacasco:lo:tl as the oreja de alacrán or cascalote. \nct kohtli \qry Determine meaning of "timbre." \ref 04790 \lxa inakas kone:joh \lxac inakas kone:joh \lxo i:nakas kone:joh \lxocpend @i:nakas kone:joh \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) conejo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea Asclepias glaucescens Kunth, wild herbaceous plant of the Asclepiadaceae family \ssa Asclepias glaucescens Kunth, planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Asclepiadaceae \pna Xiwtli, tila:wak, we:weyak ixiwyo. Deke mitskukwa motsontekon, timoltla:lili:s ipan motsontekon, sesé:k. \pea It is a weed, its leaves are thick, long. If your head hurts you place it on your head, it is cold. \psa Es una hierba mala, sus hojas son gruesas, largas. si se te duele la cabeza te lo pones sobre ella, es frío. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem medicine \equivo i:nakas to:chintsi:n \xrb nakas \nct xiwtli \ref 04788 \lxa ina:n tsi:katl \lxac ina:n tsi:katl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \se type of snake, apparently the coralillo or false coralillo \ss tipo de culebra, aparentemente el coralillo o falso coralillo \sem animal \sem sn \equivo tlasakana:ntli \xrb na:n \xrb tsi:ka \encyctmp kowatl \cpl According to Luis Lucena this snake is not 'bravo'. He identified it as a 'falso corralillo', this should also be checked. \grm Word order: Note that in response to a question C. Flores stated /xakah kikwa/ with the sense of 'it hasn't ever bitten anyone.' Note the order and discuss. \ref 07610 \lxa inekwi \lxac kinekwi \lxo ínekwí \lxoc kínekwí \dt 18/Nov/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \se to smell (either a good or bad fragrance) \ss oler (algo que puede oler bien o mal) \pna O:nikinekw ke:n tlaawia:ka:n \pea I smelled how this was a fragrant place. \psa Olí qué tan fragrante era este lugar. \pna O:nikinekw fie:roh. Xkwahli, ke:n tlamolo:nka:n! \pea I smelled something bad. It wasn't good, it was a real bad-smelling place! \psa Olí algo mal. No era bueno ¡qué lugar de mal olor! \pna Yekaxokwi:chiwi. O:kinekw tli:n xawiá:k. \pea He turns up and wrinkles his nose. He smelled something unpleasant. \psa Frunce la naríz. olió algo desagradable. \cfa nekwisti \cfo ínekwísti \xrb hnekwi \xvaa inekwilia \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix is frequently surpressed in surface forms with an overt preceding subject prefix. By orthographic convention, this is presently written as, e.g., n'inekwi. \grm Re: anticausative. Note that for certain verbs that seem to form a basic transitive there is an intransitive form. This is the case with /inekiw/, which has an intransitive in /nekwisti/. Thus the reflexive is only used for a passive construction. Note that /inekwi/ can refer to either smelling a good or a bad smell. However, /nekwisti/ refers to bad smells. \qry I have removed the anticausatve? definition: (refl.-anticaus.) to give of a smell; to smell. This was from the phrase 'Xo:nonekw deke o:tlamiktih.' Note that the intransitive is /nekwisti/. \ref 02596 \lxa inekwi:lia \lxac kinekwi:lia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se \ss \xrb \xrb hnekwi \xvba inekwi \pqry Recheck vl for Am /inekwi:lia/; I heard it long in the elicitation. \ref 08039 \lxa inextamal osto:tsi:n \lxac inextamal osto:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea Bunchosia canescens (Ait.) DC., small tree of the Leguminosae family \ssa Bunchosia canescens (Ait.) DC., arbusto de la familia Leguminosae \pna Kipia itla:kihlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para. \pea It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything. \psa Tiene fruta como pequeñitas bolitas amarillas. No se come, no es bueno para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb osto: \nct kohtsi:ntli \grm /Kipia itla:ki:hlo, boboli:tah, kokostik. Xnokwa, xtlah para/. '"It has little round, yellow fruit. It's not edible, it isn't good for anything.' Note the reduplication for /kostik/ and /boli:tah/, this may indicate reduplication for number, i.e., there are many fruits on a given plant. However, it may also be a sort of diminutive. Check. \rt Cf. /nex/ as stem to /monex/. \ref 03876 \lxa interi:noh \lxac interi:noh \lxo interi:noh \lxoc interi:noh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan interino \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se interim village mayor (komisa:rioh) and second officer chosed to fulfill the social obligations of this office during the village fiesta in December \ss alcalde (komisa:rioh) y segundo interino del pueblo, escogidos para cumplir con las obligaciones sociales de estos oficios durante la fiesta del pueblo en diciembre \nse In Ameyaltepec, during the two days of the fiesta of the village patron saint, starting on the night previous to the very day of the fiesta, two elders are chosen to act as village judge and second. They are responsible for giving food and drink to the visiting musicians and authorities and in other ways entertain them at a table set up in the comisaría that the musicians approach playing and with their own gifts. The status of the interi:noh in Oapan has not yet been determined. \ref 04053 \lxa ipan \lxac ipan \lxo i:pan \lxoc i:pan \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord \se (~ [noun]) on [noun] \ss (~ [noun]) sobre o por encima de [sustantivo] \pna O:kistekw ipan ima. \pea He pinched him on the arm. \psa Lo pellizcó por el brazo. \pna Xkontla:li ipan me:sah! \pea Go put in there on the table! \psa ¡Pónlo allá sobre la mesa! \pna Nitsikwinis ipan un tepantli. \pea I will jump up on that wall. \psa Voy a brincar sobre esa pared. \pna I:pan tia:skeh un ne:nkah ko:chin. \pea We will go in that there car. \psa Vamos en ese coche allí. \se (~ [noun]) from [noun] \ss (~ [noun]) desde o de [sustantivo] \pna O:nitlatskwepo:ntekok. O:niwetsiko ipan noma:choh. O:ne:cha:ltlakal. \pea I fell to the ground with a resounding thud. I fell off my mule. It thew me down. \psa Caí con estrépito a la tierra. Caí de mi macho. Me aventó a la tierra. \se (~ [noun indicating an area]) at, on, within [the area indicated by the noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando una área]) a, en, hacia, entre [la área indicada por el sustantivo] \pna Xontlachia ipan nomi:l deke xkalaki wa:kax! \pea Go take a look at my milpa to see if cattle are getting in! \psa ¡Vete a asomar a mi milpa a ver si han entrado ganado! \pna I:tik kuwyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl. \pea People live in the woods, in the hills. \psa Se vive en el bosque, en los cerros. \pna Ne: ipan otli o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s noburroh. \pea I left my burro tied up there on the path behind me (as I was coming this way). \psa Allí en el sendero atrás dejé amarrado mi burro (mientras que venía en esta dirección). \se (~ [noun indicating an open space]) through; out through (e.g., a door, a window) \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando un espacio abierto]) a través; por (p. ej., una puerta, una ventana) \pna Xontlachia ipan benta:nah. \pea Take a look (peek) out the window. \psa Asómate por la ventana. \se (~ tsikwini) to mount (one animal with another); (vulg.) to screw (i.e., have sexual intercourse with a woman [O]) \ss (~ tsikwini) montar (sexualmente, un animal a otro); (vulg.) coger (esto es, tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer [O]) \pna Tewa ipan o:titsikwin un ne:nkah suwa:tl? \pea Did you screw that woman there? \psa ¿Cogiste esa chava allá? \se (~ [noun (phrase) indicating a time period]) during, within (e.g, a week, etc.) \ss (~ [sustantivo (frase sustantival) indicando un periodo de tiempo) dentro de, durante (p. ej., una semana) \pna I:pan sema:nah sa:ntah yes kamotli. \pea There will be sweet potatoes during Holy Week. \psa Durante semana santa habrá camotes. \pna I:pan ye:i to:nahli tia:skeh. \pea We will go in three days. \psa Vamos en tres días. \se (~ [noun indicating a productive activity or an object that is produced or the focus of a particular activity]) to engage in (a given productive task) \ss (~ [sustantivo indicando una actividad productiva o un objeto que se produce o que es el foco de una actividad productiva]) trabajar en (una actividad) \pna O:nkak timote:ne:waya ipan iswatl. \pea I heard that you think you were good at stripping dried corn leaves from the stalk (during the zacateo). \psa Escuché que te jactaba que eres bueno para el zacateo. \pna Tli:non ipan tekiti? \pea What does he work at (do, i.e., as a job)? \psa ¿En qué trabaja? \se (~ [number]) the [ordinal] time \ss (~ [número]) el [ordinal] tiempo o vez \pna I:pan ye:i to:ka. \pea He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field). \psa Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno). \pna I:pan na:wi to:ka. \pea He plants on the third time (he runs the plow over the field). \psa Siembra la tercera vez (que ara el terreno). \xrl -pan \cfa -pan \nse For an illustration of the different ways one plows depending on whether one plants on the third or fourth pass, see diagram with o:melia filecard. \ref 04314 \lxa i:pantia \lxaa ii:pantia \lxac ki:pantia \lxo i:pantia \lxoc ki:pantia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to come across by chance; to see or encounter (sth) that one is not looking for \ss toparse con por casualidad; ver o encontrar (algo) que no se estaba buscando a propósito \pna Deke kanah tiaw iwa:n kanah o:tiki:pantih un yo:lki, xne:chihli! \pea If you go somewhere and somewhere by chance you came across that animal (e.g., that I am looking for), tell me! \psa Si vas a algún lado y por ahí por casualidad te topas con ese animal (p. ej., que estaba buscando), ¡Avísame! \pna Deke kanah tiki:panti:s, xikteki! xkwa:hki! \pea If you come across it (in this case a certain fruit) by chance, pick it and bring it back! \psa Si por casualidad la encuentras (en este caso una fruta en particular), ¡córtala y tráetela! \cfao ne:xtia \cfo i:panti \xrl -pan \nae According to Inocencio Díaz this verb only exists with a reduplicated initial vowel: ii:pantia. This needs to be checked as my original data has a single initial vowel. In Oapan the initial vowel is definitely not reduplicated. \dis ne:xtia; i:pantia \qry Note long initial vowel /i:/; this should be checked, particularly against possessive prefixes. Compare this to /ne:xtia/, perhaps create a disambiguating entry. Make sure that /i:pantia/ refers to coming across something by chance; cf. entry in RS. \ref 01545 \lxa isa \lxac isa \lxo ísá \lxop isa \lxoc ísá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao to awaken; to wake up \ssao despertarse \pna O:isate:w \pea He woke up unexpectedly. \psa Despertó repentinamente. \pna Ma:ka isas! \pea Don't let him wake up! \psa ¡No lo dejes despertar! \xrb hsa \xvca ixitia \nse The metaphor of being asleep and away is often used in reference to a male erection. Thus an erect penis may be said to be awake (isatok) and the nonerect penis to be asleep (koxtok). Note that the common way to refer to getting an erection is through the causative form of isa along with the nonspecific object tla-; see tlaxitia. \grm It is difficult to establish the precise difference between /isa/ and /isate:wa/. Most likely the first refers simply to awakening while the second to awakening while something else is happening, and realizing this immediately; or to awake and immediately head out somewhere. This word may be used in a vulgar to indicate a male getting an erection. \ref 00361 \lxa i:sah \lxac ma:ka i:sah \lxo i:sah \lxoc ma: i:sah \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se (ma:ka ~) not right away (i.e., Don't do it right away!) \ss (ma:ka ~) no luego luego (esto es, no lo hagas luego luego) \pna Ma:ka i:sah! Tutoh! \pea Don't do it (in this case touch it) right away! It's hot (speaking to child)! \psa ¡No lo hagas (en este caso tocarlo) luego luego! ¡Está caliente (hablando a un niño)! \pna Ma:ka i:sah! \pea Just a moment (not right away)! \psa ¡Un momento (no luego luego)! \xrb i:san \qry Check the etymology of this word. Also note problem of usage, I only have negative occurrences as in the above examples, but this should be rechecked, i.e., is a non-negative acceptable. Obtain other examples. Finally, although I have recorded this with final /n/ I am not so certain whether this is a correct transcription. In another case I have recorded /isah/: /ma:ka isah/ contrasts with /ma:ka isa/ 'Don't let him wake up' (i.e. a person who is in the process of waking up) although the form /ma:ka isas/ meaning 'Don't let him wake up' (if the person is not yet stirring) is more common an dused, perhaps to avoid confusion with /ma:ka isah/. \vl Florencia Marcelino first gives /ma: í:sá/ characterized by high pitch on the final vowel, and a phrase-final glottal stop. The meaning of this phrase is not entirely clear. It might be a (reduced) reduplicated form of /ísá/ with the negative optative preceding it. The final 3 utterances are all of this entry: /ma: i:sah/, however the first of the 3 is more of an interrogatory and should not be linked. One of the last two, perhaps the penultimate is the most indicated. The /i:/ seems long, although this too needs to be thoroughly checked. When reviewing this dictionary the CD/sound should be reviewed. \ref 02398 \lxa i:sah \lxac ma:ka i:sah \lxo i:sah \lxoc ma: i:sah \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seo not right away \sso no luego luego \xrb i:sah \qry Check etymology \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 07154 \lxa isanaka \lxac isanaka \lxo tésanáka \lxoc tésanáka \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. prefix te- \pa yes-lex \seo to make a certain sound like nylon being rubbed \sso hacer un ruido particular como la de nylon frotado \xrb hsanaka \nae The etymology of this word is not clear. \qry Recheck the pronunciation from the tape since I had a note to check this but mistakenly did not write down the difference noted during recording. \ref 07152 \lxa isantsi:n \lxaa isani \lxac isantsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea an early riser \ssa madrugador \xrb hsa \grm Note /isantsi:n/, apparently this is used as a noun whereas /isani/ is more the habitual sense. Check. Apparently these forms are not used in Oapan (e.g., nothing for /a:tlakwintsi:n/). \ref 03690 \lxa isatok \lxac isatok \lxo ísatók \lxoc ísatók \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be awake \ss estar despierto \pna Nisatok, xwel nikochi. \pea I am awake, I can't fall asleep. \psa Estoy despierto, no puedo dormir. \xrb hsa \ref 04119 \lxa iseki \lxac kiseki \lxo ísekí \lxoc kísekí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k); i-loss \pa yes-lex \se to toast on a griddle (comal; e.g. guaje seeds, corn kernels, beans, etc.) \ss tostar sobre un comal (p. ej., guajes, maíz, frijoles, etc.) \pna Xkiseki un a:yowextli! \pea Toast those squash seeds on a griddle! \psa ¡Tuesta la semilla (de calabaza) sobre el comal! \xrb hseki \xvaa isekilia \xvao ísekília \nse Check root. \ref 04400 \lxa isekilia \lxac kisekilia \lxo ísekília \lxoc kísekília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to toast (sth such as seeds) on a griddle for \ss tostar (algo como semillas) sobre el comal para \pna Xne:chisekili na:yowech! \pea Toast my squash seeds on a griddle for me! \psa ¡Tuéstame mi semilla de calabaza sobre un comal! \xrb hseki \xvba iseki \xvbo ísekí \ref 02935 \lxa isihka:n \lxac isihka:n \lxo íská:pan \lxoa íská:pah \lxoc íská:pan \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \pa yes-lex \se right away \ss luego; pronto \xrb hsi \nae The Oapan form is often found in the diminutive: íska:pántsi:n. The etymology of this word seems related to isiwi or ísiwí. \qry Check first vowel; is this a possessed form with /ka:n/ \ref 02437 \lxa isi:ka \lxac isi:ka \lxo ísí:ka \lxoc ísí:ka \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (usually in progressive) to be panting \ss (generalmente en el progresivo) estar jadeante \pna Isi:katok, o:wa:lnotlaloh. \pea He is panting, he came running. \psa Está jadeando, vino corriendo. \xrb hsi:ka \qry Check for transitive/causative form. Check for other aspectual endings, ?/isi:katinemi/. I have checked vowel length and second /i:/ is definitely long. Check for status of initial /i/ whether epenthetic; probably it is: /h/ evidenced by cognate Oapan unusual stress. \ref 01572 \lxa isika:neki \lxac kisika:neki \lxo íska:néki \lxoc kíska:néki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \se to urgently want; to want quickly or immediately (i.e., that sth occurs right away) \ss querer urgentemente; querer rapidamente (esto es, que algo se haga luego luego) \xrb hsi \xrb neki \qry Check to make sure correct form is /isihka:neki/, given that I had /isika:neki/ recorded in my original notes. Check entire range of meanings. \grm Oapan phonology: note the reduction of /isihka:/ to /iska:/ in Oapan /íska:néki/. The pitch accent derives from underlying initial {h}. \ref 05258 \lxa isika:pan \lxac isika:pan \lxo ísihká:pan \lxoa ísihká:pah \lxoc ísihká:pah, ísihká:pan \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(man) \com Part-Rel \der Adv-man \pa yes-lex \se right away; in a jiffy \ss luego luego; rápidamente; pronto \pna Saniman nikchi:wtiwetsi, isika:pan, ma:ka yo:li:k. \pea I'll do it in a hurry, in a jiffy, not slowly. \psa Lo voy a hacer luego luego, pronto, no lentamente. \equivo íská:pan \xrb hsi \xrl -pan \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05946 \lxa isika:tsi:n \lxac isika:tsi:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08152 \lxa isi:kilistli \lxac isi:kilistli \lxo ísi:kilístli \lxoc ísi:kilístli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se lack of breath; panting \ss falta de respiración \pna O:mik de isi:kilistli. \pea He died from lack of breath (e.g., a child you died from pneumonia, who couldn't breathe). \psa Se murió de falta de respiración (p. ej., un niño que se murió de neumonía, quien no se podía respirar). \sem disease \xrb hsi:ka \ref 04610 \lxa isiwi \lxac isiwi \lxo ísiwí \lxoc ísiwí \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se (rarely in tenses/aspects other than the present) to be in a hurry \ss (raramente en tiempos/aspectos que no sean el presente) tener prisa \pna Xnimitsihlia xisiwi! \pea I'm not telling you to hurry up! \psa ¡No te estoy diciendo que te apures! \seo to develop early in the planting season (e.g., beans; cf. yetlatski) \sso desarrollarse temprano en el ciclo agrícola (p. ej., frijoles; cf. yetlatski) \xrb hsi \xvaa isiwilia \xvca tlasiwi:tia \xvco tlásiwí:tia \nse Ísiwí is used in reference to agricultural products such as beans in phrases such as yetl yun ísiwí or ísiwí un yetl. One or two consultants mentioned an incorporated form ?yeísiwí but most others rejected this as incorrect. Note that the contrary situation, i.e., to develop late in the season, is communicated by the verb tlatsiwi or by the nominalized form yetlatski. \nae In general the past tenses/aspects utilize the progressive form: nisiwtoya 'I was in a hurry.' \qry Check correctness of Am /isiwilia/. This might be an error. \grm Note complementation with imperative. A study of complementation should include this possibility. Thus note: Xnimitsihlia xisiwi! 'I'm not telling (to) hurry up! This seems somewhat similar, syntactically, to an embedded question as complement: xtimitsihlia akinon yas 'I'm not telling you who will go!' Clearly the use of an imperative follows the use of sentence complements such as /xtimitsihlia titlakwa:s/ 'I'm not telling you to eat' \ref 03932 \lxa isiwilia \lxac kisiwilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to be in a hurry to finish up (an action, the performance of a task) \ssa tener prisa para terminar o completar (una acción, el desarrollo de un trabajo o quehacer) \pna Tli:non tikisiwilitiá:s? Wa:n san tikoxtasi! \pea What will you be going around hurrying up? And when you get there you just go right to sleep! \psa ¿Qué vas a irle apurando? ¡Y al llegar nada más te vas a dormir! \cfa tlasiwi:tia \cfo tlásiwí:tia \xrb hsi \xvba isiwi \qry The meaning of this term is not entirely clear and should be checked. In Oapan it was not accepted; rather, FM gave /tlásiwí:tia/. Check other meanings and determine the exact status of the object prefix in the example just given above. \ref 01695 \lxa isiwi:tia \lxac ---- \lxo ísiwí:tia \lxoc ísiwí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao see tlasiwi:tia \ssao véase tlasiwi:tia \xrb hsi \ref 00727 \lxa iska:n \lxo iska:n \dt 14/Jan/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se see xiska:n or xí:ská:n \ss véase xiska:n o xí:ská:n \nae This word is only found in the negative. \vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan /xí:ská:n \ref 01935 \lxa i:skia:to:hli \lxac i:skia:to:hli \lxo ---- \dt 06/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of atole, made with toasted maize \ssa tipo de atole, hecho con maíz tostado \sem food \equiva a:to:hli de i:skitl \xrb i:ski \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 01803 \lxa i:skixo:chitl \lxac i:skixo:chitl \lxo i:skixo:chitl \lxoc i:skixo:chitl \lxt kowi:skixo:chitl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao type of tree with large groups of white flowers, apparently cueramo in Spanish \ssao tipo de árbol con grandes grupos de flores blancas, aparentemente cueramo en el español regional \pna I:skixo:chitl | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, manse:rah de ara:doh, bwe:noh para kinxixi:nan masa:tsitsi:ntih To:nala:pan, bwe:noh para tlikohtli. \pea I:skixo:chitl : It is good for beams, for the handle of a plow, it is good for them to carve small figures of deer in Tonalapa, it is good for firewood. \psa I:skixo:chitl : Es bueno para morillos, para la mancera de los arados; es bueno para que hagan (de ello) venaditos tallados en Tonalapa, es bueno para leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb i:ski \xrb xo:chi \spk cueramo \cpl In northern Guerrero this is called "cueramo", an identification confirmed by many consultants in Ameyaltepec (Feb. 2001). cf. also Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Cueramo is not found in Schoenhals. The wood is good for "horcones." and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as cuéramo, a tree not in Schoenhals, and have a short initial vowel. Karttunen (1992) has a long vowel and mentions: "a tree that produces fragrant white flowers (Bourreria huanita) or any of a number of plants and trees that produce clusters of white flowers." In northern Guerrero this is called "cueramo"; cf. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and is used for carving wood figures in Iguala and Tonalapan. \nct kohtli \qry Note that in one entry I had /i:xkixo:chitl/. This is probably in error, but should be checked. I also have a long initial /i/ recorded here and in many entries, although in others I have a short vowel. This should be checked. \ref 00436 \lxa isoliwi \lxac isoliwi \lxo ísolíwi \lxocpend @ísolíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become worn out; to become thin with wear (e.g., clothes by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss luirse (ropa); desgastarse (y ponerse delgado, p. ej., ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) \pna Yo:isoliw motlake:n, o:pe:w tlatlankwi:tsowa. \pea Your clothes are worn out, their weave has started to open up (as a number of threads have started to break). \psa Tu ropa está bien luida, el tejido ha empezado a abrirse (al reventarse algunos hilos) \pna Tetsi:ltik katka, pero a:man yo:poxa:w, ye isoliwtiw. \pea It was tightly wound (the strands of a rope), but now it's become loose, it's getting old and worn out. \psa Estaba apretada (una soga), pero ahora ya se aflojó, ya se desgastando. \pna O:isoliw ichina:n mokal, xikchina:nti. \pea The chinamíl of your house has gotten old and worn out. Build a (new) was of chinamíl for it! \psa Se envejeció el chinamíl de tu casa. ¡Póngale uno (nuevo)! \pna A:man o:noka:w chi:koyaktik ikal, o:kika:wilih ma isoliwi. \pea Now his house has wound up split open on top (i.e., in the thatching for the roof), he let it get old. \psa Se casa (esto es, el techo de palma) ya quedó abierto, dejó que se envejeciera. \xrb hsol \vl The tokens here are mistakenly of the transitive /kísolówa/ and should be tagged with #04233. Unfortunately, when I did the elicitation I had two entries for the transitive form and non for the intransitive. I have since changed 6221 from /isolowa/ to /isoliwi/, but since this was done after the Oapan recordings there is no token here. \ref 06221 \lxa isolowa \lxac kisolowa \lxo ísolówa \lxoc kísolówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to wear out (e.g., clothes [O] by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss desgastar (p. ej., ropa o tela [O], en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) \xrb hsol \xvaa isolowilia \xvao ísolowília \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 6221, which was mistakenly elicited. \ref 04233 \lxa isolowilia \lxac kisolowilia \lxo 'isolówilia \lxoc kísolówilia \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to wear out on (e.g., the clothes of another by wearing them, or other objects that get worn, thin, tattered, etc.) \ss desgastar (p. ej., algo como ropa o tela, en general objetos materiales que se usan mucho se dan evidencia del uso al ponerse más delgados) a \xrb hsol \xvba isolowa \xvbo ísolówa \ref 06504 \lxa isoltik \lxac isoltik \lxo ísoltík \lxoc ísoltík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \seao to be worn out (items such as clothes, or the thatch roof of a house of palm or grass) \ssao estar desgastado; estar luido (algo como ropa o tela, el techo de una casa de palma o zacate, etc.) \seo to be outgoing or "lame-duck" (from an office or village cargo, e.g, the tlayeka:nkeh and other officials in Oapan) \sso estar saliente (en referencia a un puesto o cargo del pueblo, p. ej., los tlayeka:nkeh y otros que tienen una "carga" en Oapan) \xrb hsol \ref 06298 \lxa iso:tla \lxac niso:tla \lxo ísó:tla \lxoc nísó:tla \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/+trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to vomit \ss (refl.) vomitar \pna O:niso:tlak. \pea He threw up. \psa Vomitó. \se (trans) to cough or spit up (sth specific, a liquid such as blood) \ss (trans) expectorar, esputar (algo en particular, como sangre) \se (trans) to spill the beans (i.e., say or reveal sth that had been a secret) \ss (trans) revelar (algo dicho en privado) \pna Kiso:tla yestli. \pea He spits (coughs up) up blood. \psa Expectora sangre. \sem functions \xrb hso:tla \xvca iso:tlaltia \xvco íso:tláltia \qry Check to determine whether only reflexive is used; cf. causative form with different agent/patient. Note, usually used in reflexive but occasionally with object. Cf. other verbs that may take a reflexive and an object with changes in sense: /ito:tia/, etc. Also, check whether one can say /ka:xi:xa yestli/, /kixi:xa tomin/, etc. I.e., not only a locative but patient. Determine a type of coding for these verbs. \grm Reflexive verbs; transitivity; causatives: Note that there is a difference in these two transitive forms: /kiso:tla/ in which the object is that which is vomitted up, and /kiso:tlaltia/ in which the object is the person who is made to vomit. Note that the reflexive verbs that indicate bodily functions occasionally take an object, but when they do, this object is not a causative object (underlying or thematic patient) but rather a material that is affected, or a person (as in /ne:cha:xi:xa nokone:w/). The causative changes this to adding a new agent and making the previous agent a patient. \ref 02611 \lxa iso:tlaltia \lxac kiso:tlaltia \lxo íso:tláltia \lxop iso:tlaltia \lxoc kíso:tláltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to make vomit \ssao hacer vomitar \pna Yo:tikitak xtikwe:lilia, mistlayeltia, mitsiso:tlalti:sneki. \pea You've seen that you don't like its taste, it turns your stomach, it makes you want to vomit. \psa Ya viste que no te agrada su sabor, te da nausea, hace que quieras vomitar. \xrb hso:tla \xvba iso:tla \xvbo ísó:tla \ref 00534 \lxa istachichi:k \lxac istachichi:k \lxo istachichi:k \lxoc istachichi:k \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to be overly salty \ss estar demasiado salado; estar pasado de sal \pna Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. \pea Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! otherwise, it will get really salty. \psa Échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla). ¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedará muy salado. \xrb sta \xrb chichi: \qry Check to see if meaning is simply 'salty' or 'overly salty'. Also, in my original filecard the final vowel is simply long, not stressed. This should be checked. Determine other ways of expressing over abundance. Cf. for example, /a:josmolo:nki/; query for the way of saying that it has too much sugar or is overly sweet. \ref 02734 \lxa istachichi:ya \lxac istachichi:ya \lxo istachichi:ya \lxoc istachichi:ya \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \se to become overly salty \ss pasarse de sal \xrb sta \xrb chichi: \qry Check to see if /istamolo:nia/ exists, and whether it has the same meaning. Also, check for transitive form of this verb. \vl Check Oapan vl. I originally had a short final /i/ here in my entry (after the recording session but before analysis). However, for the simple /chichi:ya/ I did have a long vowel recorded (and this present entry would undoubtedly have the same vowel. \ref 00887 \lxa ista:hkwe:tli \lxac ista:hkwe:tli \lxo ista:hkwe:tli \lxoc ista:hkwe:tli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \se light skirt that goes under a kwe:pani \ss falda ligera que se pone abajo de un kwe:pani \xrb sta \xrb kwe: \encyctmp tlake:ntli \qry Check to determine if this an /ista:hkwe:tli/ is simply from the waist down, or whether it can be a full slip. I think, if I remember correctly, that the latter is called a /korpiñoh/. Check. Elicit all names for clothes and parts thereof. \ref 00546 \lxa istá:k \lxac istá:k \lxo ista:k \lxoc ista:k \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to be white \ss ser blanco \sem color \xrb sta \qry Check and enter possible verbs /ista(:)ya/ and /ista(:)lia/, along with vowel length of first /a/. \ref 03357 \lxa ista:k kuwxio:tl \lxaa kuwxio:tl istá:k \lxac ista:k kuwxio:tl \lxo ista:k kohxio:tl \lxoc ista:k kohxio:tl \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of type, in Spanish cuajiote of the family Burseraceae; apparently there are two of these, one is the Bursera aptera and the other, of the same genus, has not yet been identified \ss tipo de cuajiote, de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \xrb sta \xrb kow \xrb xi \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \nae The precise transcription of the name for this tree will need to be checked, but it appears that in both dialects there is a double velar stop, one ending ista:k and the other immediately afterward beginning the next word. \cpl Apparently these are cuajiote trees, all of which are of the Bursera family. \nct kohtli \vl Note that there are two sets of four of this word. \ref 02984 \lxa ista:k tlayo:hli \lxac ista:k tlayo:hli \lxo ista:h tlayo:hli \lxoc ista:h tlayo:hli \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se white maize \ss maíz blanco \xrb sta \xrb o:ya \ono tlayo:hli \nse This is a specific color of maize. For a full list, see tlayo:hli. Consultants in Ameyaltepec mentioned five types of white maize: tlayo:hli de un chi:noh or simply chi:noh, tlayo:lkimichin, tlayo:lyewahli, tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh, and tlayo:hli de arrosi:yoh have been documented to date. Consultants also described tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh as a:kawtik, 'light (in weight).' \qry Check all types of maize and document. Also determine the manner in which this is possessed: /noista:k tlayo:l/ or /notlayo:l ista:k/. Check! This may best determine whether this should be considered one or two words. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 04730 \lxa ista:k xo:chitl \lxac ista:k xo:chitl \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea white flower (of any plant) \ssa flor blanca (de cualquier árbol) \xrb ista \xrb xo:chi \cpl This tree is not in Ramírez (1991). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as a flower by the name of flor blanca. Although 4 trees in Guizar and Sánchez have 'blanco' in their name, none is readily identifiable as the ista:kxo:chitl. \nct kohtli \ref 02108 \lxa ista:k yetl \lxaa ista:kyetl \lxac ista:k yetl \lxo ista:yetl \lxoc ista:yetl \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of white bean, very small, planted in a milpa among maize plants \ss tipo de frijol blanco, muy pequeño, sembrado en una milpa entre el maíz \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pounded and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n, they didn't grinding them up finely for it. \psa Machucharon los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n, no le molieron finamente. \sem plant \sem domesticated \sem edible \xrb sta \xrb ye \encyctmp yetl \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as frijol blanco. \nct yetl \qry Obtain list of foods in which these beans are used. Also, check accentual pattern. Get a complete list of beans. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel length: Note that the length of initial /i/ seems to vary a lot. One utterance of Florencia has a vowel under 50 ms, whereas Inocencio pronounces one token with a length close to 90. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03443 \lxa ista:k yeyekatl \lxac ista:k yeyekatl \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea one of the yeyekameh \ssa uno de los yeyekameh \sem ritual \xrb ista \xrb e:ka \nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. Note that white is considered the color of death, and Death dresses in white. \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 01672 \lxa istakaxitl \lxac istakaxitl \lxo istakaxitl \lxocpend istakaxitl \dt 25/Jul/2003 \psm \der \sea small bowl for holding salt, particularly sea salt \ssa pequeño plato profundo que se utiliza para sal, particularmente sal del mar \syno istaxi:kahli \xrb sta \xrb kax \ref 08055 \lxa ista:kwistli \lxac ista:kwistli \lxo ista:hwistli \lxoc ista:hwistli \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Acacia pennatula, small tree of the Mimosaceae family \ss Acacia pennatula, pequeño árbol de la familia Mimosaceae \xrb sta \xrb wits \pna Ista:kwistli | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli, para titlayewaltsakwas. \pea Ista:kwistli : It is good for firewood, for enclosing an area with a fence. \psa Ista:kwistli : Es bueno para leña, para cercar una área. \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl The wood of this tree is good for firewood (bwe:noh para tlikuhtli) and, according to Emidio Rosendo, for china:ntli. Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this plant as the espino blanco. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have nothing with a similar name. However, this might be an acacia. If so, Guizar and Sánchez (pp. 98 and 99) offer two acacias (of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae with the word blanco in their names: Acacia coulteri, known as the palo blanco and Acacia pennatula known as the cubata blanca or cenizo. It would seem that the latter more closely matches the description of the ista:kwistli \nct kohtli \qry I have written this as one word, although perhaps a complex form /ista:k wistli/ would be correct. Check if possible although accentual pattern, i.e. /a:/ not accented as in /istáÑk/ suggests single word analysis. Check whether this is classified as a /kuhtli/ or /kuhtsi:ntli/. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03606 \lxa ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik \lxac ista:kwistli de un tli:ltik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem tree \xrb \ref 08547 \lxa istastok \lxac istastok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der \se \ss \xrb sta \pqry Check and note apparently short first /a/, unexpected. \ref 08249 \lxa istatl \lxac istatl \lxo istatl \lxoc istatl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se salt \ss sal \xrb sta \qry Check whether a -yo possessive form exists: ?istayo. If so, change entry. \ref 03195 \lxa istaya \lxacpend istaya \lxo istaya \lxocpend istaya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-s) \seao to turn white \ssao volverse o quedarse blanco \xrb sta. \ref 08780 \lxa istayoh \lxac istayoh \lxo istayoh \lxoc istayoh \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to be salty \ss estar salado \se (fig.) unlucky \ss (fig.) salado; tener mala suerte \pna Nistayoh, xkaman nite:tlani. \pea I'm unlucky, I never beat anyone. \psa Estoy salado, nunca le gano a nadie. \xrb sta \qry Check for verbal derivatives, /istayowa/ and istayotia/. Also determine difference between /poyé:k/ and /istayoh/. \ref 01590 \lxa ista:yo:tl \lxac ista:yo:tl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \sea salt water (used to marinate squash seeds before toasting them) \ssa agua salada (se meten las semillas de calabaza en este agua antes de tostarlas sobre el comal) \xrb sta \xrb a: \ref 07970 \lxa istekwi \lxac kistekwi \lxo istekwi \lxoc kistekwi \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \se to pinch \ss pellizcar \xrb sti \xrb kwi \rt Note that although the modern pronunciation of the word for nail (as in fingernail) is istitl a final /e/ appears in frozen compounds, as in istekwi. For the purposes of referencing, the root has been standardized here as sti (noting that the initial /i/ is epenthetic). \grm Oapan phonology; perfective Oapan: note that the perfective of /istekwi/ is /o:kistek/. \ref 05241 \lxa isti bwe:yeh \lxac isti bwe:yeh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb \ref 08556 \lxa isti misto:n \lxac isti misto:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt to:mohtli de sisigarri:toh \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-suf \infn N1; pl. istimisto:meh \se type of small cactus, to:motli with short, fuzzy spines and that grows only a few inches above the ground \ss tipo de cactus, to:motli, muy pequeño, con púas muy cortas y algo como vellosos y que crece unos centímetros nada más \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tó:mokohtsí:ntli kási kómichin \equivo tó:mokohtsí:ntl kwahli kási kómichin \xrb sti \xrb mis \encyctmp to:motli \cpl Not mentioned in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). From Bravo's (1932) article, it appears that this is the Neomammillaria guerreronis. For a full list of cacti, see entry under to:motli. Note that it is not clear whether indigenous speakers classify this as a to:motli; this should be checked. \nct to:motli \qry Check vowel length with /miston/. Determine what "class" of plant this is, if any, i.e., is there an overarching overt category. \ref 07612 \lxa istitolopochiwi \lxac istitolopochiwi \lxo ---- \lxocpend istitolopochiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on the hooves \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita a las patas \xrb sti \xrb tolopoch \ref 08161 \lxa istitl \lxac istitl \lxo istitl \lxoc istitl; i:sti \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Inal \se nail (of a finger or toe, i.e., fingernail or toenail) \ss uña de dedo (de la mano o pie) \se hoof \ss pezuña \pna Na:n ne:stok istitl, ka:n o:nowitih. \pea A hoof print is visible here, where it passed through. \psa Aquí se ve el señal de una pata, por donde pasó. \sem body \cfao ixipilistitl \xrb sti \pqry The sound file for this entry should provide a good example of minimal distinctions in the first vowel since the unpossessed has a short /i/ and the possessed a long /i:/. \vl The first female token is /i:sti/. Then there is a sequence of 4 tokens of /istitl/ and then another sequence of 4 tokens of /i:sti/. The final sound file should be F istitl-M istitl- F-i:sti M-i:sti. \ref 05436 \lxa istlakatki \lxac istlakatki \lxo istlakatki \lxoc istlakatki \dt 02/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se liar \ss mentiroso \xrb stlaka \qry Check etymology. Check length of first vowel. \ref 02590 \lxa istlakawia \lxac kistlakawia \lxo í:stlakawíya \lxoc kí:stlakawíya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) (Oa) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to lie to \ssao mentirle a \xrb stlaka \nae Apparently the Oapan elicitation form reflects reduplication on a vowel-initial stem (hence the lengthening and pitch-accent). During the recording session Florencia Marcelino gave the reduplicated form; it is not clear whether ?kistlakawiya is also acceptable. \qry Etymology and cat uncertain. \vl Check p-a and length in Oapan form. \grm It appears that /istlaka-/ is a stem that appears in many compounds and that has been verbalized with /istlakawia/, even though the absolutive nominal form is nonexistent. Check /iztlakati/ (as in RS). Check RS meaning of 'calumniar, acusar falsamente, engañar', etc. \ref 01057 \lxa istla:kowa \lxac kistla:kowa \lxo istla:kowa \lxoc kistla:kowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to spy on or surreptitiously watch; to observe; to snoop around or check out (e.g., a person for malicious ends, often keeping a mental record of the wealth of the person observed, or of coveted items that might later be stolen, etc.) \ss espiar o observar surrepticiosamente, fijándose en lo que hay (p. ej., algn con fines maliciosos y con malas intenciones, tal vez haciendo una nota mental de lo que se puede robar, o notando la riqueza para después chismear); husmear \pna Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. \pea He badmouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it). \psa Habla mal de mí por ahí. Vivía con él, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, qué como, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). \xrb stla:k \qry Recheck whether first vowel is epenthetic (i.e. with /tla-/ or reflexive prefix). \grm Perhaps reclassify certain -owa transitive verbs as basic. Cf. powa/powi; kowa/?; istlakowa/?; etc. Nevertheless often there is a surprising occurrence, as with /ikwiliwi/. \ref 05377 \lxa iswakuwtli \lxac iswakuwtli \lxo iswakohtli \lxoc iswakohtli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se tree (generally near the milpa) in whose branches the maize leaves, iswatl, used as fodder are stored, so that grazing animals cannot get at it \ss árbol (generalmente uno escogido cerca de la milpa) en cuyas ramas se guardan las hojas de maíz, iswatl, utilizadas para forraje para protegerlo de los animales sueltos \pna Xtete:ma noswaw ipan iswakuwtli! \pea Place my (bundles of) corn leaves down in rows on the tree used for storage (i.e., a tree whose branches are used to hold up stored bundles of zacate)! \psa ¡Coloca bien (los manojos de) mis hojas de maíz sobre el árbol utilizado como ramada! \xrb swa \xrb kow \ref 03997 \lxa iswakwe:xtli \lxac iswakwe:xtli \lxo iswakwe:xtli \lxoc iswakwe:xtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn N1 \se small pieces of iswatl that have broken off in small pieces from the leaf and are left on the ground \ss pequeños pedazos de iswatl que se caen de la hoja y se dejan tirados por el suelo \syno iswamo:xo:hli \xrb swa \xrb kwe:ch \ref 04025 \lxa iswalo:ni \lxac *iswalo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-pass (?) \infn N1 \sea (ritual) seen and selected (a young maiden as a bride) \ssa (ritual) vista y seleccionada (una adolescente para novia) \xrb ta \nse This word has only been encountered in a we:we:tlaho:hli, bride-asking speech, as pronounced by don Plutarco Ramírez. According to Pascual García, who says he never would employ this word, iswalo:ni refers to ka:n o:yo:l, ka:n o:wa:le:w ichpokawa 'where she (the bride) was born, where the bride came from.' The etymology and meaning are not clear, though it might be an archaic nominalization of ita (Classical itta). \ref 03031 \lxa iswapepena \lxac iswapepena \lxo iswá:pená \lxocpend iswá:pená \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up corn leaves scattered on the ground \sso pepenar hojas de maíz regadas por la tierra \xrb swa \xrb pena \ref 07196 \lxa iswarrama:dah \lxac iswarrama:dah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08502 \lxa iswasa:lowa \lxac iswasa:lowa \lxo iswasa:lowa \lxoc iswasa:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to tie fodder of stripped maize leaves into bundles with strips of palm \ss atar en manojos con tiras de palma las hojas del maíz sacadas en el zacateo \cfao iswate:ka \xrb swa \xrb sa:l \nse This intransitive verb, iswasa:lowa refers to an action related to stripping the corn leaves, iswatl, from the corn stalks to preserve as fodder. One takes handfuls of the stripped leavs and slams them down between two standing stalks. Later, one goes along with palm to tie the corn leaves into bundles. Before this action the corn leaves, while still not completely dry, are stripped from the plant in an action called iswate:kilistli, each worker working 3 zurcos at once. The corn leaves are then placed between maize stalks where they are left to dry. Some weeks later the bundles are tied together with palm, and taken out of the field to be stored, either in the village or in an iswakohtli located near the milpa. \qry Elicit nominal form ?iswasalowistli \ref 06146 \lxa iswatamahli \lxac iswatamahli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se green corn leaves used to wrap tamals \ss verdes hojas de maíz utilizadas para envolver tamales \pna Tiktekiskeh iswatamahli. \pea We'll strip off green corn leaves (from the maize plant). \psa Vamos a cortar las hojas verdes de maíz (de la milpa). \pna Iswatamahli, ika kite:tekwian tamahli. \pea It is with the green leaves of the maize plant that they wrap up tamales. \psa Es con las hojas verdes de la planta de maíz que envuelven tamales. \equivo tamaliswatl \xrb swa \xrb tamal \ref 07689 \lxa iswate:ka \lxac iswate:ka \lxo iswate:ka \lxoc iswate:ka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \se to strip the leaves off the drying corn plant and slam them down on the ground between the dried upright stems of two corn plants \ss quitar las hojas del maíz en la milpa cuando se está secando, colocándolas entre las bases de los tallos de una mata \sem harvest \cfa iswasa:lowa \xrb swa \xrb te:ka \nse The action referred to is of stripping the leaves off below the mazorca and then breaking off the shoot above (espiga). When ones hands are full of the zacate, as it is called in regional Spanish, the handful is wacked down between the stems of the maize, where it is left to dry. A couple of weeks later the bundles are tied together (see iswasa:lowa:). \mod Create an encyclopedia entry for planting activities. \ref 03502 \lxa iswate:kilistli \lxac iswate:kilistli \lxo iswate:kilistli \lxoc iswate:kilistli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \se action of stripping the leaves off the drying corn plant, usually in late October or early November after the milpa has dried (see iswate:ka) \ss zacateo, la acción de quitar las hojas de maíz de la milpa cuando se está secando, generalmente a finales de octubre o principio de enero (véase iswate:ka) \xrb swa \xrb te:ka \ref 05827 \lxa iswatl \lxac iswatl \lxo iswatl \lxoc iswatl \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln/Intrins \se leaves of the maize plant (mi:hli), as well as certain other plants such as a:katl, o:tlatl, and owatl whose leaves are long and flat and come off of a central stem \ss hojas de la planta de maíz (mi:hli), y también de ciertas otras plantas como a:katl, o:tlatl, and uwatl cuyas hojas son largas y planas y salen de un solo tallo central \pna Sakatl no: kipia iswayo. \pea Grasses also have flat long single leaves that shoot off from the central stem. \psa Zacates también tienen sus largas hojas planas que salen del tallo. \encyctmp mi:hli \xrb swa \nse When the term iswatl is alienably possessed it refers to dried corn leaves that have been stripped off the stalk during harvest and that serves as fodder. However, when marked by intrinsic possession the possessor is the plant that has its leaves called iswatl. \ref 04554 \lxa ita \lxac kita \lxo ita \lxoc kita \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular; cf. ita documentation \tran +Appl; +Caus \infv Irregular \se to see \ss ver \pna O:tikitak un te:lpokawah? San mitsiistok. \pea Did you see that boy? He's just looking you over (e.g., because he likes you). \psa ¿Viste ese muchacho? Se la pasa echándote ojo (p. ej., porque le gustas). \pna Xne:cha:lita, xniwetska! \pea Look over here at me, I'm not laughing! \psa ¡Mírame hacia acá, no me estoy riendo! \pna Nostoyan. \pea They were looking at each other. \psa Se estaban viendo. \se to figure out; to decipher; to find a solution (to a problem) \ss descifrar; ver como (hacer una cosa); solucionar (un problema) \pna Xekita ke:n kichi:was. \pea He still hasn't figured out how he will do it (i.e., still hasn't found the way or solution, or hasn't learned the process). \psa Todavía no le ve cómo lo va a hacer (esto es, todavía no lo soluciona, todavía no ha aprendido cómo hacerlo). \pna Kita ke:n yes, ke:n kichi:wili:s. \pea He's figured out how it will be, how he will do it (i.e., arrange it). \psa Ve cómo va a ser, cómo le va a hacer (esto es, arreglarlo, etc.). \se (recipr. 1st person pl., usually future) see you around; be seeing you (used in taking leave of sb) \ss (recipr. 1a persona pl., generalmente futuro) nos vemos (utilizado como palabras de despedido) \pna Timotaskeh! \pea See you around! \psa ¡Nos vemos! \se (ke:n ~) to be a relative of (note: does not include husband and wife) \ss (ke:n ~) ser pariente de (nota: no incluye a un esposo y su conyuge) \pna Ke:n timitsita. \pea I am a relative of yours. \psa Soy pariente tuyo. \pna Ke:non tikita? \pea How is he related to you? \psa Cúal es su relación de parentesco contigo? \pna Xke:n notan. \pea They are not relatives. \psa No son parientes. \pna Xke:n nikita. \pea I am not related to him. \psa No tengo una relación de parentesco con él. \pno Yon neyá siwa:tl, ke:n ni:ta. \peo That there woman, I'm related to her. \pso Esa mujer allá, es mi pariente. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to stare at; to look over; to fix ones eyes on (e.g., in looking at a statue or work of art; or in being circumspect in going around a tree, an animal that is sleeping, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) mirar intensamente a; echarle ojo a; clavar la vista a (p. ej., en observar un monumento u obra de arte, o en ir esquivando un animal peligroso) \pna San ne:chiita. \pea He's just staring at me (looking me up and down). \psa Solamente me está ojeando (viéndome desde arriba hasta abajo). \se (with intraverse directional and -tiki:sa) to grow up seeing; to see in passing as one matures or gets older \ss (con una direccional intraversa y -tiki:sa) ver algo al crecer o al avanzar de edad \pna Ihkón o:nikistiki:sako. \pea That's the way I saw it when growing up. \psa Así lo vi en mi niñez. \xrb ta \xvcao ititia \xvaao itilia \xv0a tlatlata \xv0o tlátlatá \nse In the use of ita to indicate kinship relations it is not clear whether Ke:non tikita? is more correctly interpreted as 'How is he related to you?' or 'How are you related to him?' It appears that the first interpretation is the correct one. Determination of use in context and the proper response to such questions would clarify the precise meaning of the construction. \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan the initial /i/ of ita is dropped after the directional on-: Ma nikonta 'Let me go take a look at it!' Compare this to kwa:litas 'He will come look at it', in which case the initial /i/ is not dropped. In the negative expression xta both the subject and object pronouns are deleted. In Oapan the intervocalic k- is often deleted with a subject pronoun having final /i/. This is written as, for example, ni'ita in transcriptions; the initial sound of this i-initial word seems to be different (i.e., a double articulation of the initial vowel) than that of other i-initial words that lose the object prefix, e.g., ilna:miki, cf. nilna:miki. \qry Determine difference between /iita/ and /i:ita/. Also determine difference between forms such as mitsiita and mitstlatlata. Check whether /ke:non tikita/ means 'how is he related to you?' or 'how are you related to him?' \grm Oapan phonology: Note that when a /k/ is lost between a subject prefix and an initial short /i/ of a verbal stem, the resulting /i/ is long: /ke:n ni:ta/ or /ní:towá/, or /ni:lka:wa/. \ref 01978 \lxa itakatl \lxac itakatl \lxo ítakátl \lxoc ítakátl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln; notakaw (Am); nótakáw (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se a type of food that is toasted on a clay griddle (koma:hli) and contains a hard toasted covering of ground, spicy maize (often specially prepared to take on long trips given that it doesn't spoil or harden) \ss tipo de comida dorado sobre un comal y que tiene una capa dura y picosa de maize tostado con varias especies (se preparan para llevar de viaje dado que no se echan a perder ni se endurecen) \pna Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n. \pea You! Reach over here and flatten out my itakatl (by lightly pressing down on it once and again). \psa ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acá para aplanar mi itakatl (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez) \seao (anjolí:n (Am) / a:jolin (Oa) ~) tortilla-like food made with sesame and toasted on a clay griddle \ssao (anjolí:n (Am) / a:jolin (Oa) ~) gordita de ajonjolí dorada sobre un comal \sea (~ chibi:toh) tortilla-like food made with pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n and chi:lwa:ktli and toasted on a clay griddle (synonym Oapan ítakachí:boh) \ssa (~ chibi:toh) gordita de pi:pitik yetl de tli:ltiktsi:n y chi:lwa:ktli dorada sobre un comal (sinónimo de Oapan ítakachí:boh) \sem food-maize \xrb htaka \nse An itakatl is often made with pi:pitik yetl. \qry Determine precise recipe and different types of /itakatl/ that can be prepared (e.g., such as that prepared with /pi:pitik yetl/). Also check etymology and related words (or verbs). Recheck possessed form. \rt Perhaps related the nominal to an archaic verbal form; note that now one finds /itki/ as a transitive verb meaning to take along (on a trip). \ref 06047 \lxa itekiw \lxac itekiw \lxo i:tekiw \lxoc i:tekiw \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal \se it is certain that; in the end (indicate that the following predication is more or less inevitable, almost certain to occur) \ss es cierto de; seguro; a fin de cuentas (indica que es muy probable, casi un hecho, que la predicación que sigue va a suceder) \pna Itekiw newa nikchi:was. \pea I'm bound to be the one to do it. \psa Es casi un hecho que yo seré quien lo va a hacer. \pna Itekiw wi:ts! \pea He's sure to come! \psa ¡Seguro va a venir! \pna Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol! \pea When all is said and done you don't have anything, you're in dire poverty (in other words, Don't brag about anything!)! \psa ¡A fin de cuentas no tienes nada, estás en la ruina (en pocas palabras, ¡No te jactes!)! \cfao tekitl \xrb teki \dis kipia para \qry In /Sa: itekiw xtlah tikpia, titetsotsol!/ check to make sure that first element is /sa:/, not /san/. I believe the /sa:/ is correct. Check vowel length since often final /n/ will delete internal to phrase when followed by V. \ref 01078 \lxa ite:n tsi:katl \lxac ite:n tsi:katl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea see te:ntli \ssa véase te:ntli \syno i:te:nkon tsi:katl \syno tsi:yate:nko \ref 07473 \lxa ite:ntson chi:boh \lxac ite:ntson chi:boh \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) chivo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea grass, a member of the Poaceae family, not yet identified \ssa zacate, miembro de la familia Poaceae, todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \xrb te:n \xrb tson \cpl Although I have heard this plant mentioned repeatedly, when asked L. Lucena responded that he did not know its identity. However, Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have te:ntzonchivo, which identify as the barba de chivo. \nct xiwtli \ref 04395 \lxa ite:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \lxacpend *i:te:ntson chi:boh de xixiwtli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \se Plumbago scandens L., wild herbaceous plant of the Plumbaginaceae family \ss Plumbago scandens L., planta herbácea silvestre de la familia Plumbaginaceae \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb xiw \ref 07469 \lxa ite:ntson misto:n \lxac ite:ntson misto:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of plant, as yet not identified \ssa tipo de planta \src Costa Venancio; note that her husband, Marcelo Venancio, claimed to have never heard of this plant. \pna O:ne:chihlih deke ipan se: la:soh noso kordó:n te:mowan kimichin i:n umpa xiksa:lo ite:ntson misto:n para ma kisos. \pea I was told that if mice come down on a riata or rope (e.g., one hung from the thatch roof of a house to sustain things such as chitatli), you should tie a piece of i:te:ntson miston so that it will pierce it (i.e., the mice that comes down). \psa Me dijeron de que si ratoncitos descienden sobre un laso o cordon, allí le debe atar i:te:ntson misto:n, para que le pique. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pending) \xrb te:n \xrb tson \xrb mis \xrb -to:n \nse Only one speaker in Ameyaltepec gave this plant name (her husband stated that he had never heard of it, and neither did other consultants who were asked although Inocencio Díaz mentioned that he had heard the name of this plant but that he couldn't identify it). Indeed, in Oapan i:te:ntson misto:n is used only to refer to the whiskers of a cat. Other Ameyaltepec consultants stated that this plant is referred to as i:sti miston. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nct xiwtli \ref 00499 \lxa ite:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxac ite:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxo ---- \lxoc i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n \lxt *i:te:ntson osto:tsi:n \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of plant not yet collected nor identified \ssa tipo de planta todavía no colectada ni identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb te:n \xrb tson osto: \cpl Although I have heard this plant mentioned several times, I once asked Luis Lucena about it and he responded that although he also remembers having heard the name mentioned, he does not know to what plant it refers. Silvestre Pantaleón was not familiar with this plant. While Inocencio Díaz stated this is a type of sakatl while Asención Marcelo stated that it was a xiwtli, i.e., herbaceous plant. \nct sakatl; xiwtli \ref 05114 \lxa itetsmiw sa:po \lxac itetsmiw sa:po \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan (part) sapo \psm N \der N-b \sem plant \sem edible \sea type of inedible herbaceous plant, one of two types of testmitl \ssa tipo de planta silvestre no comestible, uno de dos tipos de testmitl \xrb tetsmi \nct xiwtli \ref 07319 \lxa iti \lxac i:ti \lxo í:tí \lxoc í:tí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se belly (from the solar plexus below) \ss barriga (desde el plexo solar abajo) \sem body \xrb hti \nse This term has been documented only in possessed form (inalienable possession, with no possessed suffix); for this reason the stem form (without the absolutive, used in unpossessed constructions) has been considered the headword entry form. \nae The Ameyaltepec possessed form is niti. \ref 03617 \lxa i:tia \lxo i:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see oni:tia and tlai:tia \ssao véase oni:tia y tlai:tia \nae Like the intransitive verb i: from which the causative i:tia is derived, only forms with the "directional" marker on- or the nonspecific object marker tla- are documented. \ref 01093 \lxa -itik \lxac i:tik \lxo -ítík \lxoc í:tík \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \pa yes-lex \seao inside of \ssao dentro de \pna Tlaitik onkah. \pea There are some inside. \psa Hay adentro. \pna O:noka:w itik kahli. \pea It got left inside the house. \psa Se dejó adentro de la casa. \se (i:tik mona:ntsi:n) (vulg.) Screw your mother! \ss (i:tik mona:ntsi:n) (vulg.) Chinga a tu madre! \xrb hti \xrl -k(o) \qry Check /nitik/ as a body part and, if it exists, cf. to /niti/. \ref 00699 \lxa itika:kapa:ni \lxac itika:kapa:ni \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07993 \lxa itika:xiwi \lxac itika:xiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones stomach or midsection to sink in on \ssa sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga \pna O:titika:xiw, xkaman titlakwa. \pea Your stomach has sunken in, you never eat. \psa Se te sumió la barriga, nunca comes. \syna itipa:xiwi \syno ítiko:pa:xíwi \xrb hti \xrb ka:x \ref 03236 \lxa itika:xowa \lxac nitika:xowa \lxo ---- \dt 17/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; Compl \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to sink or pull in ones stomach or midsection \ssa (refl.) sumirse el estómago o barriga \pna Xmitika:xo! \pea Suck in your gut! \psa ¡Súmete la barriga! \syno ítiko:pa:xówa \xrb hti \xrb ka:x \ref 02071 \lxa itiko:koxo:nia \lxac kitiko:koxo:nia \lxo ítiko:koxó:nia \lxoc kítiko:koxó:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to massage the belly of (of a person who has a very sore stomach, e.g., from having taken a remedio) \ss dar masaje a la barriga de (de una persona a quien le duele el estómago, p. ej., por haberse tomado algún remedio) \pna Xne:chitiko:koxo:ni, ne:chkukwa niti. \pea Give my belly a massaje, it hurts! \psa ¡Dáme un masaje sobre la barriga, me duele! \xrb hti \xrb koxo: \qry I have only heard this word used in reduplicated form, with long vowel reduplication. Check for occurrence of /itikoxo:nia/. Also, I have not heard the intransitive form /iti(ko:)koxo:ni/. Check for its acceptability. I had this def. which has been removed 'particularly of a pregnant female to make sure that the fetus is properly placed' along with sb who has taken a remedio. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Reduplication: long vowel: Note how the lexicalized long vowel reduplication reflects the type of action that is engaged in, here repeated massage in a deliberate action to a specific spot. This might be one of the very few words where only a reduplicated form is found. Check. \ref 05668 \lxa itikoltotsiwi \lxac itikoltotsiwi \lxo ítikoltotsíwi \lxoc ítikoltotsíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have stomach cramps (particularly a feeling of ones stomach shrinking and tightening as one is unable to straighten up) \ssao tener calambres por el estómago (particularmente el sentido de que el estómago se le encoge a uno que queda doblado por el dolor) \sem disease \xrb hti \xrb koltots \encyctmp stomach ailments; disease \nse Both itikoltotsiwi and itiko:tsi:liwi refer to stomach cramps, but their senses are slightly different. The former relates to the verb koltotsiwi and inidcates a motion of coming together, shrinking, and tightening. The latter, related to the verb ko:tsi:liwi a twisting motion, in this case of the intestines. \qry Check for transitive. \rt Determine whether /koltots/ should be further divided. Offer extended commentary on meaning of /koltotsiwi/ in general. \ref 00357 \lxa itikoltotsiwilistli \lxac itikoltotsiwilistli \lxacpend itikoltotsiwilistli \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08654 \lxa itiko:tsi:liwi \lxac itiko:tsi:liwi \lxo ítiko:tsi:líwi \lxoc ítiko:tsi:líwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have stomach cramps or a stomach ache (related to the sense that ones intestines are twisting in knots, e.g., when one has diarrhea) \ssao tener calambres, retorcijones o fuertes dolores en el estómago (relacionado con el sentido de que se le entuercen los intestinos, p. ej., cuando a uno le da diarea) \sem body-disease \xrb hti \xrb ko:tsi:l \cfa itikoltotsiwi \dis koltotsiwi; ko:tsi:liwi; makakachiwi; pa:lakachiwi \qry Check to see if a transitive form exists. Check length of /i:/ of /-tsi:liwi/ as I have it recorded both long and short in different examples. \mod For onomasiological section include those words relating to twisting and shrinking, etc. /ko:tsi:liwi/, /koltotsiwi/, /malakachiwi/, /palachachiwi/, etc. \ref 00124 \lxa itiko:tsi:liwistli \lxac itiko:tsi:liwistli \lxo ítiko:tsi:liwístli \lxoc ítiko:tsi:liwístli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \seo stomach cramps \sso torceduras en el estómago \cfa ko:tsi:liwistli \xrb hti \xrb ko:tsi:l \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 07095 \lxa itikukwa \lxac kitikukwa \lxo ítihkokówa \lxoc kítihkokówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv irregular; cf. kukwa (Am) \pa yes-lex \se to give a stomach ache or upset stomach to \ss empachar; causarle un dolor de estómago a \pna Mitsitikoko:s tli:n tihkwatok. \pea What you are eating will give you a stomach ache. \psa Lo que estás comiendo te va a dar un dolor de estómago. \xrb hti \xrb kowa \xrl -k(o) \nae There is a slight aspiration [h] closing the second syllable of the Oapan form, at least in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino (though not so clear in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez). It might be that this reflects variation in the use of ítík and not ítí for the incorporated noun part of this compound. \qry Check other /iti/ compounds in Oapan for presence of /h/. If Oa has /k/ and Am doesn't, perhaps create two separate entries with equivao \pqry An analysis of this is important to demonstrate the variability in the sound [h] in /itih-/; the first male token seems to have a very light presence of /h/. Check with phonetician. It might even be that there are two verbs here /ítikókowa/ and /ítihkókowa/. This should be carefully checked. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05807 \lxa itikukwalaka \lxac itikukwalaka \lxo ítikwakwaláka \lxoa íti:kwaláka \lxoc ítikwakwaláka; íti:kwaláka \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se for one's stomach to growl \ss gruñirle el estómago \pna Nitikukwalaka, xkwahli tli:n o:nkwah. \pea My stomach growls, I ate something that was not good. \psa Me gruñe el estómago, comí algo que no estaba bien. \dis kukwalaka; totopoka (in regards to ones stomach growling) \encyctmp disease: bodily functions? \xrb hti \xrb kwala: \nae The pitch accent of Oapan ítikwakwaláka is not from the reduplicant (the reduplicants of frequentatives do not have coda {h}) but from the underlying {h} of {ihtitl}. The frequentative kwakwalaka is one of the few that manifest reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel, as occurs in the present compound in which the final short vowel of the incorporated noun stem íhti lengthens as a reflex of the mora of the reduplicant. It does not acquire pitch accent given that the reduplicant of frequentatives does not have a coda {h}. \qry Apparently the compound base for (/itikwala:ni/) does not exist. \pqry Check p-a pattern with a phonetician. Note how the first syllabe in /íti:kwaláka/ has a rising pitch and the second syllable a falling pitch. It seems that the first is the reflex of the underlying {h} closing the first syllable, {ih}. Check pattern again. \vl There are two pronunciations, there should be a female and male token for each. For the first pronunciation, /ítikwakwaláka/ link the first female and second male token. For the second pronunciation, /ítí:kwaláka/ link the 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04678 \lxa itikwitlatl \lxac itikwitlatl \lxo ítikwítlatl \lxoc ítikwítlatl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se meaty inside of certain fruits (such as watermelon, melon, etc., fruits that have an outside rind and an inside) \ss la carne o parte comestible dentro de ciertas frutas (como la sandía y melón, que tienen una cáscara dura) \sem body-plant \xrb hti \xrb kwitla \qry Check what other plants have their /itikwitlatl/. \ref 04689 \lxa itilia \lxac kitilia \lxo itilia \lxoc kitilia \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to see (sth) on or in the possession of (e.g., a missing object seen on or in the possession of sb); to notice about (a person, e.g., that a certain person has particular skills or has done a specific task) \ssao verle (algo) a (p. ej., verle o descubirle un objeto perdido o robado en la posesión de otra persona); fijarse en (algo) sobre (una persona, p. ej., que tiene una cierta habilidad o que ha hecho algo en particular) \pna O:nikte:itilih, a:man ke:n newa, yo:pe:w nimotlatlako:ltia, kipia para niwelis. \pea I've noticed it (in this case a certain ability) with others. Now it's my turn, I've started to make a strong effort, I'm bound to learn. \psa Lo he visto (en este caso una cierta habilidad) en otros. Ahora me toca a mí, he empezado a esforzarme, he de aprender. \pna O:nikitilih noperó:l. O:mpoloka, o:niki:xmat. \pea I saw him with my metal water container. I had lost it, I recognized it. \psa Le vi mi perol. Lo había perdido, lo reconocí. \pna San tikchi:wa ihkón pa:mpa o:tine:chitilih. \pea You just do it that way because you saw it (being done that way) by me. \psa Solamente así lo haces porque me lo viste así. \pna O:timitsitilih wa:n o:nikwelitak tli:n o:tike:kchi:w. ihkón nikchi:wili:s. \pea I saw it about you (in this case sth you made) and I liked what you made. I will do it the same way. \psa Te lo vi (en este caso algo que fabricaste) y me gustó lo que hiciste. Así mero le voy a hacer. \seao to see or take a look at (sth) for (i.e., the benefit of sb) \ssao verle (algo) a (algn y en su beneficio) \pna Kite:tlato:ltia ka:non kitilian. \pea He asks people where they saw it (sth of his, like an animal, personal property such as a tool, etc., that he is looking for). \psa Pregunta a la gente donde se lo vieron (algo que le pertenece, como un animal perdido, una herramienta, etc., que está buscando). \se to look at (sth) for (sb; with a directional: to go/come take a look at sth for sb) \ss examinar o echar una mirada a (algo) para (algn; con una direccional: ir/venir a ver algo para algn) \pna Xmotili:ti tla: tikneki! \pea Go take a look at it for yourself if you want! \psa ¡Ve a verlo para ti mismo si quieres! \pna Newa xnikaxilia. Tewa xn:echonitili! \pea I don't have time. You go take a look at it for me! \psa A mí no me alcanza el tiempo, ¡Tu ve a verlo para mí! \se to figure out (sth about sth); to solve a problem in regard to \ss descifrar (algo sobre algo); solucionarle (algo en referencia a algo o algn) \pna Xekitilia. Xki:sa. \pea He hasn't figured it out yet (i.e., the proper way to make something, to paint, etc.). It (what he does) doesn't turn out right. \psa Todavía no le ve la manera (p. ej., cómo pintar, hacer algo, etc.). No sale. \xrb ta \xvbao ita \mod Check and change all occurrences of /wa:n/ to /wan/ if a short vowel is definitely determine to exist here. \ref 00985 \lxa itipala:ni \lxac itipala:ni \lxo ítipalá:ni \lxoc ítipalá:ni \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to have the its inside rot (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.) \sso pudrirsele la parte interior a (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb pala: \mod Note that during the Yale session I recorded both /ítipalá:ni/ and /ítipalá:nki/. The second should be separated and given its own entry. \vl There are two different words recorded here. /ítipalá:ni/ should be tagged as 07016. However, the adjectival /ítipalá:nki/ should be given a new, later number as 7793. \ref 07016 \lxa itipala:nki \lxac itipala:nki \lxo ítipalá:nki \lxoc ítipalá:nki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \inc N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \pa yes-lex \seo to have a rotten inside (e.g., a fruit such as watermelon, cantaloupe, apple, red tomato, etc.) \sso tener la parte interior pudrido (una fruta como sandía, melón, manzana, jitomate, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb pala: \vl This word was originally recorded at 07016, spontaneously during the recording session. \ref 07793 \lxa itipa:tsmiki \lxac itipa:tsmiki \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-[S-V] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working) \ssa sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil) \syno íyo:míki \xrb hti \xrb pa:ts \xrb miki \nse To have a heavy stomach, particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work, or has difficulty working. Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/. \ref 04445 \lxa itipa:xiwi \lxac itipa:xiwi \lxo ----- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seo to have ones stomach or midsection sunken in \sso sumirsele a uno el estómago o barriga \syna itika:xiwi \syno ítiko:pa:xíwi \xrb hti \xrb ko:pa:x \ref 08230 \lxa itipa:xtik \lxac itipa:xtik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08493 \lxa itipi:tsmiki \lxac itipi:tsmiki \lxo ítipi:tsmíki \lxoc ítipi:tsmíki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-Mod-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to feel bad from having eaten or drunken in excess \sso sentirse mal del estómago por haber comido o bebido demasiado \xrb hti \xrb pi:ts \xrb miki \ref 06187 \lxa itiposa:wa \lxac kitiposa:wa \lxo ítiposá:wa \lxoc kítiposá:wa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to make the stomach of (sb) swell up or bloat \ss hacer que se le hinche la barriga a (algn) \pna Yewa xnihkwa:s, niman ne:chitiposa:wa. \pea I'm not going to eat that, it makes my stomach swell up right away. \psa No me voy a comer ese, luego luego hace que se me hinche el estómago. \xrb hti \xrb posa: \qry Check for intransitive form and enter when obtained. Also search for other meanings/referents of this word. \ref 03482 \lxa itipo:te:tia \lxac itipo:te:tia \lxacpend \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08670 \lxa itipoti:xa \lxac itipoti:xa \lxo ---- \dt 29/Mar/2003 \loan botija (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal) \ss ser panzón; tener con una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal) \pna Cho titipoti:xatsi:n \pea You have a pretty swollen (pot) belly. \psa Eres algo de un barrigón. \se to have a large bulbous middles (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs) \ss tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma) \syno ítipó:xatík \xrb hti \nse Can refer to a person or animal, a pregnant woman, or vases and other such items with a big round center, although in regard to people it usually refers to someone with a big belly, usually because of illnes, particularly malnutrition. However, it may be extented to include other causes, e.g. pregnancy. This is used to refer to a person who is not necessarily fat, but who has a big belly. That is, he may have thin arms, legs, neck, etc. but the belly is inflated. Often this is used to refer to children who because of malnutrition have swollen bellies, or to people (e.g. beer drinkers) who have pot-bellies. \qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check. \ref 07586 \lxa itipoti:xatia \lxac itipoti:xatia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \loan (part) botija (?) \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Op. infix te-; ititepoti:xatia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, pregnancy, illness, etc.) \ssao quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, un embarazo, enfermedad, etc.) \pna O:itipoti:xatiak. Saniman o:pi:tso:t. \pea He (in this case a child, although also applicable to an animal) got a swollen belly. He was affected (became sickly) by the birth of a younger sibling. \psa A él (en este caso un niño, aunque también puede referirse a un animal) se le hinchó la barriga. Se enfermó por el nacimiento de un hermano menor (esto es, tuvo chípil). \pna Yo:itipoti:xatiak, o:stli. \pea Her belly has swollen up, she's pregnant. \psa Se le hinchó la barriga, está embarazada. \syno ítipó:xatiá \xrb hti \qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference. \pqry Recheck vowel length for Am form here. \ref 07587 \lxa itipo:xatia \lxac itipo:xatia \lxo ítipó:xatiá \lxop itipo:xatia \lxoc ítipó:xatiá \dt 10/Dec/2003 \loan (part) bolsa (?) \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seao to get a swollen belly (from any of a variety of causes: eating, illness, etc.) \ssao quedar panzón; hincharsele la barriga a (por cualquier de una variedad de causas: comer demasiado, enfermedad, etc.) \syna itipoti:xatia \xrb hti \qry Investigate etymology. Determine whether this entry should be separated into two. If not, xreference. \ref 00953 \lxa itipo:xatik \lxac itipo:xatik \lxo ítipó:xatík \lxoc ítipó:xatík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan bolsa (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \pa yes-lex \seo to have a big, swollen or inflated belly; pot-bellied (a person or animal) \sso ser panzón; tener una gran y hinchada barriga; tener panza de músico (una persona o animal) \seo to have a large bulbous middle (e.g., ceramic vases, water containers, large jugs) \sso tener una parte en medio muy bulbosa (p. ej., cerámica, jarrones, tinajas o cualquier recipiente con esta forma) \syna itipoti:xa \xrb hti \nae Oapan ítipó:xatík is semantically equivalent to Ameyaltepec itipoti:xah, mirroring the general alternation between Ameyaltepec poti:xah and Oapan pó:xatí. \qry The etymology of this should be checked, apparently the root /poti:xa/ does not exist in other dialects. It is also unclear whether this should be classified as noun or adjective. Check length of /o/. Also, L. Lucena gave form with final /h/; check to see if there is a final /h/ or whether it is a glottal stop. Possibly both forms exist. The presence of /te-/ is not documented directly from /itipoti:xah/ but for the intransitive verbal /iti(te)poti:xatia/. Check. \ref 02578 \lxa ititia \lxac ne:chichitia, mitsitsitia, kititia \lxo ititia \lxoc kititia \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \infv Irregular: ne:chichitia, mitsitsitia, kititia, te:chichitia, me:chichitia, kimititia \se to show (sth) to; to demonstrate (sth) to; to teach (e.g., sb how to do sth in particular) \ss enseñarle (algo) a; mostrarle (algo) a; enseñar (algo) a (p.ej., como hacer alguna cosa en particular) \pna Timistlaititi:s. \pea I will show you (teach you) something. \psa Te voy a mostrar (enseñar) algo. \xrb ta \xvbao ita \nae In Ameyaltepec at least (Oapan Nahuatl still needs to be checked in this regard) the first consonant of ititia changes to the fricative of the object prefix: ne:chichitia, mitsitsitia, kititia, etc. \ref 05422 \lxa itiwe:iya \lxac itiwe:iya \lxo ítiwe:íya \lxoc ítiwe:íya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones belly to swell (e.g,. from illness, pregnancy, etc.) \sso hincharsele la barriga a (algn que está enfermo, estar embarazada, etc.) \xrb hti \xrb we:i \ref 07059 \lxa itiye:kchi:wa \lxac kitiye:kchi:wa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08206 \lxa itiyo:hli \lxac i:tiyo:l \lxo ítiyó:hli \lxoc í:tiyó:l \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se budding point of the corn plant (and certain other plants), from the last leaf up \ss punto o botón de la planta del maíz (y ciertas otras plantas), desde la última hoja hacia arriba \seo seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc. \sso semillas que están dentro de una fruta, chile, etc. \se stamen (of any flower) \ss estambre (de cualquier flor) \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \ono mi:hli \nse The sense of 'seeds that are inside of a fruit, chile, etc.' was offered by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. It is not clear whether the other two senses are also applicable in Oapan. In this village í:tiyó:l is used to refer to the seeds while they are inside (as seeds found inside a fresh green chile that is being nibbled on). Once they are outside the fruit they are simply referred to as i:yo:l. Thus the first nominal stem refers to the location of the second nominal, yo:hli. \qry Etymology uncertain, check for presence of {h} (as in /ihtiyo:l/) in neighbouring dialects. Apparently only occurs in possessed 3rd person form; check. Check to see if equivalent to /itiyo:ltsi:n/, if so, combine entries. Check the pitch-accent pattern. \pqry Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note that the pitch on the first syllable is noticeably higher than that on the second syllable. The question is whether in words that are underlying {VhCVCV:C) the pitch pattern is always like this, with high and pronounced high pitch on the first syllable and a lower high pitch on the final one. Check. \ref 05117 \lxa itiyo:lkopi:na \lxac kitiyo:lkopi:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08006 \lxa itiyo:lkwa \lxac kitiyo:lkwa \lxo ítiyó:lkwa \lxoc kítiyó:lkwa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \pa yes-lex \seo to eat the center of the maize stalks (e.g., worms or insects [S], when the milpa is still young, perhaps a foot or so high in August) \sso comer el centro de las plantas de maíz (p. ej., gusanos o insectos [S], cuando la milpa es todavía joven, quizá medio metro, en agosto) \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \xrb kwa \ref 06168 \lxa itiyo:ltsi:n \lxac itiyo:ltsi:n \lxo í:tiyó:ltsi:n \lxoc í:tiyó:ltsi:n \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao the pistil and stamen of a flower, the part that turns into seed \ssao el pistilo y "estamen" de la flor, la parte que se convierte en semilla \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlah, wa:n wa:ki. \pea Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que después se seca. \xrb hti \xrb yo:l \ono xiwtli \nse In Oapan ítiyó:ltsi:n refers to the part of corn plant that is in the center as it grows up. \qry Check actual translation, i.e. whether this refers to the pistil and stamen, or perhaps only to the ovary of the flower. Cf. to /itiyo:l/, probably the same and the entries should be combined. \mod Determine meaning of /xiwtli/, whether meaning is plant or weed. \ref 00915 \lxa itki \lxac kitki \lxo ihti \lxoc kihti \dt 09/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to carry away (sth in ones hands, on ones shoulders, etc.) \ss llevar (algo en la mano, sobre los hombros, etc.) \xrb tki \xvcao tlatkitia \nse This is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and apparently only as a "borrowing" from other villages. The common term with this significance is wi:ka. \nae In Oapan the 3rd-person object prefix k- is usually dropped after an overt subject prefix. Thus nihtis 'I will carry it.' Orthographically this is represented as n'ihtis. See discussion under ilka:wa. \qry I have added this Amyeltepec entry from memory; check. The Oapan term is documented. \ref 01871 \lxa itkitia \lxo itkitia \dt 11/Jan/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se see tlatkitia \ss véase tlatkitia \xrb tki \xvba itki \xvbo ihti \xv2ao tlatkitia \qry I have no record of this word without the /tla-/ prefix. Check. \ref 01877 \lxa i:to:nia \lxac ni:to:nia \lxo i:to:nia \lxoc ni:to:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl; +Caus \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sweat \ss (refl.) sudar \pna Yo:pe:w nimi:to:nia, mlá:k to:na. \pea I've started to sweat, it's really hot. \psa Ya empecé a sudar, hace mucho calor. \sea (trans.) to sweat on; to get sweat on \ssa (trans.) sudar sobre; echar sudor sobre \pna Yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n, yo:a:lachiw. \pea You sweated on your clothes, they got slimy (i.e., from the sweat). \psa Sudaste sobre tu ropa, se hizo fea y pegagosa (esto es, del sudor). \sem functions \xrb i:to:ni \xvca i:to:niltia \nae In Ameyaltepec I have only once heard this verb used transitively, and this was not in normal conversation. It may, indeed, not be correct; it certainly is not common. In Oapan the transitive use as in Ameyaltepec yo:tikii:to:nih motlake:n is apparently not found, one would instead say né:chasí mi:to:nil (and not *ne:chi:to:nia). Note also that in Oapan i:to:nia can be used transitively: ne:chi:to:nia a:to:hli 'Atole makes me sweat.' In Ameyaltepec a transitive form is used, e.g., ne:chi:to:niltia. Thus in both dialects one can use i:to:nia transitively. In Oapan the transitive means 'to make (sb) sweat' whereas in Ameyaltepec the rarely used transitive syntax is 'to sweat on.' However, all this should be rechecked. \rt Etymology uncertain, perhaps related to the verb /i:/. \grm This is an interesting case in which causative form does not increase valency, but instead changes the relation of agent to patient from co-referencial to non-co-referential. \ref 05178 \lxa i:to:ni:hli \lxac i:to:ni:hli \lxo i:to:ni:hli \lxoc i:to:ni:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Aln \se sweat \ss sudor \xrb i:to:ni \sem functions \qry Check length of final /i/ as for noun I have recorded it long, but in the derived verb /i:to:nilwia/ I had it originally short. Check what else, besides humans, have /i:to:ni:l/. \ref 02942 \lxa i:to:niltia \lxac ki:to:niltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran from reflexive \infv class-2a \se to make sweat \ss hacer sudar \syno i:to:nia \xrb i:to:ni \xvba i:to:nia \nae The documentation so far indicates that whereas in Ameyaltepec i:to:nia is only used reflexively and the transitive meaning requires a causative morphology, in Oapan the base verb /i:to:nia/ is used both reflexively (ni:to:nia) and transitively (ki:to:nia), with the transitive meaning 'to make sweat.' \ref 05229 \lxa i:to:ni:lwia \lxac ki:to:ni:lwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to cover with sweat; to sweat on \ssa empapar con sudor; sudor sobre \pna Yo:tiki:to:ni:lwih motlake:n. \pea You've gotten your clothes sweaty (i.e., from working hard, from wearing them a long time, etc.). \psa Empapaste tu ropa con sudor (por trabajar mucho, por tenerla puesta mucho tiempo, etc.). \cfao i:to:nia \xrb i:to:ni \qry Check difference between /ki:to:ni:lwia/ and /ki:to:nia/. Perhaps the latter is in error. \vl Check length of /i:/. In my original notes I have it recorded long in the nominal form /i:to:ni:hli/ but short in the verbal form /i:to:nilwia/. Probably one of the two is in error. \ref 01067 \lxa ito:tia \lxac nito:tia \lxo ító:tia \lxoc nító:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to dance \ssao (refl.) bailar \pno Nító:tia kumbiah. \peo He dances the cumbia. \pso Baila la cumbia. \seo to spin (a top [O]) \sso hacer girar (un trompo) \xrb hto:ti \nse Ito:tia is used almost exclusively in the reflexive as a middle construction signifying that the action is a one-person event (i.e., the subject in effect "makes" himself or herself dance). However, in Ameyaltepec I have heard it used, though very rarely, with a specific 3rd-person object that refers to the type of dance being performed (e.g., a cumbia). Finally, I have heard it used when the object is the item (e.g., a little doll during the dancing that takes in weddings in Oapan) that is physically being "danced around" (i.e., carried in the upraised arms of an elder woman dancer). Classical Nahuatl has ito:tia as a causative. Thus Molina glosses itotia. nite 'hacer bailer a alguien.' The validity of this argument structure is evidenced by Ameyaltepec te:ito:tike:tl 'dance master,' literally 'one who makes people dance.' \ref 03307 \lxa ito:toltew \lxac ito:toltew pio:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea design of woven palm in the shape of a chicken egg, made on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, que parece como el huevo de gallina, para Domingo de Ramos \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili ito:toltew pio:tsi:n! Na:nkah noso:ya:w! \pea Weave me palm in the form of a chicken egg! Here is my palm! \psa ¡Téjeme palma en la forma de un huevo de gallina! ¡Aquí está mi palma! \xrb to:tol \xrb te \ono so:ya:tl \ref 04550 \lxa itowa \lxac kitowa \lxo ítowá \lxop itowa \lxoc kítowá; ni:ítowá \dt 09/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv 3sgO-deletion; class 2b \pa yes-lex \se to say (a particular word) \ss decir (una palabra en particular) \pna O:kitoh "a:man" ma:ka "a:xkan"! \pea He said "a:man not "a:xkan!" \psa Dijo "a:man not "a:xkan!" \pna Xtlah o:nikitoh. \pea I didn't say anything. \psa No dije nada. \seao (~ + [sentential complement]) to say that [sentential complement] \ssao (~ + [complemento sentencial]) decir que [complemento sentencial] \pna O:kitoh mo:stla wa:hla:s ikone:w. \pea He said that his child would come tomorrow. \psa Dijo que su hijo iba a venir mañana. \se to decide or arrange (e.g., that sth should be done); to give the word that \ss decidir o arreglar (p. ej., que algo se debe hacer); dar la palabra para que \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas. Newa ne:chkakin. \pea I will arrange it so that you take someone's place. They listen to me. \psa Yo me las arreglaré para que remplaces a alguien. A mí me escuchan. \se (refl.) to talk about oneself (e.g., of sth one has done) \ss (refl.) hablar de si mismo (p. ej., de algo que ha hecho) \se (with directional prefix) to send word \ss (con prefijo direccional) mandar decir \pna Ihkón, ke:n otikonitoh. \pea In that way, just like you had sent word. \psa De esa manera, como lo mandaste decir. \pna O:nikonitoh se: tlato:hli, o:me tlato:hli. O:nikonitoh ipan ka:rtah. \pea I sent a word or two. I sent word about it in a letter. \psa Mandé decir una o dos palabras. Lo mandé decir en una carta. \sem communicate \xrb hto \xv1a tlatowa \xv1o tlátowá \cfa kitowa \nae In Oapan with 1st- and 2nd-person subject prefixes the overt manifestation of a 3rd-person object pronoun is lost: ní'itowá, tí'itowá, etc. Note that the reflexive is nótó:s. If there is a lengthening of the /i/ in forms such as nítowá, this is probably because of the pitch accent and lengthening to compensate for a drop at the end of the first syllable. Orthographically these forms are written as ni'ítowá. For a discussion, see the entry under ilka:wa. \vl Note that in the next recording session record as minimal pair: /ní:towá/ 'I say it' and /nítowá/ 'it is said.' \grm In /itowa/ one can find /tlatlatowa/ and /tla:tlatowa/. It will be important to determine how many words allow this type of reduplication. Also, it will be important to determine whether in such cases the /tla-/ for should be considered and thus be given a separate entry. Note also how certain verbs of saying/hearing seem to use the long vowel reduplication in a negative sense: /ka:kaki:tia/, /tla:tlatowa/, etc. Make sure that the negative implication is part of the meaning of these reduplicative forms. It seems, moreover, that with /itowa/ and /kaki/ the long vowel reduplication takes place on the stem when there is a specific object (/ki:itowa/) but on the prefix /tla-/ when that is used: /tla:tlatowa/. This may, however, be related to the fact that the /i/ is lost. Cf. /kwa/ where one has, apparently, /tla:tlakwa/ and /tlakwa:kwa/. Check the difference among these. \grmx Oapan phonology: In Oapan with 1st and 2nd person subjects the overt manifestation of the object is lost and the resulting double vowel /ii/ is usually realized as a single lengthened vowel (with high pitch given the presence of {h} at the beginning of the verb stem. Thus one finds ní:towá, tí:towá, etc. Consultants in Oapan agreed that there is a difference between forms such as ní:tó:s 'I will say it' and nító:s 'it will be said (e.g., during a village meeting).' The first vowel seemed short in the second form and the final stress much more pronounced. \ref 01251 \lxa itlah \lxaa tlah \lxac itlah \lxo itlah \lxoc itlah \dt 03/Jul/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se (or itlah tli:non) something \ss (o itlah tli:non) algo; una cosa \pna Itlah mitsihlia? \pea Is he saying something to you? \psa ¿Te ha dicho algo? \pna Xok itlah. \pea There is none left anymore. \psa Ya no hay. \pna Xok itlah katkah. \pea There wasn't any more. \psa Ya no había nada. \pna Itlah tli:non mitsamana? \pea Is something bothering you? \psa ¿Te molesta una cosa (algo)? \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \pna Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iokich. \pea Don't say anything to her (i.e., in trying to court her), she has a husband. \psa No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene esposo. \pna San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. \pea You just go back and forth time and time again (i.e., leaving the house and then returning several times), there is always something that you have forgotten. \psa Nada más sales y regresas una y otra vez (esto es, dejando y después regresando a casa), siempre hay algo que se te olvida. \seao (Neg.: xtlah or xitlah) nothing \ssao (Neg.: xtlah o xitlah) nada \pna Xtlah noka:wa. \pea There's nothing left. \psa No queda nada. \pna A:mantsi:n xitlah. \pea Right now there isn't any. \psa Ahorita, no hay nada. \pna Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, melá:h yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was. \pea I've gotten woozy, I've really gotten a fever, I no longer think of doing anything. \psa Ya me puse atarantado, me dio mucha fiebre, ya no pienso en hacer nada. \se (xtlah para) to be no used for (not good for) anything \ss (xtlah para) no servir para nada \pna Wetskiswa:xin, tla:ki kware:smah, febre:roh. Wel nokwa. Pipitsa:wak ikowyo, xtlah para. \pea The wetskiswa:xin, it bears fruit during the dry season, in February. It (the fruit) is edible. It's wood (trunk and branches) is thin, it's not used for anything. \psa El wetskiswa:xin, rinde su fruta en la temporada de secas, en febrero. Es (su fruta) comestible. Su madera es muy delgada, no sirve para nada. \se (xtlah tli:non) see itlah tli:non \ss (xtlah tli:non) véase itlah tli:non \cfa ke:tla \cfa xokitlah \cfo xokwitlah \xrb itlah \nse A times the simple use of itlah has a "negative" implication or sense, as in itlah mitsihlia? 'has he said something to you?' in the sense of something said which might well have been unpleasant. Similar use is found in both English and Spanish "Did he say anything to you?" or "Te dijo algo?" Finally, note that the difference (if there is one) between xtlah and xitlah is unclear and needs further investigation; the former is much more common \nae In one phrase noted above tlah was definitely uttered. This was clear in the speech of Honorio de la Rosa although his father, Juan de la Rosa, did not drop the initial /i/. It did not seem that Don Juan's utterance was careful speech but, rather, that it was the age difference that may have been significant in the distinct speech pattern. \qry Determine difference between /xtlah/ and /xitlah/ as in /xtlah noka:wa/ and /xitlah noka:wa/. Perhaps /xok itlah/ is a single word; cf. syllable division: xo.kí.tlah. Note that although /xitlah/ is occassionally used much, much more common is /xtlah/; the former might be emphatic; check. \ref 01119 \lxa itlah \lxaa tlah \lxac kikwa:s itlah \lxo itlah \lxoa tlah; itlan \lxoc itlah, itlan \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se something \ss algo \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka tlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \cfa xtlah \xrb itlah \vl The first (or 3) male tokens is /itlan/. Please link this one. \ref 05255 \lxa itlah tli:non \lxac itlah tli:non \lxo ítla tlí:non \lxop itlah tli:non \lxoc ítla tlí:non \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes-lex \se something \ss algo \pna Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:non, wa:n xmelá:k. \pea He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other (e.g., the sound of a moving animal) and it's not really there. \psa Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo (p. ej., un animal corriendo) y no es de a de veras. \seao (xtlah tli:non) You're welcome! \ssao (xtlah tli:non) ¡De nada! \xrb itlah \xrb tli:n \nae Note that in practical orthography, in which pitch accent from underlying {h} is not marked, the lexical entry ítla tlí:non is written itlah tli:non. \qry Determine pitch accent of Oa /xtlah tli:non/. \ref 01779 \lxa itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxac itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \se see kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli \ss véase kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli \equivo tsi:nxolo:xtik kwetli \nse The headword phrase is a relative clause referring to a type of dress in which cut fabric is used. Literally it means 'at its half is something cut.' \pqry Note aspiration (check) of /k/ in /tlatektli/. Analyze acoustically. \ref 03832 \lxa itlakowa \lxac kitlakowa \lxo ítlakówa \lxoc kítlakówa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to damage or ruin \ss dañar o arruinar \pna O:tikonitlakotiwets moa:maw. \pea You suddenly upped and ruined your paper (by bending it, spilling something on it, etc.). \psa De repente saliste echando a perder tu papel (al doblarlo, tirar un líquido sobre ello, etc.) \pna O:kitlakokeh tamahli itik ko:ntli, noka:wa ke:n tixtli. \pea They ruined the tamals (that were being cooked) inside the pot, they've turned into dough. \psa Echaron a perder los tamales (que se cocían) dentro de la olla, se volvieron masa. \se to take apart or dismantle (sth put together like a machine, house, etc.) \ss desarmar o desbaratar (algo armado o hecho como una casa, un puesto para vender, etc.) \se to break (in the sense of "to make useless," such as a machine or sth that "works") \ss hacer que no funcione; romper (una máquina, etc.) \xrb htlaka \xv1a tlatlakowa \xv1o tlátlakówa \qry Check full usage of /itlakowa/. \grm Note the irregular cognate forms: /-awi/ and /owa/. \ref 03242 \lxa itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl \lxac itlatlaxkal kuwsa:watl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N- \aff rdp-s- \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea fungus that grows on trees \ssa hongo que crece sobre árboles \pna Ma:s san ipan tli:n kuwtli wel ki:sa itlatlaxkal. \pea A fungus can grow on any type of tree. \psa Un hongo puede crecer sobre cualquier árbol. \xrb xka \cpl The reduplicated noun tlatlaxkahli signifies a type of fungus that grows on trees, particularly parts that are rotted, such as the stump. It is distinct from the kuhsa:wananakatl in that the latter is edible and is found mostly on the kuhsa:watl tree. Finally, note that when possessed tlatlaxkahli does not manifest the -yo suffix of "inalienable" possession. \ref 07407 \lxa itla:wi:l ara:doh \lxac itla:wi:l ara:doh \lxo a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l \lxop a:ra:doh i:tla:wi:l \lxoc a:rá:do i:tlá:wi:l \dt 10/Apr/2003 \loan arado \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se Sirius (lit., 'the light of ara:doh) \ss sirius (lit., 'la luz de ara:doh) \sem heavens \fl tla:wi:hli \encyctmp si:tlalin \nse Besides the Morning Star (atole:roh), this is the only star that I have documented that has a specific name. \qry Check speeling of /atole:roh/ for link. \pqry Check vowel length in Am form; recheck with phonetician length of initial /a:/ in Oapan form. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05032 \lxa -itskwin \lxac i:tskwin \lxo -itskwin \lxocpend \lxocpend itskwintli \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln \se dog \ss perro \xrb tskwin \nse Itskwintli is most often found in possessed form; for reference to an "unpossessed" dog the term chichi is most often used. \ref 07485 \lxa itskwin tio:pixki \lxacpend itskwin tio:pixki \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \infn N1 \seo type of small, fuzzy red insect that appears on the ground immediately after the first rains \sso tipo de velloso insecto rojo que aparece por la tierra inmediatamente después de las primeras lluvias \equivo angeli:toh \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tio: \xrb piya \nse Apparently this is different from the small bug known in Oapan as tiopixka:tsi:ntli. \ref 08792 \lxa itskwintli \lxacpend itskwin \lxo itskwintli \lxocpend i:tskwin \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \seao (usually possessed) dog \ssao (generalmente poseído) perro \xrb tskwin \ref 08804 \lxa itsmoli:ni \lxac itsmoli:ni \lxo itsmoli:ni \lxoc itsmoli:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for the tip of a bush or tree to send off a young shoot; to become green (a tree as it starts to send off shoots during the early rainy season) \ss brotar la puntita de un arbusto o árbol; reverdecer; retoñar \xrb tsmoli: \nse The word itsmoli:ni is used to refer to the emergence of shoots on branches of trees and bushes. But it is not used to refer to the sprouting of seeds planted in the ground, for which ixwa is employed. \qry Check for possible transitive form /itsmoli:nia/ or /itsmoli:naltia/??? Classical seems to have the latter; cf. entry under /tlatsmoli:nahlo/. \ref 05404 \lxa itso:mia \lxac nitso:mia \lxo ítso:míya \lxoc nítso:míya \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/+Nonspec \infv class-2a; refl. timitso:mia; nonspec. tlatso:mia \pa yes-lex \se to blow the nose of \ss sonar las narices de \xrb htso:mi \xv1a tlatso:mia \xv1o tlátso:míya \nse Used reflexively itso:mia refers to action of blowing one's nose by holding it between one's fingers and blowing the mucous out, letting it drip to the ground. At least in Oapan the transitive form is acceptable (e.g., kítsomíya), as when one blows the nose of ones child (in the manner indicated by this verb). \nae The maintenance of the initial /i/ after the /o/-final reflexive markers suggests that the /i/ is not epenthetic, though an initial /hC/ sequence is usually preceded by an epenthetic /i/. However, the loss of /i/ before the nonnspecific complement tla- is consistent with epenthesis (cf., tlatso:mia). The ambiguity of the status of the initial /i/ is also noted by FK. \sj itsomiya; check for /h/. \qry Note sequence /htso(:)/ and cf. to word for nose: /yekahtsol/ although the similarity is undoubtedly coincidental (but the presence of /h/ in /yekahtsol/ is problematic. \ref 00202 \lxa itsontekon lamatsi:n \lxac itsontekon lamatsi:n \lxo i:tsontekon lámatsí:n \lxocpend i:tsontekon lámatsí:n \lxt i:tsontekon lamahtsi:n \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \pa yes-lex \se cactus (family Cactaceae) with large round 'head' close to the ground, still not definitively identified but in local Spanish called rodilla de vieja. \ss cactus biznaga (de la familia Cactaceae) con una cabeza grande pegada al suelo, llamado en el español regional rodilla de vieja(o) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tioko:ni \xrb tson \xrb tekom \xrb lamah \nae Florencia Marcelina gave the name of cactus as tio:koni but Silvestre Pantaleón mentioned that he knew this as i:tsontekon lámatsí:n. Nevertheless he later stated that he had heard people talk of eating tio:koni during the Revolution. \cpl In local Spanish of Iguala this is known as "rodilla de vieja." Bravo (1932), identifies this as Corphanta Bumamma with the following description: "Plantas depreso globosas, de 15 cm. de diámetro, provistas de tubérculos grandes que llevan abundante lana en sus axilas; espinas de 6-8, subuladas, recurvadas, de color blanco grisáceo y con el tiempo morenas; de 2-5 cm. de longitud; flores grandes de color amarillo. E. fruto es una baya de color fojizo que mide 4.5 cm. de longitud por 1 cm. de diámetro, y provista de 2 pequeñas escamas; semillas de color café claro, de superficie lisa y brillante y de 3-4 mm. de longitud, estas plantas se conocen en esa región con el nombre de 'rodilla de vieja'". It is still not clear in the native classificatory system whether itsontekon lamatsi:n is included among the to:motli, the generic word for cacti. \nct to:motli \ref 07740 \lxa iwiá:n \lxac iwiá:n \lxo iwiyá:n \lxoc iwiyá:n \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \infv pl. iwia:meh \se to be sharp, clever, or intelligent \ss ser listo, abusado o inteligente \pna Xtiwia:meh. \pea We're not sharp. \psa No somos listos. \pna Iwiá:n nokone:w. \pea My kid's dumb. \psa Mi hijo es menso. \pna Melá iwiá:n, sana:man weli. \pea He is really sharp, he learns right away. \psa De veras es muy listo (dotado), aprende luego luego. \se to be well advanced (a cornfield that is growing) \ss estar avanzado (una milpa al crecer) \pna Ye iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l. \pea My cornfield is taking off (i.e. its grown up, its pretty high). \psa Va bien mi milpa (ya creció, ya está alta). \pna Xe iwia:ntsi:n nomi:l, selik. \pea My cornfield is not yet advanced, it is still young. \psa Todavía no está avanzada mi milpa, está verde. \xrb iwia:n \qry Etymology uncertain; check. Also check length of initial vowel and categorization. \ref 01004 \lxa i:wia:ntik \lxac i:wia:ntik \lxo í:wiá:ntik \lxoc í:wiá:ntik \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-ap \se to be sharp, clever, intelligent \ss ser listo, abusado, inteligente \pna Xni:wia:ntik. \pea I'm not sharp. \psa No soy listo. \pna I:wia:ntik, lije:roh kichi:wtiwetsi itlah tli:non. \pea He's sharp, he does anything right away. \psa Es listo, luego luego hace cualquier cosa. \pna Xi:wia:ntik un tla:katl, xtlah weli. \pea That man is not sharp, he can't do anything. \psa Ese hombre no es abusado, no puede hacer nada. \xrb i:wia:n \nae The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical iuian, which Molina glosses as 'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf. iuianyo 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and although he is not entirely consistent, it seems reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop) anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}. This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to document at present given the lack of established criteria for determining length before and after glides. \qry Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check. \pqry Re: /í:wiá:ntik/ and /í:wiá:ntilia/. The etymology of this word is unclear, but it would seemingly be related to words like Classical iuian, which Molina glosses as 'mansamente, o con tiento'; cf. iuianyo 'persona cuerda, atentada y reposada.' Carochi has this word listed several times (cf. Lockhart, pp. 400, 438) and although he is not entirely consistent, it seems reasonable to posit an initial long /i:/ and a long /a:/. However, there is no evidence of an underlying 'saltillo' (glottal stop) anywhere; if this is the case then the only origin for pitch accent in Oapan would be reduplication. The underlying Oapan form, therefore, would be {ih + i:wia:n + tik}. This seems possible. Evidence from other dialects, such as San Juan Tetelcingo, might confirm the reduplication although it should be kept in mind that villages might well vary in the presence or absence of a reduplicant. Finally, note that the length of the second /i/ is apparently short, but this is hard to document at present given the lack of established criteria for determining length before and after glides. \sj Check for presence of /h/. The motive for Oapan pitch accent is unclear. \ref 04510 \lxa i:wia:ntilia \lxaa ni:wia:ntilia \lxac noi:wia:ntilia \lxo í:wia:ntília \lxoc ní:wia:ntília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to get it together (in terms of getting a job done, picking up sth that one is being taught) \ss ponerse listo o abusado (en cuanto a cumplir con una tarea o captar bien lo que se le enseña) \pna Xomoi:wia:ntili! Xmotla:tlasiwi:ti! \pea Get it together! Get a move on! \psa ¡Ponte listo! ¡Apúrate! \xrb i:wia:n \qry Note that the verb here refers to the action of "getting smart", i.e. "ponerse listo". Check to see if the derived form /iwia:nti/ exists; and also if the verb /iwia:ntilia/ is used only in reflexive. \pqry Etymology uncertain; check. Check length of initial vowel. I originally had a short /i/, but Oapan evidence suggests a long one. Nevertheless, check. \ref 01976 \lxa iwí:n \lxac iwí:n \lxo yó yí:n \lxoa yó yí:h \lxoc yó yí:h \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Pr/Adj(dem) \com Dem-Dem \der Pr/Adj-dem \se (~ [noun]) this here [noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) este [sustantivo] aquí \pna Tose:panya:ntsi:n ma tikoni:ka:n iwí:n tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli! \pea Just us together let us partake of this (alcoholic) drink! \psa ¡Juntos solo nosotros vamos a compartir esta bebida (alcohólica)! \xrb in \xrb i:n \nse A plural Ameyaltepec form i:nwí:n 'these here chi:ka:lin' has been documented (Inocencio Díaz text on chi:ka:lin 3:02) and the vowel here seems to be acoustically long, which would be understandable if the initial element of these demonstratives is, or has been (re)analyzed, as a pronominal possessor prefix. More study needs to be conducted, for now the initial vowel in both singular and plural has been analyzed as phonologically short. \nae The pronounciation of the Oapan form seems to vary between yó ií:h and yó yí:h. Measurements of Ameyaltepec pronunciation in general seem to show a short initial vowel and long second vowel. Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with iún whereas the Oapan form contrasts with yo ón. Finally, note that the entire question of the length of /i/ in i:n needs to be resolved in a definitive way; it is still unclear. At times it seems as if used pronominally the /i:/ is long, whereas used adjectivally it is short, /i/. Nevertheless, this is only a preliminary observation. \qry Recheck the correctness of /iwi:n/ as a demonstrative adjective. The above sentence was taken from my corpus, but perhaps /in tlatlako:la:tsi:ntli/ would be more appropriate. Check! \ref 01854 \lxa iwí:n \lxaa yewí:n \lxac nihkwis yewí:n \lxo yó í:n \lxoa yó yí:n \lxop yo i:n \lxoc yó í:n \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Pr(dem) \der Pr-dem \se this one here; this very one \ss este mismo; este que está aquí \pna Xtla:li iwí:n na:nkah ye:rbah bwe:nah para we:lias tlakwahli! \pea Put this here mint in so that the food gets more tasty! \psa ¡Échale esta yerba buena para que la comida agarre sabor! \pna Iwí:n, i:n na:nkah! \pea This very one, this one here! \psa ¡Este mismo, este que está aquí! \pna Iwí:n nihkwis. \pea I will take this one here. \psa Voy a tomar este que está aquí. \xrb i:n \nae The Oapan form yó í:n is written as two words. It apparently comprises the shortened form of the independent pronoun and the demonstrative i:n. The etymological derivation of Ameyaltepec iwí:n is not completely clear, but perhaps is simply what in Classical was inin. \qry Check final vowel length. The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check the possibility of phrases such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check. The question is whether there is a particle /in/, basically a demonstrative adjective that is the counterpart of /un/. Check whether there is a difference in the /i(:)n/ in phrases such as /nikmakas in tlaxkahli/ and /nihkwa:s i:n/. Or, should the latter be /nihkwa:s iwi:n/ or /nihkwa:s iún/. Can one say /nikwi:kas i:n/? Check carefully /in/ and /i:n/ as demonstrative adjectve and pronoun, respectively. Also check /un/ and, perhaps /u:n/, to determine if there is also a minimal pair. Perhaps simply one finds /iwí:n/ and /iún/. This should be checked. I have distinguished between /in/ and /i:n/ based on my memory of Nahuatl, but this should be checked. My examples with /in/ are all from documented speech, although I have standardized the phonology of /in/. However, this present example, /Nikwi:kas i:n/ was produced from memory and my understanding of Nahuatl. It might be in error and perhaps /Nikwi:kas iwí:n/ is the correct form. Check. \ref 05223 \lxa iwitl \lxac iwitl \lxo yówítl \lxoc yówítl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrins \pa yes-lex \se feather (of any bird, or those used in a headdress, etc.) \ss pluma (de cualquier ave o pájaro, o plumas utilizadas en las coronas de danzantes) \pna Nihkwis iwiyo pio. \pea I will use a chicken feather. \psa Voy a utilizar una pluma de gallina. \cfa wiyo:tia \cfo yówiyó:tia \xrb hwi \nse This refers to feathers of any bird, and the feathers used in a corona for the 'danza de corona'. \vl Link first male token. Note low levels here. \grm Phonology; Ameyaltepec: Note the accent here on /wi/ cf. to [i 'xo chio]. Apparently the syllable structure, division and stress depends on the length of the word. \ref 06101 \lxa iwiyotetekets \lxac iwiyotetekets \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08040 \lxa i:x \lxacpend i:x \lxo i:x \lxocpend i:x \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seao little bug; creepy-crawler (generally in reference to a bug; baby talk) \ssao animalito (generalmente en referencia a un insecto; habla de niños) \pno Mitskwa:s i:x! \peo That little-bitty bug is going to bite you! \pso ¡El animalito pequeño te va a morder! \sem baby \xrb kowi:x \nae Apparently this children's word is derived from kuwi:xin (Am) / kowi:xin (Oa). It is equivalent, or the virtual equivalent, of tsi:n. It seems that i:x is used more in Ameyaltepec, and tsi:n more in Oapan. \ref 08718 \lxa i:xakamana \lxac ki:xakamana \lxo i:xakamana \lxoc ki:xakamana \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc Adv-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to lay face down (a person, an object such as a bucket, plate, or cup that as a clear "mouth" or "face") \ss acostar boca abajo (una persona, un objeto como una cubeta, plato o taza con una "boca" o "cara") \pna Xmi:xakamana! \pea Lie face down! \psa ¡Acuéstate boca abajo! \pna Xki:xakamanaka:n para ma:ka ya:s a:kin o:kimiktite:w! \pea Place him face down (in this case sb recently killed) so that the person who killed him and left does not get away! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso algn recién matado) para que la persona quien lo mató y huyó no escape! \pna Xki:akamana! Ma:ka neltsimi:s ika ikwalak! \pea Lay him (place him) face down (in this case a drunk)! Don't let him choke on his saliva! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (en este caso a un borracho)! ¡No dejes que se ahoge en su saliva! \pna Xki:xakamana ma:ka ihkón a:kesto! \pea Place it upside down (i.e., a plate, bowl, bucket, etc.), don't leave it face up! \psa ¡Pónlo boca abajo (p. ej., un plato, plato hondo, barrica, etc.), no dejes que se quede boca arriba! \dis tsi:ntepolketsa; tsi:nketsa; tsonketsa; i:xakamana \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \ref 04360 \lxa i:xakamantasi \lxac i:xakamantasi \lxo i:xakamántasí \lxoc i:xakamántasí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc [Adv-V1]-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fall and hit the ground face down \ss llegar a caerse boca abajo sobre el suelo \pna O:i:xakamantasik, o:tma:pe:w. \pea He fell flat down on his face, you pushed him. \psa Fue a caer boca abajo, lo empujaste. \pna O:i:xakamantekok, o:kwa:ltlakal to:roh. \pea He hit the ground flat on his face, a bull threw him to the ground. \psa Llegó a la tierra boca abajo, un toro lo tiró al suelo. \pna O:ni:xakamantiah, o:niwets. \pea I went face down, I fell down. \psa Fui boca abajo, me caí. \sem contact \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \xrb ahsi \nse Although -tasi is the most usual aspectual ending, -teki and -tiw have also been found. \vl Link 2nd female token. There are 3 female tokens here. \grm Note an interesting fact that differentiates the statives such as /westok/ from /i:xakamantok/. Cf. how these combine with the aspect/associated motion verb -tiw. Thus /westitiw/ 'he goes along lying down' as opposed to /i:xakamantiw/ 'he goes falling down face up'. What needs to be elicited is whether one can say ?i:xakamantitiw 'he goes along lying face down' as opposed to ni:xakamantiw 'he went falling face down' This is an important point to elicit. \ref 05532 \lxa i:xakamantetlakali \lxac ki:xakamantetlakali \lxo i:xakamantétlakáli \lxoc ki:xakamantétlakáli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to throw face down; to make fall face down (particularly a person) \ss tirar boca abajo al suelo; hacer caer boca abajo (particularmente a una persona) \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \xrb tlahkali \grm Etymology of /i:xakamantetlakali/ has been analyzed as /i:xaka/ 'face down' as adverb, plus verb /mani/ and verb /tlakali/, with the intensifier /te/ (cf. kwa:temo:tla). Note that there are several cases of apparently V (reduced stem) - Verb compounds. Here /i:xakaman-/ gives the resulting position after the object has been thrown to the ground. An effort should be made to determine the difference between V-ka: compounding and the verbal root. \ref 02883 \lxa i:xakamantok \lxac i:xakamantok \lxo i:xakamantok \lxoc i:xakamantok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be lying face down (an animate being) \ss estar acostado boca abajo (un ser animado) \pna O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. \pea All of a sudden I woke up, I was asleep face down. \psa De repente me desperté, estaba dormido boca abajo. \se to be upside-down (material objects that can be said to have a metaphoric "face") \ss estar boca abajo (un objeto material del que se puede decir que tenga, metáforicamente, una "cara") \xrb i:xaka \xrb man \qry Check if i:xakamantitiw is correct.Note that in one filecard entry I have recorded /ixakamantok/ with short initial vowel. This should be checked. \grm /O:nisate:w, ni:xakamantok nikoxtok/ 'All of a sudden I unexpectedly woke up, I was asleep face down.' Note that the translation here reflects an interesting syntactic puzzle that needs to be resolved. Both parts of the clause are constructed as predicates: the stative /ni:xakamantok/ and /nikoxtok/, the main predicate. Compare this to other forms and determine which is correct: nipaktok nitlakwatok, nikatok nitlakwatok, etc. If this is the case (check) then it might well be that there is a difference between nominal and verbal heads. Cf. niwe:i chichi 'I'm a big dog' in which the nominal head and modifier form a single predicate structure that is marked by a single subject pronoun. However, cf. verbal predicates. It will be important to elicit the forms such as nikatok nitlakwatok? or ikatok nitlakwatok? I would imagine that the former is correct and should be translated as I am eating standing up. But this should be checked, perhaps by eliciting "Estoy parado comiendo" or "Estoy comiendo parado" However, cf. when adjectivals are used with nouns. "I am a happy man' nipa:hka:tla:katl? It would seem that the major mechanism here for participial adjectivals is through incorporation with ka:- Try, for example, I am a thin man 'nipitsa:hka:tla:katl' The question then arises re: non-participial adjectives used attributively. Here it would seem that the complex predicate is formed without double marking: nitli:ltik tla:katl, timiakeh tla:kameh, etc. This should be checked. Thus perhaps there are several constructions: 1) Participial adjective + head noun is formed as S-Part-N (nikaxa:nka:sowa:tl); 2) Adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (niwe:i chichi); 3) Denominal adjective + head noun is formed as S-Adj + N (nitli:ltik tla:katl). The question of verbal modification is thus different. First adverbial modification is Adv + S-V (nika:n nitsatsitok; chika:wak nitsatsitok). There is also the possibility of participial incorporation: nipa:hka:tsatsi. A question might be whether one can also incorporate the participle with ?nichika:hka:tsatsi. Check. However, this still leaves the problem of forms such as ni:xakamantok nikoxtok. This should be checked since the predication here is slightly unusual. Check position verbals: ikatok nitlakwatok or nikatok nitlakwatok. Same with /i:xakamantok/. \grm Apparently the form /ni:xakamantok/ as a 3rd person stative does not exist, i.e. the form /i:xakamantok/ would thus derive from an now lost intransitive form /i:xakamani/. This is not uncommon (cf. other notes). However, /ni:xakamantok/ as a progressive is acceptable /ye ni:xakamantok/ 'he is (in the process of) lying himself down'. This derives from the transitive /i:xakamana/; cf. the analogous cases of /kweptok/, /a:ntok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. In my original notes I have: "Note that the form *ni:xakamantok is not correct as a 'stative' but only as a progressive, rarely used, such as /ye ni:xakamantok, ma:ka tiktlasewi:ti:s/ \ref 01448 \lxa i:xakawa:ki \lxac i:xakawa:ki \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \infv class-3a(k) \sea to start to dry off at the surface or along an outer area (e.g., bricks, tejamanil, cinderblocks, materials made of clay or other similar substances; heavy clothes; land after a rain; squash seeds taken out and left in lumps to partially dry before being spread out flat to complete the process) \ssa empezar a secarse por la superficie o partes exteriores (p. ej., ladrillo, tejamanil, blokes, material hecha de cerámica o barro o sustancias similares; ropa gruesa; la tierra después de una lluvia; semilla de calabaza al dejarse amontonado antes de extenderse plenamente para que se seque por completo) \pna Yo:pe:w i:xakawa:ki motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki. \pea The outermost part of your clothes have started to dry off, but they still haven't dried completely. \psa Ya empezó a secarse la superficie de tu ropa, pero todavía no se seca bien. \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma i:xakawa:ki. \pea In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (in this case into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. \psa En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezarlo, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (en este caso de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. \xrb i:xaka \xrb wa: \qry In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. The meaning of this word is unclear. Check. Also make sure that the first sequence is /i:xaka/, with no other possible derivation. Make sure there is no /h/ (e.g. i:xahka:wa:ki?). I doubt it, but check. It is unclear why /i:xaka-/, which usually refers to 'face down' here means 'superficie'; but it might be simply related to 'face' or 'surface' and the meaning of 'to dry on the face (i.e., surface). \vl Check all pronuncations of /melá:k/ for vowel length of final /a:/. In one phrase I had the initial /i/ recorded short; this should be checked. \rt Unclear whether /i:x/ should be considered in etymology of /i:xaka/. \ref 00574 \lxa i:xakukwi \lxac ni:xakukwi \lxo í:xakókwi \lxoc ní:xakókwi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-Mod-V2 \der V2-b[refl] \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \seao (refl.) to rise (bread or other similar items); to puff up (a tortilla) \ssao (refl.) leventarse (pan u otras substancias similares); alzarse o inflarse (la cara de la tortilla) \pna Ni:xakukwi motlaxkal. \pea Your tortillas puff up (as they cook on the griddle). \psa Se alzan tus tortillas (al cocerse sobre el comal). \cfao a:posa:wa \xrb i:x \xrb ahko \xrb kwi \subadj tlaxkahli kwa:k iksi \qry Check to see if only used in reflexive or if it can take an object (definite or indefinite). Cf. to /a:posa:wa:/. Also \vl Check to make sure first vowel, /a/, is short. \ref 00482 \lxa i:xa:mayo \lxac i:xa:mayo \lxo i:xa:mayo \lxoc i:xa:mayo \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \sea thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see kakawatl) \ssa capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; véase kakawatl) \pna Kwa:k yo:xi:pe:w ipan nexko:ntli, ki:sa ixa:mayotsi:n tlayo:hli. \pea When it (the kernels of maize) has peeled inside the pot used to make nextamahli, the skin covering comes off. \psa Cuando (los granos de maíz) se pelan dentro de la olla donde se hace nixtamal, sale su cáscara. \seo thin skin covering of babies and just born mammals \sso delgada capa de piel de los niños y otras mamalias recién nacidas \sea (~ tlaxkahli) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked; syn. i:xko tlaxkahli \ssa (~ tlaxkahli) costra delgada que se separa de la "frente" de una tortilla al cocerse; sin. i:xko tlaxkahli) \xrb i:x \xrb a:ma \nae The headword i:xa:mayo has not been documented unpossessed; its etymology it seems to derive from i:x and a:ma, literally 'face paper/covering.' The intrinsic possessive marker -yo is part of the headword entry here since the nominal stem has only been found in an intrinsic (part/whole) possessive construction. \qry In my original notes I have recorded that there is no initial /i/ in this word, as witnessed by the fact that the form I finally elicited was /xa:mayo:tl/, not /i:xa:mayo:tl/. Nevertheless, this form was only elicited with great difficulty and is obviously not used in conversation. Moreover, the nominal form here seems to be closely related to /i:xa:mia/, the verb. Note that under the definition /i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli/ I had at the end "see i:xa:wayo"; but there is no entry for /i:xa:wayo/. This should be checked, perhaps I simply forgot to add it; or perhaps it doesn't exist. \vl There are 2 extra tokens of this word at 6659. They should be tagged here at 6090. \ref 06090 \lxa i:xa:mia \lxac ki:xa:mia \lxo i:xa:mia \lxoc ki:xa:mia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-mi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \seao to lightly wash the face of \ssao lavar ligeramente la cara de \pna O:ki:xa:mih ikone:w. \pea She lightly washed off the face of her child (with water). \psa Limpió ligeramente la cara de su niño (con agua). \pna Xmi:xa:mi:ti pa:mpa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon! \pea Go and rinse your face off because soap got in your eyes! \psa ¡Ve a enjuagarse la cara porque se te metió agua a los ojos! \se to paint (with a solid color); to varnish \ss pintar (con un solo color); barnizar \pna Yo:ki:xa:mikeh isiye:tas ika tlapahli. \pea They have already painted their chairs (with a solid color, not drawn figures). \psa Ya pintaron sus sillas (con un solo color, no figuritas). \pna Yo:ki:xa:mikeh intepalkawa:n ika barní:s. \pea They've already varished their ceramic bowls. \psa Ya barnizaron sus platos de cerámica. \se to plaster; to whitewash (a wall) \ss revocar; blanquear; enjalbergar; encalar (una pared) \pna Ki:xa:mi:skeh un tepantli. \pea They are going to plaster (or whitewash) that wall. \psa Van a revocar (o blanquear) esa pared. \xrb i:x \xrb a: \nae The etymology of i:xa:mia is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo (p. 217), which has many cognates with Balsas valley Nahuatl, has i:xa:mia 'le lava la cara' (although FK has this listed as xa:mia the initial /i:/ is long in Tetelcingo and thus clearly part of the verbal stem; the same mistake is made with ?xa:huia). Molina has ixamia. nite. 'lavar a otro la cara.' These two definitions fit in well with the initial senses of i:xa:mia in the Balsas area. However, the other sense, of painting or plastering, is covered by Molina ixauia. nitla. 'embarrar o enxalvegar pared' and perhaps Tetelcingo (p. 217) i:xa:bia 'enjuagar.' Balsas Nahuatl also have i:xa:wia with the meaning of 'to rinse.' At any rate the difference between i:xa:mia and i:xa:wia, both with the sense of 'to rinse,' needs to be further investigated. \qry Check etymology. Note that Molina has /i:xa:uia/ with virtually the same meaning; here the etymology seems to be {i:x + a: + wia}, meaning 'to act with Noun Stem.' Thus the change would be /i:xa:mia/ from /i:xa:wia/. This seems plausible. Thus check for /i:xa:mia/, /i:xa:wia/, /xa:mia/ and /xa:wia/. \grm Word order: /Xmi:xa:mi:ti pampa o:kalak mi:xtewa:n jábon/. Note the word order of V-Loc-S. This seems quite usual from my feeling for the language. \rt Discuss the possibility that this is related to the roots /i:x/ and /a:/ at some level. \ref 00403 \lxa i:xa:wia \lxac ki:xa:wia \lxo i:xa:wia \lxoc ki:xa:wiya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \infv class-2a \se to rinse off (without using soap, just by pouring water over the surface of sth) \ss enjuagar (sin usar jabón, simplemente al verter agua sobre la superficie de algo) \pna Xki:xa:wi un teposko:ntsi:n, ma ki:sa un tla:ltekwtli! \pea Rinse off that small pot so that the dust comes off! \psa ¡Enjuaga esa ollita para que se quite el polvo! \pna Ma ki:xa:wi. \pea Just have him rinse it off quickly! \psa ¡Qué lo enjuague rápido! \xrb i:x \xrb a: \xvaao i:xa:wilia \ono pa:ka \qry The phrase /ma ki:xa:wi/ contrasts with /ma kipapa:ka/ which implies washing something with soap. However, cf. the difference between /ma ki:xa:mi ikone:w/ and /ma ki:xa:wi ikone:w/. Are both possible and correct; if so, what is the difference between one and the other. It seems that /i:xa:wia/ means to rinse by pouring water over, while /i:xa:mia/ means to wash the surface of. However, also see if there is a word /xa:wia/ as in /ne:chxa:wia/ or whether it is /ne:chi:xa:wia/. \vl The first pronunciation (female /ki:xawilia/ at 32:44) before the set of four after the bell is in error and should not be tagged. \ref 02884 \lxa i:xa:wilia \lxac ki:xa:wilia \lxo i:xa:wilia \lxoc ki:xa:wilia \dt 07/Feb/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to rinse off for \ss enjuagar para \pna Xne:chi:xa:wili nopla:toh! \pea Rinse my plate off for me! \psa ¡Enjuage mi plato para mi! \xrb i:x \xrb a: \xvba i:xa:wia \xvbo i:xa:wiya \qry Cf. notes under /i:xa:wia/. \ref 01591 \lxa ixa:yak ko:lo:tl \lxac ixa:yak ko:lo:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08065 \lxa i:xa:yo \lxac i:xa:yo \lxo i:xa:yo \lxoc i:xa:yo \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao tears \ssao lágrimas \pna Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo. \pea When your eyes become irritated, tears come out. \psa Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas. \xrb i:x \xrb a: \nse I:xa:yo can refer either to tears of crying from sadness or from irriation. \ref 01555 \lxa i:xelka:wa \lxac ki:xelka:wa \lxo i:xilka:wa \lxoc ki:xilka:wa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to forget the appearance of; to forget the looks of \ss olvidarse de la apariencia de \pna Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih. \pea He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been. \psa Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido. \pna Niki:xelka:wa, xok nikmati ke:non tlachia. \pea I forget how he looks, I don't know how he looks anymore. \psa Se me olvida como se ve, ya no sé como es su apariencia. \xrb i:x \xrb elka:wa \qry Check precise meaning of /i:xelka:wa/, whether it only refers to forgetting the layout of a terrain, or whether it can refer to any surface, appearance, etc. Check as to whether this can refer to the appearance of things or animals and not simply to humans. Check also root, i.e. whether the more standard /(i)l/ should be recorded. \rt Discuss the meaning of words that begin with /il-/ or /el-/. Perhaps reanalyze as /+ka:wa/. \ref 04336 \lxa ixi:ka \lxac ixi:ka \lxo íxí:ka \lxoc íxí:ka \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to drip dry by having water drip or ooze slowly out from or toward the bottom or lower part (e.g., a slow spring that gives forth little water; a new ceramic water jug from which water seeps out; clothes left hung to dry, etc.) \ss secarse por gotitas al salirse despacio el agua de la parte inferior de un lugar o recipiente; bajarse el agua despacio (p. ej., un manantial que rinde poca agua; una tinaja nueva que transmina agua; ropa colgada para secar) \pna Yenkwik a:ko:ntli, yo:pe:w ixi:ka, ke:n a:kwa. \pea The water jug is new, water has started to seep out the bottom, it really lets water filter out. \psa La tinaja es nueva, el agua ha empezado de transminarse por abajo, de veras deja filtrar agua por sus paredes. \pna Yo:pe:w meme:ya a:tl, pero saka ixi:ka tepe:tl, ika ke:n yo:kiaw. \pea Water has started to spring forth a little, but it is just because it is seeping slowing out of the mountain as a result of the heavy rain (i.e., the water is seeping out of the ground, but not from a permanent spring). \psa El agua ha empezado de manar un poquito, pero nada más es porque se escurre el agua del cerro a causa de la fuerte lluvia que hubo (esto es, el agua simplemente se transmina por el suelo, no sale deun manatial permanente). \pna Ixi:katok un tlake:ntli; ye tetemo:tok a:tl. \pea Water is dripping off the end of those clothes (in this case hung up to dry); water is already seeping slowly down to the bottom. \psa El agua se le está escurriendo de esa ropa (en este caso de ropa tendida); ya se está bajando poco a poco. \pna Sa: a:chitsi:n tikpe:walti:skeh, ok ma tlaxi:ka, melá:k sokitl, a:chitsi:n ma ixakawa:ki. \pea In just a short time we'll start it, but first let the water filter down (into the earth after a heavy rain, but before plowing), it's all mud, let the surface dry off a little. \psa En un poco de tiempo vamos a empezar, pero primero que se escurra el agua hacia abajo (de la tierra, después de una fuerte lluvia), de veras es todo lodo, que se seque la superficie un poquito. \pna Tlaxi:ka. Yo:pe:w kalaki a:tl mokali, yo:isoliw \pea Water is seeping out all over (i.e., the walls and perhaps roof). Water has started to enter your house, it's in shambles. \psa El agua está filtrando por todos lados (p. ej., por las paredes, tal vez el techo). El agua ya empezó a entrarle a tu casa, ya se desgastó. \se to loose its flavor or freshness as its juices seep out (a fruit, particularly elote); to loose moisture as it slowly seeps out over time (e.g., a dough) \ss perderse el sabor o frescura por escurrirsele el jugo (una fruta, particularmente el elote); perder agua y secarse lentamente (p. ej., una mezcla, masa, etc.) \pna Yo:ixi:kak ye:lo:tl. Ya:lwa o:nowepe:w, xok tsope:lik. \pea The elote has lost its freshness and flavor. It was picked yesterday, it is not sweet anymore. \psa El elote ya perdió su frescura y sabor. Ayer se cortó, ya no es dulce. \pna Ya:lwakayo:tl, yo:ixi:kak, xok tsope:lik. \pea It's left over from yesterday, the juice has already seeped out (of, typically, elote), it's no longer sweet. \psa Es una sobra de ayer, ya se le escurrió el jugo (típicamente, del elote), ya no es dulce. \pna O:ne:chmanilikeh notakaw wa:tsaltik, o:nopaya:n yo:ixi:kak. \pea The itacatl they made for me was very brittle and dry, it (i.e., the nextamal) was ground when the water had already seeped out of it. \psa La itacatl que me hicieron salió reseco y quebradizo, lo molieron (el nixtamal) ya después de que le había escurrido el agua. \se to menstruate; to loose vaginal blood (particularly after giving birth) \ss menstruar; perder sangre por la vagina (particularmente después de haber dado a luz) \pna Ixi:ka, kwalo de me:stli. \pea She is menstruating, she is having her period. \psa Está menstruando, le bajó su regla. \xrb hxi: \xvca ixi:tsa \xvco íxí:tsa \qry Check other applications of this word. Check vowel length of initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long, although the form /tlaxi:ka/ would suggest a short initial /i/. Note that /ixi:ka/ refers to water or other liquids which drip off the end of something or filters down out of something, or to the last drop dripping out of something. \ref 03813 \lxa i:xita \lxac ki:xita \lxacpend ki:xita \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se to judge or estimate with ones eyes (i.e., by looking) \ss estimar con la vista \xrb i:x \xrb ita \ref 08653 \lxa ixi:tepoi:toh \lxac ixi:tepoi:toh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb \pqry Check /tew/ or /te/ before /poi:toh/. \ref 08586 \lxa ixitia \lxac kixitia \lxo íxitiá \lxoc kíxitiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to awaken \ss despertar \pna Xkixiti! Nikno:tsa. \pea Wake him up! I'm want to speak to him. \psa ¡Despiértalo! Le hablo. \xrb hsa \xvaa ixitilia \xvao íxitília \xv1a tlaxitia \xv1o tláxitiá \xvba isa \nse The form tlaxitia, from isa, is not to be confused with tlaxi:tia, which is derived from asi. \ref 05691 \lxa ixitilia \lxac kixitilia \lxo íxitília \lxoc kíxitília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to wake (sb) up for \ssao despertar (a algn) para \pna Xne:chixitili:ti nokone:w, newa xnikaxilia! \pea Go wake up my child for me, I don't have the time! \psa ¡Ve a despertarme mi hijo, yo no tengo tiempo! \xrb hsa \xvba isa \ref 01384 \lxa ixi:tsa \lxac kixi:tsa \lxo íxí:tsa \lxoc kíxí:tsa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes-lex \se to wring the last drop of water out of (e.g., an item of clothing); or make the last drop come out (e.g., a bottle such as when one takes the last sip) \ss sacar la última gota de; hacer salir la última gota de \pna Kwahli xkixi:tsa motso:tsokol! Kwahli ma ki:sa a:tl! \pea Pour the last drop of water out of your water jug (i.e., by holding it upside down and tilting it one way and another)! Make sure all the water comes out! \psa ¡Hazle salir la última gota de tu cántaro (p. ej., al voltearlo y menearlo de un lado a otro)! ¡Qué le salga bien todo el agua! \pna Xkixi:tsa moserbe:sah! Kwahli ma tlami! \pea Bottoms up! Finish off your beer! \psa ¡Échate la cerveza! ¡Qué se acabe todo! \pna Xtoya:wili! Xkixi:tsa! \pea Pour it out (e.g., water in a container). Get the last drop out! \psa ¡Tírale el agua (u otro líquido)! ¡Sácale hasta la última gota! \xrb hxi: \xvba ixi:ka \xvbo íxí:ka \nae The pitch accent of Oapan íxí:tsa is the reflex of underlying {h}, hence the root analysis as hxi:. \qry Check other applications of this word. Also check initial /i/ as in Karttunen it is long. Check inflection as class 4 since this was not in my notes, but rather I added this based on my understanding of Nahuatl inflection in general. \ref 02986 \lxa i:xiwinti \lxac i:xiwinti \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to feel dizzy \ss sentirse mareado \equivao kwa:i:xiwinti \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 04413 \lxa i:xiwintia \lxac ki:xiwintia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to make dizzy; to make the head of spin \ssa marear; hacer sentir mareos a; hacer girar la cabeza a \syno kwa:i:xiwintia \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 00480 \lxa i:xiwintilistli \lxac i:xiwintilistli \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-d-lis \se dizziness \ss mareo \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Check if there is any difference between /i:xiwinti/ and /kwa:i:xiwinti/. \ref 07961 \lxa i:xkakaya:wa \lxac ki:xkakaya:wa \lxo í:xkakayá:wa \lxoc kí:xkakayá:wa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se to fool by looks or appearance; to trick the eyes or ability to recognize of (note that the subject of this verb is the person or thing that is falsely or equivocably "recognized") \ss engañar por apariencia (nótese que el sujeto de este verbo es la persona o cosa que es falsamente o equivocadamente "reconocida") \pna O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! \pea I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't! \psa Me engañó alguien que te parecía (haciendo que pensara que fuiste tu). Pensaba estaba viendo a tí, pero ¡qué sorpresa, de por si no fuiste tu! \se (refl.) to be fooled by appearance or looks; to be decieved or confused by looks or appearance; to have ones eyes play tricks on one \ss (refl.) engañarse o dejarse engañar por la apariencia; confundirse por la apariencia \pna San timi:xkakaya:waya, na:nkah ma:s kwaltsi:n wa:n tewa tikwelita un ne:nkah. \pea Your eyes play tricks on you, this one here (in this case a young donkey being bought) is prettier and you like that one. \psa Te dejas engañar por apariencias, esta (en este caso un burro chiquito que se estaba vendiendo) es más bonita y a ti te gusta aquella. \xrb i:x \xrb kaya: \grm Imperfect: O:tine:chi:xkakaya:w. Nimitsitaya tewa, ba! tlaka xtewa! 'I was fooled by someone who looked like you (leading me to think it was you). I thought it was you I was seeing, but by gosh it wasn't!' Note the use of the imperfect here, as an action that was not completed (discuss telic vs. atelic). This is a frequent use, e.g., niwetsiya is used to me 'I was starting to fall' or 'I was about to fall'. It indicates an action that begins but is not carried to conclusion. In this sense it refers to a recognition that was not made. \ref 01434 \lxa i:xka:wa \lxac ki:xka:wa \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two perhaps, by mistake) \ssa pasar sobre sin verlo; olvidarse y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera) \synao i:xte:nka:wa \xrb i:x \xrb ka:wa \ref 03048 \lxa i:xkechia \lxacpend ki:xkechia \lxo i:xkechia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \lxocpend ki:xkechia \psm V2 \der V2-b \com N-V2 \infv class-2a \seao to fix ones gaze on; to stare at \ssao clavarle la vista a \syno nokechia \xrb i:x \xrb kech \nae Note that although in the Ameyaltepec Carnival song Misto:nkaya:ntsi:n this verb is used as a ditransitive, it appears to be a transitive verb with the object that being stared at (e.g., a person). In Oapan (if not in Ameyaltepec) there is a cognate form with an equivalent meaning, nokechia. \ref 08822 \lxa -i:xko \lxac i:xko \lxo -i:xko \lxoc i:xko \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se in front of \ss enfrente de \pna Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih. O:tikihlih i:xko. \pea If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't just say it (sth bad, critical, or insulting) aloud so that he would overhear it. You said it to him directly (to his face). \psa Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no lo dijiste (algo mal, crítico o insultante) simplemente para que lo escuchara así. se lo dijiste directamente (a su cara). \pna Mi:xko ma nipano! \pea Excuse me as I go in front of you! \psa ¡Perdón que pase enfrente de tí! \se near the surface or top of (e.g., :i:xko a:tl 'on the water's surface' = a:i:xko) \ss por o cerca de la superficie de (p. ej., i:xko, 'por la superficie del agua' = a:i:xko) \se (i:xko tlaxkahli) thin crust that separates from the top of a tortilla as it is cooked (syn. i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli) \ss i:xko tlaxkahli) costra delgada que se separa de la "frente" de una tortilla al cocerse (sin. i:xa:mayo tlaxkahli) \cfao a:i:xko; tepe:i:xko \xrb i:x \xrl -k(o) \nse -I:xko must either be possessed or be preceded by a nominal stem. Like other similar constructions it has an adverbial sense. \qry Check other meanings and uses of /i:xko/, e.g. /i:xko ma nipano/, etc. Check for other combination of /i:xko N/. Also look for incorporation as in /tepe:i:xko/. \ref 03729 \lxa i:xkochi \lxac i:xkochi \lxo i:xkochi \lxocpend i:xkochi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seao see i:xko:kochi \ssao véase i:xko:kochi \xrb i:x \xrb kochi \ref 07503 \lxa i:xkochi \lxac i:xko:kochi \lxo i:xkochi \lxoc i:xko:kochi \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(ch) \se to have ones eyes closed from sleep \ss tener los ojos cerrados por el cansacio o sueño \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to have ones eyelids slowly and repeatedly close from droziness; to drop of or nod off to sleep, with ones eyes slowly opening and closing (and perhaps ones head bobbing as one is overcome by sleep) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cerrarle a uno los párpados, despacio y repetidamente, por sentir un fuerte sueño; estar abrumado por el sueño con los párpados abriéndose y cerrándose (y tal vez cabeceando por el sueño) \pna I:xko:koxtok. \pea He's dropping off to sleep and his eyes are starting to close. \psa Le está agarrando el sueño y se le están cerrando los ojos. \se to dim or start dying out (light, such as a flashlight losing energy that is weak or dimmed) \ss atenuarse o bajarse la luz (p. ej., de una luz eléctrica que tiene la pila baja y está perdiendo energía) \xrb i:x \xrb kochi \qry At one point I had a note here "Check to see if the non-reduplicated form occurs." However, in my original (unchecked) file cards I did have a sentence /ti:xkochi pampa tikochisneki/ "se te cierran los ojos porque estás soñoliente." I also had /ti:xkoxtia:snekis/, although this seems to definitely be the result of elicitation or direct questioning. There is no evidence of /i:xkochi/ in the Classical texts. Check for other possible subjects. \ref 00233 \lxa i:xkoihlia \lxac ki:xkoihlia \lxo i:xkoihlia \lxoc ki:xkoihlia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-lia \infv class-2a \se to throw back in the face of; to give a guilt trip to (in the sense of reminding sb of favors that they had received) \ss echar en la cara a (en el sentido de acordarle a algn todos los favores que se le habían hecho) \xrb hli \xrl -i:xko \nse I:xkoilia is used when a person confronts another with the favors and help that they had received from this person in the past. For example: Juan has done a lot for Jorge and then asks Jorge for a favor, if Jorge refuses to help and then Juan reminds him of all he had done for Jorge in the past, then one could say ki:xkoilia. Or if Juan sees Jorge wearing a shirt that Juan had given him and he reminds him of this fact, then again one can use the verb i:xkoilia. \nae The present verb, i:xkoilia manifests the verbalization of a relational noun expression. However, the origin of the intermediate /i/ is not clear. \grm Verbalization; /-lia/: Note the use of /-lia/ in /i:xkoilia/. Check about the morphological basis of the intermediate /i/. \qry CHECK IN OAPAN WHETHER THE FORM HAS /IHLIA/. IF NOT, CHANGE ENTRY. It clearly has an /h/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02240 \lxa i:xko:kopi \lxac i:xko:kopi \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \sea to flicker or flutter (a light) \ssa centellear o fulgurar (una luz) \pna San i:xko:koptok, xkipia ma:s itlachialis. \pea It's just fluttering on and off, it isn't very bright. \psa Nada más está centelleando, ya no tiene mucho brillantez. \xrb i:x \xrb hkopi \nse In Oapan one finds tlítlikwí for 'to flicker or flutter (a light).' \qry Note that form entered is long reduplication. Check to see if non- reduplicated form exists: /i:xkopi/, or if short vowel reduplication occurs. \grm Re: Phonology: if an underlying /h/ exists in /hkopi/, then where does it go in /i:xkopi/. Re: reduplication of /ihCV/ words check possibilities of /ihCV(:)CV/, loss of /h/ etc. Check cognates in Oapan and San Juan. The problem here is of hC-initial verbal stems when there is an incorporated noun (cf. kalpixki and hpia). Evidence from Oapan and SJ is needed. However, from various sources it appears that initial verb-stem {h} deletes with CVC noun incorporation. \ref 02494 \lxa i:xkopi:na \lxac ki:xkopi:na \lxo i:xkopi:na \lxoc ki:xkopi:na \dt 05/Apr/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \se to copy (an image, by drawing, photocopying, etc.) \ss copiar (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, etc.) \se to photograph; to take a picture of (with a camera) \ss fotografiar \xrb i:x \xrb kopi: \xvaao i:xkopi:nilia \ref 05077 \lxa i:xkopi:nilia \lxac ki:xkopi:nilia \lxo i:xkopi:nilia \lxoc ki:xkopi:nilia \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to copy for or from (an image, by drawing, photocopying, or sth written, etc.) \ss copiar para o de (un imagen, al dibujarlo, fotocopiarlo, o algo escrito, etc.) \se to photograph for; to take a picture of for (with a camera) \ss fotografiar para \xrb i:x \xrb kopi: \xvbao i:xkopi:na \vl Tag all, but make sure not to link 2nd male token. \ref 03494 \lxa i:xkotia:n \lxaa i:xkotiá:n \lxac i:xkotia:n \lxo i:xkotia:n \lxoc i:xkotia:n \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \sea to be alone (in being in a place, in owning a particular property or item, i.e., not sharing) \ssa estar solo (en estar en un lugar) ser propio de (en tener posesión de alguna propiedad u objeto, esto es, no compartiendo) \pna San de newa ni:xkotiá:n nokal. \pea The house is for me alone (e.g., even though I rent from someone, I live by myself). \psa La casa es para mí solo (por ejemplo, aunque rento de alguien, no la comparto, vivo solo). \pna Ni:xkotiá:n nowa:xka. \pea It is mine alone (i.e., not shared with anyone). \psa Es mío solo (esto es, es mi propia cosa, no la comparto con nadie). \pno Ni:xkotia:n, ni:xkotia:mpa o:ntekets nokal. \peo By myself, I built my house by myself. \pso Yo solo, yo solo construí mi casa. \xrb i:x \xrl -k(o); -ya:n \qry Check difference between Oa /i:xkotia:n/ and /i:xkotia:mpa/. \qry Check accentual pattern and final vowel length.Cf as in RS the form /i:xkoya:n/ exists. \grm Apparently this is a locative with /-ya:n/. In Ameyaltepec (and probably the Balsas area) one finds /i:xkotiya:n/, whereas Carochi (see RS) has /ixcoyan/ and also as a synonym, /ixcotian/, which he says is less frequent than the former. It appears that in Ameyaltepec /i:xko/ has been verbalized with /-ti/ and then locativized with /-ya:n/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in one of the tokens of Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation of /i:xkochia:n/ the final /n/ is velarized. \ref 02949 \lxa i:xkotia:nwia \lxac ni:xkotia:nwia \lxo i:xkotia:wia \lxof [i:x ko chia: 'wi a] \lxoc ni:xkotia:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to do by oneself; to isolate oneself in doing sth \ss (refl.) hacer algo solo; apartarse o quedarse separado para hacer algo \pna Nitlakwatok san newa, nimi:xkotia:nwitok. \pea I am eating alone, I am doing it by myself. \psa Estoy comiendo nada más yo, lo estoy haciendo solo. \xrb i:x \xrl -i:xko \nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, this refers to the action of this refers to the action of isolating oneself in doing something. \nde Molina has several related words, none of them reflexive. Note, for example, ixcoyantia. nicn 'apropiar, o aplicar asi algo' and ixcoyantia. nite 'dar, o apropiar o adjudicar algo a otro.' \grm Note the use of /-wia/ with the nominalized /i:xkotiya:n/. Cf. RS who has /ixcoyan/ and /ixcoyantia/. \vl There are several mispronunciations. Do not tag them, only the good terms (perhaps about 4 each). \ref 03700 \lxa i:xkwa:chi:nah \lxac i:xkwa:chi:nah \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jul/2002 \loan (part) china \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \infa Gender \sea to have the front of ones hair lightly curled (in reference to the hair of certain adolescent girls) \ssa tener el cabello por enfrente ligeramente enchinado (en referencia al estilo de ciertas muchachas) \equivo i:xkwá:chichí:natík \cfo kwa:chichí:notík \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \nae The pitch accent pattern of i:xkwá:chichí:natík, in which two of the pitch accents are reflexes of underlying {h} and the other is intonational, derives from the {h} of the reduplicant and the final {h} of the Spanish loan chi:nah. Note that the loan is borrowed in the feminine form, with final /ah/ given that this adjectival refers to a type of female hair, apparently curly bangs. \ref 08115 \lxa ixkwa:ki:tskia \lxac nixkwa:ki:tskia \lxo i:xkwa:ki:tsia \lxoa i:xkwa:ki:tia \lxoc ni:xkwa:ki:tsia; ni:xkwa:ki:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to grab ones forehead; to put ones forhead in ones hands \ss (refl.) agarrarse la frente; descansar la frente en las manos \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb ki:tski \nae Oapan forms vary in pronunciation. The dropping of the [s] in the affricate [ts] leaves the sequence /tia/, which palatalizes, as is noticeable in Inocencio Jiménez's pronunciation in the recording. \qry Check whether transitive form can be used. Also, determine two different types of coding: for reflexive verbs such as /tlalowa/ that are transitivized (perhaps +Refl/+Caus and for verbs that are generally used reflexively (perhaps +Refl/-trans). \ref 02263 \lxa i:xkwa:pestik \lxac i:xkwa:pestik \lxo i:xkwa:pestik \lxoc i:xkwa:pestik \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:pestik \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:tetsolak \syno i:xkwa:tetsolahtik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \ref 06752 \lxa i:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxac ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxo i:xkwa:techakwa:nia \lxoc ki:xkwa:techakwa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2a \seao to bang or knock (an object [S]) against the forehead of \ssao golpear (un objeto [S]) contra la frente de (algn [O]) \syna i:xkwa:tewia \syno i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb chakwa: \qry Check meaning whether it refers to banging something against the forehead of [O] or 'to bang [O] with ones forehead.' \ref 06625 \lxa i:xkwa:teki \lxac ki:xkwa:teteki \lxo i:xkwa:teki \lxoc ki:xkwa:teki \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao (often with sort vowel reduplication) to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of \ssao (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle el pelo a, dejando la frente expuesta; cortarle los flecos a \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \ref 06751 \lxa i:xkwa:teki \lxac ki:xkwa:teteki \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Compl \infv class-3a(k) \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to cut the forehead of \ss cortarle por la frente \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to cut the bangs off of \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cortarle los flecos a \syno i:xkwa:tetepontilia \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \nse Cristino Flores (Am) stated that in Ameyaltepec i:xkwa:teteki is used whereas in Oapan one finds i:xkwa:tetepontilia. However, in my notes for Ameyaltepec I did have i:xkwa:tetepontilia documented. \ref 07815 \lxa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \lxac i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \lxo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \lxoc i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ss tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb temets \xrb a:yo: \xrb ko:m \cfa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \nse There are many words in Nahuatl, playing and teasing words, that refer to a balding forehead. Besides i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n one finds to i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal(tik), i:xkwa:tsotsoltik and i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl, among perhaps many others. \nae The etymology of the lexeme i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon is uncertain. Obviously it contains the compound i:xkwa: 'forehead,' but little else is certain. The sequence a:yo: might refer to a tortoise (which has a shiny and smooth shell, perhpas like a balding forehead). The duration of the penultimate /o:/ is difficult to determine, given that it follows the /y/ semivowel. Indeed, it appears to be short in duration. However, given that the only etymology that seems possible involves a:yo:tl, provisionally this vowel has been marked long. \qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.). \pqry Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/. \ref 04015 \lxa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxac i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \lxocpend i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:ntik \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-? \seo to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \sso tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apo i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \flao i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:ko:n \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb temets \xrb a:yo: \xrb ko:m \qry Note that perhaps this is related to an adjectival in -tik (e.g., -ko:ntik) referring to the flattened, shiny curve of the forehead. Vowel length should be checked. Cf and try to elicit other words with /temets-/ in them, (or, /temestik/, etc.). \pqry Check length of first /o/ in syllable sequence /-a:yo:ko:n/. \ref 07660 \lxa i:xkwa:tepetl \lxac i:xkwatepetl \lxo i:xkwa:tepetlayo \lxoc i:xkwa:tepetlayo \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-(N-N) \der N2 \seo forehead bone \sso hueso de la frente \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb petla \ono body \ref 07115 \lxa i:xkwa:tepostli \lxac i:xkwa:tepostli \lxo i:xkwa:tepostli \lxoc i:xkwa:tepostli \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo hairpin \sso pasador (para cabello) \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \ref 07149 \lxa i:xkwa:teposwia \lxac ki:xkwa:teposwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to put ash or soot on the forehead of for Ash Wednesday \ssa poner ceniza o hollín en la frente de para Miércoles de Ceniza \syno nexkwi \cfo nexkurustsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepos \nse Note the use of teposwia here in the extended sense of 'to mark or place a mark on.' \ref 05973 \lxa i:xkwa:tetepolowa \lxac ki:xkwa:tetepolowa \lxo ---- \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \se to cut the hair of, leaving the forehead bare; to cut the bangs off of \ss cortar el pelo dejando la frente expuesta; cortar los flecos a \cfo i:xkwa:teki \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \nae Although the word for 'forehead' is i:xkwa:tetl in combinational form the stem used is simply i:xkwa:-. Thus it is not likely that the first te- in i:xkwa:tetelowa is part of the incorporated nominal stem. Although it is also possible that the first te- is an intensifier, it is much more likely that it is a reduplicant, and this is how it has been provisionally analyzed. \ref 03268 \lxa i:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxac ki:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxo i:xkwa:tetepontilia \lxoc ki:xkwa:tetepontilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca[x] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \seao to cut the bangs off of \ssao cortarle los flecos a \syna i:xkwa:teteki \xrb kwa: \xrb tepon \qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepon/ for 'without branches on top (a plant or tree)'; check if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject and whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant as object. Check for /kwa:tetepontia/ as intransitive. If it exists, then remove [x]. Originally I had for Ameyaltepec kikwa:tetepontilia but Oapan has /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. I have temporarily changed the Ameyaltepec form. \grm Grammaticalization; causatives: /kwa:tetepontilia/. It might be that in some cases the causative /-lia/ follows a /-ti/ verbalizing element even when the intransitive form does not exist. Here, check if ?/kwa:teteponti/ or ?/kwa:tetepontilia/ exist. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that lack of reduction in /ki:xkwa:tetepontilia/. Check other examples of /tetepon/, which does not seem to ever reduce. \ref 00756 \lxa i:xkwa:tetl \lxac i:xkwa:tetl \lxo i:xkwa:tetl \lxoc i:xkwa:tetl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se forehead (of both humans and animals) \ss frente (de la cabeza, de tantos los humanos como los animales) \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \nse I:xkwa:tetl is found almost exclusively in the possessed form, e.g., ni:xkwa:tew. \mod See note below re: grammar. \grm It is uncertain whether words such as /i:xkwa:tetl/ should be entered in the dictionary with the possessed termination, i.e., as /i:xkwa:tew/ or whether the absolutive form should be used, even though it might never be heard. My tendency at present is to change the coding and organization. These words should be entered in the absolutive with a parenthetical code indicating that almost always, or always perhaps, the noun is found in possessed form. \ref 01996 \lxa i:xkwa:tewia \lxac ki:xkwa:tewia \lxo i:xkwa:tewia \lxof [i:x kwa: te 'wi a] \lxoc ki:xkwa:tewia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to bang or knock against the forehead of (a material object [S] against sb [O]; Oapan synonym: i:xkwa:techakwa:nia; i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia) \ssa golpear contra la frente de (un objeto material [S] contra algn [O]; sinónimo en Oapan i:xkwa:techakwa:nia; i:xkwá:tsatsí:tia) \pna O:ne:chi:xkwa:tewih, ke:n tla:ltech motira:nteh. \pea It knocked me in the forehead, the crossbeam of your house is very low to the ground. \psa Me golpeé en la frente, el tirante de tu casa está muy bajo. \seo to butt (sth) with its forehead (a bull [S]) \sso cornear o golpear (algo) con la frente (un toro [S]) \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te \nse The verb i:xkwa:tewia is derived from i:xkwa: 'forehead' and tewia a transitive verb meaning 'to strike (with sth hard).' In Oapan this word can only be used with a bull as the subject. It refers to the butting action of a bull against some person or thing. In Ameyaltepec the forehead belongs not to the subject (as is the case in Oapan) but to the "object," i.e., the person whose forehead got hit hard or smashed. \qry Check problem of translation and agentivity, i.e. whether reflexive can be used: /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih/, as in /o:nimi:xkwa:tewih ipan tira:nteh/, etc. Note that FK analyzes this as {i:xkwa:te + wia}. Recheck. \ref 05913 \lxa i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxac i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxo i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxoc i:xkwa:tili:ntok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to have a headband or bandanna wrapped tightly around the forehead \ssao tener la frente amarrada por una tela o pañuelo (p. ej., un danzante en la danza de corona) \sea to have a swollen forehead (e.g., from being hit with a rock, in reference to the tightening of the skin on a swelling) \ssa tener la frente hinchada (p. ej., por haber sido alcanzado con una piedra, en referencia a la piel que queda algo "apretada") \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tili: \fl yetl \nse In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, i:xkwa:tili:ntok is not used in the vulgar sense used in the first definition but rather to refer to a state in which the subject has a "tight" (tili:ntok) forehead, in reference to the cloth or cloth-like material tightly tied. It can even be used to refer to a person (e.g., dancer) wearing a tight crown (e.g, in the danza de corona). \qry The meaning of /i:xkwa:tili:ni/ should be checked. Note that /tili:ni/, however, is often used to indicate swelling, such as that of a tightening that leaves the skin taught. I originally had this vulgar definition: '(vulg.) to have a full and swollen belly (i.e., to be pregnant)' that Cristino Flores denied was correct. \ref 00378 \lxa i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxac i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxo i:xkwa:tili:ntok \lxoc i:xkwa:tili:ntok \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to have a bruise on ones forehead \ssa tener un golpe por la frente; estar golpeado por la frente \se to be with sth tied tightly around ones forehead \ss estar con algo (como una tira de tela) amarrada apretadamente por la frente \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tili: \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 05861 \lxa i:xkwatol \lxac i:xkwatol \lxo ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \sea eyebrows \ssa cejas \sem body \equivo i:xté:nkwetól \xrb i:x \xrb kwah \xrb tol \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain. I seem to have heard the middle vowel long at least with some speakers, although apparently it is underlyingly short followed by /h/, which is lost in surface Ameyaltepec forms. The short vowel is occasionally a combinatory allomorph of kwa: 'head.' \qry The presence of /-tol/ is unusual and should be analyzed. Perhaps it is related to /tolli/, here used metaphorically. Note that in other dictionaries this is given to mean 'eyelids' (cf. RS). Note also that originally I had this to mean 'eyebrows' but I have assumed at this point that this is an error and have changed it to 'eyelids.' This of course needs to be carefully rechecked. I also had this originally as having a long vowel. Again, based on comparative evidence I have changed this to a short vowel (check SJ to determine the presence of /h/), \sj i:xkwa:tol or i:xkwehtol, etc. \ref 07746 \lxa i:xkwatolwe:weyak \lxac i:xkwatolwe:weyak \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08466 \lxa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \lxac i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \lxo ---- \dt 06/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-ap \sea to have a balding forehead wtih a high or receding hairline \ssa tener la frente calvo por tener las entradas pronunciadas \apa i:xkwatlapetla:naltik \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:tetsolak \syno i:xkwa:pets \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb petla: \encyctmp balding \ref 01133 \lxa i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \lxac i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik \lxo ---- \dt 06/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ssa tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \apa i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal \syna i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon \syna i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \syna i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \syno i:xkwa:pestik \syno i:xkwa:tetsotlahtik \flr petla: \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb petla: \ref 01718 \lxa i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxac i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \sea (sarc.) to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ssa (sarc.) tener la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb te:n \xrb te \cfa i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \nse The reference of i:xkwa:tlate:nti:ltetl is to the forehead being like the large, flat, and somewhat polished stones, often found along the river, used for sharpening machetes and knives. \ref 04199 \lxa i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxac i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxo i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \lxoa i:xkwa:te:tsoltik \lxoc i:xkwa:tsotsoltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te-: i:xkwa:te:tsoltik \se to have a balding forehead resulting from a high or receding hairline \ss estar con la frente calvo a causa de tener las entradas pronunciadas \dis i:xkwa:temetsa:yo:kon; i:xkwa:tlapetla:nal; i:xkwa:tlapetla:naltik; probably all these terms should be linked to a single entry afterwards. Certainly such terms that make fun of a physical aspect should be carefully checked and those that are considered offensive removed. It is certainly the case that from my hanging out in Am with young boys I obtained a lot of these words. \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check vowel length. Perhaps should be long. \ref 04334 \lxa i:xkwa:wia \lxac ki:xkwa:wia \lxo i:xkwa:wia \lxof [i:x kwa: 'wi a] \lxoc ki:xkwa:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to carry (with tumpline) bearing the weight on ones forehead \ss llevar (con un mecapal) con el peso sobre la frente \pna Ki:xkwa:wia itlikuw ika imekapal, xkipia burroh. \pea He carries his firewood on his forehead with a tumpline, he doesn't have a burro. \psa Carga su leña sobre su frente con un mecapal, no tiene burro. \src CFlores nakaskukwepach 15:32 \pna Tio:tlak i wa:hlaweh, kwa:li:xkwa:witiweh intlikuw. \pea In the afternoon they're coming back carrying their firewood with a tumpline around their foreheads. \psa En la tarde ya regresan viniendo cargando su leña por un mecapal sobre sus frentes. \sea (fig.) to bear the brunt of full weight of (a task or problem, etc.) \ssa (fig.) aguantar el peso completo de; soportar el mayor peso de (un asunto, problema, etc.) \pna Ise:lti o:ki:xkwa:wih un ga:stos ika o:tlana:miktih. Xka:wa, xi:kone:w! \pea He himself bore the brunt of the marriage expenses himself. You wouldn't have thought it, it wasn't even his child (who got married)! \psa El mismo soportó la mayor parte de los gastos de la boda, ¿y sabes? ¡ni fue su niño! \xrb i:x \xrb kwa: \qry Check meaning and other possible uses. \ref 05208 \lxa i:xkwepa \lxac ki:xkwepa \lxo i:xkopa \lxoc ki:xkopa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to trick ones ability to recognize (e.g., by substituting one object for another that is similar in appearance, causing sb to be mistaken in their identification) \ss engañar en la habilidad de reconocer (a algn, p. ej., al remplazar una cosa por otra parecida y de esta manera confundir a algn para que se equivoque en la identificación) \pna Xnamaka un yo:lki! Ma:ka sa: ihkón xmokwi:kwi:litokan! Okse: xkowa, san xki:xkwepa. \pea Sell that animal (in this case one in dispute with another claimant)! Don't just fight back and forth like that over it! Buy another one (with the money from the sale of the first), just fool him (by substituting the second animal for the first). \psa ¡Vende ese animal (en este caso que está el foco de una disputa con otro litigante)! ¡No te vayas a quedar nada más peleando por la posesión! ¡Cómprate otro (p. ej., con el dinero de la venta del primero), engáñalo (al sustituir el segundo por el primero)! \se to cause to lose ones way (by playing tricks on sb's eyes or sense of perception); to disorient (sb from the direction or path being followed) \ss hacer perder el camino (a una persona o animal, al engañar su habilidad de percepción); desorientar (a algn, p. ej., del camino, de donde va, etc.) \pna Mitsi:xkwepas na:wahli, xok tikitas ka:nika tiá:s, sa: tmatis yo:tka:w otli. \pea A nahual will make you lose your way, you won't be able to tell where you are going anymore, you'll just all of a sudden realize that you've left the path. \psa Un nahual va a hacer que pierdas el camino, no vas a saber por donde vas, nomás de repente vas a darte cuenta que ya dejaste el camino. \se (refl.) to have ones eyes play tricks on one \ss (refl.) dejarse engañar por apariencias \pna San o:timi:xkwep. O:timi:xkakaya:w. Tlaka xewa! \pea Your eyes did a trick on you. You let yourself get fooled by appearances. Indeed, it wasn't him! \psa Tus ojos te fallaron. te dejaste engañar por las apariencias. pues, al fin no fue él! \xrb i:x \xrb kwepa \ono i:xkakaya:wa \qry Check the difference between /i:xkwepa/ and /i:xkakaya:wa/ 'to fool or be fooled by the appearance of something or someone'. Cf. RS for discussion of meanings in elicitation. \ref 02991 \lxa i:xkwi \lxac ki:xkwi \lxo i:xkwi \lxoc ki:xkwi \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to remove (e.g., brush, dirt, etc.) from the surface of (e.g., a pile of beans after threshing, frijoles cocinándose en agua, etc.) \sso quitar (p. ej., basura, palitos, etc.) de la superficie de (p. ej., un montón de frijoles trillados, frijoles herviendo en agua, etc.) \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \ref 07067 \lxa i:xkwi:lia \lxac ki:xkwi:lia \lxo i:xkwi:lia \lxoc ki:xkwi:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to make it hard for (sb) to see (e.g., a bright or blinding light, a sudden flash, the sun [S]) \ssao deslumbrar a (algn, una fuerte luz, un sol brillante [S]) \pna Ne:chi:xkwi:lia to:nahli. \pea The bright light of the sun interferes with my vision (making it hard for me to see). \psa Me deslumbra el sol (por brillante). \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \qry Check for use of /te-/. \grm Incorporation; applicatives: With /i:xkwi:lia/ in general, note the way in which the valency of /kwi/ changes with different types of incorporation. \ref 00493 \lxa i:xkwi:tia \lxac ni:xkwi:tia \lxo i:xkwi:tia \lxoc ni:xkwi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl. with i:na:k + [noun] or with complement) to take example or warning from [noun] \ss (refl. con i:na:k + [sustantivo] o con un complemento) tomar ejemplo o prevenirse de [sustantivo] \pna Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli. \pea Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it. \psa ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo está haciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la está pasando mal. \pno Xmi:xkwi:ti:ka:n ke:non tlayo:wiya totátatsí:n. \peo Learn from what you see how Our Father suffered. \pso Aprende de lo que ves como sufrió Nuestro Padre. \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. RS gives the transitive as 'to provide a good example to' Check. \grm Note in general the nature of valency change with /kwi/ verbs. Check and discuss in the grammar. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7091. These should also be tagged as 4819, letters c, d, etc. \ref 04819 \lxa i:xkwitlatl \lxac i:xkwitlatl \lxo i:xkwitlatl \lxoc i:xkwitlatl \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrin \seo inedible portion of the inside of squash that is blackish and attached to the seeds \sso parte no comestible de lo que está adentro de la cabaza, de color negro y junto con las semillas \sea foam and chaff that floats to the top of liquid (such as boiling beans) \ssa espuma y basura que sale a flote en algunos líquidos (como frijoles hirviendo) \xrb i:x \xrb kwitla \nse With intrinsic possession i:xkwitlayo has the squash fruit itself as possessor. \pqry This word, unpossessed, seems to provide a good example of initial vowel length. \ref 06765 \lxa i:xmachilia \lxac ki:xmachilia \lxo i:xmachilia \lxoc ki:xmachilia \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to see or recognize (sth) in the possession of (that is, to see sth [SO], perhaps missing or robbed, in the possession of another [PO]) \ss reconocer o ver (algo) en la posesión de (algn, p. ej., reconocer una cosa robada o perdida [OS] en la posesión de otra persona [OP], en su casa, etc.) \pna O:ne:chixtekilih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih. \pea He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it with him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). \psa Me robó una tinaja. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví (esto es, lo vi en posesión de la tinaja, que reconocí). \pna O:ki:xmachilikeh te:wa:xka (=te:a:xka). \pea They recognized what he had as belonging to someone else. \psa Se lo reconocieron como algo de alguien ajeno. \pna O:niki:xmachilih motlake:n. \pea I recognized your clothes on him (i.e., that he had your clothes, either being worn or in his house, that you had lost, or that had been stolen). \psa Le reconocí tu ropa (esto es, él tenía tu ropa puesta, o en su casa, ropa que habías perdido o que se había robado). \xrb i:x \xrb mati \xvba i:xmati \grm External possession: Note the meaning of /i:xmachilia/ and its relationship to possession (but not ownership). In general the applicative often has this implication (of possession not ownership). Such a distinction does not seem to be made in the literature too often. \ref 01168 \lxa i:xmachi:ltia \lxac ki:xmachi:ltia \lxo i:xmachi:ltia \lxoc ki:xmachi:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to introduce to (one person to another) \ss presentar a (una persona a otra) \pna Timitsi:xmachi:lti:s nokni:w suwa:tl. \pea I will introduce my sister to you. \psa Te voy a presentar a mi hermana. \xrb i:x \xrb mat \xvbao i:xmati \qry Check correctness of this derived causative, and its use. Also cf. if there is a possible comparison to /i:xmaxtia/, i.e., if both exist and, if they do, the difference between them. Cf. Launey's remarks on the two types of causatives. I originally had a short /i/ in Am form, but have switched it to long based on Oa evidence. This should be checked. \vl The first female token is /niki:xmachi:ltia/ with the /ni-/ of 1st person (the citation form should be 3rd person with zero morpheme). This 1st-person form should be tagged but not \grm Attributive nouns; word order: Timitsi:xmachilti:s nokniw sowa:tl. 'I will introduce my sister to you' Note the use of the noun as a modifier following the head noun, i.e., sth like 'my female sibling.' But note that the attributive function follows the head. \ref 05563 \lxa i:xmahki \lxac i:xmahki \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea to be untamed; to be wild and easily startled or frightened (an animal) \ssa ser cerrero y asustadizo (un animal) \pna Na:kopanketsas moburroh pa:mpa i:xmahki. \pea Your burro will rear up because it is untamed and easily startled. \psa Se va a recabritar tu burro por cerrero. \pna I:xmahki, ma:s san tli:n konta, nomuwtia. \pea It's easily startled, whatever it sees out there, it gets frightened. \psa Es asustadizo, cualquier cosa que ve por ahí, se espanta. \syno mahki \syno mahkitik \xrb i:x \xrb maw \cfa mahka:tsi:n \nse I:xmahki is used to refer to animals such as machos, burros, oxen, etc. that startle easily, simply by catching sight of something such as a small lizard or animal that moves in the grass. \qry Check final /h/ on /burroh/. Check long /a:/ in /a:kopanketsa/. Check difference of /i:xmahki/ to /mahki/ and of both to /mahka:tsi:n/. Check /ma:s san tli:n/. Probably this should be /ma:s san tli:non/. \mod Under /mahki/ I have noted that FM makes a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. However, I have /i:xmahki/ here with no Oapan form. Recheck that it does exist, and if so enter. Also, recheck difference between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/. \ref 00875 \lxa i:xmana \lxac ki:xmana \lxo i:xmana \lxoc ki:xmana \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to smooth or level the surface of; to plane \ss nivelar o poner lisa la superficie de; aplanar \pna O:ntewitso:ltih nokube:tah. Xo:niki:xman. \pea I piled my bucket high (e.g. with maize, nixtamahli, etc., leading to the formation of a small mound in the center), I didn't level it off at the rim. \psa Copeteé mi cubeta (p. ej., con maíz, nixtamal, masa, etc., dejando un montículo en medio). No la nivelé para que estuviera plana con la orilla. \pna Tlai:xmana. \pea He is smoothing over the surface (of something that is uneven, often by running ones hands in small circles, smoothing out sth such as a dirt floor). \psa Está aplanando la superficie (de algo, a menudo al mover la mano en círculos chiquitos para alisar algo, como un piso de tierra). \pna Xki:xmana! Ma:ka ihkón witsiwtok! \pea Level it off! Don't let it be piled up like that (e.g., a bucket of maize, a cuartillo being measured, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlo nivelado! ¡Qué no esté copeteado así (p. ej. una cubeta de maíz, un cuartillo de algo medido, etc.)! \xrb i:x \xrb man \xvcao i:xmani:ltia \dis i:xpetsowa \nde In Oapan at least, i:xmaniltia refer to smoothing down a measure of grain with ones hand; when on uses a wooden stick the word i:xteki is used. \qry Check in above sentence if /witsiwtok/ should be /witsiwto/ \mod Add entries /witsiwi/ and /(te)witso:ltia/; or check whether they should be added. \ref 02109 \lxa i:xmani \lxac i:xmani \lxo i:xmani \lxoc i:xmani \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to become smooth on the surface; to become flat (a section of the ground; a pile of things such as grain) \ss ponerse liso por la superficie; quedar plano o parejo (una sección de tierra o del suelo, o un montón de algo como maíz) \pna Xka:la:wa: un tla:hli, ma tlai:xmani. \pea Push that earth down (where it is slightly high, in a mound) so that the ground is even (smooth). \psa Aplana esa tierra (donde hay una pequeña elevación), para que la tierra se ponga todo más plano. \se to become spread out (standing water) \ss extenderse (agua estancada) \xrb i:x \xrb man i:xakamantok \xvcao i:xmani:ltia \nse The verb i:xmani is usually found in a stative form, i:xmantok, which is in a separate entry. It refers to something like a small section of land that is flat, or corn piled in a granary that is flat and smooth at the top, not piled up in a heap. However, unlike statives such as i:xakamantok, kweptok or koptok, and others, i:xmantok is found in an intransitive form. \qry Check definition of 'to become spread out (standing water)' \mod Add phrase under /otli/ and /owitia/. \ref 02908 \lxa i:xmani:ltia \lxac ki:xmani:ltia \lxo i:xmani:ltia \lxoc ki:xmani:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to raze or level the surface of (particularly grains or similar items that are piled up in a heap) \ss nivelar o aplanar la superficie de (particularmente de granos apilados o copeteados) \pna Kwahli xiktewitso:lti un chikiwtli! Ma:ka san xki:xmani:lti, ma witsiwi! \pea Pile it up nicely in that basket (e.g., a grain so that it is slightly heaped up)! Don't just level off the surface, but let it be heaped up a little! \psa ¡Haz que esa canasta (lleno de granos) este algo copeteada! ¡No lo niveles, más bien deja que esté un poco copeteada! \xrb i:x \xrb man \xvbao i:xmani \qry Determine the difference between /i:xmana/ and /i:xmaniltia/. Perhaps the difference has sth to do with the valency and object of the construction. Check to see if "basket" can be the object of both these verbs. \ref 03062 \lxa i:xmantok \lxac i:xmantok \lxo i:xmantok \lxoc i:xmantok \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be laying flat and spread out on a surface \ss estar extendida y tendida sobre el suelo \pna San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:n iowi. \pea The water is extended along the ground (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land). \psa El agua está tendida sobre el suelo cubriendo todo, se llenó su canal (y por eso inundó la area a su alrededor). \se to be smooth-surfaced; to be level \ss estar plano o nivelado \pna Tlatetewitska:n (=tla:ltetewitska:n), xi:xmantok \pea It's bumpy all over (the ground, with a lot of small bumps all over) its surface is not smooth. \psa Está todo lleno de baches y bolitas (el suelo), no está plano. \xrb i:x \xrb man \xtlao tlai:xmantok \nse According to Florencia Marcelino mantok is used for water spread out over a surface whereas i:xmantok is used for other objects that are similarly spread out. \qry Here it will be important to determine the \ref 02730 \lxa i:xmati \lxac ki:xmati \lxo i:xmati \lxoc ki:xmati \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular, see mati \se (often used in progressive) to recognize; to know (a person, from the appearance or looks of) \ss (a menudo utlizado en el progresivo); conocer; reconocer (a una persona, por su apariencia) \pna Timitsi:xmastok. \pea I know you. \psa Yo te conozco. \pna Niki:xmastoya. \pea I used to know him. \psa Lo conocía. \se (often with le:trah) to know how to read and write \ss (a menudo con le:trah) saber leer y escribir \src LL GT \pna Kitlapopolwia pa:mpa xki:xmati. \pea He forgives him because he doesn't know how to read. \psa Lo perdona porque no sabe leer. \xrb i:x \xrb mat \xvaao i:xmachilia \xvcao i:xmachi:ltia \xv0ao tlai:xmati \ref 01795 \lxa i:xma:toka \lxac ki:xma:toka \lxo i:xma:toka \lxoc ki:xma:toka \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to wipe the surface of (sth) clean \ss limpiar la superficie de \pna Xki:xma:toka para ma ki:sa tla:hli! \pea Wipe the surface clean so that the dirt comes off! \psa ¡Límpiale la superficie para que se quite la tierra (mugre)! \seo to rub the face of (a person) \sso frotar la cara de (una persona) \pno Xki:xma:toka ya: a:tl para ma chipa:wi i:xa:yak! \peo Rub water on his face so that it gets clean! \pso ¡Frótale agua por la cara para que se quede limpio! \xrb i:x \xrb ma: \xrb toka \qry Check if meaning is to use ones hand, or whether it also includes the possibility of using a rag, etc. \ref 03465 \lxa i:xmi:miki \lxac i:xmi:miki \lxo i:xmi:miki \lxoc i:xmi:miki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a(k) \se to have blurry vision; to be dazzled by a bright light (e.g., in waking up and going outside to the bright sunshine) \ss tener la visión nublada; deslumbrarse por una fuerte luz (p. ej., al despertarse y ir afuera donde el sol está fuerte) \pna Ti:xmi:mikis, xwel tiktlatlatas ma:s. \pea You will be dazzled by the bright light, you won't be able to stare at it much longer. \psa Te vas a deslumbrar por la fuerte luz, ya no le vas a poder estar viéndolo directamente. \se to be dim; to be low (a light) \ss estar bajo y de poca luz (una lámpara) \pna Xok tlachia nolá:mparah, sa: i:xmi:miktok. \pea My flashlight no longer illuminates, it is just dim and yellow (e.g., from batteries that are losing their power). \psa Mi lámpara eléctrica ya no ilumina, nomás emite una luz amarilla y media apagada (p. ej., por tener pilas gastadas) \xrb i:x \xrb miki \xvca i:xmi:miktia \xvco i:xmi:mihtia \nse Apparently only the form with long vowel reduplication exists; I was unable to elicit a form without reduplication or with short vowel reduplication. \qry Check the possibility of /i:xmiki/ or /i:xmimiki/. Check vowel length and cf. to Oa /i:xmimiki/ \mod In general note significance of forms with /mimiki/ or /mi:miki/, as well as /miki/. \ref 03634 \lxa i:xmi:miktia \lxac ki:xmi:miktia \lxo i:xmi:mihtia \lxoc ki:xmi:mihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cause to have or to give blurry vision; to blur the vision of (a bright light) \ss hacer que tenga la vista nublosa; nublar la vista de (una luz fuerte) \pna Ne:chi:xmi:miktia to:nahli. \pea The sun blurs my vision. \psa El sol me nubla la vista. \xrb i:x \xrb miki \xvbao i:xmi:miki \nae The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in i:xmi:miki. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in i:xmi:miki is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Juan Tetelcingo will have to be consulted). It is possible that Oapan i:xmi:mihtia represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. \qry Carefully query and check vowel length of the reduplicant. \grmx Vowel reduplication; length: The length of the reduplicant nucleus is shorter than might perhaps be expected (and should be compared to the acoustic properties of the same vowel in i:xmi:miki. Nevertheless, the duration does seem to be in the range of a long vowel, and the absence of pitch accent as well as the form of the Ameyaltepec cognate, suggest a long vowel. Nevertheless, the question of reduplication and vowel length is problematical. In the only other dialect that has a cognate form (Zacapoaxtla), the reduplicant has a coda (written /j/ in Zacapoaxtla), representative of what in Classical was the 'saltillo.' However, given that the surface manifestation of non-phrase final underlying {h} in Oapan is pitch accent, the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant in i:xmi:miki is not a closed syllable with {h} as a coda. Unfortunately the Ameyaltepec form (which I have noted to have a long vowel) sheds no light on this question (speakers from San Juan Tetelcingo will have to be consulted). It is possible that Oapan i:xmi:mihtia represents underlying long vowel reduplication with subsequent shortening of the vowel nucleus for some unexplained reason. Indeed, in the first pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, the reduplicant vowel seemed to have long duration. \sj Check for /h/; note absence of vowel p-a in Oapan. \vl Check vowel length in all forms. Use first token of female and either one of male. Note: this is because in the first token of Florencia the vowel has long duration. Inocencio's pronunciation is with a defnite short vowel. \ref 02914 \lxa i:xmomoyoka \lxac i:xmomoyoka \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to see spots or blotches; to be unable to discern and see things clearly (e.g., from a scorpion bite) \ssa ver manchas oscuras (p. ej., del piquete de alacrán) \pna Ni:xmomoyoka, xkwahli nitlachia. \pea I see things blotchy, can't see well. \psa Veo áreas oscuras, no veo bien. \cfo tlai:xmomoyoka \xrb i:x \xrb moyo: \xv0a tlai:xmomoyoka \xvnao moyo:ni \nse Apparently the base form *i:xmoyo:ni does not exist. \qry Check/recheck inexistence of base form /i:xmoyo:ni/. \ref 03643 \lxa i:xmon to:nahli \lxac i:xmon to:nahli \lxo i:xmon to:nahli \lxoc i:xmon to:nahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \seao rays of the sun that sometimes appear filtering through the clouds \ssao rayos del sol que a veces aparecen filtrándose a través de las nubes \pna Yo:pe:w notla:lia i:xmon to:nahli \pea The rays of the sun (filtering through the clouds) have started to appear. \psa Los rayos del sol (filtrándose a través de las nubes) han empezado a aparecer. \pna Kwa:k tlamoxte:mi, ki:sa i:xmon to:nahli. \pea When there is a cloud cover, the rays of the sun can be seen filtering through. \psa Cuando el cielo está tapado de nubes, se ven filtrándose los rayos del sol. \pna Wa:lpilkatok i:xmon to:nahli. \pea The sun's rays are hanging down (through the clouds). \psa Los rayos del sol están filtrándose hacia abajo (a través de las nubes). \sem weather \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb to:na \nse This lexical item refers to the rays that are visible either above or below the sun, depending on the position of the clouds, when the sun is partially behind them. Most often, however, they point toward the ground. \vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. \ref 00969 \lxa i:xmonkokoltostik \lxac i:xmonkokoltostik \lxo í:xmokókoltóstik \lxop i:xmokokoltostik \lxoc í:xmokókoltóstik \dt 13/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have eyelashes that have curled up (e.g., from having had a flame come close to the hairs) \ss tener las pestañas rizadas (p. ej., por haberles sido acercado una flama) \cfa i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \cfo i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb koltots \nse Although originally I had recorded the meaning of this form (in Ameyaltepec) as that of 'curved eyelashes,' a lengthy discussion with Cristino Flores convinced me that this word basically refers to the type of curliness of hair that is brought into contact or close contact with a flame and that as a result shrivels and curls. \nae The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl í:xmokókoltóstik derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form i:xmontli has been reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface í:xmotlí. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not reduce on the previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation for the reduction of the reduplicant. \mod Perhaps make an onomasiological entry to all words that refer to facial features (e.g., sunken eyes or cheeks, big teeth) \sj i:xmonkokoltostik \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. I originally had written /i:xmó:kokoltóstik/ for the transcription here, but perhaps I was influenced by the p-a, which is usually on a long vowel. Check. The problem here is that if the /o/ is short, then the question arises as to why it doesn't lengthen and reduce reduplication. If it is long, then the question arises as to why it doesn't retain p-a in /í:xmotlí/. It might be that it is underlyingly long but shortens before the /tli/ absolutive, as /n/ is reinterpreted as glottal stop, which can only follow a short vowel. \rt It is unclear whether /kol/ and /tots/ should be divided although at least a reference to this division should be made considering numerous acceptations of /kol/ related to curvedness. However, note also in /kwitlaxkohli/, with a short /o/ in a /kol/ syllable apparently relating to curvedness. \pqry The pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl í:xmokókoltóstik derives from the presence of {h} at two points. First, the historical form i:xmontli has been reinterpreted as {i:xmohtli} leading to surface í:xmotlí. Second, the reduplicant has a coda {h}, as expected. The reason why the reduplicant does not reduce on the previous syllable is not clear, but it could reflect the fact that syllables closing with an underlying {h} cannot lengthen and take pitch accent in compensation for the reduction of the reduplicant. Recheck the p-a here with that of the words originally recorded at 1891 (which has been removed as a duplicate of this present entry). \mod Distinguish or discuss in relation to /i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik/, etc. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in Oapan the word for eyelash has been relexicalized as /í:xmotlí/. Hence the pitch-accent on the long first /i:/ of /í:xmokókoltóstik/ is from the reinterpretation of the base noun. The two stems are preserved in regards to pitch-accent, with no crossing from the initial {koh-} syllable. The reason for the lack of reduction on the final syllable of the incorporated noun is not entirely clear. Definitely this pattern can be compared to that of /ayó:penké:tl/ where the reduction does take place. \ref 04776 \lxa i:xmonme:melak \lxac i:xmonme:melak \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have long straight eyelashes \ss tener las pestañas largas y derechas \pna I:xmome:melak, san pepeya:siwtok, notsotsontokatok i:xmon, xi:xmonkokoltots. \pea He is someone with long straight eyelashes, they go straight out in a line, his eyelashes point downwards, he isn't one with eyelashes that curve upwards. \psa Tiene las pestañas largas y derechas, van derecho, sus pestañas se clavan hacia abajo, no es alguien con pestañas que se encurvan hacia arriba. \apa i:xmonme:melaktik \syno i:xmowe:weyak \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; mela: \nse In all but very careful speech the sequence /nm/ reduces to /m/. \mod Make sure there are entries under /peya:siwi/, /tsontoka/, and /i:xmonkokoltots/. \grm In /i:xmonmemelak/, as in many words that refers to characteristics of eyes the reduplication is essentially basic. \ref 02762 \lxa i:xmonme:melaktik \lxac i:xmonme:melaktik \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have long straight eyelashes \ssa tener las pestañas largas y derechas \apa i:xmonme:melak \equivo i:xmópepeyá:stik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb mela: \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. \ref 04444 \lxa i:xmonme:melaktik \lxac i:xmonme:melaktik \lxo ---- \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \sea to have long straight eyelashes \ssa tener las pestañas largas y derechas \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; mela: \ref 03484 \lxa i:xmonpepeya:stik \lxac i:xmonpepeya:stik \lxo í:xmopépeyá:stik \lxop i:xmopepeya:stik \lxoc í:xmopépeyá:stik \dt 13/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo to have long straight eyelashes \sso tener las pestañas largas y derechas \equiva i:xmonmemelaktik \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb peya:s \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication; pitch accent: Note the word /í:xmopépeyá:stik/. The first pitch accent is from the reanalyzed {h} in /í:xmotlí/. The second is from the coda {h} in the reduplicant, and the final is intonational. It is not clear what precisely blocks the reduction of the reduplicant on the final /o/ of the incorporated noun. It might be the fact that underlyingly (because of the reanalysis) closed syllable with coda {h} does not accept a reduced reduplicant (remembering that vowels before the 'saltillo' are never long). It might also be related to some clash of the sequence that would result with a lengthened and pitch-accented /ó:/. However, this does not appear to coincide with pitch-accent patterns in other words. The same situation occurs with /a:kókotétekí/. \ref 06807 \lxa i:xmontli \lxac i:xmontli \lxo í:xmotlí \lxop i:xmotli \lxoc í:xmotlí \dt 13/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal; e.g., ti:xmon (Am), ti:xmoh (Oa) \pa yes-lex \seao eyelashes \ssao las pestañas \seo eyebrows \sso cejas \sem body \sem human \xrb i:x \xrb mon \nse Consultants from Oapan gave í:xmotlí as meaning both 'eyelashes' and 'eyebrows.' My original notes from Ameyaltepec, however, had only the meaning 'eyelashes.' This should be checked. \nae Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, in this village the stem of this word has been reanalyzed as i:xmoh as evidenced by the absolutive form and the pitch accent. \pqry The duration of the initial vowel /i:/ in the Oapan pronunciation is clearly that of a long vowel. Florencia Marcelino has durations of about 120 ms and Inocencio Jiménez has durations of 167 and 134 ms. This should be checked againt initial /i:/ without pitch accent. Since this is usually the case, this should not be hard to find. Indeed, perhaps 100 tokens of /í:xmotlí/ and 100 tokens of /i:xmahki/, or another word with similar syllable and prosodic structure, should provide a test case. \grmx Oapan phonology: Re /í:xmotlí/ Interestingly, but understanding given the frequent alternation between /n/ and /h/ in Oapan Nahuatl, the stem of this word has been reanalyzed as i:xmoh as evidenced by the absolutive form. This has lead to marked pitch accent. \rt Unclear if {mon} is separate root, although it would almost have to be, at least at some historical level, given the occurrence of /i:x/. \ref 04533 \lxa i:xmontsotsokwe:lowa \lxac ni:xmontsotsokwe:lowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(refl) \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08329 \lxa i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \lxac i:xmontsotsokwe:ltik \lxo í:xmotsótsokwé:ltik \lxop i:xmowe:weyak \lxoc i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik \dt 13/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex; yes-rdp \seao to have eyelashes that curl up \ssao tener las pestañas rizadas, que se enrizan hacia arriba \pna I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik. \pea He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved. \psa Tiene las pestañas rizadas, se encurvan hacia arriba, están risadas. \xrb i:x \xrb mon \xrb tsokwe:l \mod Discuss and distinguish from /i:xmonkokoltots(tik)/. Also add in an onomasiological section on /i:xmontli/ all the different types. Also, discuss: ears, eyes, noses, eyelashes, mouths, teeth, tongue, cheeks, chins, hair, forehead, etc. Also, gestures with ones teeth (e.g., /tlankwitsiwi/, etc.) \vl Check p-a of all Oapan words with /í:xmotlí/. If is unclear why this present entry was not recorded with p-a \sj i:xmotsotsokwe:ltik Is tsotsokwe:ltik an h-final reduplicant \qry I originally had this phrase /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak, i:xmonkokoltostik./ but C. Flores denied that /i:xmonkokoltostik/ had this meaning 'He has curling eyelashes, they curve upward, his eyelashes are curved.' but instead referred to hair that is burnt and as a result curly. \rt Etymology unclear. However, a comment should definitely be offered on /tsokwe:l/ as a root. \rt Cf. numerous words with root /kwe(:)/ which seem to indicate a curved or folding motion or situation. If /kwe:(l)/ is a \ref 01372 \lxa i:xmonwe:weyak \lxac i:xmonwe:weyak \lxo í:xmowe:wéyak \lxop i:xmowe:weyak \lxoa í:xmowe:wíyak \lxoc í:xmowe:wéyak, í:xmowe:wíyak \dt 13/Apr/2003 \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \infv Lex. rdp-s \pa yes \se to have long (straight) eyelashes \ss tener pestañas largas (y derechas) \xrb i:x \xrb -mon; weya \qry In original notes I had long first /e/ as: /i:xmonwe:weyak/. Check. \vl Check p-a with all entries containing Oapan /í:xmotlí/. \grm Note that in the paradigmatic set of k/ya/lia in many cases the /k/ form is lost in the verbalizations. Thus /yema:nki/ but /yema:nia/, or /ista:k/ and /ista:ya/. However, with /weyak/ there is no such loss: /weyakia/. This suggests that the /k/ here had been reinterpreted as part of an adjectival bases. \ref 02726 \lxa i:xmumuwi \lxac i:xmumuwi \lxo í:xmomówi \lxoc í:xmomówi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be afraid of heights \sso tener miedo a la altura \equiva i:xtlamumuwi \xrb i:x \xrb mawi \qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ is semantically equivalent to Oa /í:xmumúwi/. Get full range of contexts, uses, situations, etc. \grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/. \rt Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/. \ref 02331 \lxa i:xna:miki \lxac ki:xna:miki \lxo i:xna:miki \lxoc ki:xna:miki \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to challenge (face to face); to stand up to; to directly answer or contradict; to confront (e.g., in answering a charge, or in order to identify someone as quilty) \ss desafiar (cara a cara); contradecir directamente; enfrentarse a; encarar o pararse frente a (para contestar una acusación o para identificar a una persona como culpable) \pna Ki:xna:miki itah, xok kitlaka:mati. \pea He stands up to (i.e., talks back to, or challenges the authority of) his father, he no longer obeys him. \psa Se enfrenta a su padre (esto es, le contesta o contradice, desafía su autoridad), ya no lo obedece. \pna O:ki:xna:mik, pa:mpa mlá:k ino:biah \pea He stood up to her charges (in this case in regards to his behavior) because she really was his girlfriend. \psa La enfrentó contestando sus acusaciones (en este caso en cuanto a su comportamiento) porque de veras era su novia. \se to serve as the other half of; to pair up with or complement (to complete a task or provide the complete pair required in a certain situation) \ss hacer pareja con; complementar (para completar una tarea o ser la otra mitad requerida en algunas situaciones) \pna A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh. \pea Now I've found the animal that will pair up with my ox (to complete the team). \psa Ya encontré el animal que le hará pareja a mi buey (para completar la junta). \xrb i:x \xrb na:miki \xvaa i:xna:miktia \xvao i:xna:mihtia \ref 02557 \lxa i:xna:miktia \lxac ki:xna:miktia \lxo i:xna:mihtia \lxoc tlai:xna:mihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to provide with the second half (or major part) necessary to complete a task (e.g., to provide a second ox or mule needed to complete a plow team, or to supply half the firewood needed to complete a load carried by a beast of burden, etc.) \ss proveer con la otra mitad (o una parte principal) necesaria para alcanzar una meta a (p.ej., encontrar el buey o mula necesario para completar una yunta, o contribuir un lado de una carga de leña, etc.) \pna O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis. \pea He provided the companion (animal) to that with which he is working (thus completing the team of oxen or mules). \psa Le dio su pareja al (animal) que estaba trabajando (así completando la yunta de bueyes o mulas). \pna Tlai:xna:miktian, se:sentetl kipian. \pea They each contribute one half (of the yunta), each has one (animal). \psa Cada quien da la mitad (de la yunta), cada uno tiene un (animal). \pna O:tlai:xna:miktikeh ika tlikuwtli, san sesen la:doh o:kwa:hkikeh. \pea They got together to complete a load of firewood, each one brought (the firewood for) one side. \psa Se juntaron para completar una carga de leña, cada quien trajo un lado (de leña). \xrb i:x \xrb na:miki \xvbao i:xna:miki \nse This verb is probably derived from a nominal form i:xna:miktli (Am), much the same as the verb na:miktia (Am) is derived from na:miktli (Am). I:xna:mihtia does not seem to be a causative. This verb is only found with the tla- prefix in Oapan. \nde In Classical there are various senses of this verb. Thus Molina has three entries of ixnamictia, each with different prefixes: ninote 'competir, o rifar con otros'; nite 'rebolver a otros'; and nitla 'aforrar algo, o poner una cosa contra otra.' \qry Check in general length of /wa:n/ or /iwa:n/ to make sure vowel is not short. Check other significations of /i:xna:miktia/. \grm Compare this to the forms and translation in RS. It would appear that there are two meanings of /i:xna:miktia/ in classical. One, given as /nite-/ is glossed as 'atacar, sublevar, levantar a los demás'. This would seem to be a direct causative to /i:xna:miki/ meaning 'to confront'. Context might indicate that there is a primary and secondary object here. However, another meaning is simply transitive. Cf. /A:man yo:hne:xtih tli:n ki:xna:mikis nobwe:yeh/ in which the subject is the animal that will 'make a pair' with the ox. With /O:ki:xna:miktih tli:n iwa:n tekitis/, however, the object is the animal worked with /tli:n iwa:n tekitis/. Cf. /iyeltia/. \ref 05606 \lxa i:xna:miktilia \lxac ki:xna:miktilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08200 \lxa i:xna:miktlapa:na \lxac ki:xna:miktlapa:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08410 \lxa ixonak kuwatl \lxac ixonak kuwatl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of weed that grows on cliffs, osto:xiwtli \ssa tipo de maleza que crece en los riscos, osto:xiwtli \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syno xóxonakátsi:n \xrb xonak \xrb kowa \cpl According to Gabriel de la Cruz, this plant is a xiwtli, osto:xiwtli. \nct xiwtli \ref 00185 \lxa i:xpa:ki \lxac i:xpa:ki \lxo i:xpa:ki \lxoc i:xpa:ki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be very happy from having many items to choose from; overjoyed from being confronted with an abundance of choices; to be filled with glee from what ones sees \ss estar muy feliz por tener enfrente mucho de que escoger; regocijar por lo que está a la vista \pna San i:xpa:ki, xkimati katlewa wel mlá:k ka:nas. \pea He is delighted with his possibilities (in this case four girlfriends), he doesn't know which one he will marry. \psa Está abrumado y feliz por las opciones que tiene (en este caso de tener 4 novias), no sabe con cual se va a casar. \pna San tii:xpa:ki. Xe tikita katlewa milá:k tihkowas. \pea You're like a kid in a candy store (liking the looks of everything). You still can't decide which one you're really going to buy. \psa Estás feliz de la vida con todo lo que ves. Todavía no has decido cual vas a comprar. \pna San i:xpa:ki ika miák yo:kitak tlake:ntli, nochi kukwaltsitsi:ntih. Tomi:n kwa:ki pero ni:n se: xkikowa. San i:xpa:ki. \pea He is filled with glee from seeing the clothes, they are all really beautiful. He has brought money but won't buy even one. He's just happy from looking (and can't make a decision). \psa Está feliz por ver la ropa, todo está muy bonita. Trajo dinero pero no va a compar ni uno. Solamente está de regocijo (sin poder decidir). \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ki \nse I:xpa:ki refers to the state of a person who sees many inviting and nice things, such as one who enters a store and sees a lot of nice clothes and not knowing immediately which is best or which he will buy, happily looks everything over. \qry Check the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and simply /i:xpa:ki/. Note that the reduplication in the above example is of the noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. \grm Note that the reduplication in /ii:xpa:ki/ is of the incorporated noun, not the verbal base. Determine the difference between /ii:xpa:ki/ and /i:xpapa:ki/, if both are correct. \ref 01185 \lxa i:xpa:lakachiwi \lxac i:xpa:lakachiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to have ones head wobble, bob, or droop (literally and physically) \ssa tambalearsele la cabeza (a algn, físicamente) \pna Yo:pe:w i:xpa:lakachiwtok. Ye tla:wa:ntok. \pea His head has started to wobble around. He's already drunk. \psa Ya se le empezó a tambalear la cabeza. Ya está borracho. \sea for ones head to spin or reel \ssa tener la cabeza dando vueltas; estar atarantado \sem motion \xrb i:x \xrb palakach \qry Elicit other words with /palaka-/. \rt It would seem that this root is divisible. Note that neither /palakachiwi/ nor any similar sounding word is in RS. But cf. words such as /malakatl/, /ilakatsiwi/, /wi:laka/, etc. that all seem to have something to do with twisting, turning, going off to the side, etc. \ref 04286 \lxa i:xpan \lxac i:xpan \lxo i:xpan \lxoa i:xpan \lxoc i:xpah \dt 28/Jan/2002 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \seao in front of \ssao enfrente de \pna I:xpan tlakwatoya wa:n ni: xtlakwalno:tsa. \pea He was eating in front of him and he didn't even invite him to eat. \psa Estaba comiendo frente a él y ni lo invitaba a comer. \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \ref 01112 \lxa i:xpan \lxac i:xpan \lxo ---- \lxoa ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \sea lower abdomen (from the waist or belly to the genitals) \ssa abdomen inferior (desde la cintura o ombligo hasta las genitales) \sem body \xrb i:x \xrl -pan \nse When referring to a body part i:xpan seems to refer to the area of the body covered by pubic hair. Some people state that this area includes the lower belly while others state that the lower belly is referred to as tlai:xkwa:w and that the two, tlai:xkwa:w and i:xpan, both obligatorily possessed, are distinct. \qry Recheck to see of the forms meaning "genitals" and "in front of" are homophonous. Recheck meaning of 'genitals' since this is not used in Oapan. \ref 07505 \lxa i:xpanti \lxac i:xpanti \lxo ---- \lxocpend \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm \der V1 \se \ss \xrb \ref 07992 \lxa i:xpapa:ya \lxac i:xpapa:ya \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision \ssa tener la vista mala al grado que ve todo borroso \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya \equivo i:xté:mpá:ya \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse I:xpapa:ya refers to someone who has poor eyesight, seeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root pa:ya:, cf. pa:ya:tl. Forms such as i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n (diminutive) and i:xpapa:ya:tik, adjectival, also exist. My original data had parallel forms with initial i:x- and initial i:xte:m-, with no difference in meaning. It is possible that the former set of items is in error. \qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. Finally, check for a final /h/ in /i:xtpapa:ya/, i.e., perhaps it should be /i:xpapa:yah/. Note that Florencia Marcelino did not accept any of the forms starting i:xpa... but only those with i:xte:m. \ref 01443 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:ti \lxac i:xpapa:ya:ti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight) \ssa llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala) \syna i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \cfo í:xpapayá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \xvca i:xpa:ya:tilia \qry I have also heard /i:xte:mpapa:yati/; the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \ref 02135 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tik \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to to have poor and blurry eyesight \ss tener la vista mala y nublosa \pna San i:xpapa:ya:tik, xwel tla:tlachia kwahli. \pea He has poor eyesight, he doesn't see around him well. \psa Tiene mala vista, no ve bien a su alrededor. \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \equivo i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse In Oapan this refers to someone with eyes that indicate mental deficiency, e.g, with ones sight going over to a side or downwards, etc. The definition obtained for Ameyaltepec should be checked. \nae In certain speech tokens of this word, the initial vowel has a quite short duration, however, the root is clearly i:x and there is no reason for shortening to occur. In one token the duration is more in accord with that expected from a long vowel. Comparative evidence from other cases of i:x in word initial position should be sudied or documented. \qry Check correctness of /tla:tlachia/ in above phrase, i.e. reduplicative pattern. As with other words beginning /i:xpapa:ya-/ check for correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:-/. However, note that I have the following note: This is the same as /i:xpapa:ya/ or /i:xpapa:ya:tl/, and /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/, /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik/ and /i:xte:mpapa:ya/. On the basis of this the /i:xte:m-/ forms should be added, although perhaps it should be determined which is more common. \grm Note that I have two denominal adjectival codes in -tik: Adj-tik-n and Adj-tik-ap. Certainly in some forms the full noun does not exist, e.g. /xa:yakateoomi/ and /xa:yakateoomitik/. But here it appears that /i:x(te:m)papa:ya:tl/ is correct, as is the apocopated /i:x(te:m)papa:ya/. Thus the distinction is not altogether clear. \grm Oapan phonetics: Word 3859, /i:xpapa:ya:tik/ seems to manifest a quite short duration to the initial vowel. This should be checked. \vl Link second male token. \ref 03859 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tik \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tik \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tik \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply plain poor eyesight) \sso tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala) \cfa i:xpapa:ya:ti \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \qry Reconfirm vowel length in all /papaya:ti/ forms, i.e., in reference to the second /a/. \ref 07040 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tl \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tl \lxo ---- \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \sea see i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \ssa véase i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb paya: \ref 00299 \lxa i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxac i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxo í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \lxoc í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \se person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind) \ss persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego) \equiva i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \equivo i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb pa:ya: \nse Generally the diminutive i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n is used, although i:xpapa:ya:tl is also heard. \qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \pqry All forms with /papa:ya:tsi:n/ need to be checked for vowel length. It is extremely unclear whether there is a short or long vowel in the penultimate syllable. \ref 04373 \lxa i:xpepextia \lxac ki:xpepextia \lxo í:xpepéxtia \lxoc kí:xpepéxtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[wi] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \sea to patch or put a patch on (particularly clothes) \ssa ponerle parche a algo (particularmente ropa) \pna Xki:xpepexti nopá:ntalon! \pea Put a patch on my pants! \psa ¡Ponle un parche a mis pantalones! \seo to place a cover on the surface of (e.g., corn stored on the ground so that it doesn't get full of earth) \sso tapar (con una tela o nilon, p. ej., mazorcas guardadas sobre el suelo para que no se llenen de tierra) \xrb i:x \xrb pech \dis tlamamanilia \nse In regard to clothing, i:xpepextia refers to the action of placing a patch on something, resulting in two layers of cloth. It differs from tlamamanilia, which is used to refer to cutting away a wornout area, e.g. on ones clothes, and replacing it with another piece of material, which is joined to the original around the border of the cutout section. \qry Determine if there is an applicative, ?i:xpepextilia. \grm Note that the relationship of causatives to verbs ending in /-owa/ or /-iwi/ is not clear. Thus one has /pepechowa/ and /pepecho:ltia/ (the difference in meaning between these should be checked, but apparently the second refers to bringing together an animate object with other (e.g. "acercar") while the first refers to the action of pasting one thing on another. Note, however, that RS has entries for both ixpechoa, nitla 'poner algo sobre el vestido, esconder, cubrir la parte de arriba de un objeto' and ixpechtia, nitla 'bajar una cosa para poner otra por encima'. It will be necessary to determine whether /i:x(pe)pechowa/ exists in Ameyaltepec. \ref 04077 \lxa i:xpetla:ni \lxac i:xpetla:ni \lxo i:xpetla:ni \lxoc i:xpetla:ni \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to enjoy improvement in ones health (from a state of reduced consciousness) \ssao mejorar en cuanto a la salud (recuperando de un estado de debilitamiento) \pna Ya:lwa sa: koxtoya. A:man ye i:xpetla:ni, kas medioh ye patitsi:n. \pea Yesterday he was just sleeping (from illness). Today he's already started to become more aware (e.g., opening his eyes and talking, looking around), it seems that he's improving a little. \psa Ayer no más estaba durmiendo (por estar enfermo). Hoy ya se le ve más lúcido (con los ojos abiertos y más alerto, atento a su alrededor), quizá ya se está mejorando un poquito. \se to have flashes of lucidity or clear moments (e.g., after having gotten very drunk) \ss tener momentos de lucidez (p.ej., después de haberse emborrachado) \pna I:xpetla:ntiw. \pea He's having some clear moments. \psa Está teniendo algunos momentos de lucidez. \se to become cognizant or aware; (fig) to see things clearly; (fig) to see the light, (fig.) to open up ones eyes \ss ver las cosas claras; (fig) abrir los ojos; tener conciencia (de algo) \pna Kemech a:man i:xpetla:ni. Kwa:k itie:mpoh katka xo:kinemilih para kichi:was (on tekitl). \pea He's just now starting to see things clearly. When he was in his prime he didn't think of doing it (e.g., a particular job or task). \psa Apenas ahora está viendo las cosas claras. Cuando estaba en plena juventud no pensó hacerlo (p. ej., un trabajo o tarea en particular). \xrb i:x \xrb petla: \nde The Classical definition for a transitive form of this word has little to do with the Balsas Nahuatl definition: Molina has ixpetlania. nitla. 'derramar algo de lo que está en el vaso o copa, o escandalizar a otros.' Of modern dialects only Zacapoaxtla has this term with a similar acceptation to Ameyaltepec and Oapan: i:xpeta:ni 'vuelve, se le pasa la borrachera' and i:xpeta:ntoc 'en su juicio.' \qry Check for transitive forms (with /-nia/ or /-naltia/) and code accordingly. \ref 00599 \lxa i:xpetsowa \lxac ki:xpetsowa \lxo i:xpetsowa \lxoc ki:xpetsowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to smooth or polish (ceramics, stones, or other hard surfaces) \ss pulir o bruñir (cerámica, piedra u otras cosas duras) \se to plane (e.g., wood) \ss aplanar (p. ej., la madera) \pna Yo:pe:w ki:xpetsowa pa:mpa kixi:ma. \pea He has started to smooth its surface because he is planing it (e.g., a board). \psa Ya empezó a alisarle la superficie porque lo está aplanando (p. ej., una tabla). \se to level (e.g., by moving ones hand in a long, continuous motion over sth such as maize that protrudes above the edges of a cuartillo or other given measure) \ss nivelar (particularmente con la mano, al moverla sobre algo como maíz que no está plano como en algo utilizado para medir) \dis i:xmana; petsowa; i:xpetsowa \xrb i:x \xrb pets \nse Apparently i:xpetsowa refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas i:xmana refers to using ones hand or a stick to smooth something bumpy or that protrudes, such as grain heaped into a measure. \qry Apparently /i:xpetsowa/ refers to actions such as polishing or planing hard surfaces, whereas /i:xmana/ refers to using ones hand or a stick to smooth something bumpy or that protrudes. But this is my recollection and needs to be checked. \ref 05931 \lxa i:xpi:lin \lxac i:xpi:lin \lxo i:xpi:lin \lxoc i:xpi:lin \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se type of very small insect \ss tipo de insecto muy pequeño \sem animal \sem insect \xrb i:x \xrb pi:l \nae The vowel length of the initial /i:/ in Oapan seems to last a little shorter than one might expect (Florencia Marcelino has 86 ms for both tokens and Inocencio Jiménez has 103 and 98 ms). Nevertheless, this is well within the range of duration of long vowels. \nct sa:yo:lih \qry Check vowel length of second /i:/; perhaps related to root /pi:l/. \vl Use first female token and first male token. \ref 03333 \lxa i:xpi:na:wi \lxac i:xpi:na:wi \lxo í:xpipi:ná:wi \lxoc í:xpipi:ná:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to look embarrassed or to have an embarrassed look on ones face (e.g., because of sth one has done); to be embarrassed or timid to show ones face (and reluctant to speak, be seen, or be spoken too, etc.) \ss tener una cara de avergonzada (p. ej., por algo hecho); tener pena en dejarse ver (y tener vergüenza de hablar o conversar) \pna I:xpi:na:wi, mono:biah katka. \pea She is ashamed to show her face, she was your girlfriend. \psa Le da pena mostrarse la cara, fue tu novia. \xrb i:x \xrb pi:na: \nse Apparently this verb usually occurs in reduplicated form, i:xpipi:na:wi. \qry Check if reduplicated form is more common and whether, indeed, both occur. Cf. to /pipina:wi/, which apparently does not occur in non-reduplicated form. \ref 02430 \lxa i:xpoliwi \lxac i:xpoliwi \lxo i:xpoliwi \lxoc i:xpoliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get ruined or destroyed (sth material being made, como adobe or ceramics, land, and other things that have been prepared) \ss echarse a perder o destruirse (algo hecho como adobe, cerámica; o algo preparado como un terreno para sembrar) \pna O:i:xpoliw itabi:keh, o:pa:tsiw. \pea His bricks got ruined, they got wet (i.e., before firing). \psa Se echaron a perder sus tabiques, se mojaron (esto es, antes de cocerse). \pna O:i:xpoliw motla:l. We:i o:kitek a:tl, we:i o:xi:kopi:n. \pea Your land has been ruined. Water has eroded a lot of it away, a lot of the surface soil has been swept away. \psa Se echó a perder tu terreno. Lo erosionó mucho el agua, se deslavó mucho la capa superior del suelo. \se to spoil or become spoiled (a food); to be wasted and become spoiled (a food served in excess) \ss echarase a perder (una comida); desperdiciarse y echarse a perder (un exceso de comida) \pna O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw. \pea My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled. \psa Mi fruta acabó por podrirse. No terminé de venderla, se echó a perder. \pna Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. \pea Don't put anymore up to cook (in this case beans in a pot)! There's a good chance it will just get wasted and go bad. \psa ¡No pongas más a cocinar (en este caso frijoles)! A lo mejor solamente se va a desperdiciar y echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). \se to get messed up (e.g., a person after a bad beating) \ss desfigurarse; lastimarse y quedar golpeado (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza) \pna O:kwisohkeh, o:i:xpoliw. \pea They beat up on him, he was a mess (disfigured and hurt from being beaten). \psa Lo golpearon, quedó todo golpeado. \se to become ruined (financially); to become impoverished \ss arruinarse (económicamente); empobrecerse \pna O:ni:xpoliw. O:ntla:lih ye:i yuntas, o:nikintlane:w, xo:tla:k. \pea I got ruined. I plowed with three yuntas, I borrowed them [and] there was no yield (leaving me stuck with the rental payment) \psa Me arruiné. Puse tres yuntas, las pedí prestado [y] no rindió la milpa (dejándome sin recursos para pagar la cuenta) \pna Yo:i:xpoliw. Yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomi:n . \pea He's ruined. He's finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money. \psa Quedó en la ruina, lo terminó (quizá su dinero o ganado), tenía mucho dinero. \se to follow an erroneous path in life; to go a bad way (particularly, for a girl to become sexually promiscuous); to lose ones virginity out of wedlock (a young girl) \ss ir por un mal camino (en la vida, particularmente una joven que empieza a andar con hombres); perderse la virginidad (una muchacha) \pna O:i:xpoliw, a:man xok wel kikaka:wa itra:goh. \pea He's messed up his life, now he can't stop drinking anymore. \psa Fue por un mal camino, ahora ya no puede dejar de tomar. \pna San i:xpoliwis. Xok nona:mikti:s, yo:pe:w a:wilnemi. \pea She will wind up in a bad way. She won't get married anymore, she has started to fool around. \psa Terminará mal. Ya no se va a casar, ya empezó a andar con chavos. \xrb i:x \xrb pol \qry Note that this is an extremely versatile word; check out further uses. \grm Note the word order of the quantifier: /Yo:i:xpoliw. yo:kitlamih, miák kipiaya tomin/ 'He's ruined, he finished it up (perhaps his money or cattle), he had a lot of money'. This (miak kipiaya tomin) seems more natural that ?kipiaya miak tomin, although this might be worth checking. \grm Note use of the auxiliary: /O:tlan pala:ni nofrutah. Xo:tlan niknamaka, o:i:xpoliw/ 'My fruit has wound up completely rotted. I didn't finish selling it, it got spoiled.' The second use of /tlami/ is prototypical, no marking of person. Use in the grammar. \ref 01023 \lxa i:xpolowa \lxac ki:xpolowa \lxo i:xpolowa \lxoc ki:xpolowa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to mess up; to disfigure (e.g., a person after a beating); to get or make dirty (ruining the apperance of sth, e.g., an amate by spilling paint on it) \ss desfigurar; maltratar; lastimar (p. ej., una persona después de una golpiza); ensuciar (echando a perder la apariencia de algo como un amate al tirarle pintura) \pna O:ni:xpoloh. O:wets, o:teteponaga:la:w. \pea He got himself messed up. He fell, he scraped his knees. \psa Quedó lastimado. se cayó, se raspó las rodillas. \pna O:timi:xpoloh. \pea You got messed up (i.e., by dirtying your clean clothes; or becoming badly hurt, bruised, or beaten). \psa Te quedaste hecho un desmadre (p. ej., al ensuciar tu ropa nueva; o te lastimaste y golpeaste). \se to waste or let go to waste (material and particularly consumible objects such as food or resources such as money) \ss desperdiciar (cosas materiales, particularmente las que se consumen como comida) malgastar (recursos como dinero) \pna Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s. \pea Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste. \psa ¡No me sirves mucho! No lo voy a acabar, nada más la voy a desperdiciar. \pna O:ki:xpoloh itomi:n. O:kikow un tli:n o:kwelitak. Ba, xkwahli! \pea He wasted his money. He bought something he liked the looks of. But hey, it wasn't any good! \psa Malgastó su dinero. Compró algo que le pareció bien (por como se veía). ¡Pero pues, no estaba bien! \se to ruin (sb financially) \ss empobrecer a; arruinar a (a algn, económicamente) \pna Asta ihkón o:tiktlane:wtih! Mitsi:xpolo:s, xtlatlaxtla:wa:ni. \pea You lent him that much! He will ruin you, he isn't one to pay up. \psa ¡Le prestaste hasta esa cantidad! te va a dejar en la pobreza, no es de los que pagan. \se deflower; to take away the virginity of (a young woman, particularly in reference to causing bleeding upon breaking the hymen) \ss desflorar; hacer perder la virginidad a (una joven, particularmente en referencia a hacer que sangre al romperle el himen) \pna O:tiki:xpoloh, pitentsi:n katka. \pea You deflowered her, she was young. \psa Le quitaste la virginidad, era joven. \pna O:tiki:xpoloh un ne:nkah. Xka:wa, ichpokawah katka! \pea You deflowered that one there. You wouldn't have thought it, she was a virgen! \psa Le quitaste la virginidad a aquella. ¡No era de pensar, era una doncella! \xrb i:x \xrb pol \xvaao i:xpolowilia \qry Check spelling of /asta/ and correct here and elsewhere. In general check very carefully the meaning of /xka:wa/ and check translations in all occurrences. \grm Notice the negative imperative /Ma:ka we:i xne:xte:kili! Xniktlami:s. San niki:xpolo:s/ 'Don't serve me a lot! I won't finish it, I will just let it go to waste' Use of ma:ka + x[verb]. This is the standard pattern. \ref 01703 \lxa i:xpolowilia \lxac ki:xpolowilia \lxo i:xpolowilia \lxoc ki:xpolowilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to mess up (sth) of (sb [PO], generally affecting him adversely) \ss maltratar o destruir (algo) a (algn [PO], generalmente afectándolo negativamente) \pna Mlá:k tlayelteh motskwinwa:n, ne:chontlai:xpolowilian nocha:n. \pea Your dogs are really mischievous, they go mess things up in my house on me. \psa Tus perros son muy latosos, van a maltratarme cosas en mi casa. \xrb i:x \xrb pol \xvbao i:xpolowa \nae The primary object of the ditransitive i:xpolowilia is often the possessor of the theme (i.e., the directly affected secondary object) \qry Determine example senses of the applicative here with the other senses of /i:xpolowa/. \ref 04701 \lxa i:xpoye:lia \lxac ki:xpoye:lia \lxo i:xpoye:lia \lxoc ki:xpoye:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj/-Intrans \infv class-2a \se to sprinkle salt on the surface of \ss echarle sal sobre la superficie de \pna Sam pe:nas xki:xpoye:li. Ma:ka we:i tikte:mili:s, tla:mo ke:n istachichí:k yes. \pea Just sprinkle a little bit of salt on it (in this case the surface of a tortilla). Don't pour a lot on it! If you do, it will get really salty \psa Échale nada más un poquito de sal (en este caso a una tortilla). ¡No le pongas mucha, porque de otra manera quedará muy salado! \xrb i:x \xrb poye: \qry Check to see if an intransitive form /i:xpoye:ya/ exists. Provisionally I have marked the /tran field for no adjectival and no intransitive. Check all paradigms for these alternations. \ref 02066 \lxa i:xpupwa \lxac ki:xpupwa \lxo i:xpopowa \lxoc ki:xpopowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv irregular: short stem (e.g., perfective): o:ki:xpopo:w; long stem (e.g., future) ki:xpupwas; Note: durative ki:xpopo:wtok; directional optative ma ni:xkpupwati \se to clean or dust the surface of (e.g., a koma:hli before using it to cook on) \ss limpiar o quitar el polvo de la superficie de (p. ej., un comal antes de usarlo) \syno í:xtsetselówa \xrb i:x \xrb po:wa \nae The vowel length of these terms is unclear. Ameyaltepec shows the loss of /o/ in the penultimate syllable, leaving a labialized /p/ ([pw]). In the shortened stem of the perfective, however, the underlying long manifests itself. In Ameyaltepec there is no question of the length of the vowel, in Oapan it is not so clear. The absence of pitch accent indicates that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. This suggests long vowel reduplication (although an open, light reduplicant is also possible). Acoustically the vowel seems to have a duration that is sometimes slightly longer than would be expected with a short vowel, but it is not unambigously long. Given these considerations, the /o/ has been written short, at least pending further analysis and comparison. \nse Oapan i:xpo:powa is the virtual synonym of í:xtsetselówa. \vl Use second male token; I believe that this is cleaner; there is a lot of background noise. \sj Check San Juan pronunciation for /h/. \ref 03032 \lxa i:xse:wi \lxac i:xse:wi \lxo i:xtse:wi \lxoc i:xtse:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become discolored or faded; to lose its luster (e.g., a colored cloth or painted surface) \ss despintarse o descolorarse; perder la vista o el brillo de los colores (p. ej., una tela o una superficie pintada) \pna Kwaltsi:n tlachia:ya. A:man xohkó:n, yo:i:xse:w. \pea It used to have a pretty appearance. Now it's no longer like that, its lost its luster. \psa Tenía una apariencia bonita. Ya no es así, perdió su brillo. \xrb i:x \xrb se: \qry In above phrase check final root length of /tlachiaya/. Determine transitive form of /i:xse:wi/. \pqry Note s > ts / x ___ \grm Oapan phonology: Note change of /s/ to /ts/ in the following: /i:xtse:wi/. \rt Note in general the problem of etymology, should it be /se:w/ or /se:/. If the latter, then set up several different entries under /se:/ to distinguish 'one' from 'cold'. \ref 05631 \lxa ixtaka \lxac ixtakatsi:n te:no:tsa \lxo ixtaka \lxoc ixtaka \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \seao secretly, in secret; surreptitiously \ssao a escondidas; secretamente, en secreto \pna Kech ika xakah a:k, ixtaka titlakwa. \pea In the meantime that no one is around, you eat in secret. \psa Mientras no haya nadie, comes a escondidas. \pna Ixtakatsi:n o:tiah. \pea You secretly slipped away (without anyone knowing). \psa Te escabulliste en secreto (sin que nadie se enterara). \se silently or softly (in making a sound) \ss silenciosamente o despacito (en hacer un sonido) \pna Ixtakatsi:n tinenemi. \pea You walk very quietly (making little noise, as if doing sth in secret). \psa Caminas silenciosamente (como si fuera en secreto). \pna Ixtakatsi:n titlatowa, ma:ka yekah kikakis. \pea You speak softly (as if telling a secret) so that no one will hear it (what you say). \psa Hablas despacito (como comunicando un secreto) para que nadie lo escuche (lo que dices). \xrb xtaka \nae As an independent predicate modifier ixtaka most often occurs in the diminutive ixtakatsi:n. It also is found compounded with certain nouns and verbs: e.g., the nominal ixtakakone:tl, the intranstive verbs ixtakao:sti and ixtakakoné:watí, and the transitive verb ixtakakwa. \qry Check other occurrences of /ixtaka/. \grm Note placement of indefinite object /tla-/ in /ixtaka tlakwa/. However, one person at least gave /titlaixtakakwa/ as also correct. This should be checked. \ref 00553 \lxa ixtakakone:tl \lxac ixtakakone:tl \lxo ixtakakone:tl \lxoc ixtakakone:tl \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Adv-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se illegitimate child, one born out of wedlock \ss hijo ilegítimo o natural, concebido fuera del matrimonio \xrb xtaka \xrb kone: \ref 05013 \lxa ixtakakone:watia \lxac kixtakakone:watia \lxo ixtakakoné:watiá \lxoc kixtakakoné:watiáh \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \seo to make pregnant out of wedlock \sso dejar a (una mujer) embarazada fuera del matrimonio \xrb xtaka \xrb kone: \ref 06598 \lxa ixtakakwa \lxac kixtakakwa \lxo ixtakakwa \lxoc kixtakakwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to bite without warning (e.g., a dog that doesn't bark but simply attacks without warning) \ss morder sin previo aviso (p. ej., un perro que no ladra pero que simplemente ataca sin avisar) \xrb chtaka \xrb kwa \nae Here as in some other cases of words with ixtaka as part of the compound, the initial /i/ seems to show long duration, about 100 ms. However, given that in possessed forms the /i/ drops out (e.g., noxtakakone:w) it would seem that the /i/ would be epenthetical and thus short. It has so been recorded in all entries with the stem ixtaka pending further analysis. \ref 02701 \lxa ixtakao:sti \lxac ixtakao:sti \lxo ixtakao:sti \lxoc ixtakao:sti \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become pregnant out of wedlock \ss quedar embarazada fuera del matrimonio \cfo ixtakakoné:watí \xrb xtaka \xrb o:s \qry Again, check for possibility of two word compound. \nae More work will need to be done, but at least acoustically, the initial vowel in Oapan i:xtakao:sti appears long. Comparatively (cf. FK's entry under ichtaka) this is found with a short vowel and affricate for Balsas area fricative /x/. Pipil also has ichtaka. On the basis of this evidence and considering the difficulty in determining the lenght of word-initial vowels, perhaps the orthographic representation as a long vowel here should be reconsidered. Definitely all occurrences of ixtaka or i:xtaka should be considered before a final orthographic decision is reached. \qry Consider all vowels for /ixtaka/, etc. \vl This 4 token sequence is repeated twice, the first time had too much background noice. \ref 02508 \lxa ixtakao:stia \lxac kixtakao:stia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to impregnate out of wedlock \ssa impregnar fuera del matrimonio \xrb xtaka \xrb o:s \qry Here too, check for possibility of two words, e.g. ixtaka o:niko:stih or o:nikixtakao:stih. \mod According to FM this entry should be removed, one can only say /ixtakakoné:watí/ 'to become pregnant out of wedlock.' It might well be that even though this was documented from Ameyaltepec, it was the result of elicitation. It might be better to remove this from the lexicon until narrative/discourse documentation of this term can be obtained. \ref 01313 \lxa ixtakatsi:n \lxac ixtakatsi:n \lxo ixtakatsi:n \lxoc ixtakatsi:n \dt 03/Feb/2002 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \se see i:xtaka \ss véase i:xtaka \xrb xtaka \ref 02602 \lxa ixteki \lxac kixteki \lxo ixteki \lxoc kixteki \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to steal or rob (sth) \ss robar (algo) \pna O:kixtek, o:kwelitak. \pea He stole it, he liked (the looks of) it. \psa Se lo robó, le gustó. \sea to run off or elope with (a girlfriend) \ssa fugarse con (una novia) \pna San o:kixtek un ichpokawah. \pea He just ran off with that girl (i.e., without formally asking for her hand). \psa Nomás se fugó con esa muchacha (sin pedir formalmente su mano en matrimonio). tlaxteki \pna Tlaiwa o:nitlaxtekito. \pea Last night I eloped (with a girl). \psa Anoche me fugé con mi novia. \se (refl.) to sneak away \ss (refl.) escabullirse \pna San o:nimoxtek, san o:niwa:le:wte:w. \pea I just sneaked away, I just got up and headed this way. \psa Nada más me escabullí, nada más me vine hacia acá. \xrb xteki \xv1a tlaxteki \xvaao ixtekilia \qry Check etymology and length of initial /i/. \vl Use first male token for linking. There are 4 extra tokens of this word at 7129; they should be tagged with #3035. \ref 03035 \lxa ixteki \lxac ixteki \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut maguey fiber \ss cortar ichtli \syno mexkalteki \xrb ch \xrb teki \nse Although I have heard this word used in Ameyaltepec, it is rare. Ameyaltepequeños are more likely to say konteki mexkahli. In Oapan, the action is described as mexkalteki not *yexteki. \qry Recheck length of first vowel. I have recorded it as short here, although it probably is long. This word should probably be removed from the dictionary. \ref 03289 \lxa i:xteki \lxac ki:xteki \lxo i:xteki \lxocpend ki:xteki \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to level of the surface of (e.g., a measure of grain such as a cuartillo) \sso nivelar la superficie de algo amontonado (p. ej., grano en una medida de madera) \xrb i:x \xrb teki \vl There was a mistake here and the word elicited is /kixteki/, with a short initial vowel. Thus the four tokens at 7129 should be tagged with #3035. \ref 07129 \lxa i:xtekiki:sa \lxac i:xtekiki:sa \lxo i:xté:kí:sa \lxoa i:xtékikí:sa \lxoc i:xté:kí:sa \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \se to open ones eyes wide in a blank stare; to open ones eyes wide in fright; to make a threatening, challenging (as if ready to fight), or angry gesture with ones eyes by intensely staring out \ss abrir (o abrirsele a uno) bien los ojos en una mirada perdida; abrirse los ojos mucho en miedo o susto; hacer una cara como de amenanza (como para pelear) y enojo al clavar los ojos en una mirada fijada \pna I:xtekiki:sa, kwala:ni. \pea He makes a threatening gesture with his eyes, he is mad. \psa Hace una cara amenazante con sus ojos, está enojado. \pna Yo:i:xtekiki:s. Yo:mik. \pea His eyes stayed open in a wide, blank stare. He is dead. \psa Se le quedaron los ojos abiertos y vacíos. Ya se murió. \seo (fig.) to become startled \sso (fig.) asustarse; espantarse \pno Ikwá:k itláh mitsmóhti:s, ti:xté:kí:sas. \peo When something frightens you, you get startled. \pso Cuando algo te espanta, te asustas. \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb ki:sa \xvco i:xté:ki:sáltia \nse At least in Oapan, i:xté:kí:sa may refer to an actual state of the eyes, or figuratively to fright and being startled. \nae In Oapan (as in usual in such cases) the nonreduced reduplicated form i:xtékikí:sa is also correct. However, the reduced form i:xté:kí:sa is more common. Note that the potential reduplicated form *i:xteki:ki:sa is not acceptable, at least not in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check for Am causative form. \mod Determine how to treat roots like this: use /i:xte/ and have a note there, or have two levels with /i:x/ and /te/ on one level and /i:xte/ on the other. Determine difference between /i:xte:n/ and /i:xte/, which one is used in which combination. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 01898 \lxa ixteki:lia \lxac kixteki:lia \lxo ixtekilia \lxoc kixtekilia \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to steal or rob from \ss robar a \pna O:ne:chixteki:likeh noburroh. \pea They stole my donkey from me. \psa Me robaron mi burra. \pna O:ne:xtlaxteki:likeh \pea They robbed me. \psa Me robaron. \pna O:ne:chixteki:lih na:tekontsi:n. Mlá:k o:kwelitak. A:man o:niki:xmachilih \pea He robbed my water jug. He really liked it. Now I've recognized it on him (i.e., seen him with it, at his house, on the paths around the village, etc.). \psa Me robó mi cantimplora. De veras le gustó. Ahora ya se la ví (esto es, lo vi en posesión de ella, que reconocí). \se to take from (a daugher [SO]from a parent [PO]) in elopement \ss fugarse con (una hija [OS] de (un padre o madre [OP]) \pna O:ne:chixtekilih nochpo:ch \pea He ran away (eloped) with my daughter (without having asked me for her hand). \psa Se fugó con mi hija (sin habermela pedido en matrimonio). \xrb chteki \xvbao ixteki \pqry Check length of i:, although it has been recorded as long in all entries. Check etymology. In the recording session with C. Flores (Am) I heard the /i/ long. Measure. \ref 03028 \lxa i:xtekoyak \lxac i:xtekoyak \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \infv Voc \sea to have empty-eyeballs (insult term used as a vocative) \ssa tener las cuencas de los vacíos (vocativo utilizado para insultar) \pna I:xtekoyak timikis! \pea Empty-eyeballs, you will die! \psa ¡Cuenca-de-ojos-vacío, te vas a morir! \cfa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \xrb i:x \xrb koya: \nse There is a belief that a tecolote may call out your name followed by this phrase, announcing your death. It is likely that the te- element is the intensifier te- and not the noun stem te that is found in i:xtetl, the word for 'eye.' Note that in the similar term i:xte:ntekoyaktik , cf. tekoyaktik and not from i:xtetl, as is clearly the case with i:xte:ntekoyaktik. \nae Note that there is no adjectival form ending in -tik associated with i:xtekoyak. \qry Recheck whether /te-/ is part of the noun or verb. \grm Note that apparently adjectives with suppression of /-tik/ indicate a type of insultive name or label. \ref 02229 \lxa i:xtekuruch ku:koh \lxac i:xtekuruch ku:koh \lxo tekoró:ch ko:kó:h \lxoa tekoró:ch ko:kó:n \lxoc tekoró:ch ko:kó:h, tekoró:ch ko:kó:n \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm Call \der Onom \se the sound made by an owl \ss el sonido emitido por un tecolote \sem sound-animal \nse Although length is not contrastive in /u/ for Nahuatl, the penultimate /u:/ is marked long here to indicate the stress that accompanies this syllable \qry Get other animal sounds. \vl Use second male token. \ref 03022 \lxa i:xtekwepo:nia \lxac ki:xtekwepo:nia \lxo i:xtechikopo:nia \lxoc ki:xtechikopo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix chi- (Oa) \infv class-2a \se to turn inside out \ss voltear al revés \pna O:titlai:xtekwepo:nih \pea You put things on (clothes being worn) inside-out. \psa Pusiste (tu ropa) al revés. \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb kwepo: \nse As far as I have been able to determine this refers exclusively to clothing. \qry Again, cf. /i:xtekoyak/, check etymology and whether /te/ is incorporated intensifier or part of noun /i:xtetl/. Probably the former, although this should be checked. Check also for intransitive. \ref 05463 \lxa i:xtekwepo:nki \lxac i:xtekwepo:nki \lxo i:xtechikopo:nki \lxoc i:xtechikopo:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Lex. inflix chi- (Oa) \se to be inside-out (particularly clothes) \ss estar al revés (particularmente la ropa) \pna I:xtekwepo:nki mokóto:n. \pea Your shirt is inside-out. \psa Tu camisa está al revés. \xrb i:x \xrb kwepo: \vl Note from 2838: Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered. Thus before tagging speech from files here there should already be c and d for each speaker. Also note that here, Florencia first mistakenly utters /i:xte:nchi:kopo:ni/. This is a new word and is now ref. number 7630. Tag her utterance was 07630_Oaf1c, or whatever the system is. Note this down so that the word will not be forgotten given that we only recorded up to 7100. \ref 03400 \lxa i:xtekwepo:ntok \lxac i:xtekwepo:ntok \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-Stat \aff Lex. infix te- \infv Durative \sea to be inside-out (particularly clothes) \ssa estar al revés (particularmente la ropa) \cfa i:xtekwepo:nki \cfo i:xtechikopo:nki \xrb i:x \xrb kwepo: \qry Check for existence of intransitive without stative. \vl Take Oapan tokens from 2838 and label them c and d for each speaker, give them number 3400, which is a duplicate of the elicitation/citation form here uttered. \grm /te-/ intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ here, which could be analyzed as fitting in with the idea that /te-/ is used to indicate that sth is out of the ordinary. \ref 02838 \lxa i:xteme:tsiwi \lxac i:xteme:tsiwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb me:ts \ref 08379 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:ti \lxo i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \lxoc i:xte:mpa:chika:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become blind in an eye as it shrivels up from disease or injury (from a blow perhaps, or disease, that causes the eye to go bad and dry up) \ss quedarse ciego por secarsele los ojos de enfermedad o una herida (de un golpe o de una enfermedad que hace que el ojo se eche a perder y se seca) \pna I:xte:mpa:chaka:titok, wa:kis i:xtew. \pea He is becoming blind (from a diseased or injured eye), his eye will dry up. \psa Se está quedando ciego (de un ojo enfermo o pudrido), se le va a secar el ojo. \sem disease \cfa pa:chaka:ti \cfo pa:chika:ti; i:xtemechiwi \encyctmp i:xtetl \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \mod In an encyclopedic entry for /i:xtetl/ include everything about eyes: colors, shapes, eyelashes, diseases. \nse This refers to blindness in which there is an actual physical and observable problem with the eye. It differs from siego:ti, a derivation from a Spanish loan, which refers to blindness caused by something internal, such as a cataract. \rt Etymology and derivation of /pa:chaka:/ is uncertain. Cf. RS /papachca/ meaning 'cuajarse, congelarse, coagularse'. However, this is with a short vowel; thus check vowel length in /pa:chaka:tl/ words. Although possibility is a relationship to /pachiwi/, but here again the initial /a/ is short. Recheck /pa:chaka:tl/. \ref 04347 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:tik \lxo i:xte:mpa:chika:tik \lxoc i:xte:mpa:chika:tik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to be completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed, leaving an empty or near-empty eye socket \ssao estar totalmente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o por una herida se quedó marchitado y físicamente deformado, dejando la cuenca del ojo vacío o casi vacío \fla pa:chaka:tl \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \ref 00948 \lxa i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl \lxac i:xte:mpa:chaka:tl \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se completely blind in an eye that from disease or injury has shriveled up and become physically deformed inside the socket \ss completamente ciego en un ojo que por enfermedad o una herida se quedó marchitado y físicamente deformado dentro de la cuenca del ojo \syna i:xte:mpecha:koh \cfa pa:chaka:tl \cfo i:xtemech \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:chaka: \qry Determine whether a reduplicated form is used when both eyes are so affected. Check /e/ in xref in syna \ref 05158 \lxa i:xte:mpapachiwi \lxac i:xte:mpapachiwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08243 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya \lxo i:xté:mpá:ya \lxoa i:xté:mpapá:ya \lxoc i:xté:mpapá:ya; i:xté:mpá:ya \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes \se to be poor-sighted and with blurry vision \ss tener la vista mala, viendo todo borroso \sea type of stinging insect, like a wasp, as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de insecto, como avispa, todavía no identificado \sem insect \syna i:xpapa:ya \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nse This refers to someone who has poor eyesightseeing everything blurry. It is probably derived from a nominal root pa:ya:, with shortening of the final vowel. Note that forms such as i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n (diminutive) and i:xpapa:yatik, adjectival, also exist. \qry I have also heard simply /i:xpapa:ya/, and the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. In general check all /i:x-/ words with /i:xte:m-/ to determine whether they are always interchangeable. The insect name was given by C. Flores \vl The speech tokens for the alternate pronunciation of this entry /i:xte:mpá:ya/ are in 7057. These should be tagged as 3920, letters c and d for each speaker (female and male). The final speech file for this entry, therefore, should be F and then M of /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and then F and M of /i:xté:mpá:ya/. All four original files should be concatenated into one final file. \grmx Oapan reduplication: Note that speakers accepted, and pronounced, both /i:xté:mpapá:ya/ and /i:xté:mpá:ya/. The first is underlying {i:xte:m pah pa:ya} while the second has a reduplicant (as evidenced by the pitch accent). However, in this case there is no reflex of the mora. This is an example of how a long vowel of a preceding syllable (an incorporated noun in this case) takes p-a as a reflex of the reduplicant. Note that with prefixes this never occurs (i.e., /né:xtete:mówa/ but never /né:xte:mówa/). Moreover, with many incorporated nouns it does not occur. The problem that has not bee solved is when a long vowel of a syllable preceding a stem can simply take pitch accent as evidnece of the reduplicant. \ref 03920 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:ti \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3d(ti) \pa yes \se to acquire or become affected by blurry or fuzzy vision (from illness, old age, drunkenness, or simply poor eyesight) \ss llegar a tener la vista nublada o borrosa (por enfermedad, vejez, ebriedad, o simplemente por tener la vista mala de por si) \pna Yoi:xte:mpapa:ya:tkeh, ye o:tla:wa:nkeh. \pea They've gotten blurry vision, they've already gotten drunk. \psa Ya se les nubló la vista, ya se emborracharon. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \xvca i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia \vl First of 3 female tokens is wrong, /i:xte:mpa:ya:tik/. This should be coded as word, 05452 f1 "z" to leave room for other tokens. Use first female token of correct 4-set; then use last (2nd) male token. \ref 02907 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tik \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:tik \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \se to have poor and blurry eyesight \ss tener la vista mala y nublosa \equiva i:xpapa:ya:tik \equivo í:xpapa:yá:tik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \pqry Compare this entry /i:xté:mpa:yá:tik/ with /í:xpapa:yá:tik/ and note how the latter has pitch accent on a preceding long vowel whereas the present entry does not have an overt reduplicant but it does have pitch accent, which seems to be related directly to reduplication (since there is no evidence of underlying {h}, though this should be checked in SJ). Again, this suggests that reduplications (CVh-) can reduced onto preceding long vowels in certain cases (e.g., /te:m/) and not in others (e.g., /i:x/). \ref 05452 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia \lxac ki:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia \lxo i:xté:mpa:ya:tília \lxoc ki:xté:mpa:ya:tília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to make (sb) have blurry or fuzzy vision; to make seeing difficult for \ss hacer la vista nublada o borrosa a; hacer que sea díficil para ver a \pna Ne:chi:xte:mpapa:ya:tilia, xok ma:s nikita. \pea It makes it difficult for me to see things clearly (in this case small letters on an eye chart), I can't see it very well anymore. \psa Me dificulta la vista (en este caso letras chiquitas), ya no lo puedo ver bien. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \xvba i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti \qry Check reduplication. Note that the base form is /i:xte:mpapa:ya:ti/ whereas the causative form is /i:xte:mpa:ya:tilia/. It may well be that this form should be reduplicated, but only if referring to two eyes??? \ref 01604 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl \lxo i:xté:mpá:ya:tl \lxoc i:xté:mpá:ya:tl \dt 07/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se see i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \ss véase i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nae The Oapan form of this lexeme manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun i:xte:n, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive -tsi:n is added there is rightward shift: i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n. \grmx Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form of this lexeme (/i:xté:mpá:yatl/) manifests reduction of short vowel reduplication (with accompanying pitch accent from the underlying {h} as a coda of the reduplicant). This occurs even though the underlying vowel of the previous syllable, the incorporated noun i:xte:n, is long. Note also that the second high-pitched syllable is one the immediately adjacent syllable, which is also heavy. There is no rightward shift. By contrast, when the diminutive -tsi:n is added there is rightward shift: i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n. The reason why certain heavy syllables accept reduction of the reduplicant is not clear. Perhaps in these cases it is the maintenance of the nasal that marks "extra length." Or perhaps these are lexically specific terms. More work needs to be done. \ref 02486 \lxa i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxac i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n \lxo i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \lxoc i:xté:mpa:yá:tsi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se person having bad eyesight or blurry vision (but not blind) \ss persona con la visión mala, borrosa o nublosa (pero no ciego) \equiva i:xpapa:ya:tsi:n \equivo í:xpapa:yá:tsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pa:ya: \nse Generally the diminutive i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n is used, although i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl has also been documented. \qry Check for the correctness of /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tsi:n/ (or /i:xte:mpapa:ya:tl/); the correctness of both the forms beginning /i:xte:m-/ and /i:x-/ should be checked. \ref 05263 \lxa i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \lxac i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \lxo i:xtempe:peyo:ni \lxoc i:xtempe:peyo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff -rdp-s \infv class-3a \se for ones eyelids to flutter open and close \ss parpadearle rápidamente los ojos (a algn) \pna Ti:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, tikochisneki. \pea Your eyelids are fluttering open and closed, you're sleepy. \psa Se te abren y cierran rápidamente los párpados, tienes sueño. \pna I:xte:mpe:peyo:ni, kemech o:isak. \pea He is slowly opening and clearing his eyes, he just woke up. \psa Poco a poco se le está abriendo y despegando los ojos, apenas se despertó. \cfao i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb peyo: \nse When used in reference to sleepiness, this word refers to someone who has difficulty in keeping his or her eyelids open, as they involuntarily fall shut every once in a while. It has only been documented with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem. \qry I have only heard this reduplicated with a long vowel. Check. Determine whether /peyo:ni/ is used in any other manner. Determine whether a transitive form exists. \vl Definitely use second token of female speech (great dif. in relative duration of /e/ and /m/ in her two pronunciations). \ref 03017 \lxa i:xte:mpipi:stik \lxac i:xte:mpipi:stik \lxo i:xté:mpí:stik \lxoc i:xté:mpí:stik \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have small eyes (e.g., a bull that has gotten fat) \ss tener los ojos chiquitos (p. ej., un toro muy gordo) \syna i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \syno i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pi:ts \nae Often when Ameyaltepec Nahuatl has i:xte:m-, Oapan Nahuatl manifests i:xte-. This is found in many words (e.g., Ameyaltepec i:xte:nyeyewaltik and Oapan i:xté:yewáltik). In the present example this is not the case. Of course there might be a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between i:xte- and i:xte:n, and this might be the reason for the presence of /m/ in the present entry. But it also might be that the /m/ is epenthetic, inserted before the following bilabial stop. Also interesting about the present form, i:xté:mpí:stik is that the reduplicant of the deverbal adjectival pi:stik is reduced onto the final syllable of the noun. This almost always reflects an underlying short vowel, which would be the case with i:xte- but not with i:xte:n-. These questions will need further investigation. \rt Under both /i:x/ and /i:xte:m/, place a cross-reference to the other. \grm Reduplication Oapan: Note again the stress assigned to a syllable ending in /V+nasal/ to indicate "reduplication": /i:xté:mpí:stik/. \ref 03225 \lxa i:xte:mposa:wi \lxac i:xte:mposa:wi \lxo i:xte:mposa:wi \lxoc i:xte:mposa:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a swollen eye \ss hincharsele el ojo \pna O:i:xte:mpoposa:w, yo:pe:w kwalo \pea His eye has gotten puffed out (swollen), he has started to become ill. \psa Se le hinchó un ojo, ya empezó a enfermarse. \se (with short vowel reduplication: i:xte:mpoposa:wi (Am)) for ones eyes to get puffed up (from lack of sleep) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta: i:xte:mpoposa:wi (Am)) hincharsele los ojos (p. ej., de sueño) \cfao i:xte:ntili:ni \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb posa: \nse Often used in plural reduplicated form, as swelling often affects both eyes. Virtual equivalent of i:xte:ntili:ni. \ref 05195 \lxa i:xte:mpupwa \lxac ki:xte:mpupwa \lxo i:xté:mpowá \lxoc ki:xté:mpowá; ki:xte:mpo:powa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to clear ones eyes by rubbing them (e.g., in awakening) \ss (refl.) despejar los ojos frotándolos (p. ej., al despertar) \pna Kemech tiwa:lmi:xte:mpopo:wtiw. \pea You are just coming along rubbing and clearing your eyes (from sleep). \psa Apenas vienes despejándo los ojos, frotándolos (al despertar). \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb powa \nae The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem powa which is always found in some reduplicated form. The first set, ki:xté:mpowá reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, ki:xte:mpo:powa represents long vowel reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly researched and is pending. \qry Check definition and make more precise. Determine whether it can be used without noun incorporation. Check inflectional paradigm. \pqry Re: /ki:xté:mpowá/; /ki:xte:mpo:powa/ The two sets of Oapan speech tokens represent short and long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem powa which is always found in some reduplicated form. The first set, ki:xté:mpowá reflects the reduction of short vowel reduplication (with a coda {h}) that reduces onto the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem, producing a high pitch on this heavy syllable. The second set, ki:xte:mpo:powa represents long vowel reduplication of the same verbal stem. There is no pitch accent here as the reduplicant is an open syllable, with no {h} as coda. The precise semantic difference between the two forms of reduplication in this particular instance has not been properly researched and is pending. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: Note that both forms are correct in Oapan /ki:xté:mpowá/, or, /ki:xte:mpo:powa/. FM stated that both refer to the same action. Add note to this effect in the entry. Note that the short form seems to represent short vowel reduplication, which is reflexed as +stress on the heavy syllable with a nasal coda. \ref 04972 \lxa i:xte:nakatl \lxaa i:xte:nnakatl \lxac i:xte:nakatl \lxo i:xte:nakatl \lxoc i:xte:nakatl \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se light translucent film that progressively spreads over the eyes \ss carnosidad, capa delgada y translucente que va cubriendo el ojo \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb naka \qry Check whether this word is possessed and the type of possession: /ni:xte:nakaw/, /ni:xte:nakayo/, etc.? \ref 06334 \lxa i:xte:nchocho:ka \lxac i:xte:nchocho:ka \lxo i:xté:nchó:ka \lxoc i:xté:nchó:ka \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se for ones eyes to burn or become irritated \ss arderle o irritarle los ojos a \pna Kwa:k ti:xte:nchocho:ka, ki:sa mi:xayo. \pea When your eyes burn (become irritated) tears come out. \psa Cuando se te arden los ojos, salen lágrimas. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb cho:ka \xvca i:xte:nchocho:ktia \xvco i:xté:nchó:htia \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note again the assignment of stress for reduplication even on an underlying long vowel, here again when the syllable is nasal final. \ref 05484 \lxa i:xte:nchocho:ktia \lxac ki:xte:nchocho:ktia \lxo i:xté:nchó:htia \lxoc ki:xté:nchó:htia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \se to irritate the eyes of, making them water \ss lagrimar los ojos de; irritar los ojos de \pna Ne:chi:xte:nchocho:ktia po:ktli. \pea Smoke irritates my eyes. \psa El humo me irrita los ojos. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb cho:ka \xvba i:xte:nchocho:ka \xvbo i:xté:nchó:ka \qry Check Oapan spelling. \vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch pattern of Oapan entry. \grmx Reduplication: Oapan note that nouns ending in /e:n/ seem to accept pitch for reduplication: /ki:xté:nchó:htia/ \ref 01364 \lxa i:xte:nilpi:tsa \lxac ki:xte:nilpi:tsa \lxo i:xteilpi:tsa \lxoc ki:xteilpi:tsa \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a(ts) \seo to blow on the eyes of (e.g., to clear sth out of sb's eye) \sso soplar sobre el ojo de (p. ej., para quitarle algo que tiene adentro) \xrb i:x \xrb il \xrb pi:tsa \qry Check whether the /te/ is mandatory. \ref 06823 \lxa i:xte:nkakalaki \lxac i:xte:nkakalaki \lxo i:xté:nkaláki \lxoc i:xté:nkaláki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \tran -Trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se for ones eyes to get sunken in \ss sumirsele los ojos \pna Yo:i:xte:nkakalak, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea His eyes have sunken in, he's getting old. \psa Ya se le sumieron los ojos, ya es viejo. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kalak \nse This word has only been documented in the reduplicated form, as is often the case with words referring to the eyes. \nae As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with this word the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a final nasal (here te:n) the reduplicant is reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem i:xte:n. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: As is often the case in Oapan Nahuatl, with /i:xté:nkaláki/ the reduplicant is reduced on a closed heavy (long-voweled) syllable with a final nasal (here te:n) the reduplicant is reduced. The presence of the reduplicant is manifested in the reflex of pitch accent on the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem i:xte:n. \qry Check for causative. \ref 03433 \lxa i:xte:nka:la:tl \lxac i:xte:nka:la:tl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea type of eyelashes that have black roots \ssa tipo de pestañas con raices negras \pna Segi:dos ti:xte:nkekexkia. Tikpia i:xte:nka:la:tl, ma mitskokopi:nili:ka:n! \pea Your eyes are always itching. You have i:xte:nka:la:tl. Let them (sb) pull them out! \psa Siempre se te escocen los ojos. Tienes i:xte:nka:la:tl. ¡Qué te los arranquen! \pna Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mlá ni:xte:nkekexkia. \pea Pull out my i:xte:nka:la:tl! My eyes really itch. \psa ¡Arráncame los i:xte:nka:la:tl! De veras se me escocen los ojos. \encyctmp perhaps a text on this. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:la: \nse This word reflects a belief that certain eyelashes are i:xte:nka:la:tl, tsi:ntlitli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, i.e., that these eyelashes have black roots. Some say that the roots of these eyelashes are shaped like little shoes tsi:nsapati:tos (feet-like roots) and that the i:xte:nka:latl cause itching and should be pulled out by someone who can identify and recognize them, something not many people can do. One person said that one can get these i:xte:nka:la:tl when one is ill. \qry Recheck definition and, particularly, vowel length as derivation from /kalaki/ may be possible. The final sequence /a:tl/ is unusual. \ref 04661 \lxa i:xte:nka:miliwi \lxac i:xte:nka:miliwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get a black eye \ssa salirsele, o tener, el ojo con moretón \syno i:xte:ntexoxo:wiya \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:mil \qry Check for transitive which should exist. \ref 06046 \lxa i:xte:nka:wa \lxac ki:xte:nka:wa \lxo i:xte:nka:wa \lxoc ki:xte:nka:wa \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to pass over without seeing or noticing; to forget or leave out (sth to be noticed, copied, etc.; e.g., when trying to copy sth and then leaving out some portion, a word or two perhaps, by mistake) \sso pasar sobre (algo, p. ej., algo escrito) sin verlo; olvidarse de y dejar afuera (algo que hubiera sido incluido, copiado, etc., p. ej., cuando uno intenta copiar algo y lo copia imperfectamente, dejando una parte, tal vez una o dos palabras, afuera) \syna i:xka:wa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ka:wa \ref 06246 \lxa i:xte:nkekexkia \lxac i:xte:nkekexkia \lxo i:xte:nkekexia \lxoc i:xte:nkekexia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se for ones eyes to itch \ss escocerle los ojos a \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kex \qry Check inflection for future, imperfective, perfective, etc. \mod Make sure that root of /kekexkia/ here is the same as with the main entry for this word. \ref 00375 \lxa i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi \lxac i:xte:nkoko:pi:liwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones eyelids to droop; to have bags under ones eyes \ssa tener ojeras \pna Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw ika nikochisneki. \pea My eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy. \psa Tengo ojeras porque tengo sueño. \syno i:xté:xo:pi:liwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb ko: \xrb pi:l \nae Oapan has a cognate form i:xté:xo:pi:liwi \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form and its possible use. Also, in original notecard /e/ was recorded short: this should be checked. Finally, check etymology, particularly whether /ko:/ should be a separate root. \grm /Sa: ni:xte:nkoko:pi:liwtiw i:ka nikochisneki/ 'my eyelids are drooping because I am sleepy' Note the use of /i:ka/ with adverbial phrase, giving the cause of the \ref 02098 \lxa i:xte:nkokose:wi \lxac i:xte:nkokose:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08368 \lxa i:xte:nkoya:wa \lxac ki:xte:nkoya:wa \lxo i:xte:nkoya:wa \lxoc ki:xte:nkoya:wa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. inflix te-: i:xte:ntekoya:wa \infv class-3a(w) \se to pick the eye out of (e.g., a corpse or other dead animal) \ss quitarle el ojo a (una persona o animal muerto) \pna Yo:ki:xte:ntekoya:w tsopi:lo:tl moburroh. Yo:mik. \pea A buzzard has picked the eye out of your burro. It's already dead. \psa Un zopilote le ha quitado el ojo a tu burro. Ya se murió. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \qry Cf. /i:xte:nkoya:wi/ and determine whether another meaning, 'to widen an eye-like hole' is also correct. \ref 05814 \lxa i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxac i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxo i:xte:nkoya:wi \lxoc i:xte:nkoya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become stretched out or widened (a small opening, such as a buttonhole) \ssao ensancharse (una abertura en forma de ojo, como un ojal) \pna Peto:nin nobotonsi:tos, yo:i:xte:nkokoya:w notlake:n. \pea My clothes become unbuttoned (lit., my buttons snap out of place), the buttonholes on my clothes have gotten stretched out. \psa Se desbotona mi ropa (lit., se descolocan mis botoncitos), los ojales de mi ropa se han ensanchado. \sem distort-fissure \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \subadj reso:rteh kweri:toh \qry Cf. definition for /i:xte:nkoya:wa/ and determine whether /te-/ can be used with the intransitive. I have no examples, but probably it can be. Also determine whether a similar meaning is found, i.e., refering to the sockets of a person or animals eyes to be without the eyeball. \ref 00030 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitla \lxacpend i:xte:nkukwitla \lxo i:xté:nkwitlá \lxop i:xté:nkwitla \lxocpend i:xté:nkwitlá \dt 24/Jun/2003 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao to have a lot of mucous in the corners of ones eyes \ssao tener mucha lagaña en los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \ref 08846 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa \lxac i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa \lxo i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlaki:sa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a \se to have runny, mucousy eyes \ss tener los ojos mocosos \pna O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. \pea They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. \psa Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb ki:sa \cfa i:xwia \nae The Ameyaltepec reduplication is apparently related to the plurality of the two eyes, the lack of reduplication in Oapan Nahuatl is reflective of the fact that this is a general condition. Perhaps further investigation will reveal that both dialects have alternate possibilities of expression, Ameyaltepec without reduplication and Oapan with, but for now consultants have indicated the above forms as the most common (or perhaps correct) in their respective communities. \qry Check to see if correct from is with *te, i.e. /i:xte:ntekukwitlaki:sa/. Cf. note with entry under /i:xwia/. Determine other locations for /kwitlaki:sa/, e.g., /nakas-/, etc. Finally, determine whether really the preferred (or only) Am form is with reduplication and the preferred (or only) Oapan form is without, or whether there is a lot of variation. \vl Check pitch-accent possibility in Oapan. \grm In /i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa/ note the location of the reduplication. Here it is not prefixed to the verb, but to the N-V compound, /kwitlaki:sa/. \ref 01411 \lxa i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \lxac i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \lxo i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \lxoc i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes \ss tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro) \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \mod Determine the difference in color between i:xte:nkukwitlanextik and i:xte:nsasa:rkah. Also add in /ono section a discussion of eye color. Note that the reduplicated form refers to sb with eyes of that color. The non-reduplicated form to sb who has been hit in one eye and whose eye gets cloudy as a result. \pqry Again note how the reduction of the reduplicant occurs on an underlying long vowel in the incorporated noun. And again, the noun stem is a body part. \ref 05610 \lxa i:xte:nkwalo \lxac i:xte:nkwalo \lxo i:xté:lakwálo \lxoa i:xté:tlakwálo \lxoc i:xté:lakwálo, i:xté:tlakwálo \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be affected by the eye disease called i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, or conjuntivitis \sso afectarse por la enfermedad de los ojos llamada i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, o conjuntivitis \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \nae For a discussion of initial vowel length, see i:xté:lakwalo:lístli \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token \ref 06833 \lxa i:xte:nkwalo:listli \lxac i:xte:nkwalo:listli \lxo i:xté:lakwalo:lístli \lxoa i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli \lxoc i:xté:lakwalo:lístli, i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli \dt 12/Mar/2003 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-dvb-lis \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \seo conjuntivitis, eye disease that is marked by reddening and the excretion of mucous from ones eyes \sso conjuntivitis, enfermedad de los ojos que se caracteriza por el enrojecimiento de los ojos y muchas lagañas \sem disease \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb kwa \nse Occasionally this disease may cause one eyes to become shut closed. The disease is said to be worsened by eating meat and chile. It affects children more than adults and occurs (or used to occur) in August; it is now rare. Florencia Marcelino also said that when ones eyes are so affected the small insect called i:xpi:limeh swarm around them: mistepailo:seh. \nae The pitch accent pattern on i:xté:tlakwalo:lístli is apparently the result of a reduplicant (the underlying form would be {i:xtetlahtlakwalo:listli}) that is reduced onto a preceding vowel, probably the short vowel of i:xtetl. However, the noun stem might also be i:xte:n, with loss of final /n/ and reduction of a reduplicant onto a preceding long vowel. Note also that the duration of the initial /i:/ is very short for a long vowel. Despite this, i:xté:lakwalo:lístli has been written with a long initial vowel given the transparent etymology. In the verbal form i:xté:lakwálo the speech tokens of Florencia Marcelino also manifest extremely short duration of the initial vowel. However, the speech of her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, shows a clear long initial vowel. \grmx Oapan phonology: Note in /i:xté:lakwalo:lístli/ the pitch accent that is probably the result of reduplication on a nasal-final syllable \ref 06832 \lxa i:xte:nkwe:ntia \lxac ki:xte:nkwe:ntia \lxacpend ki:xte:nkwe:ntia \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08675 \lxa i:xte:nkwepo:nia \lxac ki:xte:nkwepo:nia \lxo i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia \lxoc ki:xte:nchi:kopo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. -chi:- (Oa) \infv class-2a \seao to turn up or inside out the top eyelid of \ssao voltear al revés el párpado superior de \pna Xmi:xte:nkwepo:ni! \pea Turn up your eyelid! \psa ¡Pon tu párpado superior al revés! \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwepo: \nae Whereas the infixation of the intensifier chi:- is optional in Ameyaltepec, it apparently is always present in the Oapan cognate of this word. \qry Determine whether for /i:xte:nchi:kwepo:nia/ only the reflexive is used. If this is the case, then add [refl] to der field. Also, recheck that forms with and without intensifier chi: are both acceptable. \ref 00264 \lxa i:xte:nkweri:toh \lxac i:xte:nkweri:toh \lxo ---- \dt 17/May/2002 \loan (part) cuero \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea eyelids \ssa párpados \sem body \sem human \syno i:xté:nkwetóhli \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \qry Check possessed form for final /h/, etc. \ref 00169 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxo i:xte:nkwitlanex \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlanex \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have ones eye covered with a thin white film \ss tener carnosidad en un ojo \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \qry Determine whether there is a form /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and, if so, the difference with this form. Also determine whether /i:xte:nkwitlanex/ is only used as an address term. \ref 02276 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxo i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[N-V1] \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao for the ones eye to get covered with a thin white film (of the disease in Spanish called carnosidad) \ssao sufrir de carnosidad en un ojo \cfao i:xte:ntenexe:wi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \nse The verb i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi refers to an eye condition called carnosidad, in which a thin white translucent film forms over the eye, often from the effects of sun and dust. \qry Check for altenate form possible: /i:xte:nkwitlanexiwi/. Etymology is uncertain, or at least morphology. Note forms such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/, /monextik/, etc. Definitely /nex/ can be considered a root, which is here joined to /kwitla/. However, the role of /mo-?/ and /temo-?/ is unclear. Also important to check is the meaning of words such as /kwitlanextik/, /temonextik/ and /monextik/, etc. Check for difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. \ref 00913 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlanextik \lxac i:xte:nkwitlanextik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb i:x \xrb \grm Reduplication: Note discussion here by Cristino Flores of the difference between /i:xte:nkwitlanextik/ and /i:xte:nkukwitlanextik/. \ref 08623 \lxa i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxac i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxo i:xte:nkwitlatl \lxoc i:xte:nkwitlatl \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se excretions from the eyes \ss lagañas; excreciones de los ojos \pna Deke tiktlatlatas xo:tlame:tsi:n tihpias mi:xte:nkwitl. \pea If you stare at a firefly you will have excretions coming from your eyes. \psa Si le miras intensamente a un luciérnaga, se te va salir excreciones por los ojos. \sem body-part \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwitla \qry Check and confirm /xo:tlame:tsi:n/ vl. \ref 02933 \lxa i:xte:npi:pitik \lxac i:xte:npi:pitik \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea to have small eyes \ssa tener los ojos pequeños \syno i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb pi \nse Virtual equivalent of i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik. \qry Check the length of the first /i:/ in /pi:pitik/. If the reduplication with long vowel is correct, make a note for the grammar. \ref 06023 \lxa i:xte:nsasa:rkah \lxac i:xte:nsasa:rkah \lxo ---- \dt 17/May/2002 \loan (part) zarca \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have light-colored, greyish (and sometimes bluish) eyes \ssa tener los ojos de un color gris ligero (y a veces azúl claro) \syna i:xte:nkukwitlanextik \syno i:xté:nkwitlanéxtik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \nse This is the virtual synonym of i:xte:nkukwitlanextik. \ref 05058 \lxa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \lxac i:xte:ntekoyaktik \cfa i:xte:ntekoyaktik \lxo i:xte:ntekoyahtik \lxoc i:xte:ntekoyahtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se to have a hollow eye socket (e.g., a person or animal after death) \ss tener la cuenca del ojo vacía (p. ej., una persona o animal después de morir) \pna San ti:xte:ntekoyaktik yes. \pea You will have hollow eye sockets (e.g. when you die). \psa Vas a tener las cuencas de los ojos vacías (p. ej. después de morir). \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb te- \xrb koya: \qry Check to see if the nonreduplicated form is correct, or whether for the entry and example sentence it should be /i:xte:ntekokoyaktik/. Also determine whether this can refer to an opening, such as a buttonhole, that is wide and stretched out. \ref 03344 \lxa i:xte:ntekoya:wi \lxac i:xte:ntekoya:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. inflix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen (a hole such as a buttonhole, a hole in ones belt, etc.) \ss ensancharse (un agujero o ojal de la ropa, etc.) \pna Yo:i:xte:ntekoya:w nowera:ch \pea The hole in my sandal has gotten wide (i.e. opened up). \psa El agujero en mi huerache ya se ensanchó (abriéndose). \syno boto:ntekoya:wi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb koya: \nse I.e. for things such as buttoneholes, etc. to widen. Note incorporation of /te/ intensifier. \ref 05592 \lxa i:xte:nteme:tsowilia \lxac ki:xte:nteme:tsowilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give a good, measured look at (e.g., sth to make sure that it is flat, correctly measured, etc.) \ss ver detalladamente y cuidadosamente a (p. ej., una cantidad de algo para asegurar bien que está bien medido) \equivo i:xtéme:tsowília \xrb i:x \xrb tehme:ts \nse Although the original documentation for this Ameyaltepec word was i:xteme:tsowilia, Cristino Flores stated that the form i:xte:nteme:tsowilia is more common. \nae The etymology of i:xteme:tsowilia is uncertain: the only clearly identifiable element is i:x and, perhaps, te. No other dialects have been found with any words resembling either teme:tsowa or me:tsowa. Certainly a precise identification of the location of the {h} element that probably motivates the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl i:xtéme:tsowilia would be helpful. \qry As with other words, it is unclear whether the te- element is part of the incorporated noun (e.g., i:xtetl), whether it is an intensifier, or whether it is part of the verb. However, no verb /teme:tsowa/ or /me:tsowa/ has been found, where /tsowilia/ means 'to lasso for'. \sj i:xteme:tsowilia \vl Check vowel length and location of /h/ in SJ dialect. \rt Discuss difficulty in termining root and whether /teme:ts/ is correct. \ref 07804 \lxa i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxac i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxo i:xte:ntenexe:wi \lxoc i:xte:ntenexe:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones eye to become clouded over or white (e.g., after having been hit with sth) \ss nublarsele los ojos hasta quedarse algo blanco (p. ej., al ser alcanzado con un garrote, piedrita, etc.) \pna O:pe:w ti:xte:ntetenexiwi. Xok tlitli:ltik mi:xtewa:n. \pea Your eyes have started to get clouded over. Your eyes are no longer black. \psa Tus ojos se han empezado a nublarse. Ya no están negros tus ojos. \se to get a cataract (and have the pupil of ones eye to become whitish grey) \ss tener un catarata \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb te \xrb nex \nse One definition that a consultant gave referred to a cataract, another speaker mentioned carnosidad. However, another word, i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi was once translated as 'to have the eye condition called carnosidad. It is not clear whether a distinction is made and, if so, which verb refers to which condition. \qry Check to see if /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ may mean cataract, carnosidad, or both. Cf. the difference between /i:xte:ntenexe:wi/ and /i:xte:nkwitlanexe:wi/. Check for non-existence of transtive form. \rt Under root /tenex/ mention connection to /te/ and /nex/, i.e., 'stone' and 'ash.' \ref 02806 \lxa i:xte:nte:skatl \lxac ni:xte:nte:skaw \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se (arch.) glasses (for the eyes) \ss (arc.) lentes; anteojos \xrb \ref 08218 \lxa i:xte:ntili:ni \lxac i:xte:ntili:ni \lxo i:xte:ntili:ni \lxoc i:xte:ntili:ni \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to get swollen eyes \ssa hincharsele los ojos \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tili: \dis i:xte:ntili:ni, i:xte:mposa:wi \nse Apparently i:xte:ntili:ni is the equivalent or near equivalent of i:xte:mposa:wi. Here as in other compound words, tili:ni is used to indicate the swelling and tightening of the skin. \ref 02829 \lxa i:xte:ntomatsi:n \lxaa i:xte:ntomatl \lxac i:xte:ntomatsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \se eyeball \ss globo ocular \sem body \sem human \equivo i:xteyo:hli \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb toma \qry Determine whether nondiminutive form exist: ?i:xte:ntomatl, etc. \ref 04044 \lxa i:xte:nto:ne:wi \lxac i:xte:nto:ne:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08121 \lxa i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \lxac i:xte:ntla:tla:katsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv Oblig. poss. \sea pupil of the eyes \ssa pupila del ojo \sem body \syno i:xtetla:katsi:n \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tla:ka \nse In my notes for Ameyaltepec I have noted that this refers to the pupil, the black center of the eye. However, Florencia Marcelino (Oapan) mentioned that Oapan i:xtetla:katsi:n refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. \qry I have noted that the reduplicated vowel is definitely long, although in one entry I had originally recorded it short. Nevertheless, note that in Oapan the /te/ is short and there is no reduplication. Recheck Ameyaltepec. I originally had this as pupil, but FM stated that it refers to the entire colored part of the eyes. \vl Check when recorded \ref 07557 \lxa i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxac i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxo i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \lxoc i:xte:ntla:tlakwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l; -tla- \infv class-1 \se for ones eyelids to slowly open and close \ss abrirsele y cerrarsele lentamente los párpados (a algn) \pna Ti:xte:ntla:tlakwa, tikochisneki. \pea Your eyelids are slowly opening and closing, you're sleepy. \psa Se te abren y cierran los ojos lentamente, tienes sueño. \cfao i:xte:mpe:peyo:ni \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb kwa \encyctmp ikopi; how body parts can move \mod Determine a whole range of words that refer to eyelid and eye movements, perhaps in a page dedicated to eyes (shapes, colors, movements). If referring to eyes in general, the page should be headed /i:xtetl/. If to movement only (with a cross-reference to the "eye" page, then /ikopi/ would be a good heading. \grm Long vowel reduplication: Note the way in which /tla:tlakwa/ is used to refer to opening and closing movements; the full range of this should be checked. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03487 \lxa i:xte:ntletlekuwa \lxac i:xte:ntletlekuwa \lxo ---- \dt 31/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4c \sea for ones eyes to roll up and back in ones head (e.g., in fainting) \ssa irsele los ojos hacia arriba y atrás (p. ej., al desmayarse) \pna I:xte:ntletlekuwa. O:sotla:w. \pea His eyes have rolled up and back. He fainted. \psa Sus ojos fueron para atrás. se desmayó. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tlehko: \nse According to Cristino Flores, who accepted this documented word as correct after some discussion, the more usual term in reference to ones eyes rolling back is a:yo:tsi:nkwepa, used reflexively with 'eyes' as subject. \qry Note how here the form /i:xte/ is used, not /i:xte:m-/. Determine in general when one or the other is used. \ref 03909 \lxa i:xte:ntlikwi \lxac i:xte:ntlikwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08621 \lxa i:xte:ntlitliki:sa \lxac ni:xte:ntlitliki:sa \lxo ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-[N-V1] \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se for ones eyes to feel hot \ss sentir los ojos calientes \pna I:xte:ntlitliki:sa. Totonias. \pea His eyes feel hot. He will get a fever. \psa Siente los ojos caliente. Va a tener calentura. \syno i:xtliki:sa \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tli \xrb ki:s \nse The word /i:xte:ntlitliki:sa/ refers to a feeling or sensation that ones gets around ones eyes when one is sick and about to come down with a fever. Cristino Flores only accepted the 1st or 2nd person singular, apparently because of the fact that one cannot know, as speaker, how another feels. \qry Check for existence of the word /tliki:sa/. \grm Note that reduplication is common in words refering to eyes. However, here as in a few other cases (I believe one also involving /ki:sa/, it is an incorporated and new lexical item, /tliki:sa/ that is reduplicated. Check for existence of word /tliki:sa/. \ref 03533 \lxa i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxac i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxo i:xte:ntsitsikwika \lxoc i:xte:ntsitsikwika \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V2-alt-ka[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se for ones eyelids to pulse or tick \ss palpitarsele los párpados \pna Ti:xte:ntsitsikwika. Yewa te:tsa:wtli, itlah tli:n moyo:lka:w mikis, noso se: moje:nteh. \pea Your eyelids are pulsing. That's a bad omen, one of your animals will die, or someone from within your family. \psa Se te están palpitando los párpados. Es un mal agüero, uno de tus animales morirá, o alguien de entre tus parientes. \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsikwi: \nse This pulsing of the eyelids is considered a te:tsa:wtli (Am), or bad omen. \grm Frequentatives: Note that there is a clear difference between the semantics of a base verb and that of a frequentative. For example, although one finds the word /i:xte:ntsitsikwika/ in both Am and Oa, there is no corresponding *i:xte:ntsikwi:ni. \ref 03942 \lxa i:xte:ntsonakaita \lxac ki:xte:ntsonakaita \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv Irregular; see. ita \der \se \ss \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsonaka \xrb ta \ref 08622 \lxa i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxac i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxo i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \lxoc i:xte:ntso:tso:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get a rash around ones eyes; to get a sty \ss salirsele granos por los ojos; tener perilla \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tso:tso: \grm Nahuatl phonetics: This word, and the wave form/spetrograph of it are good example of vowel length. \ref 03036 \lxa i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \lxac i:xte:ntsotsoyo:tik \lxo i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \lxoc i:xté:ntsoyó:tik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \se to have small eyes \ss tener los ojos pequeños \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb tsoyo: \syna i:xte:mpipi:stik \syna i:xte:npi:pitik \syno i:xté:mpí:stik \syno i:xte:mpitika:tsi:ntih \qry The etymology of this word is unclear. Check to see if /tsoyo:tik/ is also found. If not, determine the base, which is perhaps related to /tsoyo:ni/ with the meaning of this word being related to the shrinking that accompanies frying. \pqry Check length of final /o:/ in all words having /tsoyo:tik/. I originally had a long /o:/ in this word for Oapan, but based on an analysis of the acoustics I have changed this to a short vowel. I have continually switched back and forth on my analysis of the vowel length of /tsoyo:tik/. \vl Link first male token. \ref 03559 \lxa i:xte:nuwe:i \lxac i:xte:nuwe:i \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \se to have large or big eyes \ss tener los ojos grandes \syno i:xté:we:ítik \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb we:i \qry /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ involves the adjectivalization of an adjective. Check whether /i:xte:nuwe:i/ exists, and the possible difference in meaning with /i:xte:nuwe:itik/. \grm Adjectivalization: Re: /i:xte:nuwe:itik/ Note how in this case an adjectival affix /-tik/ is added to a form that is an adjective (N-Adj). This should be compared to other similar constructions /á:yotík/ in Oapan and words like /xa:yakateoomitik/ in Ameyaltepec (cf. /a:yoh/ and /xa:yakateoomi/). \grm Reduplication Oapan: note: i:xté:we:ítik \ref 07618 \lxa i:xte:nwi:teki \lxac ni:xte:nwi:teki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb wi:teki \ref 08254 \lxa i:xte:nxakwalowa \lxac ni:xte:nxakwalowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se (refl.) to rub ones eyes \ss (refl.) frotarse los ojos \xrb i:x \nae This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: *ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa. \grm Reduplication: This form is not acceptable, according to Cristino Flores (Am), with a reduplicant: *ni:xte:nxaxakwalowa. \ref 08489 \lxa i:xte:nxoxo:hki \lxac i:xte:nxoxo:hki \lxacpend i:xte:nxoxo:hki \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08651 \lxa i:xte:nxoxok \lxac i:xte:nxoxok \lxo i:xte:nxoxok \lxoc i:xte:nxoxok \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have green eyes \ss tener los ojos verdes \seao to have ones eyes painted green with mascara \ssao estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje \seo to have a black eye \sso tener un moretón por el ojo \cfa i:xtexoxok \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo \nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form i:xte:ntexó:xók can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak. \qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: i:xte:ntexó:xók whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular. \ref 00391 \lxa i:xte:nxoxok \lxac i:xte:nxoxok \lxo i:xte:nxoxok \lxoc i:xte:nxoxok \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have green eyes \ss tener los ojos verdes \seao to have ones eyes painted green with mascara \ssao estar con, o tener, los ojos pintados verdes con maquillaje \seo to have a black eye \sso tener un moretón por el ojo \cfa i:xtexoxok \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb xo \nse In Oapan if there are a lot of bruises the form i:xte:ntexó:xók can be used. In Ameyaltepec to refer to a person with a black eye one would say o:i:xte:nxoxo:wiak. \qry Check vowel length in /-xoxok/. Check whether /i:xte:ntexoxok/ is correct as the 'singular' and /i:xte:nxó:xók/ can be used for the plural (i.e., without /te-/. Check. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note If there are a lot of bruises: i:xte:ntexó:xók whereas the singular is /i:xte:nxoxok/ is the singular. \ref 08637 \lxa i:xte:nyeyewal \lxac i:xte:nyeyewal \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have large round eyes (e.g., an owl) \ss tener grandes ojos redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) \apa i:xte:nyeyewaltik \syno i:xté:yewál \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb yewal \nse In Oapan the base is i:xte; there is no /n/. \qry Check to see if this is only used in directly addressing a person. \ref 07617 \lxa i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxac i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have large, round eyes \ss tener los ojos grandes y redondos \apa i:xte:nyeyewal \syna i:xte:nuwe:itik \syno i:xté:yewáltik \syno i:xté:we:ítik \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb yewal \nse This is the virtual equivalent of i:xte:nuwe:itik, literally: 'big-eyed.'. \rt In root comments note how the compound form for 'eye' is /i:xte:n-/, whereas the elicitation form is /i:xtetl/. \ref 07615 \lxa i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxac i:xte:nyeyewaltik \lxo i:xté:yewáltik \lxoc i:xté:yewáltik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infa tik>tikeh \pa yes-rdp \seo to have large, round eyes (e.g., an owl) \sso tener los ojos grandes y redondos (p. ej., un tecolote) \apo i:xté:yewál \syna i:xte:nyeyewaltik \flo i:xté:we:ítik \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb yewal \rt In root comments note how the compound form for 'eye' is /i:xte:n-/, whereas the elicitation form is /i:xtetl/. \vl Use second male token. \ref 03163 \lxa i:xtepopo:ni \lxac i:xtepopo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to be with ones eyes wide open and alert \ss estar con los ojos bien abiertos y alertos \pna Xi:xtepo:po:ni, ma:ka tiwetsis. \pea Open your eyes up wide (looking carefully, in this case in the dark), don't fall! \psa ¡Ten los ojos bien abiertos (fijándote cuidadosamente, en este caso en la oscuridad), no te vayas a caer! \se (fig.) to open ones eyes (in considering various possiblities) \ss (fig.) abrirse los ojos (en el sentido de reflexionar sobre varias posibilidades) \pna San a:man i:xtepo:po:ni, san a:man tla:tlachia ke:non kichi:was. \pea He is just now beginning to open his eyes, he is just now pondering how he will do it. \psa Apenas ahora está abriendo los ojos, apenas ahora está reflexionando cómo lo va a hacer. \syno i:xté:me:tsíwi \xrb i:x \xrb te:n \xrb po: \ref 04476 \lxa i:xtetl \lxac i:xtetl \lxo i:xtetl \lxoc i:xtetl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N0/1/2; Aln \se eye (apparently the entire eye area and not the eyeball proper; cf. i:xteyo:hli) \ss ojo (aparentemente la área total del ojo y no simplemente la parte interior; conf. i:xteyo:hli) \se (with certain items of clothing) buttonhole \ss (con ciertos tipos de ropa) ojal \pna I:xtew notlake:n. \pea It is the buttonhole of my clothes. \psa Es el ojal de mi ropa. \se (vocative) gawker; one who stares \ss (vocativo) mirón \pna Mlá:k ti:xtetl! \pea You really are a gawker! \psa ¡Qué mirón eres! \pna Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl! \pea He's really looking me over. He's all eyes! \psa Me está revisando de cabeza a pie. ¡Es un mirón! \sem body \xrb i:x \xrb te \nse The term i:xtetl is used disparagingly in speaking directly to someone who is all eyes, who is staring or looking intently at someone (a mirón), for example at someone doing something unusual. \vl Link second female and 2nd male pronunciation. There is an additional female (plural) token /i:xtemeh/ at 7077. It should be tagged as 4580, but not linked. \ref 04580 \lxa i:xtew peri:koh \lxac i:xtew peri:koh \lxo i:xtepe:rikoh \lxoc i:xtepe:rikoh \dt 05/Jul/2002 \loan (part) perico \psm N \der N-complex \se flowering weed of the Asteraceae family having a small yellow flower with a black center \ss maleza de la familia Asteraceae que tiene una flor amarilla con un centro negro \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb i:x \xrb te \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Compositae and the genus/species Molampodium perfoliatum. Both Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ojo del perioco. Schoenhals (1988) does not list any plant of this genus. \nct xiwtli \qry Pronunciation has been heard with and without final /h/, check. Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/ \pqry Check final /w/ in /i:xtew peri:koh/ in Am pronunciation. During the session I seemed to hear [h]. \grm Check grammar question: of this weed I was told: /kipia ixo:chitsitsi:wan, kokostiktsitsi:nteh/. Check whether this should be /kipia ixo:chiotsitsi:wan/. \ref 04009 \lxa i:xtoma:wi \lxac i:xtoma:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones face to fill out; to get a chubby face \ssa llenarsele la cara; ponersele la cara gordita \pna Yo:pe:w i:xtoma:wi, sepa ye o:stli kas. \pea Her face has already started to fill out, perhaps she's pregnant once again. \psa Ya se le empezó a llenar la cara, quizás otra vez está embarazada. \xrb i:x \xrb toma: \nde In Classical Nahuatl this word, found in Molina as an adjectival ixtomauac is glossed as 'sin tiento, o atroche moche.' The aspectual ixtomauatiuh. n is defined as 'yr como tonto o como fuera de.' \ref 03429 \lxa i:xtlakukwi:lia \lxac *ki:xtlakukwi:lia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-tla-V3 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to skim (removing foam, dust or dirt, etc. from the surface of); to clean up the surface of \ssa espumar; limpiar (algo como espuma, basura, etc.) la superficie de \pna Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki. \pea Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim off the surface! \psa ¡Ve tu olla! Su espuma ya salió a la superficie, ¡Ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que está adentro)! \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nse Apparently i:xtlakukwi:lia can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix tla- takes the position of that which is removed (e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In this case it is the tla- element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive (ku)kwi:lia, whereas i:x indicates the location at which the action takes place (it is not an thematic object). Cf. i:xkwi:lia in which this same i:x- element represents that which is removed or taken away from the patient (the primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb. Cristino Flores (Am) did not recognize this verb, which should perhaps be removed from the lexicon. \qry Check length of first /i/, in the reduplicant /xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki/. Also check for other forms: /i:xtlakwi:lia/ and /ix:kwi:lia/ or /i:xkukwi:lia/, etc. Finally, check for /tlakwi:lia/. \grm Valency; incorporation; Note the difference between the function and meaning of /i:x-/ in both /i:xkwi:lia/ and /i:xtlakukwi:lia/. Apparently i:xtlakukwi:lia can be most accurately translated as 'to clean the surface of' in which the prefix tla- takes the position of that which is removed (e.g., dirt, foam, dust, etc.). In this case it is the tla- element that reduces the valency of the ditransitive (ku)kwi:lia, whereas i:x indicates the location at which the action takes place. Cf. i:xkwi:lia in which this same i:x element represents that which is removed or taken away from the patient (the primary object of the verb) and serves to reduce the valency of the verb. \ref 03896 \lxa i:xtla:lia \lxac ki:xtla:lia \lxo i:xtla:lia \lxoc ki:xtla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to recognize (by appearance); to pick out (by sight) \ss reconocer (por su apariencia); escoger (por como se ve) \pna Ma:ski deke tlayo:wia, pero kwahli ki:xtla:lia itlah tli:n yo:lki, a:kinon ia:xka. \pea Even though he is poor (and has no animals of his own), he is able to quickly recognize any animal, whose it is. \psa Aunque está pobre (y no tiene animales propios), bien puede reconocer cualquier animal, de quien es. \pna O:nimitsi:xtla:lih. \pea I recognized you. \psa Te reconocí. \pna Kwahli ki:xtla:lia tli:n kikowa pa:mpa ki:xmastok tli:n kwahli. \pea He can pick out what to buy because he knows what's good (a good fabric, brand of merchandise, animals, etc.). \psa Bien puede escoger que comprar porque sabe lo bueno (una tela, marca, animal, etc.). \pna Yo:nitlai:xtla:lih, xok nipoliwis. \pea I've recognized the terrain, I won't get lost anymore. \psa Ya reconozco los lugares, ya no me voy a perder. \xrb i:x \xrb tla:l \pqry The spectrogram of this word provides an excellent illustration of a word with two long vowels. \mod In general, problem of classifying verbs with /tla:lia/, i.e. how to codify relation with /tla:hli/ since there is no transparent derivation process. \ref 04871 \lxa i:xtlalowa \lxac ki:xtlalowa \lxo i:xtlalowa \lxoc ki:xtlalowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \seao to run ones eyes over; to look over; to check out (by looking over) \ssao relojear; ojear detalladamente; revisar (al correr la vista sobre) \pna O:ki:xtlaloh. Kwelita. \pea He ran his eyes over her. He likes the way she looks. \psa La relojeó. Le gusta. \pna Axtopa ki:xtlaowa deke kwahli yes. \pea First he looks it over up and down to see if it will be good (e.g., an animal to buy, etc.). \psa Primero lo ve todo de arriba abajo para ver si sería una buena compra (p. ej., an animal, etc.). \cfao ma:tlalowa \xrb i:x \xrb tlalo \grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. \ref 01090 \lxa i:xtlamati \lxac i:xtlamati \lxo i:xtlamati \lxoc i:xtlamati \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular (see mati) \seao to know a terrain or the lay of the land; to be familiar with a a place \ssao conocer a un terreno; estar familiarizado con un lugar \pna Ka:n o:nowitih i:xtlamati, xkaman ki:xelka:wa ka:n o:nowitih. \pea He knows lay of the land that he has passed through, he never forgets the appearance of places where he has been. \psa Conoce el terreno por donde ha pasado, nunca olvida la apariencia de donde ha ido. \cfao tlai:xmati \xrb i:x \xrb mati \nse In Oapan the reduplicated form í:xtlamáti refers to a wide-ranging knowledge of the terrain all over. To date, I have not documented a reduplicated form ?ii:xtlamati in Ameyaltepec. \nae The tla element in i:xtlamati is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with a:tlakwi and o:tlatoka, both common across many dialects. The verb i:xtlamati would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. \qry Check precise meaning of /i:xtlamati/, i.e., whether it only refers to terrain and places. The meaning of /-tla-/ is extremely unclear, though it might be an archaic absolutive (which is how I have it analyzed here). \grm Noun incorporation; tla-: The tla element in i:xtlamati is apparently the absolutive suffix that is fused to some the incorporation of some nouns with monosyllabic stems. Similar structures occur with a:tlakwi and o:tlatoka, both common across many dialects. The verb i:xtlamati would seem to manifest the same retention of a nominal stem. \ref 00838 \lxa i:xtlamaxtia \lxac ki:xtlamaxtia \lxo í:xtlamáxtia \lxoc kí:xtlamáxtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to teach the lay of the land to; to take around and show places on the land's surface to (i.e., where the paths go, who owns particular lands, etc.) \ss enseñar bien el terreno a; recorrer la tierra con para enseñar (en su aspecto geográfico, p. ej., donde van los caminos, de quien son las propiedades, etc.) \syna tla:lmamaxtia \xrb i:x \xrb mati \nse The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: i:xtlamati. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec equivalent shows reduplication on the verbal stem maxtia, the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem i:x. \vl The first female token is mispronounced and should not be tagged. \grm Oapan reduplication: The Oapan form is apparently based on the reduplication of a vowel-initial verbal stem: i:xtlamati. Note that whereas the Ameyaltepec equivalent shows reduplication on the verbal stem maxtia, the Oapan form reduplicates the incorporated nominal stem i:x. \ref 06682 \lxa i:xtlamumuwi \lxac i:xtlamumuwi \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V1] \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be afraid of heights \ssa tener miedo a la altura \pna Newa xok ma:s nitleko:s. Ni:xtlamomowi. \pea I won't go up any higher (e.g., on a tree). I am fearful of heights. \psa Ya no subo más (p. ej., en un árbol). Me da miedo la altura. \syno í:xmomówi \xrb i:x \xrb mawi \qry Make sure that Am /i:xtlamomowi/ and Oa /í:xmumúwi/ are the same in semantics, etc. \grm See comment under /i:xtlamati/. Ask Michel about the etymology of both /i:xtlamomowi/ and /i:xtlamati/. \rt Comment on root /mawi/, which in Ameyaltepec and other pueblos of the Balsas River basin, is realized as /mowi/. \ref 07571 \lxa i:xtlapachowa \lxac ki:xtlapachowa \lxo i:xtlapachowa \lxoc ki:xtlapachowa \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to blindfold; to cover the eyes of \ss vendar; cubrir los ojos de \pna Newa nimi:xtlapachowa, ke:n ne:chi:xkwi:lia tla:wi:hli. \pea I cover my eyes, the light really makes it difficult for me to see. \psa Me tapo los ojos, la luz me quita la vista. \se to cuckhold; to fool by having a secret lover on \ss ponerle los cuernos a (un hombre o mujer al tener un amante en secreto) \seao (fig.) to cover the surface of \ssao (fig.) cubrir la superficie de \pna O:popoyo:t. O:ki:xtlapachoh to:naka:yo:tl. \pea It got rotten. It (a black rotten decay) covered the surface of the maize. \psa Su pudrió. Cubrió (la pudridumbre negra) la superficie del maíz. \xrb i:x \xrb tlapach \nse To refer to the action of covering the surface of an object, Florencia Marcelino (Oa) used i:xtepoya, reserving i:xtlapachowa for the act of blindfolding. \qry Check for other senses of /i:xtlapachowa/. \rt Relate /tlapach/ as a root to /pach/. \ref 00414 \lxa ixtla:wate:roh \lxac ixtla:wate:roh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (Sp) ixtla:watl \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of squash \ssa tipo de calabaza \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb ixtla:wa \encyctmp a:yotli \cpl According to Luis Lucena, the ixtla:water:roh is also called pípian. \nct a:yotli \ref 01806 \lxa ixtla:watl \lxac ixtla:watl \lxo ixtla:watl \lxoc ixtla:watl \dt 24/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se plain; savanna \ss llano; sabana \pno Xtepe:k nito:ka, san nochi nika:n i:pan ixtla:watl. \peo I don't plant in the hills, just all here on the plain. \pso No siembro en los cerros sino todo aquí en el llano. \sem topography \xrb xtla:wa \ref 06130 \lxa ixtli \lxac ixtli \lxo yextli \lxoc yextli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \sem tool \se maguey fiber; hemp \ss ixtle; fibra de maguey \xrb ich \cpl Maguey hemp fiber can be derived from either the kukuhtitlantsi:n, ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, or sakamexkahli. \qry I have checked several times and the form definitely has a short initial vowel /i/. \ref 03280 \lxa ixwa \lxac ixwa \lxo ixwa \lxoc ixwa \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to sprout (seedlings or cultivated plants, wild plants) \ss brotar (cultivos como maíz y frijol, plantas silvestres) \pna Yo:tlaxwak. O:nikitato. \pea It (in this case a milpa) has started to sprout up. I've already gone to take a look. \psa Ya empezó a brotar (en este caso las plantas en una milpa). Ya la he ido a ver. \pna O:tlaxwak ika miák xiwtli. \pea It got all covered up by weeds that sprouted. \psa Se cubrió de maleza que brotaró por todos lados. \se (fig.) to grow (hair, white hairs with old age, etc.) \ss (fig.) salir (pelo, cañas a la gente vieja, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w ixwa nokwa:istal. \pea I have started to get white hairs. \psa Se me empezaron a salir cañas. \xrb xwa \qry Check status of initial /i/, whether or not epenthetic, although it apparently is, viz. /tlaxwa/. Also determine whether there is a transitive/causative form. \ref 05637 \lxa i:xwetska \lxac i:xwe:wetska \lxo i:xwetska \lxoc i:xwe:wetska \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se (usually with long vowel reduplication) to start to smile or have traces of a smile on ones face (e.g., of sb embarrassed to laugh or openly smile) \ss (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal larga) vislumbrarsele o dibujarsele una sonrisa en la cara a (p. ej., de algn a quien le da pena reir o reirse abiertamente) \pna Te:mpipi:na:wi, i:xwe:wetska. \pea She is timid (in this case covering her mouth and embarrassed to laugh aloud), she is just showing the beginnings of a smile. \psa Es tímida (en este caso tapando la boca con la mano para no reír en voz alta), está nada más sonriendo entre dientes. \xrb i:x \xrb wetska \nse This verb refers to a slight smile on the face of someone embarrassed to laugh or smile openly. \nae The vowel duration of the first reduplicated syllable is unclear. I originally had it transcribed as long, but acoustic measurements on the Oapan data do not necessarily confirm this and I have since changed this to a light syllable with a short vowel. The fact that the reduplicant of we--initial stems in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is simply /u/, suggests that the reduplicant might well be a long vowel, even though the acoustic evidence so far does not confirm this. More checking is needed. \qry Recheck vowel length and check that the lexicalized form with long vowel reduplication is the only form used. Thus a check should be made for forms such as /i:xwetska/ and /i:xuwetska/; or /i:xwe:wetska/ vs. /i:xwewetska/. Check. Also check for /i:xwetska/. Note that this should probably be incorporated in the entry for /i:xwetska/. \ref 02716 \lxa i:xwetskilia \lxac ki:xwetskilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08303 \lxa ixwi \lxac ixwi \lxo ixwi \lxoc ixwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to get full (from food); to be satisfied (from eating) \ss llenarse (de comida); estar satisfecho (de comer) \pna Deke yo:ixwik, nekwani:s, xok tlakwa:s. \pea If it has gotten full (in this case a grazing animal), it will move along, it won't eat anymore. \psa Si ya se llenó de comer (en este caso un animal apacentando), se va a cambiar de lugar, ya no va a comer. \pna Xnitlakwa:s, ke:n nixwitok. \pea I won't eat, I'm really stuffed. \psa No voy a comer, estoy bien lleno. \pna Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s. \pea Donkeys never get full, they always want to eat. \psa Los burros nunca se llenan, siempre están queriendo comer. \pna Mlá:k kwahli o:ixwik, a:sta o:po:te:tiak. \pea It really got full (in this case an ox), its belly even got bloated. \psa De veras se llenó bien, hasta se hizo bola su barriga. \se to full up (an object or container, particularly as sth expands or increases in quantity inside of it) \ss llenarse (un objeto o recipiente, particularmente cuando se expande o se incrementa en número lo que está adentro) \pna Nonexko:n kwahli o:ixwik. \pea My pot for nextamal has filled up (i.e., the nextamal has expanded to fill it completely). \psa Mi olla para nextamal se llenó bien (esto es, el nextamal ha expandido con agua hasta llenarla). \xrb xwi \xvcao ixwitia \grm Generic; word order. It appears that when a singular subject precedes a verbal predicate it has a generic sense: /Burroh xkaman ixwi, nochipa kinektok tlakwa:s/ 'Donkeys never get full, they always want to eat.' \ref 04155 \lxa i:xwia \lxac ki:xwia \lxo i:xwia \lxof [i:x 'wi ya] \lxoc ki:xwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to give the evil eye to \ss echarle mal de ojo a \pna O:ki:xwikeh mokone:w. Kipia tlai:xwi:hli, i:xte:nkukwitlaki:sa. \pea They gave your child the evil eye. He is sick from the evil eye, his eyes are runny and mucousy. \psa Le echaron mal de ojo a tu hijo. Tiene mal de ojo, se le escurre un líquido mocoso de los ojos. \pna O:ki:wikeh nokone:w saka ke:n o:kwelitakeh. \pea They gave my child the evil eye just with the fact that they liked the way he looked. \psa Le dieron mal de ojo a mi hijo, nada más con esto de que les gustó como se veía. \xrb i:x \xvaao i:xwilia \nse This and related words in general refer to the effect of evil eye, which often affects a young child, an animal, etc. that is adored, or liked and coveted by someone who is a tlai:xwia:ni, someone who is noted for or can give the evil eye. In such cases the affected child or animal gets sick, doesn't eat, has runny eyes and often dies. \ref 01813 \lxa ixwilia \lxac kixwilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se \ss \xrb \grm Applicative: Note the use of teh applicative here to form a transitive verb. \ref 08511 \lxa i:xwilia \lxac ki:xwilia \lxo i:xwilia \lxoc ki:xwilia \dt 10/Jan/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to give the evil eye to (the child or animal) of \ss echarle mal de ojo a (el hijo o animal) de \pna O:ne:chi:xwilih nopo:tsi:n. \pea He gave the evil eye to my baby girl. \psa Me echó mal de ojo a mi bebecita. \xrb i:x \xvba i:xwia \xvbo i:xwiya \ref 03999 \lxa i:xwi:teki \lxac ki:xwi:teki \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to dust off the surface of (by hitting it with sth such as a rag or other similar item, or with an open hand) \ssa despolvorear la superficie de (al azotarla con un trapo o algo parecido, o con la mano abierta) \pna Xki:xwi:teki para ipan timotla:li:s! \pea Dust its surface off (by striking it with sth) so that you can sit on it! \psa ¡Quítale el polvo de encima (al azotarla) para que te puedas sentar! \sem contact \syno í:xtsetselówa \xrb i:x \xrb wi:teki \rt Discuss the possibility of /wi:teki/ and other words with /wi:/ as possibly having sth in common; also the presence of /teki/ here: crossreference to /teki/. \ref 01944 \lxa ixwitia \lxac kixwitia \lxo ixwitia \lxoc kixwitia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give an upset stomach to (a young child, particularly when nursing with bad milk) \ss dar un dolor de estómago a (un niño pequeño, particularmente al tomar leche echada a perder de su mamá) \se (refl.) to get an upset stomach from eating (usually with young children as subject) \ss (refl.) empacharse (generalmente con niños de sujetos) \pna Timoxwiti:s, mitskoko:s miti. \pea You'll get an upset stomach (from overeating), your belly will hurt you. \psa Te vas a empachar, te va a doler la panza. \nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under ixhui:tia) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos] ... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives from the same verb): ixwi:tia 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and ixwitia 'to give an upset stomach to'. \pqry There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items (cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.' \grm Causative: The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under ixhui:tia) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos] ... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. The reason for the vowel length discrepancy is that there are two causative formations, at least in Ameyaltepec (or at least it appears that there are two causatives from the same verb): ixwi:tia 'to fill (satisfy) with food' and ixwitia 'to give an upset stomach to'. \grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked. \ref 04866 \lxa ixwi:tia \lxac kixwi:tia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to be filling or satisfying to (e.g., a particular food, beverage, etc.) \ss llenar a satisfacer a \pna Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwi:tia. \pea Tortillas fill me up quite well. \psa Tortillas me llenan bien. \se (refl.) to get full (from eating) \ss (refl.) llenarse (de comer) \pna Pitso xkimati noxwi:tia. \pea Pigs don't know what it means to be full (i.e., they never are satisfied and lacking a desire to eat). \psa Marranos no saben llenarse (esto es, nunca dejan de tener ganas de comer). \dis noxwitia; nitikukwa \xrb xwi \xvbao ixwi \nae The vowel length of the /i/ before the causative ending -tia seems to be short. FK discusses vowel length in this form, noting (under ixhui:tia) that 'In T[etelcingo, Morelos] ... the second vowel, which should be long before -tia is short. In a single attestation in C the vowel is unmarked for length. Z[acapoaxtla] is inconsistent. T[etelcingo] has an alternative causative ixhui:ltia where by general rule the corresponding vowel should be short but is given as long.' The Balsas region data agree with Tetelcingo, Morelos, in having what appears to be a short /i/ before the causative marker -tia. Note that I have been unable to locate the reference to this word in Carochi. \pqry There seems to be a definite short /i/ before causative in Oapan. Check. Note that there is a difference between /ixwi:tia/ and /ixwitia/. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Tlaxkahli kwahli ne:chixwitia 'Tortillas fill me up quite well' Note the way in which the subject preceding the verbal predicate (here with an adverb) is used for generic items (cf. a:tl xkwahli vs. xkwahli a:tl). Cf. the same with Pitso xkimati noxwitia, 'pigs don't know what it means to be full.' \grm Causative; phonology: In /ixwitia/ the evidence suggests a short /i/ before the causative /-tia/. This should, however, be rechecked. \ref 07991 \lxa ixwi:wmontli \lxac ixwi:wmontli \lxo ixwihmontli \lxoc ixwihmontli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn i-loss; N1/2; Aln \seao husband of a granddaughter \ssao esposo de una nieta \sem kin \xrb xwi:w \xrb mon \qry Determine whether other extended ties also enter into this paradigm. \ref 00005 \lxa ixwi:wsuwa:montli \lxac ixwi:wsuwa:montli \lxo ixwi:siwa:montli \lxoc ixwi:siwa:montli \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se wife of a grandson \ss esposa un nieto \cfa suwa:montli \cfo siwa:montli \sem kin \cfa suwa:montli \xrb ixwi:w \xrb sowa: \xrb mon \cfa suwa:montli \nse This is often used simply to clarify that the woman referred to is the wife of one's grandson and not of one's son. However, in other contexts the wife of a grandson may simply be covered by the more inclusive term sowa:montli (Am) or siwa:montli. \nae The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/. \qry It is not clear whether there is an /h/ before /sowa:montli/. \grm Phonology; vowel length: The length of the initial /i/ in the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifests a relatively long duration very uncharacteristic of short vowels. This may reflect the fact that length of word-initial vowels is hard to distinguish, or it might reflect the fact that given that this (as well as most) kinship terms are usually possessed, an initial short /i/ is slightly anomalous. Whatever the reason, it seems that the vowel should be analyzed as short, particularly given that it deletes after possessor prefixes that end in /o/. \vl Link first female and first male token. \ref 03359 \lxa ixwi:wtli \lxac ixwi:wtli \lxo ixwi:htli \lxoc ixwi:htli \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infv Diminutive noxwi:tsi:n \infn i-loss; w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \se grandchild (male or female) \ss nieto(a) \pna Newa umpa nixwi:wtli, newa ne:chmakas. \pea I am the grandchild there (i.e., in respect to a member of the household in question), it will be to me whom he gives it (in this case sth requested in loan). \psa Allí yo soy el nieto (esto es, en un hogar), es a mí a quien lo va a dar (en este caso algo pedido prestado). \pna Tewa mitsixwi:w mokoko:l. \pea You are the grandchild of your grandfather. \psa Tu eres el nieto de tu abuelo. \sem kin \xrb xwi:w \nae The stem-final /w/ is lost in the diminutive form noxwi:tsi:n, which suggests that historically it might not be part of the underlying stem. Indeed, historically it might derive from the possessed marker -w that has fused to the original root. \grm Note that the poss. retains /w/ in the non-diminutive but with the diminutive, which is commonly used, /w/ deletes: /noxwi:tsi:n/ 'my little grandchild'. Cf. Dakin's comment that final /w/ might be related to possessive marker. \ref 00141 \lxa iyá:k \lxac iyá:k \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \sea to be foul-smelling (yepakihli, nextamahli, corpses) \ssa ser apestoso (yepakihli, nixtamal, cadáveres) \sem smell \xrb hya: \encyctmp smells (again; ency for all semantic fields) \mod Check other bases for other smells: /pipiyá:k/ etc. Perhaps construct a page in the ono section on different words referring to types of smells. \ref 01957 \lxa iya:na \lxac kiya:na \lxo iya:na \lxoc kiya:na \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to hide \ss esconderse \pna Niya:nani mobwe:yeh \pea Your buey has a habit of hiding (i.e., you leave it in one place and the next day it is not there). \psa Tu buey tiene la acostumbre de esconderse (p. ej., lo dejas en un lado apacentando y al día siguiente ya no está). \pna Niya:na, xkineki para tikwi:tekis. \pea He (in this case a child) is hiding, he doesn't want you to thrash him. \psa El (en este caso un niño) se está escondiendo, no quiere que lo azotes. \pna O:kiya:n itomi:n, xok umpakah ka:n kitla:lia:ni. \pea He's hidden his money, its not there where he usually puts it. \psa Escondió su dinero, ya no está allá donde lo suele poner. \se (refl.) to lay low (to avoid being assigned a given task, having to contribute money, etc.) \ss (refl.) no dejarse ver (para evitar o esquivar una obligación o tarea, o por no tener que contribuir dinero) \pna Niya:ntok, yo:weka:w xtekiti. \pea He is laying low (hiding), it has been a long time since he has served in a cargo position (lit. 'worked'). \psa Se está escondiendo (en este caso esquivando un servicio para la comunidad), ya tiene mucho tiempo que no ha desempeñado un trabajado (por el pueblo; lit. 'trabaja'). \xrb iya:na \xvaao iya:nilia \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05230 \lxa iya:nilia \lxac kiya:nilia \lxo i:ya:nilia \lxoc ki:ya:nilia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to hide for or from \ss esconderle a o de \pna O:ne:chiya:nilih itomi:n. \pea He hid his money from me (e.g., ones child, or partner perhaps, so that I would not find it). \psa Me escondió su dinero (p. ej., el niño o socio de algn, para que no lo encuentre). \xrb i:ya:na \xvbao i:ya:na \qry Check for maintenance of /i/ after /tla-/ in Oapan. Also check other various forms. \ref 02472 \lxa iya:nka:n \lxac i:ya:nka:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der \se \ss \a \pna I:ya:nka:n kipia. \pea I have it in its hiding place. \psa Lo tengo en su escondite. \xrb \ref 08458 \lxa i:ya:ntok \lxac i:ya:ntok \lxo i:ya:ntok \lxoc i:ya:ntok \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao to be hidden \ssao estar escondido \xrb i:ya:na \nde Oapan also accepts iya:ntikah \nae Initial analysis is that the initial vowel in Oapan is long; at any rate no pitch-accent was noted although this would be expected if the underlying form was {ihya:na}. The length of the initial /i:/ in the Ameyaltepec cognate remains uncertain. Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo would clearly indicate if there is an underlying {h} as in this dialect this phoneme is maintained. It appears that the present entry form refers to a stative whereas the reflexive refers to a progressive construction. \grm As with /antok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. this is a stative which should, apparently, derive from *iya:ni. However, only the transitive /iya:na/ exists as a verb. Refers to something hidden, an object, by an agent/other: money, etc. Cf. entry under pti field in /iya:na/. Apparently the reflexive refers to a progressive. \grm Durative: Note the discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between the reflexive and nonreflexive durative. \ref 00316 \lxa iya:ya \lxac iya:ya \lxo yéyá:ya \lxoc yéyá:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to acquire a foul smell \ss apestar; adquirir un mal olor \xrb hya: \ref 04734 \lxa iyeko:ltia \lxacpend kiyeko:ltia \lxo íyekó:ltia \lxoa yéyekó:ltia \lxocpend kí:yekó:ltia \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to try (sth) on (sb) \ssao probar (algo) a (algn) \pno Mí:tsyekó:ltia i:tlake:n. \peo He tries his clothes on you (e.g., to see if they fit). \pso Te prueba su ropa (p. ej., para ver si te queda). \xrb ekowa \xvba iyekowa \xvbo íyekówa \ref 08824 \lxa iyekowa \lxac kiyekowa \lxo íyekówa \lxoa y \lxoc kí:yekówa; né:chiyekówa \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:yekówa \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to try to do (a task, or sth challenging); to attempt \ss intentar (una tarea, o algo desafiante y difícil) \pna Xkiyeko! \pea Give it a try! \psa ¡Inténtalo! \pna Yo:pe:w nikiyekowa, abé:r deke kineki. \pea I've started to give it a try (in this case courting a girl), perhaps she will agree (to marry me). \psa Ya empezé a intentarlo (en este caso cortejar una joven), a ver de que quiere (casarse conmigo). \pna Xkaman nikiyekowa, kas xniwelis. \pea I've never tried it (a job, playing an instrument, etc.), maybe I won't be able to do it. \psa Nunca lo he intentado, a lo mejor no voy a poder. \seao to court; to attempt to enamour \ssao cortejar; llegarle a decir (a una muchacha) si quiere andar de novia \se to test (a person, to see if he or she will help with a task, lend sth, or is able to do sth) \ss probar (una persona, para ver si va a ayudar con algo, si va a prestar algo, si puede hacer algo) \pna On ne:nkah toba:leh, mlá:k o:ne:chiyekoh para ne:chwisokis, pero tla: xweli. \pea That guy there, he really had a go at trying to beat me up, but then he couldn't. \psa Ese cuate, de veras quiso intentar golpearme, pero, pues, no pudo. \xrb ekowa \xvca iyeko:ltia \xvco íyekó:ltia \nse Apparently this is a reduplicated form {yehyekowa} with a phonological change generalized in Ameyaltepec. FK notes that Carochi (fol. 127f) "points out that the 'taste' sense of yecoa is generally expressed with the reduplicated form of the verb yehyecoa. \nae In Oapan the reflexive is nó:yekówa. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as né:chiyekówa. Acoustic measurements suggest a duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of íyekówa is phonologically short. For now, and pending further study, the vowel has been written as short. \pqry Check length of /i/ in /kíyekówa/. In Oapan the reflexive is nó:yekówa. The length of the pitch accented /o:/ of the reflexive suggests that it is the result of the reduction of the reduplicant. However, it is difficult to determine the length of the /i/ in forms such as né:chiyekówa. Acoustic measurements suggest a duration indicative of a long vowel, but all comparative evidence suggests that the initial /i/ of íyekówa is phonologically short. For now, and pending further study, the vowel has been written as short. CHECK: kí:yekówa. \vl Note that the female tokens are /kí:yekówa/ \ref 05247 \lxa iyeltia \lxac kiyeltia \lxo iyeltia \lxoc kiyeltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to cause to or make fart (either a food or sth heavy that is lifted) \ss hacer echar un pedo (o una comida o algo pesado levantado) \pna O:ne:chiyeltih un yetl, we:i o:nkwah \pea Those beans made me fart, I ate a lot. \psa Esos frijoles me hicieron echar pedos, comí mucho. \pna Melá:k yetí:k, a:sta o:ne:chiyeltih. \pea It's really heavy, it even made me to fart (from its force and weight). \psa Es muy pesado, hasta me hizo echar un pedo (a causa de su peso). \xrb yel \xvbao iyeya \nse This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb iyeya (Am) and íyeyá (Oa), 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between ito:nia and ito:niltia, although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, ito:ni:hli and iyehli. \pqry Recheck vowel length. With C. Flores (Am) it appears short. I had a long vowel for Oapan but this should be rechecked. \mod Check entry for /yehli/, which should perhaps be /iyehli/. \grm This seems to be an irregular causative of the reflexive verb iyeya, 'to fart.' It is similar in this respect to the relation between ito:nia and ito:niltia, although in both cases perhaps the derivation is from an intermediate nominal form, ito:ni:hli and iyehli. Cf. the use of /-tia/ with nouns, as in the case of /na:miktia/. \ref 03159 \lxa iyé:n \lxaa ye:n; iye:h \lxac iyé:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Interj \der Interj \sea yeah; yup; uh-huh; yes \ssa m-mm; sí \nse This interjection is used to indicate assent or agreement. Its actual pronunciation varies greatly. \qry The initial /i/ is occasionally lost in speech or converts into a short on-glide. The final /n/ occasionally goes to /h/. Check pronunciation and vowel length of /e/. \ref 05143 \lxa iye:wa \lxac kiye:wa \lxo é:wá \lxop é:wa \lxoc ké:wá \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to store or put away in the proper place \ss guardar o poner en el lugar indicado \pna O:kiye:w iswaw. \pea He stored his fodder of corn leaves. \psa Guardó sus hojas del maíz. \pna O:kiye:w itlayo:l, xok sapan tla:hli onkah. \pea He stored his maize (in it proper place), it's no longer just laying the ground. \psa Guardó su maíz (en el lugar apropriado), ya no está nomás tirado en el suelo. \pna O:titla:tlaiye:w. \pea You stored everything in its proper place, one thing after another. \psa Guardaste todo en su lugar apropiado, una cosa tras otra. \xrb ye:wa \xvaa iye:wilia \xvao é:wiliá \nse Underlyingly this is probably the reduplicated {yehye:wa} with phonological changes generalized in Ameyaltepec. Thus San Juan Tetelcingo has yehye:wa and Oapan has é:wá. \vl There is an additional female token from 04872; this should be tagged as 1705. It should also be the female token that is linked since it has better sound quality. \grm Note /O:titla:tlaiye:w/, meaning 'You put everything in its proper place.' The length of the vowel should be checked. But this would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ with a transitive verb creates a new lexical entry, an intransitive, that can be reduplicated. /tlaiye:wa/ would mean 'to put (things, non-countable) away.' Here the long vowel reduplication would seem to indicate repeating the action of "guardando" in an orderly fashion, here and there, at spaced intervals. However, an effort should be made to determine whether /tlatlaiye:wa/ also exists and, if so, its meaning. \ref 01705 \lxa iye:wilia \lxac kiye:wilia \lxo é:wiliá \lxop é:wilia \lxoc ké:wiliá \dt 02/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to store, save, or put aside for \ssao guardar para \pna Ke:tlah ne:chiye:wilian un a:tl. \pea It's like they save some of that water for me. \psa Es como me guardan algo de esa agua. \xrb ye:wa \xvba iye:wa \fla iye:wa \nde The various forms of this lexeme in different dialects all manifest reduplication or the reflex of reduplication. Thus Ameyaltepec has iye:wilia in which the first /i/ is from the reduplicated syllable. Oapan manifests the expected pitch accent pattern, and San Juan Tetelcingo short vowel reduplication with code /h/: yehyewilia. \ref 00008 \lxa iye:wtok \lxac iye:wtok \lxo yé:htók \lxoa yé:htikáh \lxoc yé:htók \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rpd-s(vowel-l) \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be stored or located it its proper place \ss estar guardado o puesto en el lugar apropriado \pna Kwahli iye:wtoya, a:man yo:tine:chompostekilih. \pea It was fine right where it was (in this case a machete), now you've gone out and broken it for me (i.e., after taking it). \psa Estaba bien guardado en su lugar, ahora ya me lo fuiste a romper (en este caso un machete después de haberlo tomado). \pna Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s. \pea It it happy right where it's stored, there's a good chance you will break it on me (sth such as a strap that can be snapped). \psa Está muy bien donde está guardado, a lo mejor me no lo vas a reventar (si lo tomas para utilizar). \xrb ye:wa \nse This is used for any number of items that may be stored in a proper location: maize, food items, clothes, tools, etc. The phrase kwahli iye:wtok is practically idiomatic, indicating that something is fine (stored) right where it is. \nae The Oapan form is reduplicated, with the reduplicant reduced to pitch accent on the initial long vowel, /e:/, of the verb. Note that there is no corresponding intransitive *ye:wi to the stative. \rt Note that for Stat-x verbs I have indicated that the root is the transitive, even though the category Stat-x suggests an intransitive that is not manifested in non-stative form. This should be mentioned at some point. \ref 03897 \lxa i:yeya \lxac ni:yeya \lxo í:yeyá \lxop i:yeya \lxoc ní:yeyá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(y) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to fart; to break wind \ss (refl.) echar un pedo \pna Tlatsoya:ya ika yewahli kwa:k ni:yeya tekolo:tl. \pea There is a foul odor in the night when an owl farts. \psa Hay un mal olor en la noche cuando un tecolote echa un pedo. \se to fart on \ss echar un pedo a o sobre \sem functions \xrb hye \xvcao i:yeltia \nae The pitch-accent of the Oapan form, ní:yeyá suggests that the elicitation form given was actually reduplicated: the reflex of the reduplicant with a long initial vowel is simply pitch accent on the stem-initial vowel. Most other dialects researched (Classical, Tetelcingo, Northern Puebla, Mecayapan, Zacapoaxtla) either do not have cognate forms or, when they do, do not manifest a 'saltillo' suggesting that Oapan pitch accent is not derived from underlying {h}, but rather reduplication. However Pipil (Campbell, 226) does show /h/ in the nominal ihyal 'fart.' Undoubtedly cognate form from San Juan Tetelcingo or other villages in the in the Balsas region where the "saltillo" has been maintained would clarify any uncertainty about the proper root form. Moreover, it might be that a singular form exists, ni:yeya, as occurs in Ameyaltepec. \qry Determine causative form (?iyexi:tia); check to see that specific object is possible, e.g, /ne:chiyeya/. Check initial vowel in Am, noting that it is long in Oapan and FK has it long. I would imagine a long initial /i:/ in Am /i:yeya/, but my original notes had a short vowel. \vl Check initial vowel and for /h/ or p-a. Use second male token. \ref 00691 \lxa iyo:asi \lxac kiyo:asi \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \sea to have the same endurance as; to keep up with; to keep pace with (another person) \ssa aguantar el mismo esfuerzo que; mantener el ritmo de (otra persona) \pna San yewa ne:chiyo:asis. Nanwameh xnanweliskeh. \pea He's the only one who can keep up with me (e.g., running). As for you, you won't be able to. \psa Solamente el me aguanta el ritmo (p. ej., corriendo). En cuanto a ustedes, no van a poder. \syno ixíasí \xrb hyo: \xrb ahsi \ref 01739 \lxa iyo:maka \lxac kiyo:maka \lxo 'iyo:máka \lxoc kíyo:máka \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-b \infv irregular: cf. maka \pa yes-lex \se to fill up with air \ss llenar con aire (p. ej., una llanta) \xrb hyo \xrb maka \qry This word was uttered during elicitation with Florencia and Inocencio, but the sense was not given. Pending. \vl Link 2nd female token. \pqry Check vl of Oapan. \ref 06370 \lxa iyo:miki \lxac iyo:miki \lxo íyo:míki \lxoc íyo:míki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-lex \seo to have a heavy stomach (particularly from overeating, so that one is unable to work or has difficulty working) \sso sentir el estómago pesado (particularmente por comer demasiado, hasta que no se puede trabajar, o que llega a ser difícil) \syna itipa:tsmiki \xrb hyo: \xrb miki \qry Recheck meaning and possible other uses. Note also problem of morphology; check for other apparent verb roots without /ka:/. \ref 06387 \lxa iyo:te:ma \lxac kiyo:te:ma \lxo íyo:té:ma \lxoc kíyo:té:ma \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \se to fill with air \ss llenar con aire \se (refl.) to suck in air and fill one's belly; to expand one's belly with air \ss (refl.) jalar aire para adentro, expandiendo la barriga \xrb hyo: \xrb te:m \qry Recheck and confirm use as a transitive, since my only filecard showed simply a reflexive. \ref 02744 \lxa iyo:te:mi \lxac iyo:te:mi \lxo íyo:té:mi \lxoc íyo:té:mi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-mi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-lex \seao to fill with air \ssao llenarse con aire \se (vulg.) for ones belly to swell up (e.g., a pregant woman) \ss (vulg.) hincharsele la barriga a (p. ej., a una mujer embarazada) \pna A:man xkita! Melá:h kwahli yo:iyo:te:n! Xka:wa, saka ye o:stli. \pea Take a look at her! Her belly is swollen up! You wouldn't have thought it, but it's just because she's pregnant. \psa ¡Véla! ¡Su barriga está bien hinchanda! No lo hubieras pensado, pero es simplemente por estar embarazada. \xrb hyo: \xrb te:m \qry Remove reference to pregnancy which is a "burla." \ref 00990 \lxa iyo:tia \lxac niyo:tia \lxo íyó:tia \lxoc níyó:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to breathe \ss respirar \pna Ne:si o:mik. Ka! Ok niyo:titok. Xe miki. \pea It appears that he died. No! He's still breathing. He still hasn't died. \psa Parece que se murió. No! Todavía está respirando. Todavía no se muere. \pna Timiiyo:titok chika:wak. \pea You are breathing hard. \psa Estás respirando fuerte. \sem functions \xrb hyo: \qry Check to see if only used in reflexive. \ref 03935 \lxa iyo:tila:na \lxac kiyo:tila:na \lxo íyo:tilá:na \lxoc kíyo:tilá:na \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to suck in (air or a liquid, by breathing in strongly) \ss inhalar, aspirar o jalar con la respiración (aire o líquido, por la boca) \pna Wel mitsiyo:tila:nas kowatl, de masa:kowatl, deke tikwi:ka mosiga:rroh, xtlikwi:lti, wan no: xma:ka:wto po:ktli ka:n wa:le:wtok ipan kwe:bah. \pea A snake, a boa, can suck you in with its breath, but if you are carrying a cigarette, light it, and let the smoke loose where it (the air being pulled in) is coming from. \psa Una culebra, del tipo masacuate, te puede jalar con su respiración, pero si estás llevando un cigarro, préndelo y suelta el humo por donde viene (el aire que está siendo jalado) la parte de la cueva de donde viene (el aire). \se to siphon \ss sacar con sifón \pna Kiyo:tila:na para pe:wa ki:sas. \pea He sucks in on it (i.e., a hose of water) so that it (the water) starts to come out. \psa Le jala con aire (p. ej., agua en una manguera) para que empiece (el agua) a salir. \se to suck on the soft part of a baby's head, placing ones mouth, with water in it, over the soft spot and sucking in hard (in order to "raise" the fontanelle, ia:w, after it has "fallen" in) \ss chupar, con agua en la boca, la mollera de un niño, poniendo la boca sobre su mollera y chupando fuertemente (para subirle la mollera, ia:w, después de que se haya caido) \pna Kiyo:tila:naskeh ia:w un kone:tsi:ntli. \pea They will suck on the soft part of that baby's head. \psa Van a chupar la mollera de ese niño. \xrb hyo: \xrb tila:na \qry Check root for underlying {h} in other dialects (e.g. Oapan). \ref 05105 \lxa i:yo:tl \lxac i:yo:tl \lxo íyó:tl \lxoc íyó:tl \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infv N1/2; Inal(-yo) \pa yes-lex \seao breath, respiration; \ssao respiración \se air (inside a tire, balloon, etc.) \ss aire (que está en una llanta, globo, etc.) \xrb hyo: \qry Check in adjoining dialects presence or absence of initial /h/. Make sure final /w/ is absent in reduplicated form. Get possessed form. \sj ihyo:tl \vl Get paradigm for website \ref 01396 \lxa iyo:tsakwa \lxac kiyo:tsakwa \lxo íyo:tsákwa \lxoc kíyo:tsákwa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-lex \se to cut off the breath of and keep from breathing; to suffocate \ss cortarle el aire o respiración a, haciendo que no puede respirar \pna O:niknekw chi:hli, o:ne:chiyo:tsakw. \pea I breathed in chile (alcohol would have the same effect), it cut off my breath. \psa Inhalé chile (alcohol haría lo mismo), me cortó la respiración. \xrb hyo: \xrb tsakwa \pqry Check with a phonetician on the phonetics of this word. Note that there is a devoicing of the palatal fricative between the two vowels. I have simply written this as /kíyo:tsákwa/. \ref 04208 \lxa i:yo:wia \lxac ki:yo:wia \lxo í:yo:wía \lxop i:yo:wia \lxof ['i: yo: 'wi a] \lxoc kí:yo:wíya \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to put up with; to suffer (the behavior of sb; the difficulty of certain situations); to endure (a challenge, a difficult task, temperature extremes of hot or cold); to bear up (under a burden) \ss soportar; aguantar (el peso de algo, el comportamiento de algn, un desafío, una tarea difícil); padecer (penas, situaciones adversas, el clima muy caluroso o frío, etc.) \pna Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. \pea I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. \psa ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. \pna Xtikiyo:wi:s un tekitl. San mitsnawatitos. Deke yo:tekok, okse: la:doh misti:tlanis, okse: tekitl mitsnawati:s. \pea You won't be able to put up with that job. He'll just be ordering you around. From the moment you arrive, he'll send you off in one direction, he'll order you to do something else. \psa No vas a aguantar ese trabajo. Nada vas te va a estar ordenando. Desde el momento que llegues te va a mandar a otro lado, te va a mandar hacer otro trabajo. \pna Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xka:wa, miák nokone:wa:n. \pea He goes along putting up with me (in this case said by a woman accepted into her brother's household, speaking of the head of the household). You wouldn't think it with all the children I have (i.e., I am expensive to maintain). \psa Me va aguantando (en este caso dicho por una mujer aceptada en la residencia de su hermano). No era de esperar dado que tengo muchos niños (y es caro mantenerme). \pna Ne:cha:liyo:witiw. Xne:chpachiwi:tia ma:ski kitan nitlatsiwi. \pea He goes along putting up with me (e.g., letting me continue to live in the household). They don't kick me out even though they see (realize) that I am lazy. \psa Me va aguantando (esto es, dejándome quedar en la casa donde resido). No me corren aunque ven que soy flojo. \se to last or hold up (an item of clothing, shoes or sandals, tools) \ss aguantar o durar (algo de ropa, zapatos o huaraches, herramientas) \pna Xtlah kiyo:wia nowe:rach. \pea My sandals don't hold up at all. \psa No aguantan nada mis huaraches. \xrb hyo: \xvca tlayo:wi:ltia \xvco tláyo:wí:ltia \xv1a tlayo:wia \xv1o tlayó:wiyá \dis xi:kowa; iyo:wia \nse Classical Nahuatl has ihiouia or ihiyouia Apparently this is the same root as iyo:tl although the precise way in which the meanings given above derive from this derivation is not clear. The difference between iyo:wia and xi:kowa seems mostly to rest on the fact that the former is often used to signify putting up with a type of behavior or with difficult situations. Thus Molina has under ihiouia. nitla 'padecer necesidad el pobre, o adquirir con trabajo lo necessario a la vida.' Iyo:wia may also be used to indicate a human's ability to endure a physical burden or task (such as carrying a weight, lengthy time spent doing manual labor, etc.) or a tool's resistance to breaking down. But much more common in such situations is the verb xi:kowa, which in general refers to physical burdens or situations that may cause exhaustion and debilitation (of a person) or the wearing out of a tool or material object (e.g,, may say of a tool that is being used for a chore for which it is not suited: xkixi:ko:s 'it won't hold up.' \qry Check for presence of initial /h/. Check for causative /iyo:wiltia/ \sj tlayo:wia \ref 01824 \lxa iyo:wilistli \lxac iyo:wilistli \lxo íyo:wilístli \lxoc íyo:wilístli \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \pa yes-redup \se cheap things; things sold to those who have little money \ss cosas baratas; cosas que se le venden a la gente sin dinero \se suffering, misery, or poverty \ss sufrimiento, miseria, o pobreza \pna Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa. \pea It is misery, he just eats chile. \psa Es la miseria, come solamente chile. \pna San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa. \pea It's just poverty, he just eats beans (i.e., no meat). \psa Solamente es pobreza y sufrimiento, come sólo con frijoles (no con carne). \xrb hyo: \nae The initial vowel, at least in the Oapan speech tokens analyzed so far, has a quite long duration. It might be that the initial vowel is either the result of a reduplicative process, as it is in Classical ihi:yo:-. However, despite the long duration, this word has been written with a short initial vowel given the additional evidence from Oapan and other Balsas Nahuatl villages that suggest that the initial /i/ is epenthetic. Thus one finds Oapan tláyo:wía, which clearly has the same root. It could be that whereas tláyo:wía is derived from (i)hyo: forms such as íyo:wilístli has a different etymology, similar to classical ihi:yo:-. Nevertheless, more research needs to be done on these forms. \grm /iyo:wilistli/ is clearly related to /iyo:wia/, 'to endure' and /tlayo:wia/. However, note that there is no nonspecific object prefix. Check to see if /tlayo:wilistli/ also exists. Finally note the /tla-/ plus /ika/ construction in the two example sentences: /Iyo:wilistli, san ika chi:hli tlakwa/ and /San iyo:wilistli, ika yetsi:ntli tlakwa/. Here the difference between the specific and nonspecific form should be clear, for /san kikwa yetsi:ntli/ in the final phrase you have a different sense, something to the effect that the action refers to a specific act. However, with /ika yetsi:ntli/ the phrase is an adverbial, modifying /tlakwa/ and setting forth "how" the subject eats. Perhaps /san ika chi:hli tlakwa/ should be /saka chi:hli tlakwa/. \vl Link second female token and first male token. \ref 03642 \lxa iún \lxac nihkwis iún \lxo yó:ón \lxop yo:on \lxoc yó:ón \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Pr(dem) \der Pr-dem \se that one there; that very one \ss ese mismo; ese que está allí \pna Iún, ma:ka tikelka:was! \pea That thing, don't forget it! \psa Esa cosa, ¡no se te vaya a olvidar! \pna Iún sila:ntroh na:ichwia para xwa:kis. \pea That corriander gets sprinkled with water so that it doesn't dry up. \psa Aquel cilantro se rocía con agua para que no se seque. \xrb in \xrb on \qry The use of /in/, /iwí:n/, /un/ and /iún/ needs to be thoroughly explored. There might also be a demonstrative pronoun /i:n/, though this is not certain. Check the possibility of phrases such as /nikwi:kas i:n/. Is this correct or should it be /nikwi:kas iwí:n/. Check. \pqry Apparently all final /-on/ sequences in Oapan Nahuatl have a long duration (although this should be checked). This seems to definitely be the case with forms in which the final /-on/ represents. Certainly in the present case, the sequence /yo:on/ is extremely long. Measurements are approximately 417 and 402 ms for Florencia Marcelino, and 354 and 358 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. For now I have written this as /yó:ón/. If this orthography is maintained then perhaps a note should be added to the entry for /on/ and to the chapter on Oapan phonology that when final /-on/ represents the demonstrative it has a long duration (as occurs in /a:kinon/, /tli:non/, etc.). It will be important to check for the phonetic-accoustic difference between final /-on/ sequences from underlying {on} of the demonstrative, and from other sources of this sequence. \grm Oapan phonology: the question of the duration and length of final /-on/ is important and needs resolution. It seems definitely to be the case that when this represents the demonstrative the duration is long. This should be checked with other cases, e.g., when the final /on/ results from the perfective formation of certain verbs (although here distinguish between /-o:ni/ and /-oni/ final verbs (there may not be any of the latter, check. Also cf. to /miston/, etc. All other forms should be checked, e.g., /ka:non/, /tli:non/, /kamanon/, etc. \ref 04136 \lxa iún \lxac iún \lxo yo ón \lxoc yo ón \dt 17/Jan/2003 \psm Pr(demon) \der Pr-demon \se that one there \ss ése; aquel que está allá \xrb yehwa \xrb on \nae Apparently the Ameyaltepec form contrasts with iwí:n whereas the Oapan form contrasts with yo yí:n. \qry Whether this orthography should be the final form for Oapan Nahuatl is still under consideration. \pqry Check vowel length. \ref 01717 \lxa jí:kamah \lxac jí:kamah \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan jícama \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao jicama, type of edible plant still not fully identified \ssao jícama, tipo de planta comestible todavía no plenamente identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sem edible \equivo xi:kama \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states "(Pachyrrhizus spp.) 'jicama'. A vine with roots that look like large brown turnips and are good to eat. Pods and seeds are edible when plant is young." Apparently this is not indigenous to nor cultivated in the Balsas area, but is readily available in local markets. \nct xiwtli \vl Check for presence/absence of final /h/. \ref 07843 \lxa Jódio:s to:to:tl* \lxac Jódio:s to:to:tl \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of bird, still not identified, that looks like a roadrunner with a crest \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado, que parece a un correcaminos con una cresta \sem animal \sem bird \xrb to:to: \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry under judío: "1. (Dives dives) 'melodious [singing] blackbird' See tordo cantor. 2. (Molothrus aeneus) 'bronzed [red-eyed] cowbird' See tordo ojirojo. 3. (Crotophaga ani) 'smooth-billed ani' See pico de cera. 4. (Crotophaga sulcirostris) 'groove-billed ani' See garrapatero.'" It is not clear whether any of these correspond to the bird mentioned in this entry. \ref 03706 \lxa Juan Die:goh* \lxac Juan Die:goh \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan Juan Diego \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of bird still not identified \ssa tipo de pájaro todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem bird \ref 01137 \lxa jwe:s \lxac jwe:s \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan juez \sea town mayor and judge \ssa alcalde y juez del pueblo \sem govern \syna komisa:rioh \syna tekiwah \syno tekiwah \encyctmp officials \nse The lieutenant mayor is called the segundoh. \ref 02877 \lxa ka \lxac ka \lxo ka \lxoc ka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Neg \der Neg \seao No! (in response to a question) \ssao ¡No! (en respuesta a una pregunta) \pna Ka, xkaman! \pea No, never! \psa ¡No, nunca! \syno ka:yoweh \xrb ka: \nae Ka is used only as a one-word response to a question. The preclitic x- is used to negate predicative expressions. Ramírez and Dakin report ka:, with a long vowel, but given that the pronunciation of this word seems always to be phrase final, it seems to always surface as [ka']. Nevertheless, the Oapan cognate ka:yoweh has long vowel, and this fact (perhaps indicative of historical length) has been a factor in \ref 00733 \lxa ka \lxac \lxacpend tli:non ka tiwa:hlaw? \lxo ya \lxoc ya \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm Adpo \der Adpo \se with \ss con \src CF Nakas 3:05 \pna Tli:non ka tiwa:hlaw? \pea Why have you come? \psa ¿Por qué (o, para que) viniste? \cfa wa:n \xrb ka \nae Oapan Nahuatl manifests the characteristic loss of /k/. In the forms ka (Am) and ya (Oa), both dialects lose the initial /i/ of what was originally a relational noun. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. NOTE for future; redo this entry with a full phrase. \ref 04729 \lxa -ka \lxac moka pa:ki \lxo -ka \lxoc noka pa:ki \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss \infn N2(rel) \se with, about, in relation to \ss con, acerca de, en relación a \pna Noka tiwetska. \pea You laugh at (about) me (because of sth that happened to me, because of my situation). \psa Te ríes de mí (por algo que me pasó, a causa de una situación que me aflije). \pna San noka o:tiwa:hlah. \pea You came just because of me. \psa Viniste solamente a causa de mí (por mí). \pna Noka nomenta:rowa. \pea He brags about me (in this case said by a woman who accused a man of going around saying, and lying, she was his lover). \psa Se jacta de mí (en este caso dicho por una mujer que acusa a un hombre de andar jactando, y mintiendo, que ella era su amante). \pna Moka tlatlani, deke tinemi. \pea He inquires about you, if you are alive. \psa Pregunta por tí, si vives. \pna Xpia kwida:doh, moka wa:hlaw, kas iwa:n timotlawe:lita, a:man mitstlakwalti:s. \pea Take care, he is coming for you, perhaps you have something against each other, now he's going to give you a thrashing. \psa Ten cuidado, viene por tí, tal vez tienes un problema con el (que los dos se odian), ahora te va a dar una paliza. \pna Moka wetska pa:mpa ke:n yo:tipo:bret. \pea He makes fun of you because you have become impoverished. \psa Se burla de tí porque te empobreciste. \se (~ + refl. kopi:na or tlamia (Am) / tlamiya (Oa)) to use [subject of reflexive] as a pretext or excuse \ss (~ + refl. kopi:na o tlamia (Am) / tlamiya (Oa)) utilizar [sujeto del reflexivo] como pretexto o excusa \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as a pretext, as if it were yours (e.g., in refusing to lend sth out). \psa Te utilizé como pretexto, como si fuera tuya (p. ej., as rehusar prestar algo). \pna Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian. \pea I used you as an excuse so that they would not invite me to get drunk. \psa Te utilizé como pretexto, para que no me invitaran a emborrachar. \pna Moka o:nimotlamih, o:niktlatlan in tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh. \pea I used you as a pretext, I asked for what I was lacking, I said that you had sent me even though it wasn't true, just so they would give it to me. \psa Te utilizé como pretexto, pedí lo que me hacía falta, dije que tu me habías enviado aunque no era cierto, solamente para que me lo dieran. \se with it (as an apocopated form of ika) \ss con (como una forma apocopada de ika) \pna Nitekiti 'ka noma (= ika noma). \pea I work with my hands. \psa Trabajo con las manos. \cfa ika \xrb ka \nse For the phrase noka tiwetska the meaning is you laugh at me, at my misfortune, because of something that happened to me (e.g. someone stole my wife, etc.). This is different from tine:chwetskilia, a point discussed in the grammar. With a phrase such as -ka nokopi:na, refers to controlling a situation or extricating oneself from a situation through the mention of something or somebody. For example, in buying something I mentioned that it was for you, even though this wasn't true, because I knew that the seller was a friend of yours and would sell it cheaper if he thought it was for you. Or this phrase can be used in the sense of 'to take someone as an alibi.' A more complete exploration of the use of this relational noun will be presented in the grammar. \nae The relational noun -ka is obligatorily possessed; as such the Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms are equivalent: noka, moka, etc. However, it appears that the 3rd-person possessed form has been grammaticalized as a subordinator or adposition (e.g., nipa:ki ika nika:n tinemi 'I am happy that you are here.') As a function word it has a short initial /i/ that in fact often disappears in natural speech. Moreover, the function word in Oapan Nahuatl has lost the intervocalic /k/ and is simply pronounced ya. \qry /Moka o:nimotlamih para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skian./ I originally had the future /... ne:chtlai:ti:skian/ but changed this \grm A relational noun (e.g., /-ka/) differs from an obligatorily possessed noun (e.g., /a:xi:xtekon/) in that the latter can never be isolated as a predicate: ?noka vs. /na:xi:xtekon/; the second is correct in free-standing form, the former is not. \ref 04946 \lxa ka: chika \lxac ka: chika \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm Modal \com Neg-Modal \der Modal \sea it's not true! \ssa ¡no es verdad! \pna Ka: chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:borió:n! \pea It's not true! It's only a joke! \psa ¡No es verdad! ¡Es sólo una vacilada! \cfa chika \xrb ka: \xrb chika \nse Chika enters into several Ameyaltepec forms. \qry Since I have recorded /ka:chika/ with a long vowel and /tlakachika/ with a short vowel, these should be rechecked. \ref 02912 \lxa kabai:toh de a:ngel \lxac kabai:toh de a:ngel \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan caballito de ángel \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl, thin rod-like plant of the Leguminosae family \ssa Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl, planta delgada y alta de la familia Leguminosae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \qry Check phonology as to whether it should be [kabayi:toh]. \nse The Nahuatl name of this plant is a switch from a commun name in Spanish Cabellos de Ángel. In English it is considered a type of "powder-puff" plant. \nct tlako:tl \ref 05866 \lxa kabai:tos \lxac kabai:tos \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan caballito \psm N \der N-loan \sea merry-go-round \ssa tiovivo; \pna Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s. \pea The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it. \psa Está dando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir. \qry Check whether Oapan form exists. \ref 07564 \lxa kabaye:roh \lxac kabaye:roh \lxo kabaye:roh \lxoc kabaye:roh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan caballero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; Gender \se aperson who has two senses (tlamachilistli), one within his or her body on earth and the other in the heavens; this person is said to have certain powers, particularly concerned with finding water. Occasionally the kabaye:ros fight and one is thrown down from the heavens and killed. This is seen as a bright meteor and is taken to indicate that the corporeal manifestation, the earthly body, will also die. \ss una persona que tiene dos "sentidos" (tlamachilistli), uno en su cuerpo corporeal sobre la tierra y el otro en el cielo; se dice que esta persona tiene ciertos poderes, en particular algunos asociados con encontrar agua. ocasionalmente los kabaye:ros se pelean y uno es aventado hacia la tierra y matado. Esto se ve con una brillante estrella fugaz que se entiende como el kabaye:roh que se cae e indica que que la manifestación corporeal se va a morir. \encyctmp obtain texts. \nse A woman notes that her child will be a kabaye:roh when she is pregnant and wakes up at night to find her womb empty. She must return to sleep and the child will return, but will by that time have acquired another sense (tlamachilistli) above in the sky (chikna:wtipan). A kabaye:roh is so called, I believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. Note also that Saint James is called "Santiago Caballero," indicating again the definite association of a horseman with a warrior. Kabaye:ros are said to be powerful and dangerous, although often helpful. One story was told to me by someone who had once gone walking with a kabaye:roh in the sierra. The two ran out of water and the kabaye:roh turned over a rock, under which was water, in a place where according to the person relating the story there had never been water. Another friend told me of someone who was a kabaye:roh who had once opened up his hand; in his palm was a tiny "pool" of water with a small fish swimming in it. In Ameyaltepec one priest was said to have been a kabaye:roh and have helped that it rained when needed. Finally, note that a falling meteor is the tlamachilistli of a kabaye:roh who has been struck by others and falls to earth. When a meteor is seen, therefore, it means that on the earth the kabaye:roh, i.e., the other tlamachilistli, will die. \qry A kabaye:roh is so called, I believe, because of the idea is that the meteor represents a person on a horse. This should be checked although I do believe that there is a definite relationship to a horse ("caballo"). \mod Perhaps in an appendix a text on this should be added, in Nahuatl with translation into English and Spanish. \ref 04668 \lxa kabaye:teh \lxac kabaye:teh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan caballete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea tie beam: in a zacate or palm-roofed house, the small "beam," usually made of rods from the inside of the cactus called tlapextli, that are bundled together in a roll and placed so that they run along at the very top of the house, above the part called kaltsonko \ssa caballete, en una casa de palma o zacate la "viga", a menudo hecho de una racima de varas de lo interior de un tipo de cactus llamado tlapextli, que corre por donde los dos lados del techo se juntan, arriba de la parte conocida como kaltsonko \sem contruct-part \cfo tsopilote:rah \encyctmp kahli \nse Occasionally the kabaye:teh is made of a bundle of tlapextli wa:n sakatl 'cactus rods and straw.' \qry Note that FM and IJ gave /tsopilote:rah/ as equivalent to Am /kabaye:teh/. However, in the entry for Am /tsopilote:rah/ there is also Oa /tsopilote:rah/. Thus it may well be that the two terms are equivalent and that the Oapan equivalent of /kabaye:teh/ is distinct. Check. Check for possessed form. \mod Cf. illustration under /kahli/ and Fld 1984-04-29.1 \ref 02393 \lxa kaba:yoh \lxac kaba:yoh \lxo kaba:yoh \lxoc kaba:yoh \dt 19/Feb/2002 \loan caballo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se horse \ss caballo \sem animal \sem domes \cfa tlayo:hli de kaba:yoh \nct yo:lki \ref 03354 \lxa kaba:yotlama \lxac kaba:yotlama \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08356 \lxa kabe:sah \lxac kabe:sah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan cabeza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea principal rafter: beams of wood, usually in groups of four, that pass above and behind the sole:ras and kontrasole:ras and go to the part of a house of palm or grass called kaltsonko, where they are riveted together with a wooden rivet called a nekoxtli that passes through and joins all four kabe:sas \ssa vigas de madera, generalmente en grupos de cuatro, que pasan arriba y atrás de las sole:ras y kontrasole:ras hacia la parte de una casa de palma o zacate que se llama kaltsonko, donde se fijan todos por un remache de madera, llamado nekoxtli, que atraviesa las cuatro kabe:sas \sem construct-part \syno kaltlama:stli \encyctmp kahli \ilustmp Cf. illustration and description in Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Cf. illustration under entry for /kahli/. \ref 02146 \lxa ka:dah \lxac ka:dah ikxitl \lxo ka:da \lxocpend \lxocpend @ka:da \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan cada \psm Adj \der Adj-quant \seao each \ssao cada \nae Most pronunciations show final vowel with phonetic glottal stop in phrase-final position. \ref 07496 \lxa kafé:h \lxac kafé:h \lxo kafe:h \lxoc kafe:h \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan café \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se coffee \ss café \ref 03119 \lxa kafe:ntsi:n \lxac kafe:ntsi:n \lxo kafe:ntsi:n \lxoc kafe:ntsi:n \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) café \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se coffee colored \ss color café \sem color \nse Kafe:ntsi:n also occurs as the diminutive of the borrowed noun kafe:n. \ref 05826 \lxa kafenya:rowa \lxac kafenya:rowa \lxo kafenya:rowa \lxoc kafenya:rowa \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan (Nah) café \psm V1 \der V1-loan \infv class-2b \se to drink coffee (usually in the morning) \ss tomar café (generalmente en la mañana) \pna Xkafenyarote:wa! \pea Have some coffee before you head out! \psa ¡Tómate un café antes de salir! \qry The length of the final /a/ is uncertain and should be rechecked. In Oapan it appears to have long duration, probably the effect of the loan status from Spanish: \ref 03197 \lxa kah \lxac na:nkah \lxo kah \lxoc na:nkah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv irreg. kah; suppletive stem of the copula for past tenses \se (with adverb of location) to be (in a given location) \ss (con un adverbio de lugar) estar (en un lugar en particular) \pna Na:n tonkah. \pea You are here. \psa Aquí estás. \pna Pa yes! \pea It will be there (i.e., it has moved but will be there, as indicated)! \psa ¡Allá estará (esto es, se ha cambiado de lugar, pero allá estará donde se indica)! \se (3rd-person only: onkah) to be (in existence) \ss (3a-persona solamente: onkah) haber (una cosa) \pna Onkah serbe:sah, ma tikoni:kan! \pea There is beer, let's drink it! \psa ¡Hay cerveza, vamos a beberla! \pna Xekatka. \pea There wasn't (weren't) any yet. \psa Todavía no había (habían). \equivao ye \xrb ka \nse In Oapan kah is only used for things that, as one consultant stated, "xkaman nékwaniá, nochipa pa unkah," i.e., for things that never move. For animates the term nemi is used, as in nika:n ninemi. It appears, though this will need to be confirmed, that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl is not so strict in its use of verbs of existence and being. \nae The precise orthography for kah is still uncertain. When the copula is disyllabic writing it as a separate word is the obvious choice. However, in monosyllabic form (as in na:nkah or na:n kah) the choice is not clear. Phonologically ['na:n kah] suggests a single word. However, the monosyllabic forms of certain common verbs ('to go' and 'to be') are often unstressed (e.g., ma ya ['ma ya] 'let him be gone!'), but for that reason alone cannot be written as clitics joined to a previous word. The argument for writing kah separately in na:n kah is that an intervening subject marker is found in forms such as na:n tunkah 'you are here.' Thus one could argue that na:nkah is actually na:n plus kah preceded by the zero subject marker of the 3rd person. However, the fact that the verb is preceded by on, or un suggests again that kah cannot occur alone. Perhaps the best solution for now is to state that the copula and verb 'to be' of existence are written separately from any adverbial or other particle except in a few instances, such as na:nkah. More work needs to be done! \qry Check or confirm presence of final /h/ in present (/nunkah/) and its absence in the past (/nikatka/). When once I wanted to say of a certain item that I wished to buy, that it would be available in Zumpango I said /pa yes Sumpa:ngoh/ a listener (Elias Guerrero) laughed and asked me if Zumpango moves around. The proper way of saying what I wished to say is /yes Sumpa:ngoh/ "it will be available in Zumpango." However, check the difference between /pa yes/ and /pa onyes/, etc. \ref 03310 \lxa kahli \lxac kahli \lxo kahli \lxoc kahli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \se house; shack \ss casa; jacal \se (intrinsic possession) roof (of a house, granery, etc.); covering (of a storage area or other similar space) \ss (posesión intrínseca) techo (de una casa, troje, etc.) \pna O:pe:w isoliwi ikahlo mokal. \pea The roof of your house has started to deteriorte. \psa Empezó a deteriorarse el techo de tu casa. \pna Nikpatili:s ikahlo nokosi:nah, yo:isoliw. \pea I'm going to change the roofing on my kitchen, it's gotten worn out. \psa Le voy a cambiar el techo a mi cocina, ya se hizo viejo. \pna O:te:n iswakohtli. A:man xpe:walti ikahlo, ma:ski kiawis, xok ma:s kalakis a:tl. \pea The tree used for storing corn leaves (iswatl) has gotten filled. Now begin making a roof for it, even if it rains, water won't get in anymore. \psa El árbol en que se guardan las hojas de maíz (iswatl) ya se llenó. Ahora empiece a hacer su toldo, así aunque llueve ya no va a entrar el agua. \se nest; hive; in general, the living space of any animal \ss nido; panal; en general el lugar donde vive cualquier animal \pna ... ikal chi:lpa:n \pea ... a wasp's nest \psa ... panal de avispa. \pno Yewa, tekómasólin i:kal. \peo That is the nest of the insect called tekómasólin. \pso Ese es el panal del insecto llamado tekómasólin. \cfa kakahli \encyctmp kahli; nests \mod For names of the parts of a house of /sakatl/, cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. Get list of all animals that have /i:kal/. \ref 01741 \lxa ka:iweh \lxac ka:iweh \lxo ka:yoweh \lxoa ka:yowih \lxoc ka:yoweh, ka:yowih \dt 09/Jul/2003 \psm N \der Neg \se no; no indeed (in response) \ss no; de veras que no (en respuesta) \flao ka \equiva ka \equivo a:nyaweh \xrb ka: \nse Ka:iweh is rarely used in Ameyaltepec although it is the standard form in Oapan (for Ameyaltepec ka). However, I have documented it twice in Ameyaltepec in unsolicited situations, once by Juan de la Rosa and once by Constantino Monterrey. Those of Oapan, in addition to ka:iweh often say a:nyaweh. \qry It appears that the /a:/ of /kâyoweh/ is long although this should be checked, as should presence or absence of final /h/ vs. glottal stop although I have recorded specifically that there is a final /h/. I have also recorded that there is stress on the first syllable; this should be rechecked. Perhaps it is stressed in Ameyaltepec and not so stressed in Oapan. \pqry Check the pronunciation of Florencia and Inocencio with a phonetician. \ref 04671 \lxa kajé:l \lxac kajé:l \lxo kaje:l \lxocpend kaje:l \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \nse This word is archaic in Ameyaltepec, though it used to be widely used. \ref 08272 \lxa kakahli \lxac kakahli \lxo kákahlí \lxop kakahli \lxoc kákahlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): í:kál \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \pa yes-rdp \seao awning; canopy (e.g., like those supported on four poles and sustained over a saint during a procession) \ssao toldo; dosel; baldaquín; pabellón (p. ej., la tela que se porta con cuatro estandartes arriba de un santo durante una procesión) \se blind (such as that used by a hunter to hide from prey) \ss escondite (de los que utilizan los cazadores para que no se vean) \se shell (of a snail) \ss cáscara (de un caracol) \xrb kal \cfa kahli \nae The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers i- and in-. Thus one finds for kákahlí the following possessed forms: nó:kál, mó:kál, íkakál, tó:kál, nimó:kál, and ínkakál. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker imin was used: imí:nkál. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave íkakál as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated kákahlí except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave í:kál even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form íkakál. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted í:kál as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general absence of í:kál in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with kókó:hli 'grandfather' and kókoné:tl 'doll.' Thus one finds nó:kó:l, mó:kó:l, í:kó:l, tó:kó:l, nimó:kó:l, and i:nkó:l as well as nó:koné:w, mókoné:w, í:koné:w, tó:koné:w, nimó:koné:w, and í:nkoné:w. One difference with kákahlí is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it does not explain why, with kákahlí one finds reduction with nó:kál, mó:kál, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oapan Nahuatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication; reduction: The speech of the vast majority of Oapanecos does not manifest the reduction of the reduplicant on the 3rd person singular or possessive markers i- and in-. Thus one finds for kákahlí the following possessed forms: nó:kál, mó:kál, íkakál, tó:kál, nimó:kál, and ínkakál. Nevertheless, it is interesting that both Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez used the reduced form when the extended plural marker imin was used: imí:nkál. All Oapanecos I asked spontaneous gave íkakál as the 3rd person singular possessed form of the reduplicated kákahlí except Carlota Pantaleón, a woman about 20 years old and daughter of Silvestre Pantaleón. She spontaneously gave í:kál even though the rest of her family (father, mother, and elder sister) all used the form íkakál. Note that Inocencio Jiménez accepted í:kál as a rarely used alternative form of the 3rd person singular possessed. The general absence of í:kál in the speech of almost all Oapanecos is interesting given that almost all residents do show reduction of the reduplicant with kókó:hli 'grandfather' and kókoné:tl 'doll.' Thus one finds nó:kó:l, mó:kó:l, í:kó:l, tó:kó:l, nimó:kó:l, and i:nkó:l as well as nó:koné:w, mókoné:w, í:koné:w, tó:koné:w, nimó:koné:w, and í:nkoné:w. One difference with kákahlí is that the nominal stem here has a short vowel. This could perhaps explain the difference between the reduplicated nouns. However, it does not explain why, with kákahlí one finds reduction with nó:kál, mó:kál, etc., but not with the 3rd person forms. The only difference here is that the 1st and 2nd person possessor markers have an initial consonant. If this were the determining factor, it suggests that in Oapan Nahuatl a consonant onset has some bearing on the prosodic structure of the syllable, a situation that is not, to my knowledge, common. More research obviously has to be done on reduplication reduction onto the 3rd person singular and plural possessor markers from reduplicated nominal stems. \ref 00153 \lxa kakalaka \lxac kakalaka \lxo kakalaka \lxoc kakalaka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to emit a rattling or rustling noise \ss traquetear; emitir el sonido de una sonaja \pna I:kwech kowatl, kakalaka. \pea A snake's rattle, it makes a rattling sound. \psa El cascabel de una culebra, suena como sonaja. \pna Kakalakatiw, naxilitiweh mopero:les. \pea They go rattling along, your water containers are banging against each other (e.g., as they are being moved along, hanging down from a beast of burden). \psa Van traqueteando, se van golpeando tus peroles (p. ej., al ser llevados, colgados de una mula o burro). \pna Tlakakalaka. \pea There is the noise of a lot of rattling. \psa Hay mucho traqueteo. \se to make a tic-toc sound (a watch or clock) \ss hacer tic-toc (un relój) \xrb kala: \xvno kala:ni \nse Cristino Flores rejected the accpetation of kakalaka as referring to a watch ticking. \ref 01444 \lxa kakalakachilia \lxac kikakalakachilia \lxo kakalakachilia \lxoc kikakalakachilia \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to make a rattling sound for (e.g., a baby whom one wants to quiet, or sb to announce their entry) or in front of, etc. \ssao hacer el sonido de un traqueteo para (p. ej., para un niño que se desea apaciguar, o a algn para anunciar su entrada) o enfrente de, etc. \xrb kala: \nse The Oapan form is an applicative of the transitive frecuentative kakalatsa. \vl A final check should be made, but in the recording studio I seem to have perceived that while Florencia Marcelino uttered /kika:kalaakachilia/, her husband Inocencio gave /kikakalakachilia/. \grm Applicative; frecuentative; palatalization: Note that the Oapan form /kakalakachilia/ is an applicative of the transitive /kakalatsa/, with palatalization of /ts/ to /ch/. \ref 01491 \lxa kakalakatsi:n \lxac kakalakatsi:n \lxo kakalakatsi:n \lxoc kakalakatsi:n \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea Caesalpinia cacalaco Kunth, tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family so called because of the characteristics of its fruit \ssa Caesalpinia cacalaco Kunth, árbol de la familia Fabaceae (Leguminosae) así llamado por las características de su fruta \se fruit of the tree Caesalpinia cacalaco, also called kakalakatsi:n \ss fruta del árbol Caesalpinia cacalaco, también llamado kakalakatsi:n \se design of woven palm, flat with small pebbles inside, used on Palm Sunday and that makes a rattling sound when shaken \ss diseño de palma tejida, plano con piedrecitas colocadas adentro, para Domingo de Ramos y que hace un cascabeleo al agitarse \pna Xne:che:kchi:wili nokakalakatsi:n! \pea Weave my palm together as a kakalakatsin! \psa ¡Téjeme mi palma en la forma de kakalakatsin! \pna Wel kichichiwa so:ya:tl ke:n kakalakatsi:n. \pea He can make palm into the shape of a kakalakatsin. \psa El puede hacer la palma en forma de kakalakatsin. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp Easter \xrb kala: \nct kohtli \qry Check to see if this fruit is edible. \ref 06132 \lxa kakalakatsi:n \lxaa kuwtli de kakalakatsi:n \lxac kakalakatsi:n \lxo kakalakatsi:n \lxoc kakalakatsi:n \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of tree called, simply, kakalakatsi:n because of the nature of its fruit \ss tipo de árbol llamada, simplemente, kakalakatsi:n por el tipo de fruta que tiene \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb kala: \nse Although Florencia Marcelino gave kakalakatsi:n as equivalent to the tree called by this name in Ameyaltepec, this should be checked. During an the October 2001 fieldwork session with Silvestre Pantaleón a sample of this tree was collected at a housesite in Ameyaltepec and Silvestre was not able to identify it. \nct kohtli \ref 02764 \lxa kakalatsa \lxac kikakalatsa \lxo kakalatsa \lxoc kikakalatsa \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka[freq] \aff Op. pref. te- \infv class-3a(ts) \se to rattle or rustle \ss traquetear o producir un sonido como de sonaja \pna O:nihkakalats so:ya:tl. \pea I rustled the palm. \psa Hice traquetear la palma. \pna Kikakalastok un a:yakaxtli. \pea He is rattling that rattle. \psa Está haciendo sonar esa sonaja. \se (with te- and aspectual -tiw) to kick the bucket (i.e., to die) \ss (con te- y aspectual -tiw) estirar la pata (esto es, morir) \xrb kala: \xv1ao tlakakalastiw \xvnao kala:ni \vl Florencia originally says /kika:kalahtia/. This should be marked under 3630. Note that in the 1st series of 4, Inocencio mistakenly utters /kikikalatsa/, don't tag this. For the male token, link 1st pronunciation of the first series of 4, since in the second repeated series he is overly careful and slow. \ref 03587 \lxa ka:ka:lo:sintli \lxac ka:ka:lo:sintli \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se deformed mazorca that is split open at the top point, forming something similar in appearance to a bird's beak \ss una mazorca (o elote) deformada, que tiene la punta abierta y bifurcada como si fuera el pico de un pájaro \pna Ka:ka:lo:sintli pa:mpa kamacha:lotok ke:n ka:ka:lo:tl. \pea It is a "crow" corncob because its end is open like (the mouth of) a crow. \psa Es una "mazorca de cuervo" porque su punta está abierta como (la boca de) un cuervo. \equiva sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \cfa sintli de kuwatl \cfo sentli yón kowatsi:ntli \xrb ka:l \xrb sin \ref 05749 \lxa ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxac ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxo ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxoc ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of agave still not identified \ss tipo de agave todavía no identificado \pna Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para la:soh, para tema:tlatl. \pea Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli : It is good for string, for rope, for woven net bags (of the type called tema:tlatl). \psa Ka:ka:lo:te:ntli : Es bueno para hilo, para laso, para bolsas tejidas (del tipo llamado tema:tlatl). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \equivo kwahli mexkahli \equivo mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \xrb ka:lo: \xrb te:n \cpl This type of maguey is processed and used in making fiber bags although the fiber of this maguey cannot be used in bird snares because it is too short. Compare to to:to:lasi:toh and rrea:lixtli. \nct mexkahli \ref 06216 \lxa ka:ka:lo:tl \lxac ka:ka:lo:tl \lxo ka:ka:lo:tl \lxoc ka:ka:lo:tl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 46, pp. 547, 546 \se type of crow (not among those classified as to:to:tl), apparently the Northern (common) Raven, Corvus corax, or a closely related species such as the Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven, Corvus cryptoleucus \ss tipo de cuervo (no clasificado como to:to:tl), aparentemente el "Northern (common) Raven," Corvus corax, o una especie muy cercana como el "Chihuahuan (White-necked) Raven," Corvus cryptoleucus \sem animal \sem bird \cola sintli de ka:ka:lo:tl \xrb ka:lo: \pqry The spectrogram and waveform of this word is an excellent illustration of vowel length. The /a:/s are, at least in one token of Florencia Marcelino, about 120 to 130 ms. \rt Apparently this is related to the verb root ka:l, cf. ka:ka:liwi and, for classical, ka:hli. \ref 05890 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Plumeria rubra L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family, locally called cacalosúchil, that includes distinct varieties with white, yellow, and red flowers; only those with white flowers grow wild in the region, the others are found only in house gardens \ss Plumeria rubra L., árbol de la familia Apocynaceae, llamado localmente cacalosúchil, o 'flor de cuervo'; el cacalosúchil tiene 3 variantes locales, con flores blancas, amarrillas y rojas; solamente el primero es silvestre, los otros se encuentran nada más en casas particulares \pna Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl | Kipia ixo:chio. Deke peya:stik bwe:noh para kabes:itah noso mori:yoh. \pea Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl : It has flowers. If it is straight it's good for main beams and principal rafter beams. \psa Ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl : Tiene sus flores. Si es derecho es bueno para cabezas y morillos. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \cpl According to consultants (Feb. 2001) there are several types of ka:ka:loxo:chitl, distinguished by the color of their flowers. The ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k has white flowers and grows wild in the hills of the Balsas River valley. There are three other types of ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl that apparently are not found wild but rather grow only in home gardens in villages of the region: ka:ka:lo:xo:chit chi:chi:ltik, and ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik. A few speakers mentioned a fourth type of ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl with rose-colored flowers, which they called ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl rosi:tah or ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah. However, given the lack of consensus on this form it has not yet been entered in the lexical database. The ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl is used as a remedy for kowasiwistli. Ramírez and Dakin identify this as flor de cuervo. Ramírez (1991) (and Ramírez and Dakin, 1979) identifies this as cacalosúchil or flor de cuervo of the family Apocynaceae with the genus/species given as Plumeria acutifolia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:171) identify as cacalosúchil the Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia of the family Apocynaceae. Schoenhals (1988) does not list cacalosúchil as a separate entry. However, she does have the following under flor de mayo: "1. (Laelia grandiflora '[species of] orchid.' See flor de copus. 2. (Plumeria spp. e.g., P. rubra) 'frangipani.' Tree is native to rather dry mountain slopes. Fragrant, white or pink, waxy flowers appears before the leaves. Also called cacalosúchil, flor de corpus, flor de templo, franchipán [probably incorrect as a Spanish term], súchil, suchilete. 3. (Sprekelia formosissima) 'Aztec lily,' Jacobean lily.' See pata de gallo. 4. (Zephranthes spp., e.g., Z carinata) 'fairy lily,' rain lily.' See mayito." In San Juan Tetelcingo I have heard this referred to as kuhxo:chitl. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 05129 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl chi:chi:ltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao variety of the species Plumeria rubra L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the red variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas region; in Spanish cacalosúchil \ssao variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubra L., un árbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores rojas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \vl Just tag the examples that are not mistakes. Link the best one. \ref 04534 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl ista:k \lxt ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao variety of the species Plumeria rubra L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the white variety is the only one found growing wild in the area of Ameyaltepec and Oapan; in Spanish cacalosúchil \ssao variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubra L., un árbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores blancas es la única que es silvestre en la región del Balsas, en español se llama cacalosúchil \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \encyctmp ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pend) \cpl The other two varieties found in this area, that with yellow and that with red flowers are found only planted in households. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \cpl According to Asención Marcelo of San Juan Tetelcingo stated that there is a male and female variety of this tree. The other consultants were not familiar with this gender difference. \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 01282 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl koló:r de ro:sah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem tree \xrb \ref 08583 \lxa ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik \lxac ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl kostik \lxo ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik \lxoc ka:ká:lexó:chitl kostik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln \seao variety of the species Plumeria rubra L., a tree of the Apocynaceae family; the yello variety is found only in housesite gardens and does not grow wild in the Balsas region; in Spanish cacalosúchil \ssao variedad o forma de la especie Plumeria rubra L., un árbol de la familia Apocynaceae; la con flores amarrillas no es silvestre en la región del Balsas sino que se encuentra solamente en jardines caseros de los pueblos del valle \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem medicine (pending) \encyctmp ka:ka:lo:xo:chitl \xrb ka:lo: \xrb xo:ch \xrb sta \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \mod For the application of /ka:ka:lo:xo:chtli/, cf. folklore notes. \ref 05609 \lxa kakaltso:ntsi:n \lxac kakaltso:ntsi:n \lxo kákasó:ntsi:n \lxoc kákasó:ntsi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan calzon \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \sea Passiflora sp. L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa Passiflora sp. L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, así llamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mama:xtlatsi:n \equiva papantalo:ntsi:n \equivo pápantaló:ntsi:n \qry Check etymology and roots, identification and uses. Although I have recorded /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ perhaps, given the explanation of its etymology, this should be /kakalso:ntsi:n/. Check vowel length. I checked with Maurilio Jiménez and he pronounced this with a /s/ not /ts/; I have changed the original /kakaltso:ntsi:n/ of my notes to /kakalso:ntsi:n/. However, the vowel length should be checked, as I noted that Maurilio Jiménez used a long /a:/ in /ka:lson/. Note that in one entry I have simply stated that this is a plant, i.e. not a vine. Check. \cpl One person said that this plant is so-called for the form of its leaves. According to María García and others, this is the same plant as that known as mama:xtlatsi:n. \nct xiwtli \ref 04612 \lxa kakamatl \lxac kakamatl \lxo kakamatl \lxoc kakamatl \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1/2; Intrin \se small ear of not fully formed maize that occasionally forms just below the main ear \ss maíz o jilote pequeño que no se forma plenamente y que ocasionalmente sale justamente abajo del jilote principal \pna I:kakamayotsitsi:wa:n ye:lo:tl. \pea (They are) the small and unedible ears of corn that form next to the elote. \psa (Son) los pequeños y vanos jilotes que crecen al lado del elote principal. \pna Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. \pea The small ears of maize known as kakamatsitsi:nteh, they just dry up at the side of the jilote. \psa Los pequeños elotes llamados kakamatsitsi:nteh, allí nada más se secan al lado del jilote. \se (ritual) young daughter who is being courted (that is, desired to be "picked"; so used in a we:we:tlato:hli) \ss (ritual) hija que es el objeto de un cortejo (esto es, a punto de ser "arrancada", así utilizado en un we:we:tlato:hli) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna xi:lo:kakamatl \synao ye:lo:kakamatl \encyctmp mi:hli \xrb kama \nct tlayo:hli \qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /kamatl/ of 'mouth,' or perhaps derived from the root /kama:/ as in /kama:wi/, etc. Determine full range of meaning for mimikin. \ref 05299 \lxa kakamotsi:n \lxac kakamotsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \se light purple \ss morado o color lila \sem color \equivo kámotík \cfa mora:doh \cfo mora:doh \xrb kamoh \grm Note general tendency for colors to be formed of reduplicated nominal roots, with a short vowel, of a noun that typically has the color being referred to. However, cf. words like /chi:chi:ltik/, which apparently have a long reduplicated vowel. \ref 05059 \lxa kaka:nia \lxac kikaka:nia \lxo áká:nia \lxoc káká:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \se to sift, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain \ss cribar o cerner, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos \pna Nikaka:ni:s noyew, ke:n kipia tlasohli. \pea I'm going to sift my beans, they have a lot of chaff. \psa Voy a cribar mis frijoles, tienen bastante hollejo. \se (fig.) to give a bad reputation to; to speak poorly of (a person) \ss (fig.) darle una mala reputación a; hablar mal de (una persona) \pna Tine:chkaka:nitinemi pa:mpa tine:chtete:ne:wtinemi. \pea You go around giving me a bad reputation because you go around talking about me behind my back. \psa Andas hablando mal de mi porque dices cosas a mis espaldas. \xrb kahka: (?) \xvaa kaka:nia \xvao áka:nília \encyctmp grain preparation \nse In one sense, this verb refers to the action of sifting sand, corn, beans, etc. with a mesh net (sieve, or arnero, criba or cedazo). It can also refer to the action of cleaning material such as grains by tossing them up and blowing the chaff away with ones breath. This is often done with beans. \nae The etymology of kaka:nia or áká:nia is unclear, but perhaps it is related to yeyekatl. No cognates have yet been documented in other dialects. The lack of cognates and the fact that Oapan pitch accent can result either from reduplication or from underlying {h} in the root makes it impossible to determine whether the underlying form is {(k)ahka:nia} as a single stem or {(k)ah + ka:nia} as a reduplicated stem. Moreover, until comparative evidence is in, it is not certain that the initial /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, although this is likely. \nde In Oapan the verbal form is definitely with an initial /a/. This should be rechecked in Ameyaltepec. The action in Oapan refers to pouring a grain such as maize or beans from one basket to another, letting the wind take away the chaff. When using wire mesh the term /kí:techíki/, tlayó:ltechiki is used. \qry Determine etymology. No similar forms have been found in Karttunen or Molina. I have included the first syllable as part of the root, and not as a lexicalized reduplication, but this might well be in error. Also, recheck the precise meaning of the metaphorical usage (i.e., 'to speak bad of', 'to give a bad reputation to', etc. and try to determine the semantic basis for this metaphoric meaning. In the future recheck Oapan /káká:nia/ to make sure that the pitch accent is not the result of reduplication. \sj Check SJ for location of /h/. \ref 02785 \lxa kaka:nilia \lxac kikaka:nilia \lxo áka:nília \lxocpend káka:nília \dt 29/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \pa yes-lex \se to sift for, particularly in removing the chaff from a grain \ss cribar o cerner para, particularmente para quitar el hollejo de granos \xrb aka: \xvba kaka:nia \xvbao áká:nia \qry Make sure Oapan form is with initial vowel and Am with initial /k/, as with base verbs. \ref 07596 \lxa kakapaka \lxac kakapaka \lxo kakapaka \lxoc kakapaka \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to make a clattering or drumming sound (such as that of fingers being tapped quickly and lightly on a table, or that made by a typewriter, a sewing machine, etc.) \ss hacer un sonido de traqueteo (como el sonido que se hace a golpear los dedos de la mano rápida y ligeramente sobre una mesa, o el sonido hecho por una máquina de escribir, de coser, etc.) \pna Kakapakatok imá:kinah. \pea His "machine" (i.e., typewritter, sewing machine, etc.) is making a clattering sound. \psa Su máquina (de escribir, de coser, etc.) está haciendo un sonido como de traqueteo. \pna Sa: tlakakapakatok ika moma:kinas. \pea There is nothing but clattering from your machines (e.g., sewing machines or typewriters, etc.). \psa Se oye nada más el sonido de traqueteo con tus máquinas (de coser, de escribir, etc.). \xrb kapa: \xvnao kapa:ni \subadj má:kinah kwa:k tlasasa:lo:lo deke xkitla:lilian ase:iteh \ref 00365 \lxa kakapatsa \lxac kikakapatsa \lxo kakapatsa \lxoc kikakapatsa \dt 19/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to cause (sth) to make a clattering sound \ssao hacer (que algo) emita un sonido de traqueteo \flao kakapaka \xrb kapa: \xv1ao tlakakapatsa \xvnao kapa:ni \ref 01089 \lxa kakapaxe:wi \lxac tekakapaxe:wi \lxo te:kapaxe:wi \lxocpend te:kapaxe:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \seo see te:kapaxiwi \sso véase te:kapaxiwi \xrb kapax \xrb e:w \qry Check whether Am also has alternate form /tekakapaxe:wi/ here, for /tekakapaxiwi/. \ref 07597 \lxa kakapaxiwi \lxac tekakapaxiwi \lxo te:kapaxiwi \lxoc te:kapaxiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-3a(w) \se to acquire a rough surface; to get rough and scaly or flaky skin \ss adquirir o tener una superficie áspera; llegar a tener la piel áspera y escamosa \pna Yo:nikakapaxiw pa:mpa o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. \pea My skin got rough and scaly because it was overexposed to the sun. \psa Se me puso áspera y escamosa la piel por haberme sobrexpuesto al sol. \pna Yo:nikakapaxiw, nikpia tso:tso:meh. \pea My skin got rough, I have pimples. \psa Mi piel se puso áspera, tengo granitos. \pna Xo:tika:pachoh motso:tsokol. Yo:pe:w popo:ni, yo:pe:w tekakapaxiwi. \pea You didn't soak your water jug in water, it's surface has started to pop and open up, it's surface has started to get rough and flaky. \psa No metiste tu cántaro en agua. Ya se le empezó a levantar la superficie, ya se puso áspero al descarapelarse. \sem distort-surface \equivo te:kapaxe:wi \qry Check difference in Am between /kakapaxiwi/ and /tekakapaxiwi/; check how this variation/difference if it does exist \nae The initial syllable of Oapan te:kapaxiwi apparently reflects the use of te- as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds kakapaxiwi or tekakapaxiwi, i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast kakapaxiwi and tekakapaxiwi probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of te- means that no such opposition is present. \grm Oapan phonology; dummy morpheme; te-: The initial syllable of Oapan te:kapaxiwi apparently reflects the use of te- as a dummy morpheme on which the reduplicant is reduced; note that in Ameyaltepec one always finds kakapaxiwi or tekakapaxiwi, i.e., always with a reduplicant. Note, therefore, that whereas in Ameyaltepec the contrast kakapaxiwi and tekakapaxiwi probably has some semantic impact (e.g., on potential subjects), in Oapan the grammaticalization of te- means that no such opposition is present. \xrb kapax \ref 02791 \lxa kakapaxtik \lxac kakapaxtik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adv \se rough skin (particularly from the disease called pi:ntoh kakapaxtik) \ss piel áspero (particularmente de la enfermedad llamada pi:ntoh kakapaxtik) \se (pi:ntoh ~) type of pinto, a skin disease \ss (pi:ntoh ~) tipo de pinto, una enfermedad de la piel \pna O:ni:xpoliw ika pi:ntoh kakapaxtik. \pea My appearance is a mess because of pinto, which has made my skin rough (and greyish. \psa Se echó a perder mi apariencia a causa de pinto, que me dejó la piel áspera (y gris). \xrb kapax \nse Although some Ameyaltepec consultants will accept kakapaxtik as applicable to a wide range of things, most speakers use tekakapaxtik for things like the rough skin of certain animals, lizards, and fish, and will use kakapaxtik for a particular manifestiation of the skin disease known as pi:ntoh kakapaxtik. \ref 07874 \lxa kakasoliwi \lxac kakasoliwi \lxo kakasoliwi \lxoc kakasoliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se to become light (sth that once had a heavier weight: some woods, particularly firewood; squash and other fruits that dry up; tortillas as they get old; often this verb is used for materials that become light because they have dried up) \ss secarse y quedarse ligero, de poco peso (algo que antes pesaba más: algunas maderas, particularmente leña; calabazas secadas por el sol; tortillas viejas; a menudo se utiliza este verbo para materiales que se ponen ligero porque se secaron) \pna Yo:kakasoliw motlikuw. \pea Your firewood became light from drying. \psa Tu leña quedó muy ligera por haberse secada. \pna Yo:kakasoliw un kwe:roh, xok bwe:noh para nokurti:ro:s. \pea That hide has become dry and light (from being old), it's no longer good for tanning. \psa Ese cuero ya se secó y se puso ligero (de viejo), ya no sirve curtirlo. \pna O:kakasoliw un ayutli, xo:tiktlapa:n. O:wa:tsalka:mik. \pea That squash dried up and got light, you didn't cut it in half (taking out the seeds). It shrivled up and got brittle. \psa Esa calabaza se secó y se puso ligera, no la partiste (para quitarle las semillas). Se marchitó y se puso quebradizo. \cfao kakasolwa:ki \xrb kasol \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. In Oapan, the cognate form is ikakasoliwi, with no unusual stress, a fact that indicates that the underlying form is neither *kahkasoliwi nor *kakahsoliwi, i.e., from ihsoliwi. However, note that the cognate for kakasolwa:ki is Oapan /kosolwa:ki, in which, perhaps, there was a change from vowel harmony. At any rate, the root given here for kakasoliwi is at present kasol. In one entry I have recorded that this verb refers to the action of drying up but maintaining the same form, i.e., squash, watermelon, left on the vine; firewood that is very dry. \vl There are four extra Oapan tokens from 04290. These should be c and d for 6121. \ref 06121 \lxa kakasoltik \lxac kakasoltik \lxo kakasoltik \lxoc kakasoltik \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be very light (when a heavier weight is expected; this is often the result of the material having dried) \ss ser muy ligero (cuando se espera un peso mayor; a menudo esto es el resultado de que el material se secó) \pna Kakasoltik motlikuw. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k. \pea Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out. \psa Tu leña está muy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secó de a deveras. \flao kakasoliwi \xrb kasol \nse In Oapan I have heard this adjective used to describe the new Mexican money, which is small and light. This seems to confirm the fact that this word is used to describe objects which are light but which one might expect to be heavy, in this case metal coins. \vl Link first male token and second female token. \ref 03619 \lxa kakasolwa:ki \lxac kakasolwa:ki \lxo kakasolwa:ki \lxoc kakasolwa:ki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Mod-V1 \der V1-alt-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(k) \se to dry up and become light \ss secarse y ponerse ligero \pna O:kakasolwa:hkeh nosandiawa:n, xo:nikinkwito. \pea My watermelons completely dried up, I didn't go to bring them in (from the field). \psa Se secaron por completo mis sandías, no los fui a traer (de la milpa). \pna Yo:kakasolwa:k, xok yo:ltias. \pea It's become completely dried up, it won't rejuvenate anymore (e.g., a branch of a tree that has died and dried up). \psa Se ha secado por completo, ya no va a reverdecer (p. ej., una rama de un árbol que se secó y se murió). \pna Yo:mik, xakah o:kitak, sampa o:kakasolwa:k. \pea He died and no one saw him, he just dried up to nothing right there (where he had fallen). \psa Se murió y nadie lo vió, nada más se secó y marchitó allí mismo (donde se cayó muerto). \cfao kakasoliwi \xrb kasol \xrb wa: \nse The difference between kakasoliwi and kakasolwa:ki is not altogether clear. Kakasolwa:ki is often used to refer to watermelon or squash that gets left in the field and, instead of rotting, dries and shrivels up, becoming very light. It may also refer to these same fruits that are picked and left a long time in ones house. Squash, people say, is good for about three months before pe:wa kakasolwa:ki 'it begins to dry up.' Apparently kakasolwa:ki includes a specific reference to lightness being the result of drying, which kakasoliwi does not. \qry As with other entries beginning with /kakasol.../ check etymology. Check to see if transitive form exists. Check difference with /pili:ni/ and also cognates in Tetelcingo and Ozomatlán to determine whetherfirst /o/ is the result of vowel harmony. On one file card I have the phrase /kakasolwa:kis/ 'se va a demacrar.' Check to determine whether this verb can be used with human subjects. I had a note stating that " In Oapan the cognate form is kosolwa:ki, which refers to a green plant which drys from not being watered." However, I do not have /kosolwa:ki/ in the database. This should be checked. \mod Determine differences between /pili:ni/, /kakasoliwi/, /kakasolwa:ki/, and any other words that may reflect similar events. \ref 04636 \lxa kakatsa:wa \lxac nokakatsa:wa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se (refl.) to dirty oneself \ss (refl.) ensuciarse (al defecar en los pantalones) \xrb katsa: \ref 08203 \lxa kakawaka \lxac kakawaka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08423 \lxa ka:ka:walteh \lxac ka:ka:walteh \lxo ka:ka:waltih \lxocpend ka:ka:waltih \dt 13/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \se irregular plural of ka:wahli \ss plural irregular de ka:wahli \xrb ka:wa \ref 07614 \lxa ka:ka:waltsi:n \lxac ka:ka:waltsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea name of a group of flowers, apparently with two members \ssa nombre de un grupo de plantas herbáceas incluye dos miembros \sea type of plant known for its flowers within the group of the same name \ssa tipo de planta conocida por su flor dentro de un grupo del mismo nombre \sem plant \sem fl \equivo sása:migé:ltsi:n \cfa ne:nepantsi:n \xrb ka:wa \cpl This flower grows wild, san ixwa. It is not planted. Apparently the name is related to the lexeme ka:wahli 'widow(er)' and may refer to the fact that this plant grows solitarily, or that it only has a single brightly colored flower. \ncx ka:ka:waltsi:n; ne:nepantsi:n \nct xiwtli; xo:chitl; ka:ka:waltsi:n \vl Check vowel length of first /a:/ in that in one entry I had it long and the other short. \ref 07572 \lxa kakawana:n \lxac kakawana:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem tree \equiva kakawana:nchih \xrb \ref 08555 \lxa kakawana:nchih \lxac kakawana:nchih \lxo kakawana:nchi:n \lxoc kakawana:nchi:n \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seao Bursera simaruba (L. ) Sarg., large tree of the Burseraceae family \ssao Bursera simaruba (L. ) Sarg., árbol grande de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kakawana:n \xrb kawa \xrb na:n \xrb -chin \cpl This is probably derived from kakawatl and (na)na:ntsi:n, and may refer to characteristics of this tree. The termination -chih is perhaps a palatalized variation of -tsi:n, though the vowel length here should be checked. It might be a reborrowing from Spanish. Cf. kala:chin, which might have the same element. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:95) identify as the "cacahuananche" a plant of the family Chrysobalanaceae and genus-species Licania arborea Seemann. \nct kohtli \qry Perhaps this is the same as the /kuhkakawatl/. Check. If so add to synonym field. \pqry Check the /awa/ sequence. In all tokens from Oapan the duration was between 230 and 240 ms, somewhat evenly divided among the 3 phonemes. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03793 \lxa kakawapepena \lxac kakawapepena \lxo kakawá:pená \lxocpend kakawá:pená \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to glean peanuts from the field \sso recoger o pepenar cacahuates que han quedado en el campo \xrb kawa \xrb pena \ref 07207 \lxa kakawapepenke:tl \lxac kakawapepenke:tl \lxo kakawá:penké:tl \lxoc kakawá:penké:tl \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \seao person who gleans peanuts from the field \ssao persona que recoge cacahuates que han quedado en el campo \xrb kawa \xrb pena \ref 06490 \lxa kakawatl \lxac kakawatl \lxo kakawatl \lxoc kakawatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1/2; Intrin \se rind; skin; peel (of a fruit or vegetable; en Oapan i:kawayo) \ss cáscara (de una fruta o verdura; en Oapan: i:kawayo) \pna Nikxi:pe:was ikakawayo. \pea I'm going to take its rind off (e.g., of a watermelon, squash, etc.). \psa Le voy a quitar su cáscara (de un sandía o calabaza, por ejemplo). \pno Xchipe:wa, xki:xtili i:kawayo un pola:n! \peo Peel it, take the skin off that banana! \pso ¡Pélalo, quítale la cáscara a ese plátano! \seo (intrinsically possessed in diminutive: i:kawayo:tsi:n) thin skin covering (e.g., of certain grains such as maize, beans, etc., that peel off when the grains are cooked, of a rock that peels, such as mica, etc.; see i:xa:mayo) \seo (poseído intrínsecamente en el diminutivo: i:kawayo:tsi:n) capa o cáscara delgada que se pela, se desconcha o se despelleja (p. ej., de ciertos granos como el maíz o frijol, de una piedra como mica que se desconcha; véase i:xa:mayo) \se (i:kakawayo (Am) or i:kawayo (Oa) to:toltetl) eggshell (in Ameyaltepec also to:toltekakawatl) \ss (i:kakawayo (Am) or i:kawayo (Oa) to:toltetl) cáscara de huevo (en Ameyaltepec también to:toltekakawatl) \seo peanut \sso cacahuate \cfa tekakawayo; kuwkakawatl \cfo te:kawayo; kohkakawatl \xrb kakawa \dis kakawayo; tekakawayo \encyctmp Do a page on /kakwatl/, etc. and all the words that refer to bark, skins, etc. \nse In Oapan the unpossessed kakawatl refers to the peanut (see Ameyaltepec tla:lkakawatl. The bark of a tree when scattered on the ground is called simply kohkakawatl. When on a tree it may be i:kwitlaxio if it stays on the tree (and is usually thin) and can be cut off in strips like leather, or i:kawayo if thicker and of the type of bark that peels off. The term i:te:kawayo refers to the shell of an egg, the skin of a chameleon or iguana, the scales of a fish. A pochote has i:tetekwitsio or i:te:kapaxio. \nae The lack of an overt reduplicant in Oapan forms such as i:kawayo and i:te:kawayo apparently represents different processes. In the former there is a preceding underlying long vowel (or the 3rd-person possessor i:-) and thus there can have been no reduction (except irregularly) of the reduplicant. However, with i:te:kawayo the situation is different. The lengthening of the /e/ of the "dummy morpheme" te- is the result of the reducation of the reduplicant onto a preceding short vowel. \qry Check all items that have a /kakawayo/ and cf. to all that have their /tekakawayo/. Check to see if simply /kakawatl/ is a proper entry. As to etymology, cf. other words with /kaka/ beginning particularly /kakapax.../ and /kakasol.../. \ref 03105 \lxa kakawayo:ki:sa \lxac kakawayo:ki:sa \lxo kakawayo:ki:sa \lxoc kakawayo:ki:sa \dt 28/Apr/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seo to shed bark (a tree) \sso caersele la cáscara (a un árbol) \xrb kawa \xrb ki:sa \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 06325 \lxa kakawia \lxac kikakawia \lxo ákawía \lxof ['a ka 'wi a] \lxoc kákawía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to fan \ss abanicar \pna Xkakawi, xtekwi:nalti. \pea Fan it (a fire), make it blaze up. \psa Abanícalo (un fuego), haz brotar las llamas. \pna Xne:chkakawito, nito:nalmiki. \pea Fan me (lit., be fanning me), I'm hot. \psa Abanícame (lit., esté abanicándome), tengo calor. \xrb ahka \nae The etymology of ákawíya (Oa) (or akawia (Am) is uncertain. Perhaps it includes the same root e:ka found in yeyekatl (Am) / yéyé:katl (Oa), with the pitch accent in Oapan ákawíya deriving from reduplication. However, the second /a/ is apparently short, which contrasts to the root e:ka of 'wind'. Further documentation (e.g., the pitch accent of the perfective o:kákawíh or ?o:káká:wih would inequivocably determine the vowel length of the second syllable). \nse Etymology uncertain. Perhaps this is an instrumental form of yeyeka(tl). Molina has no cognate \sj Check neighbouring dialects. Recategorize in /cat field if found to be related to the noun /yeyekatl/. \ref 04699 \lxa kakaxaktik \lxac kakaxaktik \lxo kákaxáhtik \lxop kakaxahtik \lxoc kákaxáhtik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \pa yes-rdp \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kaxáhtik \se to be weak; to be soft; to not be hardy (refering to a person) \ss ser débil; ser enfermizo (refiriéndose a una persona) \pna Tepi:tska:suwa:tl, xsan kakaxaktik. \pea She is a sturdy woman (i.e., can work, doesn't get sick), she isn't weak. \psa Es una mujer fuerte (puede trabajar, no se enferma fácilmente), no es débil. \se to be losely tied \ss ser atado flojamente \xrb kaxa: \nse Like kakaxaktik, the root verb kaxa:ni is often used to refer to the human body when it becomes weak from exhaustion. \nae Whereas most deverbal adjectivals ending in /-ktik/ are derived from verbs ending in /-iwi/ (as toma:wi) and are marked by an initial te- intensifier (as tetomaktik) the present entry kakaxaktik) is derived from a verb ending in -ni, a much less common derivation process. \grm Note that the derivation seems to be /kaxa:ni/ to /kakaxaktik/. Apparently there is no form /kakaxaka/ (cf. /tsotsomoka/, etc.). Note also that whereas other similar derivations, e.g., /tetomaktik/ have /te-/, the form that I heard in conversation was /kakaxaktik/. Check to see if /tekaxaktik/ exists, as well as /tekakaxaktik/. \ref 01468 \lxa ka:ka:xtli \lxac ka:ka:xtli \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln \sea wooden packframe or small cage carried by pastores during Christmas processions in Ameyaltepec and by the dancers of the Danza de Indios, which is presented in Xalitla and Maxela \ssa huacalito o jaulita de varas llevado a cuestas por los "pastores" durante las procesiones navideños en Ameyaltepc, y también por los danzantes de la "Danza de Indios," que se presenta en Xalitla y Maxela \pna Kipia ika:ka:xtsi:n. \pea She has his packframe (used in a dance or religious presentation). \psa Ella tiene su huacalito (llevado a cuestas durante una presentación religiosa). \xrb ka:x \nse The ka:ka:xtli are usually made of the rods from inside the cactus called tlapextli, although apparently they can be made of other types of small rods. \qry In one entry I had the first /a/ recorded short, its length should be checked. The short vowel would be in accordance with expectations of metaphoric extension for play things. \ref 03099 \lxa kakaya:wa \lxac kikakaya:wa \lxo kákayá:wa \lxoc kí:kayá:wa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to trick or fool (e.g., in selling sth old as new, in promising sth that cannot be delivered, etc.) \ss engañar o embustir; vacilar (p. ej., al vender algo viejo como nuevo, al prometer algo que no se puede cumplir, etc.) \pna Xmitskakaya:was. \pea He won't fool (trick) you (e.g., by selling faulty merchandise, by not delivering sth promised). \psa No te va a engañar (p. ej., al vender mercancía defectuosa, al no entregar algo prometido). \pna Suwa:tl no: wel kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, xmlá:k patioh tli:n o:kikow. \pea Women can also trick their husbands, what she bought (in a particular case referred to) wasn't really expensive (as she had said in order to keep the money that was left over). \psa La mujer también puede engañar a su esposo, lo que compró (en un caso en particular) no fue así de caro (como ella había dicho para que se pudiera quedar con el sobrante). \se cuckhold; cheat on (a spouse) \ss ponerle los cuernos a (un esposo o esposa) \pna Kikakaya:wa iwe:wentsi:n, kipia imekaw. \pea She cuckholds her husband, she has a lover. \psa Le pone los cuernos a su esposo, tiene un amante. \se to have as a lover (said of an older woman [S] who has a younger man as a lover [O], who is "fooled") \ss tener como amante (dicho de una mujer mayor [S] quien tiene un hombre más joven como amante [O], quien "se engaña") \xrb kaya: \vl Link first female token, either male. \ref 03328 \lxa kakaya:wtsi:n \lxac kakaya:wtsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \sea (san ~) sth said in play or jest (e.g., a joke); sth not real; sth fantasy or make-believe \ssa (san ~) algo dicho en broma o como vacilada; algo no real o de fantasía \pna San kakaya:wtsi:n. \pea It's just (said) in play (a joke). \psa Es (algo dicho) solamente en broma. \xrb kaya: \nse All documented uses of kakaya:wtsi:n are preceded by san, and this phrase is often used to indicate that something was just a joke, said in jest, etc. \ref 03360 \lxa kakayestik \lxaa kakayextik \lxac kakayextik \lxo kakaistik \lxoc kakaistik \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be very thin and translucent (e.g., cloth, paper) \ss ser muy delgado y casi translucente (p. ej., tela, papel) \pna Kakayestik, tlatlane:si. \pea It is very thin, you can see through it. \psa Es muy delgado, transluce luz. \cfao kana:wak \xrb kayas \nae The etymology of kakayestik (Am) / kakaistik (Oa)) is uncertain (but cf. kana:wi). A possible cognate is Tetelcingo, Morelos kayasiwi 'se desgasta (la ropa)' (which FK changes, probably erroneously, to cayahsiwi given what she refers to as Tetelcingo's propensity to lose internal glottal stops. The Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec kakayestik is kakaistik with no unusual stress, suggesting that there is no underlying coda {h}. Molina has cacayactic 'cosa rola, como manta, o arboleda, etc.' Thus the comparative evidence suggests superficial vowel changes in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, and the root kayas has been postulated to facilitate future cross-dialect comparison. \ref 05896 \lxa kakayol \lxac i:kakayol \lxo kakayol \lxoc i:kakayol \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \pss Pr; T \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \se ankle bone \ss tobillo \sem body \sem human \xrb kayol \dis ikxikextlan; kakayol \nse Etymology uncertain. \qry I have rechecked vowel length and it is correct as recorded, i.e., no relation to /yo:l/ 'seed, pit, heart," etc. \vl Check vl and p-a. \ref 01421 \lxa kakayo:tl \lxac kakayo:tl \lxo kakayo:tl \lxoc kakayo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \seao type of small, cicada-like insect \ssao tipo de pequeño insecto, como cigarra \pna Kakayo:tl | Tsatsi ok kware:smatsi:n, kima:maltian ika ye ki:sas yepakihli, ye kiawis. \pea Kakayo:tl : It makes noise when it is still the dry season (though near the end), they consider this (fact that it makes noise then) to indicate that yepakihli will soon appear, that it will soon rain. \psa Kakayo:tl : Grita cuando todavía es la temporada de secas (aunque ya por terminar), le cargan (al hecho de que grita) que ya va a salir el yepakihli, que ya va a llover. \pna Kakayo:tl | Kwa:k ye pe:was tie:mpo, tsatsi. \pea Kakayo:tl : When the rainy season is about to being, it makes noise. \psa Kakayo:tl : Cuando la temporada de lluvias está por comenzar, grita. \sem animal \sem insect \cfao teposkakayo:tl \xrb kayo: \cpl There is another named insect, the teposkakayo:tl that seems to have many of the characteristics of the kakayo:tl. They might be variants of the same species, or even different names for the same animal. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check final vowel/h of /tie:mpo/. \ref 01008 \lxa kaki \lxac kikaki \lxo kaki \lxoc kikaki \dt 01/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to hear (sth) \ss oir; escuchar \pna Tlakakilo. \pea People are listening (e.g., during a town meeting). \psa La gente escucha (p. ej., durante una junta). \pna I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh. \pea It was heard it from their own lips (i.e., if the parents of a couple in courtship ask the children if they indeed want to marry and they respond affirmatively, then it can be said I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh). \psa Se escuchó de sus propios labios (p. ej., si los padres de los novios les preguntan si quieren casarse y dicen que si, entonces se dice I:nte:nko yo:tlakahkeh). \se to understand (sth said) \ss entender (algo dicho) \pna San popoloxtik, xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. \pea He just mumbles, he doesn't pronounce his words well, you won't understand what he comes out with. \psa Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia sus palabras, no vas a entender lo que le sale. \pna Xnihkaki un tlato:hli. \pea I don't understand that word. \psa No entiendo esa palabra. \pna Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkowia. \pea A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \psa Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \se to listen to; to obey (sb who gives orders, who says that certain things must be done) \ss obedecer; escuchar a (algn que da órdenes, que dice que ciertas cosas se deben hacer) \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin. \pea I will arrange it so that you take someone's place, they pay attention to (listen to) me. \psa Yo las arreglo para que le tomes el lugar de alguien, a mí me escuchan (prestan atención). \cfa tlakakilistli; xaki \xrb kaki \xvcao kaki:tia \xvaao kaki:lia \xv1ao tlakaki \nse Kaki often takes a complement. However, it is not entirely clear whether it can take both a headless relative clause introduced by a relativizer (e.g., tli:n) or whether a clause introduced by a complementizer. \qry Check: if the object is inanimate, it often refers to something audible, or something being said, e.g., kikaki tli:n o:nikihlih 'he heard what I said to him.' However, when the object is a human, the interpretation is usually one of 'to obey,' e.g., xne:chkaki, kichi:wa san tli:n kineki 'he doesn't listen to (obey) me, he just does what he wants.' \qry Definitely the /i/ is short before the impersonal /lo/. Determine whether the applicative exists, /kakilia/ and what it means, since apparently /kaki/ can take as an object either the person (as in 'obey') or the thing said (as in 'hear'). \ref 04697 \lxa kaki:lia \lxacpend kikaki:lia \lxo kaki:lia \lxocpend kikaki:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to hear from (a person who says sth); to overhear from (a person who is speaking to sb else) \ssao escuchar de (una persona que se lo plactica); escuchar de casualidad de (una persona quien está hablando con otro) \pna O:nikte:kaki:lih ihkí:n kitowan. \peo I heard from people that this is what they say. \pso Escuché de alguien que así dicen. \xrb kaki \xvbao kaki \nse This ditransitive verb is often used with the nonspecific human object prefix te:- as in kite:kaki:lia. \nae As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative. \grm Applicative; vowel lengthening: As is often the case with verbs that end in /i/, the final vowel is lengthened before the applicative of /kaki:lia/. \ref 08858 \lxa kakisti \lxac kakisti \lxo kakisti \lxoc kakisti \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to be audible; to be able to be heard; to make a sound \ss ser audible; poderse oir; escucharse \pna Xkwahli kakisti. \pea It doesn't sound good (e.g., a radio, sound over a loudspeaker, etc.) \psa No se oye bien (p. ej., un radio, sonido transmitido por una altavoz, etc.) \pna Tla: xkakisti, xmopepecho! \pea If it isn't audible, come closer! \psa ¡Si no se oye, acércate! \se to become known (a rumor, fact, situation) \ss llegar a saberse (un rumor, un hecho o situación) \pna O:pe:w kakisti tite:kakaya:wa. \pea It's started to become known that you trick people. \psa Empezó a saberse que engañas a la gente. \xrb kaki \xvca kakistilia \qry Check existence of nominal form /kakistli/, since the verb form suggests denominalization. Determine the meanings of /kakisti/ with various directionals. \grm Make sure to include these types of derivations in the grammar: /machisti/, /kakisti/... check to see if any others exist. \ref 01245 \lxa kakistilia \lxac nokakistilia \lxo kakiskatilia \lxoc nokakistilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Inchoa \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to make oneself heard \ss (refl.) hacerse oir \pna Nokakistilitoya. \pea He was making himself heard. \psa Estaba haciéndose oir. \cfa na:watilia \xrb kaki \qry Check other meanings of this word and also if it can be used transitively. Cf. entry under /na:watilia/. \ref 03615 \lxa kaki:tia \lxac kikaki:tia \lxo kaki:tia \lxoc kikaki:tia \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to relate or tell to (a story, a tale, particularly with the sense that the person listening will learn it, a rumor or some occurrence, etc.) \ss relatar o decir a (un cuento, particularmente para que el que lo escuche se lo aprehenda; un chisme; algo que pasó, etc.) \pna Nikonte:kaki:ti:s, no: kinekin weliskeh. \pea I'm going to tell it to people (i.e., a story), they also want to learn. \psa Se lo voy a contar a la gente (p. ej., un cuento), también quieren aprender. \se to pronounce or articulate for \ss pronunciar o articular para \pna Xne:chkaki:ti un tlato:hli. \pea Pronounce that word for me. \psa Pronuncia esta palabra para mí. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to say (a complaint, or injurious words) aloud so that it is overheard by (or, at times, to say the same directly to a person's face; note that with a nonspecific object it is the prefix tla- that is reduplicated) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer oir o escuchar palabras de queja (o, a veces, decir estas palabras directamente a algn; nótese que con un objeto no específico se reduplica el prefijo tla-) \pna Mitska:kaki:tia tlato:hli. \pea He is letting you hear his words of complaint. \psa Está haciendo que escuches sus palabras de queja. \pna Deke ihkón o:tikihlih, xo:tiktla:tlakaki:tih, o:tikihlih i:xko. \pea If you said it to him in that manner, you didn't say it (something bad) so that he would overhear it. You said it to his face. \psa Si se lo dijiste de esa manera, no se lo dijiste para que lo escuchara por casualidad. se lo dijiste a su cara. \xrb kaki \xvbao kaki \nse The forms with long vowel reduplication, ka:kaki:tia and tla:tlakaki:tia, refer to saying something insulting about a person so that the person overhears it. It often refers to actions such as that of drunks who pass in front of someone's house, shouting out an insult so that the person hears it, without addressing him directly. Note that when a specific object is present it is the root that is reduplicated; with the nonspecific tla- it is the nonspecific prefix (secondary object) that is so reduplicated. \qry Check for the precise meaning of /ka:kaki:tia/, i.e., whether it always refers to things said aloud to be overheard. Also, check to see if /kakaki:tia/ also exists. Finally, cf. whether one can have /tlaka:kaki:tia/, as in /ne:chtlaka:kaki:tia/, or whether only the prefix is reduplicated in such cases. \ref 05745 \lxa kaktiw \lxac ye kaktiw \lxo kahtiw \lxoc i kahtiw \dt 30/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc V1-asp \der V1-b \se (i or ye ~) to calm down (an illness or sth that hurts) \ss (i o ye ~) calmarse (una enfermedad o algo que duele) \pna Ye kaktiw. \pea It is calming down. \psa Se va calmando. \pna A:man ye kaktiw, xok ma:s kikukwa. \pea It is calming down, it doesn't hurt him much anymore. \psa Ya va calmándose, ya no le duele más. \se to recover (with the pain subsiding, from an illness or injury) \ss recuperarse (con el dolor disminuyéndose, de una enfermedad o herida) \pna Ye nikaktiw, ye nipatitok. \pea I'm coming around, I'm getting better. \psa Me estoy recuperando, me estoy aliviando. \xrb kaki \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but perhaps it is related to kaki. Molina has cactiuetzi 'Hacer buen tiempo, aclarar; interrumpirse y hacer intervalos, pausas, como en el canto o en cualquier otra cosa.' Tetelcingo has the form cacti with the same meaning as Ameyaltepec, se va calmando, although the Ameyaltepec form is morphologically similar to that of Molina, with -tiw replacing -tiwetsi (Molina also has cactimani meaning 'hacer bonança y buen tiempo, o aver silencio un poco de tiempo, o estar la ciudad asolada de repente y destruyda"). All meanings do point to the idea of calm and a break in some situation or state. I have only documented it with a preceding adverbial i or ye. \vl Link 2nd male token. \ref 04956 \lxa kala:chin \lxac kala:chin \lxo kala:chin \lxoc kala:chin \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se generic name for cockroach that (for Ameyaltepequeños) includes two types: kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal and kala:chin we:i \ss nombre genérico para cucaracha que (para Ameyaltepequeños) incluye dos tipos: kala:chin de on kipia i:matlapal y kala:chin we:i \se type of cockroach, also known as kala:chin we:i \ss tipo de cucaracha también conocida como kala:chin we:i \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kala:ch \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) there is only one type of cockroach recognized in Oapan: kala:chin yón we:i \nae The etymology of kala:chin is not entirely clear. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has ca:cala:chi. The -chi(n) elements is perhaps the same as in kakawana:nchih. \ncx kala:chin; kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04700 \lxa kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal \lxac kala:chin de un kipia imatlapal \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of cockroach, still not identified \ssa tipo de cucaracha, todavía no identificada \sem animal \sem insect \syno kala:chin \xrb kala:ch \xrb piya \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) mentioned that there are two types of kala:chih including a small one that has wings. However, the Ameyaltepec complex lexeme for this type of cockroach is not used in Oapan. In one conversation Cristino Flores referred to a type of cockroach called kala:chin kipia i:ma:stla:kapal, apparently the same as the one named in this entry. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n; kala:chin \ref 00023 \lxa kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal \lxac kala:chin kipia ima:stla:kapal \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \qry Apparently the same as /kala:chin kipia i:matlapal/, check. \ref 08083 \lxa kala:chin we:i \lxac kala:chin we:i \lxo kala:chin yó we:i \lxof [ka 'la: chi 'yo 'we:y] \lxoc kala:chin yó we:i \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes \se type of large, flat (patlaxtik) cockroach, still not identified \ss tipo de cucaracha grande y plana (patlaxtik), todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kala:ch \xrb we:i \nae Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yón we:i creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin we:i [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \qry The original note states that this is kala:chin we:i, molo:nki. It is not clear whether molo:nki is part of the name of this insect or simply a description of one of its properties. \pqry Stress and intonation: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yón we:i creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la: chi 'yon 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin we:i [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \grmx Oapan phonology: intonation and pitch accent: Apparently the presence of the stressed relativizer yón in Oapan Nahuatl kala:chin yó we:i creates a situation in which both elements of the noun phrase receive stress, leading to intonational accent on both kala:chin and we:i [ka 'la: chi 'yo 'we:y]. Apparently this would not be the case if the adjectival we:i was simply adjacent to the head noun, and not relativized (i.e., kala:chin we:i [ka la: chi 'we:y]. \nct kala:chin \ref 05933 \lxa kalaki \lxac kalaki \lxo kalaki \lxoc kalaki \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to enter (an animate being, able to act under its own volition, into a closed space, or an object that goes into a recepticle or container, such as a coin in a piggy bank) \ss entrar; pasar a (un ser animado, capaz de actuar por su propia cuenta, que entra a un espacio como un cuarto, o un objeto que se mete dentro de un recipiente) \pna I:kochipan kakalakisnekiya. \pea He repeatedly tried to get in (in this case a man into a woman's hut) while she was sleeping. \psa Quería entrar cuando estaba durmiendo (en este caso un hombre que trataba de entrar donde una mujer está durmiendo) \se to set or go beneath the horizon (the sun or moon, or stars during the course of the night) \ss ponerse o meterse abajo del horizonte (el sol o la luna, o estrellas que se meten abajo del horizonte durante la noche) \pna I kalakis to:nahli \pea The sun is about to set. \psa El sol ya se va a poner. \se (often with ika or ya) to contribute (e.g., money to a collection) to participate (e.g., with work in a joint effort, etc.) \ss (a menudo con ika or ya) contribuir (p. ej., dinero a una colección); participar (p. ej., con trabajo en un esfuerzo conjunto o comunal) \pna Nikalakis ika tomi:n. \pea I'm going to contribute with money. \psa Voy a entrarle con dinero. \pna Tika:kalakiskeh ika tomi:n. \pea Each of us is going to contribute money, one after the other. \psa Cada uno de nosotros va a contribuir con dinero, uno tras otro. \se to begin a task or job (particularly a cargo, or obligatory community service) \ss empezar un trabajo o comenzar una tarea (particularmente, entrar en un cargo, un trabajo obligatorio de la comunidad) \pna De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (in this case his cargo as juez) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo (en este caso el cargo de comisario del pueblo), o no lo acepta. \seo (-tlak ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Am ki:sa) \sso (-tlak ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Am ki:sa) \pno Notlak o:kalak. \peo It affected me causing delirium (a scorpion bite). \pso Se me trabó (el piquete de un alacrán). \sem motion \cola kochia:n \cola -tech \colo -tlak \xrb kalak \xvca kalaktia \xvco kalahtia \xvao kalakilia \xvcapa kalaktilia \xvcapo kalahtilia \qry Recheck correctness of /ika/ and /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis/. Perhpas /de o:me unkah, kalakis, noso xkalakis/. Check. Check to see if only a scorpion bite can cause /motlak kalaki/; add same information to Am /motech ki:sa/, under /ki:sa/. \mod Note use of /tla:/ in /de o:me ika unkah/ also note use of /ika/. Place under both. \rt Perhaps historically the root /kalaki/ is related to both /kal/ and /aki/. \ref 02101 \lxa kalaktia \lxac kikalaktia \lxo kalahtia \lxoc kikalahtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to place inside (e.g., an object into a container or recepticle; a ball in a basket as in basketball or in a goal as in soccer); to put inside (e.g., into water, or inside a pen or corral, etc.); to deposit (e.g., money in a bank) \ss poner adentro de; meter (p. ej., un objeto dentro de un recipiente, o dentro de una área; una pelota dentro de una canasta como en basquetbol o en la red como en fútbol); meter (en el agua, en un corral, en un cuarto); depositar (p. ej., dinero en un banco) \pna Kikalaktia para ma:ka ipan kiawi:lo:s. \pea He puts it inside so that it won't get rained upon. \psa Lo mete adentro para que no llueva sobre él. \se to place (as a person [O| in a job) \ss colocar (una persona [O] en un trabajo) \sem motion \xrb kalak \xvbao kalaki \qry For word 3587, Florencia mistakenly uttered /kika:kalatsa/, (on 14_1, 31 minutes 10 sec). Find out what this means. \ref 03630 \lxa kalaktilia \lxac kikalaktilia \lxo kalahtilia \lxoc kikalahtilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to stick or place into for (or in reference to; often a sexual pun) \ssao meterle a (o en referencia a; a menudo es un albúr sexual) \pna Nihkalaktili:s in kuchi:yoh. \pea I'm going to stick this knife into it. \psa Voy a meterle este cuchillo. \seao to score on (in a game that involves shooting a ball into a goal or net) \ssao anotarle a (en un juego, anotar un punto o gol en contra de) \pna O:mitskalaktilih! Xo:mitskokoh? \pea He put it into you (i.e., scored on you in basketball, though often said as a double entendre)! Did it hurt? \psa ¡Te lo metió (en este caso una canasta en el basquetbol, aunque a menudo dicho como albur)! ¿No te dolió? \xrb kalak \xvba kalaki \nse Often the applicative kalaktilia is used as a sexual albur, thus 'I'm going to score on you' (e.g., in basketball) literally means, 'I'm going to stick it into you" (te lo voy a meter),' which can be taken as a sexual pun. However, the applicative kalaktilia is often used in a very direct, and vulgar, sense to refer to sexual intercourse and penetration by a male. \ref 00456 \lxa kalchi:wa \lxac kalchi:wa \lxo kalchi:wa \lxocpend kalchi:wa \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seo to build a house \sso construir casa \xrb kal \xrb chi:wa \ref 07262 \lxa ka:ldoh \lxac ka:ldoh \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \loan caldo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea clear soup (particularly made of chicken stock) \ssa caldo \sem food \syno chi:la:tl \ref 02082 \lxa ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl \lxac ka:ldoh de chi:la:tl \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea type of broth made with chile and kaxtiltsi:n beans \ssa tipo de caldo hecho con chile y frijoles del tipo llamado kaxtiltsi:n \sem food \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \qry Determine the precise recipe of this food \vl I have eliminated the Oapan tokens from this entry. Tag (or retag) the 4 speech tokens here from Oapan with #5936. \ref 01487 \lxa ka:ldoh de omitetl \lxac ka:ldoh de omitetl \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \com \der \infn \sea broth with chile and one or various soup bones \ssa caldo de chile con uno o más huesos \syno komitechi:la:tl \xrb omi \xrb te \xrb chi:l \xrb a: \ref 08082 \lxa kale:wahli \lxac kale:wahli \lxo kale:wahli \lxoc kale:wahli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2; Intrin \se flowering shoot of the maguey or agave plant, the mexkahli \ss quijote, la espiga y que florea del maguey o agave, mexkahli \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kal \xrb e:wa \nse Although weak, the kale:wahli may be used as a beam in thatched roof houses, supporting light weights. \nct mexkahli \qry I believe this is called 'quijote' in Spanish, i.e. the flowering shoot of the maguey plant. Check. \ref 05652 \lxa kale:walxo:chitl \lxac kale:walxo:chitl \lxo kale:walxo:chitl \lxoc kale:walxo:chitl \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se flower of the kale:wahli \ss flor del kale:wahli \sem plant \sem fl \cfa kale:wahli \xrb kal \xrb e:wa \xrb xo:ch \encyctmp Xref this to the botanical encyclopedia. \nct mexkahli \ref 02898 \lxa kali \lxac kali \lxo kali \lxoc kali \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv \der N-loc-1 \se inside (of a house or building) \ss adentro (de una casa o edificio) \pna Tia:skeh nepa kali. \pea We're going to go there inside (e.g., the house or building). \psa Vamos allá adentro (p. ej., de la casa o edificio). \se (para ~) toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows, or of a bowl or other type of container) \ss (para ~) hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas, de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo) \pna O:te:nkwepaliw para kali. \pea Its edge folded over toward the inside (e.g., of a ceramic bowl being made) \psa Su orilla se dobló para adentro (p. ej., de un olla o plato hondo de cerámica) \sem space \equiva kalitik \equivo kálitík \xrb kal \xrb hti \cfa kalitik \nse Kali is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of kalitik. It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' The former is considered nominal ('interior') whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). Kali is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be tlaitik or kalitik (Am). \grm Space: Kali is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of kalitik. It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' The former is considered nominal ('interior') whereas the latter is considered a predicate modifier (adverbial). Kali is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be tlaitik or kalitik (Am). (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction of subject movement can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement, and are modified by /wa:l-/ to indicate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction of movement, e.g., /kalaki/ 'to enter' and the nature of the space is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus /nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the use of directionals, either prefixes or suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/. All three should be explored. \ref 03802 \lxa kali \lxac i:kali \lxo kali \lxocpend i:kali \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N2 \se interior (of a house or building) \ss interior (de una casa o edificio) \pna Nemi ikali, xkineki ki:sas. \pea He's inside of his house, he doesn't want to come out. \psa Anda adentro de su casa, no quiere salir. \sem space \cfao kia:wak \xrb kal \xrb hti \cfa kalitik \nse Directional movement and space: This is a virtual synonym of kalitik. The etymology of this word is not entirely clear; perhaps it is an an apocopated form of kalitik. It can either be possessed nokali 'the inside of my house' or not, nemi kali 'he is inside the house.' Kali is often used to indicate the direction of motion in relationship to the inside or outside of a recipient-like space. Thus, as in one example, one /Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/ refers to a line dance in which the dancers turn to the outside of the line. The opposite would be /tlaitik/ or /kalitik/ (and apparently, /kali/). Note therefore that the direction of subject movement can be indicated, in Nahuatl, in 3 ways. First, it may be contained in the verb itself. Thus verbs of motion such as /yaw/ indicate extraverse movement, and are modified by /wa:l-/ to indicate the oppositive (intraverse). They cannot use /on-/ to indicate extraverse. Other verbs indicate a direction of movement, e.g., /kalaki/ 'to enter' and the nature of the space is communicated obliquely: /kalakis mocha:n/; or the causative /kikalakti:s mocha:n/, etc. The second is the use of separate words to indicate a spatial orientation of the action. Thus /nemi neyhka/ 'he is there.' Or /nokwepo:nian para kia:wak/. Finally, the third is the use of directionals, either prefixes or suffixes. Here there is wide variation, from complete lexicalization (one:wa and wa:le:wa) to affixes (prefix or suffix depending on tense/aspect: /wa:lnemis/ and /o:nemiko/. All three should be explored. \qry Make sure that the two entries, kali and kia:wak, have parallel structures. \ref 07648 \lxa kalitik \lxac kalitik \lxo kálitík \lxop kalitik \lxoc kálitík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] \pa yes-lex \seao inside (of a house or building) \ssao adentro (de una casa o edificio) \se toward the inside (of a bowl or other type of container; the opposite is kia:wak) \ss hacia adentro (de un recipiente u otro tipo de plato hondo; lo contrario es kia:wak) \se toward the inside (of a line dance or other types of rows, i.e., refers to the position between two parallel rows) \ss hacia adentro o en medio (de una danza en línea, en general se refiere a la posición en medio de dos filas paralelas) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kalitik (=tlaitik). \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside and then go back (to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). \equivao kali \xrb kal \xrb hti \ilustmp Cf. drawing in original file card for above phrase about dancers. \ref 00745 \lxa kalkwitlaxkohli \lxac kalkwitlaxkohli \lxo kalkwitlaxkohli \lxoc kalkwitlaxkohli \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se purlin: part of a thatched roof house, the minor beam that lies horizontally, running the long way of the house parallel to the sole:ras and to which the kabe:sas and a:kapilo:hli are attached. In most houses there are one, perhaps two, rows of kalkwitlaxkohli \ss correa: parte de una casa de palma o zacate, las vigitas que corren horizontalmente a lo largo de la casa, paralelas a las sole:ras y a las que se atan las kabe:sas y a:kapilo:hli. Por lo común, las casas tienen una, y a veces dos, hilera de kalkwitlaxkohli \sem construct-part \encyctmp kahli \xrb kal \xrb kwitlaxkol \mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \rt Under entry for /kwitlaxkohli/, discuss the division of the root, which obviously contains /kwitla/. However, the /kol/ element has a short vowel, whereas the /ko:l/ meaning 'curved' has a long vowel. Also, the /x/ is not completely explained. \ref 05541 \lxa kalma:ma \lxac nokalma:man \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea (recipr.) to live very close together (in separate houses that are virtually on top of each other) \ssa (recipr.) vivir pegados (en casas particulares que están encimadas) \pna Nokalma:matokeh! \pea They live in houses that are right on top of each other. \psa Viven en casas pegadas. \xrb kal \xrb ma:ma \ref 07676 \lxa kalma:tli \lxac kalma:tli \lxo kalma:tli \lxoc kalma:tli \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \seao palm lean-to \ssao un alberguito de palma, de media agua \seo name of two of the 12 songs (sones) of the religious dance known in Oapan as kwa:tepail; apparently the two songs known by this name are distinct in music and form of the dance \sso nombre de dos de los 12 sones de la danza religiosa conocida en Oapan como kwa:tepail; aparentemente los dos sones conocidos con este nombre son distintos en música y forma de bailar \syna kalto:roh \xrb kal \xrb ma: \nse A kalmatli consists of a slanted 'roof' of thatched palm that virtually reaches the ground and serves as a protection against the wind and rain. At least as late as the early 1980s one or two of these shelters/houses could still be seen in Oapan. For a more extensive discussion of the dance called kwa:tepail and the name of all 12 songs, see entry under this term. \nae The possessed form of kalma:tli represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. \ilustmp There is a drawing on the original 3x5 filecard. \grm Possession: The possessed form of kalma:tli represents the form of a possessed body part: the loss of the absolutive ending and absence of any possessed suffix after a vowel final stem. This is another indication of how the possessive structure of certain nominal stems is maintained through metaphoric use in other contexts. \ref 01477 \lxa kalmichin \lxac kalmichin \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \sea small piece of carved wood (perhaps some 18 inches in length) that is hung from the neko:xtli in a thatched-roof huts, below the area called kaltsonko or kaltsontekomatl. It is often a simple ornament. \ssa pequeña (como medio metro de largo) pieza de madera colgada del neko:xtli en una casa con techo de zacate o palma, abajo de una zona llamada kaltsonko o kaltsontekomatl. A menudo es simplemente un ornamento. \sem construct-part \xrb kal \xrb mich \encyctmp house; kahli, etc. \ilustmp Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. \nse The kalmichin is no longer used, and many Ameyaltepequeños do not know what it is. However, from what people have said, it appears that this piece was decorational and served no particular function. \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00096 \lxa kalmi:hli \lxac kalmi:hli \lxo kalmi:hli \lxoc kalmi:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se cornfield adjacent to a house within a village \ss milpa situada junto a una casa, dentro del pueblo \se temporary house built for the plowing season at a milpa that lies a considerable distance from the village \ss casa temporal construida cerca de una milpa que queda a una distancia considerable del pueblo y que sirve como residencia a los que allí siembran durante la temporada \xrb kal \xrb mi:l \qry Check the correctness of the meaning given that refers to a field where people who plant have gone to live for the planting season. \ref 04110 \lxa kalneko:xtli \lxac kalneko:xtli \lxo kalneko:xtli \lxoc kal neko:xtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se wooden rivet that is passed through the kabe:sas where they come together in a thatched-roof house (at the part of the house called kaltsonko; also called simply neko:xtli) \ss el remate de madera que atraviesa las cabezas donde se juntan (en el lugar llamado kaltsonko) en una casa de palma o zacate (también llamado simplemente neko:xtli) \sem construct-part \equivao neko:xtli \xrb kal \xrb ne \xrb ko:ch \encyctmp kahli \nse Some people refer to the kalneko:xtli as simply neko:xtli although it would appear that neko:xtli is the more generic word for 'rivet' or clavija and that kalneko:xtli is used specifically to refer to the rivet used in the house. \qry Check possessed to see if /x/ is underlying /ch/. \mod Cf. words listed in Fld 1984-04-29.1. Cf. drawing with /neko:xtli/ in original filecards. \ref 04201 \lxa kalnepantlah \lxac kalnepantlah \lxo kalnepantlah \lxoc kalnepantlah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \com N-N(rel) \der N-loc-1-nepantlah[poss] \seao in the middle of a house \ssao en medio de la casa \xrb kal \xrl -nepantlah \nse According to my Ameyaltepec notes, in kalnepantlah; kal is in essence "plural"; the meaning of the compound is 'in the center of the houses' (i.e., the village) and not 'in the center of the house.' However, Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, only accepted kalnepantlah as meaning 'en medio de la casa,' referring to a specific house and not the houses of the village as a collective unit. This discrepancy should be clarified. \qry Recheck meaning: village plaza or single house. Also check for possibility of possessing, e.g., kalnepantlah, which might mean, 'in the center of my house.' \ref 00439 \lxa ka:lowa \lxo ka:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se see tlaka:lowa (Am) / tlá:ka:lówa (Oa) \ss véase tlaka:lowa (Am) / tlá:ka:lówa (Oa) \xrb ka:l \nae The verb seems to be related to the root ka:l, which refers to 'tongs'; the verb seems to indicate a posture similar to this item, though the only documented occurrences of it are with the prefix tla-. \qry Check to see if this verb can be used reflexively or transitively, with a specific object. Check also the existence of intransitive form. \ref 01332 \lxa kalpan \lxac kalpan \lxo kalpan \lxoa kalpah \lxoc kalpah, kalpan \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pan \infn N1 \se large village \ss aldea grande \xrb kal \nse Often kalpan seems to refer to a home or mother village, as viewed from an offshoot or outlying section. Thus Xalitecos sometimes refer to Ameyaltepec as kalpan, and those of Analco call Oapan kalpan. More generally kalpan refers to any large village. \vl Use the first token from the female speaker for the /kalpah/ utterance (with final /h/); then use second utterance of male for /n/-final version. \ref 02583 \lxa ka:lsah \lxac i:ka:lsah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08563 \lxa kalse:wahlo:tl \lxac nokalse:wahlo:w \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N2 \sea (ritual) shade of the house of ([Poss], honorifically speaking) \ssa (ritual) sombra de la casa de ([Pos] hablando respetuosamente) \pna Timose:witokeh ipan mokalse:wahlo:w. \pea We are resting in the shade of your venerable house. \psa Estamos descansando en la sombra de la venerable casa de usted. \sem ritual \xrb kal \xrb se: \nse Pronunciation of this word varied among speakers, probably a reflection of its restricted use in ritual bride-asking speech. Some included the final possessed marker -w while others did not (e.g., mokalse:wahlo). If it is indeed an abstract noun ending in -yo:tl, the -w possessed marked should not be present. \nae In the recording of this word Cristino Flores pronounced the possessed form with a clear final /w/: nokalse:wahlo:w. \qry Check for presence of -w, as well as for the possibility of an unpossessed /kalse:wahlo:tl/. \ref 00803 \lxa kaltelo:ni \lxac kaltelo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-inst-ni \infn N1 \sea thick piece of wood, flat on one side, used to flatten the sakatl of a thatched hut after it has been thatched \ssa grueso pedazo de madera, plano por un lado, utilizado para aplanar zacate después de que ha sido colocado sobre el techo de una casa rústica \sem tool \xrb kal \xrb tel \nse The kaltelo:ni that I saw was a round piece of wood, about 1.5 feet long, that had been split in half in order to give it a flat surface. Apparently this is one of the few lexicalized words for instruments that is still used in Ameyaltepec. \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \grm Morphology; instrumentals: Note that /kaltelo:ni/ does not seem to manifest the derivational process of impersonal + /ni/ that I expected. \ref 01050 \lxa kalte:nko \lxac kalte:nko \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \sea the edge of town \ssa la orilla del pueblo \syno kalte:mpan \syno tlate:mpan \cfo kalte:ntitlan \xrb kal \xrl -te:nko \nse To date, at least in natural discourse context, kalte:nko has only been documented as referring to the edge of town and not to the area immediately adjacent to someone's house. In Oapan the edge of the village is referred to as kalte:mpan (if the area referred to is not adjacent to the river) and tlate:mpan (if the area referred to is adjacent to the river). To refer to an area adjecent to ones house, Oapan Nahuatl uses kalte:ntitlan; it is not clear if Ameyaltepec has a synonymous form, I remember simply phrasal expressions such as i:tech nokal, etc. \qry Check for acceptability of /nokalte:nko/. If not acceptable, change code to eliminate "[poss]" \grm Note the difference in meaning of /kalte:nko/ and /kalte:ntli/. This suggests that the former is {kal + te:nko} and not {kalte:n + ko}. \ref 05773 \lxa kalte:ntitiw \lxac kalte:ntitiw \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-N \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \sea to expand outward in a ring (e.g., certain scalp infections such as ringworm) \ssa expander hacia afuera en forma de círculo (p. ej., algunas infecciones como la tiña) \pna Kalte:ntitiw, xok ma:s kipia itson. \pea It goes along expanding outwards in a circle, she no longer has much hair left. \psa Se va expandiendo en forma de círculo, ya no le queda mucho cabello. \xrb kal \xrb te:n \qry However, note that /kwa:tenextli/ is 'ringworm'. \ref 04212 \lxa kalte:ntla:lia \lxac nokalte:ntla:lia \lxo kalte:ntla:lia \lxoc nokalte:ntla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(refl) \com [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \seo (refl.) to form a canopy (clouds) \sso (refl.) juntarse en una capa sobre la tierra (las nubes) \pno Kiawis. Yo:nokalte:ntla:lih moxtli, san na:kopas. \peo It's going to rain. The clouds have formed a canopy, they are just going to turn dark grey. \pso Va a llover. Las nubes han formado una capa sobre la tierra, falta solamente para que se vuelvan negras. \pno Ye wa:hlatikah a:tl, ta wa:lnokalte:ntlá:litíw moxtli. \peo The rains are coming, the clouds qre even coming along forming a low cover. \pso Va viniendo el agua, hasta las nubes se vienen formando una capa sobre la tierra. \xrb kal \xrb te:n \xrb tla:l \ref 06797 \lxa kalte:ntli \lxac kalte:ntli \lxo kalte:ntli \lxoc kalte:ntli \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrin \se eave, the small overhang at the edge of a house \ss alero pequeño de una casa \sem construct-part \xrb kal \xrb te:n \encyctmp kahli \ref 01070 \lxa kaltepa:ntli \lxac kaltepa:ntli \lxo kaltepa:ntli \lxoc kaltepa:ntli \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea type of ladder or scaffolding that workers stand on to thatch the roof of a house \ssa tipo de escalera o andamio sobre que se paran los trabajadores al techar una casa de sacate o palma \seo wooden beam or support upon which other horizontal, vertical, or inclined wooden construction materials rest (Am and Oa syn. sole:rah) \sso solera (Am y Oa sin. sole:rah) \sem tool \xrb kal \xrb tepa:m \encyctmp kahli \nse This construction consists of horcones that are tied to the soleras and that go to the ground at an angle. A thick horizontal beam is laid and tied between these horcones at the level of the beginning of the thatching. It is on this beam that the workers stand, thatching the roof from the outside. When the workers can reach no higher, a mekato:ktli is tied onto the outside of the house, partway up on the roof. The workers stand on this in order to finish the upper part of the roof. Note that in Oapan kaltepa:ntli refers specifically to the wall of a house. \qry Cf. Fld-1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. Check to see if /kaltepa:ntli/ also refers to the wall of a house in Ameyaltepec. Cf. in this regard the entry under /tlapilo:ltsi:n/. \ref 03636 \lxa kaltia \lxac kikaltia \lxo kaltia \lxoc kikaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to build a house for (sb) \ss construir una casa para (algn) \pna Nihkalti:s nokone:w. \pea I'm going to build a house for my child. \psa Voy a construirle una casa a mi hijo. \pna Nimokalti:s, yo:hnemilih. \pea I'm going to build a house for myself, I've already thought about it. \psa Me voy a construir una casa, ya lo pensé. \se (refl.) to have a ring form around it (the moon) \ss (refl.) tener un anillo que se forma a su alrededor (la luna) \pna Deke nokaltia me:stli, xiska:n kiawis. \pea If the moon has a ring form around it, it will be a while before it rains. \psa Si se forma un anillo de luz alrededor de la luna, va a tardar hasta que llueve. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to shelter or protect (an animal from the sun, often those that are injured and exposed, or a candle from the wind, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) albergar o protejer (un animal del sol, a menudo los que se han lastimado y quedan expuestos; una vela del viento, etc.) \pna Xkakalti mobe:lah. \pea Shield your candle (from the wind, e.g., by cupping your hand around it). \psa Protege tu vela (del viento, p. ej., utilizando la mano como escudo). \pna Xkakalti un topitso, tla:mo to:nalwi:lo:s! \pea Shelter our pig there (e.g., placing a small covering or making shade for it), if you don't it'll get beaten down on by the sun! \psa ¡Ponle una protección a nuestro marrano, si no lo haces, va a estar pegándose por el sol! \pna Nikontkakalti:s noba:kah. O:postek. \pea I will go build something to shelter my cow (from the sun). It broke its leg. \psa Voy a ir a construirle algo para proteger a mi vaca (del sol). Se le rompió una pierna. \xrb kal \mod For the significance of a ring around the moon, cf. Flk 1984-07-31.1. \ref 04032 \lxa kaltori:toh \lxac kaltori:toh \lxo kalto:roh \lxoc kalto:roh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) toro \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of small thatched roof hut, low to the ground and perhaps 3 to 4 meters wide, with low walls \ss tipo de casita con techo de palma o zacate, muy pegada al suelo y tal vez solamente 3 a 4 metros de ancho, con paredes muy bajitas \xrb kal \encyctmp kahli \qry Check reason for naming this /kaltori:toh/, perhaps relationship to /tori:toh/ firework structure. \ref 02261 \lxa kalto:roh \lxac kalto:roh \lxo ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \seao palm lean-to \ssao un alberguito de palma, de media agua \syna kalma:tli \ref 08509 \lxa kaltlatla \lxac kaltlatla \lxo kaltlatla \lxoc kaltlatla \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \se to have ones house to burn down \ss quemarsele la casa a \pna O:kaltlatlalo:k. \pea Someone had their house burn down. \psa Se le quemó la casa a alguien. \xrb kal \xrb tla \rt I have considered the root /tla/ given the transitive /tlatia:/. \ref 03635 \lxa kaltsakwa \lxac kikaltsakwa \lxo kaltsakwa \lxoc kikaltsakwa; o:kikaltsak \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infn class 3a(kw) \se to lock up in a house \ss encerrar en una casa \pna O:kikaltsahkeh un kone:tl para o:pe:w kwi:tekin, te:muwtih itah wan ina:n. \pea They locked that kid up in the house (i.e., closed the door behind them) in order to start thrashing him, his parents are mean. \psa Encerraron ese niño en la casa (cerrando la puerta atrás de ellos) para empezar a azotarlo, son bravos sus padres. \se (refl.) to shut oneself up inside a house; to close the door to ones house (e.g., for privacy) \ss (refl.) encerrarse a si mismo dentro de una casa; cerrar la puerta de la casa para estar solo \pna Xmokaltsakwa, ma:ka mitsitaka:n ke:n tikchi:wtok! \pea Shut yourself up in your house, don't let them see what you are doing! \psa ¡Enciérrate en la casa, no dejes que vean lo que estás haciendo! \xrb kal \xrb tsakwa \nae The loss of final vowel in the perfective leads to a final /kw/ consonant. In Oapan this often surfaces as /k/ in a what appears to be a variable rule that is not true for all speakers. \pqry Check nature of final /h/ in Oapan form. Is there an aspiration and is the phonetics different from normal final /k/. \grm Oapan phonology; perfective: This entry has a recording of the perfective /o:kikaltsak/. Check final /k/ for any aspiration, etc. \ref 06126 \lxa kaltsakwtok \lxac kaltsakwtok \lxo kaltsahtok \lxoc kaltsahtok \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be locked or shut up in a house (e.g., a child by his or her parents) \ss estar encerrado en una casa (p. ej., un niño por sus padres) \xrb kal \xrb tsakwa \ref 05879 \lxa ka:ltson \lxaa ka:lson \lxac ka:ltson \lxo kaso:n \lxoc kaso:n \dt 22/Jun/2002 \loan calzón \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se white cotton pants, made of manta and formerly worn by most adult male peasants in the region \ss calzón, un tipo de pantalón hecho de manta y anteriormente usado por la mayoría de los hombres campesinos en la zona \cfa tlatsi:nkweptli \encyctmp tlake:ntli (one for men, one for women) \qry Check vowel length here and in compound forms, i.e. whether length "shifts" to the /-so:n/ depending on stress pattern. I have recorded Am several times as /kaltson/. Check. \pqry Check the final sound of the Oapan speech tokens, i.e., whether or not \mod Establish a page of clothes and different types, for me and women. For /calzon/ determine and identify the different parts, as well as the types of stiching along the bottom of the legs. \vl check vl \ref 04784 \lxa kaltsonko \lxac kaltsonko \lxo kaltsonko \lxoc kaltsonko \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1(loc) \se part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the kabe:sas are joined together with a neko:xtli, or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four kaltsonko \ss parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las kabe:sas se juntan con un neko:xtli, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados kaltsonko. \sem construct-part \syna kaltsontekomatl \xrb kal \xrb tson \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \qry For all [poss] check correctness, i.e, here, is /nokaltsonko/ correct? If so, then reclassify /cat with [poss] at end. \ref 03104 \lxa kaltso:nkokoxoktik \lxac kaltso:nkokoxoktik \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have loose-fitting cotton pants, made of manta \ssa tener los calzones holgados \syno kaso:ntekoyahktik \cfa kaltso:nkokoyak \xrb koxo: \nse Apparently kalso:nkokoyak refers to cotton pants of manta that are loose fitting around the butt, whereas kalso:nkokoxoktik seems to refer to such pants that are loose all around, including the legs. \qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoxoktik/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere. \grm Note here also, perhaps add a new code, lack of /te/ intensifier which is usually found with such cases. \ref 04870 \lxa kaltso:nkokoyak \lxac kaltso:nkokoyak \lxo kaso:ntekoyak \lxoc kaso:ntekoyak \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Op. infix te-: kaltso:ntekokoyak (Am) \se to have cotton pants, made of manta, that are loose-fitting and baggy, particularly around the rear \ss tener calzones holgados, particularmente por las nalgas \syna kaltso:nkokoxoktik \xrb koya: \dis tata:natik \qry For this entry note that I had /kaltso:nkokoyak/ and the /ts/ should be checked here as elsewhere. I have checked with Maurilio Jiménez (Dec. 1993) and he used /s/ not /ts/. \pqry Note that the first female token here seems to be a fairly good example of vowel devoicing before nasals, or is this a pre-aspirated nasal. Check with a phonetician. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04123 \lxa kaltso:nmekayo \lxac i:kaltso:nmekayo \lxo kaso:mekayo \lxoc i:kaso:mekayo \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan (part) calzón \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se cloth belt that is part of calzones \ss cinturón de tela, parte de los calzones \pna Yo:koto:n nokaltso:nmekayo. \pea The belt of my cotton manta trousers tore apart. \psa El cinturón de mis calzones se reventó. \xrb me:ka \nse Also possible are nonincorporated equivalent forms such as i:mekayo nokalsó:n. \qry Check for /ts/ instead of /s/ in /kalso:n/. Also important will be to determine whether a form such as ?/kalso:nmekayo/ exists, as a general term, or whether one can have ?/kalso:nmekayo:tl/. \ref 02849 \lxa kaltsontekomatl \lxac kaltsontekomatl \lxo kaltsontekomatl \lxocpend kaltsontekomatl \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea part of a thatched roof house, of palm or grass, located where the kabe:sas are joined together with a neko:xtli, or rivet, forming a pyramid-shaped structure at the roof. In a medium sized house there may be three or even four places where this occurs, i.e., three or four kaltsontekomatl \ssa parte de una casa de palma o sacate ubicada donde las kabe:sas se juntan con un neko:xtli, o remate, haciendo un tipo de pirámide en lo alto, cerca del techo. En una casa mediana puede haber tres o hasta cuatro lugares llamados kaltsontekomatl. \pna Ke:ch kaltsontekomatl kipia mokal? \pea How many kaltsontekomatl does your house have? \psa ¿Cuántos kaltsontekomatl tiene tu casa? \sea (tlako ~) half a kaltsontekomatl (i.e., with only two cabe:sas joined together at this point instead of the usual four, which would make a complete kaltsontekomatl) \ssa (tlako ~) media kaltsontekomatl (esto es, con sólo dos cabezas juntadas en este punto, en lugar de cuatro, que lo haría completo \synao kaltsonko \xrb kal \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \nse Since a kaltsontekomatl or kaltsonko comprises four cabe:sas, a house may have have a construction with two kaltsontekomatl, one at each end, and a tlako kaltsontekomatl in the middle. \qry Check possibility of possessed form. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \ref 00701 \lxa kaltso:ntotoma \lxac kikaltso:ntotoma \lxo kaso:nto:toma \lxoc kikaso:nto:toma \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-mi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv class-3a(m) \se to untie the calzones (traditional cotton pants made of manta) of \ss desatarle los calzones a \pna Xne:chkalso:ntotoma! newa xniweli. \pea Untie my calzones for me! I can't do it. \psa ¡Desátame los calzones! yo no puedo. \xrb tom \nse The incorporation here reflects "possessor raising" in that the object is thematically the possessor, thus the applicative form is not used. \qry Check for intransitive form. \vl Link first female token. \grm /Xne:chkalso:ntotoma, newa xniwel/ 'Untie my calzones for me, I can't do it.' Note that in this compound, like /koma:ltlapa:na/ can me compared to applicative forms like /koma:lchi:wilia/. In the first the IN does not affect the valency of the verb (i.e., is modifying not saturating), whereas in the second it does reduce the valency (therefore the valency has to be "increased" previously through the applicative). It is interesting that here /kalso:n/ manifests the same type of incorporation. It would be interesting to determine the incorporated equivalent to something like /ne:chkalso:nsoso \ref 05883 \lxa kalwa:wtli \lxac kalwa:wtli \lxo kalwa:htli \lxoc kalwa:htli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of bug found on chickens, apparently called chinos or piojos de gallina in Spanish, or at least in the regional Spanish of Guerrero, and "chicken louse" in English \ss tipo de insecto que se encuentran en las gallinas, aparentemente llamados 'chinos' o 'piojos de gallina', por lo menos en el español regional \pna So:lo pio yewa kipia kalwa:wtli. \pea Only chickens have the bug called kalwa:wtli. \psa Sólol las gallinas tienen chinos. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kal \xrb wa:w \nae The etymology of this word is uncertain though it might be that the final /w/ is a lexicalized possessed marker. \cpl Under "chino" Schoenhals (1988:217) states, "(Order: Mallophaga; Fam: Menoponidae, Fam: Philopteridae, e.g., Dermanyssus gallinae, Haematopinus spp.) 'chicken louse' See coruco." And under "coruco" (p. 215) she notes that other names for this are "cucultiche, chino, gorupo, piojo." \ref 05865 \lxa kalwa:wyowa \lxac kalwa:wyowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08077 \lxa kalxomihlowa \lxac kalxomihlowa \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia[k] \infv class-4a \sea to get full of bedbugs \ssa llenarse o cubrirse de chinches \xrb kal \xrb xomil \ref 07914 \lxa kalxomilin \lxac kalxomilin \lxo kaxomilin \lxoc kaxomilin \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \sem animal \sem insect \se bedbugs that often are found in the rods of beds made of tlapextli \ss chinches, que generalmente viven en las varitas de las camas hechas de tlapextli \pna Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech. \pea There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed. \psa De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama. \equiva tlapechxomilin \xrb kal \xrb xomil \cpl Under "chinche" Schoenhals (1988:217) mentions: "(Cimex lectularius) 'bedbug' Also called chinche de las camas." \qry I have recorded a plural form but the possibility of pluralizing should be rechecked. \ref 03727 \lxa kamaa:xoto:naltia \lxac kikamaa:xoto:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \sea to cause blisters in the mouth of \ssa causar granitos o ampollas en la boca a \pna O:ne:chkamaa:xoto:naltih a:to:hli. \pea The atole (because it was hot) caused a blister in my mouth. \psa El atole (por caliente) me hizo salir una ampollita en la boca. \xrb kama \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \xvba kamaa:xoto:ni \xvbo kamaá:xotó:ni \qry Apparently *kamaa:xoto:nia: does not exist, but this should be checked. \ref 05540 \lxa kamaa:xoto:ni \lxac kamaa:xoto:ni \lxo kamaá:xotó:ni \lxoc kamaá:xotó:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \aff Reduced rdp-s(vowel-l) \infv class-3a \se to get blisters in ones mouth \ss salirsele granitos o ampollitas en la boca a \pna O:nikamaaga:xoto:n. \pea I got blisters in my mouth. \psa Se me salieron granitos en la boca \xrb kama \xrb a: \xrb xoto: \xvca kamaa:xoto:naltia \nae In Oapan only the reduced "reduplicated" form is found, kamaá:xotó:ni, in which the reduplicant is realized as pitch accent on the long vowel of the vowel-initial verbal stem. It is possible that the Ameyaltepec form of the headword entry should also be changed to a redupicated form. Note that the example phrase does have reduplication (and the insertion of /g/ between the reduplicant and stem). Finally, note that a causative form of this verb has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. \ref 03047 \lxa kamachahli \lxac kamachahli \lxo kamacha:hli \lxoc i:kamacha:l \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo jawbone \sso mandíbula \seo area where the jawbone meets the skull \sso área donde la mandíbula se junta con la cabeza \xrb kama \xrb chal \nse Consultants gave two senses: the jawbone proper and the place in the mouth where the jawbone joins the full skull. Both meanings may be correct, or one definition might be in error. \nae The final /a:/ appears to be long in the possessed form. But given the difficulty in determining the length of final vowels, the unpossessed form kamacha:hli should be checked as well. Note also that in all four Oapan tokens analyzed (two by Florencia Marcelino and two by Inocencio Jiménez) the initial /i:/ of the possessed marker is quite long (in ever case over 100 ms). There is in general great variation in the vowel quanitity of this morpheme. It might reflect simple arbitrary variation or might be related to prosodic features. Note that in the present case, i:kamacha:l, the word is four syllables and the initial syllable would receive secondary stress. \qry Check vowel length and meaning. Note long vowel in Florencia Marcelino /kamachalko/ \ref 06285 \lxa kamachaleh \lxac kamachaleh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \sea big-mouth; one who talks a lot \ssa bocón; hablador \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \nse The sense of kamachaleh is not simply of one who is garrulous, but of someone who is something of a braggart or overly opinionated. \nae In other derivatives involving chal the /a:/ is long, including in a word such as kamacha:lowa. However, I have consistently recorded short /a/ in kamachaleh. \rt For /kamachaleh/ I have consistently recorded a short vowel, although in the verbal forms such as /kamacha:lowa/ there is a long /a:/. Vowel length should be rechecked. However, the root is obviously the same. \grm Note that with /kamachaleh/ the /-eh/ is suffixed but there does not seem to be any independent nominal form, i.e. *kamachahli. But, cf. /kamachalko/, which is also formed on the "nominal" stem. This would seem to indicate quite clearly that derivations can take place on "covert" or "phantom" forms. Another point to make is that vowel length can obviously change with no obviously phonological conditioning environment. \vl Check! \ref 00914 \lxa kamachalko \lxac i:kamachalko \lxo kamacha:lko \lxoa kamachalko \lxoc i:kamacha:lko \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \com N-N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seao little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet \ssao bolsilla que se forma donde las mandíbulas superiores e inferiores se juntan en la parte interior y posterior de la boca \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb chal \cfa kamachaleh \qry The /a/ of the third syllable of kamachalko is definitely short in Ameyaltepec. Note that I had recorded it long from Inocencio Jimenez but Florencia Marcelino apparently has it long. The recordings should be checked. \qry Determine whether this must be obligatorily possessed as the cod N-loc-1-k(o)[poss] is presently defined as either being able to or not taking a possessive prefix. If the prefix is obligatory, then the coding should be changed. My original definition for this word was "inside pocket of ones cheek". However, given the explanation of Florencia and Inocencio I have changed it. See /kamaxikipilko/. \vl Check length in Oapan and Am. Check with other forms of /chal/ or /cha:l/. \ref 00085 \lxa kamacha:lo:ltia \lxac kikamacha:lo:ltia \lxo kamacha:lo:ltia \lxoc kikamacha:lo:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to force the mouth open of (a person or, more usually, animal, particularly in order to feed it) \ss forzar la boca abierta a (una persona o, más comúnmente, un animal, particularmente para darle de comer a fuerza) \pna Kikamacha:lo:lti:skeh un pitso para nopapa:kas ikamak. \pea They will force open the mouth of that pig to wash its mouth. \psa A fuerza van a abrir la boca de ese marrano para que se lave su boca. \se (fig.) (tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia?) Who asked your opinion? What made you say (that)? What's it to you? (lit., 'What opened your mouth?) \ss (fig.) (tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia?) ¿Quién te preguntó? ¿Qué te importa (para que dijiste lo que dijiste)? (lit., '¿Qué te abrió la boca?') \pna Tli:non mitskamacha:lo:ltia? Tle:ka san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh? \pea Who asked your opinion? Why did you just say whatever (came to mind)? \psa ¿Quién te preguntó (esto es, ¿Por qué razón abriste la boca?) ¿Por qué dijiste estos disparates? \cfao kamacha:lowa \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xvbao kamacha:lowa \qry Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. \sj Note that the reduplicative pattern of words like /yo:tiki:itoh/ is difficult. Much effort should be made to determining the proper representation, the vowel length of the reduplicant, etc. Check, for example, /san tlimach yo:tiki:itoh/ in Oapan, Ameyaltepec, and San Juan. \ref 01311 \lxa kamacha:lowa \lxac kamacha:lowa \lxo kamacha:lowa \lxoc kamacha:lowa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to open ones mouth wide \ss abrir la boca bien grande \pna Xwel nikamacha:lowa pa:mpa ne:chkukwa nokamak. \pea I can't open my mouth wide because my mouth hurts. \psa No puede abrir bien la boca porque me duele. \se to split open (a hard surface, such as a cliff); to come open or split apart (e.g., the front of ones sandals that are tacked or sewn together, or other things glued together, often in such a way that a part that can be metaphorically considered a "mouth" opens up) \ss abrirse (una superficie dura, como un risco); separarse dejando (algo que se descose o se despega, como la punta de la suela de huaraches, a menduo de tal manera que se abre una parte que metaforicamente se puede considerar una "boca") \pna Yo:kamacha:loh un ne:nkah osto:tl. Xihkón katka, pero a:man kwa:k chika:wak o:tla:loli:n, o:tlapo:w. \pea The surface of that cliff split open. It wasn't that way, but now after a strong earthquake, it opened up. \psa La superficie de este risco se agr ietó. No era así, pero ahora que tembló fuerte se abrió. \pna Nokal o:kamacha:loh, o:kitsaya:nih tla:loli:nalistli. \pea The wall of my house split open, an earthquake caused it to fissure. \psa La pared de mi casa se abrió dejando un hueco, la hendió un terremoto. \pna Yo:kamacha:loh nowera:ch, xohkipia iklabi:tos. \pea The end of my sandal opened up, it doesn't have its tacks anymore. \psa La punta de mi huarache se abrió, ya no tiene sus grapitas. \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xvcao kamacha:lo:ltia \nae Tentatively I have found that the /a:/ of the third syllable is long and it has been so marked in this verbal entry and all related forms. However, in the nominal kamachalko and kamachaleh the same vowel appears short in most forms that I have elicited. This needs further research with sound sampling equipment that might resolve this paradox. \vl Check vowel length: The /a:/ of the third syllabe is definitely long. Nevertheless, it appears that in clear related forms, kamachalko and kamachaleh, the /a/ in the third syllabel is definitely short. \ref 01128 \lxa kamachaltlapa:na \lxac kikamachaltlapa:na \lxo kamachaltlapa:na \lxoc kikamachaltlapa:na \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \seao to split the mount open of (e.g., the head of a slaughtered pig in order to cook it) \ssao por la mandíbula, partir la cabeza de (p. ej., un marrano sacrificado para cocinar su cabeza) \seo to split open (e.g., a piece of wood) at a place that is forked \sso partir (p. ej., un pedazo de leña) donde hay una bifurcación \xrb kama \xrb chal \xrb tlapa: \pqry The /a/ is definitely short here by acoustical measurement of Oapan Nahuatl; check other words with /chal/. \ref 06450 \lxa kamachalwi:teki \lxac kikamachalwi:teki \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \se to hit on the cheek hard with ones fist \ss golpear fuerte con el puño en la mejilla de \syno te:nwi:teki \sem contact \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \xrb wi:teki \qry Check to make certain that the blow must be with the fist. Also check vowel length of /chal/; here it appears that the nominal forms have a short vowel, the verb long. Finally, check to see if non-reduplicated form may be used. \ref 04983 \lxa kamachikipe:lowa \lxac kikamachikipe:lowa \lxo kamachikipe:lowa \lxoc kikamachikipe:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-PM-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to pull or spread wide open the mouth of (a person or animal, e.g., a fish to take out i:chichi:kaw) \ssao abrirle mucho la boca a (una persona o animal, p. ej., un pez para quitarle i:chichi:kaw) \pna Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n. \pea Samson is pulling the lion's mouth wide open. \psa Sansón le está jalando la boca bien abierto al león. \xrb kama \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Cf. the possible relationship of /chiki/ as an intensifier to /chi:/. Cf. examples of both. However, perhaps /chiki/ is related to another root. Determine other uses of /chiki/ and /chi:/. \grm Word Order: /Sansó:n kikamachikipe:lotok leó:n/ A-V-O, note the word order in this phrase. \ref 00442 \lxa kamachi:pi:l \lxac kamachi:pi:lmeh \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to be a blabber-mouth; to be unable to keep a secret or to keep something quiet \ss ser muy indiscreto; ser bocón; ser alguien que no puede mantener un secreto \pna Kamachi:pi:l, nochi kite:ihlia. \pea He's a blabber-mouth, he makes everything public. \psa Tiene una boca grande, todo se lo dice a la gente. \syno te:nchakal \xrb kama \xrb chi:pi:l \qry Check etymology. The reason for /chi:pil/ here is unclear but should be checked, as should be searched for other words that also have /chi:pil/. Check vowel length. \ref 05446 \lxa kamaimati \lxac nokamaimati \lxo kamáimáti \lxop kamaimati \lxoc nokamáimáti \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to get used to pronouncing something, or to a particular way of speaking \ss (refl.) acostumbrarse a pronunciar algo o a una manera en particular de hablar \pna Timokamaimatis, titlato:s ke:n de We:pan. \pea Your tongue will get accustomed, you will speak like those of Oapan. \psa Tu lengua se va a acostumbrar, vas a hablar como los de Oapan. \se for ones mouth to get used to (e.g., eating hotting food, uttering a certain phrase, etc.) \ss acostumbrarle la boca (p. ej., comer comida caliente, o decirle una frase a algn, repetidas veces, etc.) \xrb kama \xrb hmati \nse The verb stem hmati is usually found with the nonspecific prefix tla- meaning someone is particularly able or capacitated in certain tasks (e.g., a good painter, a very intelligent person, etc.). Here it refers to the ability that ones speech (lit. 'mouth') acquires with practic. \grm Oapan phonology; stress shift: Note that with /nokamáimáti/ the stress shifts left onto the IN. \ref 01566 \lxa kamakekexkia \lxac kamakekexkia \lxo kamaké:kexiá \lxop kamaké:kexia \lxoc kamaké:kexiá \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k] \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Reduced rdp-s(vowel-CV) (Oa) \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-rdp \se to have or feel itching in ones mouth \ss escocerle a uno la boca \xrb kama \xrb kex \xvca kamakekexkilia \nae The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, kekexia, which does not occur unreduplicated (*kexia). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan kamaké:kexiá would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recorded) it might be that Oapan ?kamakekexia is also acceptable. This should be checked. \qry For possible presence of /h/ after reduplication check Oapan or San Juan pronunciations. Check length of final /a:/ in the imperfective, and as with all forms with /kekexkia/, check whether this is indeed a class 4 irregular 1a verb. For grammar notes, determine in general nature of "causatives" ending in /-lia/. \vl Check all forms of Oapan /kekexia/ for reduced reduplication on initial CV syllable of reduplicated stem! \grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/. Although I did not elicit the "unreduplicated" form, it is obvious from other entries that this would be /kamakekexia/ (i.e., cf. /kekexia/). The reduplicated form /kamaké:kexiá/ is similar in structure to that of /pé:petlaka/ (cf. /pepetlaka/) and /né:nemí/ (cf. /ne:nemi/). Indeed, not reflecting on it the final form is interesting because the basis of /né:nemi/ is probably /ne:nemi/, which is quite different from the relationship of /pepetlaka/ and /pé:petláka/). Later I noted: The Oapan form manifests vowel lengthening on the first CV syllable of a lexicalized reduplicative form, kekexia, which does not occur unreduplicated (*kexia). Thus a more accurate translation of Oapan kamaké:kexiá would be 'to have or feel an itching here and there in ones mouth.' Although this form is undoubtedly the most common (it was the only one recorded) it might be that Oapan ?kamakekexia is also acceptable. This should be checked. \ref 02133 \lxa kamakekexkilia \lxac kikamakekexkilia \lxo kamaké:kexília \lxoc kikamake:kexilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to make the mouth of (sb) itch \ssao causar que se le escoza la boca a (algn) \pna Ne:chkamakekexkilia to:tolo:ktsi:n. \pea The fruit of the to:tolo:ktsi:n makes my mouth itch. \psa La fruta del to:toloktsi:n me hace escocer la boca. \xrb kama \xrb kex \xvba kamakekexkia \vl Check vowel length in Oapan form. \ref 01098 \lxa kamakochi:noh \lxac kamakochi:noh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) cochino \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \infa Gender: kamakochi:nah \sea to be foul-mouthed \ssa ser grosero(a) en la forma de hablar; ser mal hablado \xrb kama \nde Oapan would use a phrase such as xkwahli ke:n tlátlatówa, san tli:n yo:kikamana:mik. \ref 04563 \lxa kamako:pi:l \lxac kamako:pi:l \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \se person who is a slow eater \ss persona lenta para comer \pna Ke:n tikamako:pi:l! Yo:li:k titlakwe:chowa:, yo:li:k titlakwa. \pea Oh, what a slow an eater you are! You chew things slowly, you eat slowly. \psa ¡Qué lento eres para comer! Despacio masticas, despacio comes. \syno kamayo:li:k \cfao ko:pi:liwi \xrb kama \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check /yo:li:k/ and correct if necessary here and throughout. \ref 02866 \lxa kamakoxo:nia \lxac nokamakoxo:nia \lxo kamakoxo:nia \lxoc nokamakoxo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-2a \infv class-2a \se to rinse out ones mouth \ss enjuagarse la boca \pna Timokamakoxo:nia ika a:tl. \pea You rinse your mouth out with water. \psa Te enjuagas la boca con agua. \xrb kama \xrb koxo: \nae To date kamakoxo:nia has only been documented in the \qry Check for intransitive form. Also make sure that the verb stem is not usually reduplicated in this usage, since it would seem likely that it would be. \ref 04448 \lxa kamaktli \lxac kamaktli \lxo kamahtli \lxoc kamahtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-2-k(o) \infn N1/2; Inal \seao mouth \ssao boca \seao mouth; mouth-like opening (e.g., of a bottle or other material objects) \ssao apertura como boca (de objetos materiales como botellas, etc.) \sem body \cfa kamatl \xrb kama \xrl -k(o) \nse The derivation of this word is kama, the stem for 'mouth' to which the locative -k(o) has been added, and then the entire form has been nominalized through the use of the absolutive. \qry Apparently /kamatl/ does not exist; check. Check /kikamakyo:tia/ in both dialects. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 01423. These 1423 words should be tagged with the 4541 number, but the two linked words should be chosen from the 4541 tokens. NOTE: In general the later sounds are better than earlier ones (less echo). \ref 04541 \lxa kamakwi \lxac kikamakwi \lxo kamakwi \lxoc kikamakwi \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to take in ones mouth (e.g., a morsel of food to eat, a small amount of liquid to drink) \ss tomar en la boca (p. ej., un poco de comida para comer o un líquido para beber) \pna Axtopa xkamakwi a:tl para timokamapapa:kas. \pea First take water in your mouth so that you can rinse it out. \psa Primero toma agua en la boca para después enjuagarla. \xrb kama \xrb kwi \qry Check usage in context. \ref 01850 \lxa kaman \lxo kaman \dt 17/Jan/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-b \seao see xkaman \ssao véase xkaman \xrb kaman \ref 03340 \lxa kamana:leh \lxac kamana:leh \lxo kamana:leh \lxoc kamana:leh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seao jokester (particularly sb who is always teasing and joking around with words, saying what is not true in order to see peoples reactions); person who fools around, playing practical jokes \ssao vacilón; vacilador (particularmente algn quien siempre vacila y juega con palabras, diciendo lo que no es verdad para ver reacciones); persona que siempre está bromeando y vacilando \pna Yewa xmasto xkipia tlawe:hli, ke:n kamana:leh. \pea Be well aware of the fact that he doesn't easily get angered, he's a joker. \psa Sepa bien que no es muy bravo, es un bromista de a de veras. \xrb kamana:l \qry Check for noun form /kamana:hli/. \ref 01122 \lxa kamana:lowa \lxac kamana:lowa \lxo kamana:lowa \lxoc kamana:lowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \seao to joke around and tease (e.g., by saying "white lies" in order to provoke reactions) \ssao bromear; chancear (particularmente tomándole el pelo a algn); vacilar \pna Kakamana:lowa. \pea He goes around making bad jokes. \psa Anda haciendo chistes ya cansados. \pna Kemech tikamana:lotoyan. \pea A short time ago we were joking around. \psa Hace poco tiempo estabamos bromeando. \se (de ~) in jest; in play \ss (de ~) de broma; de juego \pna Hermelinda García isusuwa:w, xmelá:k isuwa:w, san de kamana:lowa. \pea Hermelinda García is his lover, she's not really his wife, just in play. \psa Hermelinda García es su amante, no es su esposa de veras, solamente de vacilada. \xrb kamana:l \nse According to Gabriel de la Cruz the reduplicated form kakamana:lowa with a short vowel indicates the actions of a person who goes around saying things that aren't true, but neither are they still funny. The person goes beyond simple jest and does not know when to stop. \qry Check whether the reduplicated form has a short or long vowel. \ref 00723 \lxa kamana:lwia \lxac kikamana:lwia \lxo kamana:lwia \lxof [ka ma na:l 'wi ya] \lxoc kikamana:lwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to joke around (with teasing words) at the expense of \ssao vacilarle (con palabras) a; chancearle a \pna Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia. \pea He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying. \psa Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice. \cfa a:wiltia \xrb kamana:l \ref 00514 \lxa kamana:miki \lxac kikamana:miki \lxo kamana:miki \lxoc kikamana:miki \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to articulate and utter without much thought or reflexion (i.e., saying whatever comes to mind, or is on ones tongue) \ss articular y decir sin mucha reflección (esto es, diciendo lo que sea, lo que venga a la mente o está en la boca) \pna Ma:s san tli:non yo:kikamana:mik. \pea He just said whatever came to mind. \psa Dijo nada más lo que se le ocurrió. \pna Kitowa san tli:n kikamana:miki. \pea He says just whatever comes to mind. \psa Dice lo que le viene a la mente. \xrb kama \xrb na:miki \qry Further determine the meaning and use of this word, with examples. Check for causative. \ref 03911 \lxa kamane:lowa \lxac kikamane:lowa \lxo kamane:lowa \lxoc kikamane:lowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to toss around in ones mouth (e.g., a person sucking on a candy, an animal with a bone in its mouth, etc.) \ssao agitar dentro de la boca (p. ej., una persona chupando un dulce, un animal con un hueso en la boca, etc.) \sea (~ tlato:hli) to mumble or not pronounce or articulate clearly (see popoloka) \ssa (~ tlato:hli) no pronunciar bien; hablar entre dientes; mascullar (véase popoloka) \pna Kikamane:lowa tlato:hli, xkipanki:xtia kwahli, xtihkakis. \pea He mumbles his words, he doesn't pronounce them clearly, you won't understand what he says. \psa Habla entre dientes, no pronuncia bien las palabras, no le vas a entender. \xrb kama \xrb ne:l \ref 02068 \lxa kamanenepoch \lxac kamanenepoch \lxo kamanenepoch \lxoc kamanenepoch \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a lisp; to have bad pronunciation \ss ser algn que sisea; ser algn que no pronuncia bien \apa kamanenepoxtik \syna nenepoch \syna nenepoxtik \syno tláto:lnenépoch \syno nenepoch \syno nenepoxtik \xrb kama \xrb nene \xrb poch \nae The etymology of kamanenepoch is uncertain, except for the initial element kama. However, the nene element might well be related to nenepi:hli whereas the final element, poch may well be related to the same root as in pochi:nki, which perhaps can best be translated as 'fuzzy.' \ref 02534 \lxa kamanenepoxtik \lxac kamanenepoxtik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-(N-Adj) \der Adj-dvb-ni-x-tik \sea to have a lisp \ssa hablar con ciceo \apa kamanenepoch \apo kamanenepoch \syna nenepoxtik \syna nenepoch \syno tláto:lnenépoch \syno nenepoxtik \syno nenepoch \xrb kama \xrb nene \xrb poch \nse Interestingly, the fully adjectival form kamanenepoxtik has not been documented in Oapan. However, Florencia Marcelino did accept the form nenepoxtik. \qry Check both the absence (non-acceptance by Florencia) of ?/kamanenepoxtik/ and the presence of /nenepoxtik/ as it would seem that if one were correct (or incorrect) so too would the other. \rt Relate /poch/ as a root to /pochi:/, and the meaning of 'spongy'. \ref 01350 \lxa kamaniá:n \lxac kamaniá:n \lxo kamaya:n \lxoc kamaya:n \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se at times; once in a while \ss a veces; de vez en cuando \pna Kamaniá:n niknemilia nomocha:nti:s nomi:hlan pa:mpa ke:n weka. \pea At times I think of going to set up my house near my milpa because it's so far away. \psa A veces pienso ir a quedarme por mi milpa por lo lejos que es. \synao kamantika \syno kamaya:ntika \xrb kaman \xrl -ya:n \qry According to all I have been able to gather /kamaniân/ is equivalent to /kamantika/. However, this should be checked. \pqry Note the velarization of the final /n/, much more pronounced on the male speaker. \grm Note /kamaniá:n/, which seems to be derived from /kaman/ and /-ya:n/. If so, discuss this in the section on uses of /-ya:n/. Cf. also /nowiá:n/, etc. \vl There are 4 additonal tokens of this word at 5441. These should also be tagged as 2646. Note that the sound tokens that are to be linked to the headword should be taken from the later recordings from 5441 as these are of better quality. \ref 02646 \lxa kamanon \lxac kamanon \lxo kamano:n \lxoc kamano:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se when? at what time? \ss ¿cuándo? \pna Kamanon tia:skeh? \pea When will we go? \psa ¿Cuándo vamos a ir? \se when (with embedded questions) \ss cuando (con preguntas enterradas) \pna Xeniktla:lilia kamanon niá:s. \pea I still haven't made a final decision as to when I will go. \psa Todavía no he puesto la fecha para cuándo voy a ir. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb kaman \qry Check difference between /kamaniá:n/ and /kama:ntika/ and recheck vowel length. This will be applicable to /kamanon/. \vl Vowel length of initial /a/ is problematic. It appears to be short, however. Nevertheless, this needs to be carefully studied as in one pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino the acoustic duration seemed rather high for a short vowel. Check in other forms such as /kamantika/, /kamaniá:n/, etc. Definitely much study needs to be done on the length of final /on/ sequences. \grm Oapan phonology: The final /o/ of Oapan Nahuatl /kamano:n/ seems definitely long. Whether this reflects a phonological rule for lengthening is not clear. \ref 02370 \lxa kamanon kayo:tl \lxac kamanon kayo:tl \lxo kamano:n kayo:tl \lxoc kamano:n kayo:tl \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \se to be from a time that is long ago; to be from when \ss ser de un periodo de hace mucho tiempo; ser de cuando \pna Ne:stok kamanon kayo:tl totio:pan. \pea It appears (in a document) from when our church is (i.e., when it was built). \psa Aparece (en un documento) de cuando (qué periodo) es nuestra iglesia (esto es, cuando se contruyó). \pna Kamanon kayo:tl. \pea It is from some time ago. \psa Es de hace mucho tiempo. \xrb kaman \xrb kayo: \nse Apparently kayo:tl can be interpreted as a nominal form meaning, in essence, 'to be from [a time period].' Here it is combined in a colocation to mean 'to be from when.' Although there is no example sentence yet, it appears that kayo:tl may take any person as subject. Thus one could, I believe, say xne:si kamano:on tikayo:tl 'It's not clear from when you are (i.e., when you were born).' This usage and meaning should be checked. \qry Check /o/ of Am /kamanon/. In Oapan it is definitely long. \grm Cf. Gram 1985-01-20.1 \vl Use 2nd female token. \ref 03154 \lxa kamano:no:n \lxac kamano:no:n \lxo kamano:no:n \lxoc kamano:no:n \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tmp \se when (non interrogative and not as a subordinator or complementizer); \ss cuando (en sentido no interrogativo y no como subordinador ni complementizador) \pno Kítowá wa:hla:s, pero xtikmatin kamano:non! \peo He says he'll come, but we don't know when (it will be)! \pso ¡Dice que va a venir, pero no sabemos cuando (va a ser)! \se (ye ~) to be a good time ago; to be from the past \ss (ye ~) ser de hace mucho tiempo; ser del pasado \pna Ye kamano:non o:nitlate:mo:to. \pea It's been some time since I went to search for my animals. \psa Ya es de hace algo de tiempo que no voy a sabanear. \xrb kaman \nse In the phrase ye kamano:non o:nitlate:mo:to, it was not yesterday altough it may have been the day before, or three or four days ago, yet not too long, for as everyone says deke ya:lwa, ya:lwa 'it it were yesterday (one would say) yesterday.' \pqry Also, lengthening of /o:/ should be checked. Note that this is an excellent word for seeing vowel length as the nasals and initial stop are so clearly marked. Check all final /onon/ sequences. In the recording with Cristino Flores it definitely seemed that he had two long /o:/s at the end of this word. \grm Note that the meaning and use of interrogatives with an additional /-on/ is still not clear: /akinon/ to /akino:non/ etc. \ref 06059 \lxa kamantika \lxac kamantika \lxo kamantika \lxoc kamantika \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se once in a while; at times, occasionally \ss de vez en cuando, a veces, ocasionalmente \pna Newa kamantika niaw nonwi:lo:tlama ika ma:tlatl kwa:k nikaxilia. \pea At times I go to catch huilotas with a net, when I have the time. \psa De vez en cuando voy a cazar huilotas con red, cuando me alcanza el tiempo. \syna kamaniá:n \xrb kaman \qry Check synonomous meaning with /kamaniá:n/. Also, recheck vowel length as I seem to remember /kama:ntika/. NOTE : vowel length is short as written. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \ref 05148 \lxa kamapi:kia \lxac kikamapi:kia \lxo kamapi:kia \lxoc kikamapi:kia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \infv class-2a \seo to grasp or hold tightly in ones mouth (e.g., a squirrel running away with a nut) \sso asir fuertemente en la boca (p. ej., una ardilla corriendo con un nuez) \xrb kama \xrb pi:k \ref 07137 \lxa kamapipi:na:wi \lxac kamapipi:na:wi \lxo kamá:pi:ná:wi \lxoc kamá:pi:ná:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be timid or embarrassed in carrying out an activity that involves the mouth or lips (such as eating or speaking) \sso ser tímido o tener vergüenza en llevar a cabo una actividad que involucra la boca (como el comer o hablar) \xrb kama \xrb pi:na: \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06719 \lxa kamapolowa \lxac nokamapolowa \lxo kamapolowa \lxoc nokamapolowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to stumble over ones words, mispronouncing them \ss (refl.) enredarsele la lengua a uno \pna Nokamapolowa, xkipanki:xtia. \pea He stumbles over his words, he doesn't pronounce them right. \psa Se le enreda la lengua, no pronuncia las palabras bien. \xrb kama \xrb pol \encyctmp tlatowa: document types of speech \mod Perhaps discuss here different ways of speaking: /popoloka/, /nokamapolowa/, /nenepochiwi/, /pi:tskatlatowa/, etc. \qry Check to see if only reflexive form is used; also check to see if intransitive is used. \ref 02416 \lxa kamapopo:xa:wi \lxac kamapopo:xa:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones cheeks to bulge (particularly from having ones mouth stuffed with food) \ss tener la boca llena y abultada (particularmente por tener la boca atestada de comida) \pna Melá:k kamapopo:xa:wi, yo:nikne:xti:to ye kitlamitok tli:n pa katka we:lik. \pea His face is stuffed full, I found him there finishing up what was tasty there. \psa Su boca está muy llena y abultada, lo fui a encontrar terminado lo que había allí de sabroso. \syno kamá:po:tsíwi \xrb kama \xrb po:xa: \nse This verb refers to eating so much so fast that ones cheeks bulge out as when one arrives ravished somewhere and stuffs ones mouth full of food. It is used mostly in jest, referring to how a person who is very hungry is eating. \qry Recheck vowel length which I have recorded as long /o:/, although it probably should be /poxa:wi/. Cf. Karttunen's entries for /po:x/, /poxa:wak/ and /posa:wi/. Check for possible transitive form. \pqry Recheck vl of /o/. \ref 04944 \lxa kamapo:tsakia \lxac kikamapo:tsakia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-S-V2 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix te-: kikamatepo:tsakia \infv class-2a \sea to stuff the mouth of \ssa llenar la boca de \pna O:tlan kikamapo:tsakia. Xka:wa, o:tmakaton para nochimeh ma kikwa:kan. \pea He finished stuffing it into his mouth. But that wasn't the deal, we went to give it to him so that everyone could eat it (and instead he greedily ate it all). \psa Terminó metiéndolo todo en la boca. No debe haber sido así, se lo fuimos a dar para que todos lo pudieran comer (y en lugar de eso, él solo se lo acabó). \xrb kama \xrb po:ts \xrb ak \xvaa kamapo:tsakilia \qry Check for difference between this transitive form and the applicative (bitransitive?) /kamapo:tsakilia/. Also check for possible intransitive form. Cf. note under /kamapo:tsakilia:/. It will also be necessary to determine the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ and the nature of the incorporated noun. It would seem that the object of /kamapo:tsakia/ is the person whose mouth is being stuffed. But then, if this is the case, what is the object of the applicative. Thus does one say /ne:chkamapo:tsaki:s/ or /ne:chkamapo:tsakili:s/. Perhaps there is an error and /kamapo:tsakia/ is only used reflexively; this would explain the "causative" use of the transitive /kamapo:tsakilia/. Check and cf. /po:tsakia/. \ref 05982 \lxa kamapo:tsakilia \lxac kikamapo:tsakilia \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \inc N-S-V3 \der V3-d-lia \aff Op. -te-: kamatepo:tsakilia \infv class-2a \sea to stuff full the mouth of with (sth [SO], so that his cheeks bulge) \ssa atestarle la boca a con (algo [OS], hasta que se le hinchen las mejillas) \pna Xihkamapo:tsakili, ma kikwa! \pea Stuff it into his mouth (forcibly, causing his mouth to bulge) so that he eats it! \psa ¡Metéselo bien a su boca (a fuerza, hasta que se hinche) para que se lo coma! \pna Nokamapo:tsakilitiw itlakwal. \pea He goes along stuffing his food into his mouth. \psa Anda llenando hasta atestar su boca con comida. \cfo kamapo:tsiwi \xrb kama \xrb po:tsak \xvba kamapo:tsakia \qry Recheck as this might not be a "real" word but instead one said by young boys as a joke. Particularly problematical is the applicative form?! \qry In general check for all verbs, roots, etc. with the (micro)morpheme /po:C/ as in /poti:xah/, /po:tetl/, /poxa:wi/, /posa:wi/, /poso:ni/, etc. all of which seem to have in common the meaning or sense of stuffed, bulging, puffy, spongy, etc. Cf. note with /kamapo:tsakia/ and the precise identification of the object of each. It would seem that with the applicative the primary object is the animate "eater." \rt Note that there are several words that have to do with entering a space, that end in /-ak(i)/ but whose first element is not always identifiable in other contexts: /polaki/ and /kalaki/; cf. also /tla:laki/ and, simply, /aki/. There is no evidence of a morpheme /pol/ meaning 'water.' For /kalaki/ there is evidence of /kal/ 'house' or 'shelter' that might have a bearing on the meaning of /kalaki/. With /po:ts/ there is no direct evidence, but words such as Azcapotzalco suggest that the /po:ts/ element might be a separate morpheme. Likewise, /tla:laki/ seems clearly a compound of /tla:l + aki/, and has been so divided in the root analysis of this word. \ref 00527 \lxa kamasasa:l \lxac kamasasa:l \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te-: kamatesasa:l \sea to be a slow-eater \ssa ser lento en comer \syno kamayo:li:k \xrb kama \xrb sa:l \nse Apparently may be used with or without the te-, as either kamasasa:l or kamatesasa:l. It is used to refer to someone who takes a long time to eat or drink and is particularly said when others are impatiently waiting while one, derogatorily called kamasasa:l takes his or her time. \ref 00236 \lxa kamatechiki \lxac kikamatechiki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb kama \xrb hchiki \ref 08002 \lxa kamatekoyak \lxac kamatekoyak \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08286 \lxa kamatekoyakxiw \lxac i:kamatekoyakxiw \lxo kamatekoyaxiw \lxoc i:kamatekoyaxiw \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj-xiw \der Suf-poss \infn N2 \se big drinker, eater, or talker like (possessor) \ss uno que bebe, come o habla tanto que (el poseedor) \pna Yewa nokamatekoyakxiw, yewa no: tlai:ni. \pea He's a big drinker like me, he also gets drunk often. \psa Es tan bebedor como yo, él también se emborracha. \xrb kama \xrb koya: \xrb -xiw \qry It is not clear whether this refers only to liquids, or can also be used to refer to eating (or even "blabbing"). This should be checked. And even if referring only to drinking, check to see if it applies to all liquids. \vl Check for absence of /h/, etc. before /-xiw/ in Oapan form. Check for presence of /k/ in Ameyaltepec. Check. \ref 02252 \lxa kamatelowa \lxac kikamatelowa \lxo kamatelowa \lxoc kikamatelowa \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to slap on the mouth (with an open hand, e.g., a child who is acting up) \sso dar una palmada por la boca a (p. ej., un niño grosero o latoso) \xrb kama \xrb tel \ref 06858 \lxa kamate:ma \lxac kikamate:ma \lxo \lxocpend \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08049 \lxa kamatepo:tskalaktilia \lxac kikamatepo:tskalaktilia \lxo kamatepo:tskalahtilia \lxocpend kikamatepo:tskalahtilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seo to stuff the mouth of \sso atiborrarle la boca a (algn) con (algo [OS]) \xrb kama \xrb tepo:ts \xrb kalak \nse Although this term (along with kamatepo:tsakilia, which is not in the lexicon at present) was uttered in a recording sense (though at too low a level to be recorded) it does not seem to be a term used in Oapan. Rather, it was given as a "possible" equivalent to Ameyaltepec kamapo:tsakilia. The Oapan term here should, therefore, be checked. \ref 07776 \lxa kamateteltia \lxac kamateteltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb kama \xrb tel \ref 08435 \lxa kamato:ne:wi \lxac kamato:ne:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to feel a burning sensation in ones mouth (from eating sth spicy) \ssa sentir un arder en la boca (por comer algo picante) \xrb kama \xrb to:n \ref 07949 \lxa kamatl \lxaa kamatsi:n \lxac se: kamatsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn k-to-h; N1 \sea bite or morsel (of food); a mouthful or large sip (of a drink) \ssa trocito o mordida (de comida); un poquito (de una bebida) \pna Xne:chmaka san se: kamatl. \pea Give me just one bit (of food, or a mouthful of sth to drink)! \psa Dame una mordida (de una comida); Dame un bocado (de una bebida). \cfa kamaktli \xrb kama \qry Make sure that these two words are identical in meaning. If Am also has /kamaktli/, then add it to Oa /kamahtli/. Figure out if Oa /kamahtli/ means 'boca' or 'mordida'. Since there is a separate entry for Am /kamaktli/, this Oa form should be deleted here and the xref established. But still it will be necessary to determine whether the meanings of /kamahtli/ in Oapan and /kamaktli/ in Am are equivalent, or whether the Oapan term has the added meaning of 'mordida' (as Am /kamatl/). I doubt it does. \vl Tag the Oapan words here with 04541, but do not chose one of these 1423 words to link. \ref 01423 \lxa kamatla:ni \lxac kikamatla:ni \lxo kamatla:ni \lxoc kikamatla:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \se to get the last word in on (sb being argued with); to win an argument against \ss ganarle la última palabra a (algn); ganar un argumento contra (algn) \pna Xtihkamatla:nis, nochi kimati. \pea You won't be able to get the best of him (in a discussion, debate, or argument), he knows everything. \psa No vas a tener la última palabra con él, todo lo sabe. \xrb kama \xrb tla:ni \nse Kamatla:ni refers to the fact that no matter what you say, e.g. in a manner of reproach, the other person will have an answer, even it is a total lie. \qry In my Am notes I originally recorded this with a short vowel, /-tlani/, which I have "corrected" to a long vowel here. This should be checked. \ref 05997 \lxa kamatlapachowa \lxac nokamatlapachowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08462 \lxa kamatlatlata \lxac kikamatlatlata \lxo kamá:tlatá \lxoc kikamá:tlatá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv irreg. cf. ita \pa yes-lex \se to observe carefully, to stare intently at (sb) while (he or she is) eating \ss observar detenidamente a (sb) mientras que (él o ella) come \pna Ne:chkamatlatlastok, no: kikwa:sneki. \pea He's staring at me while I'm eating, he also wants to eat it. \psa Se está fijando en lo que estoy comiendo, también se lo quiere comer. \cfa tlatlata \cfo tlátlatá \xrb kama \xrb hta \nse The verb kamatlatlata (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb tlatlata, underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle tla- is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is then reduplicated (the reduplicant is tlah-). In Oapan Nahuatl the reduplicant is realized as vowel lengthening and pitch accent on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the preceding incorporated noun. This is the nominal root kama- in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming. \grm Noun incorporation: /kamatlatlata/: The verb kamatlatlata (Am) represents the incorporation of a nominal stem on the verb tlatlata, underlyingly {tlah + tla + (i)ta}. The middle tla- is the nonspecific object prefix in a modifying (i.e., non-valency reducing) function. This incorporated prefix is then reduplicated (the reduplicant is tlah-). Then, the nominal root kama- in a further non-valency reducing incorporation, indicating the place at which the action (staring) occurs: the mouth. This verb may refer to watching a person eat, watching very carefully in order to see that the other person does not eat too much, or because one is interested in what the person is consuming. \ref 04297 \lxa kamatsatsakwa \lxac kikamatsatsakwa \lxo kákamatsákwa \lxoc kí:kamatsákwa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev) \infv class-3a(kw) \pa yes-rdp \se to make (sb) promise to keep a secret \ss hacer que (algn) prometa no revelar un secreto o guardar silencio \pna O:ne:chkamatsatsakw, ma:ka nikito:s. \pea He made me promise to keep it secret so that I wouldn't tell it. \psa Hizo que prometiera guardar silencio, que no lo debo decir. \xrb kama \xrb tsakwa \nae The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem tsakwa, the incorporated noun remains outside of this process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates. Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will hold among closely related villages. \qry Check to see if form without internal reduplication is acceptable. \grm Reduplication; incorporation: Re: the fact that Am has /kamatsatsakwa/ and Oapan has /kákamatsákwa/: The preliminary data suggests a variation in reduplication pattern between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the reduplicant is the verbal stem tsakwa, the incorporated noun remains outside of this process. In Oapan Nahuatl, however, it is the combined stem (with incorporated noun) that reduplicates. Here it is the first syllable of the incorporated noun stem that reduplicates. Again, this illlustrates the problems of any single analysis of reduplication for Nahuatl, even one that will hold among closely related villages. \ref 04923 \lxa kamatso:tso:ti \lxac kamatso:tso:ti \lxo kamatso:tso:ti \lxoc kamatso:tso:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get pimples or sores in ones mouth \ss salirsele a uno granitos o llagas en la boca \xrb kama \xrb tso:tso: \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05952 \lxa kamatso:tso:tl \lxac kamatso:tso:tl \lxo kamatso:tso:tl \lxoc kamatso:tso:tl \dt 10/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se pimple or sore on the tongue \ss granito o llaga en la lengua \sem disease \xrb kama \xrb tso:tso: \qry Check to see if this may be both inside and outside the mouth. \ref 05227 \lxa kama:wak \lxac kama:wak \lxo kama:wak \lxoc kama:wak \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be partially dried (e.g., firewood, corn cobs, washed clothes, and other things that are in the process of drying) \ss estar parcialmente seco (p. ej., leña, mazorcas, ropa lavada y otras cosas que están en el proceso de secarse) \pna A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak. \pea Now in my cornfield there is a lot of corn that is somewhat dried. \psa Ahora en mi milpa hay mucho maíz que es algo seco. \xrb kama: \qry Check for existence of /tekamaktik/ etc.Check syntax of exemplary phrase. \grm Syntax: existential 'be': /A:man nomi:hlan miák kama:wak./ 'Now my cornfield has a lot of corn that is somewhat dried.' Note that absence of a predicate verb such as /kipia/ before /miák/, or perhaps /unkah/ after /kama:wak/. Cf. to phrases such as /o:me nokal/ meaning 'my houses are two' or 'I have two houses.' These types of constructions should be commented on in the grammar. \ref 05664 \lxa kama:wi \lxac kama:wi \lxo kama:wi \lxoc kama:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become partially dried (a fruit that dries, particularly used to refer to maize that begins to dry and achieves a state between ye:lo:tl, green corn, and sintli (Am), the dried mazorca; it can also be used to refer to cow dung and bricks) \ss secarse parcialmente (una fruta que se seca, particularmente utilizado para referirse al maíz al empezar a secarse y llegar a un estado entre elote y mazorca; también se utiliza para referirse al estiércol del ganado y a cosas fabricadas como ladrillos) \pna Yo:kama:w noye:lo:w. Xe wa:ki wan xok pa:stik. \pea My elotes have become somewhat dried (on the stalk, right after the end of the rainy season). It still hasn't dried and it's no longer moist (ripe). \psa Mis elotes ya empezaron a secarse (en la milpa, inmediatamente después de la terminación de la temporada de lluvias). Todavía no se seca bien y ya no es verde. \xrb kama: \nse Kama:wi refers to a fruit (such as maize or beans) that will eventually dry but has not yet reached this point. Thus the adjectival kama:wak can refer to firewood that has been cut while green; after a few weeks it is kama:wak, somewhat dry but still moist enough so that it doesn't burn properly. Often maize starts to achieve this state in the field, before harvest but after the corn leaves have been stripped from the plants (i.e., after the iswate:kilistli). Although maize that is kama:wak is no longer ye:lo:tl and cannot be eaten as such, it can still be used in preparing ye:lo:tlaxkahli. It is possible that that kakamaktsi:n is probably derived from this root, with the vowel shortening that occurs before /-k/, although this word might be derived from kama 'mouth.' Note, finally, that although an adjectival form kama:wak is documented, there is no transitive ?kama:wa. This is probably because the nature of the process is such that it is perforce nonagentive. \qry Apparently the transitive form ?/kama:wa/ does not exist, but this should be checked. \ref 04693 \lxa kamaxikipi:hli \lxac i:kamaxikipi:l \lxo kamaxikipi:hli \lxoc i:kamaxikipi:l \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se inside of the cheek \ss parte interior de la mejilla \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb xikipi:l \qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/. \ref 07844 \lxa kamaxikipi:lko \lxac i:kamaxikipi:lko \lxo kamaxikipi:lko \lxoc i:kamaxikipi:lko \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se area inside the mouth where the top and bottom jaws meet \ss área dentro de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas superior e inferior \pna O:sa:liw notlaxkal ipan nokamaxikipi:lko. \pea My tortilla got stuck in the inside of my cheeks. \psa Se atoró mi tortilla en la parte interior de las mejillas. \sem body \sem human \xrb kama \xrb xikipi:l \xrl -k(o) \nse My original definition form Ameyaltepec had: "the little pocket inside the mouth, right behind where the upper and lower jaws meet" or "la parte como bolsita al interior de la boca donde se juntan las mandíbulas." Florencia Marcelino and her husband gave a different definition, the one that I have entered for simply kamaxikipi:hli. It might be the case that the two villages have different definitions, or that definitions vary across speakers. This needs to be checked. \qry However, after talking to Florencia and Inocencio it seems clear that the new definition is that used in Oapan. I might have recorded the information wrong in Ameyaltepec, or perhaps the person I asked did not know. At any rate, check. Cf. to /makachahli/ and /kamachalko/. \ref 02236 \lxa kamaxoxopo:naltia \lxac kikamaxoxopo:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran No intransitive documented \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to cause pimples in the mouth of \ssa hacerle salir (a algn) granitos en la boca \pna Seki wel kikwa to:tolo:ktsi:n deke yo:iksik, pero me:dioh mitskamaxoxopo:nalti:s, mitskamatso:tso:tili:s. \pea Some people can eat the to:tolo:ktsi:n if it's ripe, but it will cause some pimples in your mouth, it will cause some sores in your mouth. \psa Algunos pueden comer el to:toloktsi:n si ya se puso a sazón, pero te hace salir algunos granitos en la boca, te da algo de úlceras en la boca. \syno kamaá:xopo:nia \xrb kama \xrb xopo: \ref 01178 \lxa kamaxoxopo:nia \lxac kikamaxoxopo:nia \lxo kamaá:xopó:nia \lxoc kikamaá:xopó:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a); V2-alt-ni/alta \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to cause pimples or sores in the mouth of \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacerle salir granitos en la boca de \pna O:ne:chkamaxoxopo:nih to:tolo:ktsi:n \pea The to:tolo:ktsi:n caused my mouth to blister. \psa El to:toloktsi:n me hizo salir granitos en la boca. \xrb kama \xrb xopo: \nse This verb has only been documented with a reduplicated verbal stem. \qry Check for intransitive form. T \ref 01329 \lxa kamaye:rbah \lxac kamaye:rbah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan (part) yerba \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se fungus or infection in the mouth \ss hongos o una infección en la boca \pna Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah. \pea Your burro is dripping saliva, he has a fungus infection in his mouth. \psa A tu burro se le sale saliva, tiene hongos en la boca. \pna Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. \pea Saliva is coming out of his mouth, he probably has kamaye:rbah (a type of mouth infection or fungus). \psa Se le está saliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene kamaye:rbah (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). \cfao ye:rbah \cfo kamayé:rbayóh \xrb kama \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \ref 03580 \lxa kamaye:rbayo:h \lxac kamaye:rbayo:h \lxo kamayé:rbayóh \lxoc kamayé:rbayóh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan (part) yerba \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes \seo to have a fungus or infection in the mouth (an animal such as a horse, mule, burro, etc.) \sso tener hongos o una infección en la boca (un animal como caballo, mula, burro, etc.) \cfa ye:rbah \xrb kama \nae The pitch accent of Oapan Nahuatl kamayé:rbayóh is a reflex of the underlying {h} in the Spanish loan ye:rbah. \qry Check with Spanish speakers the actual name of the disease and also find out whether it is only found on certain animals, such as equines. \ref 06697 \lxa kamayo:li:k \lxac kamayo:li:k \lxo kamayo:li:k \lxoc kamayo:li:k \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to be a slow-eater or drinker \sso ser lento en comer o beber \syna kamasasa:l \xrb kama \xrb yo:l \qry I had as a Oapan synonym listed here /te:nyo:li:k/ (Oa). However, this is not in the database. Check if it is correct and, if so, add. Also clarify differences, if any, with /kamayo:li:k/. \ref 06162 \lxa ka:miliwi \lxac ka:miliwi \lxo ka:miliwi \lxoc ka:miliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get bruised and turn purple; for welts to form on ([S], e.g., skin after a hard blow) \ss magullarse y ponerse morado (p. ej., la piel a causa de un golpe); salir verdugones en el cuerpo de ([S], p. ej., como resultado de una fuerte caída) \pna O:ka:miliw moma ika o:tikukuw. \pea Your hand got bruised (showed welts and dark spots) from you having chopped wood. \psa Se te magulló la mano (salindo ronchas y moretones) por haber cortado leña. \pna O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw, o:noyeskwep, xo:topo:n. \pea It hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple, it got a blood blister but it didn't burst. \psa Me golpeé la mano con una piedra y se puso moradita, se le salió una ampolla llena de sangre, pero no se reventó. \pna Yo:ka:miliw itla:kayo, kwalo:, yo:pe:w tli:liwi. \pea His torso has darkened. He's sick, he's begun to turn dark. \psa Su torso ya empezó a ponerse morenito. Está enfermo, ya se le empezó a poner la piel más negro. \se to get or become darkened (e.g., rocks from smoke, or ceramics from being poorly fired) \ss ennegrecerse o ponerse más oscuro (p. ej., piedras por el humo, o cerámica al ser ennegrecerse por mal cocida) \pna O:ka:miliw, xo:iksik kwahli. \pea It got blackened (in this case a clay pot), it didn't fire well. \psa Se ennegreció (en este caso cerámica), no se coció bien. \xrb ka:mil \subadj xi:tomatl noso chi:lxoxo:hki ipan koma:hli \dis ka:miliwi; tli:liwi \nae In Oapan ka:miliwi is used mostly in the adjectival ka:miltik to indicate a darkened color of ceramics that are poorly and incompletely fired. If fired well the material (barro) becomes paler. However, although there is a transitive form ka:milowa in Ameyaltepec (at least according to my original documentation), Florencia Marcelino denied that such a form was used in Oapan, where she accepted only the intransitive ka:miliwi of the present entry. \nde RS has the definition for camiliui as 'empezar a madurar, tomar color, referente a frutos'; as common with words that indicate changes in surface color there is a synonymous intransitive form camileua. He also gives the adjectival camilectic. Molina has only camileua 'pitantar las cerezas, o la fruta, o pararse moreno' and camilectic 'cosa morena, o fruta que pinta'. To date in the Balsas region I have not documented any use of this word with a fruit as subject, but obviously there is a common meaning in the Guerrero and Classical forms, a meaning referring to the darkening of a skin or surface. \qry Check for /ka:mile:wi/. \nde \qry Check to see if this verb can be used in reference to fruit. \rt The semantic relation with the root in /kamotli/ appears likely, but vowel length is different. \ref 00240 \lxa kamotli \lxac kamotli \lxo kámotlí \lxoc kámotlí \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrin \pa yes-lex \se generic name for sweet potato \ss nombre genérico de camote \pna Kamotli, tla:ki itik tla:hli. \pea The kamotli grows to fruition inside the earth. \psa El camote crece a madurez dentro de la tierra. \cfa xonakatl \xrb kamoh \sem plant \sem tuber \sem edible \encyctmp kamotli \nae In Oapan, when the form is possessed there is no leftward shift of pitch accent: i:kámoyóh. This probably results from the fact that the coda {h} is at the end of the penultimate syllable and reassignment cannot shift two syllables. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that the high pitch stays on the first syllable of the noun and does not shift leftward. Note that this is probably the result of the fact that the underlying {h} is at the end of the noun. \cpl There are the following types of camote: kuwkamotli, tekamotli, chichi:kamotli, kamotli de pe:pe:to, kamotli de un istá:k, and kamotli de un tsope:lik (of which there are two subtypes: kamotli de un kokostik and kamotli de un kakamotsi:n (which is also apparently sometimes called kamotli de un momoradi:toh. Ramírez (1991) gives this as a member of the family Convolvulaceae. \nct kamotli \qry Check for other types; also determine whether /chichi:kamotli/ is correctly spelled, or whether it should be /chichi:hkamotli/. Also check whether /kamotli/ refers in fact also to a specific type of camote, or if it is only a generic name. \ref 03120 \lxa kamotli de pe:pe:to \lxacpend *kamotli de pe:pe:to \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of sweet potato grown in San Miguel Tecuiciapan \ssa tipo de camote de San Miguel Tecuiciapan \equiva kuwkamotli \equivo kohkámotlí \xrb kamoh \xrb pe:pe:to \sem plant \sem tub \sem plant \sem domesticated \ono hypo kamotli \nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of camote as the kuhkamotli. According to Silvestre Pantaleón this is the name used in Tula del Río for the camote known in Oapan as chichi:h kámotlí. Neither Inocencio Díaz nor Asención Marcelo had heard of the kamotli de pe:pe:to. \nct kamotli \qry It is not clear if this plant grows wild or is cultivated. In general, check all camotes for this question (note that in San Francisco I have seen these plants cultivated). Also, check etymology of /pe:pe:to/ (a loan?) and possibility of final /h/. \ref 01588 \lxa kamotli de un istá:k \lxac kamotli de un istá:k \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of sweet potato \ss tipo de camote \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equivo kámoxé:poh \xrb kamoh \xrb sta \encyctmp kamotli \nct kamotli \qry My notes do not clearly indicate whether this is cultivate or not; check for this and other swet potatoes. \ref 07497 \lxa kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \lxac kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified \ssa tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de un momora:doh \equivo kámomorá:doh \xrb kamoh \nse As is often the case, complex names with the relativizer may be uttered without the intervening on, i.e., kamotli de kakamotsi:n. \nct kamotli \qry Check vowel length in /kakamotsi:n/, i.e. of first /a/. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un momoradi:toh/, but this should be checked. For this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/. \ref 07533 \lxa kamotli de un kokostik \lxaa kamotli de un kostik \lxac kamotli de un kokostik \lxo kámokóstik \lxop kamokostik \lxoa kámotlí kóstik \lxoc kámokóstik \lxt kostik kamohtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of sweet potato, so called for its color (yellow) \ss tipo de camote, asi llamado por su color (amarillo) \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \xrb kamoh \xrb kos \encyctmp kamotli \nct kamotli \qry Note that in one entry I have simply /kamotli de (un) kostik/. Check to see which form is correct (or more common), /kamotli de (un) kokostik/ or /kamotli de (un) kostik/, i.e., with or without the reduplication. Also, for this and other similar cases, in certain entries I have a form without the /un/. Check to see if this is necessary or whether the name can occur without /un/. This type of camote was collected in fieldwork (#129). \ref 00782 \lxa kamotli de un momora:doh \lxaa kamotli de un mora:doh; kamotli de un momoradi:toh \lxac kamotli de un momora:doh \lxo kámomorá:doh \lxoc kámomorá:doh \lxt kamohtle mora:doh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \sea type of purplish sweet potato of the Convolvulaceae family, still not definitively identified \ssa tipo de camote morado de la familia Convolvulaceae, todavía no identificada definitivamente \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de un kakamotsi:n \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kamoh \nct kamotli \cpl This type of camote is not common in the Balsas River. It is grown more in Acatlán and used to be brought to Oapan and the Balsas river area to sell. Oapanecos would also bring the vines of this to plant in their huertas. However, some of these plants were noted during the field collection period of September-October 2001, along the north side of the Balsas, near San Marcos. \qry Check vowel length of Am forms to make sure first /o/ is short. This is apparently the same as /kamotli de un kakamotsi:n/, but this should be checked as well. \vl There are 4 tokens at 01574, a record that was a duplicate of this at 5304. Thus the original tokens at 1574 should be tagged with 5304. But the linked sound files should be those recorded at 5304, which have better sound. \ref 05304 \lxa kamotli de un tsope:lik \lxac kamotli de un tsope:lik \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea generic name for a type of sweet potato that includes two species: kamotli de on kokostik (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and kamotli de on momoradi:toh or kamotli de on kakamotsi:n (still unidentified, but of the Convolvulaceae family as well) \ssa nombre genérico para un tipo de camote que incluye does especies: kamotli de on kokostik (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) y kamotli de on momoradi:toh o kamotli de on kakamotsi:n (todavía no identificado, pero también de la familia Convolvulaceae) \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kamoh \xrb tsope:l \nse The type of sweet potato called kamotli de on tsope:lik has two subvarieties: \nct kamotli \ref 04830 \lxa kamoyo \lxac i:kamoyo \lxo kámoyó \lxoa í:kamóyo \lxoc í:kamóyo; i:kámoyó, \dt 16/May/2003 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes \se bulb or tuber of (e.g., a tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n) \ss bulbo o tuber de (e.g., el tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n) \pna Kipia ikamoyo. \pea It has its bulb. \psa Tiene su bulbo. \sem plant \sem part \xrb kama \nse The phrase kipia i:kamayo is said of a perennial, a flower or plant that sprouts up again and again in the same spot year after year. I have also heard the form kipia i:kamotsi:n, but the form given in this entry appears more usual, if not more correct. \nae As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., i:kámoyó and í:kamóyo. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of kámotlí whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the "input" of the nominal absolutive form. It appears that the former, with the pitch accent not shifted left, is more common. \qry Recheck to determine whether indeed the form /ikamayo/ is correct, or whether it should be /ikamoyo/. My original note had /ikamayo/, but this is probably in error. \grm Oapan phonology: As in various cases Oapan Nahuatl shows two alternate stress patterns, e.g., i:kámoyó and í:kamóyo. The former shows no stress shift from the absolutive pattern of kámotlí whereas the latter manifests a shift leftward to the prefix. This creates penultimate word stress but, at the same time, differs from the "input" of the nominal absolutive form. This should be discussed in the framework of optimality theory, etc. However, cf. the discussion on the tape. Although FM and IJ accept and utter both patterns of p-a, they seem much more inclined to accept /i:kámoyó/. \vl There are two sequences of this possessed noun. The first is /i:kámoyó/, this is the more usual or regular form. The second is /í:kamóyo/, which is less common. Both should be linked to the lexicon. Paste together the female speech tokens and then paste together the male speech tokens so that each sound file has two utterances by the speakers. \ref 02663 \lxa ka:mpa \lxac peroh ka:mpa \lxo ka:mpa \lxoc ka:mpa \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer; Subord \pna Xnikmati ka:mpa kateh. \pea I don't know where they are (i.e., the particular place where they are). \psa No sé donde están (esto es, el lugar en particular donde están). \pna Ka:mpa san newa. \pea The place where I am by myself. \psa El lugar allá donde yo solo estoy. \src We:we:tlatohli by don Plutarco Ramírez [line 12] \pna Ka:mpa dió:s me:chompixtikak. \pea [It is the place] where God is watching over you. \psa [Es el lugar] donde Diós los está cuidando. \se (de ~) if \ss (de ~) si \pna De ka:mpa yo:tiah mocha:n, xtiwi:tsnekis? \pea If you left (in this case, if you return to your country), won't you want to come back (here)? \psa ¿Si te vas (en este caso, si regresas a tu pais), no vas a querer regresar (aquí)? \pna Timistihli:s de ka:mpa melá:k niá:s. \pea I'll tell you if I will really go. \psa Te voy a decir si de veras voy a ir. \pna De ka:mpa xo:nitlakakalastiah, oksepa niwi:ts. \pea In the event that I didn't die, I'll be back. \psa Si no me morí, voy a venir de regreso. \xrb ka:n \xrb pa \nse In Ameyaltepec ka:mpa is seldom used in natural discourse except for its common use in the subordinator de ka:mpa, which seems virtually equivalent to tla:. Standing alone, ka:mpa is most common in ritual speech, as as ka:mpa dió:s mitsompixtikak. In Oapan ka:mpa is much more commonly used where Ameyaltepequeños would use ka:n. \qry The translations of the first two phrases (those without /de ka:mpa/ 'if') should be checked. Apparently /ka:mpa/ is more common in /we:we:tlato:hli/ than in normal speech. It should be checked that /ka:mpa/ cannot be used as an interrogative. I think that in Ameyaltepec it cannot (I don't have any record of such use). Also, an effort needs to be made to work on the relativizers and complementizers (the latter for complement clauses, the former for often headless relative clauses). Also check the correctness of /ka:mpa san newa/, or should it be /ka:mpa san newa nunkah/, or something similar. Check out the difference between /ka:mpa kateh?/ and /ka:mpa unkateh?/. \mod Check all relativizers, complementizers, subordinators and determine precise coding. \ref 03904 \lxa ka:mpakah \lxac ka:mpakah \lxo ka:mpakah \lxoc ka:mpakah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Interj \der Inter \se Hell! \ss ¡chin! \xrb ka:n \xrb pa: \xrb ka \nse This is a curse that according to some Ameyaltepec consultants is an apocopated form of ka:mpakah Xudas; the closest English translation appears to be simply 'Hell!' \qry Recheck whether /ka:mpakah/ is correct. In my notes I had "see /ka:mpunkah/. But I did not have an entry or recording for this. It should be checked as a possible word. Also, recheck the meaning in both villages. \ref 02862 \lxa ka:n \lxac ka:n tiaw? \lxo ka:n \lxoc ka:n tiaw? \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Reltzer \der Reltzer-b \se the place where; where; a place (see ka:mpa) \ss el lugar donde; donde; un lugar (véase ka:mpa) \pna Xtlakwa na:n, ka:n tlakwatokeh! \pea Eat here, where they are eating! \psa ¡Come aquí, donde están comiendo! \pna Xnikpia ka:n nikochis. \pea I don't have a place to sleep. \psa No tengo donde dormir. \pna Xya ka:n tlase:waya:n! \pea Go where there is shade! \psa ¡Ve donde hace sombra! \pna Ka:n tiaw? \pea Where are you going? (greeting when passing someone in the street). \psa ¿A dónde vas? (para saludar a alguien que uno pasa en la calle). \xrb ka:n \nse Ka:n is the non-interrogatory form of ka:non used in what have been analyzed as headless relative phrases. Thus although ka:non tiaw is perhaps more precise (and also often heard) as the interrogatory form, it seems that ka:n tiaw? is more commonly used. However, with non-second person subjects the full interrogatory form must be employed: Ka:non ya:s? 'Where will he go?' and not *Ka:n ya:s? The interrogatory ka:non is also used for embedded questions as sentential complements: xnikmati ka:non cha:nti? 'I don't know (the place) where he lives.' It is not clear how common this is in Oapan where ka:mpa is much used, e.g., niaw ka:mpa nona:n 'I am going to where my mother is.' \pqry The four tokens here (2 female and 2 male) are good examples of the variation in final /w/ between two speakers (Florencia who has a palatal fricative and Inocencio who has a more velar sound). \grm Oapan phonology: Use the recording for /ka:n tiaw?/ as a good example of differences in final /w/ as Inocencio has a back fricative and Florencia a palatal. \ref 05778 \lxa -ka:n \lxac ye:xka:n \lxo -ka:n \lxoa -ka:h \lxoc we:ika:h \dt 29/Jun/2002 \der Rel-stem-sim \se locative suffix used into indicate the place where a particular action occurs (when added to a verbal stem) or a the existence of a particular state (when added to a nominal or adjectival stem) \ss sufijo locativo que indica el lugar donde una acción en particular occure (cuando se le agrega a una raíz verbal) o la existence de un estado en particular (cuando se le agrega a una raíz nominal o adjetival) \pna ... kwalka:n \pea ... (in) the morning (lit., 'in a good place') \psa ... (en) la mañana (lit., 'en un buen lugar') \pna Tlakwalka:n \pea It is a good place (e.g., a nice, flat area for building a house, etc.) \psa Es un buen lugar (p. ej., un lugar plano y bonito para construir una casa, etc.) \pna ... miahka:n \pea ... (in) many places \psa ... (en) muchos lugares \pna Ne:chkukwa nopitsahka:n \pea My waist hurts me (lit., 'my place of narrowing'). \psa Me duele la cintura (lit., 'mi lugar de estrechamiento'). \pna ... tlapitsahka:n \pea ... mountain pass (lit., 'a place of narrowing') \psa ... paso o puerto de montaña (lit., 'un lugar de estrechamiento') \xrb -ka:n \nae The preceding senses indicate some of the meanings and used of the -ka:n suffix. A full list can be obtained by searching the lexical database for -ka:n in the /xrl field. \mod Set up link to /ka:n/ in the /xrl field. \ref 01618 \lxa kanah \lxac kanah \lxo kanah \lxoc kanah \dt 22/Feb/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se somewhere; someplace \ss algún lado; algún lugar \pna Xtiá:s kanah tewa? \pea Are you going to go somewhere? \psa ¿Vas a ir a algún lado? \pna Ke:mah! Kanah niá:s! \pea Yes! I'm going to go somewhere! \psa Si! Voy a ir a algún lado! \pna Kwi:kas kanah. \pea He will take it somewhere. \psa Lo va a llevar a algún lado. \pna A:man niá:s kanatsi:n, xok nimose:wi:s. \pea Today I'm going to go somewhere, I'm not going to rest anymore. \psa Hoy voy a ir a algún ladito, ya no voy a descansar. \pna Xkanah tikne:xti:s! \pea You won't find it anywhere! \psa ¡No lo vas a encontrar en ningún lado! \pna Xniás kanah! (= xkanah niá:s). \pea I'm not going anywhere. \psa No voy a ningún lado. \se approximately; about; more or less \ss aproximadamente; alrededor de; más o menos; como \pna Kanah o:me pe:soh nikmakas. \pea I'm going to give him about two pesos. \psa Le voy a dar como dos pesos. \pna Xniá:s a:man, kanah mo:stla. \pea I won't go today, maybe around tomorrow. \psa No voy a ir hoy, quizás como mañana. \pna Kanah jueves niá:s. \pea I'm going to go around Thursday. \psa Voy a ir como por el jueves. \cfo kánatsí:n \flo kánatsí:n \xrb ka:n \nse Kanah is most often found in a predication that is headed by the negative particular x=, which is usually placed at the left of the phrase. Also, although the vowel is definitely short in kanah, the relationship with ka:n is clear. \mod A general decision must be made re: roots that show long/short alternations: /toma:wi/ and /tomatl/, /xoko:ya/ and /xokotl/, etc. Also, there is the problem of how to categorize words that may function as various parts of speech. I would think that this should be revised and that there might be multiple /cat fields if words are different parts of speech. Or, perhpas better, a separate entry. Computationally, the easiest might be to have a separate entry. \qry Check whether in Oapan one can say /kánatík/. I seem to hear this form in the 1998 Oapan minpairs tape, about 16:51. \rt Note that the root /ka:n/ shows up short in /kanah/. \ref 01637 \lxa kanaktik \lxac kanaktik \lxo kanahtik \lxoc kanahtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \se see tekanaktik (Am) / tekanahtik (Oa) \ss véase tekanaktik (Am) / tekanahtik (Oa) \qry Note that in some cases the corpus does document forms such as /kanaktik/ (e.g., /pitsaktik/ is in the corpus, as is, I think, /tomaktik/), but in most cases the common form (or perhaps the only form) is with the intensifier, e.g., /tekanaktik/. At the same time most such adjectivals do seem to accept a diminutive, and it may be that the diminutive is less prone to manifest the intensifier: /kanaktsi:n/, /pitsaktsi:n/, etc. \ref 05211 \lxa kanaktsi:n \lxac kanaktsi:n \lxo kanahtsi:n \lxoc kanahtsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tsi:n \se to be very or quite thin (cloth, paper, sth sliced, etc.) \ss estar muy delgado o ralo (tela, papel, algo rebanada, etc.) \se to be very shallow (water) \ss ser muy poca profunda (el agua) \pna Sa: tlatsitsikwikatok ika michin. Miák. Sa: kanaktsi:n a:tl. \pea The place is jumping all over with fish (e.g., a pond or small section of a river). There are a lot of them. The water is (e.g., has been left) very shallow. \psa Por todos lados los peces están brincando. Hay muchos. El agua es (p. ej., se quedó) muy poca profunda. \xrb kana: \qry Check for acceptability of /kanaktik/. Apparently /tekanaktik/ is OK. Check difference between /tekanaktik/ and /kanaktsi:n/. Check whether /kanaktsi:n/ accepts the intensifier: ?/tekanaktsi:n/. \grm Diminutive; intensifier: \ref 03732 \lxa kanasti:tah \lxac kanasti:tah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan canastita \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea design of woven palm, in the shape of a small basket, used on Palm Sunday \ssa diseño de palma tejida, en la forma de una canastita, para Domingo de Ramos \encyctmp so:ya:tl; Easter \nse Although the borrowing kana:stah exists in Oapan Nahuatl it is not used to reference the pattern of woven palm used on Palm Sunday, which is an Ameyaltepec tradition. \ref 04622 \lxa kanatsi:n \lxac kanatsi:n \lxo kánatsí:n \lxocpend kánatsí:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \seo various places \sso varios lugares \pno Tlawí:witlá san kánatsí:n. \peo He uproots (large weeds in a maize field) just here and there. \pso Arranca (maleza grande en una milpa) sólo en partes. \xrb kanah \nae Consultants in Oapan accepted Tlawí:witlá san kánatsí:n but were reluctant to accept Tlawí:witlá san kanah. It would seem that kanah is used mostly in the negative (e.g., xkanah nikitah) whereas kánatsí:n is used affirmatively as an indefinite pronoun of place. \grm /tsi:n/, nominalization: Consultants in Oapan accepted Tlawí:witlá san kánatsí:n but were reluctant to accept Tlawí:witlá san kanah. It would seem that kanah is used mostly in the negative (e.g., xkanah nikitah) whereas kánatsí:n is used affirmatively as an indefinite pronoun of place. \ref 07383 \lxa kana:wa \lxac kikana:wa \lxo kana:wa \lxoc kikana:wa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to make thin (e.g., a board, sth planed or sliced, cloth that is worn thin, etc.) \ss hacer más delgado (p. ej., una tabla al aplanarla, ropa al desgastarla, etc.) \se to thin out (e.g., plant growth) \ss limpiar (haciendo menos denso, p. ej., al limpiar de hierba un sembradío) \pna Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. \pea You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. \psa Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. \se (refl., fig.) to move along quickly \ss (refl., fig.) moverse de prisa \pna Ma:ka ihkón yo:li:k xya! Xmokana:wa chitsi:n, xmotlalo! \pea Don't go along like that so slowly! Get a move on (fly along), run! \psa ¡No vayas yendo así de despacio! ¡Aliviánate, corre! \pna Xmotlalo ba:leh, san xmokana:wtiw! \pea Run buddy, just go flying along! \psa ¡Ándale amigo, ponte ligero! \pna Mistsonakatlalo:xtitiw yeyekatl, timokana:wtia:s. \pea The wind will be pushing you to the side as you go along, you'll go flying along (i.e., as the wind pushes you). \psa El viento te va a ir empujando hacia un lado, te vas a ir volando (esto es, en la dirección en que te empuja el viento). \xrb kana: \qry Check also if /kana:wa/ can refer to thinning out of hair, e.g., /ne:chtsonkana:wa/. OK? \ref 03131 \lxa kana:wak \lxac kana:wak \lxo kana:wak \lxoc kana:wak \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to be thin (in the sense of objects with extended surfaces, such as ceramics, wooden boards, cloth, tortillas, etc., that are not thick) \ssao ser o estar delgado, de poco grosor (objetos con superficies extendidas, como cerámica, tablas de madera, ropa o tela, tortillas, etc.) \pna Achi kana:wak. \pea It's somewhat thin. \psa Es algo delgado. \pna Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n. \pea Your ceramic bowls are thin (i.e., with thin walls). \psa Tus platos hondos de barro son delgados (esto es, sus paredes son de poco grosor). \pna Kakana:wak notlaxkal. \pea Your tortilla is thin in places. \psa Tu tortilla está delgado en algunos lugares. \xrb kana: \subadj tlaxkahli \qry Check translation of /a:chi kana:wak/, i.e. whether it is used to compare. At the same time, investigate comparisons. Check or recheck difference between /kakana:hkeh/ and /kakana:wak/. \grm Note the difference in pluralization: /Kakana:wak notlaxkal/ your tortilla (sg) is thin in places (pl). Compare this to /Kakana:hkeh motepalkawa:n/ your bowls are thin in places' in which the plural of the object is indicated by the plural ending /-keh/, whereas the reduplication indicates plurality of place (on one specific item). \ref 00035 \lxa kana:wi \lxac kana:wi \lxo kana:wi \lxoc kana:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become thin (a board with wear over time); to wear thin (clothes and cloth) \ss ponerse delgado o desgastado (una tabla de madera con el tiempo; ropa vieja y muy usada) \pna Yo:kana:w nowéra:ch. \pea My sandals (their soles) have worn thin. \psa Se desgastaron (las suelas de) mis huaraches. \pna Ye kana:wtok noka:ltson. \pea My cotton trousers (of manta) are wearing thin. \psa Se están desgastando mis calzones de manta. \se to thin out or disperse (clouds) \ss dispersarse (las nubes) \pna O:pe:w kana:wi moxtli. \pea The clouds have begun to thin out (disperse). \psa Las nubes se han empezado a dispersar. \xrb kana: \qry Check vowel length of /kalson/. Do a search and replace for any error found and corrected in this database. \ref 05797 \lxa kana:wtok \lxac kana:wtok \lxo kana:htok \lxoc i kana:htok \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea to be thin or threadbare (e.g., cloth of an item of clothing) \ssa estar luído o desgastado (p. ej., la tela de una prenda de vestir) \xrb kana: \nae In Oapan kana:htok is used only as a progressive; in this sense it is like an "unergative" verb. For this reason Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez insisted on using the adverbial marker i (in other dialects often ye) in the utterance. The i is often used to indicate a progressive, particularly in cases in which the durative -tok can be interpreted as either stative/resultative or progressive. \qry Make sure this is a stative, and cf. to /kana:wak/. It might well be that the /-tok/ statives are not found with /-a:wi/ verbs. \grm Stative; progressive: Although I have the entry /kana:wtok/ meaning 'está luído' it might well be that this is not really a used or common form, or, if it is, that it has more of a progressive meaning 'to be becoming threadbare.' Thus note that /toma:wtok/ would seem to not be an adjectival. Check all /-a:wi/ verbs for /-tok/ forms and see if these are statives/resultative or whether other derivations are (e.g., /tomaktik/, /toma:wak/, etc.). Note that FM refused to accept simply /kana:htok/ and stated that the correct form was /i kana:htok/. This is a good indication of the fact that /i/ is part of the progressive. Note that she did not accept this as a stative (and thus the stative should be removed from the dictionary). \ref 02931 \lxa kancho:n \lxac na:nkah mokancho:n nokone:w \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08110 \lxa kane:loh \lxac kane:loh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08142 \lxa ka:nika \lxac ka:nika \lxo ka:nika \lxoc ka:nika; ka:nyá \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se in which or what direction? (used to inquire about a route or direction, not a specific locale or setting) \ss ¿hacia dónde? ¿por dónde? (utilizado para preguntar sobre una ruta o dirección, no un lugar o ubicación específica) \pna Ka:nika tiá:s? \pea In which direction are you heading? \psa ¿Hacia dónde vas? (o, ¿Por dónde te vas?) \xrb ka:n \xrb ika \nse To ask about a particular destination one uses Ka:non tiá:s or Ka:n tiáw?; ka:nika tiá:s? inquires only about the general direction taken. \pqry Check the nature of the final vowel here, which seems long. It will be necessary at some point to determine the acoustic properties (esp. duration) of final vowels, especially final stressed vowels. Here, with /ka:nyá/, the duration seems quite long. \ref 05191 \lxa ka:non \lxac ka:non \lxo ka:non \lxoc ka:non \dt 01/Apr/2003 \der Adv-int \se where? \ss ¿dónde? ¿a dónde? \pna Ka:non tiá:s? \pea Where will you go? \psa ¿Dónde vas a ir? \pna Ka:non onkah? \pea Where are there some? \psa ¿Dónde hay? \pna Ka:non niktla:li:s? --Ma:san ka:non! \pea Where should I place it? --Wherever (you want)! \psa ¿Dónde lo pongo? -- ¡Dondequiera! \se (pero ~) but how? by what right? \ss (pero ~) ¿pero cómo? ¿con qué derecho? \pna Yo:lchika:wiya. Pero ka:non? Xumpa icha:n. \pea He acted in a very self-assured manner (as if he were in his house and was the boss). But how can that be? It isn't his house there (i.e., he has no right to impose himself). \psa Actuaba en una forma tenaz (como si estuviera en su casa y él fuera el jefe). ¿Pero cómo es posible? Allá no es su casa. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si sa:n \xrb ka:n \nse The difference between ka:non tiá:s? and ka:n tiyáw? appears to be that the latter is more of a greeting between two individuals passing each other in the street (and probably an apocope for ka:non tiyaw) and asks where is the addressee going in the precise moment of utterance. The second refers to a future event, an event that will begin in the future. \ref 04207 \lxa ka:no:non \lxac ka:no:non \lxo ka:no:non \lxoa ka:no:noh \lxoc ka:no:noh, ka:no:non \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Pr \der Pr-indef \se where is it? (refering to the place at which an event might take place, etc.) \ss ¿dónde está? (en referencia al lugar donde ubicación de un objeto material) \xrb ka:n \nse The difference between ka:non, ka:nono:n, and katlih needs more study. Apparently katlih is used to indicate the location of a movable material object, it is followed by a noun referencing such an object in a copular construction: katlih COPULA NOUN (e.g., Katli motlapech? 'Where is your bed?' On the other hand, ka:non is an interrogatory pronoun used before verbal predicates or before nouns that may be mobile or that indicate places where an event is the principal focus: Ka:non titlakwa:s? 'Where are you going to eat?' or Ka:non mocha:n? 'Where is your house?' Note that ka:non may also be used as a complementizer for complement taking verbs (e.g., Xnihmati ka:non kitla:lia? 'I don't know where he puts it?') Ka:nono:n (the length of the final vowel is uncertain) is written as one word though undoubtedly derived from ka:non and on. It refers back to the location of something that has already been mentioned in the discourse. I have only heard it used in the present tense, so it may be considered a zero copular construction: ka:non COPULA on? 'Where is it (lit. 'that')? Finally, ka:n is used in relative clause constructions. Note that a similar paradigm of relative clause marker, relative clause marker + on, and relative clause marker + on and on is found elsewhere (e.g, tli:n, tli:non, and tli:nono:n). \qry As with /akinono:n/ check length of final vowel. Also determine precise meaning (as opposed to /ka:non/) and whether these forms ending in /-ono:n/ should be given a separate entry. Also decide whether /o:n/ (or /on/) should be listed in the root field. Recheck length with program and measurement. \vl Check vowel length carefully. It is hard to determine. \ref 02497 \lxa kapa:naltia \lxac kikapa:naltia \lxo kapa:naltia \lxoc kikapa:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to give a hard slap to, provoking a loud slapping sound (like wet clothes against a rock) as two surfaces come together hard (e.g., a woman with clothes as she washes them, beating them against a hard flat surface to remove the soap; a man of a woman in having sexual intercourse; a person slapping another on bare skin with the palm of the hand; a person smashing an insect against a wall or table, etc.) \ss dar una fuerte palmada o golpe a, causando un fuerte sonido como de una palmada al golpearse dos superficies, una contra otra (p. ej. una persona al golpear ropa mojada contra una superficie dura y plana al lavar; un hombre a una mujer al tener relaciones sexuales con ella; una persona a otra al darle una fuerte palmada sobre su cuerpo; una persona a un animalito al aplastarlo contra algo, etc.) \pna O:tikwi:tek un xiwsa:yo:lin. Kwaltsi:n o:tihkapa:naltih ipan me:sah. \pea You swatted that fly. You smashed it hard against the table (causing a loud slapping sound). \psa Le diste bien a esa mosca. La aplastaste sobre la mesa (causando un fuerte sonido en el momento). \pna O:tine:chtekapa:naltih ika moma:kpal. \pea You gave me a hard slap (made a slapping sound come out of me) with the palm of your hand. \psa Me diste una fuerte palmada (haciendo salir un sonido como de palmada) con la palma de tu mano. \pna Kikapa:nalti:s un sokitl, tlaxakwalotok. \pea She will make a slapping sound with the mud; he is kneading it. \psa Va a hacer que el lodo haga sonidos como palmadas; lo está amasando. \seo to drench \sso empapar \pno Ma:si san tlapayahtli, no: te:kapa:naltia. \peo Even though it is just a drizzle, it also gets people soaked. \pso Aunque es nada más una llovizna, también empapa a la gente. \cfao tlatskapa:naltia \dis kapa:naltia; tlatskapa:naltia \xrb kapa: \xvbao kapa:ni \qry Check possible occurrence of simple transitive form /kapa:nia:/ and if it exists, cf. to /kapa:naltia:/. I originally had this sentence which I have removed to check: /Kwaltsi:n kikapa:naltitok a:te:ntli, tlapa:kalo/ 'She is really causing it (in this instance her clothes) to make a slapping sound at the river. People wash there.' / 'Está haciendola (la ropa) emitir un sonido como de palmadas por el río. Hay gente lavando.' Check this. \ref 06369 \lxa kapa:ni \lxac kapa:ni \lxo kapa:ni \lxoc kapa:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a \sea to make a wet-sounding slapping sound \ssa emitir un sonido como palmada fuerte sobre piel o algo mojado \pna O:tipaltiak, sa: kapa:ntok motlake:n. \pea You got drenched, your clothes are making a wet, slapping sound (as you walk). \psa Te empapaste, tu ropa está haciendo un sonido como de palmadas (cuando caminas). \seo to become drenched (Am synonym: paltia) \sso empaparse (sinónimo Am: paltia) \pno Xniá:s tla:man nikapa:nis. \peo I won't go, if I do I'll get soaked (because it is raining so hard). \pso No voy, si lo hago me voy a empapar (por la fuerte lluvia). \cfa tlatskapa:ni \dis kapa:ni; tlatskapa:ni \xrb kapa: \xvcao kapa:naltia \xvkao kakapaka \nse The typical sound described by kapa:ni is that of wet clothes that are being washed by hand and slapped against a hard surface, or heavy, water-laden clay that is being kneaded and repeatedly slapped flat down on a rock. \qry Check to determine whether /kapa:nia/ is a verb. \ref 05086 \lxa kapa:nia \lxac kikapa:nia \lxo kapa:nia \lxoc kikapa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \seo to slap down hard on the ground or a flat stone (sth wet such as mud in making ceramics) \sso azotar fuertemente contra una superficie plana y dura (algo mojado como el barro para hacer cerámica) \cfo korrali:toh \xrb kapa: \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6395, though here they have the optional intensifier prefix /te-/. They should all be tagged as 06371. The linked words, however, should be from 6371 and be /kikapa:nia/, NOT /kitekapa:nia/ from 6395. \ref 06371 \lxa kapi:res \lxac kapi:res \lxo kapi:res \lxoc kapi:res \lxt kapi:res \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan capires \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao fruit of the tree called capire in Spanish \ssao fruta del árbol llamado capires \seao by extension the tree that bears the above-mentioned fruit; see kapi:reskohtli \ssao por extensión el árbol que da la fruta susodicha; véase kapi:reskuhtli \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kapi:rekohtli \equivo kapi:reskohtli \cpl Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the capire as of the family Sapotaceae and the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list capire, nor the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. \nct kohtli \nfe A shade tree, it always has its leaves. Its fruit is edible; it is small, like the /kowi:skitl/. It is a large, tall and thick tree. Its wood is used in San Juan for for /timon/ and /manse:rah/ of a plow; however, in Ameyaltepec it is only used for firewood. There, as in Oapan, the /i:skixo:chitl/ is used for plow /timon/ and /manse:rah/. \qry Recheck vowel length as in botanical notes I have a long /a:/ with the note that this should be the form recorded in the lexicon. \ref 00115 \lxa kapi:reskuwtli \lxac kapi:reskuwtli \lxo kapi:re:skohtli \lxoc kapi:re:skohtli \dt 09/Jul/2002 \loan capires \psm N \der N-loan \se Syderoxylon capiri (A. DC.) Pittier, tree of the Sapotaceae family called capire in Spanish \ss Syderoxylon capiri (A. DC.) Pittier, árbol de la familia Sapotaceae, llamado 'capire' en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao kapi:res \cpl Ramírez (1991) and Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give no entry under this word. Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 170) identify the capire as of the family Sapotaceae and the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list capire, nor the genus/species Sideroxylon capiri. \nae The phonological length of the middle vowels /i:/ and /e:/ in Oapan kapi:re:kohtli is uncertain. For these two vowels the speech tokens (two each) of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez measure 118:88 and 110:91 for Florencia and 93:96 and 81:77 for Inocencio. Thus whereas the length of the first vowel seems certain, that of the second is debatable. The fact that these are Spanish loans further complicates the situation since there are no etymological clues to the length. For now, both vowels have been written as long. \nct kohtli \qry Check final /h/ in kapi:reh kuhtli/; perhaps this should be written as two words: ?/kapi:reh kuhtli/. \ref 05976 \lxa kapolin \lxac kapolin \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se name for a species of tree not yet collected or identified \ss nombre de una especie de árbol todavía no colectada ni identificada \equivo kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cpl Of the capulín, Schoenhals (1988:28) says: "1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón." And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states: "1. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtis spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnus spp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo." Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following: "3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In temperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín." Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceae and genus/species Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceae and genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl. \nct kohtli \ref 07705 \lxa karayó:n \lxaa karayo:n \lxac karayo:n \lxo karayo:n \lxoc karayo:n \dt 04/Jul/2002 \loan (?) \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan (?) \se woman-chaser \ss mujeriego \apa karayo:ntik \seo rooster (not castrated) \sso gallo \nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing po:yoh is also used in reference to men with a lot of women lovers. \ref 03796 \lxa karayo:ntik \lxaa kakarayo:ntik \lxac kakarayo:ntik \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \loan (?) \psm Adj \der Adj-loan (?) \sea to be a woman-chaser \ssa ser mujeriego \apa karayó:n \nse This seems clearly to be a loan from Spanish, although the source word is still not identified. The borrowing po:yoh is also used in reference to men with a lot of women lovers. \ref 07988 \lxa kas \lxac kas ke:mah \lxo kas \lxoc kas ke:mah \dt 08/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \seao perhaps; maybe \ssao quizá; acaso; tal vez; a lo mejor \pna Xnikmati, kas yo:yah? \pea I don't know, perhaps he has already left? \psa ¿No lo sé, tal vez ya se fue? \pna Kas ke:mah? \pea Perhaps that's the case? \psa ¿Puede ser que si? \xrb kas \nse This modal element indicates that the speaker is unsure of the truth value of the predication to follow, but is more inclined to believe it true than false. \nde This element might well be related to Classical cuix 'acaso' (or 'perhaps'). \ref 01194 \lxa ka:siakuwtli \lxac ka:siakuwtli \lxo ká:siakóhtli \lxocpend \lxocpend @ká:siakóhtli \dt 18/Nov/2002 \loan flor de casia \psm N \der N-loan \pa yes \seao see ka:siah \ssao véase ka:siah \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nct kohtli \qry Check vowel p-a pattern in this word since one would expect from the fact that the borrowing is of /kasiah/ with final /h/ that this word with the /h/ now internal would reflect in p-a. I have written p-a simply because I expect it. The word needs to be elicited. \ref 07482 \lxa ka:soh \lxac ka:soh \lxo ka:son \lxoc ka:son \dt 20/May/2002 \loan caso \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se large sheet metal tub \ss tina grande de lámina \sem tool \nse This is clearly a Spanish term, although the Spanish definition, and perhaps its regionality, has not yet been identified. \ref 02973 \lxa ka:soliwi \lxac ka:soliwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to be hunched over (often from illness), with ones arms tight to ones side \ss estar encogido (a menudo de una enfermedad), con los brazos pegados al cuerpo \pna Sa: tika:soliwtok. Tikwa:lo. \pea You are just hunched over with your arms tight to your side. You are sick. \psa Estás nomás encogido con los brazos pegados al cuerpo. Estás enfermo. \pna Sa: ka:ka:soliwtiw un wi:lo:tl pa:mpa o:kimo:tlakeh. \pea That huilota is going along in pain with its wings hunched up because it got hit (e.g., by sb shooting a slighshot). \psa Esa huilota va encogido de dolor con sus alas arqueadas porque lo tiraron (p. ej., con una resortera). \xrb ka:sol \nse Ka:soliwi is used to indicate that the subject is stiff and hurting, with the superior limps (or wings) slightly raised and extended out from the body. With people it indicates a position with the shoulders raised and the arms slightly raised and bowed out from the side of the body. \mod Apparently the wrong word was recorded here. /kakasoliwi/. Recheck and if necessary make a separate recording. \qry This verb should be rechecked. In my original entry I had /ka:soliwi/ with a long /a:/ and next to /tika:soliwtok/ I had written "=tika:kasoliwtok" Thus check whether root /a/ is short. Cf. to /kakasoliwi/ entry meaning 'to be light.' Cf. also /ka:ka:liwi/. Also, comparative dialect study is necessary in order to determine whether there is an underlying {h}. \vl It seems like I made an error here. The tokens are definitely /kakasoliwi/, which is ref. 6121. Thus the four tokens here should be tagged as 06121, "c" and "d" tokens for each speaker. \ref 04290 \lxa ka:sta \lxac ka:sta? \lxo ka:sta \lxoc ka:sta? \dt 20/Jun/2003 \loan (part) asta \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se where? how far away? up to where? \ss ¿dónde? ¿hasta dónde? ¿qué tan lejos? \pna Ka:sta o:titio:tlakili:to? \pea Where did you go and spend the entire afternoon? \psa ¿Hasta dónde fuista a pasar toda la tarde? \pna Ka:sta nona:mikin? \pea Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)? \psa ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)? \pno Ka:sta tiaw? \peo How far are you going? \pso ¿Hasta dónde te vas? \xrb ka:n \nse This is apparently a compound form of the Nahuatl ka:n, 'where,' and Spanish hasta. \qry Check for possible final /h/. Also get other uses. \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 05060 \lxa kasti:yoh \lxac kasti:yoh \lxo kasti:yoh \lxoc kasti:yoh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan castillo \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao tower of fireworks made of reeds upon which the fireworks (such as spinning wheels of color) slowly move up and around the structure till reaching the top \ssao castillo de cohetes \ref 02297 \lxa kastiyokuwtli \lxac kastiyokuwtli \lxo kastí:yokóhtli \lxoc kastí:yokóhtli \dt 10/Jun/2002 \loan (part) castillo \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \pa yes \seao tall, thick post buried deep in the ground to which the castillos (firework towers) are tied upright \ssao poste alto y grande que se empotra bien en el suelo y al que se atan los castillos (de cohetes) \xrb kow \ref 00764 \lxa katlewa \lxaa katlowa \lxac katlewa \lxo kátlawá \lxoa kátlewá \lxoc kátlawá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-int \pa yes-lex \se which? which one? (used when there is a choice to be made) \ss ¿cuál? (empleado cuando hay algo que escoger) \pna Katlewa tikwelita? \pea Which one do you like? \psa ¿Cuál te gusta? \pna Katlewa tihkwis? \pea Which one will you take? \psa ¿Cuál vas a escoger? \pna Xnikmati katlewa kinekis, nochi nihkwis. \pea I don't know which one he will prefer, I'll take them all. \psa No sé cual va a querer, me los llevo todos. \cola ma:san \colo ma:si san \xrb katli \xrb yehwa \qry Note that I have this recorded with a short vowel /a/, cf. Karttunen who has a long /a:/, but does not give a source, perhaps she has simply assumed the vowel length. Nevertheless, vowel length should be checked. Also check how to say either and neither: 'Grab it with either hand' Neither horse is good.' \pqry Check vowel quality of Oapan and Am tokens with a phonetician. \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 5935. These might have better sound than the ones recorded at 3990, and perhaps the two linked sound tokens should come from these later recordings. \ref 03990 \lxa katlih \lxac katlih \lxo katlih \lxoc katlih \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm Pr(int) \der Pr-b \se where is it? (in reference to the location of some immobile object) \ss ¿dónde está? (en cuanto a la ubicación física de algo material y no móvil) \pna Katlih mosombre:roh? \pea Where is your hat? \psa ¿Dónde está tu sombrero? \xrb katl \nse From the same root as in katlewa. Katlih is used only to inquire about the location of an object and not the destination of a person (viz., /ka:non). \qry Do a recheck of the meaning and use of /katli/ and the difference from /ka:non/. Note that /katli/ this may well be related to /ka:n/ but vowel is definitely short. \vl Check vowel length in Oa and Am. Recheck with /katlewa/ or Oa /kátlewá/. \grm Emphatic pronouns: Note good example of use here wiht the discussion of this word by C. Flores. \ref 00088 \lxa ka:wa \lxac kika:wa \lxo ka:wa \lxoc kika:wa \dt 01/Aug/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to abandon (e.g., a spouse in leaving a household) \ssao abandonar (p. ej., un esposo en dejar de vivir con él o ella) \pna O:kika:w isuwa:w. \pea He left his wife. \psa Dejó a su esposa. \seao (refl.) to lag behind (in performing a task, in movement toward a given destination, in a given state or condition, etc.); to stay behind; to remain (behind in a given place) \ssao (refl.) quedarse atrás (en hacer una tarea, mover hacia algún destino, estar en un estado o condición en particular, etc.) \pna On ne: yaw, sa: tlatoka, yo:noka:w. \pea That one going there, he's just following along behind, he got left behind. \psa Ese que va allá, nomás sigue a los demás, se quedó atrás. \pna O:wa:lnoka:w, xwel nenemi. \pea He got left behind, he can't walk well. \psa Se quedó atrás, no camina bien. \seao (refl.) to acquire a certain permanent or semi-permanent state \ssao (refl.) adquirir o estar en un cierto estado permanente o semi-permanente \pna Nimoka:wtok tli:ltik. \pea I'm becoming dark-skinned (e.g., from too much time in the sun). \psa Me estoy quedando prieto (p. ej., al pasar demasiado tiempo en el sol). \seao (generally with a directional) to (go or come and) leave off; to drop off (here or there) \ssao (generalmente con un direccional) (ir o venir a) dejar \pna Nikominka:was te:cha:n. \pea I'm going to go drop (leave) them off at someones house. \psa Los voy a ir a dejar en una casa ajena. \pna Xo:nikwa:kik, o:nikwa:lka:wtiki:s te:chan, nihkwitiki:sas kwa:k oksepa niá:s. \pea I didn't bring it with me, I left it off at somone's house on the way here. I'll pick it up on the way when I go again. \psa No me lo traje, camino hacia acá lo pasé a dejar en casa ajena . Lo voy a recoger cuando vaya otra vez. \seao (recipr., or refl. with i:wa:n) to head a different way from; to part ways \ssao (recipr., o refl. con i:wa:n) tomar rumbos distintos; despedirse de \pna Nika:n timoka:wan. \pea Here we will take leave of each other (part ways). \psa Aquí nos despedimos (al ser que cada quien va por su lado) \pna I:wa:n nimoka:was, xok kwahli ke:n kichi:wa. \pea I'm going to go a separate way from him, what he does is no longer any good. \psa Me voy a despedir de él (esto es, tomo otro camino), ya no está bien lo que hace. \src CF Nakas 1:25 \pna A:man ke:mah, kas timoka:waskeh. \pea Now indeed, it seems that we will part ways. \psa Ahora sí, parece que nos vamos a dejar. \seao (recipr.) to get divorced; to split up (a couple relationship) \ssao (recipr.) divorciarse; dejarse (en una relación de pareja) \pna O:noka:hkeh. \pea They got divorced. \psa Se divorciaron. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to desist from doing (sth such as a task) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desistir de (p. ej., hablar, de llevar a cabo una tarea, de hacer algo como tocar una canción) \pna Yo:nkaka:w ika nitlai:xma:tokak. \pea I stopped using my hand to smooth over a surface. \psa Dejé esto de correr mi mano (sobre algo) para alisarlo. \pno Tí:hká:was. \peo You're going to stop it (e.g., doing a chore). \pso Te vas a dejar de hacerlo (p. ej., de hacer una tarea). \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to leave alone (a person, such as sb being approach for a job, a girlfriend or boyfriend who had been pursued for a long time) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dejar en paz (p. ej., a algn solicitado para un trabajo, o a un novio o novia después de mucho tiempo juntos) \pna A:man yo:ne:chkaka:w, xok itlah ne:chihlia, xok ne:chiyo:le:wa. \pea Now he's left me alone (in this case said by a girl who had been courted 2 or 3 years), he doesn't say anything to me anymore, he doesn't court me anymore. \psa Ahora me ha dejado en paz (dicho por una joven que había recibido las atenciones de un muchacho), ya no me dice nada, ya no me corteja. \seao (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to keep quiet; to stop (e.g., carrying out a task) \ssao (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) mantenerse tranquilo o quieto (p. ej., de llevar a cabo un trabajo o tarea) \pna Nimokaka:was, xok itlah nikito:s. \pea I'm going to be quiet, I'm not going to say anything anymore. \psa Voy a mantenerme quieto, ya no voy a decir nada. \pna Xmokaka:wa! Ma:ka san xtsatsito! \pea Be quiet! Don't just be shouting! \psa ¡Tranquilízate! ¡No estés gritando! \pna Xmokaka:wa! Xtelti un tekitl! \pea Leave of! Stop doing that job (task)! \psa ¡Tranquilo! ¡Deja de hacer ese trabajo!. \seao (with long vowel reduplication) to leave off at various locations (e.g., in distributing food among relatives) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir a dejar uno tras otro en varios lugares (p. ej., al dejar comida a las casas de parientes) \pna Kinka:ka:was un da:nsas. \pea She (in this case the dancemaster) will drop off each dancer at her respective home. \psa Ella (en este caso la maestra de danza) va a dejar a cada danzante en su propia casa. \pna Tikonka:ka:was i:n. \pea You're going to go leave this in various places. \psa Vas a dejar esto en varios lugares. \seao (Xi Diós mitska:wa) May God not abandon you! \ssao (Xi Diós mitska:wa) ¡Qué Diós no te abandone! \sem motion \cfa ka:wte:wa \cfo ka:hte:wa \nae In nikominka:was note the metathesis from {kim+on+ka:was} to kominka:was. \xrb ka:wa \xv1a tlakaka:wa \xv1o tlá:ká:wa \xv1ao tlaka:wa \xvaa ka:wilia \xvca ka:waltia \cfa xka:wa \cfa ka:wte:wa \nse A form such as timitskaka:wa is not used in the sense of 'I shut you up' or 'I make you quiet' although the reflexive has this sense, i.e. of 'to quiet oneself.' However, the causative ka:waltia with the nonspecific object prefix tla- as an indefinite null complement is used transitively in this sense of 'to quiet down': timistlaka:waltia 'I quiet you down.' As to the form (on)tlaka:wa, note that the complementary meaning 'to go a bring in animals left to graze' is (on)tlaa:na. One example of the use of kaka:wa refers to courting: if one has a novia and for 2 or 3 years she doesn't want to get married, finally one may say a:man timitskaka:was 'I will now leave you alone,' i.e., I will stop saying things to you about marriage. However, kaka:wa may also be used to refer to stopping or stopping saying other things not connected to courting. In the expression Xi Diós mitska:wa, which may also be pronounced X Diós mitska:wa as well as use other objects such as Xi Diós te:chka:wa (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic x- is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form xi, which might derive from ye or i ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form xe is not acceptable here. Finally, note that x- may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in XJuan te:chpale:wi:s 'It is not Juan who will help us!' \qry Nevertheless, despite the fact that /kaka:wa/ seems to have a different meaning with a reflexive as opposed to a transitive object, check the possible meaning and use of /timitskaka:wa/, etc. Check if /nitlaka:wtok/ is a possible word. Check the difference between /timitska:wa/ and /timitskaka:wa/ said by a boy to his girlfriend. \grm Negative/optative: In the expression Xi Diós mitska:wa, which may also be pronounced X Diós mitska:wa as well as use other objects such as Xi Diós te:chka:wa (for example if one is suffering from lack of food and hopes that God will find a way for the family to eat), it appears that the negative clitic x- is used in an optative sense. It is most common to use this phrase with the form xi, which might derive from ye or i ('alread') with the sense, in the negative, of 'not yet.' However, the form xe is not acceptable here. Finally, note that x- may be used before a noun with the negative sense, as in XJuan te:chpale:wi:s 'It is not Juan who will help us!' \ref 00027 \lxa ka:wahli \lxac ka:wahli \lxo ka:wahli \lxoc ka:wahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1; pl.: ka:ka:walteh (Am) / ka:ka:waltih (Oa) \seao widow \ssao viuda \sea widower (see oichka:wahli) \ssa viudo (véase oichka:wahli) \xrb ka:wa \nse In Ameyaltepec ka:wahli is not gender specific. However, in Oapan one may also use oichka:wahli, which specifically refers to the male. \qry Check for /sowa:ka:wahli/ as a possible word. I seem to remember it, but it is not documented in the corpus. Also, question for /tla:kaka:wahli/. Note that the first /a:/ of the plural is definitely long and should be corrected to such in any occurrence, Also note that few nouns pluralize in this form: cf. /na:na:walteh/; they all seem to have the phonology of Ca:wa. Check for possible possessed form. \vl Use second female token. \ref 03143 \lxa ka:walti \lxac ka:walti \lxo ka:walti \lxoc ka:walti \dt 13/Jul/2001 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become widowed (said of either a man or a woman) \ss enviudarse (dicho de un hombre o una mujer) \xrb ka:wa \ref 04146 \lxa ka:walti \lxac ka:walti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4a \seao to become a widow or widower \ssao quedarse viuda o viudo \equivao ka:waltia \xrb ka:wa \qry See also tlaka:waltia. Check meaning of this term in both villages. \ref 07866 \lxa ka:waltia \lxac ka:waltia \lxo ka:waltia \lxoc ka:waltia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \seao to become a widow or widower \ssao quedarse viuda o viudo \equiva ka:walti \xrb ka:wa \qry See also tlaka:waltia. Check meaning of this term in both villages. \ref 03231 \lxa kawa:naltia \lxac kikawa:naltia \lxo kawa:naltia \lxoc kikawa:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni/altia \infv class-2a \seo to set afire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.) \sso prender (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido) \xrb kawa: \xvba kawa:ni \ref 06877 \lxa kawa:ni \lxac kawa:ni \lxo kawa:ni \lxoc kawa:ni \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni/altia \infv class-3a \seo to catch fire (e.g., brush placed on top of embers of coals, sth one which a cigarrette has fallen, etc.) \sso prenderse (p. ej., pasto o pequeñas ramitas puestos sobre las brazas, hojas secas sobre que se cae un cigarro encendido) \xrb kawa: \xvco kawa:naltia \nse The word kawa:ni is used to refer to things such as dry brush at the moment it starts to catch fire, before it is fully ablaze; see tlikwi. \ref 06876 \lxa ka:wilia \lxac kika:wilia \lxo ka:wilia \lxoc kika:wilia \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (~ [ma + VP]) to allow (sb) to [VP]; to permit that (sb [O] does [VP]) \ss (~ [ma + VP]) permitir; dejar que (algn haga algo) \pna Xne:chka:wili ma nikwi:ka! \pea Let me take it away! \psa ¡Déjame llevarlo! \se (with directional affix) to leave or drop (sth [SO]) off for \ss (con afijo direccional) dejar (algo [OS]) para \pna Nika:n o:timitska:wili:ko Tona:n To:naka:yow. \pea Here I have come to leave off for you 'Our Mother Maize.' \psa Aquí te he venido a dejar 'Nuestra Madre Maíz'. \cfao ka:wilite:wa \xrb ka:wa \xv2a tlaka:wilia; tlakaka:wilia; te:ka:wilia \xv2o tlaka:wilia; tlá:ka:wília; te:ka:wilia \xvbao ka:wa \qry I have the following sentence on a filecard that might be in error: /xne:chte:ka:wilia diyós para ma nitlayo:wi:s/ 'God does not permit (allow) me to suffer' (i.e., God does not abandon me so that I suffer)." I have not entered this in the example sentences because with the trivalent /-ka:wilia/ I would expect the object to be inanimate (i.e., the thing that is permitted, or not permitted, as in /xnote:ka:wilia/ 'it is not allowed'). Thus I would have expected /xne:chka:wilia diyó:s para ma nitlayo:wi:s/. This should be checked and the proper entry/phrase put into the lexicon. Also check /to:naka:yow/ and make sure it is not /to:naka:yo/. \ref 02467 \lxa ka:wilite:wa \lxac kika:wilite:wa \lxo ka:wílité:wa \lxoc kika:wílité:wa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \inc V3-asp \der V3-d-ap \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to leave in inheritance for \ss dejar en herencia para \pna O:ne:chka:wilite:w i:n tla:hli notah. \pea My father left me this land in inheritance. \psa Mi padre me dejó este terreno como herencia. \se to leave behind for; to leave for and then take off \ss dejar para antes de salir \xrb ka:wa \xrb e:wa \ref 05076 \lxa ka:wte:wa \lxac kika:wte:wa \lxo ka:hte:wa \lxoc kika:hte:wa \dt 01/Aug/2003 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave behind \ss dejar atrás (al salir) \pna Nihka:wte:was, mo:stla nikwa:hkis. \pea I'll leave it behind (upon heading out), tomorrow I'll come to pick it up. \psa Lo voy a dejar al salir, mañana vengo a recogerlo. \pna O:ne:chka:wte:w. \pea He left me behind. \psa Me dejó atrás. \pna Yo:kika:wte:w i:n nomi:l, yo:kika:wte:w a:tl. \pea It left my milpa behind, the rain left it behind (i.e., in reference to a situation whereby early in the planting season it rained, but then later well into the planting season it stopped, leaving the cornfield to dry up). \psa Dejó atrás mi milpa, la lluvia dejó de caer sobre ella (esto es, en referencia a una situación en la cual se sembró temprano en la temporada pero después, más adelante hacia finales de la temporada, dejó de llover, dejando que la milpa se secara). \se to leave in inheritance \ss dejar en herencia \pna Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis. \pea I'll leave it in inheritance when I die. \psa Lo voy a dejar en herencia cuando me muera. \xrb ka:wa \xrb e:wa \nse Note that a major difference between ka:wa and ka:wte:wa (Am) / ka:hte:wa (Oa) is that the latter implies a 'leaving behind' in going to another place. Thus, nimitska:wte:wa implies that the subject (in this case 1st person) leaves the object behind in going to a precise destination. It thus has the sense of 'to start out ahead of and leave behind.' Thus, when a disease or illness leaves someone as they get better, the correct form is, e.g., mitska:wa not mitska:wte:wa, since the disease has no precise or defined place to go. \qry The example sentence /Nihka:wte:was kwa:k nimikis./ was taken from memory and should be checked. \ref 06097 \lxa kaxa:ni \lxac kaxa:ni \lxo kaxa:ni \lxoc kaxa:ni \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to become loose; to loosen (a knot, braids, a saddle tightened around an animal) \ss aflojarse (un nudo, trenzas, una silla puesta sobre un animal) \se to become weak and exausted (one body, e.g., of a person during an illness, or after hard and strenuous work) \ss debilitarse o quedar exhausto (el cuerpo, p. ej., una persona durante una enfermedad, o después de haber trabajado duro) \xrb kaxa: \nse The acceptation, in Ameyaltepec at least, of kaxa:ni as 'to lose weight' is perhaps related to the fact that in losing weight ones clothes become lose. \qry Obtain examples of /kaxa:ni/ used in reference to someone's body and particularly re: weak-willed (cf. to /yo:lkaxa:nki/). I have removed this def. 'to take a step back; to retreat (from a position or argument previously asserted and defended)' \ref 03542 \lxa kaxa:nia \lxac kikaxa:nia \lxo kaxa:nia \lxoc kikaxa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to loosen (e.g., a knot, sth tightly bundled) \ss aflojar (p. ej., un nudo, algo bien apretado) \se to loosen (sth) of or on (e.g., the saddle of an animal [O]) \ss afojar (algo) a (p. ej., una silla a un animal [O]) \pna Witsakatsi:n, notla:lia ipan i:n xo:chitl. Na:n ya kikalaktia ite:nchopiotsi:n itik un xo:chitl. Ihkón tlapopo:naltia, kikakaxa:nia. \pea The hummingbird, it alights on this flower. Then it sticks its small little beak into the flower. That's the way it opens things up, it loosens it (the flower) up. \psa El colibrí, se posa sobre una flor. Ya entonces mete su piquito dentro de la flor. Así abre flores, la afloja (la flor). \pna Xkaxa:ni un burroh. \pea Loosen (the saddle on) that burro. \psa Aflójale (la silla) a ese burro. \se to weaken (ones body, i.e., the back and lower back from activities such as carrying heavy weights) \ss debilitar (el cuerpo, esto es, la espalda y la espalda inferior al llevar a cabo actividades como el de cargar un peso grande) \pna O:nkaxa:nih notla:kayo pa:mpa yetí:k un kósta:l. \pea I weakened my body because that sack was heavy. \psa Hice que se me aflojara el cuerpo porque ese costal era pesado. \se (refl.) to relax (ones body) \ss (refl.) relajarte (el cuerpo) \pna Xtepi:tso motla:kayo. Ma:ka timokaxa:ni:s! \pea Tighten up (tense) your body (e.g., just before lifting a heavy weight)! Don't relax! \psa ¡Apriétate el cuerpo (p. ej., al estar por levantar una cosa pesada)! ¡No te vayas a aflojar! \se (refl.) to exhaust and weaken ones back and lower back \ss (refl.) quedar exhausto o debilitarse (por la espalda o espalda inferior) \pna O:nokaxa:nih, o:kima:mah ti:roh yetí:k. \pea He got a sore back (at the waist), he carried something really heavy. \psa Se quedó adolorido de la espalda (a la cintura), llevó a cuestas un peso grande. \pna O:nimokaxa:nih. \pea I exhausted myself (getting a sore back from working a lot). \psa Me hice cansar mucho (quedando adolorido de la espalda por trabajar mucho). \se (refl.) to loosen ones clothes \ss (refl.) aflojar la ropa \pna Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n! \pea Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)! \psa ¡Déjame soltar mi ropa (p. ej., el cinturón), (la ropa por) mi cintura está muy apretada (p. ej., porque comí mucho)! \se to have intercourse with (a woman) for the first time shortly after childbirth (e.g., more or less before 15 days have passed after childbirth; a man should wait 30-40 days to have intercourse with a woman who has given birth) \ss tener relaciones sexuales con (una mujer) por primera vez poco después de un parto (e.g., más o menos antes de que hayan pasado 15 días; un hombre debe esperar 30-40 días después del parto para tener relaciones sexuales con un mujer) \pna Kikaxa:ni:s isuwa:w. \pea He will have intercourse with his wife for the first time after childbirth. \psa Va a tener relaciones sexuales con su esposa por primera vez después del parto. \xrb kaxa: \xvaa kaxa:nilia \nse According to Panfilo Lorenzo one should wait 30 to 45 days after birth to have intercourse with one's wife. But if one has intercourse much sooner (e.g. 15 days or less) then the verb kaxa:nia is appropriate. Note also that with an animate the verb kaxa:nia has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say xkaxa:ni moburroh 'loosen (it up on) your donkey" with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, nokaxa:nia (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. \grm Valency; transitivity; reflexive: Note the following sentence and meaning: /Ma nimokaxa:ni, ke:n tili:nki notlakotia:n!/ 'Let me loosen my clothes (e.g., a belt), (the clothes around) my waist are really tight (e.g., because I have just eaten a lot)!' The meaning of /ma nimokaxa:ni/ in the preceding phrase is reminiscent of /o:nokoto:n noburroh/ in another phrase. In /o:nokoto:n/ the meaning is that the subject snapped something (a tether) that was part of it (i.e., inalienably possessed) and that affected it (as a middle construction). Viewed in this way, one might suggest that the undering form of both /nokaxa:nia/ and /nokoto:na/ is {ki + no + kaxa:nia} and {ki + no + koto:na} and that in both cases the reflexive does not occupy an argument slot, as is often the case with reflexives in middle constructions (cf. /notlalowa/). Note also that a potential argument or fact in support of this interpretation is that in many cases the specific object /ki-/ is not marked with reflexive constructions. Thus in Ameyaltepec one finds /nimokowili:s se: burroh/ 'I will buy myself a donkey' instead of the Classical /niknokowili:s/, in which both the specific 3rd person and the reflexive are overtly marked on the verb. Note also that with an animate the verb kaxa:nia has an applicative sense with an implied secondary object that does not necessarily need to be overtly expressed in discourse. Thus one can say xkaxa:ni moburroh 'loosen (it up on) your donkey" with the understanding that this refers to the saddle. Or, used reflexively with a human subject, nokaxa:nia (at least in Ameyaltepec), has the sense of 'to loosen (sth) in regard to oneself,' i.e., clothes. \ref 03204 \lxa kaxa:nilia \lxac kikaxa:nilia \lxo kaxa:nilia \lxoc kikaxa:nilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to loosen for (e.g., a rope, knot, saddle, etc.) \ssao aflojar para (p. ej., un laso, nudo, silla de una bestia, etc.) \pna Ma timitskaxa:nili, ti:roh tili:ntok. \pea Let me loosen it for you (e.g., knot), it is really tight. \psa ¡Déjame aflojartelo (p. ej., un nudo), está muy apretado. \fla kaxa:ni \xrb kaxa: \xvba kaxa:nia \mod Here as elsewhere determine for applicatives, causatives, etc. how to cross-reference them. I am not sure I have been consistent but probably the most useful mechanism is simply to lower valency by one for the "xb" field and raise it by one for the "xap" field. \ref 00698 \lxa kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \lxac kaxa:nka:suwa:tl \lxo kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \lxoc kaxa:nka:siwa:tl \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se sickly woman; woman who easily becomes ill or weakened from work \ss mujer enfermiza, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo) \pna Kaxa:nka:suwa:tl, san kukwalo:tok. \pea She is a weak, sickly woman, she is always just getting ill. \psa Es una mujer débil, enfermiza, siempre anda enfermándose. \syna poxa:hka:suwa:tl \cfa tepi:tska:suwa:tl \cfo tepi:tka:siwa:tl \xrb kaxa: \xrb sowa: \dis poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl \nse This word, kaxa:nka:sowa:ti to a woman who is unable to work, who gets sick easily from work. \qry Perhaps in phrase /san kukwalo:tok/ /sa:/ and not /san/ is correct and should be used. \ref 02592 \lxa kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxac kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxo kaxa:nka:tla:katl \lxoc kaxa:nka:tla:katl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se sickly man; man who easily becomes ill or weakened (e.g., from excessive work) \ss hombre enfermizo, que luego luego se enferma o se debilita (e.g., a causa de un exceso de trabajo) \pna Kaxa:nka:tla:tl, kaxa:nki itla:kayo. San kukwi:stik, san kwalo:tsi:n. \pea He is a sickly man, his body is not resistent. He is out of his element, he is just ill. \psa Es enfermizo, su cuerpo no aguanta. Nunca se halla donde está, nomás anda enfermo. \cfao tepi:tska:tla:katl \cfa poxa:hka:tla:katl \xrb kaxa: \xrb tla:ka \dis poxa:hka:sowa:tl; kaxa:nka:sowa:tl \nse This word refers to a man who gets sick often or who can't bear even a little work without getting ill. \qry Note that in the exemplary phrase check to see if /san/ should be /sa:/. \ref 05347 \lxa kaxa:nki \lxac kaxa:nki \lxo kaxa:nki \lxoc kaxa:nki \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be loose (a knot, braids, a saddle, a rope) land that is loose, etc.) and, by extension, an animal with loose trappings; \ss flojo (un nudo, trenzas, una silla de un animal, un lazo, tierra suelta, etc.) y, por extensión, se le aplica al animal con aperos aflojados \se to be loose; to be soft (e.g., land that is not tightly packed down) \ss estar suelta; estar floja (p. ej., tierra que no está dura ni maciza) \pna Xwel timoteketsas, kaxa:nki un tla:hli, tla:la:wa. \pea You can't stand up (i.e., on a slope), the land is soft, it slips down. \psa No te puedes parar (p. ej., en una cuesta muy inclinada), la tierra es suelta, se desliza. \se (by extension) to have loose trappings or load (a beast of burden) \ss (por extensión) tener los arreos o jaeces sueltos o el cargo flojo (un animal de carga) \pna Nokwe:kwepa. Kaxa:nki moburroh. \pea It slides from one side to the other (e.g., a load tied on both sides of a burro, which wobbles first to one side then to the other). The load on your burro is loose. \psa Se va por un lado y otro (p. ej., una carga atada a ambos lados de un burro, que se desliza primero a un lado y después al otro). La carga de tu burro está floja. \se not resistant (a person); physically weak (particularly in the lower back or waist) \ss sin mucha resistencia (una persona); débil físicamente (particularmente por la espalda inferior o cintura) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Hace que se le arden las manos. No puede moler chile, o quizá su cuerpo no aguanta. \xrb kaxa: \qry The precise difference between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/ needs to be determined and thoroughly investigated, in this and other similar pairs. \grm Stative; Resultative: There is a good discussion in the tape for this word by C. Flores of the difference between /kaxa:nki/ and /kaxa:ntok/. Apparently the latter is used more with animates and, in particular, more as a resultative. The recording needs to be listened to and analyzed, and the difference explored. It also seems that the /-tok/ form is more likely to be used if the condition is not considered permanent. CHECK. \ref 04686 \lxa kaxa:ntok \lxac kaxa:ntok \lxo kaxa:ntok \lxoc kaxa:ntok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be loose (a knot, a saddle strapped on a beast of burden, earth that is not tightly packed, hair braids, etc.) \ss estar flojo (un nudo, una silla amarrada a una bestia, la tierra suelta y no muy apretada, trenzas de cabello, etc.) \pna Kaxa:ntok. Xtili:ni, tla:mo tiwetsis! \pea It is loose (in this case a saddle). Tighten it, if you don't you'll fall! \psa Está flojo (en este caso una silla sobre una mula). ¡Aprétalo, si no te vas a caer! \pna Xtepi:tso i:n tla:hli! Ma tili:ni! Kaxa:ntok. \pea Make this ground hard (e.g., by poudning on it)! It should get tightly packed! It's loose (right now). \psa ¡Haz que esta tierra se ponga maciza (al golpearla repetidas veces)! ¡Qué se macice! Está algo suelto (ahora)! \xrb kaxa: \fl kaxa:ni \ref 04097 \lxa ka:xiwi \lxac ka:xiwi \lxo teka:xiwi \lxoc teka:xiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \seao to bend or sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal carrying a heavy load) \ssao pandear o doblarse en medio (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal cargando algo pesado) \pna O:nika:xiw. \pea My back gave in (curving to create a concave form). \psa Se me dobló la espalda. \se to sink or slightly cave in (e.g., soft ground after a heavy rain) \ss sumirse o hundirse ligeramente (p. ej., la tierra después de un aguacero). \xrb ka:x \nae Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying te- element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the te- is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec uweliwi (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan té:welíwi. \mod Perhaps modify this entry after determining whether the /te-/ is optional in Ameyaltepec or mandatory in Oapan. Perhaps a cross-reference should be created, but if the meanings are so close, then a single entry should be used. \qry It is unclear when the intransitive form is used and when the reflexive transitive is used. This should be check as I would expect that /noka:xowa/ would not occur but rather /ka:xiwi/. However, my data does show /o:nika:xiw/ and not /o:nimoka:xoh/. Probably this is related to the involuntary nature of the action. \qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity. \grm /te-/: Documentation to date suggests that whereas the intensifying te- element is optional in Ameyaltepec, it always occurs with this verb in Oapan. However, further study may reveal that the te- is optional in Oapan. Note that a similar variation between dialects can be found with Ameyaltepec uweliwi (which only occurs in the reduplicated form given) and Oapan té:welíwi. \ref 00757 \lxa ka:xiwtok \lxac ka:xiwtok \lxo ka:xihtok \lxoc ka:xihtok \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be curved (concavely) in the middle (an animal's or human's back) \ss estar con la espalda pandeada (una persona o animal) \pna Unkah burroh, ka:xiwtok. \pea There are burros that have sunken in backs (as if they were carrying a load). \psa Hay burros con el lomo pandeado (como si estuvieran llevando una carga pesada). \xrb ka:x \qry Check for other items to which this stative can apply. \ref 04717 \lxa ka:xowa \lxac kika:xowa \lxo ka:xowa \lxoc kika:xowa \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2b \se to bend or cause to sag in the middle (particularly the back of a person or animal) \ss pandear o hacer doblar hacia adentro (particularmente la espalda de una persona o el lomo de un animal) \pna O:tihka:xoh! Ke:n tiyetí:k! \pea You made its back give in (e.g., of a burro)! You are really heavy! \psa ¡Lo hiciste pandear (p. ej., el lomo de un burro)! ¡Qué pesado eres! \pna O:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k. \pea My burro sagged when I got on it. \psa Se pandeó mi burro cuando subí. \pna O:tine:chka:xoh. \pea You bent my back back. \psa Doblaste mi espalda hacia atrás. \xrb ka:x \qry For the intransitive I have the Oapan entry as /teka:xiwi/ with /te-/ apparently required. However, with the transitive it is optional. This should be checked to determine if there is indeed a different in the necessity of /te-/ depending on transitivity. \rt Perhaps same root is in /kaxitl/, though apparently vowel length is changed. \qry Although I have the reflexive form /noka:xowa/ in one phrase perhaps this is in error and the correct form should be simply the intransitive /ka:xiwi/. Note however, the in the case of the burro this is perhaps like Givon's "get" passive. In the form /o:tine:chka:xoh/ it is unclear whether the reference can be to pull someone's shoulders back so that their back curves, or whether it can only refer to placing such a weight on their shoulders that their back bends and sags in. However, in general it is clearly the case that the reference is to a concave form. Cf. the statement under Am /kwitlapanka:xiwi/ that in Oapan /teka:xowa/ used reflexively has the same sense. \pqry The length here is particularly clear. These tokens should be compared to /mo:lkaxitl/, etc. to demonstrate how words that contain roots that appear to be semantically related have clear vowel length distinctions. \grm Reflexive; intransitive; passive; nondirected alternation: Note that in my documentation I have /o:nika:xiw/ and /o:noka:xoh noburroh kwa:k ipan o:nitleko:k/. This perhaps provides a clue as to when the intransitive and when the reflexive might be used. The intransitve is used in the first case because the subject is a volitional agent whose back curves involuntarily (in this case because of a heavy load being born). Since the subject is volitional, it is possible that a reflexive marker would be interpreted as a true reflexive (Agent acting on Patient, with both coreferential of the same individual). The intransitive clearly indicates the involuntary nature of the action. However, with the donkey the reflexive does not mark a true reflexive but rather a passive or "get" passive. That is, the donkey's back sagged because of the volitional act of another party. The translation would be something like 'my donkey's back got bent by my mounting it.' \ref 05974 \lxa kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxac kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxo kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxoc kaxti:hla:n mexkahli \lxt chichi:k mexkahli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan (part) Castilla \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of maguey as yet unidentified \ss tipo de maguey todavía no identificado \pna Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli | Ye weka:wi kontekian. Deke tisekwi wa:n titoto:nia reme:dioh. Tikoni:s. Tiktekis wa:n tikchipi:ni:s ipan a:tl. Dya tikoni:s. \pea Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli : A long time ago they would cut it. If you are hot and cold it is a remedy. You drink it. You cut it and let it drip into water. Then you drink it. \psa Kaxti:hla:n mexkahli : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban. Si tienes frío y calor es un remedio. Lo bebes. Lo cortas y echas las gotas en agua. Entonces te lo bebes. \xrb mexkal \sem plant \sem cactus \nct mexkahli \cpl This plant is used to cure both kowasiwistli and sekwtli \qry Cf. cuaderno notes p. 115. Although I have checked the vowel length several times and have recorded the above as definite, it should still be rechecked. \pqry Check vowel length for both dialects. \ref 02825 \lxa ka:xtik \lxac ka:xtik \lxo tekaxtik \lxoc tekaxtik \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be concave (a material object such as a bowl); to be depressed (the ground where there is a concave depression); to be sagged or bent in the middle (e.g., an animal's back) \ss ser concavo (un objeto material tal como un plato hondo o tacita); estar sumido (e.g. un terreno); estar pando (p. ej., el lomo de un animal) \pna Ka:xtik un a:kaxtetl. \pea That stone trough for giving water to pigs is concave (hollowed out). \psa Esa pileta para darle de beber a los marranos está concava. \sem form-bulk \xrb kax \nae The Oapan utterances all seem to have a short /a/ in the middle syllable. The lengths were 73 and 90 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 73 and 79 msm for her husband, Inocencio Jiménez. The Ameyaltepec form should thus be rechecked, as well as all verbal forms with this root. \qry Determine the difference between /ka:xiwtok/ and /ka:xtik/, perhaps it is similar to that between /kaxa:ntok/ and /kaxa:nki/. Note that the vowel appeared short to me in /tekaxtik/. This would be in accord with /a:kaxtetl/. However, cf. to /ka:xiwi/. \vl Vowel length here should be checked. I expected a long /a:/. Check with other words with this /kax/ element. \ref 03191 \lxa kaxti:la:n yetl \lxac kaxti:la:n yetl \lxo kaxti:la:yetl \lxoc kaxti:la:yetl \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan (part) Castilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln \seo dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as ejote seco or 'dried string bean \sso frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco \sem plant \sem domesticated \equiva kaxti:ltsi:n \encyctmp yetl \xrb ye \nse When still green the kaxti:la:yetl (bean and pod) is called yexo:tl, in Spanish ejote. The word kaxti:la:yetl, however, refers to the dried bean which comes from the yexo:tl. \qry Ramírez (1991) identifies this as frijol chino . \vl Link first male token. \qry Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked. \ref 06631 \lxa ka:xtiltsi:n \lxac ka:xtiltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan Castilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se dried bean of the type that grows on maize planted in a milpa, in Spanish known as ejote seco or 'dried string bean \ss frijol seco del tipo que crece sobre los tallos del maíz sembrado en una milpa, conocido en español como el ejote seco \sem plant \sem domesticated \equivo kaxti:layetl \encyctmp yetl \cpl When green this bean and pod is called yexo:tl, in Spanish ejote. The word kaxtiltsi:n, however, refers to the dried bean which comes from the yexo:tl. Ramírez (1991) identifies this as frijol chino. \nct yetl \qry I have rechecked vowel length and found it as recorded here, although this should be checked again. Note that under /yepa:paya:n/ I don't mention this as being used. Thus it should be clarified whether /kaxtiltsi:n/ is indeed used in /yepa:paya:n/.Under /kaxtiltsi:n/ I mention, taken from notes, that this bean is used for atole; however, it is not clear from the entry under atole what type might use this bean. Check. Finally, all the foods listed in the /nte field have their own entry except /anjolín ika mo:hli/. This should be checked. \ref 05963 \lxa kaxto:hli \lxac kaxto:hli \lxo kaxto:hli \lxoc kaxto:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Num \der Num-b \seao fifteen (as numerical modifier) \ssao quince (como modificador numérico) \seao fifteen (of them) \ssao quince (de ellos) \seao (a:man ~) in two weeks \ssao (a:man ~) de hoy en quince; en dos semanas \pna A:man kaxto:hli niyá:s. \pea I'll go in two weeks. \psa Voy a ir de hoy en quince. \se (ye a:man ~) two weeks ago \ss (ye a:man ~) hace dos semanas \xrb kaxto:l \nse Kaxto:hli is seldom if ever used as a numeral. In such cases the Spanish loan quince is ubiquitous. However, it is often employed with a:man to indicate a two-week period from the present. \ref 01723 \lxa kaxto:lti \lxac kaxto:lti \lxo kaxto:lti \lxoc kaxto:lti \dt 21/Jul/2001 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to complete two weeks \ss terminar un periodo de dos semanas \pna A:man o:nikaxto:ltik. \pea Today I completed two weeks (e.g., since arriving). \psa Hoy completé dos semanas (p. ej., desde que llegué). \xrb kaxto:l \ref 05251 \lxa kayo:tl \lxac yo:weka:wkayo:tl \lxo kayo:tl \lxocpend @wéka:wi káyo:tl \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Clit \der Clit \se ([period of time] ~) of that time (i.e., of the time expressed in the immediately preceding phrase) \ss ([periodo de tiempo] ~) de ese tiempo (esto es, del tiempo expresado anteriormente) \pna Asta de o:me xihpan kayo:tl. \pea It is from two years ago (e.g., grain left over after two years from the harvest have passed). \psa Se queda de desde hace dos años (p. ej., grano que todavía no se ha consumido dos años después de la cosecha). \pna Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl. \pea It is from the year 1932. \psa Es del año 1932. \pna Ye weka:wi kayo:tl. \pea It's from a long time ago. \psa Es de ya hace mucho tiempo. \pno Se:pan tikayo:meh, san se: we:i o:titla:katkeh i:pan se: a:nyoh. \peo We are of the same age, we were at (or nearly at) the same time in one year. \pso Somos de la misma edad, nacimos juntos (o casi juntos) durante el mismo año. \cfao -xkayo:tl \xrb kayo: \nse Kayo:tl is a seemingly highly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some Ameyaltepec speakers accepted weka:wkayo:tl, while others did not, accepting only weka:wikayo:tl. Note that once in Oapan, in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said San Pedro kayo:tl. \nae Whether or not kayo:tl should be written as part of the previous word or separate has not been definitively determined. More documentation on the phonology of compound forms needs to be obtained as well as examples of use. However, as the Oapan phrase Se:pan tikayo:meh and San Pedro kayo:tl as well as Ameyaltepec Mi:l nobesie:ntos dos kayo:tl exemplify, at least in some cases kayo:tl should be written separately, as it apparently was in Classical. \nde The Classical equivalent of Balsas region kayo:tl was apparently cauitl, which Molina glosses as 'tiempo.' Carochi (f. 59; Lockart p. 226) gives this with a long vowel. \qry Cf. Gram 1985-02-24.1 and 1985-11-12.2 on the use of /kayo:tl/. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/.Perhaps a special study should be conducted on this particle to determine the full extent of its productive use. Check. Discuss orthographic conventions \mod The recorded entry for this headword was for Oapan /o:mexkayo:tl/. However, /=xkayo:tl/ has now been given a separate entry (#2163) and the elicitation audio file for /o:mexkayo:tl/ should be linked there. \grm Note that the use of /kayo:tl/ in the construction /weka:wi kayo:tl/ with the present tense of the verb seems to indicate that /kayo:tl/ should be considered a spearate and unbound morpheme. Note that I have also heard the form /weka:wkayo:tl/ which was accepted by Panfilo Lorenzo but rejected by Luis Lucena in favor of /weka:wi kayo:tl/. Kayo:tl is a seeminly productive clitic often placed after verbs and adverbs. Some speakers accepted weka:wkayo:tl, while others did not. In Oapan in reference to a child born on the day of Saint Peter and thus given the name 'Pedro,' a woman said San Pedro kayo:tl. \ref 02126 \lxa ke \lxacpend ke \lxo ki \lxoa ke \lxocpend ki \dt 20/Nov/2003 \psm Adv \loan que \se then \ss ahora \pna A:man ke yewa. \pea Now it's his turn. \psa Ahora él. \pno A:man ki no niá:s. \peo Now it is my turn to go. \pso Ahora que yo voy a ir. \ref 08869 \lxa ke: \lxacpend ke: \lxo ke: \lxoc ke: \dt 17/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \seao see ke:tla \ssao véase ke:tla \seao see kea:man \ssao véase kea:man \xrb ke: \cfa keh \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In several recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \ref 00192 \lxa kea:man \lxac kya:man \lxaa kea:man \lxo kea:man \lxoa kya:man \lxoc kea:man \dt 17/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \loan (part) que \se for example \ss por ejemplo \pna Kya:man timitsihli:skia ... \pea For example, I might say to you ... \psa Por ejemplo, te podría decir ... \pna Kea:man, yewa. \pea For an example, take him. \psa Por ejemplo, él. \sea (sa: ~) just as soon as (i.e., a little bit before; cf. Oapan kin) \ssa (sa: ~) justamente cuando (esto es, un poquito antes; véase cf. Oapan kin) \pna Sa: kea:man o:tasik, yewa o:yah. \pea Just as soon as you arrived, he had gone. \psa Justamente cuando llegaste, él se había ido. \xrb a:man \nae The origin of the initial ke element is unclear; perhaps it is related to Classical ke:n. Note that pronuncation of kea:man varies significantly among speakers with a form such as kya:man not uncommon. In addition, since in Oapan final i:n is extrametrical, the stress in kea:man i:n is on the final syllable of kea:man [ke a: 'ma ni:n]. In Ameyaltepec one seems to have both [kea:man 'i:n] and [ke:a:'man i:n]. Note that the length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan ke:a:man varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise boundary can not be inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long. \pqry Note that the length of the initial vowel sequence in Oapan ke:a:man varies from 257 ms (Inocencio Jiménez) to 297 ms (Florencia Marcelino). The precise boundary can not be inequivocably determined, but it seems clear from the spectrogram and wave form that both vowels should be considered long. \qry It may well be that the ke: of this entry is not part of kiya:man and that this latter has a completely distinct etymology. It is also unclear at this point whether the correct pronunciation in s ke: or keh, or whether both are used interchangeably. Note that in one entry I have noted that "the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally." However, this disagrees with the other note I have recorded in the entry ke:, which mentions a long vowel. \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In several recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \sj Evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo, where the {h} is not lost, should clarify some of the problems of etymological analysis for this entry and for ke:tla (or Oapan ké:tlá). \vl Link first female and second male tokens. NOTE TO SELF: Later do an anaylysis of this form. \ref 03430 \lxa kea:manin \lxaa kya:manin \lxac mo:stla kea:manin \lxo kea:mani \lxoa kea:mani: \lxoa kya:mani: \lxoc kea:man i:n \dt 24/Jul/2003 \loan (part) que \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-complex \pa yes \seo at this very same time of day (as we are right now) \sso a estas mismas horas (como estamos ahora) \pna Kea:manin, tikchi:was. \pea At this same time of day (tomorrow) you will do it. \psa A éstas mismas horas (mañana) lo vas a hacer. \pna Mo:stla kea:manin. \pea Tomorrow at about this same time. \psa Mañana como a estas horas. \cfa a:manin \cfo a:mani \xrb a:man \xrb i:n \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 7138. \mod Check speech tokens, in the workshop the pronunciation of this word was always with a final glottal stop. Check. \pqry Check vowel length. The etymology of this form is unclear. Check the pronunciation in the elicitation form. \ref 07174 \lxa ke:ch \lxac ke:ch \lxo ke:ch \lxoc ke:ch \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-int \se (with a countable noun) how many \ss (con un sustantivo contable) cuantos \pna Ke:ch mokone:wa:n? \pea How many children do you have? \psa ¿Cuántos niños tienes? \pna Tike:chmeh? \pea How many are we? \psa ¿Cuántos somos? \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:ch onkah. \pea I want to know how many there are. \psa Quiero saber cuántos hay. \se (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) how much (in reference to the price of sth) \ss (~ ika (Am) / ya (Oa)) cuanto; cuanto vale (en referencia al precio de algo) \pna Ke:ch ika? \pea How much does it cost? \psa ¿Cuánto cuesta? \pna Ke:ch ika katka? \pea How much did it cost? \psa ¿Cuánto costaba? \pna Ke:ch ikameh? \pea How much do they cost? \psa ¿Cuánto cuestan? \pna Ke:ch ika o:tko:w? \pea How much did you pay for it? \psa ¿Cuánto te costó? \se ([number] i:pan ~) how much after [number]? (in terms of time) \ss ([número] i:pan ~) ¿cuánto después de las [número]? (en cuanto a la hora) \pna Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh? \pea How many minutes after five is it? \psa ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos? \xrb ke:ch \cfao ke:chkitsi:n; ke:chika \qry Determine whether the /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'how much?' is the same /ke:ch ika/ meaning 'while.' \grm Pluralization: Note the use of the plural with a relational noun: /Ke:ch ikameh?/ 'How much do they cost?' I believe I had another example of an unusual plural formation. This should be checked in my notes. Note also the use of the nominal plural with /ke:ch/, an \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04811 \lxa kechakia \lxac nokechakia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08072 \lxa kecha:tekontsi:n \lxac kecha:tekontsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \sea to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash or similar fruits) \ssa tener el cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza u otras frutas parecidas) \pna Kwaltsi:n noa:yokokone:w, kecha:tekontsi:n. \pea My little baby-like squash is pretty, it has a thin neck. \psa Mi calabacita como de muñeca es linda, tiene un cuello delgadito. \syno kechtewiyahtik \xrb kech \xrb a: \xrb tekom \qry See query under /a:yokokone:tl/. Check with linguists as to ps categorization, e.g., brick-walled. \ref 01450 \lxa ke:chika \lxac ke:chika titlakwa \lxo ke:chika \lxoa kechiá \lxoa kichiá \lxoa 'chiá \lxoc ke:chika \dt 22/Nov/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se while \ss mientras \pna Mistla:tlapolo:ltitos ke:chika mitstlaxtekilian. \pea He will be distracting you while they rob you. \psa El te va a estar distrayendo mientras que ellos te roben. \pna Ke:chika titlakwa no: niá:s nocha:n. \pea While you eat I'll also go to my house. \psa Mientras que comas, también voy a ir a mi casa. \cfao ke:ch \xrb ke:ch \xrl -ka \qry Determine if there is a difference between /ke:chika/ 'meanwhile' and /ke:ch ika/ 'how much'. \ref 02756 \lxa kechilpia \lxac kikechilpia \lxo kechilpi \lxoc kikechilpi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \irregv In Oapan this is a class-4a verb; in Ameyaltepec it is a class-2a verb. \se to tie loosely in a loop (so that it can be pulled loose without untying) \ss atar ligeramente con una lazada ("loop"; para que se desata nada más al jalar) \pna San xkechilpi un burroh. San timopilo:s, wa:n un la:soh totomis. Xotikteteilpih. \pea Just tie a quick loop to tie up that burro. You'll just have to pull on it and the lasso will become undone. You didn't knot it. \psa Solamente átale una lazada para asegurar el burro. Nada más te vas a jalar para que el lasso se desate. No le amarraste un nudo bien atado. \seo to make a loosely tied loop in (e.g., a rope) \sso hacer una lazada pequeña (p. ej., en un soga o laso) \xrb kech \xrb ilpi \qry Check whether /kechte(te)ilpia/ is correct and, if so, the difference from /kechilpia/. Also check whether the final /a/ is correct. In Oapan the verb is /kechilpi/. \mod This should be split into 2 entries. \grm Intensifier: Note the use of /te-/ in /teteilpia/ of Am, which refers to tying with a knot. Cf. this to simple /ilpia/. \ref 03551 \lxa kechkalaktok \lxac kechkalaktok \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 26/Jan/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der \syna kechtemotsoltsi:n \sea to have a short neck \ssa con el cuelo muy corto \xrb kech \xrb kalak \ref 07421 \lxa ke:chka:n \lxac ke:chka:n \lxo ke:chka:n \lxoc ke:chka:n \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Pr(int) \com Pr(int)-Loc \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N(loc) \seao how many places? \ssao ¿cuántos lugares? \pna Ke:chka:n tlatektli mokwe? \pea How many tiers does your skirt have? \psa ¿Cuántas tiras horizontales en tu falda? \xrb kech \xrl -ka:n \qry Check vowel length; my original filecard had a short vowel recorded but I have entered this as long given the data from other occurrences of /ke:ch/. \ref 00226 \lxa ke:chkich \lxac ke:chkich \lxo \lxocpend \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm \der \se (arch.) how much? \ss (arc.) ¿cuánto? \pna Ke:chkich ipatil \pea How much is its price? \psa ¿Cuánto es su precio? \xrb ke:ch \ref 08478 \lxa ke:chkitsi:n \lxac ke:chkitsi:n \lxo ke:chkitsi:n \lxoc ke:chkitsi:n \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-int \se how much? \ss ¿cuánto? \pna Ke:chkitsi:n? Xne:chihli! \pea How much? (e.g., should I serve you of a particular food). Tell me! \psa ¿Cuánto (p. ej., al estar ofreciendo o sirviendo a algn)? ¡Díme! \se (~ ka / ya [quality such as weight, thickness, etc.]) how [quality] is it? \ss (~ ka / ya [calidad como peso, grosor, etc.]) ¿qué tan [calidad] es? \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:chkitsi:n ika yetí:k. \pea I want to know how heavy it is. \psa Quiero saber qué tan pesado es. \pna Ke:chkitsi:n ika weyak? \pea How long is it? \psa ¿Qué tan largo es? \cfa ke:ski \cfao ke:ch \xrb ke:ch \qry Continue to inquire how one can ask questions in comparatives: how long? how hot is it? (?ke:chkitsi:n ika to:na?). Also, how big? how short? how fast? etc. (?ke:chkitsi:n ika tlaksa)? \grm Problems of etymology: It would be interesting to be able to explain the presence of /-ki/ here, as opposed to *ke:chtsi:n. \vl Use second, last token of Inocencio. \ref 02459 \lxa ke:chkitsi:n \lxac ke:chkitsi:n? \lxo ke:chkitsi:n \lxoc ke:chkitsi:n \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm Quant \der Adj-num \seo a few \sso unos cuantos o pocos \pno San ke:chkitsi:n xkowa para xmopan ítlakáwis. \peo Just buy a few so that they don't go bad on you. \pso Solamente compra unos pocos para que no se te echen a perder. \equiva ke:ski \xrb ke:ch \nse The etymology of this word is not clear. \qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. The first female token is /kikechki:tsia/ which should be tagged as 4504. The next 4 tokens are correct and should be tagged as 6729. \ref 06729 \lxa kechki:tskia \lxac kikechki:tskia \lxo kechki:tsia \lxoc kikechki:tsia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to grab by the neck (a person or animal, bottle, or other type of container with a "neck") \ss agarrar por el cuello (a una persona o animal, o a una botella u otra cosa o recipiente que tiene algo como un cuello) \pna San xtlakechki:tski. \pea Just grab things by the neck. \psa Simplemente agarras las cosas por el cuello. \xrb kech \xrb ki:tski \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. There is one extra token of this at 6729. \ref 04504 \lxa kechko:lah \lxac i:kechko:lah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan (part) cola \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se hair that goes down to the nape of the neck (often used to refer to a characteristic of men) \ss pelo que baja hasta la nuca del cuello (a menudo empleado para referirse al pelo de un hombre) \pna Kipia ikechko:lah. \pea He has hair down to the nape of his neck (i.e., like a tail). \psa Tiene el pelo colgado hasta la nuca del cuello. \syno kechkwitlapi:hli \xrb kech \qry Check to see if this only refers to a man, given that woman of the region all have long hair. C. Flores was uncertain of this word. \ref 04050 \lxa kechko:layoh \lxac kechko:layoh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \loan (part) cola) \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \sea \ssa \xrb kech \pqry Check vowel length of /o:/ and /a/. \ref 07865 \lxa kechkopi:na \lxac kikechkopi:na \lxo kechkopi:na \lxoc kikechkopi:na \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to detached the head of (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head) \ss desprenderle la cabeza a (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse) \se for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants) \ss deprenderle la punta (que está en forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas) \xrb kech \xrb kopi: \qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni . . . /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word. \ref 07801 \lxa kechkopi:ni \lxac kechkopi:ni \lxo kechkopi:ni \lxoc kechkopi:ni \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran +Compl \infv class-3a \se to have ones head become detached (e.g., of an animal such as a chicken when killed, a person hit by a heavy blow to the back of the head) \ss desprendersele la cabeza (p. ej., a un animal como la gallina al matarse, o una persona después de un fuerte golpe a la nuca) \se for the (headlike) top of to become detached (e.g., the bud or flower of certain plants) \ss deprenderse la punta (que está en forma de cabeza, p. ej., como la flor o botón de ciertas plantas) \pna Se: xiwtil kipia se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan, wa:n de o:me nasin timopilo:s, dya yewan kechkopi:ni, yewa kitla:nin. \pea There is a type of weed (called popoi:toh) that has a little round thing (like a bud) on top, and when two become entwined you pull down and the one whose head snaps off, that's the one that was beaten. \psa Hay un tipo de maleza (llamada popoi:toh) que tiene una bolita arriba, y de dos que se juntan y se enredan te jalas, y así al que se le desprenda la cabeza, esta fue vencida. \xrb kech \xrb kopi: \qry Check for use of /dyan yewan kechkopi:ni/ given that my original notes had /dyah iwa:n kechkopi:ni . . . /. Check for transitive form and other uses, significations of this word. \ref 03505 \lxa kechkoto:na \lxac kikechkoto:na \lxo kechkoto:na \lxoc kikechkoto:na \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Compl \infv class-3a \se to snap or break the neck of (a person or animal, particularly a chicken) \ss romper el cuello de (una persona o animal, particularmente una gallina) \pna Kikechkoto:nas un pió \pea He will snap the neck of that chicken. \psa Le va a romper el cuello a esa gallina. \xrb kech \xrb koto: \nse According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used solely in cases where the neck is pulled and snapped (as it is in slaughtering a chicken), not broken. \qry Check for other meanings and uses, as well as for the existence and use of possible intransitive forms. Check for possibility of using -te- before verbal stem. \ref 00007 \lxa kechkoxtitlan \lxac i:kechkoxtitlan \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com (N-S)-N(rel) \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \sea nape of the neck \ssa nuca \sem body \cfa kechkoxtlan \xrb kech \xrb koch \xrl -titlan \cfa kechkoxtlan \nde Kechkoxtitlan is not documented in Oapan Nahuatl. And neither Inocencio Jiménez nor Florencia Marcelino knew the Nahuatl word for nape of the neck. \ref 00792 \lxa kechkoxtlan \lxac i:kechkoxtlan \lxo kechkoxtlah \lxoc i:kechkoxtlah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \se nape of the neck \ss nuca \sem body \equiva kechkoxtitlan \xrb kech \xrb kochi \xrl -tlan \nse The form kechkoxtlan is more common in Ameyualtepec that kechkoxtitlan, although the latter is also employed. One speaker, Pánfilo Lorenzo, mentioned that kechkoxtitlan is used in San Juan Tetelcingo and in Oapan. However, this has not been confirmed in consultation with speakers from the latter village (though it might be true for Tetelcingo). \qry Check whether animals also have this body part. Recheck the precise identification of it. \vl Check to determine whether an alternate with final /n/ is possible in Oapan. \ref 01764 \lxa kechkoya:wa \lxac kikechkoya:wa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08452 \lxa kechkukwalaka \lxac kechkukwalaka \lxo kechkwakwalaka \lxoc kechkwakwalaka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to snore \ss roncar \se to purr \ss ronronear \pna Kechkukwalaka pa:mpa pa:ktok. \pea It (a cat) is purring because it is happy. \psa Está (un gato) ronroneando porque está feliz. \sem sound-animal \syno koxte:kwalaka \xrb kech \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \qry Decide whether in such cases as these, it is worthwhile to place /kukwala(ka)/ in the xr2 field. In present case check for possible existence of /kechkwala:ni/ and /kechkukwalatsa/. In its acceptation as 'to snore' /kechkukwalaka/ is apparently equivalent to /kochsolo:ni/; this too should be checked. Check the word for 'to purr' in Oapan; neither FM nor IJ knew it. \ref 02858 \lxa kechkuwyo:tl \lxac kechkuwyo:tl \lxo kechkohyo:tl \lxoc kechkohyo:tl \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1/2; Inal(yo) \se neck \ss cuello \sem body \xrb kech \xrb kow \qry Check for /kechkuhio:tl/ as well as, e.g., /nokechkuh/. \grm It is interesting that apparently all body parts that end in /kuh/ utilize /-yo/ except penis (which is /nokuh/). Perhaps this is because both 'neck' and 'thigh' (metskuhio) can be alienably possessed. Note that /h/ is a bilabial fricative allophone. These are the only body parts that use /-yo/. \rt Finally, perhaps /kwaw/ root should be simply given as /kuh/ for easier comparison although it hinders some cross-references with difference dialects. Perhaps in root dictionary an entry should be made for /kwaw/ and an explanation that this root occurs under /kuh/, or vice versa. \ref 02212 \lxa kechkwa \lxac kikechkwa \lxo kechkwa \lxoc kikechkwa \dt 26/Jun/2001 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to bite on the neck (e.g., one animal fighting another) \ss morderle el cuello a (p. ej., un animal peleándose con otro) \xrb kech \xrb kwa \ref 00932 \lxa kechkwetla:ni \lxac kechkwetla:ni \lxo kechkwetla:ni \lxoc kechkwetla:ni \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix te-: kechtekwetla:ni \infv class-3a \se for ones head to be hanging down to the side or front (e.g., sb very sleepy, a drunk, etc.) \ss colgarsele la cabeza por el lado o al frente (p. ej., a un algn con mucho sueño o a un borracho) \se (with intensifier te-) for ones neck to snap back (of a person or animal) \ss (con el intensificador te-) moversele bruscamente el cuello hacia atrás (a una persona o animal) \pna O:nikechkwetla:n, o:cholote:w un burroh. \pea My neck snapped back quickly, the burro took off in a start. \psa Se me fue el cuello hacia atrás bruscamente, el burro arrancó corriendo. \xrb kech \xrb kwetla: \nse In Oapan, at least, the intensifier te- is used to refer to the sudden jerking of ones head (kechtekwetla:ni). Without the intensifier the word refers to ones head hanging to the side or front, like a drunk or person falling asleep. This semantic variation might well be valid in Ameyaltepec, but this needs to be confirmed. However, in general the use of te- is somewhat more variable in Oapan than Ameyaltepec. \qry Check for transitive form which undoubtedly exists, though it might well show a causative ending, e.g. ?kechkwetla:naltia. If so (i.e., instead of /kwetla:nia/, then change code in /cat. Also note that there might well be a relation between the root here, which I have recorded as /kwetla:/ and other words which begin /kwetla/. Determine other meanings of /kwetla:ni/. \ref 05159 \lxa kechmalakache:wi \lxac *kechmalakache:wi \lxo kechmalakache:wi \lxoc kechmalakache:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao see kechmalakachiwi \ssao véase kechmalakachiwi \sem motion \equivao kechmalakachiwi \xrb kech \xrb malakach \vl The first token is /kechmalakachiwi/ and should be tagged as 05457 \ref 06512 \lxa kechmalakachiwi \lxac kechmalakachiwi \lxo kechmalakachiwi \lxoc kechmalakachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to bud and start sending up a spike and flower (i.e., a plant) \ss brotarle y salirle una espiga y flor (esto es, a una planta) \pna Kechmalakachiwtok sila:ntroh, papatla:wtok ixiwyo. \pea The center or the corriander plant is budding and sending up a shoot, its leaves are opening up. \psa Al cilantro se le está saliendo un tallito, sus hojas se están ensanchando. \pna Kechmalakachiwtok, yo:pe:w mia:wati nomi:l. \pea The spike is now emerging (on the maize plants), the plants in my milpa have begun to send up spikes and tassles. \psa La espiga se le está saliendo (al maíz), ya empezó a salir espigas en mi milpa. \sem motion \encyctmp plants (growing cycle) \equivo kechmalakache:wi \xrb kech \xrb malakach \mod In plants section of cultural encyclopedia identify plant parts, etc. \qry Check for the transitive equivalent ??kechmalakachowa:. Finally, note that the literal meaning of this verb is something to the effect of 'twist at the neck' referring to the manner in which the tassle of a plant emerges. I have only heard this used in reference to corn and corriander (check to see if it can also apply to any other plants). Question whether /malakachiwi/ and /malakachowa/ exist, and whether /palakachiwi/ and /palakachowa/ exist. \vl There is an extra female token at 6512. \rt Etymological division of /malakach(iwi)/ is uncertain. The root /malaka/ clearly refers to a twisting motion, cf. /mali:na/, /malakatl/, etc. The question or problem is the status of what remains, the /ch/. Cf. /ilakastik/, /wi:laka/, etc. all having to do with crookedness, twistedness, etc. The question is whether the relationship between /malaka/ and /ilaka/ is /mal+aka/ : /il+aka/ or simply two completely different roots. The other instances of /mal/ would seem to indicate its status as a morpheme or micromorpheme at some level. \ref 05457 \lxa kechmiktia \lxac kikechmiktia \lxo kechmihtia \lxoc kikechmihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran No intransitive documented so far \infv class-2a \seao to strangle (with ones hands, or a rope or similar object) \ssao estrangular (con las manos, o con una soga u otro objeto parecido) \cfa kechpatska \cfo kechpitsi:nia \xrb kech \xrb miki \qry Check for existence of intransitive form. Compare to other ways of strangling. \grm Causatives: Note that it is uncertain whether /kechmiktia/ is found in an intransitive form. If not it shows that causatives are not derived from intransitive equivalents, but can be constructed on the basis of lexicalized causatives, particularly when this involves noun incorporation. I.e., many intrans/trans. pairs that exist with no IN do not exist with an incorporated form. \ref 01092 \lxa kechnekwiliwi \lxac kechnekwiliwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08284 \lxa kechnekwilkochi \lxac kechnekwilkochi \lxo kechnekwilkochi \lxocpend @kechnekwilkochi \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-[S-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \seo to sleep with ones neck crooked (usually causing one to wake up with a sore neck) \sso dormir con el cuello chueco (generalmente dejando a uno con el cuelo adolorido) \syna nekwilkochi \xrb kech \xrb nekwil \xrb kochi \vl Check whether there is a recording for this. For some reason I have teh /lxoc blank in this record. \ref 06541 \lxa kechnekwilowa \lxac kikechnekwilowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08481 \lxa kechomio \lxac i:kechomio \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-yo \infv Oblig. poss. \sea collar bone \ssa clavícula \syno kechkomiteyo \sem body \xrb kech \xrb omi \nse The kechomio apparently includes the collar bone around to the back or nape of the neck. \ref 07529 \lxa ke:chpa \lxac ke:chpa \lxo ke:chpa \lxoc ke:chpa \dt 03/Apr/2002 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se how many times? \ss ¿cuántas veces? \pna Ke:chpa o:tikihlih? \pea How many times did you tell him? \psa ¿Cuántas veces se lo dijiste? \xrb ke:ch \xrb -pa \ref 04982 \lxa kechpachka:yo \lxacpend *i:kechpachka:yo \lxo kechpachka:yo \lxoc i:kechpachka:yo \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-ki \infn N2 \seao collar or folded and sewn hem around the neck of a man's or woman's shirt \ssao cuello o dobladillo cosido alrededor del cuello de una camisa de hombre o mujer \cfo te:mpachka:yo \xrb kech \xrb pach \encyctmp tlake:ntli \nse The etymology of kechpachka:yo is uncertain, though perhaps in reference to the flatness of the collar it is related to same stem as that in pachiwi. Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with this word although it was documented in my notes from his village. \qry Determine whether the possessor of this word is the shirt, or the man: /ikechpachka:yo nokoton/, or /nokechpachka:yo/? \mod Create an /ono page on clothes: pants, mens shirts, sandals, hats, womens clothes (blusa, falta, vestido, corpiño, etc.). Also jewelry, etc. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 6322. They should be tagged as 00347. Moreover, the two linked words should be taken from among the 4 tokens originally recorded at 6322. \ref 00347 \lxa kechpan \lxac i:kechpan \lxo kechpan \lxoc i:kechpan \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-pan \infn N2 \se shoulders \ss hombros \sem body \cfao kechpanowa \xrb kech \xrl -pan \qry Note that the relationship of /kechpan/, /panowa/ and /kechpanow/ is interesting, i.e., whether the latter is N+V or a verbalization of /kechpan/. See discussion under /kechpanowa/. \ref 05673 \lxa kechpanowa \lxac kikechpanowa \lxo kechpanowa \lxoc kikechpanowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2b \se to carry on ones shoulders or upper back \ss cargar por los hombros o espalda \xrb kech \xrb -pan \nse Apparently this verb is not related to panowa (or classical pano) used transitively. Rather, it seems to involve the verbalization (denominalization) of kechpan. The evidence of this is in the verbal inflection: kechpanowa does not inflect like pano(wa) but rather as an transitive -owa verb. Note also that in Classical Nahuatl the perfective of kechpanowa is o:kechpanoh, like in Ameyaltepec, and not like pano, i.e., o:pano:k. \qry Check the meaning of /kike:kechpanowa/. \vl Tag the first female token /kike:kechpanowa/ with 4809, but do not link this form with the reduplicated first syllable. \ref 04809 \lxa kechpantebo:lah \lxac kechpantebo:lah \lxo kechpantebo:lah \lxoc i:kechpantebo:lah \dt 05/Jul/2002 \loan (part) bola \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. inflix te- \infn N1/2 \se hump on the back (of a 'sebu' bull) \ss la bola sobre el hombro (de un toro sebú) \xrb kech \xrl -pan \nse To date the only documented use of i:kechpantebo:lah in in reference to the humps on the backs of sebu bulls. \qry I have only heard /kechpantebo:lah/ used in reference to 'sebu' bulls; check other possible uses. \grm Note the apparent intensifying use of /te/ in /kechpantebo:lah/. \ref 05260 \lxa kechpantebo:lah \lxac i:kechpantebo:lah \lxo kechpantebo:lah \lxoc i:kechpantebo:lah \dt 17/Jul/2002 \loan (part) bola \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \seo flesh around the neck of a bull or steer \sso carne sobre el cuello de un toro o una res \xrb kech \xrl -pan \ref 07097 \lxa kechpantekapa:nia \lxac kikechpantekapa:nia \lxo kechpantekapa:nia \lxoc kikechpantekapa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \aff Lex. inflix te- \infv class-2a \seo to slap on the back or shoulders (a person) \sso dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn) \equivao kechpantlatsi:nia \xrb kech \xrb kapa: \ref 06394 \lxa kechpantlatsi:nia \lxac kikechpantlatsi:nia \lxo kechpantlatsi:nia \lxoc kikechpantlatsi:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to slap on the back or shoulders (a person) \ss dar una palmada por la espalda o hombro (a algn) \syno kechpantekapa:nia \xrb kech \xrb tlatsi: \ref 06393 \lxa kechpapatlats \lxac i:kechpapatlats \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N2 \sea wide, flapping collar of (a blouse or shirt, but particularly that which goes around the neck of an adult woman's outside blouse or sa:koh) \ssa cuello ancho de (una blusa o camisa, pero particularmente el cuello de la blusa, sa:koh, de una mujer adulta) \pna Kipia ikechpapatlats nokoto:n. \pea My shirt has a wide collar. \psa Mi camisa tiene un cuello ancho. \xrb kech \xrb patla: \nae Apparently the etymology of kechpapatlats involves derivation from a transitive derivation of papatlaka, which refers to the sound made by flapping wings, and not to the root for wide, patlach. \encyctmp clothes parts \qry It is quite possible that the correct form is kechpapatlach. Check for /kechpapatlastik/ o /kechpapatlaxtik/. Also check for /patlatsiwi/, although probably it should be /patlachiwi/.. /kechpapatlats/ refers in particular to the wide collar around the neck of a woman's outside blouse, /sa:koh/. Check \ref 01091 \lxa kechpa:tska \lxac kikechpa:tska \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to choke, squeeze, or wring the neck of (but not to strangle and kill) \ssao apretar el cuello de (pero no estrangular y matar) \syno kechpitsi:nia \cfa kechmiktia \cfo kechmihtia \xrb kech \xrb pa:tska \qry Check for other acceptations of this word (remember that /kikechpa:tska i:kuh/ was in the original dictionary as 'to masturbate'. \ref 01181 \lxa kechpi:pilo:hli \lxac kechpi:pilo:hli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08262 \lxa kechpi:pilo:hloh \lxac kechpi:pilo:hloh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \qry Apparently refers in Am mostly to pigs. \ref 08261 \lxa kechpitsa:wa \lxac kikechpitsa:wa \lxo kechpitsa:wa \lxoc kikechpitsa:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to narrow the neck of (a ceramic, a piece of wood with a "neck," etc.) \ss angostar el cuello de (una cerámica, un pedazo de madera que tiene un "cuello", etc.) \xrb kech \xrb pitsa: \nse Kechpitsa:wi refers to the action of narrowing the neck of something, such as a narrow portion cut into a piece of wood. For example, one may cut a circular wedge around a beam so that a rope can be secured to drag it along. If this cut wedge ("neck") is too thick, then one narrows it. The verb used to describe this action is kechpitsa:wa. \qry Check possible intransitive form or its absence. \ref 04905 \lxa kechpitsa:wak \lxac kechpitsa:wak \lxo kechpitsa:wak \lxoc kechpitsa:wak \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to have a narrow neck (a material object, such as a ceramic vase, water bottle, etc.; or an animate being) \ss tener el cuello delgado (un objeto material como un florero de cerámica, una botella; o un ser animado) \xrb kech \xrb pitsa: \nde The diminutive is kechpitsahtsi:h or kechpitsaktsi:n. \qry Make sure this can be used to refer to animate beings. Also check for alternative adjectival forms. \grm Diminutive: Note that the diminutive of deverbal adjectivals formed ending in /-wak/ is the same shortened form found in words such as /tetomaktik/. This should discussed in the grammar, that the adjectivals of verbs ending in /V:wa/ is /-ktik/ and that the diminutive is /-ktsi:n/. \ref 01548 \lxa kechpostehki \lxac *kechpostehki \lxo kechpostehki \lxoa kexpostehki \lxoc kechpostehki, kexposteki \dt 01/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have a broken neck \ss tener el cuello roto \xrb kech \xrb posteki \qry Check possible uses of this term, i.e. things as well as animates. \vl Note that the first female token is /kechposteki/, not /kechpostehki/. It should be tagged as #00044 and serve as the linked sound file. The second female token is correct for this present headword: /kechpostehki/ (with an /h/) but then the 3rd female token is again an error: /kechposteki/ and should also be linked to 00044. The other female tokens are fine as are all male tokens. \grm Oapan phonology; variable rules. There is a variation across the female and male Oapan tokens for /kechposteki/. Inocencio Jiménez loses the occlusion on the fricative /ch/ before the stop /p/ yielding /kexposteki/. He does this in both tokens. Florencia Marcelino, however, maintains the occlusion, /kechposteki/. In general note that it is often the case that the stem shows up as /kex/ for 'neck' regardless of the following consonant, i.e., it does not seem that the alternation /kech-/ and /kex-/ is entirely conditioned by phonological environment. \rt Make a note under /posteki/ as a root that this may be formed from /pos/ plus /teki/. Although /teki/ makes sense, there are no other words that come immediately to mind with /pos/. \ref 05772 \lxa kechposteki \lxac kechposteki \lxo kechposteki \lxoc kechposteki \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to get a broken neck \ssao romperse el cuello \seao to break its neck (a bottle, a:tekomatl, etc.) \ssao romperse el cuello (una botella, a:tekomatl, etc.) \xrb kech \xrb posteki \qry Make sure that it can be used transitively and intranstively. Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. \vl There is an additional female token at 5772. It is the one that should be linked. \ref 00044 \lxa kechposteki \lxac kikechposteki \lxo kechposteki \lxoc kikechposteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break the neck of (a person or animate being, or of a material object with a "neck," such as a bottle) \ss romperle el cuello a (una persona o ser animado, o de un objeto material con "cuello", como una botella) \xrb kech \xrb posteki \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) the word used to decribed the action of breaking an chicken's neck is kechkoto:na because it is long and can be streched (or snapped). \qry Check possible uses of this verb, i.e. for things as well as animates. \mod Perhaps change format of dictionary so that verbs with varying valency have two entries. This should perhaps also be the case of interrogatives, relativizers, etc. that may function is various manners. \ref 00371 \lxa kechye:kchi:wa \lxac nokechye:kchi:wa \lxo kechye:kchi:wa \lxoc nokechye:kchi:wa \dt 07/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran Only reflexive has been documented \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to clear one's throat \ssa (refl.) despejarse la garganta \seo (refl.) to twist and turn ones neck when it is stiff or hurting \sso (refl.) voltear y torcer el cuelo cuando esta tieso o adolorido \syno a:kókoye:hchí:wa \xrb kech \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 00814 \lxa keh \lxac ---- \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \sea see ke:tla; kea:man \ssa véase ke:tla; kea:man \nae The precise spelling of this form is not clear, as {h} is lost in Ameyaltepec in all but phrase-final position. Moreover, given that keh is always found in compounds such as ke itlah, ke:tla or kea:man it is difficult to determine the etymology or origin, i.e., whether keh or ke. \qry Recheck all forms with /ke:/ or /keh/, particularly /ke itlah/ and /ke a:man/. \ref 01167 \lxa ke:itlah \lxaa ke:tlah \lxac ke:itlah \lxo ké:tlá \lxoc ké:tlá \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm Subord \pa yes \seao as if; just like; like for example \ssao como si; como por ejemplo \pna Wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea It (in this case a plant) falls over to the ground. It lays flat out on the ground, it's like it folds and shrivels up. \psa Se cae (en este caso una planta) al suelo. Queda tirado sobre el suelo, es como que se encoge y se marchita. \pna San ke:itlah newa nikoni:skia. \pea It's as if I would have drank it. \psa Es como si yo lo hubiera bebido. \pna Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi. \pea It's as if you weren't born. \psa Es como si no nacieras. \pna Ke:itlah ... \pea Like for instance ... \psa Como, por ejemplo ... \nae The etymology of this form, and the reason for the pitch-accent in the Oapan cognate ké:tlá is not clear. It is possible that the derivation is from ke:n + itlah, although more likely perhaps would be an analysis that included tla:, 'if' in many dialects. This second possibility would yield an etymological analysis of ke:(n) + tla:, which would account for the long /e:/ and the absence of final /h/, although problematical would be the alternate Ameyaltepec pronunciation ke itla (which should nevertheless be rechecked). The Oapan form has a definite long initial vowel /e:/. and pitch accent on both syllables. Neighboring dialects should be checked for cognate forms. The Ameyaltepec situation will become clarified upon recording and analysis. \qry This form and the proper orthography should be thoroughly checked. It seems that often the pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /ke: itla/ (or perhaps /ke: itlah/, check for final /h/). However, in Oapan the form /ké:tlá/ seems to be correct. Check. Also the etymology of this is not clear. The same may be said for /kea:man/, where the /e/ seems short. \qry Check for final /h/ and possibility of long final /a:/. I originally had this analyzed as /ke:/ plus /itlah/ and thus wrote it with a final /h/. However in listening to a few recordings I think that there might be a final glottal stop. \qry Check this word carefully, i.e. whether /ke:/ or /keh/ (or possibly /ke:h/. I once recorded that the /e/ is definitely short followed by /h/ which shows up phrase finally. However, this should be rechecked, cf. /ke:san/ which, thus, should perhaps be /keh san/. In one filecard I mention that I had check /ke:/ carefully with Gabriel de la Cruz as to whether the spelling should be /ke:/ instead of /keh/; Luis Lucena's pronunciation coincided with /ke:/. Note that this word is definitely distinct from /ke:n/ This final note and correction is dated Aug. 1986, and should be taken to supercede all previous notes and corrections on the spelling of this word. But at any rate, careful attention should be devoted to the distinction in form and meaning of /ke:/ and /ke:n/, e.g. /ke: a:man/ and /ke:n a:man/ (I think the latter enters into phrases such as /ke:n a:man i:n/ 'at the same time as today.' Also, an added note re: /ke: itlah/. I am now unsure as to whetehr there is a final /h/. In several recordings I seem to hear a final glottal stop. This should be checked. Check also if /kiya:man/ is /ke: a:man/ or /ke:n a:man/ in careful pronunciation. \sj Check if /h/ is in SJ form. \vl The problem of final vowels is getting difficult to resolve. They definitely do not seem unusually short. Indeed, final vowels followed by a glottal stop still seem long. \ref 02417 \lxa ke:itlah \lxaa ke:tlah \lxac ke:itlah \lxo ké:tlá \lxoc ké:tlá \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord \pa yes-lex \se as if (it were [noun]) \ss como si (fuera [sustantivo]) \pna Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:liktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli. \pea If you catch it (the koko:ktsi:n) and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as it it were chile. \psa Si lo agarras (al koko:ktsi:n) y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. \xrb ke:n \xrb itlah \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. Apparently it derives from ke:n and itlah as manifested by the fact that Ameyaltepequeños and Oapanecos will sometimes pronounce this as ke itlah, which is shortened in Ameyaltepec to ketlah. However, the Oapan form is different and thus might have a different etymology. The first /e:/ is long (the length of the Ameyaltepec form will need to be rechecked from a recorded example); but most significantly, it manifests pitch accent, which is a reflex of underlying {h}. Nevertheless, the possible origin of the underlying {h} is not clear. \nae The origin of the first element in this phrase, ke, is unclear. Temporarily I have analyzed it as related to ke:n. \nae The syntax of ke itlah is not altogether clear, but it appears to usually (if not always) precede a noun, which is the head of the subordinate adverbial clause. Nevertheless, a complete review of the corpus will be necessary to determine whether this is exactly the case. \vl Link 1st female token. \sj Check \ref 03570 \lxa kekechpitsa:wi \lxac kekechpitsa:wi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08042 \lxa kekel \lxac i:kekel \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N2 \se ticklish spot \ss lugar donde se siente cosquillas \pna Burroh, kipia ikekel. \pea Donkeys have their ticklish spot. \psa Los burros tienes su lugar de cosquillas. \se the proper way to conduct an activity so that it yields good results; target or precise point (e.g., needed to be struck in order to be able to accomplish a given task) \ss la manera apropriada para llevar a cabo una actividad; el mero lugar bueno o punto indicado (esto es, para poder cumplir con una meta deseada) \pna Xkaman yekah o:kine:xtih ikekel un tla:hli. Kemech tewa. \pea No one has ever been able to hit the mark with that land (i.e., make it yield a good crop). You're the first. \psa Hasta ahora nadie ha sido capaz de atinarle a esa tierra (esto es, hacer que rindiera bien). Apenas tú eres la primera. \cfao kekeleh \xrb kel \nse A burro, or at least desirable burros, have a "ticklish" spot located on their spine just behind the saddle. The rider "tickles" this spot by twisting his or her middle knuckle into it to make the burro move fast. I was once told that one can give a burro its kekel, ticklish spot, by sticking a large needle (used for sewing with twine) into its spine when it is young. This word has only been documented in possessed form. \qry Check to see if /h/ is underlying present as part of a reduplicative form (as Karttunen does, cf. /quehqueliui/). I have also heard the noun kipia ikekel used in regard to a person (e.g. a woman in particular) but this is apparently a joking metaphor. \ref 05102 \lxa kekeleh \lxac kekeleh \lxo kekeleh \lxoa kekelih \lxoc kekeleh, kekelih \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \se person who is ticklish \ss algn que tiene cosquillas \cfa kekeltik \cfa kekel \xrb kel \qry Check for any possible difference between /kekeleh/ and /kekeltik/. Note that Inocencio Jiménez pronounced this /kekelih/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez often differ in the pronunciation of final /i/ and /e/. Thus Florencia gives most agentives ending in /-ni/ as [ne], e.g., /tlakwa:ne/. And Inocencio will often use /i/ where Florencia has /e/, as in the present case. \vl Use first male token for /kekelih/, female (either) for /kekeleh/. \ref 02610 \lxa kekelowa \lxac kikekelowa \lxo kekelowa \lxoc kikekelowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se to tickle \ss dar cosquillas a \pna Xkekelo! Ma notlalo! \pea Tickle it (in this case a burro)! Make it run! \psa ¡Dále cosquillas! ¡Qué corra! \xrb kel \nse In regard to a burro, the action refers to that of grinding the middle knuckle of the middle finger into the spine of a burro behind its saddle, on its ticklish spot, i:kekel, in order to make it run. \nae Given the lexical nature of reduplication here, not reduction onto a short vowel of a previous syllable is possible. Finally, note that during a workshop in Oapan, Roberto Mauricio gave the form kekeliwi. Others in the workshop, however, stated that they had never heard of or used this intransitive form. \nde Note that in Oapan no reduced form is possible: *ki:kelowa. \qry Apparently intransitive does not exist, but this should be checked since in classical the intransitive is found. \grm Reduplication Oapan: Note that in Oapan no reduced form of /kikekelowa/ is possible: *ki:kelowa. \ref 02902 \lxa kekeltik \lxac kekeltik \lxo ---- \dt 02/Feb/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be ticklish \ssa ser cosquilloso o cosquilludo \cfao kekeleh \xrb kel \cfa kekeleh \ref 01127 \lxa ke:ketsi:l \lxac i:ke:ketsi:l \lxo ké:ketsí:l \lxoc i:ké:ketsí:l \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se narrow part of the leg above the heel and below the calf \ss parte angosta de la pierna, arriba del talón y abajo de la pantorilla \sem body \equivo ixiké:ketsí:l \xrb kehtsi \nse This word refers to the narrow part of the leg immediately above the heel, where the strap of a sandle passes. \nae For a discussion of etymology, see aketsi:lowa (Am). The presence of underlying {h} as indicated in the root cross-reference field is suggested not only by the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl, but by comparative evidence from Northern Puebla, which has ixoquehtzol 'talón.' \sj Check for /h/ in /i:ke:kehtsi:l/. Also check for two /h/s in /ahkehtsi:lowa/ (1649) \ref 04851 \lxa kekexioh \lxac kekexioh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s* \sea party-goer; to be a barrel of fun (a person); to be full of energy \ssa ser alegre; estar lleno de energía y alguien que festeja mucho \syno kekextik \xrb kex \fl kekextli \nse Kekexioh is considered a denominal adjective based on the occurrence of kekextsi:n, a diminutive nominal form. \ref 05730 \lxa kekexka:po:ni \lxac kekexka:po:ni \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to get a sudden and strong itch \ss salirsele comezón de repente a una parte del cuerpo \sea to break out and become a live wire or a lot of fun (i.e., to stop being a wallflower at a party, to start getting loose and able to enjoy things) \ssa alivianarse; empezar a divertirse \fla tsi:nkekex \xrb kex \xrb po:ni \nse Kekechka:po:ni was said jokingly. It is obviously related to the root kekexkia and to what occasionally appears as kekexiwi. Nevertheless, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and not regular. It is mirrored, however, in the affricate at the end of Ameyaltepec tsi:nkekech. These are the only two cases in which /ch/ appears for /x/ in kekexkia. \qry However, the change from fricative to affricate is unusual and should be checked, perhaps the correct entry should be /kekexka:po:ni/. Check also for transitive or causative forms. \ref 02503 \lxa kekexkia \lxac kekexkia \lxo kekexia \lxoc kekexia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff rdp-s- \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to itch; to have an itch \ss escocer; tener comezón \pna Melá:h nikekexkia, san nimouwa:ntok. \pea I really itch, I'm just scratching myself. \psa De veras tengo comenzón, nada más me la paso rasgando. \xrb kex \nse Other dialects, such as Tetelcingo, have kekexiwi, although Classical has kekexkia. The root, therefore, seems clearly to be kex, with what seems to be a lexicalized reduplication (understandable given the nature of the action and situation: itching). Although the derivational process is unclear, it would appear possible to place this word within the -ki/ya/lia paradigm. \qry Check the causative/transitive form and on the basis of what is determined, change /cat data. The transitive should, probably, be ?/kekexkilia/ 'it makes me itch'. \ref 05008 \lxa kekexkilia \lxac kikekexkilia \lxo kekexilia \lxoc kikekexilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \se to cause to itch (sb); to make itch \ss dar o causar comezón a (algn) \fla kekexkia \flo kekexia \xrb kex \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that /kekexilia/ does not reduce the reduplication, which perhaps should be considered part of the stem. Apparently this never occurs with this lexeme. \ref 02870 \lxa kekextik \lxac kekextik \lxo kekextik \lxocpend @kekextik \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s* \seo to be a a barrel of fun or full of energy; to be a live wire; to be a party-goer \sso ser alegre o lleno de energía; ser aliviando, esto es, alguien que festeja mucho \syna kekexioh \syna kekextsi:n \xrb kex \ref 06469 \lxa kekextlami \lxac kekextlami \lxo kekextlami \lxoc kekextlami \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a(m) \seao to see an end to ones party days; for ones days for fun to be over \ssao acabarsele los dias de paranda a \xrb kex \xrb tlami \nse Throughout various compounded forms, the metaphor of "itch" (kekex) is used to indicate a type of party-like attitude, of a person likes to dance, to have a good time, etc.; cf. kekechpo:ni. \ref 00855 \lxa kekextsi:n \lxac kekextsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea live wire; person who is a party-goer; person who is a barrel of fun and full of energy \ssa persona alegre o llena de energía; persona que festeja mucho; persona alivianada \pna Kekextsi:n katkah, a:man xok! \pea He used to be a live wire, no longer! \psa Antes era aliviando, ¡ya no! \syno kekextik \xrb kex \nse Kekextsi:n is said of someone who is alegre, who likes to dance, or who goes to parties and has a good time. The root or stem kekex is used in many derivations to indicate this type of lively person, though its original acceptation has to do with "itching." \qry In Nahuatl /kekextli/ is often explained as /ale:greh katkah/. Check to see if /kekextli/ is used to describe a person who used to be like this... or whether it can also apply to someone who is currently like this. \ref 01041 \lxa kel \lxac kel ke:n tikmati \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Mod; Subord \der Particle \sea as if \ssa como si \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g., in not lending sth out), as if it were yours. \psa Te utilicé como pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo. \pna On ne:nkah, ye tlatsopi:ni:hloh. O:nikitak! Xka:wa, kel ichpokawah. \pea That one there, she's been deflowered. I saw it (know it for sure)! You wouldn't think it, (she acts) as if she's a virgin (though she isn't). \psa Aquella, ya le han desflorado. Yo lo vi (esto es, estoy seguro de esto). No lo pensarías, (actua) como si fuera una virgen (pero no es). \sea as they say that (that the following predication were true, with the implication that the speaker does not believe it) \ssa dizque o dicen que (la predicación que sigue es verdad, con la implicación que el que habla no lo cree) \pna Kel ichpokawah. Xmilá:k! Tla:kawi:katinemi. \pea They say that she is a maiden (i.e., virgin). It's not true! She goes around with a lot of men. \psa Dicen que es doncella (esto es, virgen). ¡No es verdad! Anda con muchos hombres. \pna O:tito:nalka:w kel te:wa mistewi:s. \pea You got scared out of your wits as if it was you it was about to gore. \psa Te asustaste de a deveras como si fuiste tú él que iba a cornear. \cfo ké:tlá \xrb kel \nse The word kel may be used modally, in which case it communicates speakers doubt of the truth of a certain proposition, which is thus relegated to hearsay status. The implication is that while others may believe a certain statement, the speaker is doubtful. Note that kel may also be used to subordinate an 'if' condition to a main predicate. The English 'as if' captures the sense very well. \nde In Classical one finds kil, which Carochi (fol. 123) glosses as 'dizque, ò dizen que.' Lockhart (2001: 451, n 8) states in regard to quilmach: "Quil may be related to the il in ilhuia, to tell someone, and the qu- may be the third prson singular object prefix. Mach is dubitative." Indeed, the use of the similar forms in Balsas Nahuatl is quite common. Thus kitowa is used (with 3rd-person singular subject and object) to indicate 'it is said that.' \mod In the Oapan tape, eliminate /ké:tláh/ from this entry as it has its own. \qry Check vowel length. Etymology is unclear as this word is not found in other dialects; recheck pronunciation and cognates in surrounding dialects to Ameyaltepec. Perhaps the most important think to check is the meaning. Carochi states that it means that "lo que se dice en este momento no es una ficción." It will be necessary to determine whether that is the case, or whether, as "dizque" etc., it suggests that the speakers distances himself from claiming the veracity of what is to follow, i.e., 'it is said that . . . but I don't have strong, firsthand evidence.' The other use of /kel/ that should be checked into is that glossed as 'as if', an adverbial that modifies to some degree the action, and subordinates the following clause. \qry Check further the meaning of /kel/ and get more example sentences/. \ref 01086 \lxa kelo:ni \lxac kelo:ni \lxo kelo:ni \lxoc kelo:ni \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \se to suffer a severe strain \ss sufrir muy duramente \nse Like verbs that affect a body part (e.g., posteki), kelo:ni may take as a subject either the precise bone that is dislocated, or the animate being that has suffered this injury. Thus one may have a general statement o:nikelo:n, a more specific o:kelo:n noma. A "possessor raising" construction, o:nima:kelo:n, may also be used. Note, however, that Florencia Marcelino (Oa) asserted that the meaning of kelo:ni is more like 'to sprain'; the bone is neither dislocated nor broken. Moreover, given that this action can only occur accidentally, she denied that a transitive form exists. Obviously this discrepancy in meaning needs to be checked. \qry Check for NI forms, and add. \ref 04390 \lxa kelo:nia \lxac kikelo:nia \lxo kelo:nia \lxoc kikelo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \se to cause a bad sprain or bruise to \ss torcerle parte del cuerpo a; causarle un dolor de golpe a \flao kelo:ni \xrb kelo: \nse Although this transitive verb was in my original notes, Florencia Marcelino stated that it was not correct, even though she and her husband Inocencio Jiménez pronounced it during the recording session. Apparently the signification of the intranstive kelo:ni is something to the effect of 'to get sprained' and, as Florencia stated, given that this cannot be purposefully caused the transitive is not correct. The validity of the transitive in Ameyaltepec should, therefore, be carefully checked. \qry Check the correctness of this very carefully. Make sure ample illustrative sentences are available. \mod Florencia Marcelino stated that since these severe strains are never purposefully caused, the transitive is not correct. Perhaps remove this entry. Even though I recorded this, later FM stated that it should not be an entry. \ref 02723 \lxa ke:mah \lxac ke:mah \lxo ke:mah \lxoc ke:mah \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Funct \der Funct-b \se yes; function word used in affirmative responses to questions or affirmative assertions to a doubt \ss sí; palabra funcional que indica una respuesta afirmativa a una pregunta o una aseveración positiva a una duda \pna Ke:mah, ihkón nihkakiya! \pea Yes, that's the way I heard it! \psa ¡Sí, así lo escuchaba! \xrb ke:mah \ref 01437 \lxa kemech \lxac kemech \lxo kámách \lxop kamach \lxoc kámách \dt 13/Feb/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-b \pa yes \se recently; just a short time or moment ago \ss apenas; hace un rato o poco tiempo \pna Kemech o:yah, xkonasi! \pea He just left a moment ago, go catch up to him! \psa ¡Apenas hace un momento se fue, ve a alcanzarlo! \se (ma:s san ~) more recently \ss (ma:s san ~) más recientemente \pna Yewa ma:s san kemech. \pea That is more recent. \psa Ese es más reciente. \xrb kemech \cfa sanki \nse The Ameyaltepec kimich is is not to be confused with ke:mech (perhaps kemech), from the same dialect. \qry In the phrase above (/yewa ma:s san kimich/) I have used /san/ although in one version I had recorded /sa:/. This should be checked, i.e., whether the phrase is /sa: kimich/ or /san kimich/. Make sure that etymology and historical basis of the two forms is identical. If not, give Oapan and Ameyaltepec separate entries. It might be that the Oapan form is similar or cognate to Ameyaltepec /ke:mech/. \ref 00003 \lxa kemechih tlakwa:w \lxac kemechih tlakwa:w \lxo kemechih tlakwa:w \lxoc kemechih tlakwa:w \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Modal \der Mod-complex \se how can it be that? \ss ¿cómo puede ser? ¿qué tanto? \pna Kemechih tlakwa:w o:yah wa:n xkaman ka:nah yaw? \pea How can it be that he went and he never goes anywhere? \psa ¿Cómo puede ser que se fue y nunca va a ningún lado? \pna Kemechih tlakwa:w o:kikwiloh iwa:n xweli? \pea How can it be that he wrote it and he can't write? \psa ¿Cómo puede ser que lo escribió y no lo puede hacer? \pno Kemechih tlakwa:w xtiweli, miahpa yo:nimitsihlih! \peo How can it be that you can't do it, I've told you many times (how to do it)! \pso ¡Qué tanto que no lo puedes hacer, ya muchas veces te lo dije (como hacerlo)! \cfa tlakwa:w \xrb tlakwa: \spko ¡qué tanto! \nae The Oapan pronunciation is [ki:míchitlakwa:y] (final /w/ becomes a palatal fricative). Given that this is written as two words the final /h/ of ke:michih is written. However, when in non-phrase final position the reflex of {h} is pitch accent (much as it is for the plural marker /h/). Both they etymology and meaning of ki:michih or ke:michih are unclear. In all documented accounts the sequence of utterence is ki:michih tlakwa:w. At first I had written this kimich i:tlakwa:w, but this seems to be an error. The final element is clearly tlakwa:w, a lexeme that from other contexts (e.g., sa: tlakwa:w) begins with /tl/ and not /i/. Thus it would seem that the /i/ is the final syllable of the first word in this sequence, or perhaps a separate element. However, in the literacy workshop of September 2001 on a recording of Leopoldo Mauricio, the word ke:michih appeared, which was written this way by his son Roberto. Later, speakers did give ke:michih as a word, pronouncing it as such. Since tlakwa:w is already documented, this suggests a division ke:michih tlakwa:w. Finally, note that in Classical Nahuatl quemmach is found. Molina, for example, has quemmach? 'como es posible? uel. es posible?' He also has quemmach in tiyolquimil? que rudo que eres? Note also the refrain ki:michih tlakwa:w ma:s tihombre? in the Carnival song To:naltsi:ntli. Note that the final /h/ is written given that when pronounced alone by Oapan consultants, there was a final /h/ in ke:michih. \qry Check to see if this can be used without /kimich/ and check distinction /kimich/ vs. /kemech/. This might simply be /tlakwa:w/ as recorded in classical documents. Cf. and determine the difference or relationship among /tlakwa:w/, /itlakwa:w/ and /itlakwahli/. Check vowel length on all. Work still has to be done on the meaning of this phrase, but FM always translated it as, for instance /kemich itlakwaw xtihkaki, miakpa yo:nimitsihlih/ "qué tanto no escuchas, ya muchas veces te lo he dicho." Note that in a tape of Leopoldo Mauricio the word /ke:michih/ appeared, which was written as such by Roberto, his son. Later, speakers did give /ke:michih/ as a word; this is in accord with other information, such as that accorded by the phrase /sa: tlakwa:w/, which suggests that /tlakwa:w/ is a separate word. \vl Cf. if /a:/ is long as recorded or not. \ref 01208 \lxa kemechkayo:tl \lxac kemechkayo:tl \lxo kámachkáyo:tl \lxop kamachkayo:tl \lxoc kámachkáyo:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \se something from just recently; something not very old; person just recently born \ss algo recién hecho; algo no muy antiguo; persona recién nacida \pna Kemechkayo:tl, ya:lwa o:nemiko. \pea It's recent (in this case a baby just born), it was born yesterday. \psa Es reciente (en este caso un niño), apenas ayer nació. \cfao xo:koyo:tl \xrb kemech \xrb kayo: \nse This noun is used to refer to something that in reference to a particular moment in time, usually speaker present, only recently came into existence. It most often refers to a person or animal recently born. \nae The reason for pitch-accent in Oapan is not clear; see kámách. \ref 01801 \lxa ke:n \lxac ke:n we:yak \lxo ke:n \lxoc ke:n tlachia \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord; Adv-man \se how \ss como; que \pna Ke:n iwa:n nimowi:ka! \pea How I really get along with him! \psa ¡Cómo me llevo bien con él! \pna Ke:n tiwe:i! \pea How big you are! \psa ¡Qué grande eres! \seao (~ -ita) to be related to \ssao (~ -ita) ser pariente de \pna Ke:n nikita. \pea He is a relative of mine (lit., 'it is how I see him') \psa Es pariente mio (lit., 'es como lo veo') \cola ihki \xrb ke:n \vl Link middle of 3 female tokens, link first male token. \ref 04345 \lxa ke:nemeh \lxac ke:nemeh \lxo ke:nemih \lxoc ke:nemih \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-int \seo how? in what way? \sso ¿cómo? ¿en qué manera? \sea (arch.) how much? \ssa (arc.) ¿cuánto? \pna Ke:nemih ipatil \pea How much is its price? \psa ¿Cuánto es su precio? \pno Xnihmati ke:nemih tlachia. \peo I don't know what it looks like. \pso No sé como es su apariencia. \cfo ke:némitik \xrb ke:nemih \vl Link the 3rd female and 3rd male tokens. \pqry Check quality of final vowel. \ref 06993 \lxa ke:nkah \lxac san ke:nkah \lxo ke:nkah \lxoc san ke:nkah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \der Adv-man \se (san ~) as always \ss (san ~) como siempre \pna San ke:nkah kwahli. \pea It is good as always. \psa Está bien, como siempre, \pna Mela:k xikxakwalo, san ke:nkah a:laxtik. \pea Really scrub them (e.g., clothes full of soap), they're still as soapy as ever. \psa Restriégala bien (p. ej., ropa), tiene tanto jabón como antes. \pna San ke:nkah ichpokawah. \pea She's an unmarried girl, just as she was. \psa Es una doncella, tanto como era. \pna San ke:nkah tsokwile:wtok. Ya:lwakayo:tl, xe nopapa:ka. \pea It's as filthy as it was (in this case a plate of food). It's from yesterday, it still hasn't been washed. \psa Es tan mugriento como estaba (en este caso un plato con comida). Es de ayer, todavía no se lava. \xrb ke:n \cfo ke:n \nse To date I have only heard ke:nkah uttered when preceded by san. In Oapan apparently before statives san ke:n is used instead of san ke:nkah. Thus one finds san ke:nkah we:i but san ke:n pilkatok or san ke:n te:ntok. However, this is uncertain and needs further study. \nae Although one might write ke:n kah as two words, for the moment I have decided to write them as one, consistent with other cases such as na:nkah, nika:nkah, etc. \mod Although perhaps the entry should be /ken kah/ I have decided in all cases of words ending in /kah/ to write them as one. Add the /san ke:n/ to /ke:n/. \ref 02313 \lxa ke:non \lxac ke:non tikitowa? \lxo ke:non \lxoc ke:non \dt 22/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(int) \der Adv-int \se how? in what manner? \ss ¿cómo?; ¿qué? \pna Ke:non tia:skeh? \pea How are we going to go? \psa ¿Cómo vamos a ir? \pna Xnikmati ke:non nikchi:was. ¡Xne:chihlitiwetsi! \pea I don't know how to do it. Tell me quickly! \psa No sé cómo lo voy a hacer. ¡Dime rapidamente! \pna Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k. \pea I want to know how heavy it is. \psa Quiero saber qué tan pesado es. \seao (as a predicate with a subject marker) to be a jerk \ssao (como predicado con un marcador de sujeto) ser mamón \pno Mila:k tike:non! \peo You're being a jerk! \pso ¡Ay cómo eres! \cola ma:san \colo ma:si \xrb ke:n \nse Ke:non is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It is also used to indicate degree, as in Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k. In Oapan the phrase mila:k tike:non (which can also be used with other person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec asta tike:non. It is used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are tle:ka tihkón (Am) / tli:aon tihkón (Oa); melá:k xtikwahli (Am) / mila:k xtikwahli (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate asta tike:non as 'Don't be like that!' \qry Check correctness of Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k for the possibility of /kechkitsi:n ika yetí:k/. \grm Predication: Note the use of the predicate marker subject prefix with /ke:non/ or /ihkón/. Ke:non is used for both interrogatives and embedded questions. It is also used to indicate degree, as in Nikneki nikmatis ke:non yetí:k. In Oapan the phrase mila:k tike:non (which can also be used with other person markers, though much less commonly) is matched by Ameyaltepec asta tike:non. It is used when one is exasperated with someone, with their joking or the fact that they are making fun of one. Similar phrases are tle:ka tihkón (Am) / tli:aon tihkón (Oa); melá:k xtikwahli (Am) / mila:k xtikwahli (Oa), etc. In English one might even translate asta tike:non as 'Don't be like that!' \ref 03379 \lxa ke:ntia \lxac kike:ntia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb ke:m \qry Check meaning of /pare:joh kike:ntia/. \ref 08250 \lxa ke:san \lxac ke:san weka \lxo ke:xsan \lxoa ke:xtsan \lxoc ke:xsan, ke:xtsan \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal \se oh how! \ss ¡qué tanto! \pna Ke:san to:hlan. \pea Oh how there are a lot of people! \psa ¡Qué tanta gente hay! \pna Ke:san timitswelita! Tima:naskeh pa:mpa ke:san tikwaltsi:n! \pea Oh how I like your looks! We are going to get married because you are a real knock-out! \psa ¡Qué tanto me gustas! ¡Nos vamos a casar porque eres una belleza! \xrb ke: \xrb san \nse The Ameyaltepec entry could perhaps be written as two words, ke: san, but for now a single form has been used. \qry Check vowel length of /e:/ and also look into possibility that this should be written as two words. Cf. to possible root /ken/ and cf. entry under /ke:/. All the expressions with /ke:/, /keh/, etc. need to be revised and analyzed. \vl Link first male token. \ref 03567 \lxa ke:ski \lxac ke:ski \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Num \der Adj-num \sea a few \ssa unos cuantos o pocos \pna Niá:s nomi:hlan pero saniman nitlamis, san ke:ski surkos o:noka:w. \pea I'm going to my milpa but I wll finish up right away, there were just a few furrows left. \psa Voy a ir a mi milpa pero luego luego voy a acabar, nada más algunos surcos quedaron. \pna San ke:ski wa:hlaweh. \pea Only a few are coming. \psa Solamente unos cuantos vienen. \equivo ke:chkitsi:n \xrb i:ski \nse In Ameyaltepec ke:ski is not used as an interrogative for 'how many?' or 'how much?' \nae The etymology root of ke:ski is unclear; FK relates this to ke:n and i:ski. There might also be a relationship to ke:ch, although this is problematic. \qry Ask Michel about etymology. Also, question speakers whether a plural form (e.g. /ke:skimeh/) exists and is used. \ref 03057 \lxa ke:skipa \lxac ke:skipa \lxo ké:skipa \lxoc ké:skipa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal \se how in the world! how can you believe! \ss ¿pero cuándo? \pna Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl. \pea How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer). \pna Ke:skipa deke niá:s ka:n ne:xti:tlani? Xniá:s! \pea Where do you get the idea that I am going to go where he sends me? I won't go! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a ir donde me manda! ¡No voy a ir! \pna Ke:skipa! \pea I wouldn't bet on it! \psa ¡Pero cuándo! \xrb ke:ski \xrb -pa \nse The meaning of ke:skipa seems to be idiomatic. All Ameyaltepec consultants translated it as '¡Pero cuándo!' This word might also be used, for example, when someone tells me that a given person will be my son-in-law (i.e., will marry my daughter). I could answer ke:skipa to the effect of 'Don't bet on it' (¿Pero cuándo?), meaning that I don't expect or want it to occur. Or perhaps I am from another village and I marry a woman from your pueblo, you tell me that you think I will just play games and that that I will leave her. I can answer, ke:skipa or ke:skipa niá:s, meaning 'I'll not go (and leave her), not on your life!' \nae In Oapan it appears that ké:skipa is used only by the elder members of the village. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez the first vowel is the only stressed vowel. This is an unusual pattern. It may be, however, that it is the result of an exclamatory intonational pattern and not the result of any lexical pitch accent. \ref 02851 \lxa kets kets kets \lxac kets kets kets \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Call \der Onom \sea ribbit (the sound of a frog) \ssa el sonido que hace una rana \sem sound-animal \encyctmp animal sounds \nse Documentation of this word to date is always with it being repeated three times, kets kets kets, to imitate the sound a frog makes. \qry Check to make sure that this is always repeated 3 times. \mod Check for other animal sounds. \ref 02038 \lxa ketsa \lxac kiketsa \lxo ketsa \lxoc kiketsa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to fuck ([S] can be man or woman) \ss coger (a algn, sexualmente; [S] puede ser hombre o mujer) \pna Nite:ketsasneki. \pea I'm horny. \psa Tengo ganas de coger. \pna Nokestokeh. \pea They are fucking. \psa Están cogiendo. \xrb ketsa \cfa teketsa \grm Productivity /lo:ya:n/: Marcial Camilo told me the story of a man from Oapan (I forget his name) who when asked where he had been replied /te:ketsalo:ya:n/. I mention this here simply to note that the locative (deverbal) ending /-lo:ya:n/ is still productive in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00463 \lxa ketspaltomatl \lxac ketspaltomatl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem xiwtli \sea type of herbaceous plant with edible fruit, still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea con fruta comestible, todavía no identificada \equiva totomatsi:n \equivo a:ispaltomatl \xrb a: \xrb ketspal \xrb toma \qry Recheck and confirm that this is /a:ispaltomatl/ and not /a:ispalintomatl/. \ref 08374 \lxa ke:tspan \lxac i:ke:tspan \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-pan \infn N2 \sea fly of men's pants \ssa bragueta \sea opening in a wrap-around skirt \ssa parte abierta donde se encuentran los dos lados de una falda cruzada \sem clothing \xrb ke:ts \xrb -pan \qry Check etymology and vowel length. Note that I have recorded a long vowel although if related to /ketsa/ it might be short. \ref 04899 \lxa ke:tspantlapowi \lxac ke:tspantlapowi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3b(ow) \sea to have ones fly to open up on one (of a male; Oapan synonym: sié:rratlapówi) \ssa abrirsele la bragueta a (un hombre; sinónimo en Oapan: sié:rratlapówi) \pna O:nike:tspantlapo:w, xakah o:ne:chihlih. \pea The fly of my pants opened up, no one told me about it. \psa Se me abrió la bragueta de mis pantalones, nadie me lo dijo. \sea to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up (Oapan synonym: kwe:tlapowi) \ssa abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve; sinónimo en Oapan: kwe:tlapowi) \xrb ke:ts \xrb tlapo: \xrl -pan \qry Check perfective formation of /tlapowi/, i.e. for appearance of vowel length that is neutralized in the context of present tense. Determine the causative/applicative, i.e. 'she opened the fly of my pants'; is this with /-tlapoa/ or /tlapowilia/? Perhaps it should be /ompilkatoya/ in above phrase. \pqry NOTE: It seems with C. Flores, at least in discussing this word, that the /o:/ was clearly long. CHECK. \ref 02809 \lxa kexi:hli \lxac i:kexi:l \lxo kéxí:hli \lxoc nókexíl; í:kexí:l \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \sea groin \ssa ingle \seo part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman; Ameyaltepec equivalent: kwa:xe:hli) \sso raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer; equivalente de Ameyaltepec kwa:xe:hli) \sem body \xrb kehxi:l \nse In Ameyaltepec kexi:l refers to the part of the body located from where the pubic hair is to where the legs join the lower abdomen. People have described it, or referred to its location, as the a:tlawtli, the 'gorge,' i.e., the crease that forms where the legs meet the lower torso. The signification as 'part in ones hair' in Oapan Nahuatl is perhaps related to the 'crease' interpretation in Ameyaltepequeños description of kexi:l meaning 'groin.' Nevertheless, it should be further checked. \nae The pitch-accent in Oapan Nahuatl suggests underlying {h}, which perhaps is the coda for the first syllable (i.e., {kehxi:l}). Nevertheless, the cognate form in Tetelcingo, Morelos, has no coda in this syllable \vl There are 4 additional tokens from 1246 that should be tagged with 06532. However, given the better quality of the later tokens, use these as links. Make sure to concatenate \sj nokexi:l, etc. Check for /h/ given that Oa has p-a but /h/ is not reported in other dialects. \ref 06532 \lxa kexno:liwi \lxac kexno:liwi \lxo kexno:liwi \lxoc kexno:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones neck become twisted or crooked \ss torcersele el cuello \pna O:tikexno:liw pa:mpa o:tinekwilkoch. \pea Your neck got a crick in it because you slept twisted. \psa Tu cuello se te quedó algo torcido porque durmiste chueco. \pna O:kexno:liw un pio:tsi:n. Kwalo. \pea That chicken's neck got crooked. It's sick. \psa Se le quedó torcido el cuello a esa gallina. Está enferma. \xrb kech \xrb no:l \qry Check for transitive form. Check Am if /kechno:liwi/ or /kexno:liwi/ It seems that the combination form is /kex-/. Check throughout. \vl Link first male token. \ref 04149 \lxa kexsa:liwi \lxac kexsa:liwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for something to get stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \ssa atorarsele algo en la garganta (p. ej., comida que se queda atorado) \pna Yo:nikexsa:liw pa:mpa xok ma:s ya:sneki notlakwal. A:chitsi:n ma nikoni a:tl para temo:s. \pea I got a clogged throat because my food doesn't want to go down anymore. Let me drink a little water so that it goes down (i.e. what is stuck in my throat). \psa Tengo la garganta atorada porque mi comida ya no quiere pasar. Déjame tomar un poquito de agua para que se despega (lo que está atorado). \syno kopa:htestia \xrb kech \xrb sa:l \dis kechsa:liwi; ko:kopi:tsiwi \dis kechsa:liwi \qry Check for possible transitive form and use. Also check for other possible meanings of the intransitive. \ref 05602 \lxa kexsa:lowa \lxac kikexsa:lowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb kech \xrb sa:l \ref 08353 \lxa kexsasawak \lxac kexsasawak \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be hoarse \ssa estar ronco \apa kexsasawaktik \equivo kexsawa:nki \xrb kech \xrb sawa \qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/. \grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., nikexsasawatik yes, 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form nikexsasawatis or nikexsasawatias. \ref 07820 \lxa kexsasawaktik \lxac kexsasawaktik \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be hoarse \ssa estar ronco \apa kexsasawak \equivo kexsawa:nki \xrb kech \xrb sawa \qry This entry, and other cognate forms, might be in error both in regard to vowel length (the correct phonology might be kexsasa:wati) and in regard to final consonant (perhaps the entry should be kexsawa:ni, cf. Oapan kechsawa:ni but Tetelcingo, Morelos, sahuana and sahuani, both with all short vowels). Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has forms içauaca 'hacer ruido la culebra que corre'; and içauaca. n. 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Molina also has içauacac 'ronco'; and içauacaliztli and içauactic, both glossed as 'ronquera.' Thus in Tetelcingo, Morelos, and Oapan there are similar forms sawa:ni (although Tetelcingo has a short /a/) and in Classical there is isawaka (no vowel length noted). Note that as a verb ending in -V:ni, sawa:ni would perhaps form a frequentative as ?sasawaka, close to the Classical form. The Ameyaltepec kexsasawati is, at any rate, unusual and should be thoroughly rechecked. \qry Make sure that it is /kex-/ and not /kechsasawatik/. Note that I originally had this as /kexsasawatik/ but it should be /kexsasawaktik/. Thus on the Dictionary Discussion tapes it might be wrong because of the influence of elicitation. Apparently it should be /kexsasawaktik/ which is related to the apocopated /kexsasawak/. \grm Whereas tense may be marked with a copula on this adjectival, i.e., nikexsasawatik yes, 'I will be hoarse,' it is more common to use the verbal form nikexsasawatis or nikexsasawatias. \ref 03866 \lxa kexsawa:ni \lxac kexsawa:ni \lxo kexsawa:ni \lxoa kextsawa:ni \lxoc kexsawa:ni,kextsawa:ni \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to be or become hoarse \ssao estar o ponerse ronco \syna kexsasawati \xrb kech \xrb sawa: \nde Classical Nahuatl has no cognate form yet noted. However, Tetelcingo, Morelos has two intransitive verbs, sahuani and sahuana (note that all vowels are short) both glossed as 'está ronco.' The former forms the impersonal with -lo whereas the latter uses -hua. Vowel length in the Oapan form should be rechecked. \vl Link 2nd male token and 1st female. \qry Check whether /sawa:ni/ is an acceptable entry. Check vowel length. Check for stative, etc. \ref 06929 \lxa kexsawa:nki \lxac kexsawa:nki \lxo kexsawa:nki \lxoa kextsawa:nki; kéxsasawá:nki \lxoc kextsawa:nki \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \seo to be hoarse \sso estar ronco \syna kexsasawaktik \xrb kech \xrb sawa:ni \nse Apparently in Oapan this compound verb may occur with an unreduplicated (the more common form) or reduplicated verbal stem (i.e., kextsawa:nki The reduplicated and nonreduplicated forms in Oapan seem to have the same meaning. My original notes from Ameyaltepec had kexsasawatik with this same meaning, but this needs to be confirmed. \nae Oapan Nahuatl here has an alternation between kexsawa:nki (the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez) and kextsawa:nki (the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino), in which a stop, [t], is inserted between the double fricatives. The shift of /s/ to /ts/ is not uncommon in Oapan Nahuatl (it occurs, for example, after /l/), but the example here shows that at least in some contexts it is perhaps best considered a variable rule. \nde Molina has yçauaca n 'estar ronco, o sonar las cosas huecas y vazias, como el cacao dañado.' Tetelcingo, Morelos, has sahuani 'estar ronco,' with a short final /a/. Oapan Nahuatl seems to have a clear long vowel in this position. \vl Link 1st female token and 1st male token. \grm Oapan phonology: Note also the s > ts change here, after /x/. This parallels other examples/contexts of the identical change of fricative to affricate. \ref 06280 \lxa kexsolo:ni \lxac kexsolo:ni \lxo kexsolo:ni \lxoc kexsolo:ni \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to make rumbling sounds in ones throat; to make wheezing sounds in the throat (e.g., sb near death) \ssao hacer sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn al punto de morir) \xrb kech \xrb solo: \xvkao kexsosolka \qry Not in filecards to date; this verb should be rechecked. Compare to other words for 'snore' and make noises in ones throat. Also check for transitive form, is it /-solo:nia/ or /solo:naltia/? \ref 00166 \lxa kexsosolka \lxac kexsosolka \lxo kexsosolka \lxoc kexsosolka \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to wheeze; to make a rumbling sound in ones throat (e.g., sb near death) \ss hacer un sonido como resuello en la garganta (p. ej., algn a punto de morir) \pna Kexsosolka mopió. \pea Your hen makes a sort of rumbling sound in its throat (e.g., because it has sores in its throat). \psa Tu gallina hace sonidos como de resuello en la garganta (por tener llagitas en la garganta). \se to snore \ss roncar \xrb kech \xrb solo: \xvnao kexsolo:ni \qry Perhaps should be /kechsosolka/. \grm Note the several cases of verbs like /sosolka/, /tsitsilka/, and perhaps /nanalka/. Note that in classical the form is /sosoloka/. \ref 03789 \lxa kexteki \lxac kikexteki \lxo kexteki \lxoc kikexteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the head off of \ss decapitar \se to slit the throat of (a person or animal, with a knife) \ss degollar; cortar el cuello de (a una persona o animal, con un cuchillo, no machete) \cfao kextsonteki \xrb kech \xrb teki \nse Kexteki refers to cutting with a knife (not axe or machete). Check to see if it refers to only cutting off the head, or whether it can be applied to slitting the throat. \ref 04841 \lxa kextelolo:tsi:n \lxac i:kextelolo:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N2 \sea round bone at the base of the neck \ssa hueso redondo a la base del cuello \sem body \equivo kéxtamó:ltsi:n \xrb kech \xrb te \xrb olo: \nae The /l/ in telolotsi:n might represent the same process that yields an /l/ in words like a:ltepe:tl. \pqry In one entry I have the second /o:/ long; I believe this is wrong but it should be checked. Check etymology of /telolo-/. Note: I have written in long based on acoustic information from Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 06348 \lxa kextemotso:ltsi:n \lxac kextemotso:ltsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-Adj \der \syna kechkalaktok \sea person having a short neck \ssa persona con el cuelo muy corto \sea having a short front (certain cars, trucks, etc.) \ssa con el cofre muy reducido (ciertos coches, camionetas, etc.) \xrb kech \xrb temo \xrb tso:l \ref 07422 \lxa kextesasa:wa \lxac kextesasa:wa \lxo kexté:sá:wa \lxocpend kexté:sá:wa \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \aff rdp-s-; te- \sem disease \seo person with his neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness \sso persona cuyo cuello está cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. \cfa sasa:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable. \ref 07595 \lxa kextesasa:watik \lxac kextesasa:watik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \aff \sem disease \seo to have ones neck covered with a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions due to lack of cleanliness \sso tener el cuello está cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel que se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc. \cfa sasa:wa \xrb kxi \xrb sa:wa \fl sa:watl \qry Check for final /h/: correct Am /sasa:wa/ if necessary. Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Check if /tsi:nté:sá:wa/ is also acceptable. \ref 07626 \lxa kextetepon \lxac kextetepon \lxo kextetepon \lxoa kextetepoh \lxoc kextetepoh, kextetepon \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be headless \ss estar sin cabeza \pna Burroh kextetepon. \pea It is a headless burro (a type of na:wahli). \psa Es un burro sin cabeza (un tipo de na:wahli). \xrb kech \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \nse Although a burroh kextetepon is a type of na:wahli, the word kextetepon can refer to any headless animal (such as a chicken). \ref 05603 \lxa kexteweyaktik \lxac kexteweyaktik \lxo kextewiyahtik \lxoc kextewiyahtik \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-k \aff Lex. infix te- \seo to have a long and thin, gourd-like, neck (e.g. a squash) \sso tener un cuello largo y delgado, como bule (p. ej., una calabaza) \syna kecha:tekontsi:n \xrb kech \xrb weya \ref 07058 \lxa kextoponki:sa \lxac kextoponki:sa \lxo kéxtoponkí:sa \lxocpend kéxtoponkí:sa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni[x] \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo for one's neck to swell up \sso hincharsele a uno el cuello \sem disease \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \qry Check for transitive form; cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/, Am word, which has a causative /kechtotoponwia/. \qry Check possibility that root is /topo:ni/, or perhaps /tohpo:ni/. If I remember correctly there is a form in Oapan /tópontlí/, which has its S. Juan equivalent in /tohpontli/, meaning to swell up or burst (e.g. a blister). Check this in the present word, in which case perhaps it should be /kechtotoponi/ related to a possible Tetelcingo form /kechtohtohponi/. For a discussion of this word cf. Flk 1984-12-29.1. Although in one entry I had /kechtotopo:ni/ I have a later entry which states that this is incorrect and should be corrected to /kextotopo:ni/; recheck for /ch/ or /x/. \ref 07467 \lxa kextoponwia \lxac kikextoponwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to cause swelling in the neck of \ssa hacer hinchar el cuello de \syno tópowíya \flr tohpon \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \nde Florencia Marcelino would not accept this incorporated form (verb tópowíya with kech-), stating that the swelling can surge anywhere and the causing agent has no control over this. \qry Cf. entry under /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps this is the "causative" form (check meaning and possible other examples of "causative" with /-wia/. Also ask speakers for the transitive of /kextotopo:ni/. Perhaps there is also a nominal form /kechtotopo:ntli/. Finally, after recording determine whether the beginning should be /kextoto-/ or /kechtoto-/. \ref 00535 \lxa kextoponyoh \lxac kextoponyoh \lxo kextópoyóh \lxoc kextópoyóh \dt 12/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \seo to have a swelling (of the type called tópontlí) on ones neck \sso tener un hinchazón (del tipo llamado tópontlí) por el cuello \xrb kech \xrb tohpon \grmx Oapan phonology: Note that in /kextópoyóh/ the underlying /n/ is lost. The precise conditions for the loss of /n/ are not clear, but it is not infrequent. Cf. the very interesting case of /í:xmotlí/ with the reinterpretation leading to pitch accent. Also note cases of /cha:n/ to the same effect; the /n/ of /-ka:n/ often loses the final /n/ as well. Carefully review all such cases. \ref 07025 \lxa kextotolkatok \lxac kextotolkatok \lxacpend kextotolkatok \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08673 \lxa kextla:lti:sayowa \lxac kextla:lti:sayowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb kech \xrb tla:l \xrb ti:sa \ref 08361 \lxa kextlan \lxac i:kextlan \lxo kextlan \lxoa kextlah \lxoc i:kextlah, i:kextlan \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \se throat; front of the neck \ss garganta; parte anterior del cuello \pna Ne:chkukwa nokechtlan. \pea My throat hurts me. \psa Me duele la garganta. \se neck (of a material object such as a vase, jug, etc.) \ss cuello (de un objeto material como un jarro, etc.) \sem body \xrb kech \xrb -tlan \nse This term apparently refers to either the inside or outside of the throat, although it seems to specifically target the front of the neck. \vl Use first female token for /i:kextlah/. \ref 02645 \lxa kextlansa:lowa \lxac kikextlansa:lowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08352 \lxa kextli:ltik \lxac kextli:ltik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be black-necked; to have a black neck (e.g., certain types of birds) \ss tener un cuello negro (p. ej., ciertos tipos de pájaros) \pna Tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n, kextli:ltiktsitsi:nteh, pi:pitikeh. \pea The tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n, they have black necks, they are very small. \psa Los tlatlatsili:nya:ntsi:n, tienen sus cuellitos negritos, son muy pequeños. \sem body-description \equivo kextli:lihki \xrb kech \xrb tli:l \qry Check out why /kechtli:ltiktsitsi:nteh/ has the diminutive. I would assume that the diminutive refers to the neck, i.e., being small birds they have small necks. But it might modify the type of 'black', i.e., with just a small part black, or a black color that is not very strong. \ref 07616 \lxa kextsakwa \lxac nokextsakwa \lxo ---- \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \se (refl.) to become hoarse \ss (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a \pna O:nokextsakw, xtikmatin tli:n kokolistli kipia. \pea He got hoarse, we don't know what illness he has. \psa Se puso ronco, no sabemos que enfermedad tiene. \syno kopa:htsakwa \xrb kech \xrb tsakwa \qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be checked. \ref 06197 \lxa kextsonteki \lxac kikextsonteki \lxo kextsonteki \lxoc kikextsonteki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-(N-V2) \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to decapitate (an animal or person, with a machete, e.g., the action of cutting off the head of a slaughtered pig) \sso decapitar (un animal o persona, con un machete; p. ej., decapitar un marrano que ha sido sacrificado); degollar \sem cutting \cfao kexteki \xrb kech \xrb tson \xrb teki \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06916 \lxa kextsotsol \lxac kextsotsol \lxo kexte:tsol \lxoc kexte:tsol \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s* (prev-te) \se to have a bare, featherless throat (particularly said of certain chickens with this characteristic, which may extend down to its breast) \ss tener el cuello pelado, sin plumas (dicho particularmente de ciertas gallinas con esta característica, que puede extender hasta su pecho) \pna Kextsotsol nopió. \pea My chicken does not have any feathers on the front of its neck. \psa Mi gallina no tiene plumas en la parte de enfrente de su cuello. \cfo piyo:te:tsol \xrb kech \xrb tsol \qry Check other usages of /kechtsotsol/. Check for /kex/ or /kech/. It appears that I originally had /kechtsotsol/ for Ameyaltepec, but I have changed this based on comparative information. Recheck. \rt Discuss the nature of /tsotsol/ as a reduplicated form, lexicalized, that seems to be related to /tsoliwi/ etc. Note that /tsotsoltetl/ means 'naked.' \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male token. \ref 03818 \lxa -ki \lxac xtlakwa:ki \lxo -ki \lxoc xtlakwa:ki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional used in the imperative and optative modes \ssao direccional inverso utilizado en los modos imperativo y optativo \nae This suffix, which has a plural -kin in Ameyaltepec and -kih in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -ko and -ko:ya. \ref 00995 \lxa kia:wahkopa \lxac kia:wahkopa \lxo kia:wahkopa \lxoc kia:wahkopa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-k(o)-pa \se toward the outside \ss hacia afuera \pna Kia:wahkopa katka. \pea He was facing toward outside (in this case while sitting at a cafe under an awning). \psa Estaba sentado (en este caso) hacia afuera. \xrb kia:wa \xrl -kopa \qry Recheck meaning and use. Check to make sure this form cannot be possessed: ?nokia:wahkopa. If it can, change /cat by adding [poss]. \grm Perhaps add new (com) entry to categorize the present which is essentially a double locative: /kia:wak/ and /-kopa/. Note that as written, /kia:wahkopa/ has a double locative /k(o)/ since /kia:wak/ itself apparently has a locative, and to this /-kopa/ is added. However, it will need to be confirmed that the sequence /-hkopa/ is correctly transcribed, and that the form is not /kia:wakopa/. \ref 01395 \lxa kia:wak \lxac kia:wak \lxo kia:wak \lxoc kia:wak \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1 \seao outside; in the open air \ssao a fuera; al aire libre \pna Kia:wak kochi, xkipia ikal. \pea He sleeps outside, he doesn't have a house. \psa Duerme al aire libre, no tiene una casa. \pna Kia:wak onkah. \pea There is (are) some outside. \psa Afuera hay algunos. \pna Noka:was kia:wak. \pea It will stay outside. \psa Se va a quedar afuera. \seao (para ~) toward the outside (of an organized group of people, e.g., a circle of children, etc.; antonym kali) \ssao (para ~) hacia afuera (de un grupo organizado de gente, como un círculo de niños, etc.; antónimo kali) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside and then go back (to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera y van hacia atrás (a cabo de la línea). \cfao kali \xrb kia:wa \xrl -k(o) \nae Whether or not two entries for kia:wak should be established is not entirely clear. Definitely the reference to 'patio' may be considered nominal in that it is possessed (and indeed must be possessed to signify a 'house patio'). Unpossessed kia:wak functions as a locative in much the same way as nika:n, kali, etc. Thus in the phrase nokwepo:nian para kia:wak one cannot mark the reference point for the deixis with a possessive prefix *i:kia:wak. Nor does one find a form such as *tlakia:wak. \qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical. \ref 00165 \lxa kia:wak \lxac kia:wak \lxo kia:wak \lxocpend kia:wak \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1[poss] \infv Oblig. poss.: i:kia:wak \se (poss) immediately outside of ones house (e.g., in the yard or patio) \ss (poss) inmediatamente afuera de la casa de uno (esto es, en el patio o el solar) \pna Nokia:wak tikne:xti:s. \pea You will find it in the yard of my house. \psa Lo vas a encontrar afuera de mi casa. \xrb kia:wa \xrl -k(o) \qry Check for /kia:watl/, as it exists in classical. \ref 07450 \lxa kia:wate:nko \lxac kia:wate:nko \lxo kia:wate:nko \lxoc kia:wate:nko \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1 \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se threshold, the area immediately in front of the doorway to a house \ss umbral, el área inmediatamente enfrente de la puerta de una casa \pna Kia:wate:nko nemi, xkalaki. \pea He is just outside the house, he hasn't come in. \psa Está justamente fuera de la casa, no pasa. \pna Yewa nokia:wate:nko. \pea It is the area immediately in front of my house. \psa Es el umbral de mi casa. \xrb kia:wa \xrb te:n \xrl -k(o) \qry Cf. note under /kia:wate:ntli/ and check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/. I have noted that /kia:wate:nko/ refers to the place just in front of, outside of the door, the 'umbrál'. Confirm that a form such as /nokia:wate:nko/ is correct. \ref 03504 \lxa kia:wate:ntli \lxac kia:wate:ntli \lxo kia:wate:ntli \lxoc kia:wate:ntli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se doorway to a house \ss entrada a una casa \pna Koya:wak mokia:wate:n. \pea The doorway to your house is wide. \psa La entrada a tu casa es ancha. \pna Xki:sa ompún, ipan kia:wate:ntli! \pea Go out there, through the doorway! \psa ¡Salte por allí, por la entrada! \xrb kia:wa \xrb te:n \nse Kia:wate:ntli refers to the opening, the doorway, and not the physical object of the door itself, for which the Spanish loan pwe:rtah is used, at least in Ameyaltepec. \qry Check to see if it can also refer to interior doorways (i.e. to rooms). In one note I have recorded that this refers to the area in front of a house, in front of the doorway, where people pass, i.e. threshhold. However, in another entry I refer to this as the /kia:wate:nko/. Check difference between /kia:wate:ntli/ and /kia:wate:nko/. \grm Note also the manner in which possessive is used here in /koya:wak mokia:wate:n/ (add to grammar notes) in which one does not say /ikia:wate:n mokal/. It is the houseowner who is the possessor. \ref 05671 \lxa kiawa:tl \lxac kiawa:tl \lxo kiaha:tl \lxoc kiaha:tl \dt 22/Sep/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se rainwater \ss agua de la lluvia \xrb ki \xrb yawi \xrb a: \nse Kiaha:tl is usually used to refer to rainwater that has been collected (or become collected) and may be used for various purposes, such as drinking. \nae The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of kiawi is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable a:tl). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. \qry Check phonology of middle /h/. Perhaps root of /kiawtli/, /kiawi/, etc. should be /kia/ and not /kiawi/. Check and decide. Check sound file with phonetitian to determine representation. \grm Phonology; orthography: The spelling of the Oapan entry is problematical since the /h/ represents a syllable-final devoicing of the preceding vowel. The precise motivation or phonological rules that motivate this is unclear, but the etymology is clearly the compounding of two nominal stems {kiaw + a:tl}. The underlying /w/ of kiawi is realized phonetically as [h] as devoicing in the coda position (i.e., not an onset to the following syllable a:tl). Perhaps a simply orthographic/phonological rule that /h/ is always syllable final would clarify the relationship between the orthographic spelling and sound. \ref 02666 \lxa kiawi \lxac kiawi \lxo kiawi \lxoa kiewi \lxoc kiawi \dt 23/Nov/2003 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to rain \ss llover \pna Kiawisneki. \pea It looks like rain. \psa Parece que va a llover. \pna I:pan o:kiaw, o:pa:tsiw. \pea It rained on it (e.g., clothes left outside to dry), it got wet. \psa Llovió sobre él (p. ej., ropa dejado afuera para secarse), se mojó. \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae This verb is defective in that it is only found in the 3rd person singular. \vl Carefully recheck whether there is a glide /y/ or whether this is better written /kiawi/. Be consistent. \rt Tie in roots of /tlapayawi/, /kiawi/ and other similar forms. \ref 01804 \lxa kiawi \lxac kiawi \lxo kiyawi \lxop kiawi \lxoc kiyawi \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V0 \der V0-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to rain \ss llover \sem weather \xrb ki \xrb yawi \qry Check \ref 03075 \lxa kiawi:lo \lxac kiawi:lo \lxo kiawi:lo \lxoc kiawi:lo \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pas \infv class-4a(oni) \se (-pan ~) to get rained upon (clothes left out; sb sleeping in the open; a field after a storm) \ss (-pan ~) tener la lluvia caer sobre si (ropa dejada afuera, algn durmiendo a la intemperie, un sembradío después de una fuerte lluvia) \pna I:pan o:kiawi:lo:k. \pea It was rained hard upon (e.g., a milpa during a particularly heavy storm). \psa Recibió mucha lluvia (p. ej., la milpa durante el transcurso del verano). \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nse At least in Ameyaltepec, the verb kiawi:lo seems to always be preceded by the relational noun -pan. \qry The presence of a long /i:/ before the impersonal/passive is noteworthy and perhaps suggests a passive formation of an 'intermediate' transitive form (cf. /to:nalwi:lo:/, /yeyekawi:lo:/, etc.). Probably /kiawi:lo:/ is derived from *?kiawia. Perhaps a better or more accurate translation of /kiawi:lo:/ is 'it was (adversely) affected by much rain (e.g. a planted crop after a season of much rain). Cf. /ipan o:tlapayawi:lo:k/ 'it drizzled on it'. Note that /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/ indicates that it rained 'hard' (and, check, probably destructively) upon it, not simply that it rained on it. Check the difference between -pan kiawi:lo and simply kiawi:lo. In fact, it seems almost incorrect to say /ipan o:kiawi:lo:k/, and I would think that simply /o:kiawi:lo:k/ would be correct. This should be checked, along with /ipan o:to:nalwi:lo:k/, /ipan o:yeyekawi:lo:k/, etc. Perhaps the /ipan/ is ungrammatical (would one say /nopan o:nikiawi:lo:k/?). \vl Note that there are several extra tokens of this word in tape 14_1 at 3578; these should be properly tagged here, with 191. \grm Discuss teh form /i:pan o:kiawi:lo:k/. \ref 00191 \lxa kiawpale:wia \lxac nokiawpale:wia \lxo kiahpale:wia \lxof [ki ah pa le: 'wi a] \lxoc nokiahpale:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to protect or shelter oneself from the rain \ss (refl.) protegerse o albergarse de la lluvia \pna Umpa wel timokiawpale:wi:s. \pea There you can protect yourself from the rain. \psa Allá te puedes proteger de la lluvia. \pna Tekakahli, kó:n wel timokiawpale:wi:s. \pea It is a shelter (below a ledge of outcropping rocks), that way you will be able to protect yourself from the rain. \psa Es un risco sobresaliente de piedra, de esta manera (esto es, metiéndote abajo de ello) te puedes proteger de la lluvia. \xrb ki \xrb yawi \xrb pale: \qry Check use of non-reflexive form. \pqry Check for glide ?kiyawi... \vl There are 5 tokens that were originally recorded at 3301. The first of these, female, is mistakenly /nokiahpale:wiyah/ (or -n), i.e., it ends with a plural marker. Do not link this, but tage as 6110 also. Thus there should be 9 total tokens (5 originally from 3301 and 4 from 6110. Given the better quality of the later sound files, the links should probably be from those originally at 6110. \rt Perhaps /pale:wia:/ can be further etymologized into /pal/, etc. \ref 06110 \lxa kiawtli \lxac kiawtli \lxo kiahtli \lxoc kiahtli \dt 06/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao rain \ssao lluvia \pna Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli. \pea I won't drink it because it is just rainwater. \psa No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia. \syno kiaha:tl \syno tlakiahlo:tl \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae It might be possible to analyze this as a deverbalized noun, given the verb kiawi. \ref 00644 \lxa kiawtli \lxac kiawtli \lxo kiahtli \lxoc kiahtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se rain \ss lluvia \pna Newa xnikoni:s pa:mpa san de kiawtli. \pea I won't drink it because it is just rainwater. \psa No lo voy a beber yo porque es sólo de la lluvia. \sem weather \xrb ki \xrb yawi \nae It might be possible to analyze kwawtli as a deverbalized noun, given the verb kiawi. \ref 04767 \lxa kichi:was \lxac kichi:was \lxo kichi:was \lxoc kichi:was \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal \seao perhaps; possibly; there's a good chance that; just perhaps; just in case (in reference to the possibility that the predicate expression that follows might occur) \ssao a lo mejor; quizá; es posible; en caso de que (en referencia a la posibilidad de que el predicado que sigue no se lleve a cabo) \pna Ma:ka ma:s miák tikontla:li:s! Kichi:was san i:xpoliwis. \pea Don't toss in any more (in this case beans in a pot)! They'll probably go bad and get wasted (from being left over). \psa ¡No le vayas a poner más (en este caso frijoles a cocinar)! A lo mejor se va a echarse a perder (al no comerse luego). \pna Kwahli iye:wtok, kichi:was tine:chkoto:nili:s \pea It fine right where it's being kept (in this case a strap being requested in loan), (if I gave it to you) you might well snap it on me. \psa Está muy bien donde está guardado (en este caso algo como un tirante de cuero pedido prestado), (si te lo de) a lo mejor me lo vayas a reventar. \pna Kichi:was tine:chma:was. Xnikwalo:sneki. \pea You might well infect me. I don't want to get sick. \psa A lo mejor me vas a contagiar. No quiero enfermarme. \pna Na:nkah i:n, san kichi:was ma:s patiotsi:n, xkaxi:ti, dya nika:n timitsaxi:ltili:s. \pea Here it is (in this case money to buy sth in market), in case it is more expensive make up the difference and I will pay you back here (later). \psa Aquí está (en este caso para un encargo), en caso de que salga más caro, complétale lo que falta y aquí (de vuelta) te pago la diferencia. \pna Kichi:was niá:s. \pea I just might go. \psa Puede ser que (a lo mejor) vaya. \pna Xnimotlalo:s. Niá:s san yo:li:k, kichi:was nima:ntiki:sas. \pea I'm not going to run. I'll just go slowly, otherwise I might trip and fall. \psa No voy a ir corriendo. Voy a ir despacio, no vaya a ser que me tropiece. \xrb chi:wa \cfa chi:wa \nse The transitive verb chi:wa in the 3rd-person singular future with a 3rd-person object is used in a modal function to express speakers expectation, but lack of certainty, that a given event will take place. Given this uncertainty kichi:was is often used after an admonitive-like phrase. Thus, for example, one might say, xtlakwate:wa, kichi:was ta:pismikis 'Eat before you leave! you might just get hungry (otherwise)! \ref 00469 \lxa kichkone:tl \lxac kichkone:tl \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1; pl. kichko:koneh \sem age \se a young boy (about 4 to 7 years of age, although sometimes used with children as young as a year) \ss un niño joven (entre 4 y 7 años, aunque a veces se utiliza con niños tan jóvenes como de un año) \xrb okich \xrb kone: \cfa okixtli \cfo te:lpakatsi:n \encyctmp age \nse Kichkone:tl has not been documented in possessed form. Instead the Spanish loan i:joh is used, e.g., noi:joh, 'my son.' \qry Check plural. \mod Construct an encyclopedic page on age and words used to refer to different ages, from babies to old people. \ref 04952 \lxa kichkone:tsi:ntli \lxac kichkone:tsi:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 31/Mar/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:ntli \sea baby boy (from birth to perhaps some four years of age) \ssa niñito; bebé (de nacimiento hasta como de cuatro años de edad) \cfo te:lpakatsi:n \encyctmp age \xrb okich \xrb kone: \mod On "age" page include /kichkone:tl/, /telpokatsi:n/, etc. \ref 04834 \lxa kiki:ske:tl \lxac kiki:ske:tl \lxo kíki:ské:tl \lxoc kíki:ské:tl \dt 18/Nov/2002 \psm N \com Reduced rdp-s(pre): ní:ki:ské:tl \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \se rambler; drifter; wanderer; vagabond \ss parandero; vagabundo \pna Yewa san kiki:ske:tl, xmelá kineki cha:ntis. \pea He's just a tramp, he doesn't want to settle down (e.g., in this village as a resident). \psa El no es más que un vago, no quiere establecerse (p. ej., en este pueblo, como ciudadano). \cfa kiki:ski \flao ki:sa \xrb ki:sa \qry Check for difference between /kiki:ski/ and /kiki:ske:tl/ as my glosses are distinct. \ref 00748 \lxa kiki:ski \lxac kiki:ski \lxo kíkí:ski \lxoc kíkí:ski \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kí:ski \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \pa yes-rdp \seao person who is always out on the town, visiting friends or social spots \ssao parrandero; paseador \pna Melá tikiki:ski, san tikiki:stinemi. \pea You're a real party-goer, you just go around about on the town. \psa De veras eres un parrandero, nada más andas de paranda. \cfa kiki:ske:tl \xrb ki:sa \dis Check meaning of this word, and of /kiki:ske:tl/ since I have different glosses. I have thus changed them from synonyms to cfa. \nse The agentive noun kiki:ski does not refer to a vagrant but rather to a person who goes out a lot, wandering around the village not doing anything in particular, just visiting friends and stopping in the cantinas for a drink of soda or beer. \nae Although kiki:ske:tl is stated to be correct in Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used; kiki:ski is much more common. \ref 00021 \lxa kili:n \lxaa kilí:n \lxac i:kili:n \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \sea bristly hairs found on the back of some jabalís (and, in the past, allegedly on some bulls) \ssa creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís (y, en el pasado, supuestamente sobre algunos toros) \pna ... ikilí:n kuwpitso \pea ... the bristles on the back of the jabali \psa ... la creda sobre el lomo de los jabalís. \xrb kili:n \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; perhaps the word is related to kilitl. \ref 02283 \lxa kimichin \lxac kimichin \lxo komichin \lxoc komichin \dt 25/Mar/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se mouse \ss ratoncito \sem animal \sem mammal \cfa wi:sako:tl \xrb kimich \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check to see if /kimichin/ is also a rat. \ref 04570 \lxa kineki \lxac kineki \lxo kineki \lxoc kineki \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \seao to be necessary \ssao ser necesario \pna Ma:ka san we:weka tiksasa:lo:s un notlake:n! Kineki xkasi pi:si:ltik. \pea Don't sew my clothes with open stiches! You need to (it is necessary that you) sew it with the stitches close together. \psa ¡No vayas a coser mi ropa con las puntadas abiertas! Es necesario que la coses (tienes que coserla) con las puntadas apretadas. \pna Saka tine:che:wi:tia para ma nia nomi:hlan, pero yewa kineki tine:chihli:s saniman. \pea You just (want) to send me off to my cornfield, but (to do this) it is necessary for you to tell me right away (i.e., with decent advance warning). \psa No más me (quieres) enviar a mi milpa, pero (para hacer eso) es necesario que me avises luego luego (esto es, con anticipación). \pna Kineki tla:katl. \pea A man is needed. \psa Falta un hombre (esto es, se necesita un hombre). \xrb neki \cfa neki \nse Kineki has been given a separate entry as a modal compound that is used to indicate the speaker's evaluation of the necessity of a given situation occurring, of a particular noun being present, etc. \ref 00173 \lxa kipapayexowa \lxac kipapayexowa \lxo papaixowa \lxoc ki:paixowa \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s*(pref): ki:paixowa \infv class-2b \seo to grind up coarsely in ones mouth (e.g., a pig that is tomayoh, eating only a little with the greater part falling out) \sso moler burdamente en la boca (p. ej., un marrano tomayoh a maíz, comiendo solamente un poquito con lo demás cayendo al lado) \xrb payex \nae There is no documented evidence of the reduplicant given that this word has only been found with the 3rd-person object. However, the length of the /i/ of the object prefix suggests a reduced reduplicant; the absence of pitch accent suggests that the reduplicant does not have {h} as a coda. More word needs to be done on this word, its etymology and phonological representation. \qry Check etymology. Check to make sure there is a reduplicant. \pqry The vowel length pattern here is not clear, nor is the etymology. Obviously the word is somewhat related to forms such as /paya:na/, /papaitsa/ (Oa) or /papayetsa/ (Am), but the relation is not clear. At times the /i/ of /papaixowa/ seems long, but this is not clear. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 06690 \lxa kipia para \lxac kipia para \lxo kipia para tiá:s \lxoc kipia para ya:s \dt 27/Mar/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal-complex \se (~ + [future verb]) word sequence indicating advisory or obligative modality, i.e., speaker's view that addressee or referent should act in a certain way, or that sth is bound to occur \ss (~ + [verbo en futuro]) secuencia de palabras que indican una modalidad de obligación, esto es, la perspectiva del hablante que otro debe actuar de cierta manera, o que algo tiene que suceder \pna Kipia para wi:ts. \pea He's bound to come. \psa Ha de venir. \pna Kipia para tine:chpale:wi:s. \pea You should help me. \psa Me debes (tienes que) ayudar. \pna A:man xok kipiaya para kiawiskia. \pea Today it wasn't due for it to rain (i.e., it shouldn't have rained). \psa Hoy no estaba para llover (esto es, no debía haber llovido). \dis i:tekiw \xrb piya \nse Kipia para is similar to i:tekiw, although there is a difference. For example Kipia para wi:ts is expresses the speakers perception of an obligation on the part of the subject to come, such as would be the case if the subject has promised to do so, or has a matter pending that requires his or her attention. I:tekiw, on the other hand, expresses more a sense of inevitability; indeed, it even suggests that a subject might carry out a given act even against his will or desire. Thus a parent might tell a friend that his child will help, i:tekiw mitspale:wi:s, implying that this will occur even if the child is somewhat reluctant. Nevertheless, the senses are quite similar and more work needs to be done on distinguishing them. \ref 04753 \lxa ki:sa \lxac ki:sa \lxo ki:sa \lxoc ki:sa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to emerge; to come into view; to come into; to come up or rise (the sun) \ss salir (p. ej. el sol); salir a (un lugar); llegar a ser visible \pna Xeki:sa to:nahli. Ma tikchiaka:n. \pea The sun still hasn't come up. Let's wait for it. \psa Todavía no sale el sol. ¡Vamos a esperarlo! \pna Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. \pea I've come out to where the water is shallow, it's no longer deep. \psa Salí a donde el agua está poca profunda, ya no es profunda. \se to go away (an ill effect or sth harmful) \ss partir; salir (algo mal o dañino) \pna Xtlatskwepo:nalti mokone:w, ma ki:sa itlatsiwis. \pea Whip your child hard (with a rope or switch so that it makes a crackling sound against his skin) so that his laziness leaves him. \psa Azota fuerte a tu hijo (con un lazo o una varita, haciendo un chasquido contra su piel) para que salga su flojera. \se to show good results; to turn out ok; to yield a profit (an inversion); to provide a good harvest (a planted field) \ss salir bien; tener un buen resultado; redituar (una inversión); rendir (un sembradío) \pna Xekitilia. Xki:sa. \pea He hasn't figured it out (e.g., how to do sth properly, to make sth, to paint amates, to put sth together such as a puzzle, etc.). It doesn't turn out right. \psa No le ve la manera (p. ej., de hacer algo bien, de fabricar algo, de pintar, de armar algo, etc.). No le sale. \pna Xniknamaka pa:mpa xki:sa. \pea I don't sell it because it doesn't pay (i.e., doesn't turn out right or profitable for me). \psa No lo vendo por que no sale (esto es, no sale bien, no me reditua). \pna Nika:n xki:sa nomi:ltsi:n pa:mpa texa:hli. \pea Here (in this location) my cornfield doesn't give a good yield because the land is composed of rough and pebbly sand (note that fine-grained sand would, however, be good to plant in). \psa Aquí (en este lugar) no rinde mi milpa por que el suelo es de arena áspera y pedregosa (nótese que la arena fina es buena para sembrar). \se to take place \ss llevarse a cabo; suceder \pna Ki:sas a:wihli. \pea The Carnival will take place. \psa Se va a llevar a cabo el carnaval. \se (-tech ~) to come from \ss (-tech ~) salir de \pna Totech ki:sas un tomi:n para nokowas. \pea The money to buy it will come from us (e.g., from our contributions to a general fund). \psa El dinero para comprarlo va a salir de nosotros (p. ej., de lo que hemos juntado colectivamente). \pna Kite:wi:kilia imon, pero itech ki:sas toba:leh, nochi yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea His son-in-law has debts, but everything will come from our friend's pocket, he will be the one to pay for everything. \psa Su yerno tiene deudas, pero todo va a salir a cuenta de nuestro amigo, va a ser él quien lo paga todo. \sea (-tech ~) to cause delirium (a scorpion bite [S]; cf. Oapan kalaki) \ssa (-tech ~) afectar causando dilirio (el piquete de alacrán [S]; véase Oapan kalaki) \pna Itech o:ki:s ko:lo:tl. \pea The scorpion bite affected him, provoking a delirious state. \psa La mordida del alacrán se le trabó. \pna Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh. Bwe:yeh, kitowan kimiktia. \pea The tla:lko:lo:tl does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain. As for cattle, they that it kills it. \psa The tla:lko:lo:tl no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor. En cuanto al ganado, dicen que lo mata. \se (with wa:l-) to emerge; to come out of (an enclosed space, such as a house or building) \ss (con wa:l-) salir (desde un lugar encerrado, como una casa o edificio) \pna O:wa:lki:s, koxtoya icha:n. \pea He emerged, he was sleeping inside his house. \psa Salió, estaba durmiendo dentro de su casa. \se (usually with a directional affix) to pass through from one side to another (e.g., a nail being driven through a board) \ss (generalmente con un afijo direccional) pasar o salir de un lado a otro; atravesar (p. ej., un clavo que atraviesa una tabla) \pna Yo:ki:sako. Sahkó:n ma noka:wa! \pea It's come through to this side (e.g., a nail being hammered through a board or wall). Let it just stay like that! \psa Ya salió (atravesando de un lado a otro). ¡Qué quede así! \se (usually with a directional affix) to finish up or end (a task; the fulfillment of an obligation or performance of an office); to wind up (the telling of a story, giving an address or talk) \ss (generalmente con un afijo direccional) terminar o acabar (una tarea; el cumplimiento de un periodo en un cargo o puesto; una narrativa o ponencia) \pna Ma niki:sati, dya tewa tite:no:tsas! \pea Let me finish, then you can speak to people! \psa ¡Déjame terminar, entonces tu puedes hablar a la gente! \pna Kwa:k yewa yo:ki:sako, newa nikalakis. \pea When he has finished up (in this case his term in office), I will begin (to serve). \psa Cuando él ya terminó (en este caso su periodo de comisario), yo voy a empezar. \pna San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s. \pea Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up! \psa ¡Vas a terminar uno tras otro (esto es, de una manera ordenada como ocurre, p. ej., a surcar tierra plana y blanda), te debes a apurar! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to go around from place to place (perhaps visiting, perhaps with no particular destination); to go out on the town; to party from place to place \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) andar de un lugar a otro (quizá para andar de visita, quizá sin una destinación fija); buscar diversión de lugar a lugar; parandear \pna Nonkiki:sas, mo:stla niwa:lkalakis. \pea I'm going to go out on the town, I'll come back (home) tomorrow. \psa Voy a salir de paranda, mañana vengo (regreso a casa). \pna O:nikiki:sako. Nika:n nite:i:xmati. \pea I came here to go around the town (e.g., visiting, or perhaps just dropping in here and there, at stores, friends' homes, etc.). I know people here. \psa Vine para andar de diversión (p. ej., visitando gente, o quizá simplemente yendo de un lugar a otro, tiendas, casas de amigos, etc.). Conozco gente aquí. \pna Yo:pe:w ki:kiki:sa. \pea He's started to go out now and then. \psa Ya empezó a parandear de vez en cuando. \se (with short vowel reduplication + -pan) to pass over or by (e.g., an event that occurs without one [poss. of -pan] noticing) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta + pan) rebasar o pasar (p. ej., un evento que ocurre sin que uno [pos. de -pan] se de cuenta) \pna Nopan o:kiki:s noye:lo:w. Xna:h katka. Kwa:k yo:nekok, yo:pano:k. \pea My elotes (from my milpa) came and went without me noticing. I wasn't around (when they were ripe). When I arrived, (the season for elotes) had already passed by. \psa Mis elotes (de mi milpa) llegaron y pasaron sin que me diera cuenta. No estaba. Cuando llegué, (la temporada de elotes) ya había pasado. \se (ki:stiki:sa + -pan) to run over (sb [poss. of -pan], e.g,. a motor vehicle, etc. ) \ss (ki:stiki:sa + -pan) atropellar a (algn [pos. de -pan], p. ej., un vehículo) \pna Mopan o:kiki:stiki:s, xo:timekwanih. \pea It ran over you (a car, person, animal, etc.) when it passed by. You didn't get out of the way. \psa Te atropelló al pasar (un coche, persona, animal, etc.). No te moviste. \sem motion \xrb ki:sa \xvcao ki:xtia \xvOao tlaki:sa \cfa -tiki:sa \cfa tlaki:ska:tlan \nse Whereas o:wa:lki:s indicates emergence from an enclosed location, o:ki:sako refers to the action of emerging from sth transitory, such as a task, a woods that one walks through, or to emerge into view as one passes first behind something such as a large blind. The use of directionals to indicate passing from one side to the other is common. Note also the phrase Yo:niki:s ka:n a:pani, xok tlawekatlan. Here the subject emerges from a deep part of the stream or river to a shallow section. The phrase does not refer to the action of leaving the shallow water, but rather coming into sight from another location. \qry It will be important to discuss and analyze the difference between /ki:sa/ and /wa:lki:sa/. Certain the second is used to indicate emergence from an enclosed space, such as someone emerging from his house. But check as to whether /xeki:sa to:nahli/ is correct, as I have indicated above, or whether it should be /xewa:lki:sa to:nahli/.... or whether both are correct, perhaps with slightly different meanings. \mod For a discussion of /ki:sa/ with directionals cf. Gram 1984-05-06.1 and article on directionals. \grm Future: /San tonki:ki:sas, timotlasiwi:ti:s/ 'Just finish up one right after another (i.e., in an orderly fashion, such as occurs when one finishes plowing one row or furrow after another on flat, soft land), you should hurry up' Note how the future is sometimes used to indicate what seems to be a suggestion, a polite bit of advice. e.g. /titlakwa:s, tla:mo ta:pismikis/ 'you should eat, otherwise you'll get hungry.' \grm Negation; clitics: /Xitech o:ki:s/ 'It didn't affect him (in this case a scorpion bite).' Note that the negative particle /x-/ is here placed to the left of the VP, which includes a locative (single word adverbial, which is usually preverbal) and verb. This location of the negative clitic parallels that of the subject clitic with NPs, as in /niwe:i chichi/. In general it will be necessary to study the location of the negative. \ref 01706 \lxa kitetso:tsonilia \lxac kitetso:tsonilia \lxo tetso:tsonilia \lxocpend kitetso:tsonilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \se to strike or pound repeatedly with a rock for (sb, e.g., in order to chip away at sth, to drive in a nail for them, etc.) \ss golpear repetidas veces con una piedra para (algn, p. ej., para desportillar algo, meter un clavo para él, etc.) \xrb te \xrb tsona \xvbao tetso:tsona \qry Check whether /tetsonilia/ or /tetsotsonilia/ exist \ref 07598 \lxa kitowa \lxac *kitowa \lxo kítowáh \lxoc kítowáh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal-evid \pa yes-lex \se it is said; they say that \ss dicen; se dice \pna Motech wa:ltlamastiw un toba:leh, kitowa itlah tiktlane:wti:s. \pea That friend of ours is coming straight to you, it's said that you might lend him something (e.g., an ox, donkey, money, etc.) \psa Ese amigo nuestro viene directo a tí, dicen que quizá le vas a prestar algo (p. ej., un buey, burro, dinero, etc.). \xrb htowa \cfa itowa \nse Although one might expect the plural kitowan as an evidential, all evidence so far indicates that in Ameyaltepec at least the singular form is used, literally 'he says it' though the meaning is 'it is said (that).' The citation form for Oapan Nahuatl, however, is the plural (with final /h/). This might reflect the impact of the elicitation of an isolated word. So, for now, the modal use (i.e., 'it is said that...') of Oapan kítowáh could perhaps be in error, and the correct form might be simply kítowá \qry Check number of this use of an evidential. \ref 05675 \lxa ki:tskia \lxac kiki:tskia \lxo ki:tsia \lxoc kiki:tsia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to grab; to seize; to grasp or take hold of \ss asir; coger; sostener (en las manos) \pna Yo:ne:chki:tskih para ne:chwisokiskia, pero xo:ne:chwisok. \pea He grabbed me in order to hit me, but he didn't. \psa Me agarró para golpearme, pero no me pegó. \pna O:tihki:ki:tskeh polidó:r. \pea We took one handful after another of the insecticide (used in cornfields). \psa Agarramos uno tras otro manojo de polydor (una insecticida utilizada en las milpas). \se to take or use without permission \ss tomar o utilizar sin permiso \pna Yo:kiki:tskih te:yo:lka:w. \pea He took someone else's animal for himself (e.g., just to use for a while or to take possession of by branding, etc.). \psa Agarró animal ajeno (p. ej., simplemente para utilizar por un tiempo, o para hacerse de él al herrarla). \se (with a woman as object) to have sexual intercourse with \ss (con una mujer como objeto) tener relaciones sexuales con \pna Xo:kiki:tskih isuwa:w. \pea He didn't have sexual intercourse with his wife. \psa No tuvo relaciones sexuales con su esposa. \se (refl. + -pan [noun]) to hold on tightly to [noun] \ss (refl. + -pan [sustantivo]) agarrarse o aferrarse a [sustantivo] \pna Kwahli xmoki:tski ipan trase:rah. \pea Hold on tight to the back of the saddle. \psa Agárrate bien de la parte trasera de la silla. \pna Kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka timotlapeto:nili:s! \pea Hold on tight (in this case to the branch of a tree)! Don't slip off! \psa ¡Agárrate bien (en este caso a la rama de un árbol)! ¡No te dejes deslizar! \se (refl.) to stick together (a substance such as dough, clay or wet sand, etc.) \ss (refl.) pegarse (una substancia como masa, arcilla o arena mojada, etc.) \se (refl. + -wa:n) to be jointly considered with; to be of the same type \ss (refl. + -wa:n) ser considerado como lo mismo de; ser del mismo tipo \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin, no: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The tlako:me:meka, it is similar to the chapolin, it is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only that it has long arms. \psa El tlako:me:meka, es parecido al chapolin, también es comestible, también huele mero como él. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \encystmp carry \xrb ki:tski \xvaa ki:tskilia \xvao ki:tsilia \xvca ki:tskiltia \xvco ki:tsi:ltia \mod In determining roots, with verbs that are not cognate sets should be considered separately, i.e. basic verbs. Cf the problem with a verb such as /ki:tskia/. \qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ and correct if necessary. \ref 03901 \lxa ki:tskilia \lxac kiki:tskilia \lxo ki:tsilia \lxoa ki:tskilia \lxoc kiki:tsilia \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to grab or hold for (e.g., to hold onto sth for sb, freeing their hands for some other activity) \ss sostener (algo en las manos) para (p. ej., sostener o agarrar algo para algn, para que este tenga libre las manos) \pna Xne:chki:tskili noto:roh, kwahli ma ntla:lili rria:tah ipan itsontekon! \pea Hold my bull for me, let me place this lasso right around its head! \psa ¡Agarra bien mi toro para mí, déjame ponerle bien esta riata por su cabeza! \pna Se: xne:chki:tskili! Ma nkoyo:ni! Ke:n na:wiltia! \pea Hold onto it for me (in this case a beam to be drilled)! Let me drill a hole in it! It really moves around (as I'm trying to drill it)! \psa ¡Agárramelo bien (en este caso una viga para taladrar)! ¡Déjame taladrarlo! ¡Cómo se mueve! \pna Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis! \pea Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground! \psa ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla! ¡Agárraselo por que si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo! \se to take from and use, often without permission \ss tomar de para utilizar, a menudo sin permiso \pna Ma:ka itlah tihki:tskili:s! Yewa niman note:i:xpantia tio:pan. \pea Don't go taking anything from him (e.g, an animal left in the fields to graze)! Right away he goes to the church to complain (i.e., praying to the saints to return what has been stolen and perhaps harm the robber). \psa ¡No le vayas a agarrar nada (p. ej., un animal soltado)! Luego luego se va a quejar en la iglesia (esto es, rezando a los santos para que le regresen lo que es suyo, tal vez haciéndole daño al ladrón). \se (with a woman as SO) to have sexual intercourse with the wife of (see tlaki:tskilia) \ss (con una mujer como OS) tener relaciones sexuales con la esposa de (véase tlaki:tskilia) \pna O:kiki:tskilih isuwa:w wa:n xkwala:ni, kitowa xtlami. \pea He had sexual intercourse with his (another person's) wife and he doesn't get mad. He says that she won't get used up. \psa Tuvo relaciones sexuales con su (de otra persona) esposa y no se enjoja. Dice que no se acaba su mujer. \xrb ki:tski \xvba ki:tskia \xvbo ki:tsia \xv1a tlakiki:tskilia \xv1o tlá:ki:tsília \grm Oapan phonology: the sound file for this word provides a good illustration of vowel length. \ref 03039 \lxa ki:tskiltia \lxac kiki:tskiltia \lxo ki:tsiltia \lxoc kiki:tsiltia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make (sb) hold or grab (sth) \ss hacer agarrar o sostener (algo) \se to attach or join (one thing to another) \ss juntar (una cosa con otra) \xrb ki:tski \xvba ki:tskia \xvbo ki:tsia \fl ki:tskia \mod Determine how best to translate words such as these in the /se and /ss definitions. Add example sentences. Check meaning of /tla-/ as in /ne:chtlaki:tskilia/. \ref 05007 \lxa ki:xteme:tsowilia \lxac ki:xteme:tsowilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb i:x \xrb te \xrb me:ts \grm Applicative: Note that when /ki:xte:me:tsowa/ appeared, Cristino Flores suggested that more correct was /ki:xteme:tsowilia/. Here not the use of the applicative for the "destination" (check roles) of the transitive action. Note that the meaning of this is 'to stare at (while sb is not watching) and then to lower ones eyes when the person looks' that is, it seems to be used to mean to surreptitiously stare at. \ref 08380 \lxa ki:xtia \lxac kiki:xtia \lxo ki:xtia \lxoc kiki:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take out or remove (from inside a container, as a rabbit from a hat, or a person from a house) \ss sacar (de un recipiente, como un conejo de un sombrero, o de un lugar encerrado, como una persona de una casa) \pna O:kwa:lki:xtih itomi:n, yewa kitlaxtla:was. \pea He took out his money, he will be the one to pay. \psa Sacó su dinero, va a ser él quien paga. \se to obtain a good result from; to successfully complete (a task) \ss obtener un buen resultado de; cumplir con éxito (una tarea) \pna Xo:kiki:xtih kwahli, a:man oksepa kichi:was. \pea He didn't get a good result (of sth he was attempting to do or make, i.e., it didn't turn out well for him), now he's going to have to do it again. \psa No le salió bien la primera vez (algo que estaba intentando hacer), ahora le toca volverlo a hacer. \se (refl.) to engender a child with ones looks (said of the mother or father; lit. 'to copy oneself') \ss (refl.) engendrar un hijo con la apariencia de uno (dicho de la madre o del padre, lit. 'copiar a si mismo') \pna O:noki:xtih, pa:mpa san no: yewa itlachialis. \pea (It is said that) he (or she) o:noki:xtih because he (the child) has the same appearance (as the parent). \psa (Se dice que) él (o ella) o:noki:xtih porque (el niño) tiene la misma apariencia (que el padre o madre). \se (with short vowel reduplication, and often with tla-) to repeatedly take out and show (particularly merchandise sold itinerantly) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta, y a menudo con tla-) sacar y mostrar repetidas veces (particularmente mercancía vendida por ambulantes) \pna Nitlakiki:xtia, xnitlamoya:wa. \pea I go around selling itinerantly (i.e., taking merchandise out and repeatedly showing it to people), I do not spread my wares out (on the ground or a table). \psa Ando vendiendo (esto es, como itinerante, repetidamente sacando la mercancía para mostrarla), no pongo (la mercancía) plano (sobre una mesa o el suelo). \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to glean (particularly mazorcas that have fallen in a field after harvest; also pieces of wood, for firewood, that have been left in a field cleared for planting) \ss (refl.) espigar; recoger lo dejado en el campo (particularmente mazorcas que se ha quedado atrás en la milpa después de la cosecha, o leña que se recoge tirada en un campo apenas limpiado para sembrar) \pna Nimokiki:xti:s, nitlayo:wia. \pea I will glean the field, I am poor. \psa Voy a espigar, soy pobre. \sem motion \sem agriculture \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ki:sa \xvaao ki:xtilia \encyctmp agriculture; merchandizing \ref 02396 \lxa kixtia:noh \lxac kixtia:noh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan cristiano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea foreigner; gringo; person who speaks a non-indigenous language \ssa extraño; gringo; persona que habla una lengua no indígena; güero \cfa kristia:noh \nse This borrowing from the Spanish cristiano was lexicalized at an early stage, not only acquiring the phonology of Nahuatl at that time (hence the loss of /r/), but also the meaning of cristiano as a foreigner, i.e., the Spanish invaders, who were the only Christians at the time. A subsequent borrowing, kristia:noh, was closer to the Spanish not only in phonology, but in meaning, as 'human,' i.e., non-pagan. \nde Oapan only has the borrowing kri:stia:noh. \ref 00289 \lxa ki:xtilia \lxac kiki:xtilia \lxo ki:xtilia \lxoc kiki:xtilia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to remove (sth) from; to take (sth) off of \ss quitar o sacar (algo) de \pna Kichikipe:lowan wa:kax kwa:k kimiktian, kiki:xtilian ipa:nsah. \pea They cut open the front of a cow when they kill it, they take out its belly. \psa Abren en canal una vaca cuando la matan, le quitan la panza. \pna Nihki:xtili:s ikakawayo. \pea I will take its skin off (e.g., of a fruit). \psa Le voy a quitar su cáscara (p. ej., a una fruta) \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ki:xtia \ref 01331 \lxa -ko \lxac o:tlakwa:ko \lxo -ko \lxoc o:tlakwa:ko \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional suffix used in the perfective, indicating that the subject has come (and not yet left) \ssao direccional inverso utilizado en el perfectivo, indicando que el sujeto ha llegado (y todavía no ha salido) \nae This suffix, which has a plural -ko:n in Ameyaltepec and -ko:h in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -ki and -ko:ya. \ref 03837 \lxa kocha:xi:xa \lxac nokocha:xi:xa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-[N-V2] \der V2-b \tran Reflexive; different sense with specific object \infv class-3a \sea (refl.) to urinate while sleeping; to wet ones bed while sleeping \ssa (refl.) orinar dormido en la cama \pna O:nimokocha:xi:x, xe nisaya. \pea I urinated in my sleep. I hadn't woken up yet. \psa Oriné mientras que dormía. Todavía no me había despertado. \sea to urinate on (sb) in ones sleep \ssa orinar sobre (algn) al estar dormido \pna O:ne:chkocha:xi:x nokone:w, ok pitentsi:n. \pea My child urinated on me in his sleep, he's still little. \psa Mi niño me orinó mientras que estaba durmiendo, todavía es pequeño. \syno koxtlapia:sowa \xrb koch \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse Urinating in ones sleep is considered a te:tsa:wtli, a bad omen. \qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. \ref 00956 \lxa kochi \lxac kochi \lxo kochi \lxoc kochi \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Appl; +Caus \infv class-3a(ch) \se to fall asleep \ss dormirse \pna Ma:ka tikochis! Mitsawas motah. \pea Don't fall asleep! Your father will scold you. \psa ¡No te vayas a dormir! te va a regañar tu papá. \pna Sa: koxtok pa:mpa kwalo. \pea He's just sleeping because he is sick. \psa Se la pasa durmiendo porque está enfermo. \pna Koxtia:s. \pea He will go along (e.g., a dog taken in an airplane) asleep. \psa Va a ir durmido (p. ej., un perro llevado en un avión). \pna Kokoxtia:s. \pea He will go along falling asleep on and off. \psa Va a ir cayéndose durmido de vez en cuando. \se to droop down (plants that are suffering from a lack of water, a penis when it loses its erect state, cf. isa, etc.) \ss perder su estado erecto (una planta que sufre por falta de agua, el pene al perder su estado de excitación, cf. isa, etc.) \pna Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. \psa Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. \pna O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch. \pea He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect. \psa Se le había parado el pene, ya no está parado. \pna Se: xiwtli san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli, kochi, ketlah pipi:liwi. \pea There is a wild plant that you just move it, you just brush by it, it falls over to the ground, it droops, it's like it (its leaves) just fold and hang down in a clump. \psa Hay una planta silvestre, nada más la mueves, la alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra, duerme, es como si se encoge y se pone mustio. \se to spin around quickly in one spot (as a top or marble) \ss girar rápidamente en un lugar; dormir (un trompo o ganica) \pna Xkito:ti motro:mpoh! Ma tikitaka:n ke:n kochi! \pea Make your top spin! Let's see how it spins around quickly in one spot! \psa ¡Haz bailar tu trompo! ¡Vamos a ver como duerme! \pna Sa: koxtok kani:kah. \pea The marble is just spinning around quickly in one spot. \psa Esta canica está nomás durmiendo. \xrb kochi \xvcao kochi:tia \xvaao kochi:lia \xv0ao tlakochi \nae In combinational forms the stem of this verb is koch, as occurs in many words; e.g., kochtlatlatowa. The inflectional paradigm of kochi is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: kochi:lo. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: kochilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb miki. In Ameyaltepec I have heard, during the early days of fieldwork in the late 1970's the impersonal form kochi:wa. This form is now no longer used nor remembered. \qry Cf. the difference between /sa: koxtok/ and /san koxtok/. Offer an explanation of this difference in the next draft and discuss the nature of the difference between /sa:/ and /san/. Finally, check the inflection of the future, directional, imperfect, etc., vowel length of final /i/. \vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long /i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked. \grm /O:tlaxitika, a:man yo:koch/ 'He had gotten an erection, now his penis is no longer erect.' Note that difference in subjects and discuss this in relation to pivots. That is, the subject of /o:tlaxitika/ is the man who had the erection, and the subject of /kochi/ is his penis. Note the quite classical/typical use of the pluperfect here. \ref 03272 \lxa kochi xiwtli \lxaa kokochi xiwtli \lxac kochi xiwtli \lxo kochi xihtli \lxocpend kochi xihtli \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seo Mimosa pudica L., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched \sso Mimosa pudica L., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva kokochi xiwtli \equiva xiwtli de kochi \equiva miki xiwtli \xrb kochi \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as kokochi xiwtli or xiwtli de kochi in Ameyaltepec and kochi xihtli in Oapan. \ref 07693 \lxa kochia:n \lxac i:kochia:n \lxo kochiya:n \lxoc i:kochiya:n \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \seao in ones sleep; while sleeping \ssao mientras que uno duerma \pna I:kochia:n o:nikasik, nochipa xa:k. \pea I caught him (at home) while he was asleep, he is never there (i.e., during the day). \psa Lo agarré (en casa) cuando dormía, nunca está (esto es, durante el día). \pna Nokochia:n o:tine:chasik. \pea You caught me while I was sleeping. \psa Me agarraste cuando estaba durmiendo. \sea (~ kakalaki) to take advantage of a woman (sexually) while she is sleeping \ssa (~ kakalaki aprovecharse de una mujer (sexualmente) mientras que esté durmiendo \xrb kochi \xrl -ya:n \qry Check difference between /kochipan/ and /kóchia:n/; also reconfirm that the /ó/ is stressed (as I had it marked and the orthography suggests) or, perhaps, the /í/. Check for the animal called /kochiantsin/. \ref 00280 \lxa kochi:lia \lxac kikochi:lia \lxo kochi:lia \lxoc kikochi:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to accompany during the night, sleeping nearby \ss acompañar en la noche, al dormir cerca \pna Yo:nekok. Nika:n nikochis, timitskochi:li:s. Ma:ka timomowis! \pea I've arrived. I will sleep here, I will accompany you during the night. Don't be afraid! \psa Ya llegué. Voy a dormir aquí, te voy a acompañar durante la noche. ¡No tengas miedo! \xrb kochi \nse Kochi:lia refers often to the action of spending the night at someones side, someone who is sick or perhaps in some other way incapacited, so that in case of an emergency he or she is accompanied. \nde In Oapan this is used to refer to accompanying somebody during the night but not sleeping, even though the other person might. \grm Applicative; comitative: Apparently this is an example of a comitative use of the applicative. Cf. Peterson's discussion of applicatives. He mentions a comitative applicative in Haka Lai. It is unclear how common this is in Nahuatl, but it does add to the typology: beneficiary, maleficiary, comitative, \vl It is interesting that /kochi/ forms both the applicative and causative with a long /i:/. This should be checked. Also, my notes show that in the imperfect has /kochi/ has a long /i:/: /kochi:ya/. Also, before the impersonal I also hear a long /i:/: /kochi:lo/. This too should be checked. \ref 01932 \lxa ko:chin \lxac ko:chin \lxo ko:cheh \lxoc ko:cheh \dt 27/Jan/2002 \loan coche \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao car \ssao coche \ref 00063 \lxa kochini \lxac kochini \lxo kochini \lxoa kochine \lxoc kochine, kochini \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se sleepy-head \ss dormilón \cfao koxtetl \xrb kochi \dis koxtetl \qry Cf. difference in meaning between /kochini/, /koxtetl/ and /kochpal/. If no difference, then change /dis2 to /syn \vl Link second female token and first male token. \ref 03668 \lxa kochipan \lxac i:kochipan \lxo kochipan \lxoa kochipah \lxop kochipan \lxoc i:kochipah \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com V1-N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2 \se in the sleep of (person marked as possessor) \ss entre el sueño de o mientras que duerme (persona marcada como poseedor) \pna San ikochipan o:one:w. \pea He left while still half asleep (not fully awake). \psa Salió cuando todavía estaba medio dormido. \pna Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. \pea He talks while sleeping, he just starts talking in his sleep. \psa Habla entre sueño, es cuando está dormido que empieza a hablar. \xrb kochi \xrl -pan \nae The etymology of kochipan is not entirely clear. Generally -pan is employed with nouns; in this case there is no clear corresponding noun. Note in general that the verb kochi at times appears in compounds where one would not expect a verb to occur. \vl Check vowel length of /i/. \ref 01199 \lxa kochisneki \lxac kochisneki \lxo kochisneki \lxoc kochisneki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc V-neki \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be sleepy or tired; to want to go to bed \ss tener sueño o ganas de dormir \xrb kochi \xrb neki \nse I have given this a separate entry given the extreme frequency of its employment (tlakwa:sneki, on the other hand, is not accorded a separate entry, cf. a:pismiki). \ref 05056 \lxa kochistli \lxac kochistli \lxo kochistli \lxoc kochistli \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1 \se sleepiness \ss sueño \pna Yo:ne:chasik kochistli, nikochisneki. \pea I've been overtaken by sleep, I want to go to sleep. \psa Me ha agarrado el sueño, quiero dormir. \se (poss.) in the sleep of [possessor] \ss (pos.) en el sueño de [poseedor] \pna O:nitla:lmik, o:ne:chmamuwtih nokochis. \pea I became frightened in my sleep, unable to move or shout, it scared me in my sleep. \psa Me asusté entre sueño quedando sin poder mover ni gritar, me asustó en mi sueño. \xrb kochi \qry Check correctness of /o:ne:chmamuhtih nokochis/ and also meaning. Is 'in my sleep' correct? \ref 05044 \lxa kochi:tia \lxac kikochi:tia \lxo kochi:tia \lxoc kikochi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make sleepy (e.g., a cold day, an alcoholic drink, fever, etc.) \ssao dar sueño a (p. ej., un día de mucho frío, una bebida, fiebre, etc.) \se to make spin quickly (a top, marble, etc.) \ss hacer girar rápidamente (un trompo, canica, etc.) \pna Kwaltsi:n kikochi:tia itro:mpo, sa: koxtok. \pea He can really make his top spin well, its spinning tightly (i.e., not wobbling). \psa Hace girar bien su trompo, está girando bien (esto es, no tambaleándose). \cfao koxte:ka \xrb kochi \xv1a tlakochi:tia \qry Check for other possible acceptations of /kochi:tia:/. \ref 03448 \lxa kochkamacha:lowa \lxac kochkamacha:lowa \lxo kochkamacha:lowa \lxoc kochkamacha:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to yawn \ss bostezar \xrb kochi \xrb kama \xrb cha:l \nae The valency of cha:lowa is not entirely certain given that it has only been documented with an incorporated noun. However, RS gives chaloa as transitive, and this information has been taken into consideration in glossing the basic verb of kochkamacha:lowa as transitive. \qry Check possible 'to make yawn' which should be /kochkamacha:lo:ltia:/. \vl Check vowel length of /a:/. \ref 01224 \lxa kochkana:wtok \lxac kochkana:wtok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07995 \lxa kochka:wa \lxac nokochka:wa \lxo kochka:wa \lxoc nokochka:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to oversleep (and miss sth such as a task one was supposed to perform, a bus, etc.) \ss (refl.) quedar dormido (no despertando a tiempo y faltando a algo como un camión, una cita, etc.) \pna O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s. \pea He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken. \psa Quedó dormido, despertó cuando ya había amanecido. \se (refl.) to go to sleep and leave sth undone (e.g., food unfinished, a radio or light on, or even failing to make love to a partner---wife, girlfriend, husband, lover---because one is too tired and falls asleep) \ss (refl.) dormirse dejando algo sin hacer (p. ej., comida sin terminar, un radio o luz dejado prendido, o hasta quedarse dormido sin hacerle el amor a un esposo, esposa, novio, o novia, porque uno estaba demasiado cansado y quedó dormido) \xrb kochi \xrb ka:wa \qry Check and make sure that this is used only in the reflexive. Also, note the two different meanings above and check whether both are correct. \grm /O:nokochka:w, o:isak yo:tlane:s/ 'He overslept, he awoke when dawn had already broken' Note the syntax, without the subordinator 'when'. \ref 06230 \lxa kochka:yoh \lxac xkochka:yoh \lxo kochka:yoh \lxoc xkochka:yoh \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ka:yoh-neg \se (x ~) to not be sleepy (e.g., a person up late and not working but rather watching over others, e.g, in a vigil); to be unable to sleep \ss (x ~) estar sin sueño (p. ej., una persona que queda despierta toda la noche, no trabajando pero cuidando a otros); no poder dormir \pna Xtikochka:yoh, tewa xtikochis. \pea You are not sleepy, you will be the one not to fall asleep. \psa No tienes sueño, tú vas a ser el que no se duerme. \xrb kochi \ref 00143 \lxa kochkayo:tl \lxac kochkayo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \sea food leftover from the day before, i.e., food that has been cooked and then saved overnight before being served the following day \ssa sobras, comida dejada del día anterior, esto es, comida preparada y guardada por una noche antes de ser servido al día siguiente \equivao ya:lwa kayo:tl \fla kayo:tl \xrb kochi \xrb kayo: \ref 03805 \lxa kochke:tl \lxac kochke:tl \lxo kochke:tl \lxocpend kochke:tl \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \seo person who is sleeping \sso persona que está dormida \xrb kochi \nse Cristino Flores (Am) mentioned that this refers not simply to someone who is sleeping, but to someone who is sleeping te:cha:n, i.e., in another's house. This would appear to be the meaning of the agentive -ke:tl in many cases, such as tlakwake:tl. \ref 07254 \lxa kochma:tlatl \lxac kochma:tlatl \lxo kochma:tlatl \lxoc kochma:tlatl \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se hammock \ss hamaca \xrb kochi \xrb ma:tla \nse This word is rarely used in Ameyaltepec, and appears to be a borrowing from nearby villages such as Oapan or even more probably Copalillo, where hammocks are made. More common in Ameyaltepec is the Spanish borrowing ama:kah. \ref 04311 \lxa kochmiki \lxac kochmiki \lxo kochmiki \lxoc kochmiki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to be in a deep sleep \ss estar en un sueño profundo \pna Milá:k yo:kochmik, xkineki isas. \pea He's really fallen into a deep sleep, he doesn't want to wake up. \psa De veras se cayó en un sueño profundo, no se quiere despertar. \xrb kochi \xrb miki \qry My notes should be checked. However, I seem to remember that this verb may also refer to what happens when one is in bed and wants (or in a dream) wants to move (from fear perhaps) but cannot, one feels incapable of moving, shouting, etc. But perhaps the word for this is /tla:lmiki/. Check. \ref 01797 \lxa kochpal \lxac kochpal \lxo kochpal \lxoc kochpal \dt 23/Mar/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-2 \infn N1 \se sleepy-head \ss un durmilón \pna Ke:n kochpal! \pea He's a real sleepy-head! \psa ¡Es un durmilón! \dis koxtetl \xrb kochi \xrl -pal \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04457 \lxa kochpale:wia \lxac kikochpale:wia \lxo kochpale:wia \lxof [koch pa le: 'wi a] \lxoc kikochpale:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to take over a task or responsibility for, so that (the person relieved) can catch some sleep \ss relevar en una responsabilidad a (algn) para que (él que se remplaza) pueda dormir un poco \pna Yo:niwa:hlah, timitskochpale:wi:s. \pea I've come, I'll take over and help you out so that you can grab a little sleep. \psa Ya vine, te voy a ayudar para que puedes dormir un rato. \xrb kochi \xrb pale: \nse The verb kochpale:wia (Am) often is used to refer to the action of carrying on a task, often a vigil, for awhile or to watch over something for awhile so that the person previously encharged can get some sleep. \ref 05157 \lxa kochpasolowa \lxac kikochpasolowa \lxo kóchpasolówa \lxop kochpasolowa \lxoc kikóchpasolówa \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to keep from sleeping (e.g., by causing a disturbance, for example with excessive noise); to keep awake (by disturbing the sleep of) \ss no dejar dormir (p. ej., al molestar con ruido); molestar el sueño de \pna Te:kochpasolowa un tla:wa:nke:tl, tsatsitok. \pea That drunk is keeping people from sleeping, he is shouting. \psa Ese borracho no deja la gente dormir, está echando gritos. \se (refl.) to be unable to sleep \ss (refl.) no poder dormir \pna Nokochpasolowa, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl ikone:w. \pea He is unable to sleep, a scorpion bit his child. \psa No puede dormir, un alacrán le mordió a su hijo. \xrb kochi \xrb pahsol \ref 03713 \lxa kochwia \lxac kikochwia \lxo kochwia \lxof [koch 'wi ya] \lxoc kikochwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take advantage of (sb) while he is sleeping \ss aprovecharse de (algn) mientras que duerma \pna O:ne:chkochwikeh chichimeh, o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya. \pea The dogs took advantage of the fact that I was sleeping, they ate what I was watching over. \psa Los perros se aprovecharon de mí cuando estaba dormido, se comieron lo que estaba vigilando. \xrb kochi \nae There are quite a few cases in which the root koch is incorporated into a verb in a modifying form and as if it were a nominal stem (e.g., kochpale:wia). However, kochwia is different in that here we have koch followed by a verbalizing endings used primarily with nouns. Given this fact, it seems that kochwia is more akin to an applicative form ending in -wia as is tlaxkalwia, derived from tlaxkalowa. \qry Check correctness of /o:kikwakeh tli:n niktlatlastoya/; see entry under /tlatlata/. I originally had /nitlatlastoya/ but "corrected" this to /niktlatlastoya/. \rt There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. \grm There appear to be quite a few words which utilize a root /koch/ as if it were a noun. Check these words. Perhaps change analysis of morphological derivations involving /koch/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that syllabification remains in all verbs ending in /wiya/. This compares to Am /wia/ (as in /kikochwiya/ Oa, and /kikochwia/ Am). \ref 01728 \lxa kochxi:xa \lxac nokochxi:xa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \tran Only reflexive documented \infv class-3a \sea (refl.) to defecate while sleeping \ssa (refl.) defecar mientras uno duerme \sea to defecate on (sb) in ones sleep \ssa defecar sobre (algn) al estar dormido \xrb kochi \xrb xi:xa \nse Defecating in ones sleep is considered a te:tsa:wtli, bad omen; see te:tsa:wtli. \qry Note that the classification of the root /koch/ is unclear, perhaps it should be considered a noun (check for /koxtli/) and the morphology considered N+V. \ref 00946 \lxa kochyamana \lxac kikochyamana \lxo kochyámaná \lxoc kikochyámaná; kikóchyamána \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc Mod-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to disturb the sleep of \sso interrumpir el sueño de; molestar para que no pueda dormir a \xrb koch \xrb ahmana \vl Note the two different forms. Tag all 8 tokens and select one F and one M from each of the two pronunciations; /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent Note that both /kikochyámaná/ and /kikóchyamána/ are equally acceptable according to FM and IJ although I have the impression that the former is more common. \ref 06813 \lxa kochya:yatok \lxac kochya:yatok \lxo kochya:yáyatók \lxop kochya:yayatok \lxoc kochya:yáyatók \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1-asp \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \pa yes-rdp \seao to be on the verge of involuntarily falling asleep; to nod off \ssao estar a punto de quedarse dormido sin querer \pna Kochiya:yatok. \pea He is falling asleep (but trying to stay awake). \psa Está quedándose dormido (pero tratando de mantenerse uedarse despierto). \xrb kochi \xrb yaw \nse This verb is used to refer to a person who is falling asleep while trying to stay awake, e.g., a person who might be either sitting or standing and whose head periodically falls over to one side as he is overcome by sleep but who every once in a while suddenly wakes up and jerks his head back. \nae To date this verb has only been documented with the -tok aspectual marker, which may occur in other tenses. \qry Check length of final vowel in the imperfect. The verb may be /kochiya:yaw/ but I have only heard this with the progressive aspect. Perhaps try to elicit /xkochiya:yaw/, etc. or with other aspectual endings. Note that the long vowel reduplication seems to suggest the periodic repetition of the movement/action. Check for the positioning of the overt subject prefixes to reconfirm. Check, for example, if it is /kochiya:yatiw/ or /kochiya:yatitiw/, etc. Check \ref 00629 \lxa ko:kobande:rah \lxac i:ko:kobande:rah \lxo kó:kobandé:rah \lxoc i:kó:kobandé:rah \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan (part) bandera \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes-lex \sea uvula \ssa úvula \sem body \sem human \se Adam's apple \ss nuez de la garganta \sem body \sem human \syna buchih \syna ko:kobuchih \syna ko:koh \syno kechtolopochyo \syno a:ko:kotolopochyo \xrb ko:koh \dis ko:koh; ko:kobande:rah, etc. \mod In general the way that body part entries should be organized is that they should remit to a part of the Nahuatl Cultural Encyclopedia. This will avoid having a long list of synonyms, cognates, etc. in each entry. \qry Although I recorded /i:ko:kobande:rah/ for Oapan and both speakers uttered it. This appears to be an error (I forgot to erase the entry from /lxo and it appeared o the promt screen). There is a good chance that FM and IJ just read this, and that it is not a word actually from Oapan. Recheck. \ref 02518 \lxa ko:kobuchih \lxac i:ko:kobuchih \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) buche \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea Adam's apple \ssa la nuez de la garganta \sem body \dis buchih; ko:kobande:rah; ko:koh \xrb ko:koh \qry I have the definition as Adam's apple, but RS has it has throat or gullet (gaznate) \ref 05245 \lxa kokochiantsi:n \lxac kokochiantsi:n \lxo kókochíntsi:n \lxoa kókochiántsi:n \lxocpend kókochíntsi:n \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of small insect, still unidentified \ssa tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kochi \nse This is a small insect that fakes sleep (probably as a protective defense). It is also, at least in Ameyaltepec, often caught and tied around the wrists of children so that they fall asleep. \qry Check vowel length for possibility that /a/ is long. Dakin and Ramíez (1979) give this as a plant named "hierba dormida." \ref 03633 \lxa ko:kocho:ka \lxac ko:kocho:ka \lxo a:kó:kochó:ka \lxoc a:kó:kochó:ka \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to emit gulping sounds from the throat \ss salirle sonidos de tragar agua en la garganta \pna Deke tikoni:tiwetsis a:tl, tiko:kocho:kas. \pea If you drink (a lot of) water quickly, your will hear gulping sounds in your throat. \psa Si tomas (mucha) agua rápido, van a salir sonidos de tragar en tu garganta. \sem sound-human \xrb ko:koh \xrb cho:ka \qry Check length of initial vowel for this word. I initially had it short but it seems to be probably long. \ref 04624 \lxa ko:koh \lxac ko:koh \lxo ko:koh \lxoc ko:koh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Baby \der Adj-bb \aff Lex. rdp-l \se hot (spicy) \ss picoso \se hot (in temperature) \ss calientito \sem baby \xrb koko \nse This is a word used in talking to children. The etymology is uncertain, since it might either be derived from kokó:k or kukwa, as in te:kokoh 'causing pain.' For a discussion of long /u:/, see entry under lu:loh. \qry Check to make sure that this word can be used to refer to all the above. I am not entirely certain that it can be used to refer to something hot in temperature. \mod Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 01643 \lxa ko:koh \lxac i:ko:koh \lxo ko:koh \lxoc i:ko:koh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se front of the throat \ss garganta, por la parte enfrente \pna O:niko:kopi:tsiw, tlaxkahli o:kipi:tsoh noko:koh. \pea I got something stuck in my throat, a tortilla got stuck in my throat. \psa Algo se me atoró en la garganta, una tortilla quedó atrapada en mi garganta. \sem body \syna a:ko:koh \syno a:ko:koh \dis ko:koh; ko:kotitlan; ko:kobande:rah; ko:kobuchih; kopa:k \xrb ko:koh \nse Unclear if reduplication should be considered. In one entry I have noted that this refers to the part where the Adam's apple is, above the ko:kotitlan and that ko:koh is the same as ko:kobande:rah (Am) / kó:kobandé:rah (Oa). \qry Make sure that the /syna and /syno entries are correct, the vl in the Am form might be in error although now (April 2002) it matches the headword. \vl The first series of four tokens is /i:ko:ko/ with a final glottal stop. This is not the headword here but rather another entry, 7730. Thus, the first four tokens should be tagged as #7730. The next four entries are /i:ko:koh/, with a final aspirated /h/. These are the correct speech tokens for this entry. Tag them as 4941. The 1st female and 1st male tokens of this second set should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 04941 \lxa koko:hli \lxac i:koko:l \lxo kókohlí \lxoc nó:kó:l \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/1/2; Aln \pa yes \sea (as vocative: koko:l) 'grandfather'; term of address used with ones grandfather and great-grandfather, as well as the same relatives in relationship to ones spouse, or the father and grandfather of ones godparents \ssa (como vocativo: koko:l) 'abuelo'; término para dirigirse al abuelo o bisabuelo de uno o de su coyuge, y al padre o abuelo del padrino o madina de uno) \sea (arc.: koko:l) address term that Ameyaltepequeños formerly used to an elder man of the village \ssa (arc.: koko:l) término que anteriormente Ameyaltepequeños usaban para dirigirse a ciudadanos de mayor edad \se grandfather \ss abuelo \xrb ko:l \encyctmp kin and fictive kin \nse Note that although Ameyaltepequeños used to use koko:l as a term of greeting for elder men of the village (as tió in San Juan and ma:noh in Oapan), it is now no longer used, having been replaced by we:weh. In Oapan, however, one may also use the 1st-person possessed form nó:kó:l as a greeting, e.g., ka:n tiaw nó:kó:l (note the reduction of the reduplicant on the light syllable of the prefix). Finally, an important point to consider will be the degree to which the term koko:hli or kókó:hli is extended in different villages, both among real and fictive kin/ \sj Elicit San Juan form. \ref 02456 \lxa koko:hli \lxac koko:hli \lxo kókó:hli \lxoc kókó:hli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:kó:l \der N-b \pa yes \se grandfather; father of ones godparents; grandfather of ones spouse \ss abuelo; padre del padrino o madrina; abuelo del conyuge \pna Nokoko:l, nokompa:lna:n itah katka. \pea He is my grandfather, he was the father of my godmother. \psa Es mi abuelo, era el padre de mi comadre. \pna Nikoko:hli. \pea I am a grandfather \psa Soy abuelo. \se (ika o:kpa ~) great-grandfather, great-grandfather of ones godparents, great-grandfather of ones spouse \ss (ika o:kpa ~) bisabuelo, bisabuelo del padrino o madrina; bisabuelo del conyuge \pna Yewa, ika o:kpa nokoko:l. \pea He is my great-grandfather. \psa Es mi bisabuelo. \se (arch. se: tokoko:l) an elder man of the village \ss (arc. se: tokoko:l) hombre del pueblo de una edad avanzada \pna O:mik se: tokoko:l. \pea An elder man of our pueblo died. \psa Se murió un hombre de edad avanzada de nuestro pueblo. \sem kin \cfa koko:l \xrb ko:l \nse As with most kin terms, koko:hli is almost always possessed, although it may be used unpossessed. The possessed first person plural form is the phrase se: tokoko:l is used in Ameyaltepec to refer to an elder man, not necessarily a principal. It has been replaced by se: towe:weh, the term now commonly used in this village. \ref 03683 \lxa kokó:k \lxac kokó:k \lxo koko:k \lxoc koko:k \dt 10/Jul/2002 \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \se spicy; hot (in terms of spicy) \ss picoso \pna Koko:k chi:hli. \pea The chile is hot. \psa El chile pica. \xrb koko: \qry Recheck to make sure final syllable is not accented as I have entered it without accent. \pqry One question that needs to be resolved is the nature of what seem to be vowels with overly long durations. One example might be the present case. Florencia's vowels are 172 and 159 ms; Inocencio's are much less, 136 and 115. These are very approximate measurements. \vl Florencia first says /ko:koh/. As I'm not completely sure where this should be tagged (it is probably 1643), just tag it with an advanced number (e.g., 99995_OF1a) for later sorting, etc. \ref 04669 \lxa kokokihli \lxac kokokihli \lxo kó:kihlí \lxoa kó:ihlí \lxoc kó:kihlí \lxt kokokihli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com ST-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of edible plant, in Spanish known as huazontle, that is grown in huertas \ss tipo de planta comestible que se cultiva en huertas (huazontle) \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb koko \xrb kil \nae The etymology of this term is unclear. In Ameyaltepec underlying {h} is lost word internally, thus one would not expect underlying {kohko-} to show up except as koko-. The Oapan Nahuatl term, however, suggests an initial underlying sequence of {kohko-} as the motivation for the pitch-accent noted. Nevertheless, preliminary indications (which should be checked) indicate that San Juan Tetelcingo (which retains underlying {h} in its surface forms, e.g., tahtle 'father') does not have an h-final initial syllable. Thus the underlying form of the first two syllables might be either {kohko} or {koko}. In Oapan the long /o:/ in the first syllable seems to be the obvious result of a k-deletion rule resulting in an /oo/ sequence that reduces to /o:/. But still, the source of the pitch-accent is not clear. Finally, note that in this latter village the form kó:ihlí seems to be somewhat more common than kó:kihlí, but both are used. \cpl RS gives cocoquilitl as "ajedrea, mostacilla silvestre." There is no such plant listed in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the huazontle. FK identifies it as Chenopodium bonus henricus, Chenopodium nuttalli. \nct xiwtli \qry Recheck vowel length. OK: Correct long for Oa. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \sj kokokihli; check for /h/ in reduplicant. Perhaps the /h/ is at /kokohkihli/. Check. \ref 00475 \lxa koko:ktsi:n \lxac koko:ktsi:n \lxo koko:htsi:n \lxoc koko:htsi:n \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \se type of small insect, still not identified \ss tipo de insecto pequeño, todavía no identificado \pna Koko:ktsi:n | Deke tikasis wan tiktlampacho:s san yo:li:ktsi:n tikmatis ke:n kokó:k. Inakastlan ki:sa un kokó:k ke:itlah chi:hli. Wel patla:ni. \pea Koko:ktsi:n : If you catch it and hold it between your teeth, slowly you'll feel that it tastes hot (spicy). The hot taste comes out of its side, as if it were chile. \psa Koko:ktsi:n : Si lo agarras y lo sostienes entre los dientes, poco a poco lo vas a sentir picante. Lo picante sale de su lado, como si fuera chile. Wel patla:ni. \sem animal \sem insect \xrb koko: \qry I seem to remember this insect as edible; check. \ref 04617 \lxa koko:l \lxac koko:l \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 30/Jan/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/2; Aln(1=2) \sea see koko:hli \ssa véase koko:hli \xrb ko:l \ref 07583 \lxa kokolia \lxac kikokolia \lxo kokolia \lxoc kikokolia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se (-yo:hlo ~) to be sad and depressed; to be upset or ill at heart; to have a heavy or aching heart \ss (-yo:hlo ~) afligirse; estar molesto; sentirse con el corazón pesado \pna Ne:chkokolia noyohlo pa:mpa nowe:wentsi:n san tlai:tok. Xkinemilia tekichi:was. \pea I have a heavy heart (lit. 'my heart makes me ill') because my husband just gets drunk. It doesn't occur to him to do work. \psa Mi corazón me aflige porque mi esposo no hace más que emborracharse. No se le ocurre trabajar. \seo to insist to (sb) about (sth, expressed as a complement) \sso insistir a (algn) sobre (algo, expresado como complemento) \pno Kikokoliah ma tekíwatí! \peo They talk about electing him town mayor. \pso Hablan entre si para que él sea alcalde del pueblo. \xrb koko \nse There are several interesting things about this verb. Apparently it is related to an intransitive form cocoya that in classical means "estar enfermo" (M). The only documented occurrence of the use of cocolia in Ameyaltepec is with the transitive subject being the afflicted person's heart. \qry Check for occurrence of /kokoya/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 03467 \lxa koko:lia \lxac kikoko:lia \lxo koko:lia \lxoc kikoko:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \se to make spicy \ss hacer picoso \pna Yo:tihkoko:lih motlakwal. Kokó:k. \pea You made your food spicy. It is hot. \psa Hiciste que tu comida saliera picante. Está picosa. \xrb koko: \qry Determine the difference and recheck, between /koko:lia/ 'to make spicy' and /kokolia/ as in the previous entry referring to become upset. These differences and the paradigm -ki/ya/lia/ need to be clearly delimited for these two similar verbs. \vl Link second female token. \ref 03392 \lxa kokolisioh \lxac kokolisioh \lxo kokolisioh \lxoc kokolisioh \dt 09/Feb/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be chronically or continually ill \ss estar siempre enfermo; ser enfermizo \pna Sa: tikukwalo:tinemi. Tikokolisioh. \pea You just go around feeeling sick. You are chronically ill. \psa Nomás andas enfermo. Eres enfermizo. \sem disease \cfao kokolistli \xrb koko \ref 02613 \lxa kokoliskwi \lxac kokoliskwi \lxo kokoliskwi \lxoc kokoliskwi \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to get sick \ss enfermarse \pna Tito:nalte:kokoh, deke yekah iwa:n timokwala:ni:s, kokoliskwis. \pea You have a strong soul, if you get in an argument with someone, he will get sick. \psa Tienes la alma fuerte, si discutes con alguien, se va a enfermar. \sem disease \dis kwalo: \xrb koko \xrb kwi \qry Check meaning of /kokoliskwi/ the how it differs in meaning from /kwalo/. \vl Note that the two first tokens are /koliskwi/. It is not clear if this is correct, or what meaning it might have. For now tag these as 99999_05323_Of1a, etc. I will have to determine the meanings later. \ref 05323 \lxa kokolisma:wa \lxac kikokolisma:wa \lxo kokolisma:wa \lxoc kikokolisma:wa \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to spread a disease to (said of chickens) \sso contagiar con una enfermedad (dicho de las gallinas) \xrb kowa \xrb ma:wa \ref 07121 \lxa kokolistli \lxac kokolistli \lxo kokolistli \lxoc kokolistli \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \se disease; illness; sickness \ss enfermedad \pna Kokolistli te:muwtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo. \pea Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time. \psa La enfermedad espanta. De veras he estado enfermo por mucho tiempo. \sem disease \xrb koko \grm Complementation: /Kokolistli te:muhtih, melá:k yo:weka:w nikwalo/ 'Disease is scary. I've really been sick for a long time.' Note that in this phrase the second verb may perhaps be a subject complement '(I am sick) has already been a long time' However, perhaps one would expect /yo:weka:w ika nikwalo/. Nevertheless, syntactically perhaps the best interpretation is of /nikwalo/ as a subject complement 'It has been a long time (that) I am sick.' The complementation is affected with no complementizer. \ref 05078 \lxa kokolisyowa \lxac kokolisyowa \lxo kokolisyowa \lxoc kokolisyowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to become blighted (a plant) \ss infectarse (una planta, por ejemplo, a causa de una peste o plaga) \pna Axtopa tikto:kayan anjolí:n, o:pe:w a:chichina:wi, kokolisyowa, kokoyo:ni ixiwyoh. \pea At first we used to plant sesame, (then) it started to turn brown from water, it became blighted, its leaves became perforated. \psa Al principio sembrabamos anjolín, (después) empezó a quemarse del agua, se infectaba de plaga, sus hojas se perforaban. \se to become very sick \ss enfermarse \pna O:kokolisyowakeh, ti:roh noma:ka:wilia:yan tekitl. \pea They got ill, they really overdid it with work. \psa Se enfermaron, se pasaron de trabajo. \xrb koko \dis kwalo \nse Kokolisyowa seems to be most commonly used to refer to plant blights and illnesses, not human disease. \qry This verb /kokolisyowa/ is often used to refer to plant blights and illnesses; confirm this and check other uses. Note that I had this phrase, which I removed because C. Flores said it was incorrect: /O:kokolisyowakeh tlakwa:mpetsmeh./ 'The tlakwa:mpets trees got became blighted.' \ref 02940 \lxa kokoloxtik \lxac kokoloxtik \lxo kókoloxtík \lxoc kókoloxtík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly (e.g., hair) \ss ser chino; estar rizado (p. ej., cabello) \pna Kokoloxtik notson. \pea My hair is curly. \psa Mi cabello es chino. \se to be wrinkled and bunched up \ss estar fruncida como con pliegues \pna Kokoloxtik sempwalxo:chitl. \pea The marigold is ruffled. \psa La caléndula es fruncida. \xrb koloch \qry Check the difference between /xoxoloxtik/ and kokoloxtik/, i.e. the first seems more applicable to a marigold than the entry phrase I have here. Perhaps the second example, therefore, is not that precise. \ref 04737 \lxa kokomekatia \lxac kokomekatia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08383 \lxa kokomekatik \lxac kokomekatik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Check vowel length of first vowel. \ref 08124 \lxa koko:miki \lxac koko:miki \lxo koko:miki \lxoc koko:miki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to get burned by spicy food \ss enchilarse \xrb koko: \xrb miki \qry Determine how to code the morphology of these combinations. Check vowel length of /o:/. Determine if other such forms have combinations/compounds with /miki/. \ref 05372 \lxa kokomi:nos \lxac kokomi:nos \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan cominos \psm N \aff Lex. rdp-s \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea Cladocolea sp. Tiegh., vine of the Loranthaceae family \ssa Cladocolea sp. Tiegh., enredadera de la familia Loranthaceae \sem plant \sem xiwtli \nae The reduplication of the initial syllable of the Spanish loan cominos represents the fact that this plant is so named because of its similarity to the cultivated spice cumino.qualities. \nct komekatl \ref 05471 \lxa kokomoka \lxac kokomoka \lxo kokomoka \lxoc kokomoka \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to make a repeated banging or sputtering sound \ss hacer un ruido como una serie de golpes; petardear \pna Wa:lkokomokatiw fle:chah. \pea The bus is coming sputtering along. \psa Viene petardeando el camión. \pna Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras. \pea There's a reverberating sound from the drums. \psa Hay un sonido como de reverbero por las tamboras. \sem sound \xrb komo: \xvnao komo:ni \nse When asked the meaning of kokomoka consultants invariably placed their fingers together and hit the palm of their other hand, or some other object. \vl Link 2nd female token. \grm Antipassive: Note the following phrase as an example: /Tlakokomoka ika tambo:ras/ 'There's a reverberating sound from the drums.' \ref 04764 \lxa kokomotsa \lxac nokokomotsa \lxo kokomotsa \lxoc kikokomotsa \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \se (refl.) to speak in a loud, booming, and angry voice \ss (refl.) hablar en una voz alta, resonante e iracunda \pna Timokokomotsa pa:mpa xmitstla:kaita mosuwa:w. \pea You speak in a loud, angry voice because your wife does not respect you. \psa Hablas en una voz alta e iracunda porque tu esposa no te respeta. \sem sound \xrb komo: \mod Orthography; syllables: Check the actual pronuncation of /koh a:yo:tl/. Apparently it would be OK to write an /h/ here and then specify a further rule in Oapan Nahuatl (or Balsas Nahuatl in general) that /h/ is always in coda position. Thus the only possible division and pronunciation would be [koh 'a: yo:tl]. This would not be the case with a /w/ as there are clear cases of onset, e.g., /kowaskeh/. At times I have thought of changing /hi/ to /hy/ to force a coda reading pronunciation, but this is not even possible in the Oapan term /koha:yo:tl/. Also, a word division does not seem heuristic ?/kow a:yo:tl/ or /koh a:yo:tl/. Hence the rule for coda interpretation, which seems to hold. \xvnao komo:ni \qry Recheck semantics of reflexive form. Also, of course, other uses of this word. \ref 01029 \lxa ko:koneh \lxac ko:koneh \lxo ko:koneh \lxoc ko:koneh \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \seao pl. of kone:tl \ssao pl. de kone:tl \xrb kone: \nae The plural possessed form is regular, e.g., nokone:wa:n. \ref 01570 \lxa kókoneh kókoneh \lxaa kúkuneh kúkuneh \lxac kókoneh kókoneh \lxo kókoneh kókoneh \lxoc kókoneh kókoneh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Call \der Onom \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se feeding call used (by women) for baby male turkeys \ss palabra utilizada (por mujeres) para llamar a guajolotitos machos a comer \encyctmp animal sounds \nse This call is usually uttered in groups of two: kókuneh kokuneh. Perhaps it is related to the root kone: although it might simply be used for its sound. An alternative pronunciation is kókoneh kókoneh. \vl There are four additional female tokens at 6087, which should be tagged as 00582. These probably have better sounds so two should be chosen for the final sound file, which should have two female sequences of /kókoneh kókoneh/, which is the utterance from 6087. \qry Check to see if /kókuneh kókuneh/ is only used with baby male turkeys.Finally, more commonly this word is pronounced with /u/: /kúkoneh kúkoneh/. \ref 00582 \lxa kokone:tl \lxac kokone:tl \lxo kókoné:tl \lxoc kókoné:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref*) \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. kokone:meh, kókoné:meh \pa yes-rdp \se doll; human-like figure (of clay, dough, plastic, etc.) \ss muñeca; figura humana pequeña (de barro, masa, plástico, etc.) \nae Unlike the base form kone:tl 'child,' which has an irregular plural form ko:koneh, kokone:tl pluralizes with the regular and expected endings -meh. \nse Note regular plural form. \ref 01645 \lxa ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxac ko:kopi:tsiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel ones throat narrowed from having sores or phlegm in it \ss sentirse la garganta angosta por tener granitos o flema \sea to get sth stuck in ones throat (e.g, particularly food that refuses to go down) \ssa tener la garganta atorada (p. ej., con comida que se queda atorado); taparse la garganta \equiva a:ko:kopi:tsiwi \equivo a:kó:kokopi:tsíwi \dis kechsa:liwi \xrb ko:koh \xrb pits \qry Determine if transitive form exists. Note that /a:ko:kopi:tsiwi/ is also correct (entry under /a/ section) although the reason or meaning of the /a:/ is not clear. Check also if there is an actual difference between the two. \ref 05578 \lxa ko:kosa:liwi \lxac ko:kosa:liwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08096 \lxa koko:saltsi:n \lxac koko:saltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 19/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se see ko:saltsi:n \ss véase ko:saltsi:n \equivo kó:skayá:ntsi:n \ref 05706 \lxa kokosmeh \lxac kokosmeh \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea type of small honey-making insects that live in small wax nests that they build in hollow trees \ssa tipo de insectos pequeños que producen miel y viven en nidos de cera dentro de lo hueco de los árboles \sem animal \sem insect \cfa tla:lnekwteh \cfo tla:lnehtih \encyctmp nekwtli \xrb ko:s \nse I have this word documented only in the plural. \ref 05893 \lxa kokostik xo:chitl \lxacpend *kokostik xo:chitl \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea see kostik xo:chitl \ssa véase kostik xo:chitl \sem plant \sem fl \syno kostik xo:chitl \xrb kos \xrb xo:chi \nse According to Cristino Flores the proper name of this flower (of which there are two types) is simply (and only) kostik xo:chitl. \ref 00697 \lxa ko:kotetsi:n \lxac ko:kotetsi:n \lxo ko:kotetsi:n \lxoc ko:kotetsi:n \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 19, p. 325 \seao type of small greyish bird called tortolita in Spanish, apparently the Inca Dove, Columbina inca, or a related species \ssao tipo de pájaro pequeño y algo gris llamado tortolita en español, aparentemente el Columbina inca o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \xrb ko:koh \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identity this as the 'tórtola.' \sj Check where /h/ is present \vl Check for p-a; I would expect it if this is a diminutive on /ko:koh/. \ref 00903 \lxa ko:kotetsomo:nia \lxac kiko:kotetsomo:nia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08501 \lxa ko:kotitlan \lxac i:ko:kotitlan \lxo kó:kotítlan \lxoa kó:kotítlah \lxop kó:kotítlan \lxoc i:kó:kotítlah, i:kó:kotítlan \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se throat \ss garganta \sem body \dis ko:koh \xrb ko:koh \xrl -titlan \nse According to one consultant, ko:kotitlan refers to the inside of the throat, the part just above the "V" formed by the top of ones chest bones and collar bone. \qry Check difference between /ko:koh/ and /ko:kotitlan/. In one notecard I have recorded that /ko:kotitlan/ is equivalent to /kopa:k/. \vl Link 1st female token and 2nd male token. \grm Final /n/: It seems to often be the case that final /n/ goes to /h/ with certain postpositions. One is /-pan/ and the other is /-tlan/. The tokens here are a good example of the variation in final nasals. However, note that except in a very few cases, an /h/ derived from /n/ is not the same as an /h/ on the surface from underlying /h/. These latter motivate pitch accent when in non-phrase final position. \ref 05025 \lxa kokoxka:ti \lxac kokoxka:ti \lxo kokoxka:ti \lxoc kokoxka:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become ill \ss enfermarse \pna O:kokoxka:t pa:mpa xo:tma:lwih. \pea It got ill because you didn't take good care of it. \psa Se puso enfermo porque no lo cuidaste bien. \equivao kokoxka:tia \xrb koya \xvcao kokoxka:tilia \dis kwalo \qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Check why 'it' in the example; can it refer to an animal? Perhaps, in fact, both /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ refer to animals. Check. \ref 02296 \lxa kokoxka:tia \lxac kokoxka:tia \lxo kokoxka:tia \lxoc kokoxka:tia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4c(tia) \seao to become sickly or weak from illness \ssao ponerse enfermizo o débil de una enfermedad \pna Kokoxka:tia noburroh, xok tlaye:wa. \pea My burro is sickly, it is not longer able to carry anything. \psa Mi burro está enfermo, ya no aguanta ningún peso. \equivao kokoxka:ti \xrb koya \xvcao kokoxka:tilia \dis kwalo \nde Classical does not show a similar form, although the participial cocoxqui is common. Zacapoaxtla has a verbal form cocoxca:cui 'enfermarse.' \qry Check difference between /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/. Note that for /makokoxkatia/ I have this as a transitive. Check. \grm Perhaps use example of /kokoxka:ti/ and /kokoxka:tia/ as agentive being verbalized. \ref 01161 \lxa kokoxka:tik \lxac kokoxka:tik \lxo kokoxka:tik \lxoc kokoxka:tik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-ag-tik \infa tik>tikeh \se to be sickly; to be ill \ss estar enfermizo; estar enfermo \pna Ye tlachia pe:ro ok kokoxka:tik. \pea He is conscious (has all his senses about him), but he's still ill. \psa Ya está consciente, pero sigue enfermo. \xrb koya \nse At this point the difference between kwalo and kokoxka:tik is not entirely clear. It appears that the former is used more to a temporary condition caused by a passing disease whereas the latter is more indicative of a long-term and enduring illness. However, this should be checked. \ref 06057 \lxa kokoxka:tilia \lxac kikokoxka:tilia \lxo kokoxka:tilia \lxoc kikokoxka:tilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Inchoa \infv class-2a \se to cause to become ill or sickly (particularly through overwork or physical aggression) \ss hacer que se enferme o que se ponga enfermizo (particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo o por agresión física) \pna O:kikokoxka:tilih tekitl. \pea The work made him ill. \psa El trabajo lo hizo enfermar. \pna Mlá:k kitekipano:ltia ibwe:yeh, kikokoxka:tilia. \pea He really works his oxen hard in the field, he makes them weak and ill. \psa De veras trabaja su yunta duro en el campo, la debilita y la hace enfermar. \xrb koya \xvbao kokoxka:ti \qry Check vowel length of /wisoki/ in one of the example phrases above. I have removed this phrase /Kitekimiktia isowa:w, kwi:teki, kikokoxka:tilia./ 'He overworks his wife, he beats her, he's made her sickly.' \grm Causative: note that /-lia/ is used with two general types of verbs to causativize: 1) those ending in -ti (inchoatives); and 2) those ending in -ya (also inchoatives). Check this pattern. \ref 03613 \lxa kokoxka:to:to:tl \lxac kokoxka:to:to:tl \lxo koxka:to:to:tl \lxoc koxka:to:to:tl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 24, p. 350 \seo type of roadrunner, so called because it does not run away from humans like is was sick, apparently the Lesser Roadrunner, Geococcyx velox or a closely related species \sso tipo de correcaminos, así llamado porque no corre al ver un humano, como si estuviera enfermo, aparentemente el Geococcyx velox o una especie cercana \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kowa \xrb to:to: \ref 07143 \lxa kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh \lxac kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh \lxo kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih \lxoc kokoxka:tsitsi:ntih \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se apostoles \ss apóstoles \pna Tlakwa:skeh kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh. \pea The apostles will eat (during the passion play of Holy Week). \psa Van a comer los apóstoles (durante la representación de la pasión de Semana Santa). \xrb koya \nse The term kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh refers to those who play the role of the apostles during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan. According to Cristino Flores, they eat 12 dishes, in the atrium of the church on Thursday evening, the Last Supper. Note that this term, kokoxka:tsitsi:nteh, was documented in Ameyaltepec as being used to refer to the apostles. Although the word was elicited in Oapan, the precise meaning should be rechecked. \qry Determine the 12 dishes that the apostles eat. \vl Use first token from male. \ref 02738 \lxa kokoxki \lxac kokoxki \lxo kokoxki \lxoc kokoxki \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \se one who is ill or sick \ss uno que está enfermo \pna Kokoxki. Kwalo. \pea He is a sick person. He is ill. \psa Es una persona enferma. Está enfermo. \se (alienable possession) the sick person in ones household or family \ss (posesión enajenable) el que esté enfermo en la casa o familia de uno \pna Mokokoxka:w, xtikonta? \pea As for the sick person in your household (or family), have you taken a look at him? \psa ¿En cuanto a la persona de tu casa (o familia) que está enfermo, no lo has ido a ver? \xrb koya \qry Check to make sure that /-kokoxka:w/, possessed, can refer to an owned animal. \ref 05680 \lxa kokoxoka \lxac kokoxoka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb koxo: \ref 08144 \lxa kokoxoktik \lxac kokoxoktik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be loose and floppy; to be baggy (e.g., clothes) \ssa holgado y flojo (p. ej., ropa, o algo como una bolsa poco llena) \sea to be loosely packed (sth that is filled with items or material that moves from side to side) \ssa estar medio vacío y poco apretado \pna Xsan kokoxoktik kosta:les. \pea The sacks were not just loosely filled (i.e., they were tightly stuffed or packed). \psa Los costales no eran nada más medio llenos (esto es, no estaban llenados hasta apretarse). \cfa kwe:kokoxoktik \cfa kalso:nkokoxoktik \cfo kwe:tekoyak \cfo kotontekoyak \xrb koxo: \dis tata:nah; tata:natik; kokoxoktik \nse In general it seems as if Ameyaltepec uses kokoxoktik whereas Oapan uses tekoyahtik as a modifier with which nouns have been compounded. The relevant word go far beyond the few that are listed above; a search on the relevant forms (e.g., kokoxoktik, tekoyak, etc.) will reveal more lexical items. \ref 02264 \lxa koko:xotik \lxac koko:xotik \lxo ko:xotik \lxoc ko:xotik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan cojo \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se lame or with a limp \ss cojo \syna ikxikoko:xoh \syno ixiko:xo \nae The absence of pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl is due to the fact that the loan ko:xo (from Spanish cojo) does not end in final /h/. \vl Ignore the first pronunciations of /kokoxohtik/. Do not tag. In later documentation is this proves to be the Oapan form for 2264, /kokoxoktik/ in Ameyaltepec (which FM said had no Oapan cognate), then these two tokens might be sought and then tagged. But for now, don't tag them. \ref 02629 \lxa koko:ya \lxac koko:ya \lxo koko:ya \lxoc koko:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become spicy \ss ponerse picoso \pna Ti:roh o:koko:yak tlakwahli pa:mpa miák o:tihko:koto:nilih chi:hli. \pea The food has gotten real spicy because you shredded a lot of chile into it. \psa La comida se ha puesto picosísima porque le echaste muchos pedazos de chile. \pna Kemech koko:xtok. Xe tikaxi:tilia, poliwi okse chi:hli para kwaltias. \pea It is just getting spicy. You haven't gotten to the right point yet, another chile needs to be added for it to get just right. \psa Apenas se está poniendo picoso. Aún no le has llegado al punto adecuado, todavía falta otro chile para que se ponga bien. \xrb koko: \ref 04925 \lxa ko:koye:kchi:wa \lxac noko:koye:kchi:wa \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2(refl) \com N-N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to clear ones throat \ssa (refl.) despejarse la garganta \equivo a:kó:koye:hchí:wa \xrb ko:koh \xrb ye:k \xrb chi:wa \ref 08367 \lxa ko:lah \lxac ko:lah \lxo ---- \dt 15/Apr/2002 \loan cola \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (kipia ~) to have diarrhea \ss (kipia ~) tener diarrea \pna Kipia ko:lah, kwalo. \pea He has diarrhea, he is sick. \psa Tiene diarrea, está enfermo. \syno tlano:ki:hli \qry Check to see if same idiomatic expression exists in Spanish. \ref 05406 \lxa ko:latsotsomi:ntik \lxac ko:latsotsomi:ntik \lxo ---- \dt 26/Jul/2002 \loan (part) cola \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf-tik \aff Op. infix te-: ko:latetsotsomi:ntik \sea to have a hairless tail (a donkey, horse, etc.) \ssa tener la cola sin pelo (un burro, caballo, etc.) \equivo kólaté:mí:ntik \xrb tson \xrb mi:ni \ref 08278 \lxa ko:leh bie:joh \lxac ko:leh bie:joh \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura \ssa tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el "Turkey Vulture," Cathartes aura \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ko:letl \equivo tsómakó:ltsi:n \xrb ko:l \encyctmp tsopi:lo:tl \nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head. \mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. I seem to remember an entry /ko:leh bie:joh/, perhaps for Oapan, but it is not in the database. Check. \ref 07823 \lxa ko:letl \lxac ko:letl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 07/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 7, p. 174 \sea type of red-headed vulture, apparently the Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura \ssa tipo de buitre con cabeza roja, aparentemente el "Turkey Vulture," Cathartes aura \sem animal \sem bird \equiva ko:leh bie:joh \equivo tsómakó:ltsi:n \xrb ko:l \encyctmp tsopi:lo:tl \nse This word is not common in Ameyaltepec, though it is documented. The identification is based on the description of the bird as a type of buzzard with a red head. \nae The etymology of ko:letl is unclear, though probably the main element here is coincident with the ko:l in Oapan tsómakó:ltsi:n; perhaps this is related to the root for 'grandfather,' or perhaps it refers to something twisted, like the long neck of this bird. \mod Cf. entry under /tsopi:lo:tl/ for list of types of buzzards. \ref 07504 \lxa kolochiwi \lxac kolochiwi \lxo kolochiwi \lxoc kolochiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be huddled and shrunk or bunched over (as when one is sick and uncomfortable) \ss estar con el cuerpo acurrucado y encogido (como cuando uno está enfermo e incómodo) \pna Kolochiwtok ke:n pió. Kwalo. \pea He is huddled over like a chicken. He is sick. \psa Está acurrucado como una gallina. Está enfermo. \xrb koloch \nse According to Florencia Marcelino this verb is used only in reference to chickens that are huddled over when sick. In Ameyaltepec that is the only context in which I have documented its use. \rt Perhaps the root /koloch/ can be analyzed further. Note the various words with /ko(:)/ that seem to indicate a shrinking, bunching or twisting action: /kolochiwi/, /koltotsowa/, /ko:tsiltik/, etc. \ref 03015 \lxa kolochowa \lxac nokolochowa \lxo kolochowa \lxoc nokolochowa \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to hunch and huddle over (e.g., as chicks do when they are sick) \ss (refl.) acurrucarse; encogerse y estar con el cuerpo encogido y doblado (como hacen los pollitos cuando están enfermos). \pna Nokolochowa pa:mpa yo:pe:w kwalo. \pea He is hunched over and huddled up because he has started to get sick. \psa Está acurrucado y encogido porque ya empezó a sentirse enfermo. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to make ruffles or pleats in (particularly fabric) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer pleigues o tablas en (particularmente tela) \pna Xkokolocho un kwe:tli para yumpa noka:was. \pea Take in that skirt (by placing pleats in it) so that it gets to fit just right. \psa Achica esa falda (poniéndole pleigues o tablas) para que quede justamente bien. \pna Okikokolochokeh a:maxo:chitl para kipi:pilo:skeh tio:pan. \pea They ruffled up the crepe paper (i.e., forming it into ruffled flowers) in order to hang it from various parts of the church. \psa Doblaron el papel chino (en la forma de flores) para colgarlo en varios lugares de la iglesia. \pna Xkokolocho noso:ya:w! Nikonka:was ne: ka:n nomihka:tsi:n. \pea Curl (or ruffle) up my palm (in the particular form that is left on graves)! I will go leave it off where a member of my family is buried. \psa ¡Enriza mi palma (en una forma particular que se deja sobre los sepulcros)! Voy a dejarlo allá donde está enterrado mi muerto. \xrb koloch \nse The same crepe paper flowers used in the church are placed on a young child (6 months to one year old) when he is buried. It is quite probable that this custom of ruffled paper is related to the form of the marigold (sempwalxo:chitl) which is also used in ceremonies involving death.. \nde In Oapan only the reflexive use of kolochowa has been documented; see koloxsa:lowa. \qry Determine the precise form of palm that is placed on graves, and when it is placed (anniversaries?). \ilustmp Ilustrate ruffled palm; perhaps get a sample. \grm Note that both /nokokoxka:w/ and /nomihka:tsi:n/ translate as a sick or dead person of ones family or household. Mention this under possession in the grammar. Also, /noko:lo:kokoxka:w/ has the same meaning as a member of ones household. \ref 03037 \lxa ko:lo:kokoxki \lxac ko:lo:kokoxki \lxo ko:lo:koxki \lxoc ko:lo:koxki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \seao one (a person or animal) ill from a scorpion's bit \ssao uno (una persona o animal) enfermo por los efectos de una mordida de alacrán \pna Koxtok noko:lo:kokoxka:w. \pea The member of my household who is ill from a scorpion bite is sleeping. \psa Está durmiendo la persona de mi hogar que está enferma por una mordida de alacrán \xrb ko:lo: \xrb koya \nse The animal to which ko:lo:kokoxki most often refers is a hen. \nae The reason for the absence of a reduplicated sequence in Oapan ko:lo:koxki is not clear (it may even reflect an error at some point and should be checked). \qry Check /ko:lo:koxki/ from Oapan, perhaps /ko:lo:kokoxki/?! Make sure that a possessed form is acceptable. I have coded this into the /infn field assuming that this noun can be possessed, but there is no documentation of this. \grm Noun incorporation: This word is an interesting example of NI: /ko:lo:kokoxki/ one ill from a scorpion's bite. \ref 01084 \lxa ko:lo:tl \lxac ko:lo:tl \lxo ko:lo:tl \lxoc ko:lo:tl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se scorpion \ss alacrán \se constellation called ko:lo:tl \ss constelación llamada ko:lo:tl \pna Yewalwi:ka ko:lo:tl. \pea The constellation ko:lo:tl appears in the night. \psa La constelación ko:lo:tl aparece en la noche. \sem animal \sem insect \sem heavens \encyctmp ko:lo:tl \xrb ko:lo: \cpl There are the following types of scorpions documented so far: ko:lo:tl, tla:lko:lo:tl, and tliko:lo:tl. \rt Many have suggested that the stem for scorpion is related to the root ko:l 'curved.' \ref 05819 \lxa ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh \lxac ko:lo:tl de bwe:yeh \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of large, black scorpion that lives in the ground and kills cattle \ssa tipo de alacrán negro y grande que vive en la tierra y mata al ganado \equivao tla:lko:lo:tl \xrb ko:lo: \ref 03569 \lxa ko:lo:tlan \lxac ko:lo:tlan \lxo ko:lo:tlah \lxop ko:lo:tlan \lxoc ko:lo:tlah \dt 02/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N(loc) \se place with many scorpions \ss lugar con muchos alacranes \xrb ko:lo: \xrl -tlan \ref 02634 \lxa koltotse:wtok \lxac koltotse:wtok \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire) \ssa enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama) \syna koltotsiwtok \syno koltotsiwtok \xrb koltots \subadj tli:n kiwi:teki to:nahli \nde In Oapan no form of this verb or its derivatives with /e:/ is accepted neither *koltotse:wi *koltotse:wtok but only those with /i/: koltotsiwi. In Ameyaltepec it is used to refer to things that become curled and twisted, e.g., a cable, something that is struck by the sun, etc. \qry In this and other cases check for which verbs accept /e:wi/ endings in alternation (or instead of) /-iwi/ endings: /chichi:le:wi/, /chichi:liwi/, etc. Besides checking for which verbs this alternation exists, check for semantic or functional difference in usage. I originally had this phrase, but it is probably the result of elicitation and has been removed: /I:xmontsotsokwe:ltik, kokoltotse:wtok para tlakpak. I:xmonkokoltostik./ ´He has curved eyelashes, they are curled upward. He has curly eyelashes.' \ref 00274 \lxa koltotsiwi \lxac koltotsiwi \lxo koltotsiwi \lxoc koltotsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \syn koltotse:wi \se to shrink and shrivel up (e.g., thin slices of meat on a grill; or things, such as cardboard, left long in the sun) \ss achicarse (p. ej., rebanadas de carne sobre un comal; o algunas cosas, como cartón, dejadas en el sol) \pna O:koltotsiw nakatl ipan koma:hli. \pea The meat has shrunk and shrivled up on the griddle. \psa La carne ha empezado a achicarse sobre el comal. \pna O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na. \pea It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun. \psa Ya empezó a achicarse y encogerse por el sol \se to twist and turn in pain (e.g., sb from sharp pain) \ss retorcerse de dolor (p. ej., algn con un dolor punzante) \xrb koltots \nse The sense of koltotsiwi is well reflected by compounds such as ma:koltotsiwi, which refers to a person with arthritic and twisted hands, and itikoltotsiwi, which refers to stomach cramps. \nde According to Florencia Marcelino Oapan lacks the alternate /e:/ form *koltotse:wi; this has been documented in Ameyaltepec, at least in the stative form koltotse:wtok. Nevertheless, given the absence of this form in Oapan, it may be that the Ameyaltepec form is idiosyncratic and perhaps erroneous. \grm Note that the following is a good example of the use of directionals meaning to break a surface or come up, and of reduplication, and of the aspectual /-tiw/. /Wa:lkokoltotsiwtiw motson/ 'Your hair comes up curly (as it grows back)' \ref 01207 \lxa koltotsiwtok \lxac koltotsiwtok \lxo koltotsiwtok \lxocpend koltotsiwtok \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \sea to be curled (as, in particular, the result of heat or fire) \ssa estar enrizado (como, en particular, el resultado de fuego o flama) \syna koltotse:wtok \xrb koltots \nde Oapan apparently lacks the /e/ form *koltotse:wtok. \ref 07457 \lxa koltotsowa \lxac kikoltotsowa \lxo koltotsowa \lxoc kikoltotsowa \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \infv class-2b \se to curl upward \ss enrizar \se to shrink and shrivel (as occurs with meat when it is placed on a griddle, with plastic left in the sun, etc.) \ss achicar y hacer encoger (como sucede a carne puesta sobre un comal, a plástico dejado en el sol, etc.) \pna Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli. \pea That meat on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up. \psa Esa carne que está sobre las brazas ha empezado torcerse, ha empezado a achicarse. \pna Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl. Yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis. \pea That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked. \psa Esa carne ya empezó a achicarse. Ya la echaron sobre el comal, ya está por cocerse. \se (refl.) to twist and turn (e.g., a person from pain) \ss (refl.) retorcerse y doblarse (p. ej., una persona del dolor) \pna Pe:was timoko:koltotso:s, pe:was tikwalo:s. \pea You will begin to twist and turn (in pain), you will begin to get ill. \psa Vas a retorcerse (del dolor), te vas a empezar a enfermar. \xrb koltots \nse When asked to describe the meaning of koltotsowa, almost all speakers turn their hand upside-down, palm up, and then close it slowly, curling up their fingers. \rt Note the possible relation to /ko:l/, although vowel length is different. In one of my notes for /koltotsiwi/ I have recorded that the vowel /o/ is short as recorded and should be written as such in all entries. Note short vowel in /kolochiwi/. \grm Note the following two phrases: /Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli/ 'That meat placed on the coals has started to get all curved, it has started to shrink and shrivel up.' And /Yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl, yo:kontlakalkeh ipan ko:mahli, i yaw para iksis/ 'That meat has started to shrivel and shrink up. They've tossed it on the griddle, it's on its way to getting cooked.' It is interesting to compare this to the phrase with an intransitive: /O:pe:w koltotsiwi ika to:na/ 'It has started to shrink and shrivel up from the sun.' This is an extremely interesting example since it quite well demonstrates the nature of transitivity and agentivity. In the first the reflexive is used much like a 'get' passive in English. The implication is that there was an agent, i.e., the people who placed the meat on the coals or griddle. Cf. the use of the reflexive for a passive as in /nochi:was mokal/. In the second example note the use of the intransitive. Here a true transitive is not felicitous because the sun's agency is involuntary. The sun is not a full agent. At the same time, the reflexive is probably avoided because of the fact that there is no human agency involved. I would imagine that in some case the sun could be an agent, or in some people's speech, etc. But the general tendency seems to be to not use transitive constructions with inanimate agents, but rather an oblique as in /ika to:nahli/. \ref 01044 \lxa koma:hli \lxac koma:hli \lxo koma:hli \lxoc koma:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se round clay griddle used for cooking, often placed on three stones directly over a fire, although at times an adobe-like stove may be constructred, with the comal "built in"; a metal griddle in the shape of a comal \ss comal (de cerámica y, ahora, también de metal) \se (pia or piya ~ [possessed]) to have a pain in ones stomach or intestines \ss (pia o piya ~ [poseído]) tener un dolor en el estómago o intestinos; "tener vaso" \pna Nikpia nokoma:l, ne:chkukwa niti. \pea I have a stomach pain, my belly hurts me. \psa Tengo mi vaso, me duele el estómago. \sem tool \sem disease \xrb koma:l \nse A great number of consultants translated kipia i:koma:l as 'tiene su vaso.' \encyctmp kitchen \qry Check meaning of /kipia ikoma:l/ in reference to illness. \ref 01900 \lxa komalakawia \lxac kikomalakawia \lxo komalakawia \lxof [ko ma la ka 'wi a] \lxoc kikomalakawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to throw a stick or rod at (usually an domesticated animal, such as a pig or dog, to chase it away) \ss aventarle una varita a (particularmente un animal domesticado, para ahuyentarlo) \pna Kikomalakawia un pitso, kipe:wi:sneki. \pea He tooses a stick at that pig, he wants to chase it away. \psa Le avienta una varita a ese marrano, lo quiere ahuyentar. \pna Xkomalakawi un pitso, ma:s san ika tlikohtli! \pea Throw a stick at that pig, even if its only a piece of firewood! \psa Aviéntale una vara a ese marrano, aunque sea solamente un pedazo de leña! \xrb ko \xrb malaka \cfa kohmalakatl \nse Note that although I have recorded komalakawia in my notes, the nominal base is entered as kuhmalakatl. The action of komalakawia itself refers to that of throwing a stick at something or someone tlayeleh so that it (or he or she) goes away. The stick (used are tlakotl or "varitas") should turn in the air 'head over heels.' \qry Check pronunciation: /komalakawia/ or /kuhmalakawia/. Check to see if this verb and the noun base, which I have entered in my notes as /kuhmalakatl/ really do have different initial sequences, or if the difference in more a reflection of inconsistency in my notes. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \rt The fact that (if the original entries are shown to be correct) the nominal roots is /kuhmalakatl/ and the verbalization is /komalakawia/, suggests clearly that /ko-/ is closely related to /kuh/. \ref 04954 \lxa komalakawistli \lxac komalakawistli \lxo komalakawistli \lxocpend @komalakawistli \lxt komalakawistle \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of vine (or perhaps a thorn bush) of the Rosaceae family \ss tipo de bejucco (o tal vez un arbusto con espinas) de la familia Rosaceae \xrb ko \xrb malaka \xrb wits \ono komekatl \cpl Apparently the komalakawistli is a small bush, kuhtsi:ntli, although in one entry I have noted that it is a "type of vine with thorns": (komekatl, kipia iwitsio). According to Emigdio Rosendo the branches of this bush are occasionally used for china:ntli. This is not listed in either Ramírez (1991) or Ramírez and Dakin (1979). Inocencio Díaz and Asención Marcelo knew this tree; Silvestre Pantaleón has seen this and could describe it, but was unsure of its name. However, other consultants mentioned the name as komalakawistli, though this needs to be rechecked. \nct komekatl \qry Check to see if this is indeed classified as a komekatl or kuhtsi:ntli, vine or bush. \ref 01844 \lxa komalakawistli \lxac komalakawistli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea still unidentified thorny bush of the Rosaceae family with small orange edible fruit, \ssa arbusto con púas de la familia Rosaceae con fruta comestible, pequeña anaranjada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb kow \xrb malaka \xrb wits \cpl Neither Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991) mention this plant. \rt Perhaps etymology of /malaka(tl)/ includes the root /mal/ as in /mali:na/, etc. Check all words with /mal/. \ref 04443 \lxa komalako:tsi:n \lxac komalako:tsi:n \lxo komálakó:tsi:n \lxop komalako:tsi:n \lxoc komálakó:tsi:n \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \pa yes \seao whirlwind; dust devil \ssao remolino \se generic name for certain aires or yeyekameh \ss nombre genérico para ciertos aires o yeyekameh \ss nombre genérico por ciertos tipos de aires o yeyekameh \xrb ko \xrb malaka \nae The etymology of komalako:tsi:n is uncertain, particularly problematical is the initial ko. Molina has ecamalacotl as 'remolino de viento'; Tetelcingo has yejcamalacutl and Tlaxpanaloya has yehyecamalacatl a variant form that is perhaps closest to the underlying morphology of {yehye:ka + malakatl}. The pitch-accent of Oapan komálakó:tsi:n suggests an underlying {h}, consistent with the reduplicated root yehye:ka even though the pitch-accent does not fall on the initial syllable, as expected. In sum, the initial /ko/ would seem to be related to ehka and the final sequence malako: related to malaka. As to the initial /k/, note that in Oapan an initial /k/ does sometimes occur where other dialects have a vowel (komitetl for a type of bone, omitetl). \qry Perhaps a list should be made of all nouns ending in /o:tl/ or /o:tsi:n/. \sj komalako:tsi:n \rt The /mal/ of words like /malakatl/, /mali:na/, and /komalaka/ should probably be cross-referenced in the root dictionary. This is a general problem. \ref 00263 \lxa koma:letsi:n \lxac koma:letsi:n \lxo komá:retsí:n \lxoc komá:retsí:n; no:má:retsí:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan comadre \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \pa yes \se ritual co-parent (female) \ss comadre \pna Ka:n tiaw koma:letsi:n? \pea Where are you going comadre'? \psa ¿Dónde vas comadre? \sem kin \nse The suffix -tsi:n/ is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and "de medida" being the major ones. However, the degree to which the kin term is extended to siblings and blood relations differs in Ameyaltepec and Oapan, with the latter village greatly extending the group of individuals who ego calls by this term. \nae The pitch accent in Oapan komá:retsí:n derives from the fact that most loan words into Spanish had a final {h}; here this {h} would fall just to the left of the reverential suffix -tsi:n, leading to the observed pattern of komá:retsí:n. \vl Note that here there are two sets of two speech tokens each, as indicated by the semicolon. \ref 03975 \lxa koma:lko \lxac koma:lko \lxo koma:lko \lxoc koma:lko \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1/2; Aln \se on the griddle \ss sobre el comal \pna Xkontla:li ne: koma:lko! Ma toto:nixto! \pea Place it there, on the griddle! Let it heat up! \psa ¡Póngalo allá sobre el comal! ¡Deje que se esté calentando! \pna O:wetsiko nokoma:lko. \pea It fell down onto my griddle. \psa Se cayó sobre mi comal. \xrb koma:l \xrl -k(o) \qry Check: if /nokomalko/ acceptable. If not, eliminate the example phrase, that I have added from memory, and adjust /cat field. \ref 04462 \lxa koma:ltepa:ntli \lxac koma:ltepa:ntli \lxo koma:ltepa:ntli \lxoc koma:ltepa:ntli \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo short round wall of adobe on which the clay griddle is placed \sso pequeña pared redondo de lodo sobre la cual descansa el comal \xrb koma:l \xrb tepa:n \ilustmp Create illustration \ref 07038 \lxa komanda:nteh \lxac komanda:nteh \lxo komanda:ndeh \lxoc komanda:ndeh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan comandante \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao village police office \ssao policía del pueblo \nse In Ameyaltepec, during the time of my fieldwork, a person would be chosen for this office and hold it for 2 years working in what is called a komisió:n. \nae Note the voicing of the alveolar stop in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 00860 \lxa komaxahli \lxac komaxahli \lxo komaxahli \lxoc komaxahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se thick, forked wooden pole, often placed upright in the ground, used for support, particularly in house construction \ss horcón, un grueso palo bifurcado utilizado principalmente en la construcción de casas, ramadas y otras estructuras mayores \xrb ko \xrb maxal \encyctmp kahli; construction \nse The derivational process and etymology of komaxahli is uncertain. The word contains the morpheme max, which enters into many words having to do with something forked or bifurcated. The element ko, which has been classed as "S" (stem), signifies 'wood' and is probably related to kwaw. The following trees, according to Emidio Rosendo, are good for horcones: tepe:mi:skitl, wa:xin de chikimolin, te:tlatia (the best), and i:skixo:chitl. In a thatched roof hut the komaxahli are used to support the sole:ras. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there; also Fld 1984-10-10.1 \mod Recheck, in general, all words dealing with "wood" which begin with /ko/ or /ku/ to determine best orthography. Undoubtedly there is some relation between "wood" and /ko/ or /ku/. \ilustmp Illustration \ref 02976 \lxa komaxaltsi:ntli \lxac komaxaltsi:ntli \lxo komaxaltsi:ntli \lxoc komaxaltsi:ntli \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the komaxaltsi:ntli faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground \sso vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, así exponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal \sem tool \equiva kuwchahli \xrb kow \xrb maxa \ref 06375 \lxa komba:teh \lxac komba:teh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan combate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. komba:tes \sea ritual household celebration and meal done to celebrate the termination of a task (such as plowing with the team of oxen or mules, which is usually finished in early August, the construction of a house, husking or shelling corn, etc.) \ssa comida y ceremonia ritual hecha por una familia para celebrar la terminación de una tarea (tal como el trabajo con la yunta, que por lo común termina en agosto, la construcción de una casa, el desgranar maíz, etc.) \pna Kichi:waskeh komba:tes, o:tekitlankeh. \pea They will celebrate with a ritual meal, they finished work with the yunta. \psa Van a hacer una celebración ritual, terminaron de trabajar con la yunta. \nse A chicken or pig is killed and people drink beer or sodas. It is usually only the household that celebrates (i.e., privately) although in finishing a house those who helped are invited. In Oapan sometimes when people finish planting and "unhitch" (tlatoma) the team of oxen, they set off fireworks: tlá:topó:nia. \qry Check for possible regional Spanish usage of this term. \ref 05820 \lxa komekatl \lxac komekatl \lxo kohmekatl \lxoc kohmekatl \dt 11/Jun/2003 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infv \infn N1/2; Intrin \se vine (generic term) \ss bejucco (término genérico) \se (intrinsic possession) vine (of certain plants such as watermelon, melon, squash, etc.) \ss (posesión intrínseca) enredadera de ciertas plantas (sandía, melón, calabaza) \pna S:andiah kipia ikomekayo. \pea Watermelon grows on (lit. 'has') a vine. \psa Sandía crece sobre (lit. 'tiene') un bejucco. \se (intrinsic possession) lineaje (either ones ancestors or descendants, i.e., lineal relatives) \ss (posesión intrínseca) lineaje (tanto los antepasados o ancestros como los descendientes de uno, esto es, los parientes lineales) \pna De umpa wa:hle:wa komekatl. \pea The ancestors (of a given person) are from there. \psa Los antepasados (de una persona en particular) vienen de allá. \pna Ne: Sá:n Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo (=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl). Umpa nikomekatl. \pea My roots are in San Juan, that's where my ancestors come from. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there. \psa Allá en san Juan, de allá viene mis antepasados (mis raíces). De allá soy un retoño (descendiente). \pna Newa nokomekayo. \pea There are my offspring (or ancestors). \psa Son descendientes (o antepasados) míos. \pna Newa nonelwayo, newa nokomekayo. \pea He is my root, he is my vine (said of ones child who has gone to live in another pueblo). \psa Es mi raíz, es mi tallo (se dice del hijo de uno que ha ido a vivir en otro pueblo). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp botany: komekatl \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \cpl According to Luis Lucena there exist the following types of komekatl: to:to:xo:chikomekatl, komalakawistli, a:jos komekatl (a type of vine that smells like ajos), ikuh chichi, nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl, and ikomekayo sa:ndiah (meló:n:, etc.). \ref 04643 \lxa komekatl de margari:tah \lxac komekatl de margari:tah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem komekatl \xrb \nse During the Sept. 2001 fieldwork session this was identified as kuwtsi:ntli de margari:tah. \ref 08582 \lxa komekatl de ye:i kosti:yah \lxaa komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah \lxac komekatl de ye:i ikosti:yah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of vine as yet still unidentified \ssa tipo de bejuco todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \xrb ye:i \nct komekatl \ref 00495 \lxa komekayowa:ki \lxac komekayowa:ki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb komeka \xrb wa: \ref 08350 \lxa komi:nos \lxac komi:nos \lxo komi:nos \lxoc komi:nos \dt 13/Apr/2002 \loan cominos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se cumin, a spice for cooking \ss comino, una especie para sazonar la comida \ref 05318 \lxa komisaria:doh \lxac komisaria:doh \lxo komisaria:doh \lxoc komisaria:doh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan comisariado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao the principal ejido or communal land authority \ssao el comisariado ejidal o comunal \seao the ejido or communal land commission in its entirety \ssao la comisión ejidal o comunal entero \encyctmp officials \nse Depending on the land structure of the village, the term komisaria:doh can refer either to the president of the comisariado ejidal or to the representante de bienes comunales. In an extended usage it may refer to the entire comisariado (effectively a board of officials) and not just the president. In Ameyaltepec in total there are 12 members of the comisariado ejidal.. \mod Give all officials of a village and their responsibilities. \vl Check vowel length of /sar/. \ref 00294 \lxa komisa:rioh \lxac komisa:rioh \lxo komisa:rioh \lxoc komisa:rioh \dt 07/Jul/2002 \loan comisario \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se town mayor and judge, aided by a lieutenant mayor, the segundoh (Am) / sego:ndoh (Oa) \ss alcalde y juez del pueblo, cuyo ayudante es llamado el segundoh (Am) / sego:ndoh (Oa) \sem govern \syna jwes \synao tekiwah \encyctmp officials \ref 05614 \lxa komisió:n \lxac komisió:n \lxo komísio:n \lxoc komísio:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan comisión \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes \se town police force \ss fuerza policiaca del pueblo \pna Wa:hlaw komisió:n. \pea The town police are coming. \psa Viene la policía. \pna Newa nikpia nokomisió:n. \pea I (the town mayor) have my police force. \psa Yo (el alcalde del pueblo) tengo mi policía. \qry Check meaning as to whether this refers only to the police force, or whether one can also use the word to refer to any type of official 'commission' to do something. \ref 04629 \lxa komo:chikuwtli \lxac komo:chikuwtli \lxo komo:chikohtli \lxoc komo:chikohtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se 'ape's earing,' or 'blackbead bush,' type of tree with edible fruit (called guamúchil in Spanish) \ss guamúchil, tipo de árbol con fruta comestible que crece cerca de los ríos \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao komo:chitl \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \cpl Kuhtli, nokwa itla:kihlo 'It is a tree, its fruit is edible.' Schoenhals (1988:54) states under guamúchil "Pithecolobium spp., e.g., P. dulce 'ape's earing,' 'blackbead bush' Relative of the soap-bark tree with edible fruit in twisted pods. Whilte or yello, acacia-type flowers; pods also resemble those of the acacia. The coiled pods are evidently the source of the English name. Also spelled huamúchil. Also called guajilla, hormiguillo, patzagua, tenaza." Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this simply as huamúchil. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as Pithecollobium dulce. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:109) also identify this as of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae and the genus-species Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. \nct kohtli \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \xrb kow \ref 02035 \lxa komo:chipepena \lxac komo:chipepena \lxo komo:chí:pená \lxocpend komo:chí:pená \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather guamúchil that has scattered on the ground \sso pepenar guamúchil que está regado por la tierra \xrb komo:chi \xrb pena \ref 07203 \lxa komo:chipepenke:tl \lxac komo:chipepenke:tl \lxo komo:chí:penké:tl \lxoc komo:chí:penké:tl \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \infn N1 \pa yes \seo person who gathers guamúchil that has fallen from the tree and scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena guamúchil que ha caído del árbol y está regado por la tierra \xrb komo:chi \xrb pena \ref 06000 \lxa komo:chitewistli \lxac komo:chitewistli \lxo komo:chitewistli \lxoc komo:chitewistli \dt 31/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo type of tree still unidentified \sso tipo de árbol todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb komo:ch \xrb te \xrb wits \cpl The name of this plant derives from the fact that it looks like the komo:chikohtli. \nct kohtli \ref 07124 \lxa komo:chitl \lxac komo:chitl \lxo komo:chitl \lxoc komo:chitl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli \seao Pithecellobium dulce ( Royb.) Benth., tree of the Leguminoseae family with edible fruit \ssao Pithecellobium dulce ( Royb.) Benth., árbol de la familia Leguminoseae con fruta comestible \seao fruit of the tree of this name \ssao fruta del árbol del mismo nombre \apao komo:chikohtli \xrb ko \xrb mo:ch \nct kohtli \qry Here (/komo:chitl/) as in many cases it would appear possible to separate the initial /ko/ as a separate root. Check. \ref 04548 \lxa komo:chiyo:hli \lxac komo:chiyo:hli \lxo komo:chyo:hli \lxoc komo:chyo:hli \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo birthmark \sso lunar \sea seeds of the komo:chitl tree \ssa semillas del árbol llamado komo:chitl \xrb komo:ch \xrb yo:l \nse Apparently birthmarks are so called because they often look like the seeds of the guamúchil. \ref 06907 \lxa komole:wa \lxac kikomole:wa \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \tran -Intrans \se see tekomolowa \ss véase tekomolowa \xrb komol \vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens. \ref 08245 \lxa komolowa \lxac kikomolowa \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \tran -Intrans \se see tekomolowa \ss véase tekomolowa \xrb komol \vl Tag the Oapan speech tokens here with #2875. The links there should be taken from these later speech tokens. \ref 05358 \lxa komoltik \lxac komoltik \lxo komoltik \lxoc komoltik \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix te-: tekomoltik \se to have a slightly sunken in but extended depression toward the center (in reference to a terrain or surface, e.g, a plastic surface with a sunken area) \ss teniendo una parte ligeramente hundida hacia el centro (referiéndose usualmente a un terreno o tierra pero también a cosas casi planas pero con una pequeña depresión) \pna Tekomoltik un tla:hli. \pea That area of land is slightly sunken in. \psa Esa área está algo hundida. \xrb komol \qry Check for size of this depression, and for anything else that might be /komoltik/. \ref 03425 \lxa komo:naltia \lxac kikomo:naltia \lxo komo:naltia \lxoc kikomo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \aff Op. pref. te-: tekomo:naltia \infv class-2a \se to make (sth such as a drum) emit a booming, thundering sound; to beat (causing a thundering sound) \ss hacer que (alg como un tambor) resuene fuertemente, como un trueño; golpear fuertemente (causando un sonido como de trueño) \pna Kwaltsi:n kikomo:naltitok. \pea He is beating it (in this case a large drum) nicely, causing it to emit a deep resonating sound. \psa Lo está tocando bien (en este caso un tambór), haciendo que resuene fuerte. \pna Kitekomo:naltia, ti:roh chika:wak kwi:teki. \pea He makes it resound heavily from a blow, he really beats it hard (e.g., a drum, an animal or person, or other things that give off a loud sound when beaten). \psa Le hace resonar fuerte de un golpe, de veras le da golpes muy duros (p. ej., un tambór, un animal o persona, o cualquier cosa que resuene al ser golpeada). \se to give a thrashing to (sb, hitting them hard with ones hand or some object) \ss darle una tunda a (algn, golpeándolo fuertemente con la mano o algún objeto) \pna Milá:k o:ne:chtekomo:naltih notah, o:nitla:wa:n. \pea My father really gave me a thrashing, (because) I got drunk. \psa Mi padre me dió una tunda, (porque) me emborraché. \sem sound \sem contact \xrb komo: \xvbao komo:ni \qry Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. \grm Check the different between /komo:nia/ and /komo:naltia:/. This appears to be one of the few verbs that show such an alternation (but cf. also /(a:)poso:nia/ and /(a:)poso:naltia/) the precise difference in semantics should be checked and entered into the grammatical notes. \ref 02127 \lxa komo:ni \lxac komo:ni \lxo komo:ni \lxoc komo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \aff Op. te-: tekomo:ni \infv class-3a \seao to make a thudding or banging sound \ssao tronar; hacer un sonido como de tronar \pna Tekomo:ni. \pea It resounds deeply. \psa Resuena bien. \pna Tekomo:ntok. \pea It is booming (e.g., a bass drum). \psa Está resoñando fuertemente (p. ej., una tambora). \seo (with te-) to send out (a tree top) ample branches and leaves in a wide circle \sso (con te-) extender (la copa de un árbol) ramas llenas de hojas en un gran círculo \seo (with te-) to have a slightly hoarse yet reverberating voice (a human [S]) \sso (con te-) tener la voz que es ligeramente ronca pero reverbera (un ser humano [S]) \sem sound \cfa komo:nteko \cfa komo:ntasi \xrb komo: \xvcao komo:naltia \xv0ao tlakomo:ni \xvkao kokomoka \nae Perhaps given the nature of this verb, it usually occurs with the intensifying prefix te. The durative ending -tok with this verb indicates a progressive, not stative, aspect. \ref 00604 \lxa komo:nia \lxac nokomo:nia \lxo komo:nia \lxoc nokomo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \tran +Refl/-tran \aff Op. pref. te-: tekomo:nia \infv class-2a \se (refl., usually with te-) to spread out and ruffle its feathers (a bird such as a turkey; see xi:hkomo:nia) \ss (refl., generalmente con te-) extender y abrir su plumaje (un ave como el guajolote; véase xiÑhkomo:nia) \pna Notekomo:nitok nowexo:lo:w. \pea My turkey is spreading out and ruffling its feathers. \psa Mi guajolote está extendiendo y abriendo su plumaje. \pna Notekomo:nia wexo:lo:tl kwa:k yo:isak. \pea The turkey puffs up its feathers when it awakens. \psa El guajolote extiende y abre su plumaje cuando despierta. \pna Wexo:lotl notekomo:nia, kitokatinemi cha:ntsi:n. \pea The male turkey puffs up and ruffles its feathers, it is following around after a female turkey. \psa El guajolote macho se infla y eriza su plumaje, anda siguiendo un guajolote hembra. \se (refl.) to spread outs its branches and become full and bushy (a plant) \ss (refl.) empezar a extender sus ramas y llenarse de foliaje (una planta) \pna Yo:pe:w nokomo:nia nochi:l. \pea My chile plants have started to spread out their folliage, becoming full and bushy. \psa Mis plantas de chile han empezado a extender sus ramas (y llenarse de foliaje). \xrb komo: \nse All examples with the meaning of a turkey opening and ruffling its feathers have the intensifying prefix te-. Indeed, whether or not this verb occurs without the intensifier, and the degree to which such "non-intensified" forms exist, needs to be determined. \nde Molina has comonia. mo 'alterarse, o alborotarse la gente' and comonia. nite 'alterar, o alborotar la gente.' For the intransitive comoni he has 'encenderse y echar llama el fuego.' Note that this verb has two transitive, comonia and comonaltia. \qry Make sure Oa is /xihkomo:nia/ as indicated here in xref. Entry is 06466. Also, determine the degree to which /komo:nia/ occurs without the intensifier, and if there is any precise semantic distinction between forms with and without (e.g., with only referring to turkeys ruffling their feathers, etc.). Check the differences between /komo:nia/, /tekomo:nia/, /komo:naltia/, /tekomo:naltia/. \qry Check other meanings of /komo:nia/ (perhaps for a dress to billow out as a dancer spins?) and whether it is always used in the reflexive. If used with a transitive object determine the meaning. Note that RS lists all uses: refl "agitarse, moverse, alborotarse, dispersarse, hablando de una multitud; te:- "agitar, amotinar a la gente. tla- "golpear, batir una cosa, sublever a la multitud. Thus greater care needs to be paid to variation in modern. Also, most of my examples include /te-/. Thus cf. in regards to the turkey: /notekomo:nia/. Check whether this could also be said without /te-/. In general check for difference between /te-/ and non-/te-/ forms with /komo:ni/ and /komo:nia/. Perhaps there should be separate entries. Check also difference between /komo:naltia/ and /komo:nia/. \rt Note that in general many meanings of /komo:/ words have to do with things ruffling out in circles (e.g., feathers, a dress billowing, etc.). \ref 02031 \lxa komo:ntasi \lxac komo:ntasi \lxo komó:ntasí \lxoc komó:ntasí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seao see komo:nteko (Am) / komó:ntasí (Oa) \ssao véase komo:nteko (Am) / komó:ntasí (Oa) \xrb komo:n \xrb ehko \ref 00243 \lxa komo:nteko \lxac komo:nteko \lxo komó:ntekó \lxoc komó:ntekó \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc V1-Asp \der Asp \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud \ss caer fuertemente al suelo con un ruido sordo \pna O:tikma:niye:w, o:komo:ntekok. \pea You let it slip out of your hands, it fell to the ground with a resounding thud. \psa Dejaste que se te fuera de las manos, cayó con estrépito al suelo. \xrb komo:n \xrb ehko \nae With the relevant change in deictic reference, komo:ntasi has the same meaning as komo:nteko. \mod Note use of /nochpa:na/ in ref. to mules here in C. Flores discussion. \ref 00222 \lxa komo:ntok \lxac komo:ntok \lxo komo:ntok \lxoc tekomo:ntok \dt 25/Mar/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se see tekomo:ntok \ss véase tekomo:ntok \xrb komo: \ref 04204 \lxa komo:nwetsi \lxac komo:nwetsi \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to fall hard, hitting the ground with a thud \ssa caer fuertemente al suelo produciendo un fuerte ruido sordo al impacto \sem contact \xrb komo: \xrb wets \cfa komo:ni \nae The morphology of komo:nwetsi is interesting. Most verb-verb compounds involve an incorporated participial, which performs a modifying function. Here the incorporated element is a short (perfective) stem of the verb. In this sense it is similar to the use of koch in similar contexts (e.g., koxtlakali). \grm Perhaps note all the irregular cases where it seems that a preterite verb form precedes another (e.g. /kochtlakali/, etc., /komo:nwetsi/ meaning 'to fall hard and hit the ground with a thud'. \ref 01696 \lxa kompa:letsi:n \lxac kompa:letsi:n \lxo kompá:retsí:n \lxoc kompá:retsí:n \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan compadre \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infv N0/2; Aln(0=2) \pa yes \se ritual male co-parent \ss compadre \sem kin \qry Check length of /e/ in penultimate syllable. In Oapan it seems borderline, though perhaps considering the nature of borrowings from Sp. it should be written short. \nse Tsi:n is used here as a reverential. The term refers to a co-parent from all occasions: baptism, confirmation, and "de medida" being the major ones. \nae The pitch accent in Oapan kompá:retsí:n is the reflex of a syllable final {h} in the penultimate syllable: {kompa:reh + tsi:n}. \ref 03073 \lxa kompa:likni:wtli \lxac i:kompa:likni:w \lxo kompa:nili:htli \lxoc nompa:nili:w \dt 08/Jul/2003 \loan compadre \psm N \der N-b \infv w-to-h; N1/2; Aln; Poss=Voc \se child of one's god-parents \ss hijo (o hija) de los padrinos de uno \xrb kni:w \nse In both Oapan and Ameyaltepec the stem (kompa:nili:w and kompa:likni:w, respectively) may be used as a vocative. However, the most common use of this term is in possessed form as a referent. \nde Note the loss of the initial /k/ after a possessive prefix that ends in /o/. In the 3rd person the possessed form would be i:kompa:lniliw. \qry Check as an address term. \ref 03320 \lxa kompa:lna:ntli \lxac kompa:lna:ntli \lxo kompa:la:ntli \lxoc kompa:la:ntli \dt 20/May/2002 \loan compadre \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se godmother \ss madrina \xrb na:n \nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, this is used only in reference, and not as a vocative, for which ma:mali:nah is employed in Ameyaltepec. Note however, that in this village. both nokompa:lna:n and noma:mali:nah are correct and used. \qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:lna:ntli/. Check vocative form of godmother in Oapan. \grm Oapan phonology: Note the phonological process n > 0 /l ___. It seems that several interesting phonological changes (e.g., s > ts) occur in the post-/l/ environment. \ref 04388 \lxa kompa:ltatli \lxac kompa:ltatli \lxo kompá:ltatlí \lxoc kompá:ltatlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan compadre \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infv 0=h; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se godfather \ss padrino \xrb tah \nse Apparently, unlike other terms of relational kin, the stem of this term, kompa:ltah is not used as a vocative, for which pa:pali:noh is employed in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan the address term seems to be ta:tah. \qry Check if the absolutive form can be used, e.g. perhaps /newa nikompa:ltatli/. \ref 02496 \lxa kompanye:roh \lxac kompanye:roh \lxo kompanye:roh \lxoc kompanye:roh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan compañero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (vocative) companero \ss (vocative) compañero \se (alienable possession) companero of (often in reference to a fellow citizen serving alongside one in a community cargo service, in the church or juzgado) \ss (posesión enajenable) compañero de (a menudo en referencia a algn quien trabaja con uno en un cargo de la comunidad, en la iglesia o juzgado) \se (alienable possession) penis \ss (posesión enajenable) pene \pna We:i nokompanye:roh! \pea I have a big penis! \psa ¡Tengo un pene grande! \sem body \ref 03787 \lxa kone:joh \lxac kone:joh \lxo kone:joh \lxoc kone:joh \dt 08/May/2002 \loan conejo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se rabbit, probably the brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani) \ss conejo, probablemente el (Sylvilagus bachmani) \sem animal \sem xiwtli \cfa to:chin; to:xtli \cpl Information on the species from Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 02683 \lxa Kone:jos \lxac Kone:jos \lxo Kone:jos \lxoc Kone:jos \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan Conejos \psm N \der N-loan \sem dance \se religious line dance formerly performed in Oapan by young boys and one girl \ss danza religiosa de línea presentada anteriormente en oapan por hombres jóvenes y una niña \sem dance \encyctmp da:nsah \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. \ref 03152 \lxa kone:ki:xtia \lxac kikone:ki:xtia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea [meaning pending] \ssa \xrb kone: \xrb ki:sa \ref 07891 \lxa kone:kwilintsi:n \lxac kone:kwilintsi:n \lxo kone:kwilintsi:n \lxoc kone:kwilintsi:n \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo woman with a recently born baby \sso mujer con un bebé recién nacido \cfao kwilintsi:n \xrb kone: \xrb kwil \ref 06172 \lxa kone:kwitok \lxac kone:kwitok \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V2-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be in the early stages of pregnancy \ssa estar en las primeras etapas de preñez \xrb kone: \xrb kwi \nse According to Cristino Flores (Am), kone:kwitok refers to a woman in the early stages of pregnancy, when the belly is still not clearly swollen. It contrasts with o:stli, which refers to the later stages of pregnancy. \ref 07918 \lxa kone:miki \lxac kone:miki \lxo kone:miki \lxoc kone:miki \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to have a child of ones die (usually refers to a death within a few weeks or months of birth) \ss morirsele a un su niño (generalmente se refiere a una muerte dentro de unas pocas semanas o meses de haber nacido) \cfao kone:nemi \xrb kone: \xrb miki \nse Apparently this word refers to a parent (man or woman) who have a child that dies at a very young age, not living past the first few weeks or months. \qry Check. I have no filecard on this word, but seem to remember it's correctness. It is a word in Oapan; recheck Ameyaltepec. \ref 02577 \lxa kone:nemi \lxac kone:nemi \lxo kone:nemi \lxoc kone:nemi \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to be able to procreate children that live beyond early childhood \ss poder engendrar niños que sobrevivan más allá de una tierna edad \pna Tewameh xwel tikone:nemin. Pero a:man tlanemi:tia nosuwa:w. \pea We have not been able (i.e., couldn't in the past) to have children who would live beyond early childhood. But now my wife has been able to have a child that has survived. \psa No hemos podido (en el pasado) tener hijos que sobrevivan más allá de la niñez. Pero ahora mi esposa ha tenido un hijo que se mantiene con vida. \syna tlanemi:tia \cfao kone:miki \xrb kone: \xrb nemi \ref 02684 \lxa kone:powa \lxac nokone:powa \lxo kone:powa \lxocpend @nokone:powa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3b(ow) \seo (refl.) to act like a child \sso (refl.) portarse como niño \pno Ta:man nó:kone:pówa. \peo Up to this day he still acts like a child. \pso Hasta ahora sigue portándose como niño. \se (refl.) to act like a person without sense; to act unreasonable \ss (refl.) portarse como una persona sin cordura, ser irracional \equivo kone:powi \cfao kone:tilia \xrb kone: \xrb po:wa \nse This verb is used in the reflexive to refer to someone who with whom it is difficult to converse like an adult. In Oapan the intransitive is also used: kone:powi. \nae The retention of -w in the prefective is the result of a long underlying {o:}: {po:wa}. \qry Elicit the progressive or preterite but it is like that there is a long /o:/ neutralized before /wa/. Elicit all N-V forms in which the verb is /powa/, e.g. this entry, /tla:kapowa/, etc. \ref 03121 \lxa kone:tesosohli \lxac kone:tesosohli \lxo koné:sohlí \lxoc koné:sohlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/1 \pa yes-lex \seao no-good kid \ssao niño maldito \pno Né:yá xya koné:sohlí, táwá xtláh tikmati! \peo Go away kid, you don't know anything! \pso ¡Véte niño chiquito, tú no sabes nada! \xrb kone: \xrb hsol \nse In Ameyaltepec, apparently the apocopated kone:tesosol is always used as a vocative, in directly insulting or taunting a child, a type of name-calling. While apparently kone:tesosohli can also be used in this manner, it is more often used in a predicative function. However, in Oapan the form with the absolutive can be as a vocative, e.g., in addressing a child who goes places he or she is not supposed to go, e.g., in town meetings. Nevertheless, it seems to be more often used in a referential manner, referring to young children who are always getting into places, trying to be where adults are. \ref 03164 \lxa kone:tesosohli \lxac kone:tesosohli \lxo koné:sohlí \lxoc koné:sohlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-suf[sosohli] \aff Lex. infix te- (Am); Reduced rpd-s(prev-l) (Oa) \infn N0/1 \pa yes-lex \se (often used as a vocative) no-good kid; little rascal \ss (a menudo utilizado como un vocativo) escuintle; pilluelo; niño maldito \pna A:man tikitas kone:tesosohli! Nimitstlakwaltitiwetsis, mlá:k o:tiweka:w! \pea Now you'll see, you little rascal! I'm going to give you a good slapping, you really took your sweet time! \psa ¡Vas a ver niño maldito! ¡Te voy a dar unos manotazos, de veras tomaste tu precioso tiempo! \xrb kone: \xrb hsol \nae The Oapan form koné:sohlí is unusual in that the adjectival ending -sósohlí is reduced onto a preceding long vowel of a nominal stem, without the use of the "dummy morpheme" te-, which usually absorbs the reduction (e.g., as in the variation between kalsósohlí, kaltésosóhli, and the most common form kalté:sohlí). The reduction of -sósohlí onto final long vowels of a nominal stem is unusual though not unique to the present case. Another example that has been noted is tlaké:sohlí. \qry Check to see if /kone:sosohli/ is also OK. If so, change entry and add te- in /aff field. Also, check the lack of subject marker in /a:man tikitas kone:tesosohli/. \grm Note that in Ameyaltepec the ending is here, with /kone:tesosohli/ with the /te-/ element. Cf. this to Oapan where it was considered a "dummy morpheme." \grm Oapan reduplication: Note /koné:sohlí/ from Oapan/. Here the stress occurs but there is no representation of the mora of reduplication. Again, this might be explained by lexicalization. Check what the equivalent for 'woman' would be \ref 05769 \lxa kone:tilia \lxac nokone:tilia \lxo kone:tilia \lxoc nokone:tilia; nó:kone:tília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to give ones age as less than one really has (an adult; syn. pitentsi:ntilia) \ssao (refl.) dar su edad menos de como es de verdad (un adulto; syn. pitentsi:ntilia) \seao (refl.; in Oapan often reduplicated with a short vowel: nó:kone:tília) to behave like a baby or little child (usually said of an older child) \ssao (refl.; en Oapan a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: nó:kone:tília) portarse como niñito o bebé (dicho por lo común de un niño mayor) \cfao kone:powa \xrb kone: \mod Disambiguate /kone:tilia/ and /kone:powa/. \nse Kone:tilia is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used to refer to an adult who is childish or playful. But it may be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. Several consultants mentioned that the reduplicated form kokone:tilia is used to indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, nokone:tilia, if an 8-year-old tries it nokokone:tilia (Am) / nó:kone:tília. Apparently this \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-20.1 for additional notes. \vl Note that the first female token is /nó:kone:tília/. The first male token is slurred-mispronounced and should not be tagged. There are then 4 pronunciations of /nokone:tilia/ followed by 4 more of /nó:kone:tília/. The final sound file should have a sequence of female-male token of /nokone:tilia/ followed (in the same file) with the two tokens (F-M) of /nó:koné:tilia/. \grm Reduplcation: Kone:tilia is usually used to refer to a young child who behaves a lot younger than his or her age. It is not used in regards to an adult who is childish or playful but may be used to indicate an adult who really acts like a child, cuddling up to his mother, etc. The reduplicated form kokone:tilia is used to indicate that the subject acts like an even younger baby. Thus if a 4-year-old still tries to nurse, nokone:tilia, if an 8-year-old tries it nokokone:tilia. \ref 05292 \lxa kone:tl \lxac kone:tl \lxo kone:tl \lxoc kone:tl \dt 19/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. ko:koneh \se child; offspring (of a person or animal) \ss niño; cría (de una persona o animal) \pna Nankitaskeh nokone:wa:n. \pea You will see it, my children. \psa Lo van a ver, mis hijos. \seo offshoot (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots) \sso retoño (de un árbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños) \pno Yon na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek. \peo The ones that are here are just offshoots, the trunk itself (of a tree) I have already chopped down. \pso Los que aquí están son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, ya lo tumbé. \seao (possessed in reference to a metate) pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ssao (poseído referencia a un metate) la mano de metate \se (kone:tsi:ntli) very small and young child, recently born \ss (kone:tsi:ntli) niñito o cría muy pequeño, recién nacido \se (kone:tsi:ntli) fetus \ss (kone:tsi:ntli) fetu \cfa suwa:kone:tl; kichkone:tl \sem age \xrb kone: \nse Kone:tl is unmarked for gender. Although the plural of kone:tl is irregular: ko:koneh a very few times in Ameyaltepec I have heard kone:meh. The "rolling pin" of the metate is referred to, more so in Oapan than Ameyaltepec, as i:kone:w Oa, as for instance in toma:wak i:kone:w 'its "rolling pin" is thick (and thus, e.g., no good for making totopoxtli) \nae In Oapan Nahuatl, at least, the length of the final vowel, /e:/, is of unusually long duration. \pqry Check lengths of long vowels in final closed syllable sequences: CV:C. Here the /e:/ is quite long. Florencia Marcelino has a vowel of 213 and 192 ms in her two tokens. Inocencio Jiménez has vowels that are 176 and 175 ms. \qry Check to see what else might be referred to by /kone:tl/. \grm Phonology: The problem of measuring vowel length in final CVC syllables needs to be explored. In /kone:tl/, however, the two tokens of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez manifest lengths of 213 and 192 ms for the former, and 176 and 175 ms for the latter. \ref 04298 \lxa kone:tlasotla \lxac nokone:tlasotla \lxo kone:tlásotlá \lxoc nokone:tlásotlá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ti/tla \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se (relf.) to love ones child (e.g., a mother of her children, or an animal that defends its young and gets angry when sb approaches) \ss (refl.) amar su niño (p. ej., una mamá o una vaca, marrana, etc. que defiende su cría cuando algn se le acerque) \pna Nimokone:tlasotlaya, o:nicho:kak kwa:k o:mik. \pea I loved my child, I cried when he died. \psa Amaba a mi niño, lloré cuando se murió. \xrb kone: \xrb tlasoh \qry Check to determine if indeed only used in reflexive, and if the form /kone:tlasoti/ does not indeed exist. \pqry Note: Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least not on the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the greatest degree possible boundaries between inputs. \grm Oapan phonology: note that the form /nokone:tlásotlá/ seems to be preferred. If I remember, IJ and FM accepted /nokoné:tlasótla/ but did not pronounce it (at least not on the recording). It was much easier to get the alternation /kítlasótla/ and /kitlásotlá/. This suggests that with compound forms there is a tendency to preserve to the greatest degree possible boundaries between inputs. \ref 05402 \lxa kone:tlatowa \lxac kone:tlatowa \lxo koné:tlatówa \lxoc koné:tlatówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to speak like a child (said of adults or young adolescents) \sso hablar como un niño (dicho de adultos o jovenes adolescentes) \sem sound-human \cfa kone:tsatsi \xrb kone: \xrb hto \qry Check for causative. \ref 06660 \lxa kone:tsatsi \lxac kone:tsatsi \lxo ---- \dt 24/Apr/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \sea to shout like a child (said of adults and children) \ssa gritar como un niño (dicho de adultos y niños) \sem sound-human \cfo koné:tlatówa \xrb kone: \xrb tsatsi \qry Check for causative. \ref 06095 \lxa kone:wah \lxac kone:wah \lxo kone:wah \lxoc kone:wah \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-wah \infn N1 \se to be pregnant (a woman or female animal) \ss estar embarazada; estar encinta; estar preñada \pna Xwel kone:wah. \pea She is not able to conceive (lit., 'to be pregnant') \psa Ella es infértil (lit. 'no puede estar embarazada') \pna Ye kone:wah. \pea She is already pregnant. \psa Ya está embarazada. \pna Kone:wah noba:kah. Xok niknamakas, ye o:stli. \pea My cow is going to give birth. I won't sell it anymore, it's pregnant. \psa Está preñada mi vaca. Ya no la voy a vender, está embarazada. \se to have children (said of either a father or mother) \ss tener niños (dicho de un padre o madre) \pna Nikone:wah. \pea I have children (a male or female speaking). \psa Tengo hijos (hablando un hombre o una mujer). \pna Xyá:s pa:mpa kone:wah. \pea She (or he) won't go because she has children (or, in the case of a woman, it might mean she is with child). \psa Ella (o él) no va a ir porque tiene niños (o, en el caso de una mujer, puede significar que está embarazada). \pna We:i tekitl kichi:wan pa:mpa kone:wakeh. \pea They do a lot of work to do because they have children. \psa Hacen mucho trabajo porque tienen niños. \xrb kone: \qry Check vl is Am /o:stli/. Correct as necessary. \ref 04798 \lxa kone:wati \lxac kone:wati \lxo koné:watí \lxoc koné:watí \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes \se to become pregnant \ss embarazarse; quedarse embarazada o encinta \pna Wel kone:wati. \pea She is able to conceive (i.e., she is fertile). \psa Ella puede embarazarse (esto es, es fértil). \pna On ne:nkah suwa:tl, xwel kone:wati. \pea That woman there, she is infertile. \psa Esa mujer, es infertil (no puede concebir) \xrb kone: \ref 04974 \lxa kone:watia \lxac kikone:watia \lxo koné:watiá \lxoc kikoné:watiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to impregnate (speaking of humans or animals) \ss empregnar (hablando de humanos o animales) \equivao o:stia \xrb kone: \nse Although propositionally equivalent to o:stia, it seems that kone:watia is more polite and more often used for humans, whereas o:stia is more common in reference to animals. \ref 04152 \lxa kone:wetsi \lxac kone:wetsi \lxo kone:wetsi \lxoc kone:wetsi \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to suffer a miscarriage; to abort (naturally) \ss sufrir un aborto espontáneo o no provocado \pna O:kone:wets, xo:tla:kat kwahli ikone:w. \pea She had a miscarriage, her child wasn't born properly. \psa Sufrió un aborto no provocado, no nació bien su hijo. \xrb kone: \xrb wetsi \vl Link first female token. \grm For a good set of examples of the nature of noun incorporation, use N-V where the N is /kone:tl/. \grm Vowel length: the tokens for Oapan, this word, are particularly good example of a long vowel. The /e:/ has a duration of about 150 ms in the examples I measured. \ref 04333 \lxa ko:ntrasole:rah \lxac ko:ntrasole:rah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan contra solera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea part of a house, the thick beam, apparently the upper roof beam plate, that runs parallel to the sole:rah \ssa parte de un techo, la viga gruesa, aparentemente la contra solera, que corre paralelo a y justamente arriba de la solera \sem construct-part \equivo tlaxipacho:lo:ni \equivo tlaxipacho:hli \encyctmp kahli \mod Cf. Discussion in Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words listed there. \qry Note that I had another entry, also /ko:ntrasole:rah/ which I deleted but which had a different definition. "the beams of a thatched roof house that are attached to the sole:rah, another beam that lies immediately beneath the kontrasole:rah and is thus closer to the upright bifurcated posts (horcones). The kabe:sas, which run vertically and at an angle to the top of the house, are attached to both the sole:rah and the kontrasole:rah" / "las vigas gruesas y argas de una casa con techo de zacate o palma que se atan a la sole:rah, otra viga que yace horizontal y paralela inmediatamente abajo de la kontrasole:rah y que está, por consiguiente, más cerca a los horcones. Las kabe:sas, que corren verticalmente a un ángulo hacia lo alto de la case, se atan tanto a la sole:rah como a la kontrasole:rah." I am unsure what this headword should have been. Maybe /kabe:sas/. \ref 01560 \lxa ko:ntli \lxac ko:ntli \lxo ko:ntli \lxoc ko:ntli \dt 20/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se pot (particularly an earthenware pot, which may be used for cooking, storage, etc.) \ss olla (particularmente de cerámica, que se puede utilizar para guardar cosas como granos, por cocinar, etc.) \pna Ke a:man, un ne:nkah ko:ntli ... \pea Take for instance that pot over there ... \psa Toma, por ejemplo, esa olla allá ... \seo (i:ko:nyo tenextli) the lower chamber of a lime kiln into which firewood is stoked to cook the rocks in the upper chamber (see tenexko:ntli) \sso (i:ko:nyo tenextli) la cámara inferior de un horno para cal en la cual se mete la leña para cocer las piedras en la cámara superior (véase tenexko:ntli) \xrb ko:m \ref 04818 \lxa ko:ola:wa \lxac ko:ola:wa \lxo koha:la:wa \lxoc koha:la:wa \dt 05/Aug/2003 \psm N \com S-N \der N-dvb-0 \infn N1 \sea generic name for tree that includes two species, one red (in Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik) and one white (in Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa ista:k) \ssa nombre genérico de un árbol que incluye dos especies una roja (en Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik) y otra blanca (en Ameyaltepec ko:ola:wa ista:k) \seo specific name for the tree known in Ameyaltepec as ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik \sso nombre específico del árbol conocido en Ameyaltepec como ko:ola:wa chi:chi:ltik \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfao koo:lo:tl \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \nse Whereas in Ameyaltepec the term koo:la:wa is a generic that embraces two species, in Oapan to date consultants have identified only on tree by this name, which is called simply koha:la:wa. \nae From the Ameyaltepec term koo:la:wa the etymology is quite uncertain. However, the Oapan equivalent, koha:la:wa suggests {kow + a:la:wa} and this is the etymology that has been recorded for now. Note that /h/ is syllable final. Despite the etymology given Chen Díaz (Am) stated that he hears the first of the two /o/s as long. With koo:lo:tl he hears the second as long. \cpl According to Emidio Rosendo the branches of the koo:la:wa are occasionally used for china:ntli. Ramírez (1991) has no plant of this name; Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have coo:lo:tl identified as cuahuilote. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:164) have a tree of the family Sterculiaceae of the genus/species Guazuma ulmifolia, known is Spanish by several names: cuauhlote, masacote, cuayolote, or cuajilote. Schoenhals (1988) has a listing for cuaulote, identified as Guazuma ulmifolia and in English called "pricklenut tree." She cross-references this to guácimo, another name for Guazuma ulmifolia and under which she states: "'pricklenut tree' A tree of the cacao family which has many medicinal uses. Common in second-growth seasonal forests in the lowlands. Flowers are small and fragrant. Also called cuaulote, majagua, palote negro." \grm Phonology; orthography: Note that in Oapan /koha:la:wa/, the /h/ is a coda and syllable division is koh + a: + la: + wa. However, this should be checked with a phonetician. \nct kohtli \qry Also it is not clear if this is a bush or tree, check. Check for possible final /h/. \ref 03579 \lxa koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik \lxac koo:la:wa chi:chi:ltik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se one of the two types of koo:la:wa folk generic, a tree not yet identified \ss uno de los dos tipos del género folk koo:la:wa, un árbol todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo koha:la:wa \cfao koo:lo:tl \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \xrb chi:l \nse To date the only equivalent term in Oapan is simply koha:la:wa, where no distinction is made among these trees, only one of which is known (i.e., consultants to date were not familiar with the other folk species, koo:la:wa istá:k. \nct kohtli \ref 07636 \lxa koo:la:wa istá:k \lxac koo:la:wa istá:k \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se Heliocarpus pallidus Rose, a tree of the linden family, Tiliaceae; one of the two species of the koo:la:wa folk generic \ss Heliocarpus pallidus Rose, árbol de la familia Tiliaceae; uno de las dos especies one of the two types of koo:la:wa folk generic \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb a:la: \xrb sta \nse Apparently this tree is not known in Oapan. \nct kohtli \ref 07637 \lxa koo:lo:tl \lxac koo:lo:tl \lxo koo:lo:tl \lxoc koo:lo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo generic name for a type of tree that contains two types: koo:lo:tl and koo:lo:tesontli \sso nombre genérico por un tipo de árbol que contiene dos tipos: koo:lo:tl y koo:lo:tesontli \pna Koo:lo:tl | Ye weka:wi kitekian para a:roh de tambo:rah. \pea Koo:lo:tl : A long time ago they would cut it to make the ring of a base drum. \psa Koo:lo:tl : Hace mucho tiempo lo cortaban para el aro de una tambora. \se tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of koo:lo:tl \ss árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de koo:lo:tl \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfa koo:la:wa \xrb ko \xrb o:lo: \cfa koo:la:wa \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cuahuilote. Of this, Schoenhals (1988) states: "1. (Bombax spp., e.g., B. ellipticum, B. palmeri) 'bombax,' 'shaving brush tree,' 'silk cotton tree' See clavellina. 2. (Parmentiera aculeata '[family] bignonia' See guajilote." Of the guajilote, Schoenhals has a more extensive commentary: "(Parmentiera aculeata) '[family] bignonia' Small or medium-sized trees often grouped in thickets. In drier areas they may be planted around houses. Related to gourd vines, the tree has white flowers and small, yellowish-green fruit. Northern limit of range is the Isthmus. Also called cuajilote, espiga, pepino de árbol, pepino de la ardilla." According to Roberto Mauricio (28-08-01) there are two types of koo:lotl, both called by the same name, though different. One, apparently simply named koo:lo:tl, is found in the area of Oapan, indeed there are many along the edge of the river where Roberto has a small irrigated field. It was flowering at the end of August; the flowers are small and white, with six white pointed petals. Its fruit is round, about the size of a small cherry with a thin green skin that turns red when it ripens and the fruit becomes sweet. The wood of this tree is hard and the trunk grows straight; thus it can be used for house beams (e.g., on which to place tejamanil). The second type of koo:lo:tl, named koo:lo:tesontik, is found north of Oapan, for example in a place called Mototlan. Its fruit is not edible. It is so named because of the rough surface of its skin. The koo:lo:tl with sweet fruit is only found in the area around Oapan. \nct kohtli \ref 01153 \lxa koo:lo:tl \lxac koo:lo:tl \lxo koo:lo:tl tesontik \lxocpend koo:lo:tl tesontik \lxt kwao:lo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com S-N-Adj \der Adj-? \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \se tree still not definitively identified, one of the two types of koo:lo:tl \ss árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente, uno de los dos tipos de koo:lo:tl \xrb ko \xrb o:lo: \xrb teson \cfa koo:la:wa \fla koo:lo:tl \cpl In Ameyaltepec only one type of koo:lo:tl is known, that with rough-skinned fruit. It is simply called koo:lo:tl although some have called it koo:lo:tl tesontik. Inocencio Díaz that he knew of two types of koo:lo:tl one male and the other female. The male variety has rough bark and the female variety smooth bark. Apparently this gender difference corresponds to the two varieties known in Oapan, the female having smooth bark (and a smooth-skinned, edible fruit). Nevertheless, Inocencio Díaz does not remember the appearance of the fruit of the female tree. \nct kohtli; koo:lo:tl \ref 07287 \lxa ko:o:lo:tl \lxac ko:o:lo:tl \lxo kó:ó:lo:tl \lxoc kó:ó:lo:tl \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seo folk generic name for a type of tree that includes two folk species: kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik and kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik \sso nombre genérico para un tipo de árbol que incluye dos especies: kó:ó:lo:tl tsope:lik y kó:ó:lo:tl tesontik \equiva kapolin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \nae At least acoustically, the length of all vowels is long. The vowel length of the initial double-vowel sequence is approximately 288 and 294 ms for Florencia Marcelino and 290 and 324 ms for Inocencio Jiménez. Other indications (e.g., pitch and amplitude patterns) seem to indicate a sequence of two long vowels. If this is the case then the pitch accent can come only from a reduplicant. Or, it may be that despite the long acoustic duration of the first vowel, it is underlying short, perhaps even {koh}. This should be checked in neighboring dialects (e.g., San Juan Tetelcingo) that conserve {h}. \pqry Check vowel length and determine the source of the pitch accent. \cpl Of the capulín, Schoenhals (1988:28) says: "1. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry' See cereza. 2. (Muntingia calabura '[family] linden,' 'calabura.' A small tree with numerous white flowers. It grows especially well in hot country. Bats like the fruit which is small, round and full of seeds. Also called capulín de mayo. 3. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' See capulín cimarrón." And then, under capulín cimarrón, Schoenhals states: "1. (Trema micrantha) 'Mexican hackberry' Resembles a hackbery, Celtis spp., and has been so named. Bark is used for binding. Also called capulín, majagua colorada, pellejo de viejo, pie de paloma, yaco de cuero. 2. (Rhamnus spp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn' A bush or small tree. Fruit is berry-like with 2-4 seeds. Also called capulincillo." Schoenhals (1988) gives under the third entry for cereza the following: "3. (Prunus capuli) 'Mexican chokecherry.' In temperate climates. Fruit is reddish or black and quite sweet. Also called capulín." Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the capulincillo of the family Rosaceae and genus/species Prunus capuli. For the Spanish capulincito Guizar and Sánchez (1991:159) have a tree identified as of the family Rhamnaceae and genus/species Ziziphus amole. Florencia Marcelino stated that the Nahuatl name for kapolin is kó:ó:lo:tl. \nct kohtli \sj Check for /h/ \ref 04694 \lxa kopa:k \lxac i:kopa:k \lxo kopa:k \lxoc i:kopa:k \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se throat (the inside, from where ones mouth ends and below) \ss garganta (la parte interior desde donde termina la boca) \sem body \sem human \xrb kopa: \xrl -k(o) \dis ko:koh \nse The etymology of kopa:k is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to ko:koh. On one original filecard I recorded that ko:kotitlan and kopa:k were equivalent. The precise definition of this term should be established; Molina has copactli glossed as 'paladar.' \qry As noted in the /dis2 field, this word should be checked as the possible equivalent of ko:koh and other similar words: /ko:koh/, /ko:kotitlan/ and /kopa:k/. \vl Use first token of male speaker since I like the vowel length there. \ref 02995 \lxa kopa:kpachowa \lxac kikopa:kpachowa \lxo kopa:hpachowa \lxoc kikopa:hpachowa \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to place sth on the inside of the throat of (e.g., an ointment or oil) \sso poner algo dentro de la garganta de (p. ej., un aciete o ungüento) \xrb kopa: \xrb pach \xrl -k(o) \ref 06824 \lxa kopa:ktsakwa \lxac nokopa:ktsakwa \lxo kopa:htsakwa \lxoc nokopa:htsakwa \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(kw) \seo (refl.) to become hoarse \sso (refl.) quedarse o ponerse ronco; cerrarsele a la gargante a \syna kextsakwa \xrb kopa: \xrb tsakwa \xrl -k(o) \qry Check to see if possibly used in non-reflexive form. Also check for transitive/causative forms. Finally, since I had once recorded this as /kechtsakwa/, the use of /ch/ or /x/ should be checked. \ref 06664 \lxa kopa:lchih \lxac kopa:lchih \lxo \lxocpend \lxocpend @chichi:k kohxo:chitl \lxt kopa:kchin \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dimin \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \seo \sso \equivo chichi:k kohxo:chitl \xrb \mod Note that this entry should be divided into two. \ref 08376 \lxa kopalchi:noh \lxac kopalchi:noh \lxo kopalchi:noh \lxoa kopalkohchi:noh \lxocpend @kopalchi:noh \lxt kopalchi:noh \dt 06/Jul/2002 \loan (part) chino \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se Bursera xochipalensis Rzedowski, tree that is a member of the Burseraceae family \ss Bursera xochipalensis Rzedowski, árbol que es miembro de la familia Burseraceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \encyctmp kopalkuhtli \xrb kopal \nse In absence of cow dung this tree may be used to fire ceramics. Emidio Rosendo mentioned that at times the wood from this tree may be used to make trays (bateas) as well as the tori:tos that are danced around on the fiesta of San Lucas. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Also, although the kuwxio:tl is commonly used to make kwexomameh, according to Emigdio Rosendo kopalchi:noh may also be used. \cpl Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) list two trees named in Spanish copal chino, both of the Burseraceae family. The first (p. 131) is the Bursera bipinnata called in Spanish either copal chino or copal santo. The second (p. 132) is the Bursera copallifera called in Spanish either copal, copal chino, chichiacle, ticomaca, or copalillo. \nct kohtli \ref 05416 \lxa kopalkihli \lxac kopalkihli \lxo kopalkihli \lxoc kopalkihli \lxt kopalkihle \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of edible plant still not identified, similar to the a:tlapa:ntsi:n \ss tipo de planta comestible todavía no identificado, parecido al a:tlapa:ntsi:n \pna Kopalkihli | Seki no: wel kikwa. \pea Kopalkihli: Some people can eat this. \psa Kopalkihli: Alguna gente se lo come. \sem plant \sem edible \sem xiwtli \xrb kopal \xrb kil \cpl This is an edible small plant (herb). Ramírez (1991) identifies this as copalquelite, a member of the Leguminosae family. It is not mentioned as such in Schoenhals (1988). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the copalquelite. \vl There are four additonal tokens from 363. These should be tagged as 1543, but given the better quality of later recordings, the two linked sound files should come from 1543. \nct xiwtli \ref 01543 \lxa kopalkukwa \lxac kopalkukwa \lxo kopá:lkwá \lxoc kopá:lkwá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \se to chew gum \ss masticar chicle \se to chew its cud (a cow; see tlakwe:chowa) \ss rumiar (una baca; see tlakwe:chowa) \pna San kopalkukwatok moba:kah, san tlakwe:chotok. \pea Your cow is just chewing its cud, it is just grinding up its food. \psa Tu vaca está nada más rumiando, está nada más masticando. \xrb kopal \xrb kwa \vl Link first male token. \ref 03662 \lxa kopalkuwtli \lxac kopalkuwtli \lxo kopalkohtli \lxoc kopalkohtli \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se generic name for a type of Bursera that includes several varieties, apparently two in particular \ss nombre genérico para un tipo bursera que incluye varias variedades, aparentemente dos en particular \se type of tree, still unidentified, within the category known by the same name \ss tipo de árbol, linoloé, dentro de la categoría conocida por el mismo nombre \pna Kupalkuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika tikikxiti:s tepalkatl, noso a:ko:ntli xo:pantlah. No: para ase:iteh, me:roh tro:soh noso itla:kihlo. \pea Kopalkuhtli : It is good for firing ceramic bowls, or large water jugs in the summer. It is also used (to make) oil, the very trunk itself or its fruit. \psa Kopalkuhtli : Es bueno para quemar platos hondos de cerámica, o tinajas grandes en el verano. También se utiliza para (hacer) aceite, la mera rama o quizá el tronco. \nse Apparently there are two trees called by this name, or something nearly equivalent. The first is called kopalkuwtli in Ameyaltepec and kopalkuwtli tekwitlanextik in Oapan (in San Juan it is also called kopalkuhtle tekwitlanextik). This has been identified as the Bursera submoniliformis Engler, of the family Burseraceae. The second is also called kopalkuwtli in Ameyaltepec; in Oapan it is known as kopalkohtli de komi:nos (in San Juan it is called kopalkuhtle). It is also of the family Burseraceae and the genus Bursera. The species name has not yet been identified. \xrb kopal \xrb kow \cpl The wood of this tree is used in absence of cow dung to fire ceramics. According to Emidio Rosendo it is also used to make the "toritos" carved and danced for San Lucas. Both Ramírez and Dakin (1979) and Ramírez (1991) identify this as the olinolué, of the family Burseraceae. Schoenhals (1988) more correctly calls this the linaloé: "(Bursera aloexylon) 'bursera' A bush or small tree; fruit is aromatic; essence is extracted from the trunk as well as the fruit. Also called yaguela." Note that in oral histories gathered in Ameyaltepec, numerous elder men mentioned a linaloé "factory" near the Tepecuacuilco river, below split in the road to Ameyaltepec and San Juan Tetelcingo. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:128) identify the linaloé as of the family Burseraceae and the genus-species Bursera aloexylon (Schiede) Engl. According to Inocencio Díaz, Asención Marcelo, and Silvestre Pantaleón there are 5 types of kopalkuhtli (the following are names from Oapan: xo:chikopahli, kopalkohtli, kopalkohchi:noh, kopalkomi:nos or kopalkohtli komi:nos, and kopalpo:tsahli. The penultimate was not known by Asención Marcelo nor Inocencio Díaz, only by Silvestre Pantaleón. It is found near Amoloncan. The latter is the source of sa:ntokopahli but is found only far north of Oapan, near Asesecan. \qry According to C. Flores (discussion session) there is only one type of /kopalkuwtli/. This should be checked. \ncx xo:chikopahli; kopalkohtli; kopalchi:noh (to:nalo:kotl); sa:ntokopalkohtli \nct kohtli; kopahli \vl Use first male token for link. \ref 03244 \lxa kopa:lsa:ntoh \lxac kopa:lsa:ntoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se same as sa:ntokopalkuwtli \ss lo mismo que sa:ntokopalkuwtli \sem \sem \xrb \pqry Check vowel length; this might be a reborrowin gfrom Spanish hence the long /a:/, not in the original Nahuatl word. Check. \ref 08579 \lxa kopaxokonono:tsa \lxac *kikopaxokonono:tsa \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to brag or boast to (particularly about doing sth that one cannot do, or about having sth that one does not have; to talk big to, to make promises to and not deliver; to mislead with ones words) \ssa alardear (a algn, jactándose que va a hacer algo que no puede, o de tener algo que no tiene; fantochear, jactarse, prometiendo cosas que no puede cumplir; engañar con palabras) \equivo xokó:nó:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \xrb no:tsa \nse This verb (which literally means something like 'to converse like a kopaxokotl tree with) and is based on a certain characteristic of the kopaxokotl tree. Some individual trees flower in the early summer but, despite flowering, often do not come to fruit. Thus the meaning of this compound verb is that of someone who, like the tree with its flowers, promises something (i.e., "fruit") but does not deliver. \qry This word I have only heard with the reduplicated verbal root in the sense of "to talk with". Check. \ref 05991 \lxa kopaxokotik \lxac kopaxokotik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be a braggart; to be a big-talker (who promises things he doesn't have or actions that he cannot carry out); to be misleading (in ones words) \ssa ser fanfarrón; ser engañoso (que promete cosas que no tiene o acciones que no puede cumplir) \fl kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ciruelo berraco. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the ciruelo copajocote, of the family Rosaceae. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called copalcojote of which see says: "(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro." And under this latter plant she states: "(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote." \qry Cf. Flk 1984-05-03.1. \ref 04497 \lxa kopaxokotl \lxaa kopaxokotl \lxac kopaxokotl \lxo kopaxokotl \lxoc kopaxokotl \lxt kopaxokotl \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao type of wild plum tree \ssao tipo de ciruelo silvestre \se braggart; liar; big-talker; person who misleads by words \ss fanfarrón; engañoso; persona que engaña con palabras \pna Kopaxokotl pa:mpa kamantika xo:chiyowa wa:n xi:ni, xmelá:k tla:ki, istlakatki. \pea He (a liar) is called a kopaxokotl because it (a kopaxokotl) sometimes flowers and then sheds its flowers, it doesn't really come to fruit, it "lies." \psa El (un mentiroso) es un kopaxokotl porque a veces florea y después se caen, no da fruta de veras, "miente". \pna Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k. \pea You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true. \psa Parloteas como un ciruelo (esto es, engañas), dices cosas aunque no son verdad. \pna Tikopaxokotl pa:mpa xokotl titlatowa. Tistlakatki, tikitowa tlato:hli ma:ski xmelá:k. \pea You're a big-talker because you speak like a plum tree. You lie, you say things even though they aren't true. \psa Eres un mentiroso porque hablas como un ciruelo, dices cosas aun cuando no son ciertas. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \cfa kopaxokonono:tsa \xrb kopa \xrb xoko \nse Apparently the kopaxokotl is one species of tree that has separate male and female. Both flower but the male does not come to fruition. Speakers are often able, given their experience and knowledge of the local ecosystem, to point out which kopaxokotl tree is male (i.e., hasn't ever and won't come to fruit). The metaphoric use of kopaxokotl, therefore, comes from the fact that the male trree (like the female) flowers and thus promises the fruit that flowers usually generate. But unlike most species the fruit never appears, the tree having promised what it did not deliver. \cpl The kopaxokotl is a type of xokotl that comes to fruit in late summer (tla:ki xo:pantlah), i.e., from August to September. The fruit is yellow when ripe. According to Cornelio Lucino, the wood from this tree may be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the ciruelo berraco. Ramírez (1991) identifies it as the ciruelo copajocote, of the family Rosaceae. Schoenhals (1988) has a tree called copalcojote of which she says: "(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew]' see coco de cerro." And under this latter plant she states: "(Cyrtocarpa procera) '[family cashew].' A tropical tree with oblong leaves, tiny white flowers and small, round, edible fruit with one seed. Also called copalcojote, chupundía, maxocote." Guizar and Sánchez (1991: 154, 156) seem to have two species of the Anacardiaceae family that bear edible fruit. One is the Spondias purpurea I known in Spanish as ciruelo or ciruelita de cerro. Of this: "El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera." This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is Cyrtocarpa procera known as coco de cerro. Of this: "Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales." Perhaps one of the two is the masa:xokotl and the other is the kopaxokotl. At this point my guess is that of the two the kopaxokotl might well be Cyrtocarpa procera, while the masa:xokotl would seem to be the Spondias purpurea. See masa:xokotl. \nct kohtli \nfe In San Juan, Asunción Marcelo considers that there are two types, one that forms fruit and the other that doesn't. But both form flowers in April, its fruit is found in July and August. \qry Note that in two entries I had recorded /kopalxokotl/ and /kopalxokonono:tsa/, probably the correct for is /kopaxoko.../ but possible presence of /l/ should be checked for. Note that I have checked and this is definitely /kopaxokotl/ and not *kopalxokotl. Any occurrences of the latter should be corrected. Check and correct if necessary: Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa. Perhaps /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. \grm Note the following syntax and its importance for understanding the marking of subjects in phrases: /Tikopaxokotl tlatlatowa, tikitowa ma:ski tli:n xmelá:k/ 'You chatter like a plum tree (i.e., you mislead), you say things even if they aren't true.' Here we see that the subject marker is placed at the left of the phrase, before a noun in a modifying function with a verb. There is no incorporation since the absolutive is still with the noun. Thus we have a predicate 'speak' with the adverbial function of a noun, though not incorporated. Another phrase indcates a problem of subject marking: /Tikopaxokotl pampa xokotl titlatowa/ Perhaps here there is simply a /ke:n/ missing before /xokotl/. This phrase should be checked and corrected if necessary. However, the major point is the sequence /tikopaxokotl tlatlatlowa/; cf. /tiwe:i chichi/. Other simiilar examples should be noted and discussed in the grammar. \vl Additonal tokens will be tagged from #3794, which has been deleted. \ref 00583 \lxa ko:pi:liwi \lxac ko:pi:liwi \lxo ko:pi:liwi \lxoc ko:pi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to hang down limply in a clump or clumps of strands (e.g., wet hair, an item of clothing that sticks together and hangs down when wet) \ss colgarse como como en hebras pegadas, enmarradas y flojas (p. ej., cabello largo cuando está mojado, ropa mojada) \pna Ko:pi:liwi tlake:ntli kwa:k yo:nopa:tsoh. \pea When clothes (e.g., hanging on a line to dry) get wet, they hang down in clumps. \psa Cuando ropa (p. ej., tendida para secarse) se moja, se cuelga en hilos. \pna Yo:koko:pi:liw notson. \pea My hair (wet, e.g., from bathing or rain) got so that it is hanging down in clumpy strands. \psa Mi cabello (mojado, p. ej., de la lluvia a un baño) se quedó colgado en hilos algo pegados. \se to limply droop down (e.g., the leaves or branches of certain plants as they dry) \ss colgarse hacia abajo flojamente (p. ej., las hojas o ramas de ciertas plantas al secarse) \pna Patla:wtoya, a:man o:ko:pi:liw moso:ya:w. \pea Your palm (in this case palm that was going to be used) was well fanned out (when it was green on the tree), now (that it has been cut) it is limply hanging down in strands (from having lost its moisture). \psa La palma (en este caso que se iba a utilizar) estaba bien abierta en forma de abanico (cuando estaba verde y sin cortar), ahora (después de cortarse y secarse) ya está encogida y doblada (por haberse secado). \pna Sana:man o:pe:w wa:ki, sa: ko:pi:liwtok. \pea It started to dry immediately (e.g., a tree), it's now just dropping down (its branches and leaves hanging down close to its side). \psa Luego luego se empezó a secar (p. ej., un árbol), ya está nomás con sus ramas y hojas aflojadas y colgadas. \pna O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh. Ipan o:kiaw. A:man xteteketsa, tla:mo sayhkó:n nomatis. \pea Your hat (i.e., its brim) has become drooped down. It got rained upon. Now push (the brim) up, if you don't it'll stay that way. \psa (Las alas de) tu sombrero cayeron hacia abajo. Le llovió (sobre el sombrero). Ahora empújalas hacia arriba, si no lo haces así se va a quedar. \se to be huddled up or hunched over with ones arms close to ones side (a person, particularly when sick or cold) \ss acurrucarse con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (una persona, particularmente cuando tiene frío o está enferma) \pna San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak. \pea You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold. \psa Estás nada más acurrucado, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo, te ha agarrado el frío. \pna Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl. Kwalo. \pea That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick. \psa Ese hombre está nomás acurrucado y encogido. Está enfermo. \sea (with the aspectual -tiw, at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix te-: tekoko:pi:liwtiw) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side \ssa (with the aspectual -tiw, at times with short vowel reduplication and the prefix te-: tekoko:pi:liwtiw) to go along slowly with ones legs and arms drawn close to the side \pna Tiko:pi:liwtiw. Timona:palotiw. Tisekwi. \pea You are going along hunched over with your arms closed tightly to your side. You are going along with your arms wrapped tightly around your body. You are cold. \psa Vas caminando todo encogido, con los brazos pegados al cuerpo.. Vas agarrándote con los brazos. Tienes frio. \pna San tiko:pi:liwtiw, tle:ka xtimotlalowa? \pea You're just going along taking tiny steps, why don't you get a move on? \psa Vas caminando con pasos chiquitos, ¿Por qué no andas más rápido? \cfa ikxiko:pi:liwi \cfo ko:pi:lyaw \xrb ko:pi:l \dis compare pili:ni, ko:pi:liwi, pipi:ltia, nokolochowa and other words for drooping. Check difference between /ko:pi:liwi/ and /nokolochowa/. \nse Cristino Flores (Am) explained the meaning of this word with the following phrase: Ko:pi:liwi pa:mpa noma:tsowa, i.e. 'one says ko:pi:liwi because it folds back upon itself.' The example he repeatedly gave was of palm that when on the tree is spread out in a fan-like form, but after it is cut it folds and doubles in on itself. When used in reference to a stationary person, ko:pi:liwi refers to an individual, hunched over at the shoulders, slightly curved over and drooping. When applied to someone walking, ko:pi:liwtiw refers to a slow walk, with ones arms at ones side and taking small steps, perhaps somewhat hunched over. \qry Check whether /sa:/ or /san/ is correct, or each in the particlar circumstances: /San tiko:pi:liwtok, yo:tisehkalak/ 'You are just hunched over with your arms close to your body, you've gotten cold.' /Sa: ko:pi:liwtok un tla:katl, kwalo/ 'That man is just huddled up with his arms close to his side. He is sick.' In Aug. 1986 I rechecked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded: /ko:pi:liwi/. Again, in June 1993, I have definitely checked the vowel length and it is correct as recorded (Karttunen has /ko:pil.../. In phrase /san tiko:pi:liwtok.../ check possibility that first word should be /sa:/, as it is in the similar phrase I have recorded. \rt Perhaps discuss the division of /ko:pi:l/ into /ko:/ and /pi:l/. \ref 00718 \lxa ko:pi:liwtok \lxac ko:pi:liwtok \lxo ko:pi:lihtok \lxoc ko:pi:lihtok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be drooping down in clumped strands (e.g., wet hair, clothes hanging on a line, cut and dried palm) \ss estar colgado y pegado en tiras enmarranadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojada, palma secada) \se to be hunched over with ones arms at the side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) \ss estar acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona enferma o con frío) \flao ko:pi:liwi \xrb ko:pi:l \qry Check precise meaning of this term and the potential subjects of the predication. \ref 01066 \lxa ko:pi:lnenemi \lxac ko:pi:lnenemi \lxo ko:pí:lnenémi \lxoc ko:pí:lnenémi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to walk slowly and with small steps \ss caminar despacio y con pasos pequeños \xrb ko:pi:l \xrb nemi \nae The absence of reduplication reduction in Oapan ko:pí:lnenémi is due to the lexicalization of nénemí with an unpredictable meaning 'to walk' (cf. nemi 'to live'). \grm Stem; incorporation; /iwi/: As in other cases (e.g., incorporated /koch/) here we seem to have a verbal stem fused to another, without the participial formation. Ask Michel about this. Cf. other coded S-V in the dictionary. Perhaps /iwi/ verbs do not have the /ka:/ participial marker. This seems to be the case in Balsas Nahuatl. \ref 01222 \lxa ko:pi:lowa \lxac kiko:pi:lowa \lxo ko:pi:lowa \lxoc kiko:pi:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-w \infv class-2b \se to fold or push up the sides of (sth more of less flat, e.g., a hat with the brim pushed upward in order to make a cupped-like object) \ss doblar las orillas (de algo plano) hace arriba (p. ej., un sombrero con las alas empujadas hacia arriba, para hacer algo como un recipiente o cono) \pna Xko:pi:lo (=xikxo:pi:lo) mosombre:roh! \pea Push up the brim of your hat! \psa ¡Dóbla las alas de tu sombrero hacia arriba! \se (refl.) to hunch over and pull ones arms close to the body (e.g., a person who is sick or cold); to shrink up and pull in ones arms (as a person trying to make himself or herself thin to fit through a small space); to shrink or pull back, to withdraw into a shell (e.g., a timid girl in withdrawing from the advances of a suitor) \ss (refl.) acurrucarse y jalar los brazos pegándolos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que está enferma o que tiene frío); encogerse y pegar los brazos al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que se hace delgada para poder caber por un espacio apretado); encogerse y ir para atrás (p. ej., una joven tímida al evitar los avances de un pretendiente) \pna Tle:ka san timoko:pi:lotok? Tikwalo? \pea Why are you all huddled up with your arms tight to your side? Are you sick? \psa ¿Por qué estás todo acurrucado con los brazos pegados al cuerpo? ¿Estás enfermo? \pna Noko:pi:lowa, kwalo. \pea He is huddling up with his arms close to his side, he is sick. \psa Está encogiéndose con sus brazos pegados al cuerpo, está enfermo. \pna Xmoko:pi:loka:n para wel tipano:skeh! Ma:ka xpatla:wtokan! \pea Hug your arms close to your side so that we can fit through that space! Don't be all loose with your arms hanging out! \psa ¡Pégense con los brazos al cuerpo para que podamos caber por ese espacio! ¡No estén con los brazos todos desplegados! \pna Timoko:pi:lowa, tipipina:wi. \pea You shrink back, you are ashamed. \psa Te encoges hacia atrás, te da pena. \seo (refl., often with -tiw) to go along slowly, taking baby steps (e.g., sb ill or just recovering) \sso (refl., a menudo con -tiw) ir despacio, con pasos pequeños (p. ej., algn que está enfermo o que apenas se está recuperando) \xrb ko:pi:l \dis ko:pi:lowa; xo:pi:lowa (e.g., in reference to a sombrero) \ilustmp Cf. drawing with original 3x5 filecard. \ref 00894 \lxa ko:pi:ltik \lxac ko:pi:ltik \lxo ko:pi:ltik \lxoc ko:pi:ltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be drooping down in clumps (e.g., wet hair, clothes that have gotten soaked while hanging up, or that still have soap in them; or palm and has dried and folded in on itself) \ss estar colgado en tiras enmarranadas o pegadas (p. ej., cabello o ropa mojado, o ropa que todavía tiene jabón; o palma cortada y secada que se dobla sobre si mismo) \pna A:man ye titisis wan koko:pi:ltik motson. Ok pa:stik. \pea Now you are about to starting grinding corn and your hair is hanging down all over in clumps, It is still wet. \psa Ahora estás a punto de empezar a moler maíz y tu cabello está colgado todo enmarranado. Está todo mojado. \se to be hunched over with ones arms tightly to ones side (e.g., a person who is sick or cold) \ss estar acurrucado tener los brazos pegados al cuerpo (p. ej., una persona que está enferma o tiene frío) \xrb ko:pi:l \qry According to C. Flores the word for hair is /pipi:liwi/ not /ko:pi:liwi/. This should be changed in all entries. \ilustmp Illustrate, perhaps at least in regard to animates so described. \ref 01417 \lxa kopi:na \lxac kikopi:na \lxo kopi:na \lxoc kikopi:na \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to detach; to pull out (e.g., a bandaid placed on a wound; a ring on a finger; or a bad rod in a woven bed of tlapextli in order to replace it) \ss desprender; quitar algo pegado a o encajado en algo (una curita sobre una herida; un anillo del dedo); arrancar (algo empotrado); sacar jalando (p. ej., de una cama de tlapextli, una varita que está mal, para remplazarla) \pna Xkopi:na un a:roh, para okse: ika tiktla:li:s! \pea Pull that ring off (in this case from queso de aro, 'cheese made with a ring,' that is being molded) so that you can use it with another (piece of cheese)! \psa ¡Quítale el aro (en este caso de un queso de aro) para que lo puedas usar con otro (queso)! \pna Nihkopi:nas un tetl. \pea I will pull that stone out (e.g., from where it is stuck in a wall, the ground, etc.) \psa Voy a arrancar esa piedra (p. ej., de una pared, de la tierra, etc.). \pna Xok kwahli. Ma nkopi:na! Nikpatlas. \pea It's no good anymore. Let me pull it out! I'm going to change it. \psa Ya no sirve. ¡Deja que lo arranque! Lo voy a cambiar. \se to pull out threads or strands of fiber from (e.g., a ball of twine, handfuls of hemp fiber, etc.) \ss sacar hilos o hebras de fibra de (por ejemplo, una bola de hilo, manojos de ixtli, etc.) \pna Xne:xchia! Ok ma nikpochi:na i:n noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. \pea Wait for me! Let me fray this hemp fiber of mine so that I can pull it off in strands (e.g., to make a rope, etc.). \psa ¡Espérame! Deja que deshilache esta fibra de maguey que tengo para que pueda ir sacandole hebras (p. ej., para hacer una soga, etc.). \se (refl. with -ka) to use (sb or sth) as a pretext, or as an excuse (e.g., not to do sth); to use (sb or sth) as an alibi \ss (refl. con -ka) utilizar (a algn o alg) como pretexto (p. ej., para no hacer algo); usar (algn o algo) como coartada \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, kel tewa mowa:xka. \pea I used you as an excuse (in this case in buying sth, I said it was for you even though it wasn't, just in order to get a better price since the seller was a friend of yours) as if it were yours. \psa Te utilicé como pretexto (p. ej., en no prestar algo), como si fuera tuyo. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n para ma:ka ne:chtlai:ti:skeh. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g. that I had an appointment with you) so that they would not invite me drinking. \psa Te utilizé como pretexto (p. ej., que tenía una cita contigo) para que no me invitaran a beber. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niá:s. \pea I used you as an excuse (e.g., saying that I had to help you with sth), I didn't want to go with him. \psa Te utilicé como pretexto (p. ej., diciendo que tenía que hacer algo contigo), no quería ir con el. \pna Moka o:nimokopi:n. O:niktlatlan i:n tli:n ne:chpolowa:ya, o:nte:ihlih ika tewa o:tine:chti:tlan, ma:ski xmelá:k, san para o:ne:chma:keh. \pea I used you as a pretext. I asked for this thing that I needed, I said that it was you that had sent me even though it wasn't true. (I said it) just so they would give it to me. \psa Te utilicé como pretexto. Pedí este que me faltaba, dije que fuiste tu quien me había mandado aunque no fue verdad. Sólo (lo dije) para que me lo dieran. \xrb kopi: \xvao kopi:nilia \xv1ao tlakopi:na \qry In first sentence, check vowel length of /okse/, final /e/. Check vowel length of /ixtli/ and possessed form. Check whether /te-/ intensifier can be used with /kopi:na/ as well as with the intransitive and applicative. \nse Note that /moka nokopi:na/ is the same as /moka notlamia/ althoug this should be rechecked. \grm Antipassive: note /Wel tlakopi:na ika ixtli/. 'He knows how to let out maguey fibers (i.e., letting them out slowly from handfuls of hemp held in the hand so that another persons can twist them it into rope).' \grm Note use of future as relative tense marker: /Moka o:nimokopi:n, xo:niknek iwa:n niyá:s/ 'I used you as an excuse, I didn't want to go with him.' \ref 03637 \lxa kopi:ni \lxac kopi:ni \lxo kopi:ni \lxoc kopi:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Op. te-: tekopi:ni \infv class-3a \seao to become detached (e.g., sth stuck on sth else) \ssao desprenderse (p. ej., una cosa pegada a otra) \seao to fall out (e.g., of a socket or niche, or similar place in which the object is embedded, inserted, or stuck) \ssao salirse (un objeto que se sale de un lugar donde estaba empotrado o inserto) \pna Yo:kopi:n. Xpia kwida:doh! Ma:ka mopan wa:lwetsis! \pea It came loose (e.g., a stone from a wall). Be careful! Don't let if fall down on you! \psa Se desprendió (p. ej., una piedra de una cerca). ¡Ten cuidado! ¡Qué no se te caiga encima! \xrb kopi: \ref 01035 \lxa kopi:nilia \lxac kikopi:nilia \lxo kopi:nilia \lxoc kikopi:nilia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pull off from (e.g., pulling a bandaid off sb, or detaching a poster from a wall, etc.); to pull out of or from (e.g., a rod from a bed) \ss desprenderle a (e.g., desprendiendo una curita de algn, o quitando un cartel de una pared); sacar de (p.ej., una varita de una cama) \pna Xne:chkopi:nili ni:xte:nka:la:w! Mlá ni:xte:nkekexkia. \pea Put out my eyelashes that itch for me! My eyes really itch. \psa ¡Arráncame las pestañas que me escocen! tengo comezón en los ojos. \pna Xkopi:nili ite:ntsahka molapise:roh! \pea Pull the top off your pen (so that you can write)! \psa ¡Quítale la tapadera a tu pluma (para que puedas escribir). \xrb kopi: \xvbao kopi:na \nse Reduplicated and with the nonspecific object tla-, the resultant verb form refers to pulling out several things from something, e.g., plugs and cables from a machine. \qry Note that I originally had /tlatekokopi:nilia/ as a xref. /tlatekokopi:nilia/ to determine nature of /te/ prefix, i.e. if it is an optional intensifier. Also check to determine whether reduplication is necessary in this sense meaning. \grm Note antipassive: /Mistlatekokopi:nili:s ika mokuhia:yo/ 'She will make you come (with her hand)' \ref 05425 \lxa koro:nah \lxac da:nsah de koro:nah \lxo da:nsah de koro:nah \lxoa koro:náwakéh \lxoc koro:nah \dt 11/Jul/2003 \loan corona \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se headdress or crown used in some religious dances (such as Da:nsah de koro:nah (Am) / koró:nawákeh) \ss corona utilizada en algunas danzas religiosas (como Da:nsah de koro:nah (Am) / koró:nawákeh) \pna Kwiyo:ti:s ikoro:nah, te:wa:n nito:ti:s. \pea She is going to place feathers in her headdress, she's going to dance with others. \psa Va a poner plumas en su corona, va a bailar con los demás. \cfao tsonkahli \nse In Oapan this dance is most often called by the name applied to the dancers, koro:náwakéh. \mod Illustrate. \ref 05766 \lxa ko:rteh \lxac ko:rteh \lxo ko:rteh \lxoc ko:rteh \dt 03/Feb/2002 \loan corte \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se a piece of cloth (usually about 2 to 3 meters in length) \ss corte (de tela, generalmente 2 a 3 metros de largo) \pna Nikwa:hkis se: ko:rteh de tlake:ntli. \pea I will bring back a piece of cloth. \psa Voy a traer una corte de tela. \se (la ~) bathroom; john \ss (la) baño \pna Niaw la ko:rteh. \pea I'm going to the john. \psa Voy al baño. \ref 02642 \lxa korra:l we:i \lxac korra:l we:i \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08633 \lxa korrali:toh \lxac korrali:toh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08634 \lxa kórreah \lxac kórreah \lxo kórriah \lxoc kórriah \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan correa \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \pa yes \se leather strap that is used in certain types of sandals \ss correa, tira de cuero de que se hacen algunos huaraches \qry Cf. if this also refers to other types of leather straps. \ref 05591 \lxa kosahka \lxac i:kosahka \lxo kosahka \lxoc i:kosahka \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \se yolk (of an egg) \ss yema (de un huevo) \pna Xkaman nihkwa ikosahka to:toltetl \pea I never eat the yolk of an egg. \psa Nunca como el yema de un huevo \xrb kos \nse The only documentation of kosahka is possessed and meaning 'yolk.' \pqry The tokens are good examples of the long /i:/ of the possessor prefix. \ref 04342 \lxa ko:sal \lxac ko:sal \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08140 \lxa ko:saltsi:n \lxaa koko:saltsi:n \lxac ko:saltsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt kwi:saltsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea type of marigold, with yellow and purplish or maroon petals \ssa tipo de cempoalxochitl con pétalos color amarillo y moradito \sem plant \sem fl \syno kó:skayá:ntsi:n \xrb ko:ska \nse Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have cocosaltsi:n, which they identify as the flor de muerto roja. Apparently, unlike in Oapan, in Ameyaltepec the name of this flower is not also the name of a grasshopper-type insect. In both villages, however, this flower (and the sempwalxo:chitl) are used to make garlands of flowers such as those placed on the laso of the the bulls that are danced in San Lucas. \nae The etymological derivation is uncertain, particularly the source of the -al element. However, given that the /o:/ is long while the root for 'yellow' is short (cf., kose:wi), it might be that the etymology includes ko:ska as in ko:skatl. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \vl ko:saltsi:n \rt Ask experts the derivation; it would appear to be related to /kos/ of 'yellow.' \ref 07454 \lxa ko:sama:lo:tl \lxac ko:sama:lo:tl \lxo kó:samá:lo:tl \lxoc kó:samá:lo:tl \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \se rainbow \ss arco iris \pna Deke o:me o:notekets ko:sama:lo:tl noteketsa a:tl, xok kiawis. O:me, se: na:nika iwa:n se: na:nika. \pea If two rainbows appear the rain will stop, it will not rain anymore. Two (appear like this), one over here (pointing), and one over here (pointing to the other side of the sky). \psa Si aparecen dos arco iris, se va a parar la lluvia, ya no va a llover. Dos (aparecen así), uno acá (apuntando) y uno acá (apuntando al otro lado del cielo). \sem weather \xrb ko:s \xrb ahma:lo \nae The etymology of ko:sama:lo:tl or kó:samá:lo:tl is unclear. One possible element is ko:s, perhaps related to ko:skatl 'necklace,' which would make sense given the context. The remaining sequence is not, however, transparent. Another perplexing issue is the pitch accent noted in the Oapan version. All documented cognates of this word in other dialects do not manifest any underlying {h} or glottal stop, which is the only factor that motivates pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. Moreover, given that a sequence of long vowel and {h} as coda is not found in Nahuatl, the only possible syllable that is a candidate for coda {h} is {sah}. For the preceding reasons the etymology has been given as {ko:s + ahma:lo:}. Perhaps comparative data from nearby villages where there is a surface manifestation of {h} would clarify matters. \nse The etymology uncertain. Probably related to /ko:s/ 'necklace' but the remainder of the etymology is uncertain. \sj Check for /h/: p-a of Oapan form of unclear origin. \ref 02709 \lxa kose:watki \lxac kose:watki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08397 \lxa kose:wi \lxac kose:wi \lxo kose:wi \lxoc kose:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to turn yellow (e.g., certain plants from drying, blight, or too much water; or other things as part of a natural process, e.g., lemons, grapefruits, squash, etc.) \ss amarillarse; amarrillentarse (ciertas plantas al secarse o ahogarse; u otras cosas naturalmente, p. ej., limones, toronjas, calabaza, etc.) \pna Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. \pea Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. \psa Tu milpa ya se pone amarilla, ya le empezó a hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). \pna Yo:tlaki:s, yo:pe:w kose:wi kuwxiwtli. \pea The rainy season has ended, the bushes have started to turn yellow. \psa Ya se acabó la temporada de lluvia, los arbustos ya empezaron a amarillarse. \se (with tla-) for things to turn yellow all over \ss (con tla-) amarillarse todo, por todos lados \pna Sa: tlatepe:wtok ika chi:hli, o:kwihlowa itik. O:tlakose:w ipan tla:hli. \pea The ground is scattered all over with chile, it (the chile plant) got worms in it (causing the chile to fall off). The ground has turned yellow (from the chile that has fallen and turned yellow). \psa El suelo está regado de chile, adentro se agusanó (la planta del chile, haciendo que se cayera el fruto). El suelo está todo amarillo (por el chile que se cayó y amarrillentó). \xrb kos \qry Check absence of transitive form *kose:wia and cognate intransitive *kosiwi \grm The etymology and classification of those verbs which manifest a physical characteristic such as color, surface, etc. and which contain /e:wi/ instead of or in addition to /iwi/ should be examined. It does seem that many of the /-e:wi/ verbs do related to color or other physical characteristics. This should be checked, perhaps by eliciting, if possible, verbs that end in /-e:wi/. \ref 02304 \lxa ko:skatl \lxac ko:skatl \lxo ko:skatl \lxoc ko:skatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss (Oa); N1/2; Aln/Intrin; poss. noko:skaw (Am), noko:s (Oa); i:ko:skayo (Am, Oa) \se necklace (of a person) \ss collar (de una persona) \se (intrinsic possession) necklace (e.g., painted on a ceramic or similar object) \ss (posesión intrínseca) collar (p. ej., pintado sobre una cerámica u objeto similar) \pna Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n. \pea It has its necklace (in this case a ceramic canteen painted as a woman), it is pretty. \psa Tiene su collar (en este caso una cantimplora pintada como una mujer), es bonita. \xrb ko:s \nae The two villages manifest slightly different possessed forms for alienable possession. In Ameyaltepec the final stem vowel /a/ is retained in the possessed form (i.e., i:ko:skaw), in Oapan the possessed form loses the stem-final vowel (i.e., noko:s). The intrinsically possessed form with -yo is rare, but has been documented in reference to a necklace painted on a ceramic canteen. This usage fits in well with an analysis of -yo as representing a part/whole relationship. \grm Possession with /-yo/: The use of /-yo/ is much more complex than most of the literature on the subject for Nahuatl. The present case, /Kipia iko:skayo, kwaltsi:n/ reveals this complicated relation. The previous phrase ('it has its necklace, it is pretty') was uttered by Marcelo Venancio when looking at a ceramic canteen in the book The Amate Tradition. The utterance was spontaneous and was probably not previously part of the lexicon of the area. That is, there is no word /ko:skayo:tl/, or anything similar. Indeed, I only heard this possessed form of /ko:skatl/ with /-yo/ once during five years in the region. The reason it is used is clear: the necklace is fully integrated (as painted on) in the ceramic. Although it is not a necessary part of the ceramic and if it could be erased the canteen would still be a canteen (and probably the female image would still be a female image, since there are still many other accouterments that would so identify it). In this sense the use of /-yo/ here differs from that in a construction such as /ikahlo/ 'its roof' since a house would not be a house without a roof, and therefore a roof is an integral part of the house. NOTE: the nature of lexical semantics should be studied to determine the different aspects of part-whole relations, etc. \ref 04640 \lxa koska:tlatla:ltsi:n \lxac koska:tlatla:ltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com Part-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be yellowish earth-colored \ssa ser el color como tierra amarilla \xrb ko:s \xrb tla:l \nse Reduplication is characteristic of Nahuatl color terminology in the Balsas region; ko:skatlatla:ltik follows this tendency. \nae Apparently this is derived from the root ko:s 'yellow' and tla:l 'earth.' The -ka- syllable might be misrepresented as having a short vowel where a long one is expected if the etymology is from the root for 'yellow.' \qry Recheck length of /a/ in /ka/ syllable. Recheck meaning and how applied, and also check morphology. The vowel is probably long and and miswritten/heard as short. Check. \grm Reduplication: Note the reduplication in /ko:skatlatla:ltik/ 'yellowish earth-colored' The reduplication seems to be a generality of color terminology. \ref 01983 \lxa ko:skaxa:hli \lxac ko:skaxa:hli \lxo ko:skaxa:hli \lxoc ko:skaxa:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se seed beads, small glass beads for embroidering \ss chaquira \xrb ko:s \xrb xa:l \nae The initial /o:/ of the Oapan data is not overly long (4 examples vary between 93 and 98 ms) but still this length is well within the range of long vowels. \ref 02624 \lxa kosta:l \lxaa kostá:l \lxac kosta:l \lxo koxta:l \lxoc koxta:l \dt 01/Jul/2002 \loan costal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao sack \ssao costal \grm Phonology: Note the very long and drawn out vowel in the Oapan form, close to 180 ms. Also, the palatalization of /s/ is noteworthy, perhaps the result of an early borrowing from Spanish. \ref 02255 \lxa kosta:lakia \lxac kikosta:lakia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se to put into a sack \ss meter en un saco \xrb ak \ref 08382 \lxa ko:stamal \lxac i:ko:stamal \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea calf \ssa pantorilla \sem body \syno ixia:po:tetl \syno ixitoma:hka:n \xrb ko:ts \xrb tamal \vl Originally this had /ixia:po:tetl/ for the Oapan entry. However, this word is found in 06249. Thus tag the pronunciations/citations of this word here with the reference number 06249 and the letters z, y, etc. \ref 02125 \lxa kostia \lxac kostia \lxo kostia \lxocpend kostia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \seo to turn yellow \sso amarillarse \xrb kos \vl There are 4 tokens from 04371 that should be tagged as 7736 and two selected for the links. \ref 07736 \lxa kostik \lxac kostik \lxo kostik \lxoc kostik \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se yellow \ss amarillo \sem color \xrb kos \ref 06039 \lxa kostik tlatlastaltik \lxac kostik tlatlastaltik \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com \der \sea light yellow (as the color of certain cakes) \ssa amarillo pálido o pastel \syno koska:tlastaltik \xrb kos \xrb tlastal \ref 08166 \lxa kostik tlayo:hli \lxac kostik tlayo:hli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \sea yellow maize \ssa maíz amarillo \syno tlayo:lkostik \xrb kos \xrb o:ya \encyctmp tlayo:hli \nse This refers to maize of a specific color. For a full list, see tlayo:hli. \nct tlayo:hli \ref 07542 \lxa kostik xo:chitl \lxac kostik xo:chitl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea generic name for various herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae family, all of which have bright yellow flowers \ssa nombre genérico de varias plantas herbáceas de la familia Asteraceae, todas las cuales tienen flores amarillas \sea specific plant of the Asteraceae family, the unmarked term for kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \ssa planta específica de la familia Asteraceae, el término no marcado para kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \sem plant \sem fl \equiva kokostik xo:chitl \xrb kos \xrb xo:ch \cpl Not yet identified. Apparently this is distinct from ko:saltsi:n. Ramírez (1991) gives and describes this flower, which is mentioned as being of the family Compositae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the Rosamaría. \nct xiwtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check whether this is the same as /kokostik xo:chitl/. \ref 03590 \lxa kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania \lxac kostik xo:chitl de un wekapania \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se same as kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \ss lo mismo que kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \sem plant \sem xo:chitl \xrb \ref 08577 \lxa kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \lxac kostik xo:chitl pi:pitik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08529 \lxa kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \lxac kostik xo:chitl uwe:i \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \sea type of herbaceous plant with a large yellow flower that blooms in the summer; member of the Asteraceae family plants \ssa tipo de planta herbácea con una flor grande y amarilla, miembro de la familia Asteraceae \sem plant \sem fl \equiva kostik xo:chitl wekapania \equivo ka:ka:walxihtli \sem plant \sem fl \xrb kos \xrb xo:chi \xrb we:i \ref 07573 \lxa kostik xokotl \lxacpend *kostik xokotl \lxo kostik xokotl \lxof [kos tih 'xo kotl] \lxoc kostih xokotl \dt 19/Nov/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of plum tree still unidentified \ss tipo de ciruelo todavía no identificado \seo yellow plum (i.e., the fruit, when it is yellow, of any of a variety of plum trees) \sso ciruela amarrilla (esto es, la fruta, cuando es amarrilla, de varios tipos de ciruelas) \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kos \xrb xoko \cpl There was only one mention of this type of plum in the documentary record. It might be the same as tsope:lik xokotl de un kokostik. Nevertheless, Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez did accept and pronounce the word, which suggests that it is commonly used. However, Cristino Flores said that it is simply a reference to the color of a plum and does not indicate any specific type. Thus perhaps this record should be eliminated. \nct xokotl \grm Oapan phonology: k-to-h. Note that probably the best example of k-to-h is in /ok/, which always appears as /oh/ given that it is not ever (or has never been documented) as phrase final. \ref 03862 \lxa kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n \lxac kostiktsi:n seliktsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea watered down or whitened yellow (e.g., paint) \ssa amarrillo aguado, que tiene algo de blanco agregado (p. ej., pintura) \sem color \xrb kos \xrb sel \nse Originally the entry here was for kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n, but Cristino Flores (Am) suggested that the present entry was by far the more common term. \qry Check other uses of /seseltsi:n/ and perhaps give further definitions under this headword. Check whether it can be used with other colors: ?tli:ltik seseltsi:n, chichi:ltik seseltsi:n, etc. \grm Diminutive: note the double diminutive here: /kostiktsi:n seseltsi:n/. In general determine the way in which the diminutive is used with colors to indicate, I think, less intensity of the color. This should be investigated with native speakers, but it seems that the /-tsi:n/ indicates less of a given color, i.e., less red, less yellow, etc. \ref 06114 \lxa koto:na \lxac kikoto:na \lxo koto:na \lxoc kikoto:na \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. te-: tekoto:na \infv class-3a \se to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ss reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \pna Xkoto:na un i:loh! \pea Snap that thread (i.e., after finishing sewing)! \psa ¡Revienta ese hilo (p. ej., después de terminar de coser)! \se to pull apart or pull off into pieces; to shred with ones hand, pulling off the pieces (e.g., chile, an onion, etc.) \ss desmenuzar; sacarle trizas o trocitos de con la mano, jalando (p. ej., chile, cebolla, etc.) \pna Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya! \pea Shred up some chile (pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot! \psa ¡Desmenuza algo de chile (haciéndole trizas con las manos) para que lo que estás comiendo agarre un buen sabor! ¡Qué se ponga picoso! \se to divide up, taking off a section or piece (particularly in order to distribute or apportion to various people) \ss dividir, quitando una parte o sección de (particularmente para dar o proporcionar a varias personas) \pna Ma tihkoto:natin notla:l! Nikte:maka tlakotipan. \pea Let's go divide up my land! I am giving a part of it to someone. \psa ¡Vamos a ir a dividir mi parcela! Voy a darle una parte a alguien. \se to break off or end (actions or processes that have continued for a long time, such as a custom, tradition, or practice, or litigation) \ss terminar o acabar (acciones o procesos que han durado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones o prácticas, o pleitos y litigios) \pna O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s. \pea He broke off the suit, he didn't want to pursue it any longer. \psa Dejó de litigar, ya no quiso seguirlo. \se (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar) \ss (refl.) soltarse (un animal al reventar la soga con que estaba amarrada) \pna O:nokoto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s. \pea Your donkey broke loose, tomorrow you'll go looking for it. \psa Se soltó tu burro, mañana vas a tener que ir a sabanear. \xrb koto: \xvaao koto:nilia \nse Note that although the intensifier te- is used with koto:n and koto:na, it is not used with all acceptations. Thus it may be used when the verb refers to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation. In general the verb root koto: refers still to the breaking/snapping of something that is prolonged, either in space (e.g., a rope, thread) or in time (e.g., litigation, custom). \qry Check the correctness of the /tli:n titlakwa:s/ sequence, and in general of questions like: /tli:non titlakwa:s/, which I assume is incorrect. Check whether /o:nokoto:n moburroh/ is correct. Originally I had the definition /se (refl.) to break loose (an animal in snapping its tether or sth similar) and the example sentence /O:koto:n moburroh, mo:stla tontlate:mo:s/, which did not have a reflexive marker. I have added this marker to place the sentence in line with the definition. However, this should be checked. \grm Reduplication; antipassive; number Note the following: /Xko:koto:na chi:hli para kwaltias tli:n titlakwa:s. Ma koko:ya!/, which I have translated as 'Shred up some chile (pulling it apart with your fingers) so that what you're eating gets better tasting! Let it is get spicy hot!' There are several interesting aspects of this. First, and most simply, is the long vowel reduplication. Here it seems to indicate, like in /te:teki/, the temporally spaced repitition of an action. One might have expected a short vowel reduplication given that shredding is an action that does not seem to be one that is repeated in steady, measured moments. Another interesting aspect of this is the /tli:n titlakwa:s/. Again, one might have expected a direct corresponde with a specific prefix: /para kwaltias tli:n tihkwa:s/. Probably this is also correct; and it might even be that speakers in the future would feel that /tli:n titlakwa:s/ is erroneous: this should be checked. But the point is that there is not a direct correspondence between specificity and a specific object marker. Finally, note the interpretation of number and definiteness. Thus /xko:koto:na chi:hli/ would be translated as 'pull apart some chile' and not 'a chile'. To communicate 'a chile' the syntax would be with /se:/: /xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or /xkoto:na se: chi:hli/. Note that this brings up the question as to whether the long vowel reduplication is used because there are several chiles, or whether because a chile is slowly divided up and shredded. Thus, inquire whether with one chile one can say /xko:koto:na se: chi:hli/ or whether it should be /xkokoto:na se: chi:hli/, etc. \grm The intensifier /te/ is used with /koto:ni/ and /koto:na/ when referring to the snapping of an object, but not to the dividing of land, or ending of litigation. \ref 05080 \lxa koto:nchikipe:l \lxac koto:nchikipe:l \lxo koto:nchikipe:l \lxoc koto:nchikipe:l \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seao to have ones shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped) \ssao tener la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota) \apao koto:nchikipe:ltik \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \ref 01255 \lxa koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi \lxac koto:nchikipe:liwtinemi \lxo koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \lxoc koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-V1]-asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \seao to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest \ssao salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho \syna koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \nae Oapan koto:nchikipe:lihtimi, which was given by Florencia Marcelino as the semantic equivalent to Ameyaltepec koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi, reflects the combination of a short stem verb (identical to the perfective) with an aspectual ending (in this case -timi, the Oapan equivalent of Classical, and Ameyaltepec, -tinemi). However, the verb itself (?koto:nchikipe:liwi) has not been documented in the corpus. \qry Check for /koto:nchikipe:liwi/. \ref 01308 \lxa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \lxac koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adj(ap)-V1-asp \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \seao to go out and around with ones shirt open at (or to) the chest \ssao salir con la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho \pna Koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. Xkaman kitsakwa itlake:n. \pea He goes around in public with his shirt open to the chest. He never buttons up his clothes. \psa Anda en público con su camisa desabrochada hasta el pecho. Nunca cierra su ropa. \pna Milá:k xole:nkah un suwa:tl. Xkita ke:n nochipa koto:nchikipe:lki:stinemi. ¿Tle:ka xkisasa:lowa? \pea That woman is a real dimwit! Look how she goes around with her blouse torn open in front! Why doesn't she sew it up? \psa ¡Qué mensa esa mujer! ¡Mira cómo anda con su blusa abierta por el pecho! ¿Por qué no se la cose? \syno koto:nchikipe:lihtimi \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \xrb ki:sa \ref 07520 \lxa koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxac koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxo koto:nchikipe:ltik \lxoc koto:nchikipe:ltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to have ones shirt open at (or along) the chest (either unbottoned or ripped) \ssao tener la camisa abierta por (o hasta) el pecho (por estar desbrochada o rota) \apao koto:nchikipe:l \xrb chiki \xrb pe:l \qry Check for occurrence of /koto:nchikipe:liwi/ or /koto:nchikipe:lowa/. If neither exists, then perhaps a marker should be added [x] to Adj-part-wi-tik indicating that in the particular instance no verbal form is found. \ref 05558 \lxa koto:ni \lxac koto:ni \lxo koto:ni \lxoc koto:ni \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. te-: tekoto:ni \infv class-3a \seao to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ssao reventarse o romperse (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \pna Ye koto:ntok. \pea It is about to snap in two (e.g., a belt, a sandal strap partially torn and on the verge of ripping, etc.). \psa Está por reventar (p. ej., un cinturón, un tirante de un huarache parcialmente roto y al punto de reventar, etc.). \pna O:tekoto:n la:soh. \pea The lasso suddenly snapped. \psa De repente se reventó la riata. \pna Xok kixi:ko:s. Kokoto:nis. Xtla:lili mejó:r se: yewan ye:nkwik! \pea It won't stand up anymore. It will snap apart in pieces. Better place a new one (e.g., a strap or lasso) on it. \psa Ya no va a aguantar más. Se va a reventar en pedazos. Mejor ponle uno que sea nuevo (p. ej., un tirante o laso). \se to fragment; to break apart in isolated portions (e.g., a brook that during the dry season dries up, leaving strings of poorly connected ponds; or clouds that become scattered and broken up by the wind) \ss fragmentarse; quebrantarse en secciones aisladas (p. ej., un arroyo que se seca durante la temporada de secas, dejando una serie de pocitos poco profundos; o nubes que se dispersan por el viento) \pna O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis. \pea The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain accompanied by a driving wind. \psa Se han despejado las nubes en partes. Se han rasgado, quizá va a llegar un aguacero con fuerte viento. \se to cease to occur (p. ej., a pattern of behavior, events, or actions that have continued for a long time, such as customs, traditions, litigation, etc.) \ss cesar; dejar de occurir (un patrón de comportamiento, o eventos y acciones, que han perdurado por mucho tiempo, como costumbres, tradiciones, litigios, etc.) \se to come to an end (a lineaje or family) \ss acabarse (un linaje o familia) \se to break loose (in snapping bonds, e.g., an animal that snaps its teather) \ss soltarse (al reventar algo, como un animal al reventar su \xrb koto: \qry /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. \grm Reduplication: /O:tsi:tsikiliw moxtli. Yo:kokoto:n, kas yeyekakiawis/ = 'The cloud cover come apart here and there. It has torn open, perhaps there will be rain and a driving wind.'/ Note how each verb is recorded with a different type of reduplication. This should be checked, perhaps I wrote the lengths down wrong. But it suggests the possibility that the type of reduplication is directly linked to the nature and significance of the verb. \ref 00878 \lxa koto:nilia \lxac kikoto:nilia \lxo koto:nilia \lxoc kikoto:nilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to snap or break (sth long that can be streched or pulled) for or in regards to \ss reventar o romper (algo largo que se puede estirar) a o para \se (often with long vowel reduplication) to pull apart or pull off into pieces (a fruit or vegetable) and toss into; to shred and toss into \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) desmenuzar o despedazar y echar a \pna Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s! \pea Break off pieces of onion into your beans so you'll like the taste of them! \psa ¡Despedázale cebolla a tus frijoles para que gustes de su sabor! \xrb koto: \xvbao koto:na \nse In a phrase such as Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: Xne:chko:koto:nili xonakatl 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). \qry Check to see if /koto:nilia/ can accept the intensifier /te/. Another important question is the meaning of /welilia/. I had first translated this as 'to like the taste of,' which I have kept in the translation. However, RS translates as 'hacer comidas buenas, sabrosas,' This would be the expected transitive of the paradigm /welik/, /weliya/ and /welilia/. \grm Note that in a phrase such as Xko:koto:nili xonakatl moyetsi:n para tikwelili:s the primary object is the dish into which pieces are being thrown, not the person for whom (in whose benefit) the action is taking place. However, this can also occur: Xne:chkotooto:nili xonakatl 'Break off some pieces of onion for me' (e.g., I'm the one doing cooking and you are my helper). \ref 02562 \lxa koto:nki \lxac koto:nki \lxo koto:nki \lxoc koto:nki \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be snapped (a strap, a rope, or any type of object that through wear can spontaneously snap) \ss estar reventado (un tirante, laso o soga, o cualquier tipo de objeto que por desgastado puede reventarse) \cfao koto:ntok \xrb koto: \grm /-ki/ vs. /-tok/: Discussion of difference is here with C. Flores. Study!! It seems /-ki/ is used for physical conditions, /-tok/ for a resultative. \ref 02540 \lxa koto:npapatlakatiw \lxac koto:npapatlakatiw \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \grm Vowel length; phonology: Use this and the previous word to contrast vowel length in the middle of a word /pa:patla:n.../ vs. /papatlaka.../. \ref 08225 \lxa koto:npa:patla:ntiw \lxac koto:npa:patla:ntiw \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \grm Frequentative: Note that according to C. Flores /koto:npa:patla:ntiw/ refers to a situation where the clothes have been torn whereas /koto:npapatlakatiw/ refers to a situation where the shirt is not torn, simply open and "bellowing." \ref 08224 \lxa koto:npatla:wtok \lxac koto:npatla:wtok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08156 \lxa koto:ntekoch \lxac koto:ntekoch \lxo koto:ntekoch \lxoc koto:ntekoch \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) algodón \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2/Adj \se checkered or plaid shirt or blouse \ss camisa o blusa de cuadros \pna Tikpia mokoto:ntekoch. \pea You have a checkered shirt. \psa Tienes tu camisa de cuadritos. \se to be wearing a checkered shirt \ss estar vestido con una camisa de cuadritos \pna Tikoto:ntekoch. \pea You are wearing a checkered shirt. \psa Estás vestido con una camisa de cuadritos. \fl tekoch \nse The loan word koto:ntli is combined here with tekoch, a word that refers to the woodpecker and, by extension, to its coloring, which is said to be checkered. Koto:ntekoch is either obligatorily possessed or a predicate, with a subject prefix. \ref 04408 \lxa koto:ntekoyak \lxac koto:ntekoyak \lxo koto:ntekoyak \lxoc koto:ntekoyak \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have a baggy or loose shirt \sso tener la camisa holgada y grande \xrb kwe: \xrb koya: \ref 06518 \lxa koto:ntekoyaktik \lxac koto:ntekoyaktik \lxo koto:ntekoyahtik \lxoc koto:ntekoyahtik \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to have a baggy or loose shirt \sso tener la camisa holgada y grande \apo koto:ntekoyak \xrb koya: \qry Check to determine whether /koto:nkokoxoktik/ is an Am word \ref 06517 \lxa koto:ntok \lxac koto:ntok \lxo koto:ntok \lxoc koto:ntok \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be snapped or broken in half or pieces (sth long that can be streched or pulled, such as a strap or rubber band) \ssao estar reventado o roto en la mitad o en pedazos (algo largo que se puede estirar, como un tirante o liga de hule) \se to be interrupted, broken off, or ended (a tradition) \ss ser interrumpido, terminado o acabado (una tradición) \se (with long vowel reduplication) discontinuous or broken up (a stream or brook during the dry season); fragmented or broken (e.g., terrain that has been cut by gullies) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) discontinuo o con partes aisladas (un arroyo o riochuelo durante la temporada de secas); fragmentado o cortado (la tierra que has sido cortado por barrancas hechas por aguas torrenciales) \pna Ko:koto:ntok a:te:ntli. O:pe:w ko:koto:ni a:tl, ye wa:ktok. \pea The river is dry in places. The water has started to break up here and there (i.e., stopping the continuous flow), it's already drying up. \psa El río está seco en algunos lugares. Ya empezó a quedarse agua solamente en charcos aislados (ya no fluye sin interrupciones), ya se está secando. \pna Ko:koto:ntok un tla:hli. Miák a:tlawtsitsi:ntli, kwa:k kiawi o:kiko:koto:n a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea The land is broken up. There are a lot of little gullies, when it rains, the torrential waters have cut the earth. \psa Está fragmentada la tierra. Hay muchas barranquitas, cuando llueve, las aguas cortaron la tierra en pedazos. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be parceled out or divided (land, e.g., what was one piece, among heirs) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) dividido en parcelas (un terreno, p. ej., entre herederos) \cola kwe:tli de koto:ntok \xrb koto: \nse The difference between stative forms ending in -tok and participles ending in -ki is often hard to determine. In the case of koto:ni (i.e., koto:nki vs. koto:ntok) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus koto:nki is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, koto:ntok is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to koto:nki and koto:ntok, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The stative seems to indicate a semi-permanent state that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. \qry For all Stative of adjectivals in /-ki/, check the existence of the contrary form, and inquire as to possible subject and other indications of spearate meanng. \grm Statives: /-tok/ vs. /-ki/: The difference between stative forms ending in -tok and participles ending in -ki is often hard to determine. In the case of koto:ni (i.e., koto:nki vs. koto:ntok) it appears that the former refers to more permanent states that are not the result of any agentive action. Thus koto:nki is used to refer to physical objects, such as straps, that are permanently snapped or broken. On the other hand, koto:ntok is used to refer to things such as streams that are dried up in the winter, a custom that is broken, land that has been divided or parceled out, etc. These differences (or what seem to be differences) should be further explored, not only in regards to koto:nki and koto:ntok, but in regards to other such pairs. However, it would seem that the adjectival is used to refer to more permanent states that affect the subject through no purposive or transitive action. The stative seems to indicate a semi-permanent state that is the result of some outside force affecting the object. \ref 01179 \lxa koto:ntlapo:wtok \lxac koto:ntlapo:wtok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08004 \lxa koto:ntli \lxac koto:ntli \lxo koto:n \lxoc koto:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan algodón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. koto:meh, koto:ntih (Oa) \se shirt (of a man) \ss camisa (de un hombre) \se blouse (of a woman) \ss blusa (de una mujer) \nae The data at present suggest that whereas an absolutive form is found in Ameyaltepec (with the expected possessed root koto:n), in Oapan the form without an absolutive is used both for the unpossessed and possessed form. However, this should be checked. \ref 03452 \lxa koto:ntsatsakwa \lxac nokoto:ntsatsakwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08162 \lxa ko:tsi:liwi \lxac ko:tsi:liwi \lxo ko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ko:tsi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become twisted or tightly curled (e.g., a rope that is twisted too tight) \ss torcerse; enroscarse (p. ej., una soga que está muy apretada) \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a tarabi:yah used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo! ¡Apriétatelo! Aquí ya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \pna O:ko:ko:tsi:liw mola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. \pea Your rope has gotten twisted in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. \psa Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. \pna Oko:tsi:liw i:loh, xpestik. \pea The thread has become twisted, it is not straight (lit., 'smooth'). \psa Se enroscó el hilo, no está derecho (lit. 'liso'). \se (with a body part) to get a cramp in \ss (con una parte del cuerpo) tener calambre en \pna Ko:tsi:liwi niti (= nitiko:tsi:liwi). \pea I have stomach cramps. \psa Tengo calambres en el estómago. \xrb ko:tsi:l \dis ko:tsi:liwi; tetsi:liwi Ko:tsi:ltik refers to something that is so tightly wound that it starts to curl up in tight knot-like twists. However, tetsi:ltik refers to something tightly twisted or wound together, i.e., the tightness of the braiding itself. The opposite of tetsi:ltik is poxa:wak. Cf. also to /matiltik/, etc. \qry Unfortunately some entries for /ko:tsi:liwi/ are given with a long /i:/ while others have a short /i/. However, in Aug. 1986 I rechecked carefully and found the vowel correct as stated: /ko:tsi:liwi/, the first two vowels long. I have also (1993) rechecked this with Cristino Flores and he definitely give it with a long /i:/. Thus, in spite of the fact that I originally recorded /ko:tsiltik/ with a short /i/ while /ko:tsi:liwistli/ has a long one the original notes for /ko:tsiltik/ are in error and have been checked and changed to /ko:tsi:ltik/. \rt Note the apparently relatedness of /kotsi:liwi/ and /tetsiliwi/. The relatedness of the forms suggests the possibility of further morpheme division into /te+tsi:lV/ and /ko:+tsi:lV/. Cf. for other words with /ko:/ or /tsi:l/. \ref 01557 \lxa ko:tsi:liwistli \lxac ko:tsi:liwistli \lxo ---- \dt 28/Jan/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1 \sea cramps \ssa calambre \pna Ne:chasi ko:tsi:liwistli. \pea I have a cramp. \psa Tengo un calambre. \cfo ítiko:tsi:liwístli \xrb ko:tsi:l \fl ko:tsi:liwi \ref 01585 \lxa ko:tsi:lowa \lxac kiko:tsi:lowa \lxo ko:tsi:lowa \lxoc kiko:tsi:lowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to twist tightly so that tight loops form (e.g., a lasso or rope, garden hose, etc.) \ss torcer o enroscar para que salga como rizos apretados (p. ej., un laso, manguera para agua, etc.) \pna O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh ila:soh. \pea He let his rope get twisted up in various places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it). \psa Hizo que se enroscara su laso en varios partes. (p. ej., al no prestar la atención apropriada al hacerlo). \xrb ko:tsi:l \vl There are 4 female tokens; do not link the 2nd, but tag all 4. \grm Causative; transitive, 'let': Note /O:kiko:ko:tsi:loh i:la:soh./ The sense here is one of 'letting' (e.g., by negligence) sth happen: 'He let his rope get twisted up in various places (causing it to get tight coils in it, because he did not take proper care in making it).' It does not indicate a volitional act. \ref 06088 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik \lxac ko:tsi:ltik \lxo ko:tsi:ltik \lxoc ko:tsi:ltik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be twisted so that tight coils form (in a rope, thread, etc.) \ss estar enroscado (un lazo, hilo, etc.) tanto que se forman algo como nudos o roscas apretadas) \xrb ko:tsi:l \qry Check etymology and possible relation to /tetsi:liwi/ meaning also twisted. Finally, check semantic difference between /tetsi:ltik/ and /ko:tsiltik/. \ref 01125 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl \lxac *ko:tsi:ltik tetsi:lka:komalako:tl yeyekatl \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea one of the yeyekameh \ssa uno de los yeyekameh \sem ritual \xrb ko:tsi:l \xrb tetsi:l \xrb komalaka: \xrb e:ka \nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /tetsi:lka/ is incorporated as a participal to /komalako:tl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. Also, perhaps simply have these as pages linked to the dictionary at /yeyekameh/, i.e., a discussion or series of pages on the /yeyekameh/, soul-raising, etc. \grm If /tetsi:lka:yeyekatl/ is indeed an incorporated form, this suggests that the participial form of verbs ending in /-iwi/ is simply /-ka:/ and not ?/-ihka:/. This should be checked. \ref 05126 \lxa ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl \lxac ko:tsi:ltik yeyekatl \lxo ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl \lxop ko:tsi:ltik yeye:katl \lxoc ko:tsi:ltih yéyé:katl \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \sem ritual \se one of the yeyekameh \ss uno de los yeyekameh \sem ritual \xrb ko:tsi:l \xrb e:ka \encyctmp yeyekameh \nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \ref 03147 \lxa ko:tskalaki \lxac ko:tskalaki \lxo ko:tskalaki \lxoc ko:tskalaki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se for one of ones leg(s) to give out or buckle (generally from carrying a too-heavy load) \ss sumirse o rendirse una pierna (o piernas, generalmente a causa de cargar algo pesado) \pna O:pe:w ko:tskalaki. \pea His legs started to give out from under him. \psa Sus piernas empezaron a ya no aguantar. \xrb ko:ts \xrb kalak \qry Check to see if it should be reduplicated: ?ko:tskakalaki \rt Cf. other words ending in /-aki/ and the possibility of a derivation: /polaki/, /kalaki/, /ilaki/ (classical). \ref 03648 \lxa ko:tsko \lxac i:ko:tsko \lxo ko:tsko \lxoc i:ko:tsko \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \se part of the leg immediately behind the knee \ss parte de la pierna inmediatamente atrás de la rodilla \sem body \sem human \xrb ko:ts \xrl -k(o) \nse The definition is a reference to the part behind one's knee; not the calf. \mod Cf. the possibility of /ko:tstli/ and whether this is different from /ko:sko/. \vl Use second token of female speaker. \ref 02938 \lxa ko:tsmatil \lxac ko:tsmatil \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be constantly tripping over ones own leg \ss estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatiltik \equivo ko:tsmatiltik \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error. \ref 05964 \lxa ko:tsmatiltik \lxac *ko:tsmatiltik \lxo ko:tsmatiltik \lxoc ko:tsmatiltik \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a bad leg that drags behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una mala pierna, que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be constantly tripping over ones own leg \ss estar siempre enredándose y tropezándose con su propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatil \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. Check for possible verbal forms. \vl Use first token from FM \ref 02409 \lxa ko:tsmatiltik \lxac ko:tsmatiltik \lxo ko:tsmatiltik \lxoc ko:tsmatiltik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a bad leg that is dragged behind the other in walking (more commonly used in reference to animals than humans) \ss tener una pierna mala que se arrastra atrás de la otra (utilizado más comunmente en referencia a animales que a humanos) \se to be always tripping over ones own leg \ss estar constantemente tropezando con la propia pierna \apa ko:tsmatil \xrb ko:ts \xrb matil \qry Check vowel length of /a/. Recheck the correctness of the second gloss, of someone who constantly trips over his leg. This might be in error. \ref 06632 \lxa ko:tsnetech \lxac ko:tsnetech \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se to have (either a person or animal) legs such that one walks with them close together, often to such an extent that the knees or ankles knock against each other \ss tener (una persona o un animal) las piernas en una manera que camina con las piernas muy cerradas, y a menudo se golpean las rodillas o tobillos al caminar \equivo ko:snetextik \xrb ko:ts \xrl -netech \qry Apparently the /ne/ of 'mutually' and the /tech/ of 'close to'. Cf. entry under /ko:tsko/. Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one entry I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. \qry Make sure, recheck, that this can refer to either ones knees or ankles knocking together when one walks. In one original I have the reference to knees, in another to ankles. In general the reference is to someone whose legs are close together. Determine whether there is a form /ko:tsnetextik/ and a verb /ko:tsnetechiwi/ or /ko:tsnetechowa/. Also check for the existence of a verb /netechiwi/. There is probably an Am form /ko:tsnetextik/. Check. \grm This is not considered a locative, nor a noun with a relational. Rather, the derivation seems to be from the verb /netechiwi/ and an apocopated noun form. Check. \ref 04556 \lxa kowilia \lxac kikowilia \lxo kowilia \lxoc kikowilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to buy (sth) for (i.e., in benefit of) or from \ss comprarle (algo) a o para (p. ej., en beneficio de) \pna Nokowilia tlayo:hli (=kinokowilia tlayo:hli) \pea He buys maize for himself. \psa Se compra maíz para si mismo. \pna Timitskowili:s tlayo:hli. \pea I'm going to buy maize for (or from) you. \psa Voy a comprar maíz para (o de) tí. \pna O:nimotlakokowilih. \pea I bought myself lots of things. \psa Me compré muchas cosas. \xrb ko:wa \xvbao kowa \nae In Ameyaltepec in particular it is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be present in reflexive forms of ditransitive verbs. Thus although kinokowilia is possible, it is rare. Such forms with a specific and reflexive object in a divalent verb seem to be more common in Oapan. \qry Check whether /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I bought many things for myself (from the verb /kowa/) is homophonous with /o:nimotlakukowilih/ 'I reinjured myself (i.e., hurt myself where it was already sore or hurt). \vl There are some tentative additional tokens from 282. These should be tagged as 1858, but not linked. \grm Re: /Nokowilia tlayo:hli (=kinokowilia tlayo:hli)/ 'he buys maize for himself.' It is rare for the specific 3rd-person object to be marked object is used in forms such as kinokowilia although it is possible. Such forms seem to be more common in Oapan. Note that in a discussion with C. Flores he accepted /kinokuwilia/ as correct but denied the acceptance of ?/nikmokuwilia/ or /niknokuwilia/. Instead he gave /nimokuwilia/. \ref 01858 \lxa koxo:naltia \lxac kikoxo:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a)[+ca] \infv class-2a \sea to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (such as a water jug or a gourd, as when one is cleaning out its inside) \ssa zangolotear o agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiarlo) \synao koxo:nia \xrb koxo: \xvba koxo:ni \nse This transitive form koxo:naltia is often used to describe actions such as swirling water inside a container to clean it, or doing the same with small stones inside a gourd in order to loosen the "entrails" and prepare it for being used to carry water. \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) only accepted the transitive koxo:nia and not the more marked causative koxo:naltia. \qry Apparently nihkoxo:ni:s can be used in the same sexual sense as nihkoxo:nalti:s. However, recheck the semantics of both forms. Confirm that Am has both /koxo:nia/ and /koxo:naltia/ and, if so, check possible differences in the two forms. \ref 00163 \lxa koxo:ni \lxac koxo:ni \lxo koxo:ni \lxoc koxo:ni \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to slosh or move around inside a container (particularly water sloshing inside a water jug, or stones being agitated inside sth, not necessarily covered, such as a gourd to clean its inside) \ss zangolotear o agitarse dentro de un recepiente (particlarmente agua dentro de un cántaro, o algo más abierto, o piedrecitas que están siendo agistados dentro de un bule para limpiarse) \pna O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh. \pea This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my caldo started to spill out. \psa Este burro hizo regar algo mío. Es como que quería empezar a correr, mi caldo empezó a agitarse de un lado a otro, se empezó a regar. \pna Yo:na:kwep in to:to:ltetl, ko:koxo:ni. \pea This egg has spoiled, it rattles around inside (from having gone bad). \psa Este huevo ya se echó a perder. Zangolotea por adentro. \se (with a directional prefix) to lap or beat up against (the side of sth, e.g., water against the shore or the banks of a river) \ss (con un prefijo direccional) subir y bajar contra algo (e.g., agua contra un literal o orillas de un río) \pna Onkoxo:ntok itech osto:tl. \pea It (waters of a river or ocean) is lapping up there against the cliff. \psa Al subir y bajar, está (el agua de un río o la mar) besando el risco allá. \pna Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl. \pea The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain). \psa El agua ha empezado a subir y bajar contra la ribera, el río ha crecido (por la lluvia). \pna Onkoxo:ntok ma:r itech osto:tl, noteketsa a:tl para tlakpak. \pea The sea is beating up against that cliff, the water sprays up high (upon striking the rocks). \psa Al subir y bajar, el mar golpea contra ese risco, se echa el agua para arriba (al golpear contra las piedras). \xrb koxo: \xvca koxo:naltia \qry /Yo:pe:w wa:lkoxo:ni a:tl a:te:nko. Ma:s we:iya ipan we:i a:tl/. 'The water has started to lap up against the riverbed (wash up and subside). The river has gotten swollen up (from rain).' This is an example phrase. However, the main question is whether the phrase /ma:s we:iya i:pan we:i a:tl/ is correct and correctly translated. This should be checked. Perhaps /... ika we:i a:tl/ should be used. \grm Indefinite null complement; antipassive; definiteness: Note the following utterance: /O:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih in burroh. Ke:n notlalo:snekia, o:pe:w ko:koxo:ni, o:pe:w totoya:wi nokaldi:toh/ 'This donkey spilled something of mine (in this case soup). It started to make like it wanted to run, the soup started to slosh back and forth, my caldo started to spill out.' Note that the text begins with an indefinite complement /tla-/. It is clear from what follows that the reference is definite, i.e., is understood within the context of discourse. That is, the /tla-/ of /o:ne:chtlatotoya:wilih/ refers to what follows. However, one important thing is that the zero marker for the secondary object is possible only when the secondary object is already a discourse topic, or when the secondary object is introduced immediately in a dependent noun phrase. Thus one use of /tla-/ is to separate the introduction of both objects in a ditransitive verb. This should be examined more. \ref 01336 \lxa koxo:nia \lxac kikoxo:nia \lxo koxo:nia \lxoc kikoxo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to make (a liquid, small stones, etc.) swirl or slosh around inside a container (like a water jug, or a gourd in order to clean it) \ss agitar (un líquido, piedrecillas, etc) dentro de un recepiente (como un cántaro o perol, o un cuatecomate para limpiar) \pna Xte:kili a:tl ma:tekon! Xkokoxo:ni para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa tlasohli noso tla:ltekwtli de ka:mpa te:ntlapo:wtok. \pea Pour water into your canteen! Slosh it around so that (the inside of the gourd) gets clean, so that the garbage inside, or the dust gets removed from its open mouth. \psa Échale agua a tu cantimplora, agítale para que se limpie (lo de adentro), para que salga la basura o polvo por donde esta abierta la boca. \pna Xkokoxo:ni ma:tekon ika tekwe:xtli! \pea Shake pebbles inside your canteen (to clean it)! \psa ¡Agítales piedrecitas dentro de tu cantimplora (para limpiarla)! \pna Xko:koxo:ni para ma tili:ni! \pea Shake it (a sack full of dried maize on the cob) so that it gets stuffed full (i.e. the cobs settling and the sack getting tighter)! \psa ¡Agítalo (un costal lleno de mazorca) para que se aprete (al asentarse las mazorcas)! \pna Yo:tetsa:w tlapahli, xte:kili a:chitsi:n a:tl, xko:koxo:ni para ma kwaltia! \pea The paint has gotten thick, pour a little water into it, shake it around so that it get better! \psa ¡La pintura se espesó, viértele un poquito de agua y agítala para que se componga! \xrb koxo: \qry Check difference between /koxo:naltia:/ and /koxo:nia:/. \vl The first female token is /koyo:nia/, which should be tagged as #1535. Note that the 2nd male token especially has low levels. \ref 05999 \lxa ko:xotik \lxac ko:xotik \lxo ko:xotik \lxoc ko:xotik \dt 17/Jul/2002 \loan (part) cojo \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \seo lame or with bad legs (particularly as the result of to have them slightly twisted or crooked) \sso cojo o tener las piernas malas (particularmente por estar algo chuecos o torcidos) \apo ko:xo \syna ikxikoko:xoh \nae The absence of pitch accent Oapan Nahuatl ko:xotik indicates that there is not final {h} closing the syllable of the Spanish loan ko:xo. \mod Remove Oapan entry for /ixiko:xo/. \ref 07065 \lxa koxsolo:ni \lxac koxsolo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \seao to snore \ssao roncar \xrb koch \xrb solo: \grm Ameyaltepec phonology: Note the shift /tsh/ to /sh/ before /s/. Determine whether this is general. \ref 07806 \lxa koxte:ka \lxac kikoxte:ka \lxo koxte:ka \lxoc kikoxte:ka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to put to bed and help go to sleep (particularly a child) \ss acostar para dormir (particularmente a un niño) \pna Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was. \pea First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done. \psa Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar. \xrb koch \xrb te:ka \xv1ao tlakoxte:ka \nse The verb koxte:ka refers to the action of putting to bed and helping someone go to sleep, for example by running ones hand over a child, rocking him, etc. The verbal form tlakoxte:ka refers to what the pasto:res do to the niño santo:tsi:n for the 15 days preceding Christmas. They take the child saint to the Church and put him to bed, praying to it. They then take along dolls which represent the child saint. Many, though not all, of the shepherds (pasto:res) take these dolls to the church in order to put them to sleep. \qry Check to see if the reflexive is correct and, also, whether this can refer simply to the action of putting someone to bed, or whether it implies additional actions such as rocking to sleep, etc. \ref 05553 \lxa koxtesotla:wi \lxac koxtesotla:wi \lxo koxtsotla:wi \lxoc koxtsotla:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be frightened in ones sleep and be unable to move or shout \ssa estar asustado entre sueño y no poder moverse ni gritar) \cfa tla:lmiki \xrb koch \xrb sotla: \mod Get text on /koxtsotla:wi/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note s > ts /koxtsola:wi/. \ref 06514 \lxa koxtetl \lxac koxtetl \lxo koxtetl \lxoc koxtetl \dt 06/Mar/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se sleepy head \ss dormilón \pna Koxtetl, ke:n kochini. \pea He is a sleepy-head, ¡Oh how he always sleeps! \psa Es un dormilón. ¡Ay cómo se la pasa durmiendo! \cfao koxtetl \xrb kochi \xrb te \dis koxtetl, kochini, kochpal \ref 02758 \lxa koxtok \lxac koxtok \lxo koxtok \lxoc koxtok \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se see kochi \ss véase kochi \xrb kochi \ref 04926 \lxa koxtlakali \lxac kikoxtlakali \lxo kóxtlakáli \lxoc kikóxtlakáli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to anesthesize \ss anestizar \xrb kochi \xrb tlahkali \qry Check for other meanings, e.g., 'knock out' (with a punch?). Originally I had /kochtlakali/ for Am, which I have changed to /koxtlakali/ based on Oa form. This should be rechecked. \grm Note the morphology here; /koch/ in general combines in this way; it is one of the few "verbs" that do, suggesting that the combination is not V+V, but perhaps some stem prefixed to a verb. Cf. this to other reduced combinational forms, e.g., verbs that end in /-iwi/ have a combinational form without the /-iwi/ and some verbs in /-V:wi/ have a combinational form without /-V:wi/. \vl Use first female token. \ref 03006 \lxa koxtlalowa \lxac nokoxtlalowa \lxo koxtlalowa \lxoc nokoxtlalowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-refl \infv class-2b \tran +Refl/-trans \se to sleepwalk \ss sonambular \pna Nokoxtlalowa. Nokwiste:wa san ikochipan. \pea He sleepwalks. During his sleep he gets up. \psa Sonambula. Se levanta durante el sueño. \xrb kochi \xrb tlalo \qry Recheck whether /tlalowa/ is only used in the reflexive here. Check also to see if there is any transitive form. Etymology should be checked. Determine the proper way to give the stems of transitive verbs ending in /-owa/. \ref 01967 \lxa koxtlamela:wa \lxac koxtlamela:wa \lxo koxtlamela:wa \lxoc koxtlamela:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-[tla-V1] \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do) \ss acostarse para descansar y quedar dormido (no terminando una tarea o lo que uno pensaba hacer) \xrb kochi \xrb mela: \nae The valency of koxtlamela:wa, an intransitive, presents interesting problems of analysis. It seems as if the incorporation of the non-specific object tla- reduces the valency of transitive mela:wa to one argument, a subject, and the stem koch serves as an incorporated predicate modifier (in this case indicating that the verbal predicate took place because of sleepiness). The question then, concerns the referent of tla-, i.e., what is it that the subject/agent spreads out on the ground. Here the answer is that it references the accouterments that one lays down on the ground in going to sleep. A similar use of tla- is found in tlamela:wa meaning 'to spend the night at a place where one arrives during travel, pilgrimage, etc.' \grm Detransitivization: Note the word /koxtlamela:wa/ 'to lay down to rest and fall asleep (not completing a chore or what one intended to do)' Here note the use of a transitive verb with /tla-/, detransitivizing the construction with the modifying stem incorporation of /koch-/. A similar case is /chichitlai:ni/. What seems to be the case is that /tlamela:wa/ has acquired a meaning of its own as 'to lay ones bed down'; 'to rest', as in the phrase /icha:n nontlamela:was/ 'I will arrive and rest at his house.' Thus the morphology of the compound should probably be N-V1 (koch+tlamela:wa) rather than N-V2. \ref 05966 \lxa koxtlami \lxac koxtlami \lxo koxtlami \lxoc koxtlami \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-mi(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(m) \se to get enough sleep \ss dormir bastante para acabar con el sueño \pna Xe nikoxtlami. \pea I still haven't gotten enough sleep (i.e., I need some more sleep). \psa Todavía no he dormido bastante para acabar con el sueño. \xrb kochi \xrb tlam \qry Check for transitive form. \vl Florencia's first token is /kokoxtlami/. Tag this as 4566, but do not use it as the link. Link the next one (2 or 3) of hers. \ref 04566 \lxa koxtlatlatowa \lxac koxtlatlatowa \lxo koxtlátlatówa \lxop koxtlatlatowa \lxoc koxtlátlatówa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der tla-V2 \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to talk in ones sleep \ss hablar dormido \pna Koxtlatlatowa, san ikochipan pe:wa tlatlatowa. \pea He talks in his sleep, it is just while he is sleeping that he begins to babble. \psa Habla dormido, solamente en su sueño empieza a parlotear. \xrb kochi \xrb hto \qry Check why the Oapan form does not manifest reduction of the reduplication to /kó:xtlatówa/ or even the leftward movement of p-a to /kóxtlatlatówa/. \ref 00812 \lxa koxtlatsiwi \lxac koxtlatsiwi \lxo koxtlatsiwi \lxoc koxtlatsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to feel lazy because of sleepiness (often because of having just woken up) \ss sentir flojera por el sueño (particularmente por haberse apenas despertado) \pna Koxtlatsiwi. Kemech o:isak. Ok tlatsiwtok, xkwahli o:koxtlan. \pea He is feeling lazy from the effects of sleep. He just woke up. He's still feeling lazy, he didn't get enough sleep. \psa Siente flojera por el sueño. Apenas se despertó. Todavía siente flojera, no terminó de dormir bien. \pna Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok. \pea I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking). \psa No te contesté en lo afirmativo porque siento flojera por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices). \xrb kochi \xrb tlats \qry With /tlatsiwi/ unclear whether this should be considered a basic verb, obtain in elicitation transitive form. \mod For purposes of analysis, parsing, certain verb forms should be given additional stems for participial forms. One such verb is /kochi/, which enters into compounds with /koch-/. \ref 02489 \lxa -ko:ya \lxac o:tekipano:ko:ya \lxo -ko:ya \lxoc o:tekitiko:ya \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Suf \der Dir \seao inverse directional suffix used in the "pluperfect"; it indicates that the subject of the verbal predicate has come and gone \ssao sufijo direccional de acción inversa utilizado en el "pluscuamperfecto"; indica que el sujeto del predicado verbal había venido y ya salido \pna O:wi:tsa, o:tlakwa:ko:ya. \pea He came and went, he came to eat (and has now left). \psa Vino y ya se fue, vino para comer (y ya se fue). \nae This suffix, which has a plural -ko:yan in Ameyaltepec and -ko:yah in Oapan, is in paradigmatic relation with -ki and -ko. The form -ko:ya has a definite long vowel and is probably composed of the direccional (-ko) compounded with the past perfective marker -ya. The perfective ending -ya may have originally been part of the present-day pluperfect -ka. In addition there are a few cases in which -ya is still the perfective as in o:to:kaya instead of the expected *o:to:kaka for 'he planted (and has since taken in the harvest).' This contrasts with to:kaya 'he used to plant' (the imperfect) and o:to:kak 'he planted (and the plants are still unharvested in the field).' Note that the -ya of o:to:kaya has a parallel meaning to the -ya of -ko:ya in that the effects of the action (in the first case 'planting' and in the second case 'coming') are no longer in effect (i.e., the plants have been harvested and the person has left after having come). \ref 02328 \lxa koya:wa \lxac kikoya:wa \lxo koya:wa \lxoc kikoya:wa \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen or stretch out (affecting a round or roundish opening, e.g., the opening of a sack) \ss ensanchar una apertura o agujero (que es redondo o algo redondo, p. ej., la boca de un costal) \pna Xkoya:wa a:chitsi:n para kalakis! \pea Open it up a little (e.g., the opening of a sack) so that they (in this case mazorcas) fit in! \psa ¡Ábrele un poquito (p. ej., la boca de un costal) para que entren (las mazorcas)! \pna Ma:ka tiktekoya:was, ke:n titotoma:wak! \pea Don't stretch it out (in this case clothes being tried on) you're quite fat! \psa ¡No lo estires (en este caso ropa que se prueba), eres algo gordo! \xrb koya: \xvaao koya:wilia \ref 02627 \lxa koya:wak \lxac koya:wak \lxo koya:wak \lxoc koya:wak \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to have a wide or large, round opening (a bag, sack, doorway, or sth similar in form); \ssao tener una apertura ancha o grande (un saco o costal, portal, o algo de forma parecida) \pna Koya:wak mokia:wate:n. \pea The doorway to your house is wide. \psa La entrada a tu casa está ancha. \se to be baggy or loose (clothes) \ss estar holgado (ropa) \pna Kipi:tso:s ikoto:n, ke:n koya:wak. \pea He will take in his shirt (narrowing it), it is quite baggy. \psa Va a hacer más angosta su camisa, está muy holgada. \se to be wide or wide open (from one side to the other, things that are opened up, such as furrows or paths) \ss ser ancho; estar abierto en forma ancha (de un lado a otro, cosas que se abren como surcos o sendas) \pna Kokoy:awak (=papatla:wak) kwentli. \pea The furrows are (spaced) wide apart. \psa Los surcos están anchos (esto es, muy separados entre si). \cfao patla:wak \xrb koya: \nse The adjectival koya:wak is often used in the diminutive in reference to small openings. \qry Check to see if the adjectival form can be employed with the intensifier, i.e. /tekoya:wak/ or whether only /tekoyaktik/ is correct. Note that apparently the /te...ktik/ forms only occur with /wa/ verbs. Cf. /tetomaktik/, etc. but not /tepitsaktik/??? See entry under /patla:wak/. \ref 01362 \lxa koya:wi \lxac koya:wi \lxo koya:wi \lxoc koya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to stretch open or widen (a hole or round opening in sth, such as the mouth of a sack, a loop, the hole in the roof of a thatched-roof hut, etc.) \ss abrirse o ensancharse (un agujero o abertura redonda, como la boca de un costal, un lazo, una agujero grande en el techo de una casa de palma, etc.) \pna Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s. \pea Your lasso is twisted up, (the loop in it) can't open up in order that you be able to lasso something. \psa Tu riata está torcida, no puede abrirse para que puedas lazar algo. \se to become loose (e.g., clothes or other things that go around sth) \ss estirarse o quedar más holgado (p. ej., ropa o cosas similares que se ponen alrededor de algo) \xrb koya: \nse Koya:wi refers to the stretching out (with the intensifier te-/ in particular this verb indicates a harmful stretching) of a sack opening, a shirt or bonnet. It may also refer to openings or tears that get larger (e.g. in a thatched roof, or a hole in cloth). Finally, it may also be used as a sexual albur (double entendre) with a human subject, referring to the widening of the anus from penetration. This sexual allusion is particularly strong in the applicative koya:wilia and is noted in the vulgar sexual insult used in Ameyaltepec (but not Oapan): tsi:nkoya:wak 'faggot.' \ref 02915 \lxa koya:wilia \lxac kikoya:wilia \lxo koya:wilia \lxoc kikoya:wilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to widen a hole in or of (e.g., a sack, the opening in a wall, etc.) \ss ensancharle una apertura en o a \se to let out (e.g., clothes) for \ss hacer (p. ej., ropa) más holgada para \pna Xne:chkoya:wili nokoto:n, newa xwel nitlasasa:lowa! \pea Let out my shirt for me, I can't sew! \psa ¡Hazme la camisa más holgada, yo no puedo coser! \xrb koya: \xvbao koya:wa \nse When the applicative is used with some material object, the sense seems to be that part of the object is being widened, but not necessary the part that should be. Thus xkoya:wa un kosta:l refers to widening the mouth, holding the sack wide open so things can be placed in it. However, xkoya:wili un kosta:l suggests that what is being widened and opened up is not the sack itself, but a part of it that shouldn't necessarily be open, e.g., a rip or torned section. Among young Ameyaltepec men this word is at times used with a sexual reference, particularly homosexual. \ref 03088 \lxa koyo:cho:ka \lxac koyo:cho:ka \lxo koyo:cho:ka \lxoc koyo:cho:ka \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \se to howl like a coyote \ss aullar como coyote \pna Koyo:cho:ka motskwi:n pa:mpa miste:tsa:wia. Timikis. \pea Your dog is howling like a coyote because he has an evil foreboding about you. You will die. \psa Tu perro aulla como coyote porque te tiene un mal agüero. te vas a morir. \sem sound-animal \xrb koyo:(2); cho:ka \qry Get a list of all mal agueros, tetsawtli. \ref 04667 \lxa koyohli \lxac koyohli \lxo koyohli \lxoc koyohli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se bells (such as those placed on ones ankles or wrists and used in dances) \ss cascabel (como los que se ponen por los tobillos o muñecas en algunas danzas) \xrb koyol \qry Check other meanings and other types of bells. Check the sound that bells make, etc. \ref 04901 \lxa koyo:na:wahli \lxac koyo:na:wahli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \sea to have a coyote as a nahual \ssa tener un coyote como nahual \xrb koyo: \xrb na:wa \qry Check other compounds of N+na:wahli. \rt Probably /na:wahli/ is derived from the verb root /na:wa-ti/ 'to make a sound'. However, this should be checked as should the general words with this base. \ref 01233 \lxa koyo:ni \lxac koyo:ni \lxo koyo:ni \lxoc koyo:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a \se to get perforated; to have a hole form in (a piece of wood with termites, a container that has gotten punctured, clothes with a hole, but not ripped) \ss perforarse; agujerearse (un pedazo de madera con polilla, un recipiente, ropa con un agujero, pero no rasgada, etc.) \pna Xwel koyo:ni, mlá:k chika:wak. \pea It can't be drilled, it is really hard (e.g., wood). \psa No se puede taladrar, de veras es muy dura (p. ej., madera). \cfao chi:koyo:ni \xrb koyo: \qry I had a definition: /(fig) to loose ones virginity (a woman)/. This should be checked. \ref 05800 \lxa koyo:nia \lxac kikoyo:nia \lxo koyo:nia \lxoc kikoyo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to drill or bore a hole in (sth hard such as wood) \ss taladrar; agujerear (algo duro como la madera) \pna Xi:kotli, kikoyo:nia kohtli. \pea A xi:kotli bores holes in wood (i.e., to build a nest or place to live). \psa Un x:kotli taladra madera (para construir su nido). \se to dig a narrow hole (in the ground, e.g., in placing a stake, transplanting a tree, etc.) \ss excavar un hoyito (en el suelo, p. ej., para meter una estaca, empotrar un árbol, etc.) \pna Xkoyo:ni para tiktla:lakti:skeh toxo:chiw! \pea Dig a small hole (in the ground) so that we can plant our flower! \psa ¡Excava un pequeño hoyo (en la tierra) para que podamos sembrar nuestra flor! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to pinch the surface of (sth soft like a tortilla or dough, making small depressions, but not perforating, to create areas where sauces or oil will stay). \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picar la superficie de (algo suave como una tortilla o masa, haciéndole pequeñas depresiones, pero no perforando, para que se pueda juntar la manteca o salsa) \pna Xkokoyo:ni mome:melatsi:n para sa:liwis mante:kah! \pea Pinch the top of your me:mela so that the lard sticks to it! \psa ¡Pícale a tu me:mela para que se agarre bien la manteca! \xrb koyo: \xvaao koyo:nilia \nse In vulgar speech this word is at times used to refer to sexual penetration. \vl There is another female token of this word at 5999. It should be used as a link given its better sound quality. \ref 01535 \lxa koyo:nilia \lxac kikoyo:nilia \lxo koyo:nilia \lxoc kikoyo:nilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to drill or make a hole in for \ss taladrar o agujerear para \pna Xne:chkokoyo:nili nokabe:sas! \pea Drill holes in my cabezas (part of a thatched roof hut) for me! \psa ¡Taládra las cabezas de mi casa (parte de una casa con techo de palma o zacate) para mí! \xrb koyo: \xvbao koyo:nia \ref 03450 \lxa koyo:nki \lxac koyo:nki \lxo koyo:nki \lxoc koyo:nki \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be perforated by a hole (hard materials and even clothes, that might have holes form cigarrette ash, etc.) \ss estar agujereado; estar taladrado \cola tlaxkahli \xrb koyo: \nse Refers to objects such as wood or other materials that have been drilled or otherwise perforated. Even an items of clothing with small holes, such as those from cigarrette ash, may be considered /kokoyo:nki. \qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used with the adjectival. \grm One major problem to determine is the difference in meaning between /-ki/ adjectivals and /-tok/ statives. It seems that permanent changes are expressed through /-ki/ participals. Thus one has, I believe, /koyo:nki/ but not /koyo:ntok/ (or at least /koyo:ntok/ sounds a little strange, whereas /kaxa:ntok/ sounds as normal as /kaxa:nki/. For the final grammar one elicitation that should be carried out will be to pull up all /-V:ni/ verbs and determine which take /-ki/, which take /-tok/ and which take both, and then do an analysis. Thus the progressive meaning of /-tok/ might not simply be related to the difference between unergative and unaccusative, but to questions of the relative permanence of the verbal action. \ref 03215 \lxa koyo:nono:tsa \lxac nokoyo:nono:tsan \lxo ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to converse with (sb) in style, like rich people (e.g., while drinking elegant drinks or eating fancy food) \ssa placticar con (algn) como gente de clase y dinero (p. ej., al tomar un whiskey u otras bebidas de gente rica, o al comer comida elegante) \pna Timokoyo:nono:tsaskeh. \pea We're going to have a talk like people with class. \psa Vamos a placticar como gente adinerada. \xrb koyo: \xrb no:tsa \nse One can use this metaphoric extension of koyo:tl in an analytic expression such as timonono:tsaskeh ke:n koyo:meh, a phrase that might be used in reference to a chat over a shot of whiskey, good beer, or fancy food. \ref 03534 \lxa koyo:tomatl \lxac koyo:tomatl \lxo koyo:tomatl \lxoc koyo:tomatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se Vitex gaumeri Greenm., herbaceous plant of the family Verbenaceae \ss Vitex gaumeri Greenm., planta herbácea de la familia Verbenaceae \pna Koyo:tomatl | Kuwtli. Kipia itomayo, pero xwe:lik. \pea The koyo:tomatl : It is a tree. It has its tomato-like fruit, but it doesn't taste good. \psa El koyo:tomatl : Es un árbol. tiene su fruta como tomate, pero no sabe bien. \pna Koyo:tomatl | No: kipia itla:kihlo, tlitli:ltik, ke:n a:waxokotl. Xnokwa. Xtlah para un kohtli. \pea Koyo:tomatl : It also has its fruit, it is black, it is like that of the a:waxokotl. It isn't edible. This tree is not used for anything. \psa Koyo:tomatl : También tiene su fruta, es negra, es como la del a:waxokotl. No es comestible. Ese árbol no se usa para nada. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb koyo: \xrb toma \nse There is a pending question with this plant. The example sentences indicate that this is a tree (kuhtli) but consultants during September-October 2001 fieldwork indicated a large bush or herbaceous plant. The species Vitex gaumeri is a herbaceous plant, and the identification was made directly from a sample collected. Yet it still remains to be seen whether there is a \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the tomate del coyote or jerengue. Ramírez (1991) gives tomate de coyote and identifies it simply as a member of the family Solanaceae. Schoenhals (1988) gives under tomate de coyote: "(Physalis hirsuta) '[type of] tomato' Stems, leaves, and calyx all contain hairs of varying length or density." But the koyo:tomatl is a tree, unlike the plant described by Schoenhals. \nct xiwtli \qry Note that although one of the phrase describes this as a tree, Felix Pantaleón of Oapan mentioned that it is a plant, not tree. Since this agrees with other information I have temporarily categorized this as a plant. \ref 03127 \lxa koyo:tl \lxac koyo:tl \lxo koyo:tl \lxoc koyo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \se coyote (Canis latrans) \ss coyote (Canis latrans) \se (fig,) light-skinned and well-dressed person; non-Indian who is well off (e.g., a licenciado, doctor, politician, but not simply a rich person). \ss (fig.) persona güera y bien vestida (p. ej., un licenciado, doctor, politico, pero no simplemente una persona rica) \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb koyo:(2) \nse Figuratively, koyo:tl does not simply refer to a rich person, but to someone with some social and political clout, who can do things and get things done. However, no matter was his status and skills, a dark-skinned rich person is never a koyo:tl. It has, therefore, ethnic and class connotations. \cpl Identification of species taken from Leopold (1959). \nct yo:lki \ref 02579 \lxa koyotsa \lxac kikoyotsa \lxo tékoyótsa \lxoc kitékoyótsa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. prefix te- (Am); Lex. prefix te- (Oa) \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes \se to drag and pull along, scraping along the ground (both animates and material objects, although with animates the implication is that it is forcibly done) \ss arrastrar y jalar sobre la tierra, para que se vaya raspando (se aplica tanto a objetos materiales y a seres animados, aunque con los últimos implica que se hace involuntariamente) \pna Mistekoyotsas. \pea He's going to pull and drag you along. \psa Va a irte arrastrando. \pna Kikoyotsa wistli para tlakorra:lti:s. \pea He is dragging along branches of thorns to make fencing. \psa Está arrastrando varas de espinas para hacer una cerca. \pna Ma:s san xkoyotsa na:nika! Xkwa:lwi:ka ka:n tlase:waya:n, o:to:nalwi:lo:k! \pea Just drag him over in this direction (in this case a drunk who has lost consciousness)! Bring him over here where there is some shade, he's been beaten down on by the sun! \psa ¡Jálalo para acá (en este caso un borracho que ha perdido el conocimiento)! ¡Tráelo acá donde hay sombra, ya quedó muy pegado por el sol! \dis koyotsa; techwila:na \xrb koyo (?) \nae Although the vowel length of koyotsa is distinct from that of koyo:tl there might be a relation. There remains a difficulty in determining the underlyng form and the root of this lexeme. It would seem that the initial té- syllable of the Oapan form represents a lexicalized te-; the pitch accent that it carries, however, is apparently not the reflex of reduplication, given that the /é/ is definitely short. The only other possible explanation for the pitch accent, other than reduplication, is a coda {h} in the verbal stem. If this were the case, the stem would have to be either {kohyo} or {koyoh}. From the information at hand there is no way to determine which is the case and no relevant cognate forms have been found in other dialects. However, information from San Juan Tetelcingo might clarify the matter. \qry The verb refers to the action of pulling (apparently only a person or animal, check to see if it can also apply to things) along, dragging; if a person or animal, the implication is that this occurs against the person or animal's will, forcefully. \sj Check for presence of /h/ which would explain the pitch accent. \ref 04293 \lxa kristia:noh \lxac kristia:noh \lxo kiristia:noh \lxoc kiristia:noh \dt 20/Apr/2002 \loan Cristiano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se person \ss persona; gente \pna O:mik se: kristia:noh, cho:kalo. \pea A person died, there is crying. \psa Una persona se murió, hay llanto. \cola tla:ltipan \fl kixtia:noh \ref 05756 \lxa krusadi:toh \lxac krusadi:toh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08631 \lxa kubo \lxac i:kuboh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08463 \lxa kuch \lxaa uch \lxac kuch \lxo kuch \lxoa uch \lxoc kuch \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan cochino (?) \psm N; Interj \der N-loan \infn N1 \se sound used for driving away pigs \ss sonido utilizado para espantar y ahuyentar a marranos \se piggy \ss marranito \pna Ne:nkah kuch! \pea There's a piggy there! \psa ¡Hay un marranito allá! \equivao uch \sem baby \nse Kuch might well be derived from Spanish cochino. Its use as a noun apparently derives from, or is at least related to, the sound used to drive away pigs. As a noun, kuch is used by very young children, before they can talk well. It is also used by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. Also as a noun, kuch is equivalent to uch, although one consultant, Juana Rodríguez, mentioned that the former is used by slightly older children and that the youngest, unable to pronounce the /k/, say uch. \ref 02064 \lxa kuchih \lxac kuchih \lxo kochih \lxoc kochih \dt 18/Jun/2002 \loan cochino \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se sound made to drive away pigs \ss sonido hecho para ahuyentar marranos \se pig \ss marrano \pna Tihkwa:skeh kuchih. \pea We're going to eat pig. \psa Vamos a comer marrano. \qry Check Am final vowel for /h/. \vl Use first female token for link. \ref 03421 \lxa kuchi:yah \lxaa i:kochi:yah \lxac kuchi:yah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan cuchillo (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \sea crotch (often of the type of cotton pants called kalsones in Spanish and, by extension, the opening in front of the pants) \ssa la tela cosida entre las piernas del calzón (y, por extensión, la parte abierta de estos pantalones) \pna I:to:ka ikochi:yah tokaltso:n. \pea It (is called) the kochi:yah of the calzón. \psa Se llama la kochi:yah del calzón. \pna Kipia kuchi:yah. \pea It has an opening for the fly. \psa Tiene una abertura para la bragueta. \sem clothing \encyctmp kalson \nse Kuchi:yah refers to the diamond-shaped piece of material that is sewn into the crotch of kalzones, making them baggy. It also apparently refers to the open slit (fly) in the front of these pants. \mod Do a diagram of the calson, along with other types of clothes. \ref 05026 \lxa kukuh \lxac kukuh nokone:w kukuh \lxo ko:ko \lxocpend i:ko:ko \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm Baby \der N-bb \seo boo-boo (i.e., sth that hurts a child) \sso dolorcito (esto es, algo que le duele a un niño) \sem baby \xrb kowa \qry I am not altogether sure that the word /i:ko:ko/ (with no final glottal stop) actually refers to 'boo-boo'; cf. /ko:koh/, which I had previously given. The semantics of this and of 1643 should be checked. \vl There are 4 tokens of this word at 4941. \ref 07730 \lxa kukuwi \lxac kukuwi \lxo kókowí \lxoc kókowí \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref): nó:nkowís \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se (almost always with a directional affix) to (go/come) chop wood \ss (casi siempre con un afijo direccional) (ir/venir a) leñar \pna O:kukuwito, xiska:n yekos. \pea He went to chop wood, he won't be back soon. \psa Fue a leñar, no va a llegar pronto. \pna O:nikontak. Ko:kukuwtok, pero xnikmati tla: kaxi:ti:s se: burroh. \pea I saw him there. He was chopping wood here and there, but I don't know if he will even complete a load for one donkey. \psa Lo vi hacia allá. Estaba leñando por acá y allá, pero no sé si va a completar ni una carga de burro. \pna Nika:n niko:kukuwi. \pea Here I chop a little wood here and there. \psa Aquí corto un poco de leña por aquí y por allá. \pna Kineki xko:kukuwi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah. \pea You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from the field) picking up firewood as you come (because of lack of time to properly chop wood). \psa Tienes que ir leñando de vez en cuando (cuando tengas oportunidad, en referencia a la temporada de secas), para que durante la temporada de lluvias no tienes que venir recogiendo leña sobre el camino (por no haber juntado leña cuando hubieras podido). \xrb kow \xvaa kukuwilia \xvao kókowília \nae In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: nó:nkowís. I have heard words such as nónkokówis uttered in natural conversation (as in response to a question ka:n tiaw? 'Where are you going?). However, one woman, after using this unreduced term, nónkokówis (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective marker o:-) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent: ó:kowíto 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some consultants stated that the form ó:kowíto was more usual than ó:kokowíto, even though I have heard both often in conversation. Since the pitch accent is a clear reflex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally clear that in ó:kokowíto the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening. \qry Check length of /i/ in impersonal /kukowilo/ or /kukowi:lo/; cf. entry under /tekoncho:ka/. \qry Re: /kukowi/: check to see if there are other verbs which seem to be formed from a noun root with the ending /i/. \grmx Pitch accent; reduplication; reduction: In Oapan, when there is a preceding short vowel the reduplicant is almost always reduced: nó:nkowís. I have heard words such as nónkokówis uttered in natural conversation (as in response to a question ka:n tiaw? 'Where are you going?). However, one woman, after using this unreduced term, nónkokówis (I am not sure whether she used the pitch accent pattern of Oapan Nahuatl) mentioned that she was talking like those of Ameyaltepec (in recognition of the fact that I had lived there a long time and tend to have an Ameyaltepec accent). However, it is interesting that even when there is a preceding long vowel (as in the perfective marker o:-) the reduplicant is often reduced, leaving as a reflex only pitch accent: ó:kowíto 'he went to chop wood (for firewood).' In fact, some consultants stated that the form ó:kowíto was more usual than ó:kokowíto, even though I have heard both often in conversation. Since the pitch accent is a clear reflex of the reduplicant (with a coda {h}), it is equally clear that in ó:kokowíto the only reflex of the reduplicant is pitch accent, and not vowel lengthening. This adds to the problem of reduction and pitch accent on long vowels preceding reduplicated stems. There are three major cases in which this occurs. First, it appears to occur with many incorporated body parts. This is amply documented and discussed in the lexicon. Second, it occurs in several cases of possessive noun constructions: /í:kó:l/, /í:koné:w/, /í:metlátsi:n/. In all these cases the reduced form was considered much more correct than the unreduced form. Indeed, Florencia Marcelino stated that /í:kokó:l/ was an Ameyaltepec form. Nevertheless, there are several nouns in which speakers did not reduce. Thus for /kákahlí/ 'awning', I only obtained the form /í:kakál/ except for one person, Carlota Pantaleón, who gave /í:kál/. I had tried to relate the lack of reduction of /kákahlí/ to metrical factors, but no explanation has proved satisfactory. I asked several consultants for the possessed form of /kókomá:hli/ 'toy clay griddle'; many denied the existence of such a form, though I have documented it. Nevertheless, several speakers accepted it and gave the correct meaning. All gave the possessed form without reduction: /íkokóma:l/. Finally, there are forms such as /ó:kowíto/, which show reduction onto the long vowel of the perfective marker /o:-/ preceding the reduplicated stem. The only explanation I have been able to come up with is that in certain cases the question of lexicalization plays a part. That is, pitch accent is used as a reflex of a reduplicant on those cases in which the terms are frequently used (cf. the cases mentioned above). There is also the possibility that reduplication reduction functions differently with nouns (in which case reduplication is not productive) and verbs (possibly including adjectives). This interpretation is supported by some evidence from Ahuelicán where (pending further study) it appears that the underlying {h} of the reduplicant is conserved in the reduction with nouns but not with verbs. Thus one has /nó:hkól/ 'my grandfather'; /í:hkó:l/ 'his grandfather' but apparently (and this should be checked) /né:xtehte:mówa/ and /mí:ste:mówa/ and /kí:te:mówa/ (recheck this last form). \vl Low levels for all tokens. \grm Note the following: /Kineki xko:kukowi, ma:ka tikwa:ltitila:ntia:s ipan otli xo:pantlah/ 'You need to chop wood whenever you get the chance (every once in a while, in reference to during the dry season) so that in the summer months (during the rainy season and planting) you don't have to just come along the path (on your way back from the field) picking up firewood as you go (because of lack of time to properly chop wood).' First note that the vowel surfaces as /o:/ in long vowel reduplication. However, note also the meaning of this reduplication, clearly indicating actions that are repeated at very long intervals. \ref 06112 \lxa kukuwilia \lxac kikukuwilia \lxo kókowília \lxoc kí:kowília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:kowília \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to chop wood for \ss leñar para \pna Xne:chkukuwili:ti! \pea Go chop wood for me! \psa ¡Ve a cortar leña para mi! \xrb kow \xvba kokowi \xvbo kókowí \grm Benefactive; applicative: Note that this is an "applicative" of an intransitive that has a benefactive meaning. Cf. Shibatani's article. \ref 01941 \lxa kukuwilia \lxo kokowilia \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2a \seao see tlakukuwilia (Am) / tla:kowilia (Oa) \ssao véase tlakukuwilia (Am) / tla:kowilia (Oa) \xrb kowa \qry Qry from #282: Check whether form without /tla-/ is acceptable, e.g, /o:nimokukowilih ka:n o:niwets/, etc. If it is add definition to entry 454. And if it is not acceptable, then also add a comment to this entry. \ref 00454 \lxa kukuwiltia \lxac kikukuwiltia \lxo kókowíltia \lxoc kí:kowíltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:kowíltia \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to make or order (sb) to chop wood \ss hacer (a algn) leñar; mandar leñar a \pna O:kikukuwiltih ipió:n. \pea He made his hired hand chop wood. \psa Hizo leñar a su peón. \seo to use (an animal) for carrying firewood \sso emplear (una bestia) para cargar leña \xrb kow \grm Causative: note the use of the causative here with an agentive/unergative verb meaning 'to make Ag carry out Pred.' \pqry Carefully check vowel length of /i/ in /-iltia/ as I seemed to hear length when C. Flores pronounced it during the word recording session. \ref 01520 \lxa kukuwini \lxac kukuwini \lxo kókowíni \lxoa kókówíne \lxocpend kókowíni \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood \sso niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador \syna kokowintsi:n \xrb kow \ref 07762 \lxa kukuwintsi:n \lxac kukuwintsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea child or young man who chops and brings back firewood a lot, who is good at chopping and bringing back firewood \ssa niño que leña mucho, que es un buen leñador \syno kókowíni \xrb kow \qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is possible. \ref 03222 \lxa kukuwke:tl \lxac kukuwke:tl \lxo kókohké:tl \lxoc kókohké:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kohké:tln \infn N1/2; Aln(ag) \pa yes-rdp \seao woodcutter; one who chops wood and sells it as firewood \ssao leñador \xrb kow \nse Derived from the verb kukowi or kókowí 'to chop wood.' \grm Oapan reduplication reduction: Kókohké:tl is derived from the verb kókowí 'to chop wood.' In Oapan when the agentive noun is preceded by a prefix having a short vowel the reduplication is reduced: ní:kohké:tl. \ref 00581 \lxa kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxac kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxo kókotitlántsi:n \lxoc kókotitlántsi:n \lxt kohtitlantsi:n \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of maguey as yet unidentified whose fibers, called ixtli, are used in hemp bags \ss tipo de maguey todavía no identificada cuyos fibras, llamadas ixtli, se emplean en tejer bolsas \pna Kukuwtitlantsi:n | Bwe:noh para i:loh, para tema:tl \pea Kukuwtitlantsi:n : It is good for string, for woven bags (of the type called tema:tlatl). \psa Kukuwtitlantsi:n : Es bueno para hilo, para bolsas tejidas (de las que se llaman tema:tlatl). \sem plant \sem xiwtli \syna mexkahli (de) kukuwtitlantsi:n \cfa to:to:lasi:toh \xrb kow \xrl -titlan \nse The etymology of kukuwtitlantsi:n is uncertain. Apparently it contains lexicalized reduplication of what was historically kwaw. The meaning of the -titlan sequence is uncertain, it might be related to the ligature of this same form. The fibers of the kukuwtitlantsi:n are not used in snares (as it other maguey hemp) because its fibers are too thin. \nct mexkahli \qry The vowel length as I have recorded it was in a final, final check and they are correct as noted and should be changed to the above in all entries. In spite of the assertion that all but the last vowels are short, the length of the /a/ should be rechecked as in one entry I do have it long. There seems to be quite a bit of disagreement or debate among my consultants in regard to the identity of this maguey. Cf. the master database and the entries #252 and #290. \vl Check for p-a in Oapan, as well as vl. \ref 01878 \lxa kukwa \lxac kikukwa \lxo kokowa \lxoc kikokowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b (Oa); irregular (Am): perfective o:kikokoh; fut. kikoko:s \se to hurt; to lightly wound (as opposed to kill) \ss doler; lastimar; herir ligeramente (y no matar) \pna Ne:chkukwa, xok niki:yowia. \pea It hurts me, I can't stand it anymore. \psa Me duele, ya no lo aguanto. \pna San o:kikokokeh. \pea They just wounded him lightly (i.e., not killing him, nor wounding him seriously). \psa Solamente lo lastimaron (no lo mataron, ni lo hirierion gravemente). \pna Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. \pea You are reaching your arm out (e.g., into the underbrush) feeling for a huilota. It fell out of the sky, you wounded it. \psa Estás estirando el brazo buscando (p. ej., en la maleza) una huilota. se cayó, la heriste. \cfa pupwa \xrb kowa \xvaa kokowilia \nae The Ameyaltepec and Oapan inflectional forms are equivalent, the main difference between the two dialects is based on the fact that the lexical stem for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the change to kukwa from kokowa. However, other tenses and aspects are formed as if the Ameyaltepec base is \nde In other dialects the form of this verb is kokoa. Note that the morphology of the perfective and irrealis in Ameyaltepec suggests an underlying form {kokowa}. Apparently the short /o/ has been lost. \qry Check meaning of /ma:to:tokatiw/ is phrase example. \ref 00797 \lxa kukwalaka \lxac kukwalaka \lxo kwakwalaka \lxoc kwakwalaka \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to make a hard boiling or bubbling sound \ss hacer un sonido fuerte como de hervir o burbujar \pna Yo:pe:w iksi, yo:pe:w kukwalaka. \pea It's started to get cooked, it's started to make a hard bubbling sound. \psa Ya empezó a cocerse, ya empezó a hervir fuertemente. \sem sound \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \ref 04917 \lxa kukwalatsa \lxac kikukwalatsa \lxo kwakwalatsa \lxoc kikwakwalatsa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(ts) \seao to make boil intensely (a liquid or, by extension, the container holding this liquid) \ssao hacer hervir fuertemente (un líquido o, por extensión, el recipiente que contiene el líquido) \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot of nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat tamales, even if just a couple! \psa ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer tamales aunque sean nada más dos! \xrb kwala: \xvnao kwala:ni \qry Recheck whether the Oa form can be reduced. Apparently it can't be, or I would have so mentioned in my notes from Summer 2001. \ref 00683 \lxa kukwalo \lxac kukwalo \lxo kwakwalo \lxoc kwakwalo \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a(oni) \se to get bug-eaten \ss carcomerse \pna Kipia ipino:hlo, yo:pe:w pino:lxi:ni, yo:pe:w kukwalo. \pea It has powder (a piece of wood, a beam, etc.), it's started to get powdery in spots, it's started to get eaten (by termites or other small bugs). \psa Ya está carcomido (un pedazo de madera, una viga), ya empezó a llenarse de polvillo, ya empezó a carcomerse. \xrb kwa \cfa kwalo \nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan indicates the lack of a coda {h} in the reduplicant. \qry Check short vowel. Passive would expectedly be /kukwalo/; cf. also with /kwalo/. \sj Kwakwalo \ref 05344 \lxa kukwalo:tsi:n \lxac kukwalo:tsi:n \lxo kwakwalo:tsi:n \lxoc kwakwalo:tsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea person who is sickly, always getting sick (see kokoliste:roh) \ssa persona enfermiza, que siempre se enferma (véase kokoliste:roh) \seo maize or other grains, such as beans, that are bug-eaten \sso picado (como maíz, frijoles u otros granos así) \xrb kwa \nae Given that this lexeme has only been documented in the 3rd-person, it is unclear whether reduction of the reduplicant would occur, or if the meaning of this term is lexicalized to such an extent as to inhibit such reduction. Also, no pitch accent was noted on this form. \qry Check to determine if only the form with the reduplication is used, i.e. if /kwalo:tsi:n/ exists or not. \grm Note also, in general, that label- characteristic names of persons often end in /-tsi:n/ without the absolutive. When the dictionary is finished, search for /-tsi:n/-final words and discuss if there is any common meaning. \vl Check vowel length and, particularly, pitch accent in Oapan form. \ref 01505 \lxa kukwepoka \lxac kukwepoka \lxo kokopoka \lxoc kokopoka \dt 25/Jan/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to bubble up (particularly water from a spring) \ss burbujear (particularmente agua de un manantial) \xrb kwepo: \xvnao kwepo:ni \ref 02376 \lxa kukweptok \lxac kukweptok \lxo ko:koptok \lxoc ko:koptok \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am); Lex. rdp-l (Oa) \infv Durative \se to be different; to be changed \ss ser diferente; estar cambiado \pna Kukweptok itlato:l. \pea His speech (in this case his dialect) is different. \psa Sus palabras (esto es, en este caso su dialecto) es diferente. \se to be various and different (e.g., items bought in a store; things displayed) \ss ser variado y diferente (p. ej., cosas compradas en una tienda) \pna O:nikwa:hkik miák kukweptok. \pea I brought of lot of different kinds of things. \psa Traje muchas cosas diferentes, surtidas. \pna Kukweptok tli:n kitlapahlo:tia. \pea Each one of what he is painting is different. \psa Cada uno de los que está pintando es diferente. \xrb kwepa \nae At this point of lexicon development the Ameyaltepec headword (kukweptok) manifests short vowel reduplication (with the predictable reduction of kwekwe- to kukwe-) and the Oapan headword (ko:koptok) manifests long vowel reduplication. Unfortunately the precise semantics of each form has not been adequately determined. From the contexts of its utterance, the Ameyaltepec form definitely has the meanings ascribed to it above. However, the Oapan form was elicited in the context of producing sound files for lexical entries and may represent a distinct semantics. \qry I have usually heard this used in the reduplicated form. However, I do believe that /kweptok/ also exists; this should be checked and the meaning difference between the two determined. \ref 05019 \lxa kukwetlaka \lxac kukwetlaka \lxo kwekwetlaka \lxoc kwekwetlaka \dt 01/Apr/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to shiver (e.g., from cold, from an illness) \ss temblar (p. ej., del frío, de una enfermedad) \pna Yo:nisekmik, san nikukwetlakatoya. \pea I got very cold, I was just shivering. \psa Me había entrado mucho el frío, estaba nada más temblando. \xrb kwetla: \xvnao kwetla:ni \dis momoyoka; tsitsilka; kwekwetlaka; wiwiyoka \qry Determine precise meaning and existence of transitive form. \ref 04918 \lxa kukwetlaxiwi \lxac kukwetlaxiwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08608 \lxa kukwi \lxac kikukwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08627 \lxa kukwilchi:ltsi:n \lxo kwikwichi:ltsi:n \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se faggot; homosexual \ss maricón; homosexual \se wimp; scaredy-cat \ss sacón; miedoso \pna Kas tikukwilchi:ltsi:n. tle:ka timumuwi? \pea Maybe your a wimp, why aren't you scared? \psa ¿Puede ser que eres sacón, por qué tienes miedo? \xrb kow \xrb kwilchi:l \nse In its metaphoric sense of "wimp," kuhkwilchi:ltsi:n is basically the antonym of cha:rroh. Obviously the roots of the former include kuh for "penis" and -tsi:n, a diminutive. RS list cuilchilli as "ano, nalga, trasero." Given that there are words in Classical such as cuilonyotl "pecado nefando, de hombre con hombre," it might bet that kwil is a separate morpheme from chi:hli and that kwi:lchi:l undoubtedly includes kwi:l and a yet unidentified morpheme chi:l. \qry In my original entry I had /kuhkwilchiltsi:n/ as referring to both male and female homosexuals, gays and lesbians. However, this is probably a mistake for /kukwilchi:ltsi:n/ and I have temporarily changed the /kuh/ (which perhaps people thought of as meaning 'penis' to /ku/ from reduplication. However, it seems that this might be in error (given the etymology of /kuh/ + /kwilchil/), and thus I have changed the definition here in this second edit. However, this should be checked with a native speaker. \pqry In Oapan speech token check for /h/ after /kwi/. Given teh sense of these word, no sound links have been placed. \vl Given significance, do not link to dictionary. \ref 03267 \lxa kukwi:tska:miki \lxac kukwi:tska:miki \lxo kwíkwi:ska:míki \lxoc kwíkwi:ska:míki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:kwi:tska:míki \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \se to be unhappy in a place and for this reason be sad, waste away, and often die (e.g., an animal that did not accustom itself to a new place) \ss no hallarse en un lugar, no habilitarse, y por eso demacarse, ponerse triste y hasta morir (p. ej., un animal que no se acostumbró a un lugar) \xrb kwi:ts \xrb miki \qry Check to see if non-reduplicated form is also correct: ?kwi:tska:miki. \grm Participals; /-iwi/: Note that /kukwi:tska:miki/ is another example of a participial form of a /-iwi/ verb that loses the entire verbal ending (e.g., /tlatski/ and /tlatsiwi/, etc. Cf. /tli:liwi/ and Am /tli:ltik/ vs. Oapan /tli:ltik/ and /tli:lihki/. \ref 01842 \lxa kulebri:tah \lxac kulebri:tah \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan culebra (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \ssa Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl, hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kówatlí \cfa kowiya:wtli \cfo kó:yá:htli \xrb ko \xrb wah \nse The identification of the kówatlí (Oa) and kowatli (Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of kowatli (Am) / kowahtle (Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark is called Guettarda elliptica Sw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called kowatli in Ameyaltepec and kulebri:tah in San Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other kowatli has smooth bark, it is the Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl, a hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called kulebri:tah in Ameyaltepec and kowahtle in Tetelcingo. Thus the names are reversed from those given to Guettarda elliptica. The the Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silvestre Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. Apparently, if the identification is correct, if the wood of this tree is hard and the branch straight and long, it can be used for cabesas in house construction. Common names include palo de arco. \nct kohtli \vl The first token is female /kowatl/, which should be tagged with ref. 5093. \ref 07766 \lxa kupahli \lxac kupahli \lxo kopahli \lxoc kopahli \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se resin used for incense, copal \ss copal \se chewing gum \ss chicle \se (~ de sa:ntoh kupahli) resin of the type used for incense in religious ceremonies \ss (~ de sa:ntoh kupahli) resina del tipo quemado durante las ceremonias religiosas \seao generic name for a type of tree; see kopalkuwtli \ssao nombre genérico por un tipo de árbol; véase kopalkuwtli \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kopal \ncx xo:chikopahli; kopalkohtli; kopalchi:noh (to:nalo:kotl); sa:ntokopakohtli \nct kohtli \qry Determine if there are different types of copal, and the trees they come from. \rt Perhaps etymology includes /ko/ and /pal/. \ref 03474 \lxa kupa:ktekolo:tl \lxac kupa:ktekolo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360 \sea type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, or a closely related species \ssa tipo de buho pequeño, quizá Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, o una especie cercana \equivao metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \equivo papahtekolo:tl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kopa:k \xrb tekolo: \qry Check stems and etymology. In one entry I had a long /a:/ and in the other a short /a/: check vowel length. \cpl The kopa:ktekolo:tl is a to:to:tl about the size of a wi:lo:tl. It is not a tekolo:tl. Speakers describe it as the color tekoch, with black and whitish lines. It has horns like an owl (hence, probably, its name). Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this alternatively as the 'gavilancillo' and the 'cuatillo.' Schoenhals (1988:414) says of the gavilancillo "(Falco sparverius) 'American kestrel' See cernícalo" Apparently it is also known as the gavilancillo chillón, and the gavilancillo mexicano. Under cernícalo: ""(Falco sparverius) 'American kestrel' [formerly 'sparrow hawk'] Widspread in winter. Mostly reddish-brown with gray and black wings. The reddish-brown on back and tail is characteristic of species. No other small hawk customarily hovers briefly above prey. Also called aguililla, cernícalo chitero, cuije, espantavenado, gavilán chico, gavilán chitero, gavilán hielero, gavilán pollero, gavilán primito, gavilán ratonero, gavilancillo, gavilancillo chillón, gavilancillo mexicano, gavilancito enano, gavilucho, gritador, halconcillo, liclic." \ref 03329 \lxa kuw \lxac kuw \lxo kow \lxoc kow \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm Interj \der Interj \se shit! \ss ¡chin! \pna Ka:n tiaw ma:noh Jo:seh, koh! \pea Where're you going bud? Shit! \psa ¿A dónde vas, hermano? !chin¡ \sem Gender: male \xrb kow \nse This word or interjection is not from Ameyaltepec but rather Oapan. Each village has its own type of interjection. In San Juan kwitl, in Oapan kow for men, and pi or se, which are used by women. In Ameyaltepec the most common words are a:rah or ara:joh, in San Miguel bah, and in Ahuehuepan awe:boh. Ameyaltepequeños will use kuh when passing a Oapaneco on the road, adding ma:noh ('señor,' originally from Spanish hermano) and jo:seh ('buddy,' given that Ameyaltepequeños joke that all Oapan men are named José and the women María). Literally kuh is the apocopated form of kuhtli, 'penis.' Note that in general interjections are used without the absolutive ending, cf. San Juan Tetelcingo kwitl for kwitlatl, 'excrement.' \pqry Get precise phonetics of Oapan /kow!/ and Am. \ref 04251 \lxa kuwa \lxac kikuwa \lxo kowa \lxoc kikowa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to buy \ss comprar \pna Ke:ch ika o:tko:w? \pea How much did you pay for it? \psa ¿Cuánto te costó? \pna Xwel nokuwa. \pea It can't be bought. \psa No se puede comprar. \xrb ko:wa \xvaao kowilia \nae The question of the duration and length of /o/ before /wa/ needs to be thoroughly studied. It is generally held that length is neutralized in this context, and that there is not difference in realization of an underlying long {o:} and an underlying short {o} before /-wa/. However, this statement needs to be reevaluated through an analysis of length in words such as sepowi and other words with underlying long {o} and those that have a short vowel in this place. The difference is most directly manifested in perfective forms, in which underlying length {o:} maintains word-final /w/. Thus one finds o:kisepo:w from kisepowa, whereas one obtains o:kipoloh from kipolowa. Nevertheless, the duration of the /o/ or /u/ in Oapan kikowa is longer than expected. \qry Definitely needed are more examples of use, although perhaps the meaning of this word is not as problematical as that of others. \qry Check vowel lenght of /-owa/ verbs. Here the {o:} is underlyingly long. The surface length seems also quite long, but this might also reflect syllable structure, etc. \mod Perhaps change the orthography of this to /kowa/. Make a decision. \vl Check vl of final o/u in /kikowa/. Check with other /o/'s in this position. \ref 03192 \lxa kuwasihka: yeyekatl \lxac kuwasihka: yeyekatl \lxo kówasihká: yeyé:katl \lxoc kówasihká: yeyé:katl \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-lex \se one of the yeyekameh, or aires \ss uno de los yeyekameh o aires \sem ritual \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \xrb e:ka \nse This yeyekatl is mentioned in texts from Ameyaltepec by Pánfilo Lorenzo. \nae The pitch contour of Oapan kówasihká: yeyé:katl derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native speakers the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is kówasíwi, which results from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided in the present case by the fact that intonational stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see the discussion under 'tlasótla). \qry Check to determine whether /sepo:wka:/ is incorporated as a participal to /yeyekatl/ Also check whether long /o:/ is in /sepo:hka:/ and if /w/ to /h/ is correct or whether it should be ?/sepo:wka:yeyekatl/. Check lenght of /a/ after /kowasihka/. \mod For all /yeyekameh/ determine the complete characteristics. \grmx The pitch contour of Oapan kówasihká: yeyé:katl derives from two underlying coda {h}s and intonational stress. Underlyingly, the form is {kowahsiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. The presence of high rising pitch on the initial syllable is the result of two factors. First, the location of the underlying {h} is unknown and therefore to native speakers the possibility exists of either the preceding structure or {kohwasiw + ka: +yehyekatl}. Second, there is the fact that when isolated, the verb is kówasíwi, which results from leftward shift of the lexical pitch accent to avoid clash with intonational stress on the penultimate. Although this clash is avoided in the present case by the fact that intonational stress is on the second noun of the compound, it may well be that there is a tendency to maximize I/O identity. (yet re: I/O see the discussion under 'tlasótla). \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 03673 \lxa kuwasiwi \lxac kuwasiwi \lxo kówasíwi \lxoc kówasíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se for ones bones, especially the limb joints, to ache (from overwork or, particularly, from illness, such as dengue, or from a certain type of "witchcraft," kowasiwistli (Am), in which case it is the joints that are affected and that swell) \ss sentir cierto dolor de hueso o cuerpo (que puede ser resultado o de mucho trabajo, de una enfermedad como el dengue, o de un cierto tipo de "brujería," kowasiwistli, en cuyo caso son las coyunturas de las extremedades que se afectan por el dolor) \pna Nikuwasiwi ipan nokxi (= kuwasiwi nokxi). \pea My leg is stiff and aching. \psa Siento la pierna tiesa y adolorida. \pna Nikokuwasiwi, nochi notla:kayo. \pea I am aching to the bones, all of my body. \psa Estoy adolorido hasta los hueso en muchas partes, todo el cuerpo. \sem disease \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \nse There is, apparently, no transitive form; rather an expression such as ne:chmaka kowasiwistli would be used. \qry The Ameyaltepec dialect, which has lost historical and underlying {h} gives no indication of the presence or absence of this consonant. Comparative information from San Juan Tetelcingo is, therefore, necessary to answer this question. The etymology of kowasiwi is also at present still uncertain, as potential roots exist in kukwa (Classical cocoa), or what in Classical was cocoya. There might even be a relationship to kowatl 'snake') I believe that G. Whittaker comments on this word in his book with Coe on the Tratado de las supersticiones by Ruiz de Alarcón; he suggests an etymology including ihsiwi and containing the meaning of 'the hurrying of.' The presence/absence of /h/ should clear this up. The pain associated with kowasiwi is often described by the verb xama:ni. \ref 03544 \lxa kuwasiwisioh \lxac kuwasiwisioh \lxo kówasiwísioh \lxoc kówasiwísioh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be painful, causing pain particularly to ones bones and joints \ss causar dolor, particularmente a los huesos y coyunturas \pna Tla:lko:lo:tl, xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kuwasiwisioh, bwe:yeh kitowa kimiktia. \pea The tla:lko:lo:tl does not cause us to become delirious, but it really causes a lot of pain; they say that it kills cattle. \psa The tla:lko:lo:tl no se nos traba (causando dilirio) pero si causa dolor; dicen que mata al ganado. \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \qry Check meaning of /xtotech ki:sa pero ke:n kowasiwisioh/. Perhaps translation needs to be corrected, i.e., why would something be said to not /totech ki:sa/ but then, at the same time, be called /kowasiwisioh/. \ref 05837 \lxa kuwasiwistli \lxac kuwasiwistli \lxo kówasiwístli \lxoc kówasiwístli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se pain in ones bones or joints, at times involving swelling (such as that which accompanies dengue, or bone-crushing disease) \ss dolor de los huesos y coyunturas, que a veces se hinchan (como es el efecto de dengue); casihuiscli (regional spanish heard in sta. teresa) \se witchcraft (that causes bone and joint pain) \ss brujería (que causa dolor de los huesos y coyunturas) \xrb kowa \xrb hsi \encyctmp kowasiwi \nse Note that although the bone and joint pain indicated by kowasiwistli can be caused by illness, and not witchcraft, the most common use of this deverbalized noun is to indicate the effects of witchcraft. Some consultants described it as something that can be thrown down on the ground or at someone, who is in this was "bewitched" and becomes ill with severe bone and muscle aches. It can, however, be used more generally to refer to bone and joint pain caused by such illnesses as dengue. Nevertheless, most often when a person is affected by a disease, the verbal form kowasiwi is used. \ref 03986 \lxa kuwatl \lxac kuwatl \lxo kowatl \lxoc kowatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2 \se generic term for snake \ss nombre genérico para serpientes \se (fig.) intestines; entrails; innards \ss (fig.) intestinos; tripas \pna O:pe:w cho:ka kuwatl, na:pismiki. \pea The "snake" has started to cry (i.e., my intestines are starting to growl), I'm hungry. \psa La "culebra" ya empezó a llorar (esto es, mis intestinos empezar a gruñir), tengo hambre. \pna O:yo:lpachiw, o:te:n ikuwaw. \pea He's sated, his innards have had their fill. \psa Ya se satisfizo, se llenaron sus tripas. \pna I:kuwaw kineki koni:s serbe:sah. \pea His innards want to drink beer. \psa Sus tripas quieren tomar cerveza. \seo (kuwatsi:ntih) twins (see Am equivalente: kwa:tes) \sso (kuwatsi:ntih) gemelos (véase equivalente en Am: kwa:tes) \sem animal \sem sn \cfa kuwatsi:ntli; sintli de kuwatl; ixonak kuwatl \encyctmp kowatl \xrb kowa \nse The following types of kowatl have been identified so far: a:palwah (according to Luis Lucena, brown and black, red on its throat); chikote:roh, which is the same as kowi:xkowatl; i:na:n tsi:katl (according to Luis Lucena "no es bravo," apparently this is the false corralillo); kowi:xkowatl, which in Spanish is called "chicote" and in Nahuatl is also known as the chikote:roh, it is striped; ma:sakowatl, which is the "masacuate," not a deadly snake; nexwah, which according to Luis Lucena is not "bravo" and is of a tekwitlanextik, ashen or grew, color; te:kwa:nkowatl, which is a rattlesnake, kipia ikwech; and tli:lkowatl. There is also a snake called the so:lkowatl, that is said to have wings and there is the te:chi:chi, a type of small animal that sucks ones blood and appears in the ground in the summer. \nae The length of the vowel is difficult to determine and needs further analysis. An examination of the Oapan form shows a relatively long duration for the initial /o/. But other words with /owa/ sequences also seem to manifest greater duration than would be expected from a short vowel. However, for now at least no possible contrast of long and short /o/ preceding /wa/ has been documented. It is for this reason that the vowel has been left short in kowatl and in all related words. \nde Note that Pipil has long /u:/ (a reflex of /o:/); Tetelcingo, Morelos, has all short vowels. Carochi has both vowels long. Thus there is wide variation across dialects. \qry Check vowel length of final /a/ and correct as needed in all entries and data. It is very hard to hear if long or short. At least in the singular, it is short (I'm almost sure). However, it does seem that the vowel is long in the plural. This should be checked. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is an extra female token at 5337. \ref 05093 \lxa kuwatli \lxac kuwatli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Guettarda elliptica Sw., tree of the Rubiaceae family \ss Guettarda elliptica Sw., árbol de la familia Rubiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb wah \nse The identification of the kówatlí (Oa) and kowatli (Am) is perhaps somewhat confusing. Both Inocencio Díaz (Am) and Asención Marcelino (S. Juan Tetelcingo) agreed that there are two types of kowatli (Am) / kowahtle (Tet), one with smooth bark and one with rough bark. The one with rough bark is called Guettarda elliptica Sw. in Latin nomenclature and is of the Rubiaceae family. It is called kowatli in Ameyaltepec and kulebri:tah in San Juan. It does not grow on the lands of Oapan and thus is not named. The other kowatli has smooth bark, it is the Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl, a hardwood tree of the Fabaceae (Leguminoseae) family. This tree is called kulebri:tah in Ameyaltepec and kowahtle in Tetelcingo. Thus the names are reversed from those given to Guettarda elliptica. The the Apoplanesia paniculata C. Presl is found in Oapan and was known by the botanical consultant Silvestre Pantaleón. Although the preceding seems to be the case, more consultants should be checked to determine if some mistake has been made. But it appears that the tree known in Ameyaltepec as kowatli does not grow on lands of Oapan and therefore does not have an established identifying name in this latter village. \ref 07767 \lxa kuwatsi:n \lxac kuwatsi:n \lxo kowatsi:n \lxoc kowatsi:n; kowa:tsi:ntih \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1; irregular pl. kowa:tsi:ntih \seo twin \sso gemelo \syna kwa:teh \xrb kowa \nae In Oapan Nahuatl the forms kowatsi:n and kowa:tsi:ntih refer to human twins; kowatl and kowatsitsi:ntih to snakes. In the first acceptation the final vowel of the stem, /a/, is lengthened to compensate for the reduction of the reduplicant of the diminutive. \grm Oapan phonology; vowel lengthening: The forms kowatsi:n and kowa:tsi:ntih refer to human twins; kowatl and kowatsitsi:ntih to snakes. In the plural of the first definition the reduplicant \ref 06481 \lxa kuwatsi:ntli \lxac kuwatsi:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \infn N1 \se bolt of lightening \ss relámpago \pna ¡Kuwatsi:ntli! ¿Xo:tikitak? \pea A lightening bolt! Did you see it? \psa ¿Un relámpago? ¿No lo viste? \sem weather \cfo tla:kwitsahlo:tl \cfo tlatsontewi:tekilo:ni \xrb kowa \ref 04707 \lxa kuwa:yakaxtli \lxaa kuwa:yekaxtli \lxac *kuwa:yakaxtli \lxo koha:yakaxtsi:n \lxocpend @koha:yakaxtsi:n \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se type of tree still not collected nor identified \ss tipo de árbol todavía no colectado ni identificado \pna Kuwa:yakaxtli | Kipia itla:kihlo boboli:tas. Xwe:lik. So:lo tikinwa:lkwi:li:s mokone:tsitsiwa:n para ka:wilti:skeh. \pea Kuwa:yakaxtli : Its fruit is little balls. It's not tasty. You just bring them back for you children so that they can play with them. \psa Kuwa:yakaxtli : Su fruta son bolitas. Sólo se las traes a tus niños para que puedan jugar con ellas. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb a:yakach \nct kohtli \qry C. Flores did not know of this tree and suggested that it was the /kuwtekomatl/. Check. \ref 04036 \lxa kuwayoh \lxac kuwayoh \lxo kowayoh \lxoc kowayoh \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \se to have (a woman) hair on her back in the form of a snake that "eats" her children as they are born so that they die within a month or two at most \ss tener (una mujer) pelos en la forma de una culebra por la espalda; esta culebra "come" a sus niños a poco tiempo de que nazcan, un mes o dos cuando mucho \pna Kuwayoh nosuwa:w, nochipa miki ikone:tsi:n. \pea My wife has a "snake," her child always dies. \psa Mi esposa tiene "una serpiente", siempre se le muere el niño. \pno Xkwahli un siwa:tl, kowayoh. \peo That woman is no good, she has hair in the form of a snake on her back. \pso Esa mujer está mal, tiene su pelo en forma de culebra por la espalda. \se to have worms (more accurately, tsonkowayoh) \ss tener lombrices (más precisamente, tsonkowayoh) \pna Kowayoh, xwel kikwa chi:hli. \pea He has worms, he can't eat chile. \psa Tiene lombrices, no puede comer chile. \xrb kowa \nse The cure for a woman who is kowayoh is to place a newborn baby on top of the "snake" (or "snakes") so that the baby kills it (or them) and lives. Kowayoh in the sense of having worms is apparently an elipsis for tsonkowayoh, which is the proper word for 'lombrices'. \mod For a fuller description of a kowayoh woman cf. DT #7 207ff. and Flk note on this subject. ADD TEXT. \qry Check to determine if /kipia i:kowayo/ is correct. \vl Check vowel length of /kowatl/, final /a/ has been problematical. \ref 01099 \lxa kuwburroh \lxac kuwburroh \lxo kohburroh \lxoc kohburroh \dt 02/Apr/2003 \loan burroh \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (often in the diminutive: kuwburri:toh (Am)) three-pronged stick placed upright in the ground and usually used to hold a bowl of water, the a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl, that is placed next to the metate \ss (a menudo en el diminutivo: kuwburri:toh (Am)) palo con tres salidas que generalmente se empotra junta al metate y se utiliza para sostener un plato hondo, el a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl, con agua \pna Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian 'kuwburri:toh.' \pea A small piece of wood that has three branches, it is called a kuwburri:toh. \psa Un pedazo de madera con tres salidas, le dicen kuwburri:toh. \seo type of small packframe of wood used during traditional marriages and in which a wetskistli carries pots and other kitchen items to the house of the bridgegroom \sso tipo de pequeño suporte hecha de varas que se usa durante una boda tradicional sobre el cual un wetskistli lleva ollas y otros trastes a la casa del novio \xrb kow \qry Check vowel length in /-tsitsiwan/. Perhaps should be /tsitsi:wan/. \ref 01778 \lxa kuwburroh \lxac kuwburroh \lxo kohporroh \lxoa kohporroh \lxoc kohporroh \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan (part) burro \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sawhorse \ss burro \sem tool \xrb kow \nae The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. \qry Recheck meaning to see if this is equivalent to /kuhburri:toh/ or different. I think that /kuhburroh/ refers to the sawhorse or the base of beds made of /tlapextli/ whereas /kuhburri:toh/ is used for the three-pronged stick as indicated. Note that the final /h/ has been checked and is correct as recorded. \grm Oapan phonology: /kohporroh/ : The most common pronunciation of the Oapan lexeme seems to have devoicing of the first vowel (the allophonic variant of [w]) followed by a voiceless bilabial stop. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done on the phonetics of this sequences. \ref 02958 \lxa kuwcha:charah \lxac *kuwcha:charah \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan sonsorrón (?) \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \sea noisemaker used during Holy Week \ssa matraca, aparato para hacer ruido durante Semana Santa \syna so:sórron \syna tlakakalatsahli \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 07603 \lxa kuwchahli \lxac kuwchahli \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea forked stick used for holding down the branches of a thorn bush so that it can be chopped down with a machete. By bending over the branches, the kohchahli faciliates access to the main stem close to the ground. \ssa vara bifurcada que se utiliza para mantener las ramas de un arbusto de espinas cerca del suelo, así exponiendo la parte inferior del tronco principal \sem tool \equivo komaxaltsi:ntli \xrb kow \xrb chal \nae The root chal has not been found in isolation *chahli, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as varying in different compounds, though this needs to be further checked. \rt The root chal has not been found in isolation *chahli, although it does occur in several compounds. Vowel length has been recorded as varying in different compounds, though this needs to be further checked. \ref 05168 \lxa kuwchal \lxac kuwchal \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea butch female \ssa marimacho \psa Es una lesbiana, no quiere un hombre. \xrb kow \xrb chal \nse The basis for this metaphor is unclear, but perhaps it is related to the bifurcated structure of the kuwchahli, or perhaps it is a play on the root kow, which means 'tree,' 'wood,' and 'penis. Note that although some speakers stated that this refers to a lesbian, this does not seem to be the case. Rathter, it is used to refer to a masculine, butch, woman. \qry Originally I also had /kuwchaltik/ but C. Flores stated that only the shortened form is used. Perhaps remove this entry if found offensive. I have removed the phrase /Kuwchal, xkineki tla:katl./ 'She is a lesbian, she doesn't want a man.' as C. Flores stated that the term does not refer to a lesbian. \ref 05521 \lxa kuwchalwia \lxac kikuwchalwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to use a kuwchahli on (a thorny bush, in clearing a field) \ssa utilizar un kuwchahli a (un arbusto espinoso, al limpiar un terreno) \pna Nihkuwchalwia wistli ka:n nitlapupwa. \pea I use a forked stick to push the branches of thorn bushes down to the ground where I clear a field. \psa Empleo una vara bifurcada para empujar las ramas de los arbustos espinosos hacia el suelo donde limpio un terreno. \xrb kow \xrb chal \ref 05296 \lxa kuwchi:chi:hli \lxac kuwchi:chi:hli \lxo kohchi:chi:hli \lxoc kohchi:chi:hli \lxt kohchi:chi:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of tree as yet not fully identified \ssa tipo de árbol todavía no identificada definitivamente \pna Kuwchi:chi:hli | Bwe:noh para mori:yoh, siye:tas, para yugoh, tlapechbanki:toh. \pea Kuwchi:chi:hli : It is good for main beams, for chairs, for yokes, for the sawhorses that support beds. \psa Kuwchi:chi:hli : Es bueno para morillos, para sillas, para yugos, para los banquitos sobre que se ponen las camas. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb chi:l \cpl The wood of this tree, which is reddish, is good for yokes, chairs, sawhorses and mori:yos, the heavy beams used in houses. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as cuachichil. Ramírez (1991) does not list this. Schoenhals (1988) has cuachichil, although apparently this is a small plant or flower, not the kuhchi:chi:lhli under examination. Schoenhals mentions: "(Loeselia mexicana) 'hummingbird flower' See espinosilla." \nct kohtli \ref 00767 \lxa kuwextli \lxac kuwextli \lxo ---- \lxt ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of tree (collected) \ssa tipo de árbol (colectado) \src Felix Venancio \pna Kowextli | Bwe:noh para kwa:k kamatso:tso:ti ko:koneh. Tihkwis ia:yo, tiksentla:li:s ika ichkatl. \pea Kowextli : It is good for when children have gotten sores in their mouths. You take the sap and gather it up with a ball of cotton (to apply it to the child's mouth). \psa Kuwextli] : Es bueno para cuando los niños tienen llagitas en la boca. Tomas su savia, lo juntas con algodón (para aplicarsele a la boca del niño). \src Luis Lucena \pna Deke tikamatso:tso:ti, tikpia kamatso:tso:tl, tikmaxaktlapa:nas kowextli wa:n kó:n ki:sas ia:yotsi:n. Ika tikpa:tso:s ichkatl, timotla:lili:s itik mokamak. Deke o:tikwi:kak weka wa:n o:wa:k, tikpa:tso:s oksepa ika aseiteh rosa:dah. Kaxa:nis ichkatl wa:n timotla:lili:s noso wel ika iwiyo piotsi:n tiktla:lili:s a:kin kamatso:tso:ti. \pea If your mouth has sores, if you have sores in your mouth, you split the kowextli where its branch forks so that its sap runs out. You moisten some cotton with it, and you place it on the inside of your mouth. If you've taken it far and it has dried up, you can moisten it again with aceite rosada. The cotton will soften up and you will put it on [i.e., the sores in your mouth], or you can place it [the sap] on a person who has sores in his mouth with a chicken feather. \psa Si se te han salido úlceras en la boca, si tienes la boca con úlceras, partes una ramita bifurcada del kuwextli para que así salga la savia. Mojas algo de algodón con ella, te la pones en la boca. Si lo llevaste lejos y se secó, la vas a mojar otra vez con aceite rosada. El algodón se afloja y te la puedes poner [sobre las llagitas], o bien con una pluma de gallina se la puedes poner a alguien que tenga úlceras por la boca. \sem plant \sem kohtli \syno kohyestli \xrb ko \xrb wex \cpl There is no mention of this tree in either Ramírez and Dakin (1979) nor Ramírez (1991). \nct kohtli \qry Ceck the name that neighboring villages give to this tree and on this basis try to determine etymology. \ref 01326 \lxa kuwia \lxac kikuwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to beat with a stick \ssa pegar con un palo \pna Chichi xkaman tlakaki deke tihkuwia. \pea A dog never understands if you beat it with a stick. \psa Un perro nunca entiende si la pegas con un palo. \syno karro:tewiya \xrb kow \qry Recheck /kowia/ \ref 02182 \lxa kuwi:skikuwtli \lxac kuwi:skikuwtli \lxo kowi:sikohtli \lxoc kowi:sikohtli \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao Zizyphus mexicana, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit \ssao Zizyphus mexicana, árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao kowi:skitl \xrb ko \xrb i:ski \xrb kow \nct kohtli \pqry Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be rechecked. \grm Oapan phonology; k-deletion. Note that whereas both Am and Oa have /kowi:skitl/, when the noun /kohtli/ is added, the Oapan form loses /k/ in /kowi:skitl/. This should be rechecked. \ref 05124 \lxa kuwi:skitl \lxac kuwi:skitl \lxo kowi:skitl \lxoc kowi:skitl \dt 14/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se Zizyphus mexicana, tree of the Rhamnaceae family with edible fruit \ss Zizyphus mexicana, árbol de la familia Rhamnaceae, con fruta comestible \pna Kuwi:skitl | Bwe:noh para tihkwa:s itla:kihlo. Bwe:noh tikxi:mas deke o:kwihloh moburroh noso moba:kah, mobwe:yeh. Ika tikpapa:kili:s, tikxi:mas kwe:xtik ki:sa, ke:n pinohli. Tika:pa:tso:s ipan moma, poso:ni ke:n já:bon, tika:poso:nalti:s ipan moma. Dya ika tikpapa:kili:s, xte:kili a:tl para ma chipa:wi, ma ki:sa yesa:tl ka:n kikukwa. Dya deke o:ki:s, xkonkwi de wa:hki (kowi:skitl), tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne: ka:n kipia kwilin. \pea Kowi:skitl : It is good for its fruit, which you can eat. It is [also] good for shaving when your donkey or your cattle or oxen have gotten worms. You clean it[s wound] with it, you shave it; finely like pinole. Then you moisten it in the palm of your hand, it froths up like soap, you use water to make it froth up in your hand. And then you clean it[s wound] with it, you pour water onto it so that it gets clean, so that the watery blood gets washed away from where it hurts. And when it's gone, you grab some dry [kowi:skitl] and you shove it into [the wound on] its back, there where it has worms. \psa Kuwi:skitl : Es bueno para que comas su fruta. Es bueno [también] porque lo puedes cepillar si se agusanó tu burro, o tu vaca o buey. Le limpias [la herida] con ello, lo cepillas para que salga muy fino, sale como pinole. Lo mojas con agua en la palma de la mano, se hace espuma como jabón, lo haces espumar con agua en la mano. Entonces le limpias [la herida], le viertes agua para que se limpie, para que salga la sangre aguada donde le duele. Y cuando ya salió, agarras [kuwi:skitl] seco, y se lo metes [en la herida] por el lomo allá donde tiene gusanos. \pna Bwe:noh deke toma:wak wa:n weyak para tira:ntes, no: para mori:yos. \pea If it is thick and long [the kowi:skitl] is good for tira:ntes, and also for mori:yos. \psa Si es grueso y largo, [el kuwi:skitl] es bueno para tirantes, también para morillos. \cfo kowi:skiámó:hli \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kowi:skikuwtli \equivo kowi:sikohtli \xrb ko \xrb i:ski \src Luis Lucena \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this simply as a limoncillo and of the family Ramnaceae. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the limoncillo.Schoenhals (1988) mentions under limoncillo: "1. Wild lemon or any of a number of plants sharing some characteristic with the lemon--especially odor. 2. (Zanthoxylum spp., e.g., Z. fagara) 'wild lime', lime prickly ash' See colima." And then, under colima: " (Zanthoxylum spp., e.g., Z. fagara) 'wild lime,' 'lime prickly ash' Thorny branches; intense odor; yellow wood; yellowish-green flowers. The bitter taste deters wildlife from eating the leaves. Also called alacrán, limoncillo, rabo de lagarto." Guizar and Sánchez (1991:127) list a member of the genus Zanthoxylum, of the species fagara. It is known in Spanish as palo hediondo and is of the family Rutaceae. Several consultants identified this as the jorongoro (sic). \nct kohtli \qry Etymology should be checked but perhaps related to /i:skitl/. It would appear that many tree names that begin with /ku(w)/ are related to the root /kuh/ or /kwaw/. Cf. /i:skitl/, /mi:skitl/. \ref 02781 \lxa kuwi:xin \lxac kuwi:xin \lxo kowi:xin \lxoc kowi:xin \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se generic name for certain types of small lizard \ss nombre genérico para ciertas lagartijas pequeñas \se one of the specific types of lizards of the group known also as kowi:xin \ss uno de los tipos particulares del grupo de lagartija conocido como kuwi:xin \se long, pointed stick used in in constructing the roof of thatched-roofed huts \ss vara larga y puntiaguda utilizada en construir el techo en casas de palma o zacate \sem animal \sem lizard \sem tool-contruct \xrb kowi:x \encyctmp kowi:xin \encyctmp kahli \nse The tool used in house contruction is a long pointed stick of tlapextli, from the inside of a certain cactus. The stick has a hole in the pointed end and is passed from the inside of the house through the thatching to the other side where those who are placing the thatching thread palm through the hole in the stick so that it may be pulled through the thatching and then passed back out where the palm is tied, securing the thatching to the kwihlo:tl. The same /kowi:xin/ may be also used to pass rope through the thatching in order to secure the mekato:ktli. \cpl There are 4 types of kowi:xin: kowi:xtataka, petskowi:xin, wi:sako:tl, and techichiko:tl. Perhaps the a:petskowi:xin should also be counted, although it might be the same as the petskowi:xin. Schoenhals (1988:328-29) lists many types of lagartijas, including the lagartija cuija or gecko, of which there are also many types listed, under geco. \nct kowi:xin \qry Recheck. types of /kowi:xin/. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and the words there listed. \vl Female first mistakenly says /komichin/. This should be linked to #04570. The following 4 tokens are fine. \ref 03309 \lxa kuwi:xkuwatl \lxac kuwi:xkuwatl \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of striped snake still not identified \ssa tipo de culebra con rayas, aparentemente llamada chicote en español \sem animal \sem snake \equivo a:kowatl \encyctmp kowatl \xrb kowi:x \xrb kowa \nse Apparently this is the same as Oapan a:kowatl although this should be rechecked. \ref 05622 \lxa kuwi:xtataka \lxac kuwi:xtataka \lxo kowí:xtaká \lxop kowi:xtaka \lxoc kowí:xtaká \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se type of lizard of those categorized as kowi:xin \ss tipo de lagartija de las que se categorizan como kuwi:xin \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb kowi:x \xrb taka \nae The Oapan entry kowí:xtaká seems to manifest reduced reduplication on a preceding long vowel, since in the simple form kowi:xin the vowel is long. The pitch-accent derives from reduplication with coda {h}, lost in Ameyaltepec. \encyctmp hypo-an kowi:xin \cpl This lizard is identified in Ramírez and Dakin (1979) as a chintete. They have it with a short /i/, although /kowi:xin/ has a long one immediately above. \nct kowi:xin \ref 01458 \lxa kuwiya:katl \lxac kuwiya:katl \lxo kóyé:katl \lxoa kóyá:katl \lxoc kóyé:katl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N? \der N-b \pa yes-lex \se type of tree of the Leguminoseae family, as yet unidentified \ss tipo de árbol de la familia Leguminoseae, todavía no identificado \src Luis Lucena \pna Deke me:dioh xok titlakaki, titsatsati, tikonkwis, tiktepa:paxo:s ika tetl dya un ia:yotsi:n tikonchipi:ni:s itik monakas. \pea If you have sort of lost your hearing, you've become hard of hearing, you go get it, you grind up up slowly with a rock and you drip its juice into your ear. \psa Si como has perdido algo de tu capacidad para oir, si ya estás algo sordo, lo vas a traer, lo apachurras con una piedra y te echas su aguita como gotas dentro de las orejas. \src Emiliano Ramírez \pna Deke titoto:nia, mitskukwa motsontekon tikxipe:was ikakawayo kowia:ka:tl, ki:sa we:weyak wa:n pitsa:wak. Timotla:lili:s ipan mi:xkwa:tew, se:wis titoto:nia. \pea If you have fever, your head hurts you, you shave off the bark of the kowia:katl in long, narrow shavings. You place them on your forehead, your fever will subside. \psa Si tienes calentura, te duele la cabeza, cepillas la cáscara del kuwia:katl para que salga virutas largas y angostas. Las pones sobre la frente, se baja tu calentura. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb hya \nse From the name it would seem that the etymology includes the root hya, for foul-smelling objects. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) gloss this as "árbol hediondo" giving an orthography of cuyaca:tl. Ramírez (1991) does not list this tree. I have been unable to find any other reference to this. However, Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:93) have a plant that they described as "papayo cimarrón, palo hediondo, hediondillo" that is identified as family Hernandiaceae and genus-species Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. However, they also have another "palo hediondo" identified as of the family Rutaceae and the genus-species Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. \nct kohtli \qry Recheck spelling of this and /kowiya:wtli/ as to whether it is /kowi/ or /ku/, etc. Also question whether root is actually /kwaw/ which has changed. A good indication might be cognates in other dialects. Recheck vowel length. In one notecard I have recorded that the second /a:/ seems definitely long, i.e. /kowiya:ka:tl/. In this tree and /kowiya:wtli/ check for presence of glide. \ref 02680 \lxa kuwiya:wtli \lxac kuwiya:wtli \lxo koya:htli \lxoc koya:htli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud., tree of the Leguminoseae family \ss Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud., árbol de la familia Leguminoseae \src Luis Lucena \pna Kuwiya:wtli | Bwe:noh para xo:chitl ika tlaxo:chite:malo. No: para tikimpawi:s kimichin, tikonki:xti:s inelwayo, dya tiktepa:paxo:s, tiktexa:xama:nili:s. Dya tika:pacho:s, dya tikontla:li:s tlayo:hli noso tixtli iwa:n tiknelo:s. Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tli:n. Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkó:n tepapa:ya:nemin. Wan seki tikontas notemotso:lolokeh. \pea Kuwiya:wtli : It is good for its flowers, when they are spread on the ground during a ceremony. It is also good for killing mice, you take up its roots and then flatten it with a rock, you crush it with a rock. Then you moisten it with water and put it on maize or masa and you mix it up with it. You place this where they come in so that they eat or drink. You'll find that some have died and others are in a stupor. And some others you'll see that they are just huddled over. \psa Kuwiya:wtli : Es bueno para flores, para cuando las esparcen para una ceremonia. también es bueno para matar a ratoncitos, sacas su raíz y entonces la apachurras con una piedra, la machucas con una piedra. Y entonces lo mojas con agua y lo pones sobre maíz o masa, lo mezclas con él. Lo pones donde entran para que coman o beban. Vas a hallar que algunos murieron y otros nada más están como aletargados. Y algunos los ves y están todo acurrucados. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb ko \xrb ya:w \nae The etymology is not apparent, but perhaps is derived from ko combined with ya:w, with an epenthetic glide /w/, inserted. \cpl According to Emidio Rosendo the kowiya:wtli may occasionally be used for china:ntli. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) give cuya:wtli which they identify as "matarrata" as does Ramírez (1991). Local consultants also gave this identification. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:119) give the matarrata as of the family Leguminosae; faboideae and the genus-species Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Note that the /u/ is syllabic, i.e. it is not /kwiya:wtli/, and thus once I spelled this as /kuiya:wtli/. Another time I had /kowia:wtli/. Both spelling and pronunciation should be checked, particularly the presence or absence of the glide. \grm Tiktla:li:s ka:n kalakin para tlakwan noso a:tlin. 'You will place it down where they [mice] enter so that they eat and drink.' Note how the predicate verb has a nonnspecific object even though the item 'placed down' is specifically referred to in the discourse and the previous predicate, /tiktla:li:s/. In general keep a lookout for such syntax and devote a special chapter in the grammar to the nonspecific markers. \ref 05319 \lxa kuwkakawatl \lxac kuwkakawatl \lxo kohkakawatl \lxoc kohkakawatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \seao bark (of a tree, used to refer to the bark that is scattered on the ground) \ssao cáscara (de un árbol, utilizado para referirse a la cáscara que está regada por el suelo) \se wood shavings (the wood shaved off from planing) \ss virutas de madera (la madera que sale después de aplanarse una tabla de madera) \pna Xpepenati un kuwkakawatl, 'ka tiktlatlati:skeh! \pea Go pick up some wood shavings, we will light them (to start a fire)! \psa ¡Ve a juntar unas virutas de madera, las vamos a quemar (para prender una fogata). \sea type of tree still not collected nor identified \ssa tipo de árbol todavía no colectado ni identificado \pna Kuwkakawatl | Xtlah para, nochipa kipa itlase:wahlo. \pea Kuwkakawatl : It isn't used for anything, it always provides shade. \psa Kuwkakawatl : No se usa para nada, siembra da su sombra. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb kakawa \nse Apparently the meaning as 'wood shavings' is a metaphoric extension from its use to signify 'bark.' \qry Make sure that all uses and meanings above are correct (e.g., as a type of tree, bark in general, and wood shavings. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this tree as the cacahuanache. Neither Ramírez (1991) nor Schoenhals (1988) list this tree. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:95) identify the cacahuananche as of the Chrysobalanaceae family, Licania arborea Seemann. The tree, i.e., as a tree type, was not recognized by Cristino Flores. \nct kohtli \qry Apparently this is the same as the /kakakwana:nchih/. If it is add to the synonym field and xreference. \ref 04513 \lxa kuwkalaktia \lxac kikuwkalaktia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08419 \lxa kuwkamotli \lxac kuwkamotli \lxo kohkámotlí \lxoc kohkámotlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se type of sweet potato with white inside \ss tipo de camote con la fruta blanca \sem plant \sem tuber \sem domesticated \equiva kamotli de pe:pe:to \encyctmp kamotli \xrb kow \xrb kamoh \nse According to Santa Ortiz, this is the same kind of camote as the kamotli de pe:pe:to. \cpl Ramírez (1991) lists kwawkamotli, identified as the huacamote and as a member of the family Euphorbiaceae. \nct kamotli \ref 04786 \lxa kuwkechilia \lxac kikuwkechilia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to prop up with a wooden pole or heavy stick \ss apuntalar con un poste o horcón \xrb kuw \xrb kechi \qry Check and compare valency of /kuwkechilia/ and /tlikechilia/. \ref 07909 \lxa kuwketspalin \lxac kuwketspalin \lxo kohketspalin \lxoc kohketspalin \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \se iguana (the precise species needs to be identified) \ss iguana (falta por determinar la especie precisa) \sem animal \sem lizard \xrb kow \xrb ketspal \ref 02836 \lxa kuwkihli \lxac kuwkihli \lxo kohkihli \lxoc kohkihli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao type of tree still not identified \ssao tipo de árbol todavía no identificado \pna Kuwkihli | Bwe:noh para yugoh, para timó:n, para itlah tli:n sole:rah, tira:ntes ipan kahli. \pea Kuwkihli : It is good for yokes, for plow beams, for whatever main beam or ridge beam used in a house. \psa Kuwkihli : Es bueno para yugos, para timones de arado, para cualquier viga o tirante que se utiliza en las casas. \xrb kow \xrb kil \nct kohtli \ref 00548 \lxa kuwki:xtia \lxac kikuwki:xtia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08032 \lxa kuwmalakatl \lxac kuwmalakatl \lxo komalakatl \lxoc komalakatl \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se thrown stick that spins through the air "head over heels" \ss garrote, palo o trozo aventado que va girando \se (fig.) to fly head over heels (i.e., to fall) \ss (fig.) rodar (en caer) \pna O:niwa:hlah a:sta ke:n kuwmalakatl. \pea I fell (lit. 'came') head over heels (i.e., like a thrown stick). \psa Caí (lit. vine) rodando (esto es, como un palo aventado). \xrb kow \xrb malaka \qry Check both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ to determine whether there really is a difference between the two forms Note that in another entry I have komalakawia, meaning 'to throw a stick (that tumbles through the air) at.' The verbal instrumental with the -wia suffix is clearly a derivation of this present entry, kuhmalakatl. However, the variation of the initial element ko vs. kuh although problematical in one sense, does reveal the historical connection between these two elements. However, in listening to the Oapan form I noted now that there does not seem to be an aspiration between /o/ and /m/; this should be checked. \rt If the evidence shows that both /kuhmalakatl/ and /komalakawia/ are correct, then this evidence of a relationship between /ko-/ and /kuh-/ should be entered into the root dictionary notes. \ref 05010 \lxa kuwma:tli \lxac kuwma:tli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08517 \lxa kuwmatsakahli \lxac kuwmatsakahli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se small teepee-like shelter placed in the fields to shield him from the sun \ss \xrb \pqry Check vl of first /a/. \ref 08527 \lxa kuwmimilohli \lxac kuwmimilohli \lxo ---- \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea round, unplaned log \ssa tronco redondo, no cepillado \pna Tikneki de tlaxi:mahli, noso kuwmimilohli? \pea Do you want wood that has been planed, or just a round log (e.g., to make a sawhorse, banco, etc.)? \psa ¿Quieres madera cepillada, o solamente redonda (p. ej., para hacer un burro, banquito, etc.)? \xrb kow \xrb mil \ref 04143 \lxa kuwmimilte:ka \lxac kikuwmimilte:ka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08569 \lxa kuwmi:na \lxac kuwmi:na \lxo kohmi:niki \lxoc kikohmi:ni \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-3a \seo to prop up with a stick \sso apuntalar con un palo \syna kuwmi:naltia \xrb kow \xrb mi:na \dis kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia \qry Check vowel quality: /koh/ or /kuh/. Determine a standardized expression/orthography. \ref 06613 \lxa kuwmi:naltia \lxac kikuwmi:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to prop up with a stick \ssa apuntalar con un palo \syno kohmi:ni \xrb kow \xrb mina \dis kuhmi:naltia; telkechilia \nae The Ameyaltepec Nahuatl form of this verb comprises a ditransitive causative verb, with "saturating" (valency reducing) noun incorporation. Note that the Oapan cognate apparently has a transitive verb (mi:ni) with a "modifying" (non-valency reducing) noun incorporation. \qry Check transitivity difference in Am and Oa form and make sure the objects of each are the same, i.e., the thing being propped up. \grm Causative: An important question here is the nature of valency change with the causative of /mi:na/. Historically the base verb is a transitive, meaning 'to shoot with an arrow.' In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl the verb /mi:na/ is now used to signify 'to 'shoot' with a type of sorcery' that The object is the thing shot. The possible meaning that a causative of 'to shoot' might have is not immediately clear. It appears that the incorporated noun here is an instrumental, thus it would be unusual (typologically speaking). One might, however, understand how an applicative would be appropriate in this context, an applicative that has the meaning of 'at' (e.g., 'hit X' vs. 'hit at X'), and in this case the change would be 'shoot X with wood' to 'shoot at X with wood.' The applicative would also be understandable give that in propping something up with a stick that is "shot into" the object. In other words, when one props up at falling object with a stick one is more 'shooting at' it than 'shooting it' directly. But if an applicative meaning is understandable, a causative is more difficult to understand. \ref 00908 \lxa kuwmi:naltilia \lxac kikuwmi:naltilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08400 \lxa kuwmi:nilia \lxac kikuwmi:nilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08448 \lxa kuwmisto:n \lxac kuwmisto:n \lxo kohmisto:n \lxoc kohmisto:n \dt 14/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se cacomixtle, Bassariscus astutus \ss gato del monte, Bassariscus astutus \sem animal \sem mammal \cfa tla:lakato:chin \xrb kow \xrb mis \nse In a visit to the New York Museum of Natural History, Cristino Flores identified the exhibit of the cacomistli as the kuwmisto:n. He differentiated this from the tla:lakato:chin and champol (Am), are equivalent and refer to an animal that was identified as a lynx. The identification of the kuwmisto:n as Bassariscus astutus, a member of the Procyonidae (raccoon) family, is based on Leopold (1959:424) who gives "cacomixtle" as another name for this animal. See also \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check length of final /o/ with the entries for /miston/. If I remember correctly I had difficulty determining this length and used the plural form, /-tomeh/ to determine vowel quantity, which I think was long. Check. Note that this is not a 'gato montés' which is /tla:lakato:chin/ (check vowel length). \ref 03496 \lxa kuwnelwatl \lxac kuwnelwatl \lxo kohnelwatl \lxoc kohnelwatl \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se woody root such as that of which emerges from the vine of the peanut \ss raíz leñosa, como la que sale de las ramas del cacahuate \sem plant \sem part \dis nelwatl; kuhnelwatl \xrb kow \xrb nelwa \qry Recheck definition and difference between /nelwatl/ and /kuhnelwatl/. Determine what other plants have this. I had this sentence, but it appears in error and this word only occurs unpossessed, whereas the former is used possessed. However, the latter is used to refer to tree roots; cf. /tsi:nnelwatl/. \ref 05370 \lxa kuwnelwatlan \lxac kuwnelwatlan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08393 \lxa kuwnextli \lxac kuwnextli \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea corn dough (tixtli) that is made by mixing the dough with tenextli and tlikonextli; kuwnextli is used in making the tamals called tamahli de kuwnextli \ssa masa de maíz que se hace mezclándola con tenextli y tlikonextli; kuhnextli se usa para hacer tamahli de kuhnextli \xrb kow \xrb nex \cfa tamahli de kuwnextli \qry Check to make sure that /tenextli/ is mixed with the masa, or simply ashes, /tlikonextli/. Check for possessed forms, both Aln and Intrin \rt Apparently /nex/ no longer occurs as an isolated nominal root (*nextli) although it is so found in classical nahuatl. \ref 00396 \lxa kuwpala:nahli \lxac kuwpala:nahli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08062 \lxa kuwpasohli \lxac kuwpasohli \lxo kóhpasóhli \lxop kohpasohli \lxoc kóhpasóhli \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Op. infix te-; kowtepasohli, kohtépasóhli \infn N1 \se wood washed up in tangled bunches along the river during the rainy season; tangled driftwood \ss madera que durante la temporada de lluvias se junta entrelazada a la orilla de un río \xrb kow \xrb pahsol \qry Apparently intensifier /te/ is here used. Check /pasoltik/, /tepasoltik/, etc. to determine extent of occurrence of /pasol.../ without intensifier. \vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan form and add if here. Add /pa yes field. \ref 01429 \lxa kuwpepena \lxac kuwpepena \lxo kohpépená \lxocpend kohpépená \dt 18/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up firewood scattered on the ground \sso pepenar leña que está regada sobre la tierra \xrb kow \xrb pena \nse This word is rarely used, although it has been recorded. In Oapan, much more common is tlikohpépená or á:tokohpépená. \qry As this word was not recorded, recheck stress pattern as it might be /kóhpepéna/. \ref 07195 \lxa kuwpepenke:tl \lxac kuwpepenke:tl \lxo kohpépenké:tl \lxoc kohpépenké:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \seo person who gathers up firewood scattered on the ground \sso persona que pepena leña que está regada sobre la tierra \xrb kow \xrb pena \qry No documented case of possession; determine whether to include a possessed form, perhaps one could exist. Or, a note in the grammar stating that no effort has been made to obtain all possible terms. \ref 01500 \lxa kuwpistia \lxac kuwpistia \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Trans \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to stiffen or harden (sth whose normal state is not hard and stiff) \ss endurecer; ponerse tieso o duro (algo cuyo estado normal no es tieso ni duro) \se to be set upon by rigor mortis \ss quedar rígido (un cuerpo) por rigidez cadavérica \pna Yo:kuwpistiak, yo:mik. \pea Rigor mortis has set in, he's dead. \psa Se quedó tieso su cuerpo por rigidez cadavérica, ya se murió. \cfa kuwtia \cfa kuwpitsiwi \cfo kohtia \cfo kohpitsiwi \xrb kow \xrb pits \dis kuhpitsiwi \mod Determine the difference between /kuhpitsiwi/ and /kuhpistia/. \nse I have categorized this lexeme as within the paradigm of -ki/ya/lia given the relationship of kihpistik and kuhpistia. \qry Determine whether a transitive exists: ?kuhpistilia. Check to see if /kuhpistia/ is lexically restricted only to rigor mortis or not. Also, determine the difference, in any, between /kuhpistia/ and /kuhpitsiwi/. \ref 03921 \lxa kuwpistik \lxac kuwpistik \lxo kohpistik \lxoc kohpistik \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be stiffened or hardened; to be brittle (e.g., certain types of plastic, tortillas that have become hard, and even clothes that have not been washed for a long time and are stiff from dirt and sweat) \ss ser tieso o duro; ser quebradizo (p. ej., ciertos tipos de plástico, tortillas viejas que se han endurecido, y hasta ropa que por no haber sido lavada por mucho tiempo ha quedado algo tieso por polvo y sudor) \xrb kow \xrb pits \mod Adjectives: get paradigms of plural formations and add a field. \qry The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. \ref 04440 \lxa kuwpitsiwi \lxac kuwpitsiwi \lxo kohpitsiwi \lxoc kohpitsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to harden; to become brittle; to stiffen or become stiff (sth originally soft and bland, that by nature shouldn't harden, like tortillas, or sth that is hard when it shouldn't be, such as cooked beans) \ssao endurecerse; quedarse quebradizo; ponerse tieso (algo originalmente suave y blando que de por si no debe ser duro, como las tortillas, o algo que es duro cuando no debe ser, como frijoles cocidos) \pna Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. \pea The tortillas have started to stiffen, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become stiff and brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). \psa Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse poniéndose tiesas, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). \pna Yo:pe:w kukuwpitsiwi motlaxkal, yaw para kukuwtia. \pea Your tortillas have started to get stiff, they're on their way to becoming hard. \psa Se empezaron a ponerse tieso tus tortillas, ya están para endurecerse. \pna Yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi ke:soh, yo:pe:w wa:ki. \pea The cheese has started to harden, it has started to dry. \psa Ya empezó a endurecerse el queso, ya empezó a secarse. \se to have rigor mortis set in on [S] \ss empezar a quedarse rígido (un cuerpo o persona) por rigidez cadavérica \pna San weyakixtok, peya:siwtok, tikito:s o:kohpitsiw. \pea He's just stretched out, he's just lying flat out straight (in this case a sick person on a bed), you'd think that rigor mortis has set in on him. \psa Está acostado todo estirado, está todo como recto (en este caso una persona enferma sobre una cama), dirías que se quedó tieso por la rigidez cadavérica. \pna Kwa:k timikis, tikuwpitsiwis. \pea When you die, you will get stiff (from rigor mortis). \psa Cuando te mueras, te vas a poner tieso (por la rigidez cadavérica). \xrb kow \xrb pits \subadj tlake:ntli ika mito:nil \subadj tlaxkahli kwak ye wa:ktok \subadj wa:kax deke o:mik ka:n to:na, kohpitsiwi ikweroh \ono tepi:tsiwi \nse The verb kuhpitsiwi is used to refer to the stiffening of tortillas, meat, bread, cheese (because it is getting old, or has been overdone on a fire). It can also be used to refer to the stiffening of a body at death (rigor mortis). Thus it seems clear that kuhpitsiwi refers to something that should be soft, but that hardens or stiffens. In this sense it differs from tepi:tsiwi, which indicates the hardening that affects materials that should be so: ice, mortar, clay, etc. With a human subject kuhpitsiwi can refer to rigor mortis. But it can also be used to refer to a person who is metaphorically "stiff" from clothes that have become covered with dirt. Thus o:nikuhpitsiw, 'I have become stiff,' can refer to the fact that the clothes I am wearing have become covered with dirt from not having been washed for a long time and as a result have stiffened. In Oapan tepi:tsiwi is used for mud that hardens, whereas the hardening of a ceramic bowl is referred to by kohtia or kohpitsiwi. Note that in general it seems that tepi:tsiwi is used for things that should become hard: mortar, cement, mud, etc., whereas kohpitsiwi is used for tortillas, dirty clothes, hair with soap left in it, etc. Kuhtia can also be used for these same situations. \nae The vowel length of kohpitsiwi has been checked several times and been found as indicated. However, tepi:tsiwi, which would seem to have the same root as its head is marked in all contexts with a long vowel. It would appear that the two forms, kohpitsiwi and tepi:tsiwi are related despite the vowel length discrepancy which should, nevertheless, be rechecked. \qry Check respective vowel lengths of /kuhpitsiwi/ and /tepitsi:wi/, although my recording agrees with the information in Karttunen. Check for transitive form. Check to see if reduplicated form /kukuhpitsiwi/ is more common than non-reduplicated form. The first /i/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Cf. and check the correctness of /kukuhpitsiwi/ in entry under /tlatlaka:mihka:ti/; here it refers to things that stayed hard. \mod Note use of /kel a:tl/ here. \qry In one example phrase I had /peya:tsiwtok/, but this has been changed here to /peya:siwtok/, which is probably correct. \ref 00239 \lxa kuwpitso \lxac kuwpitso \lxo kohpitso \lxoc kohpitso \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao wild boar or pig \ssao jabalí \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb kow \xrb pitso \nct yo:lki \ref 00025 \lxa kuwsa:wananakatl \lxac kuwsa:wananakatl \lxo kohsa:wanakatl \lxoc kohsa:wanakatl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infn N1/2; Intrin \se type of fungus or mushroom that grows on the bark of certain trees (not solely the cazahuate) \ss tipo de hongo que crece sobre la cáscara de ciertos árboles (pero no solamente sobre el cazahuate) \pna Tenexkuwsa:watl, san no:hki ke:n kuwsa:watl, no: ki:sa ikuwsa:wananakayo, tekuwsa:wananakatl, we:lik. \pea The Tenexkuwsa:watl is just like the kuwsa:watl, it also gets large fungus on its surface, the tekuwsa:wananakatl, it is tasty. \psa El Tenexkuwsa:watl es lo mismo como el kuwsa:watl, también se le sale un hongo grande, el tekuwsa:wananakatl, es sabroso. \pna Kuwsa:wananakatl | Ipan kuwsa:watl ki:sa, ipan kopalkuwtli, ipan ó:rganoh, ipan tenexkuwsa:watl. Ipan po:cho:tl no: ki:sa, tlachia ke:n kuwsa:wananakatl, pero xwe:lik. \pea Kuwsa:wananakatl : It forms on the kuhsa:watl tree, on the kopalkuwtli, on the ó:rganoh, on the tenexkuwsa:watl tree. It also forms on the po:cho:tl. It looks like kuwsa:wananakatl, but it is not edible. \psa Kuwsa:wananakatl : Sale sobre el árbol llamado kuwsa:watl, el kopalkuwtli, el ó:rganoh, el tenexkuwsa:watl. También sale sobre el po:cho:tl. Se parece al kuwsa:wananakatl, pero no es sabroso. \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \sem plant \sem mush \ono kuhsa:wananakatl \nse Apparently this fungus is so named because it most commonly grows on the kuwsa:watl tree. However, this same word is also used for fungi that grows on other trees and material; cf. i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:a:xi:x burroh and i:kuwsa:wananakayo i:kwitl burroh. For least on one tree on which it grows it also has a specific name, thus one finds tenexkuwsa:wananakatl in Ameyaltepec (though I have not documented this name in Oapan). \nae The vowel length of Oapan kohsa:wanakatl is not completely certain. According to one analysis the final element of this compound noun is nanakatl and then one would expect lengthening of the /a/ of /wa/ to reflect the reduction of the reduplicant to an additional mora (length) on a short vowel. However, the duration increase is not immediately apparent. Thus it might be that Oapan Nahuatl has underlying {kohsa:wa + nakatl} with no reduplicant, and thus no expected "reduction" on a lengthened previous syllable. \qry In one list of plants, that for those that are edible (/tli:n we:lik/) I have included /kuhsa:wananakatl/ although I do not remember that this plant is eaten. This should be checked. \vl Vowel length of /a/ in /wa/ syllable not certain. It seems like it should be long but acoustically does not seem to have long duration. For now it has been recorded as short. \ref 02821 \lxa kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x burroh \lxac kuwsa:wananakatl de ia:xi:x burroh \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan (part) burro \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1(N2-NP) \sea type of small white mushroom the sprouts on the ground after a rain \ssa tipo de pequeño hongo blanco que brota sobre el suelo después de una lluvia \sem plant \sem xiwtli \encyctmp kuhsa:wananakatl and other mushrooms \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \xrb naka \xrb a: \xrb xi:xa \nse This is, apparently, the more correct and complete term for what some Ameyaltepequeños refer to simply as i:a:xi:x burroh. \ref 07936 \lxa kuwsa:watl \lxac kuwsa:watl \lxo kohsa:watl \lxoc kohsa:watl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se generic name for a type of tree, the cazahuate, that includes two types: kuhsa:watl and tenexkuhsa:watl \ss nombre genérico para un tipo de árbol, el cazahuate, que incluye dos tipos: kuhsa:watl y tenexkuhsa:watl \se specific type of cazahuate, known simply as kuhsa:watl; tree of the family Convolvulaceae and genus species Ipomoea pauciflora \ss tipo específico del cazahuate, conocido simplemente como kuhsa:watl; árbol de la familia Convolvulaceae and genus species Ipomoea pauciflora \pna Kuwsa:watl | Xtlah serbi:rowa, san deke timopo:ktla:lili:s. Kana:wak ixiwyo. \pea Kuwsa:watl : It is not good for anything, except if you want to use it to emit smoke around yourself (e.g., to keep mosquitos away while one is sitting). Its leaves are thin. \psa Kuwsa:watl : No sirve para nada, solamente si quieres echarte humo (esto es, para ahuyentar a los mosquitos cuando uno esté sentado). Sus hojas son delgadas. \sem plant \sem kohtli \cfo te:ko:ntlapa:na \xrb kow \xrb sa:wa \cpl According to Roberto Mauricio there are two types of kohsa:watl very similar in appearance and both called by the same name, with no distinguishing clause. One is found in Oapan and the other near Ameyaltepec, with the latter having slightly thicker leaves than the former. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the cuasahuate, as does Ramírez (1991), who identifies it as of the family Convolvulaceae and the genus/species Ipomoea murucoides. Schoenhals (1988) under the name cazahuate mentions: "(Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides) 'morning-glory tree' See palo blanco." Under this entry, she states: "(Ipomoea arborescens, I. murucoides) 'morning-glory tree' The same genus as morning-glories. Large flowers are white. The tree grows in dry areas such as Cuautla. Also called cazahuate, ozote, palo bobo, palo cabra, palo de muerto, palo santo. 2. (Acacia willardiana) '[type of] acacia' Tree has thin, white bark and a hard wood. Found in the coastal mountains of Sonora. 3. (Maytenus phyllantoides) 'Florida mayten' See mangle dulce. 4. (Roseondendron donnell-smithii) 'spring bellos.' See primavera. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have two trees that are relevant, both of the family Convolvulaceae. The first (p. 173) is Ipomoea arborescens, known in Spanish by the names of sacamanteca or cazahuate. The second (p. 174) is the Ipomoea wolvottiana, known in Spanish as cazahuate. According to Lupe Domínguez, the kohsa:watl is considered to te:ko:ntlapa:na because if one grabs its flowers when they have just come into bloom, tiko:ntlapa:nis. However, she did not consider te:ko:ntlapa:na itself to be the name of a plant. \qry Check last name of Lupe, wife of Victorico Jimenez. \nct kohsa:watl; tenexkohsa:watl \nct kohtli; kohsa:watl \nfc xo:chitl \qry Check for the presence of /h/ in the Oapan version, i.e., the possibility that the spelling is /kohsa:watl/. I originally had this without /h/ but have since changed it without checking the recording. \ref 02076 \lxa kuwteki \lxac kuwteki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb kuw \xrb teki \ref 08285 \lxa kuwtekini \lxac kuwtekini \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb kuw \xrb teki \ref 08482 \lxa kuwtekintsi:n \lxac kuwtekintsi:n \lxo kohtekini \lxocpend kohtekini \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni \seao type of insect collected but still not identified \ssao tipo de insecto colectado pero todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \xrb kuw \xrb teki \nse According to Inocencio Díaz the animal he knows is different than the one collected. Instead of being entirely black it is somewhat striped, black and white. \ref 08295 \lxa kuwtekomatl \lxac kuwtekomatl \lxo kohtekomatl \lxoc kohtekomatl \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se tree of the trumpet-creeper family, named Cresentia alata \ss árbol de la familia Bignoniaceae, llamado Cresentia alata \src Pánfilo Lorenzo \pna Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k nopale:wia suwa:tl, koni kuwtekomatl itla:kihlo. Ma poso:ni itik a:tl. Kipale:wi:s suwa:tl deke koni. \pea Kuhtekomatl : When a woman is giving birth, she drinks the fruit of the calabash tree. It should be boiled in water. It will help the woman if she drinks it. \psa Kuhtekomatl : Cuando una mujer está por dar a luz, bebe la fruta del cuatecomate. Se debe hervir en agua. Va a ayudar a la mujer si se la bebe. \src Cristino Flores \pna Kuwtekomatl | Kwa:k tikpia go:lpeh, tla: o:mitswi:sohkeh noso san tewa o:tiwets, wa:n o:mitsaxi:lih itlah tli:non, wel tikoni:s kohtekomatl para ma se:wi, para ma tipati. Tihki:xtili:s de tlaitik itla:kihlo, kipia tli:ltik itik wa:n tihki:xti:s. Itik a:toto:nihli tiktla:li:s, ihkón tikoni:s wa:n tipatis. Xok tikpias go:lpeh, xok mitskoko:s. \pea Kuwtekomatl : When you have a bruise, or you got beaten up, o perhaps you just fell by yourself and something hit you, you can drink [the fruit of] the calabash tree so that it (the bruise and pain) calms down, so that you get better. You will take out what is inside [the fruit], it is black inside and you will take it out. You place it in hot water, you drink just like that and you'll get better. You won't have bruises anymore, it won't hurt anymore.. \psa Kuhtekomatl : Cuando tienes un golpe, o te golpearon o tal vez solamente te caiste por tí solo y te alcanzó algo, bien puedes tomar [la fruta d]el cuatecomate para que se apague, para que te alivies. Le quitas lo que está adentro de su fruta, adentro tiene algo negro. Lo pones en agua caliente, así te lo tomas y te vas a aliviar. Ya no vas a sentir los golpes, ya no te va a doler. \pna Kuwtekomatl | Itla:kihlo para kikokoyo:nian, kitlapahlo:tian para nito:tikeh ia:yekach. Ikuwyo para si:yah. \pea Kuwtekomatl : They perforate its fruit, they paint it, for dancers' rattles. Its wood (is used) for chairs. \psa Kuwtekomatl : Agujerean su fruta, la pintan para las sonajas de los danzantes. Su madera (se usa) para sillas. \pna Kuwtekomatl | Deke o:mitsmak go:lpeh kiposo:nian itikwitl. Tikoni:s. Koni:ltian deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea Kuwtekomatl : If you have gotten bruised, they boil the inside of its fruit. You drink it. They give it to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps. \psa Kuwtekomatl : Si tienes golpes hierven la parte interior de su fruta. Te la bebes. Se lo dan de beber a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-med \xrb kow \xrb tekoma \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the sirián; Ramírez (1991) identifies it as of the family Bignoniaceae and more specifically as Crescentia alata. Schoenhals (1988) does not mention sirián but does have an entry for cuautecomate: "(Crescentia spp., e.g. C. cujete, C. alata) 'gourd tree,' calabash tree' The fruit resembles a large gourd, the dried shell of which is used for containers and bowls called jícaras. The gourds can be trained into different shapes by tying them while still green. Hard shells can be polished. Also called calabazo, cimo, cujete, guaje, güiro, jícaro, morro, tecomate." Guizar and Sánchez (1991:180) mention a tree of the Bignoniaceae family named Crescentia alata, also known in Spanish as cirián or tecomate. \nct kohtli \rt The root /tekoma/ might well be related to /ko:m/, as in /ko:ntli/. Comment on. \ref 01949 \lxa kuwte:nyoh \lxac kuwte:nyoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08195 \lxa kuwtepol \lxac ---- \lxo ---- \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \sea lesbian (lit. 'short-penis') \ssa lesbiana (lit. 'pene-corto') \xrb kow \xrb tepol \nde In Tetelcingo, Morelos, tepolli in compounds means something like short, or stumpy (cf. FK, p. 231). In Ameyaltepec note the use of tepontsi:n to mean short, as in tsi:ntetepontsi:n "short-skirted" and the body part tetepon "knee." According to one consultant, kuhtepol refers to a penis that does not have its sombre:roh, i.e. its "head"; it is like a stump. Note that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, kwa:tepoltik (spelling standardized), means 'sin sombrero, árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' Allegedly, in Ameyaltepec lesbians are referred to by kuhtepol because they are supposed to have a "stumpy" penis that, neverthless (and here, apparently, like a penis), makes them want women. \ref 04439 \lxa kuwtia \lxac kuwtia \lxo kohtia \lxoc kohtia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \se to become stiff or hard (an object or material that had been soft and bland and whose natural state is not hard) \ss endurecerse; ponerse tieso o duro (un objeto o material que había sido blando y suave y cuyo estado natural no es duro) \pna Yo:pe:w kuwtia tlaxkahli, xok yema:nki. Wa:n seki yo:pe:w kuwpitsiwi, ye noka:wtok ke:n tlaxkalsosohli. \pea The tortillas have started to get hard, they are no longer soft. And some have started to become brittle, they are getting like old tortillas (such as those used to make chilaquiles). \psa Las tortillas ya empezaron a ponerse tiesas, ya no están suaves. Algunas ya empezaron a endurecerse, ya se están quedando como tortillas viejas (como las que se emplean para hacer chilaquiles). \pna Yo:kukuwtiak tlaxkahli. \pea The tortillas have gotten hard. \psa Ya se endurecieron las tortillas. \se to become stiff and sore (ones body or muscles, either after heavy exercise or exertion, or after having been in one position for an extended period of time) \ss quedar adolorido y tieso; entumercerse (el cuerpo y músculos después de mucho esfuerzo o estar en una posición por un período prolongado) \pna Yo:nikuwtiak. \pea I've gotten stiff and sore. \psa Ya me quedé adolorido. \xrb kow \xvaa kuwtilia \ono tepi:tsiwi \nse Kuwtia is commonly used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to muscles or body parts that become sore and tense after exercise or heavy work, or from having been in a single position for a long time. It is very common for these body parts to be incorporated to the intransitive verb, e.g., tsi:nkuwtia 'for ones rear end to become stiff and sore (from sitting for an extended period, e.g., in a bus),' or ma:kuwtia 'for ones hand or arm to become stiff and sore (e.g., from chopping wood).' With no incorporated body part, the reference is to the body as a whole. \qry Recheck what items can /kuhtia/. Apparently this is used to refers to objects, such as bread, tortillas, itacates, etc. which should be somewhat soft but which acquire a non-desired state of hardness. I believe that /kuhtia/ is not used to refer to cement, mezcla, etc. i.e. mixtures that should be hard. Check. Note that /tepi:tsiwi/ on the other hand indicates a mortar, etc. which hardens while /kuhtia/ is used to refer to bread, tortillas, etc. which get tough. In the phrase /yo:kukuhtiak tlaxkahli/ determine the meaning of the reduplication. It perhaps refers to pluralization of noncountable objects. But query if the phrase /yo:kuhtiakeh/ or /yo:kukuhtiakeh/ is correct and, if so, the difference in meaning among the three types of reduplication/pluralization. \ref 03122 \lxa kuwtije:ras \lxac kuwtije:ras \lxo kohteje:res \lxoc kohteje:res \dt 12/Jul/2002 \loan (part) tijeras \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \se forked posts that are used to prop up a kasti:yoh \ss horcones bifurcados que se emplean para parar a los castillos de cohetes \equiva tije:ras \xrb kow \ref 06384 \lxa kuwtik \lxac kuwtik \lxo kohtik \lxoc kohtik \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se strong; powerful (a human or animal) \ss fuerte (una persona o animal) \se stiff; sturdy; resistent to physical alteration (an object or material such as cardboard) \ss macizo; difícil de doblar o alterar físicamente (un objeto o materia como cartón) \pna Tiktepa:xo:s, xkuwtik. \pea You will crush it (e.g., a carton box by sitting on it), it is not sturdy. \psa Lo vas a aplastar (p. ej., una caja de cartón al sentarte sobre ello), no está fuerte. \xrb kow \nse In reference to objects, kuhtik refers to something that resists being doubled or bent. For example, it may be used to refer to something like a tough rubbery tube that can't be bent, or a hardened material that is also difficult to manipulate and mold. \ref 04422 \lxa kuwtilia \lxac kikuwtilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to make stiff (particularly a part of the body through overwork or heavy exertion) \ssa entumecer; hacer doler (particularlmente una parte del cuerpo por demasiado trabajo o esfuerzo) \pna Tine:chkuwtilia, ye weka:wtok nika:n te:watokeh. \pea You're making me get stiff, we've been sitting here now for a long time. \psa Ya me hiciste entumecer, ya tenemos buen rato sentados aquí. \sea (refl.) to exert oneself (tensing a particular part of the body) \ssa (refl.) hacer un gran esfuerzo (apretando una parte particular del cuerpo) \pna O:nikakokw tli:n yetí:k, o:nimokuwtilih. \pea I picked up something heavy, I gave it all my force. \psa Alcé algo pesado, me esforcé mucho. \xrb kow \xvba kuwtia \nse When referring to a body part in particular, the body part is often incorporated: o:tine:chma:kuhtilih 'you made me get a sore arm (from overwork).' In Oapan this type of expression would only be used with an incorporated body part. Moreover, with the sense of the Ameyaltepec word, Oapan would use kwalo:tla, but with a body part incorporated: ne:chmá:kwaló:tla or, if walking a long distance: ne:chixí:kwaló:tla (but only from walking). \ref 05685 \lxa kuwtitlantsi:n \lxac \lxacpend *kuwtitlantsi:n \lxo kókotitlántsi:n \lxoc kókotitlántsi:n \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se type of small tree, that is like a rod \ss tipo de arbusto que parece como vara \pna Kuwtitlantsi:n | Kohtsi:ntli, ke:n tlako:tl. \pea The kuwtitlantsi:n : It is a small bush, like a rod. \psa El kuwtitlantsi:n : Es un arbusto, como una vara. \sem plant \sem xiwtli(pend) \xrb kow \xrb tlan \nse The identity of this plant is uncertain. During the September field session none of the consultants (from Oapan, Tetelcingo, and Ameyaltepec) knew of this plant, although there is an agave of similar name. Roberto Mauricio mentioned later that this is like á:tlapántsi:n only with rounder leaves and a green (rather than purple) stem. In the pronunciation of Roberto Mauricio there is no /h/ and there is a pitch accent. Thus the recording needs to be checked. \nae The etymology of this plant is uncertain. Nevertheless, the final element titlantsi:n has been categorized as nominal based on the common process whereby verbal stems are nominalized with -tsi:n. \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry None of the three consultants during the first session of September 2001 knew of this plant. \qry Vowel length has been recheced and all are as recorded here. I have also noted this as /kukuhtitlantsi:n/, so a check should be made as to whether the reduplicated or unreduplicated form is correct. Note that there is a type of maguey called /kukuhtitlantsi:n/. Make list of other types of /tlako:tl/ and perhaps add /tlako:tl/ to /ono section. \ref 01269 \lxa kuwtla:kihlo:tl \lxac kuwtla:kihlo:tl \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \se fruit of a tree (both edible and nonedible) \ss fruta de un árbol (tanto lo que es comestible como lo que no es) \pna Ika nemi, saka kuwtla:kihlo:tl. \pea It sustains itself on it, just on fruit. \psa Vive de eso, solamente de fruta. \syna tla:kihlo:tl \syno tla:kihlo:tl \xrb kow \xrb tla:ki \nse The term kuwtla:kihlo:tl apparently this refers to all fruit, not simply edible fruit. However, it is apparently limited to fruit from trees, not from other plants. \qry Check to see if there is any difference between /tla:kihlo:tl/ and /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/. \grm Note /kuhtla:kihlo:tl/. Here was seems to occur is that a noun that is obligatorily possessed with a /-yo/ marker (used for part/whole relations with plants) can be made into an absolutive with /-tl/. This yields the /-yo:tl/ ending. However, unlike perhaps other cases of /-yo/ this is not obligatorily possessed. Thus there is a difference between regular nouns with /-yo/ (e.g. /tepostli/ and /iteposyo/) and obligatorily possessed nouns that can be possessed or non-possessed. \ref 03297 \lxa kuwtlapextli \lxac kuwtlapextli \lxo ---- \dt 22/Sep/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \sea scaffold, trunks laid flat on supports to help workers reach high places \ssa andamio, ramas o troncos de árboles que se colocan sobre soportes para que los trabajadores pueden alcanzar lugares altos \xrb kow \xrb pech \qry Make sure that possessed form is correct. I have coded this entry as possibly possessed, but it is not yet documented nor checked with a native speaker. \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 02148 \lxa kuwtlate:nyoh \lxac kuwtlate:nyoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08194 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:na \lxac kuwtlatlapa:na \lxo kohtla:tlapa:na \lxoc kohtla:tlapa:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-alt-ni \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seao to chop wood (particularly firewood) \ssao partir madera (particularmente leña) \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nae Apparently because of the nature of the action involved, kuhtlapa:na is often found in reduplicated with a long vowel: kuhtla:tlapa:na. Note that in the Am elicitation session with C. Flores he stated that in Ameyaltepec the form with short vowel reduplication is used. \vl Check vowel length and document in grammar. \grm Reduplication: If the entry for /kuhtla:tlapa:na/ is confirmed (check vowel length for both dialects and make sure that the unreduplicated form is either not used or not very common) this would show how some words have been lexicalized with long vowel reduplication. \ref 00750 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:nahli \lxac kuwtlatlapa:nahli \lxo kohtlatlapa:nahli \lxoc kohtlatlapa:nahli \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1/2 \se split wood (often in reference to firewood) \ss madera partida (a menudo en referencia a leña) \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nae The lack of pitch accent in Oapan kohtlatlapa:nahli implies the lack of coda {h} in the first tla- syllable. This, in turn, suggests that the etymology of this word is that of a N-N compound, in which the second noun is tlatlapa:nahli and the first tla- syllable is the non-specific object marker used in nominalizations of transitive verbs. In this analysis koh- would function as an incorporated nominal root in an attributive function. For this reason the headword has not been coded as having any sort of reduplication. \qry Check whether nonreduplicated ?/kuhtlapa:nahli/ exists. \sj Check for absence of /h/. Cf. Oapan: /kuhtlatlapa:nahli/ \ref 05545 \lxa kuwtlatlapa:nani \lxac kuwtlatlapa:nani \lxo kohtlatlapa:nani \lxoc kohtlatlapa:nani \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \seao person who is particularly adept at splitting wood \ssao persona buena para partir leña \sea (fig:) person who boisterous and has a loud laugh \ssa (fig.) vocinglero y que hace mucho ruido cuando se rie \pna Kuwtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. \pea That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she has a loud voice. \psa Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña su voz muy fuerte. \xrb kow \xrb tlapa: \nse The figurative use of kuwtlatlapana:ni is documented from Ameyaltepec, but might well have been an idiosyncratic and personal use. Cristino Flores, a consultant, has recently (2001) stated that he was unfamiliar with such a meaning. \ref 00395 \lxa kuwtlatlatsi:n \lxac kuwtlatlatsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-perf \infn N1 \sea type of tree, still not identified or collected, perhaps that called mala mujer in Spanish \ssa tipo de árbol, todavía no colectada ni identificada, quizá la que se llama mala mujer \src Luis Lucena \pna Kuwtlatlaktsi:n | Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis. \pea Kuwtlatlatsi:n : If you take the bark off of it don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up. \psa Kuhtlatlatsi:n : Se le quitas la cáscara ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca, se te van a salir granos por las manos. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb kow \xrb tlatla \nse The sap of this tree is said to be dangerous; if one is chopping this wood and sap gets into ones eyes it will blind or hurt one. \cpl Although one speaker gave this tree's name as mala mujer it is not clear that this is correct. Schoenhals (1988) gives a long entry under this name, but the plants listed appear to be small plants and vines, not trees: "1. (Cnidoscolus spp., e.g. C. urens formerly Jatropha urens) 'spurge nettle,' 'tread softly' Rank-growing nettle spurge with large, 5-lobed leaves. Also called chaya, ortiga, ortiguilla. 2. (Toxicodendron radicans) 'poison ivy' Also called árbol de guao, chechén, hiedra venenosa. 3. (Cnidoscolus spp., Urea spp, Urtica spp.) Poisonous vine, shrub, or tree. Also called chichicastle. 4. (Urera caracasana) 'flameberry scatchbush' See mal hombre. 5. (Urtica spp., e.g. U. dioica) 'spurge nettle' See ortiga. 6. (Hibuscus bifurcatus) 'mountain rose mallow' See tulipa de monte." \nct kohtli \qry Although several consultants mentioned that mala mujer is a tree, Schoenhals lists it as a nettle. Perhaps there are two plants by this name, one a herbaceous plant and the other. Check to determine if /chichikastli/ is a regional name for a plant. One consultant, Costa Venancio, mentioned: /Se kuhtsi:ntli kitowan deke tihki:tskia timoka:was siegi:toh/ 'It is a small tree that supposedly if you grab it you will wind up blind.' \ref 03541 \lxa kuwtlatlika:wahli \lxac kuwtlatlika:wahli \lxo kohtlatlika:wahli \lxoc kohtlatlika:wahli \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo firewood that is partially burned \sso leña que está parcialmente quemada \equivo tlatlika:wahli \xrb kow \xrb tli \xrb ka:wa \ref 06398 \lxa kuwtli \lxac kuwtli \lxo kohtli \lxoc kohtli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \infv -w/yo \se (never possessed) tree \ss (nunca poseído) árbol \se wood \ss madera \pna Ne:si mocha:n nokalti:lo puro de kuwtli. \pea It seems that in your country people build houses just of wood. \psa Parece que en tu país las casas se construyen solamente de madera. \se (intrinsic possession) wood (of a tree [marked as possessor]) \ss (posesión intrínseca) madera (de un árbol [señalado como poseedor]) \pna I:kuwyo para tlikuwtli deke yo:wa:k. \pea Its wood is for firewood if it has dried. \psa Su madera es para leña si ya se secó. \se (intrinsic possession) wooden shaft; pole; or handle of ([possessor], e.g., a tool) \ss (posesión intrínseca) vara o manga de madera de ([poseedor], p. ej., una herramienta) \pna To:ko:ni, ikuwyo mowitso:k noso moespá:tulah. \pea A to:ko:ni, it is the shaft of your witso:ktli or your espá:tulah. \psa Un to:ko:ni, es la vara de tu witso:ktli o de tu espá:tulah. \se (vulg.; alienable possession) penis (of [possessor]) \ss (vulg.; posesión enajenable) pene (del [poseedor]) \pna Wa:lne:stok ikuw! \pea His penis is visible! \psa ¡Se está asomando su pene! \xrb kow \cfa ara:doh de kohtli \nse When possessed, kohtli refers to the penis. With the meaning of "wood" or "tree" it can never be inalienably possessed. Certain trees may be owned, but the possession is refered to directly by the tree's name, e.g., nowa:x 'my guaje or indirectly, ma:ka tiktsontekis on kohtli de newa 'don't chop down that tree of mine.' In general few types of trees are capable of being owned; ownership of trees is generally limited to fruit-bearing trees that must be cared for (e.g., a guaje that comes up in ones field and that one must avoid plowing over when it is young). Note, finally, that wood that is a part (in a part/whole relation) of something can be possessed, but this possession is always marked as intrinsic (e.g., i:kowyo mowitso:k). \qry Check whether forms such as /tepe:wa:xkuhtli/ refer to the /tepe:wa:xin/ tree, or to the wood of the /tepe:wa:xin/, i.e., tepeguaje wood. Whatever the answer is, correct all dictionary entries to reflect this. Check best way to represent /i:kow/? as such or with final /h/. \grm Possession: note that /kuhtli/ can either be possessed (as penis), unpossessed (analytically expressed possession) as 'wood,' or intrinsically possessed as 'handle of'. Note that the only type of possession that is intrinsically possessed is that of the part/whole relationship (i.e., part of a tool). \ref 05163 \lxa kuwtsi:katl \lxac kuwtsi:katl \lxo kohtsi:katl \lxoc kohtsi:katl \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of biting ant, collected but not yet identified, of those known as tsi:katl; it is half black and somewhat red on its underbelly, and lives in wood, especially firewood \ss tipo de hormiga, colectado pero no identificado, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl, que muerde; es negro con algo rojizo por su parte medio inferior, vive en madera, particularmente leña \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb kow \xrb tsi:ka \nse It lives in wood, often in ista:kwistli, tlakwa:mpets, tepe:mi:skitl and many other types of trees. \ref 06051 \lxa kuwtsi:katlan \lxac kuwtsi:katlan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der \se \ss \xrb kuw \xrb tsi:ka \xrl -tlan \ref 08216 \lxa kuwtsontetl \lxac kuwtsontetl \lxo kohtsontetl \lxoc kohtsontetl \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea tree stump (Oapan synonym: kohtetepontli) \ssa tocón (sinónimo de Oapan: kohtetepontli) \se one who borrows sth and sits on it, not returning it \ss uno que pide algo prestado y se queda con ello, no regresándolo prontamente \pna Tikuwtsontetl pa:mpa xniman o:tihka:wato. \pea You are a "tree stump" because you didn't go return it right away. \psa Eres un "tocón" porque no lo fuiste a devolver luego luego. \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb te \qry On one file card I recorded that /kohtsontetl/ can also be used to refer to a trunk of a tree that is lying on the ground. Check. \ref 02897 \lxa kuwtsotsoyoktli \lxac kuwtsotsoyoktli \lxo ---- \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-? \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea sap of firewood that seeps out when it is burning \ssa savia de leña que fluye y sale cuando se está quemando \sem plant ant-part \xrb kow \xrb tso \nse In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood as it is burning the verb a:yo:ki:sa is used, with the firewood as subject, e.g., a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli. \nae The etymology of kuhtsotsotl is not clear, but the final sequence may be related to tsotl, which enters into various words having to do with the sap or resin of trees (e.g., Molina has quauhocotzotl as 'resina de árbol'). Whether the Ameyaltepec -tsotsoktli is a deverbal noun or not is also not clear, although the form seems similar to that of words like poposoktli. \nde In Oapan when sap runs out of firewood being burnt the verb a:yo:ki:sa is used (e.g., a:yo:ki:sa tlikuhtli). \ref 02345 \lxa kuwwia \lxac kikuwwia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb kuw \pqry Check for the best orthography for this form and the precise acoustic characteristics of the /ww/ sequence. \ref 08076 \lxa kuwxi:ma \lxac kuwxi:ma \lxo kohxi:ma \lxoc kohxi:ma \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \com N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to plane wood \ss cepillar madera \se to work or carve wood \ss trabajar o labrar madera \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \ref 05503 \lxa kuwxi:mahli \lxac kuwxi:mahli \lxo kohxi:mahli \lxoc kohxi:mahli \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \seo wood shaving(s) (Ameyaltepec equivalent: kuwxi:ntli) \sso viruta(s) de madera (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: kuwxi:ntli) \seao (rare in Am) wood that has been planed (Ameyaltepec equivalent: tlaxi:mahli) \ssao (raro en Am) madera cepillada (equivalente en Ameyaltepec: tlaxi:mahli) \xrb kow \xrb xi:m \nse Both definitions were given by Oapan consultants and it remains to be checked whether both are indeed correct. The Ameyaltepec equivalents for each aceptation are given in parentheses in the sense definition. \qry Check meaning of this Oapan word as in another entry I had this as meaning 'wood that has been planed (see tlaxi:mahli)' ; madera cepillada (véase tlaxi:mahli) \ref 06300 \lxa kuwxi:nke:tl \lxac kuwxi:nke:tl \lxo kohxi:nke:tl \lxoc kohxi:nke:tl \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \se carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.) \ss carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.) \equiva kuwxi:nki \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \vl There are additional tokens of this word at 04332. \ref 03623 \lxa kuwxi:nki \lxac kuwxi:nki \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \se carpinter; one who carves wooden tools (making yokes, wooden gates, sawhorses for beds, parts of plows, etc.) \ss carpintero, persona que talla madera (haciendo yugos, bancos para sostener camas, timones de arados, etc.) \equiva kuwxi:nke:tl \equivo kohxi:nke:tl \xrb kow \xrb xi:ma \vl Note that the Oapan words here should be tagged as additional tokens of 3623. \ref 04332 \lxa kuwxi:ntli \lxac kuwxi:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \se wood shaving(s) \ss viruta(s) de madera \equivo kohxi:mahli \xrb kow \xrb xi:m \grm Nominalization; deverbal nouns: Note that scholars often talk of two types of verbal nouns, those derived from the shortened (perfective) stem (such as Am /kuhxi:ntli/ and those derived from a "passive" formation (e.g., Oapan /kohxi:mahli/). The fact that two neighboring villages each use a noun from a different derivational process with the same referent belies the suggestion that the two processes have distinct semantic correlates/implications. \ref 04161 \lxa kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxac kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxo kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se Pseudosmodingium perniciosum (Kunth) Engl., type of cuajiote tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ss Pseudosmodingium perniciosum (Kunth) Engl., tipo de cuajiote de la familia Anacardiaceae \pna Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl | Bwe:noh para komaxahli, kipia iyo:l. \pea Kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl : It is good for horcones, it has heartwood (and is hard). \psa Es (el kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl) bueno para horcones, it has heartwood (and is hard). \sem plant \sem kowtli (pending) \equiva kuexyio:tl chi:chi:ltik \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb pa:lo: \nae Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason should not be considered a short vowel. However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically long, pending further analysis. \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \nct kohtli \qry I have also recorded /kuhxio:pa:pa:lo:tl/, check. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in all forms. Cf. my notes in 2554, where I suggest that I heard a short /o/ in /kohxiotl/. Here too, the vowel appears to be short in the Oapan case. This should be checked here as well as elsehwere. There are four extra tokens of this word at 4478; they should be tagged with 3743 as this latter entry has been eliminated. Perhaps link the later tokens, since the recording might be better. \grm Oapan phonology: vowel length: Acoustically the middle /o:/ of Oapan Nahuatl kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl has a very short duration and perhaps for this reason should not be considered a short vowel. However, since no general rule for shortening has been discovered in this phonological context it has been left orthographically long, pending further analysis. \ref 03743 \lxa kuwxio:tl \lxac kuwxio:tl \lxo kohxiotl \lxoc kohxiotl \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se generic name for a type of tree, the cuajiote, of which there are apparently 6 types \ss nombre genérico para un tipo de árbol, el cuajiote, del cual hay aparentemente 6 tipos \pna Yema:nki, bwe:noh para kwexomatl, para tikikxiti:s pa:n. \pea It (the kuwxio:tl) is soft, it is good to make trays, for baking bread. \psa Es (el kuwxio:tl) blando, es bueno para hacer bateas, para cocer pan. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb xi \encyctmp kuhxio:tl \qry Check for others and recheck to make sure that the /kuhxio:tl/ is not only the generic name but a specific type as well. The vowel length has to be carefully checked. I perceived the final vowel as short during the recording. I have not changed this pending a check with the program and precise measurements. Cf. also to /kuhxio:tl/ in other contexts. Also, check the presence of /h/ as indicated in the orthography. The utterance of this word is in the phonetics directory. \cpl This refers to a group of trees as well as a specific type within this group. Three types of cuajiote identified so far are kuhxio:tl; kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl, also known as kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik; and kuhxio:tl de un istá:k or /istá:k kuhxio:tl. It may also be used to fire ceramics in the absence of cow dung. The kuhxio:tl is commonly used to make kwexomameh, although according to Emigdio Rosendo kopalchi:noh may also be used. Ramírez (1991) has no tree listed as kuhxio:tl. Schoenhals (1988) under cuajiote colorado states: "(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal. Then, under copal: ""(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activties. Branches are used for fence posts since plantngs will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote." Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have several trees whose Spanish name is or includes cuajiote; all are in the family Burseraceae: 1) Bursera aptera known as the cuajiote amarillo or cuachitlal; 2) Bursera bicolor known as tecomate, cuajiote, tecomaca, or marqueto; 3) Bursera fagaroides known as cuajiote blanco; and 4) Bursera lancifolia known as cuajiote; and 5) Bursera longipes known as cuajiote rojo. \nct kohtli \nfe There are apparently 5 types of kuhxio:tl. The first is called ka:kawana:n>. Its wood is used for kwexomatl. In Ameyaltepec Cristino Flores called this kuhxio:tl para kwexomatl. The second is called kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik. In Oapan this is also called tsi:kapakohtli. The third type is called kuhxio:tl pa:pa:lo:tl. Finally there are, according to Asención Marcelo of San Juan, two types of kuhxio:tl ista:k. One has smooth bark; the other also has white wood but has sap that forms hard balls of resin: kipia i:a:xi:xmi:skiyo. See notes under specimen #97; it might be that these are the same tree at different stages. \rt As to the etymology of kuhxio:tl and the root xi, there are many words which have the element /xi:/ or /xi/ and that refer to peeling actions: /xi:pe:wa/, /xi:ma/, /xiti:ni/, etc. Check for and mention possible connections. \ref 02554 \lxa kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik \lxac kuwxio:tl chi:chi:ltik \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea Pseudosmodingium perniciosum (Kunth) Engl., type of cuajiote tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ssa Pseudosmodingium perniciosum (Kunth) Engl., tipo de cuajiote de la familia Anacardiaceaetype of cuajiote tree \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva kuwxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \equivo kohxio:pa:pa:lo:tl \encyctmp kohxio:tl \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb pa:lo: \xrb chi:l \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb chi:l \cpl Schoenhals (1988) mentions the cuajiote colorado, which may well be the plant here in question. Of it: "(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' See copal." And under copal, she mentions: "(Bursera spp., e.g., B. excelsa, B. Simaruba, B. bipinnata) 'copal tree,' bursera,' 'gumbo-limbo.' Tree has a red bark and edible fruit. Incense from the dried sap is used in religious activities. Branches are used for fence posts since plantings will sprout. Also called cuajiote colorado, indio desnudo, jiote, mulato, palo mulato, papelillo, torote Guizar and Sánchez (1991) have a long list of Bursera including Bursera longipes, which is known as cuajiote rojo and is perhaps the tree called kuhxio:tl chi:chi:ltik. See entry under kuhxio:tl. \nct kohtli \ref 05413 \lxa kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh \lxac kuwxio:tl de kwexonte:roh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08093 \lxa kuwxio:tl istá:k \lxaa kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \lxac kuwxio:tl de un istá:k \lxo ista:h kohxio:tl \lxoc ista:h kohxio:tl \lxt kohxio:tl ista:k \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao type of cuajiote tree \ssao tipo de cuajiote \pna Istá:k kuwxio:tl | Xma:s kanah serbi:rowa, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pa:n. \pea Istá:k kuwxio:tl : It can't be used for much, [but] it's good for baking bread. \psa Istá:k kuwxio:tl : No sirve para mucho, [pero] es bueno para cocer pan. \pna Istá:k kuwxio:tl | A:ntes nokwiyan ikopahlo, ia:xi:xmi:kiyo kohxio:tl de un istá:k para ika kipawia:yan michimeh. Kixi:nian itik a:tl, pe:wa kikoxo:nian ka:n wekatlan, pe:wa ki:san un michin ke:n papa:ya:tsitsi:nteh. \pea Istá:k kuhxio:tl : In the past the resin, the sap of the istá:k kuhxio:tl was used to poison fish. They sprinkle it in the water, they begin to stir it around where the water is deep, the fish start to come up to the surface like they were reeling and dizzy. \psa Istá:k kuhxio:tl : Antes la savia, la resina del istá:k kuhxio:tl se usaba para envenonar peces. Lo rocían en el agua, empiezan a batirla en un lugar profundo, empiezan a salir los peces a la superficie como atarantados. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb kow \xrb xi \xrb sta \sem plant \sem kohtli \syna istá:k kohxio:tl \syno kohxio:tl ista:k \cpl Guizar and Sánchez (1991) mention a Bursera called Bursera fagaroides, which in Spanish is known as cuajiote blanco. This is perhaps the kuhxio:tl de un istá:k. See entry under kuhxio:tl for a more complete account. According to Asunción Marcelo there are two types of this tree. One has smooth bark; the other has sap that hardens into resinous balls. Both have white wood. They are found in a place called Tepe:kwa:tsotsoltsi:n. \nct kohtli; kohxio:tl \qry Recheck Yale tape. I originally had /istá:k kuhxio:tl/, which I have changed after the workshop to /ista:h kohxio:tl/, removing the final stress of the first word, changing /k/ to /h/, and changing /u/ to /o/. \ref 00590 \lxa kuwxio:yoh \lxac kuwxio:yoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08520 \lxa kuwxiwtlan \lxac kuwxiwtlan \lxo kohxihyoh \lxoc kohxihyoh \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \com N-N \der N-loc-1 \se place with many bushes or shrubs \ss lugar con muchos matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \xrl -tlan \ref 02431 \lxa kuwxiwtlan \lxac kuwxiwtlan \lxo ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area) \ssao estar (una área) llena de matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \ref 07817 \lxa kuwxiwtli \lxac kuwxiwtli \lxo kohxihtli \lxoc kohxihtli \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \se bush or shrub of the family Malpighiaceae and genus, species Callaeum coactum \ss mata o arbusto de la familia Malpighiaceae y el genero y especie Callaeum coactum \pna O:pe:w kitetewia kuwxiwtli. \pea It (in this case a young bull, playfully) has started to attack a kuhxiwtli with its horns. \psa Empezó (en este caso al jugar un joven toro) a atacar un kuhxiwtli con sus cuernos. \xrb kow \xrb xiw \dis kuhtli; kuhtsi:ntli; kuhxiwtli \qry The distinction between /kuhtsi:ntli/ and /kuhsiwtli/ is not altogether clear. Perhaps the best way to determine the variation is to ask speakers to group plants by each. However, note that I have only one instance of the use of /kuhxiwtli/, in the example phrase given above. In one note I recorded that /kuhxiwtli/ is said of certain trees that one has cut down and then sprout up again where they had been. Check whether this is another definition, or whether it only refers to the specific tree/bush of the genus species Callaeum coactum already noted. \ref 07348 \lxa kuwxiwyoh \lxac kuwxiwyoh \lxo kohxihyoh \lxoc kohxihyoh \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be filled with bushes or shrubs (an area) \ssao estar (una área) llena de matas y arbustos \xrb kow \xrb xiw \ref 00776 \lxa kuwxoxoktli \lxac kuwxoxoktli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \se Parkinsonia praecox ( Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, tree of the Leguminoseae family, characterized by its green bark and apparently called paloverde in Spanish \ss Parkinsonia praecox ( Ruiz et Pav.) Hawkins, árbol de la familia Leguminoseae caracterizado por su cáscara verde y aparentemente llamado 'palo verde' en español \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kwa:xohtli \xrb kow \xrb xo \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this trees as "palo verde" but gives no further identification. However, Schoenhals (1988) does discuss the palo verde: "(Cercidium spp., e.g., C. praecox, C. microphyllum) 'paloverde,' 'foothill paloverde,' 'yellow paloverde' Low spiny, deciduous tree in central, arid areas. Has 4-10 pairs of yellowish-grean leaflets per side of the branch. Pale green bark and yellow flowers. Also called palo brea. 2. (Cercidium floridum) 'blue paloverde' Similar to the foothil paloverde but has a bluish bark and bluish-green leftlets. Has 1-4 pairs of leaflets per side of this branch. Blooms earlier than the foothill paloverde. Flowers appear in masses covering the tree. 3. (Parkinsonia aculeata) 'yello paloverde,' Jerusalem thorn,' 'Mexican paloverde' Yellowish-green twigs and yellow flowers. Also called bagota, espinillo, mezquite verde, retama." Guizar and Sánchez (1991) describe the retama, or Parkinsonia aculeata. It does not seem to correspond to the kuhxoxoktli. \nct kohtli \ref 07692 \lxa kuwyoh \lxac kuwyoh \lxo kowyoh \lxoc kowyoh \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \se (i:tik ~) woods; forest (lit., 'in an area full or covered with trees) \ss (i:tik ~) bosque; selva (lit., 'en una área cubierta de árboles) \pna I:tik kowyoh nemi. \pea It lives in the woods (i.e., in the wild). \psa Vive en el bosque (esto es, es silvestre). \pna I:tik kowyoh cha:ntilo, ipan tepe:tl. \pea People live in the woods, in the hills (or mountains). \psa Gente vive en el bosque, en los cerros (o montañas). \xrb kow \qry Check the correctness of /mlá:k kowyoh/ 'there are a real lot of trees' or /kuhioh/ as an adjective describing a location. \ref 00960 \lxa kuwyo:lki \lxac kuwyo:lki \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1; pl. kuwyo:lka:meh \sea wild animal (any wild animal, tiger, wolf, deer, coyote, tejón, that lives i:tik kuwyoh 'in the woods or forest') \ssa animal silvestre (cualquier animal, tigre, lobo, venado, coyote, tejón, que vive i:tik kuwyoh 'en el bosque') \sem animal \sem cat \equivo tepe:yo:lki \xrb kow \xrb yo:l \ref 01975 \lxa kuwyo:tia \lxac kikuwyo:tia \lxo kohyo:tia \lxoc kikohyo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \se to place a wooden handle on (e.g., on an axe, pick, hammer, planting stick, etc.) \ss ponerle una manga de madera a (p. ej., a una hacha, pico, martillo, coa, etc.) \xrb kow \nse Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm -h/wa/tia (e.g., a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia) since one finds kuwtli, kuwyoh, kuwyowa, kuwyo:tia, the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as a:skayo:tia means 'to allow (sth) to get covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive a:skayowa, the transitive verb kuwyo:tia is not a causativized or transitivized version of kuwyowa, but rather has a different meaning, relating to kuwyo, the 'inalienably possessed' form of kuwtli. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as kaltia, meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, kuwyotia is 'to provide with a kuwyo,' i.e. to provide with an intrinsically possessed piece of wood (that is the "part" of a part/whole relation): a handle. \grm Although formally this transitive verb seems to be of the paradigm -h/wa/tia (e.g., a:skatl, a:skayowa, a:skayo:tia) since one finds kuhtli, kuhioh, kuhyowa, kuhyo:tia, the meaning of the present entry is not 'to make woody' (as a:skayo:tia means 'to make covered with ants' and can be understood as a causative of the intransitive a:skayowa, the transitive verb kuhyo:tia is not a causativized or transitivized version of kuhyowa, but rather has a different meaning, relating to kuhyo, the 'inalienably possessed' form of kuhtli. The meaning is thus parallel to that of denominal verbs such as kaltia, meaning 'to provide with a house.' In this acceptation, kuhyotia is 'to provide with a kuhyo,' i.e. to provide with an inalienably possessed piece of wood: a handle. \ref 03179 \lxa kuwyowa \lxac kuwyowa \lxo kohyowa \lxoc kohyowa \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting) \sso volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra) \syna mo:nteyowa \qry Check for transitive form \ref 06273 \lxa kwa \lxac kikwa \lxo kwa \lxoc kikwa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to eat \ss comer \pna Ke:n titlakwa:ni, we:i tihkwa! \pea How big an eater you are, you eat a lot! \psa ¡Qué comelón eres, comes mucho! \pna Xok tlakwa, yo:tlanaw. \pea He doesn't eat anymore, he is in a grave state. \psa Ya no come, está grave. \se to bite \ss morder \pna O:ne:chkwah motskwin. \pea Your dog bit me. \psa Tu perro me mordió. \pna O:nimokwah. \pea I bit myself (my tongue or lip). \psa Me mordí (el labio o lengua). \se to sting (certain insects and other animals, e.g., bees, wasps, scorpions, etc., and certain plants with small fuzzy thorns) \ss picar (algunos insectos y otros animalitos, p. ej., abejas, avispas, alacranes, etc., y ciertas plantas cubiertas con púas pequeñas) \pna Mitskwa:s ke:n tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n \pea It (in this case the te:kwa:nxiwtli) will sting you like a tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n. \psa Te va a picar (en este caso el te:kwa:nxiwtli) como un tla:lpa:ya:tsi:n. \se (wel ~) to like the taste of \ss (wel ~) gustar el sabor de \pna Xwel kikwa. \pea He can't eat it (in the sense of not being accustomed to the type of food). \psa No lo puede comer (en el sentido de no estar acostumbrado a comer ese tipo de comida) \se to burn the skin or surface of (the sun, acid or any similar substance) \ss quemar la piel o superficie de (el sol, ácido u otra substancia parecida) \pna O:nima:xixio:t, o:ne:chkwah to:nahli. \pea My arm peeled, I got burnt by the sun. \psa Se me peló el brazo, me quemó el sol. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to chew; to gnaw; to nibble on (the intensifier te- is acceptable here; for indefinite null complement, see tlakukwa) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) masticar; roer (el intensificador te- aquí es aceptable; para complemento nulo indefinido, véase tlakukwa) \pna Kikukwatok kupahli. \pea He is chewing gum. \psa Está masticando chicle. \pna ¡Ma:s san un chi:lxoxo:hki, xtekukwa! \pea Even though it's just that green chile, nibble on it! \psa ¡Aunque sea nada más ese chile verde, másticalo! \se (with long vowel reduplication) (for scissors, or similar tools) to fail to cut (but simply to "bite down" on the material) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) no poder cortar (tijeras o herramientas parecidas, pero simplemente abrir y cerrar sobre el material) \pna San kikwa:kwa tlake:ntli, xoh kiteki. \pea It (in this case scissors) just bites down on the cloth, it doesn't cut it anymore. \psa Nada más (en este caso tijeras) muerden la tela, ya no la cortan. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to scar or mark up \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) picar o cicatrizar \pna Chachakwa:toh, o:kikwa:kwah tso:tso:tl. \pea He has a pock marked face, sores left it scarred up in places (e.g., from a very bad case of acne). \psa Es cacarizo, su piel se picó por los granos (p. ej., tiene acné). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to open and close on top of; to move up and down on, or side to side against \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) abrir y cerrar sobre; mover para arriba y abajo contra; o de lado a lado contra \pna Yo:kaxa:n noburrosi:yah, san tlakwa:kwatok, mlá yo:kaxa:n, ne:chkwa:kwa. \pea My burro's saddle has become loose, it is moving up and down (i.e., opening up and away, then closing, from the animal's body). It's really loosened up, it pinches me (as it moves up and down, i.e., nopan notekwaltia). \psa La silla de mi burro ya se aflojó, se mueve de un lado a otro (esto es, abriendo y cerrando un espacio entre ella y el cuerpo del animal). De veras está flojo, me pellizca (mientras se mueve de un lado a otro, esto es, nopan notekwaltia). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to bark at (a dog [S]) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ladrar a (un perro [S]) \pna Kwa:k yekah panowa, pe:wa tlakwa:kwan, kikwa:kwan. \pea When someone passes by they (dogs) begin to bark, they bark at him. \psa Cuando alguien pasa, ellos (los perros) empiezan a ladrar, le ladran. \se (nokwa to:nahli) for there to be a solar eclipse \ss (nokwa to:nahli) haber un eclipse solar \pna Nokwa:s to:nahli. \pea There will be a solar eclipse. \psa Va a haber un eclipse solar. \se (nokwa me:stli) for there to be a lunar eclipse \ss (nokwa me:stlii) haber un eclipse lunar \pna Nokwa:s me:stli. \pea There will be a lunar eclipse. \psa Va a haber un eclipse lunar. \xrb kwa \xvao kwa:lia \xvcao kwaltia \xvcapao kwaltilia \xv1a tlakwa; tlakukwa; tlakwa:kwa \xv1o tlakwa; tlá:kwá; tlakwa:kwa \cfa tekwa \nse The word tlakukwa meaning 'to graze' is used to refer to a pasturing animal that is eating where there is wild grass or bush (i.e., it is xiwioh, 'covered with grass' or sakayoh 'covered with zacate'). However, if the animal enters into a planted corn field that has not been harvested, the form tlakwa 'to eat' is used. Thus the difference between kukwa and kwa in regards to animals concerns not so much the action of eating itself, but the material eaten. With forms such as tlakwa:kwa in relation to an animal opening and closing its mouth, I have been told that only the female donkey does this not, for example, the cow. Nevertheless, the same long vowel reduplication can be used to indicate a dog barking or people yelling. Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa, with the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common tlakwa:kwa, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. \qry Re: solar eclipse cf. Flk 1984-05-13.2 I have recorded that a partial eclipse is indicated by /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n sitlalin/ whereas a total solar eclipse is /nokwa to:nahli iwa:n me:stli/. However, this should be checked. \qry Re: /tekukwa/. It is not clear whether /tekukwa/ is semantically distinct from /kukwa/, however, it may well be. I have understood /kukwa/ to mean to chew or masticate (i.e. gum, a cow on its cud, etc.) whereas /tekukwa/ has more the sense of 'nibble'. However, this should be checked. When I asked about /tekukwa/ one person said it is used to refer to the action of nibbling on chile verd, e.g. with one's tortilla if there is no chile sauce. One person state taht this verb form /-tekukwa/ could also be used to refer to the eating of green mangos. Check other meanings and decide whether it should be given a separate entry given that unlike other uses (optional) of the intensifier /te/ (e.g. /(te)koto:ni/) in which the semantics do not change much, here they appear quite different between /-kukwa/ and /- tekukwa/. NOTE: I have decided to give a separate entry under /tekwa/ meaning 'to pinch or catch something between two things' and thus perhaps /-tekukwa/ should be placed under /tekwa/. \qry Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa, with the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common tlakwa:kwa, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. This should be checked. \grm Finally, according to don Luis Lucena, tla:tlakwa, with the long vowel reduplication on tla- is the equivalent of the more common tlakwa:kwa, with the long vowel reduplication on the stem. Both mean (or can mean) 'to bark' If this is true, then record in the grammar in regards to reduplication. \ref 02034 \lxa kwa:- \lxac ---- \lxo kwa:- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \seao semantic element meaning 'head' that is found only in compounds; it can be compounded with nouns (e.g., kwa:xikipi:hli), with adjectives (e.g., kwa:pestik), or verbs (kwa:temotla). With nouns it is usually a term modifier, with adjectives it is a noun phrase head, and with verbs it is a predicate modifier or locative \ssao elemento semántico que significa 'head' que se encuentra solamente en palabras compuestas; puede encontrarse con sustantivos (p. ej., kwa:xikipi:hli), con adjectivos (p. ej., kwa:pestik), o verbos (kwa:temotla). Con sustantivos generalmente es un modificador del término, con adjectivos encabeza una frase nominal, y con verbos funciona para modificar el predicado \xrb kwa: \ref 07522 \lxa kwa:chakwa:nia \lxac kikwa:chakwa:nia \lxo kwa:techakwa:nia \lxoc kikwa:techakwa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix te- (Am) kwa:techakwa:nia; Lex. infix te-(Oa) \infv class-2a \se to hit on the head (particularly on the side) \ss golpear en la cabeza (particularmente por el lado) \pna Kikwa:chakwa:nitokeh mokone:w. \pea They are hitting your child on the side of the head (i.e., holding the side of his head and lightly pounding on it with their fists). \psa Le están golpeando a tu niño por el lado de la cabeza (esto es, agarrándole la cabeza y ligeramente golpeándola con sus puños). \se (~ i:pan [noun]) to bang or hit the head of against [noun] \ss (~ i:pan [sustantivo]) golper la cabeza contra [sustantivo] \pna Timitskwa:chakwa:ni:s ipan tla:hli. \pea I will bang your head against the ground (e.g., holding you by your hair and hitting your head against the ground). \psa Te voy a golpear la cabeza contra el suelo (p. ej., agarrándotela por el cabello y golpeándola contra el suelo). \se (repr.) to butt heads (e.g., animals in fighting) \ss (repr.); embestirse (p. ej., animales al pelear); darse cabetazos o topetazos \pna Nokwa:chakwa:nian to:ros kwa:k nomailian. \pea When bulls fight they butt their heads together. \psa Cuando se pelean, los toros se embisten. \pna O:nokwa:techakwa:nikeh. \pea They butted (or banged) their heads together. \psa Se dieron cabetazos, uno contra el otro. \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb chakwa: \qry Check for how verb should be categorized, as a cognate with /-ni(a)/ lacking the intransitive, or as a basic verb. Check for use of /te-/ which is common in such verbs, i.e., /kwa:techakwa:nia/. Check for intransitive since I do have /tsi:nchakwa:ni/ recorded as a lexeme. \ref 02005 \lxa kwa:chia:wa \lxac nokwa:chia:wa \lxo kwa:chia:wa \lxoc nokwa:chia:wa \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to put oil or perfume on one's hair \ss (refl.) ponerle aceite, brillantina, o perfume en el cabello \xrb kwa: \xrb chiya: \qry Apparently the intransitive does not exist; but I believe that the transitive is mostly used reflexively. This should be checked. Also, determine whether a full transitive can be used and, also, if there is an applicative and its meaning. \ref 04484 \lxa kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxac kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxo kwa:chi:koya:wi \lxoc kwa:chi:koya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix te-: kwa:techi:koya:wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for a wide hole to open up in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or zacate) \ss abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo. ¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mosombre:roh. \pea The top of your hat has come off. \psa Se desprendió la copa de tu sombrero. \dis kwa:chi:koyo:ni \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koya: \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koyo:ni/. Given that /chi:koya:wi/ and /chi:koya:wa/ exist, one would expect that the transitive cognate of /kwa:chi:koya:wi/ also exists. \ref 06104 \lxa kwa:chi:koyo:ni \lxac kwa:chi:koyo:ni \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. infix te-: kwa:techi:koyo:ni \infv class-3a \sea to have wide hole open un in the top (e.g., of a hut of palm or zacate) \ssa abrirse un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \sea to get a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia) \ssa abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza (algn; sinónimo Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia) \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde In Oapan the form kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form kwa:chi:koya:wi is used to refer to a thatched roof opening up. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. \ref 07789 \lxa kwa:chi:koyo:nia \lxac kikwa:chi:koyo:nia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Op. infix te-: kwa:techi:koyo:nia \infv class-2a \sea to open up a wide hole in the top of (e.g., a hut of palm or zacate) \ssa abrir un gran agujero en lo alto de (p. ej., una casa de palma o zacate) \sea to make a piercing wound in the head of (synonym Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia) \ssa abrirle un gran agujero en la cabeza a (algn; sinónimo Oapan: kwa:tekoyo:nia) \xrb kwa: \xrb chi: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde In Oapan the form kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a hole on the head such as that opened up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form kwa:chi:koya:wi is used to refer to a thatched roof opening up. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. \ref 07784 \lxa kwa:chi:maliwi \lxac kwa:chi:maliwi \lxo kwa:chi:maliwi \lxoc kwa:chi:maliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones hair to fly out in all directions (from moving quickly, from the wind, from riding on top of a bus, from dancing, etc., said in reference to men who have a round, bowl-like haircut with hair that extends outward as they bounce up and down) \ss volarse el cabello hacia afuera por todos lados (por movimientos rápidos, el viento, estar bailando, ir yendo arriba de un camión, etc., dicho de los hombres quienes tienen pelo cortado como de un plato hondo, redondito y largo que sale en un círculo cuando brincan arriba y abajo) \pna Ne: kwa:chi:maliwtiw.. \pea There he goes running along with his hair flying out in all directions. \psa Allá va, con el cabello volando por todos lados. \xrb kwa: \xrb chi:mal \qry Check for acceptance of intensifier /te-/. \ref 05273 \lxa kwa:chipa:wi \lxac kwa:chipa:wi \lxo kwa:chipa:wi \lxoc kwa:chipa:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey \ss ponerse canoso \cfa kwa:istaya \xrb kwa: \xrb chipa: \qry Check for transitive form. Check the extent to which /kwa:istaya/ and /kwa:chipa:wi/ are synonymous \ref 01834 \lxa kwadra:doh \lxac kwadra:doh \lxo kwadra:doh \lxoc kwadra:doh \dt 24/Apr/2002 \loan cuadrado \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. kwadra:dos \se amate of the standard size (just under 40 x 60 cm) \ss amate de tamaño estandard (casi 40 x 60 cm) \encyctmp amates \mod Check names for other sizes of amates. Add to x-ref for /a:matl/. \ref 06093 \lxa kwahkosahki \lxac kwahkosahki \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ki \infn N1 \se a type of tree of the Leguminosae family, as yet not identified \ss tipo de árbol de la familia Leguminosae, todavía no identificado \pna Kwahkosahki | Bwe:noh para tlikuwtli. Iyo:l me:dioh kokostik, yewa ika kihlian kwahkosahki. \pea Kwahkosahki : It is good for firewood. Its heartwood is somewhat yellowish, for this reason it is called kwahkosahki. \psa Kwahkosahki : Es bueno para leña. Su corazón es algo amarillo y es por eso que le dicen kwahkosahki. \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo kosahtli \xrb kwaw \xrb kos \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) have cuahcosactli and Ramírez (1991) has kwawkosaktli. Both identify this as palo sabino and the latter gives the family as Leguminosae and the genus/species as Cassia spp. Schoenhals (1988:137) lists six trees of the genus Cassia, but none known as palo sabino. Guizar N. and Sánchez V. give no tree known as palo sabino, nor do they have any trees of the Cassia genus except the paraca (p. 115), which is of the family Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and whose genus species is given as Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. According to my consultants, the heartwood of this tree is yellow: kostiktsi:n iyo:l. \nct kohtli \ref 07601 \lxa kwahkoyolin \lxac kwahkoyolin \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b-in \se Trichilia hirta L., tree of the Meliaceae family \ss Trichilia hirta L., árbol de la familia Meliaceae \src Costa Rodríguez \pna Kwahkoyolin : Tiktla:li:s ikakawayo itik a:tl, tikoni:s deke mitskukwa moyo:li:xko. Tipatis \pea Kwahkoyolin : You place its bark in water, you drink it if your lower chest (solar plexus) hurts you. You will get better. \psa Kwahkoyolin : Pones su cáscara en agua, te lo tomas si te duele el pecho (el plexo solar). Te vas a aliviar. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem -pl-md \equivo koyolin \xrb kwah \xrb koyol \nct kohtli \qry Check etymology of /koyolin/. According to José Santos, the name of this tree is Spanish is 'cola de coyote.' However, I have not found this listed anywhere. \ref 05415 \lxa kwahli \lxac kwahli \lxo kwahli \lxoc kwahli \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N(at) \der N-b \infn N1; pl. kukwalteh (Am), kwákwaltíh (Oa); pl. dim. kwaltsitsi:nteh (Am), kwalte:tsi:ntih (Oa) \infv pl., kukwalteh; kwákwaltíh; pl. dim. kwaltsitsi:nteh; kwalte:tsi:ntih \se sth good \ss algo bueno \pna Kwahli onkah. \pea It is good (as it is). \psa Está bien (como está). \pna Melá:k suwa:to:naleh. Xka:wa, xkwahli tla:katsi:ntli. \pea Ladies are attracted to him (i.e., he is a ladies man because of his money, looks, etc.). But it's a wonder, he's a no-good little sort. \psa Es atractivo para las mujeres (por guapo, adinerado, etc.). pero es algo de maravillar, no es bueno el tipo. \pna Xkukwalteh. ke:n te:kakaya:wanimeh. Mitsna:nkilian para mitsompale:wi:skeh, pero xmlá:k yaweh. \pea They're no good, they really deceive people. They'll agree to go help you, but they won't really go. \psa Son malos, engañan a la gente. te responden que te van a ir a ayudar, pero no van de veras. \pna Xkwahli motlamachilis. \pea You don't have good thoughts. \psa No tienes buenos pensamientos. \pna Xkukwalteh! \pea They (particularly people) are no good (of character)! \psa No son buenos (en particular personas, de caracter)! \se (san ~ ) moderately; reasonably; just right; at a moderate level or pace \ss (san ~ ) con moderación; razonable; justamente bien; a un paso o nivel moderado \pna San kwahli xtlatsotsona! \pea Play it at a moderate level! \psa ¡Tócalo a un nivel moderado! \pna San kwahli xma:malti! \pea Load it with a reasonable weight! \psa ¡Cárgalo con un peso razonable! \pna Iwí:n xnihkwis, ke:n tekoyaktik. Nikneki a:chi san kwahli, san pi:stik. \pea I will not take this one here (a sack), it has a really wide opening. I want one that is not too wide, just narrow. \psa No me voy a llevar este (un costal), es muy ancho. Quiero uno que está justo, algo angosto. \pna San kwahli xyatiw, tla:mo tima:ntiki:sa! \pea Go along at a reasonable pace, if not you will trip yourself and fall! \psa ¡Vete yendo a un paso regular, si no, te vas a tropezar! \se very; well (as a modifier of a predicate) \ss mucho; bien (como modificador de un predicado) \pna O:ne:chkwah sa:yo:lin. Kwahli o:yesa:tli:k, pero a:man yohmiktih. \pea A mosquito bit me. It drank a lot of blood, but now I've killed it. \psa Me picó un mosquito. Chupó mucha sangre, pero ahora lo maté. \seo (i:pan ~ plus negative verb) phrase said behind the back of and in reference to sb who acts in a selfish or dishonest way \seo (i:pan ~ más verbo en negativo) frase dicho sobre algn que actua en una manera egoísto o de mala fé \pno I:pan kwahli xtlah weli, tla:ma téh, ya: te:chi:xna:mikiskia deke yáwá kitlaniskia tomi:n. \peo By himself he's can't do anything, if he could he might well (be justified) in denying us (e.g., money in a loan), (he could do it) if he were the one to earn money. \pso Por su cuenta no sabe nada, si no fuera así (esto es, si en este caso ganara el dinero por su cuenta) bien nos pudiera negar (un préstamo), si fuera él quien ganara el dinero. \pno I:pan kwahli xo:wa:hlah, tla: wa:hla:skia kiera na:n té:chkakahtó:skia. \peo He didn't come at all (but nevertheless gossips about us), if he had come he would have at least been able to hear what we say (and thus justify his gossip). \pso No vino para nada (pero sin embargo chismea), si hubiera venido por lo menos hubiera escuchado lo que decimos (y así justificicar sus chismes). \seo (xtlah kwahli yes) sorry \sso (xtlah kwahli yes) disculpa \pno Xtlah kwahli yes, xwel timitspale:wi:skeh a:mantsi:n. xkwahli \peo Sorry, we can't help you right now (e.g., with a loan of money). \pso Disculpa, ahora no te podemos ayudar (p. ej., con un préstamo de dinero). \seo (tla: i kwahlitsi:n or tla: i kwahlitsi:n) afterwards; in a while \sso (tla: i kwahlitsi:n o tla: i kwahlitsi:n) después; en un rato \cfao xkwahli \xrb kwal \cfa kwaltsi:n \nse Although morphosyntactically kwahli is clearly a noun, it is most often used adverbially, as a modifier of the predicate (Xkwahli ke:kchi:wa 'he doesn't fix it well') or attributively (xkwahli tli:n kichi:wa 'what he does is no good'). \grm Note the reduplication of the diminutive with certain nouns in Oapan: kwalte:tsi:ntih \grm Attribution; modification; nouns: Note that one way in which nouns act attributively is with incorporation to another noun. Thus in a N-N compound, the first noun is often attributive and the second is the head. This should be checked in all N-N compounds. With /kwahli/ note that it is often used, when in the singular, as a sentence modifier, with a verbal predicate. Thus /kwahli tekipanowa/. It may also be used as a predicate /kwahli mokal/ 'your house (S) is good (Pred).' In such use it follows other predicate adjectives and nouns. Note that one could interpret /kwahli tli:n tikitowa/ 'it is good what you say' as the same construction, a headless relative clause as subject of the predicate /kwahli/. 'That which you say is good.' Yet cf. also the difference between /kwahli nitla:katl/ where /kwahli/ is a sentence-level modifier, and /nikwahli tla:katl/ where /kwahli/ is attributive and the head is /tla:katl/. \ref 04527 \lxa kwa:istal \lxac i:kwa:istal \lxo kwa:istal \lxoc i:kwa:istal \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb \infn N2 \se white or grey hairs \ss canos \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \qry Check to see if a form such as /kwa:istaleh/ or /kwa:istahloh/ exists. Also determine codes for nouns forms by this process /istaya/, /istalia/ and /istahli/. Check the vowel length, perhaps it should be /kwa:ista:l/. Determine whether a non-possessed form exists, /kwa:ista:hli/. \vl check length of final /a/. \grm The derivation process for /kwa:istal/ is not clear. It is clearly related to the metaphoric use of /istatl/ as 'white', which is the meaning in the sequence /istá:k/, /ista:ya/ and /ista:lia/. Thus it would seem that the derivation is from the causative /ista:lia/. Here then a comparison should be made between basic nouns and re-nominalizations, /istatl/ and /ista:hli/ or /istahli/. \ref 00827 \lxa kwa:istaluwitla \lxac kikwa:istaluwitla \lxo kwa:istalwí:witlá \lxoc kikwa:istalwí:witlá \dt 11/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to pull out the grey or white hairs of \ss arrancarle los canos de la cabeza a \pna Xne:chkwa:istaluwitla! \pea Pull out my grey hairs! \psa ¡Arráncame los canos! \cfo tlawí:witláke:tl \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \xrb witla \sj kwa:istalwiwitla. Check for /h/ after reduplicant. \vl Check vl of the Oapan form. I would have expected reduction of the reduplicant and lengthening of the final syllable of the incorporated noun stem /kwa:istal/. It may be that the final /a/ of /kwa:istal/ should be long, this would explain the lack of reduction. Or it may be that the reduplicant (the first /wi/ of /wiwitla/) is long (i.e., wi:witla). Note that in other Oapan entries with /wiwitla/ there is no reduction (e.g., /tlawíwitlaké:tl/) there is no reduction; and in some (e.g., /kiwiwitla/) there is no pitch-accent. These entries should be checked, but the absence of reduction and p-a might be due to the lexicalization of the reduplicated form (even though apparently nonreduplicated examples, e.g, /witla/, do exist). This verb is somewhat problematical for p-a and it should be extensively discussed. Check all instances of /witla/ as my notation is not consistent. \ref 02102 \lxa kwa:istaya \lxac kwa:istaya \lxo kwa:istaya \lxoc kwa:istaya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \seao to get a white head of hair; for ones hair to turn grey \ssao ponerse canoso \cfao kwa:chipa:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb sta \qry Check for transitive form, as well as for adjectival ? /kwa:istak/. Or perhaps /kwa:istaleh/ is correct (I do recall having heard it). Check for progressive, with /x/ or /s/? Is /kwa:istá:k/ also correct. \ref 01170 \lxa kwa:iwiyo \lxac i:kwa:iwiyo \lxo kwá:yowíyo \lxoc i:kwá:yowíyo \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \se feather headdress used by dancers (e.g., of danza de corona, kone:joh, and others) \ss corona de plumas utilizada por danzantes (p. ej., de danza de corona, kone:joh y otras) \xrb kwa: \xrb hwi \qry Check to see what types of headdresses fall under this term. \ilustmp Make illustration of various cases. \grm Possession: /kwa:iwiyo/ 'feather headdress used by dancers.' Note the use of the inalienably possessed marker /-yo/ here, even though it is not part of the body. Clearly, by being worn and becoming part of ones dress, the /-yo/ marker is used. The use of /-w/ with feather refers only to features that are possessed in the hand, used for drawing, etc. \ref 02551 \lxa kwa:i:xiwinti \lxac kwa:i:xiwinti \lxo kwa:i:xiwinti \lxoa kwa:i:xiwinti \lxoc kwa:i:xiwinti \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Op. infix te-: kwa:tei:xiwinti \infv class-4a \se for ones head to spin; to feel dizzy (from being ill; from alcohol, etc.) \ss girarle a uno la cabeza; sentir mareos o vértigo (por una enfermedad, por el alcohol, etc.). \pna Yo:pe:w nikwa:i:xiwinti. \pea My head has started to spin. \psa He empezado a sentir mareado. \pna Mo:stla yes kwahli xoxo:hki, kwa:ixiwi:ntis. \pea Tomorrow he'll be real hungover, his head will be spinning. \psa Mañana va a estar bien crudo, se le va a estar revolviendo la cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. \vl The length of the initial /a:/ and /i:/ are difficult to determine accoustically. The length of the segments /kwa:i:-/ is slightly over 200 ms., perhaps somewhere around 230. This strongly suggests the possibility of one, probably two, long vowels. \ref 02359 \lxa kwa:i:xiwintia \lxac kikwa:i:xiwintia \lxo kwa:i:xiwintia \lxoa kwa:i:xwintia \lxoc kikwa:i:xiwintia, kikwa:i:xwintia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia[x] \aff Op. -te-: kwa:tei:xiwintia \infv class-2a \seao to make the head of spin; to make dizzy \ssao marear; hacer girar la cabeza a; hacer sentir mareos a \pna Yo:pe:w ne:ckkwa:tei:xiwintia. \pea It (e.g., a drink) has started to make my head spin. \psa Me ha empezado a hacer girar la cabeza (p. ej., una bebida). \pna O:ne:chkwa:tei:xiwintih toroh. \pea The bull (I rode) made me dizzy. \psa El toro (que monté) me hizo sentir mareos. \xrb kwa: \xrb i:x \xrb iwin \qry Check root whether /iwin/ or /win/. Apparently there is no reason to consider the initial /i/ not part of the root. \vl Apparently Inocencio lacks the /i/ of Florencia in the 3rd syllable. Check. \ref 00341 \lxa kwa:i:xiwintilia \lxac kikwa:i:xiwintilia \lxacpend kikwa:i:xiwintilia \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08646 \lxa kwa:k \lxaa kwa:; ikwa:k \lxac ikwa:k \lxo íkwá:k \lxoa kwa:k \lxoc íkwá:k \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord-b \pa yes-lex \seao when \ssao cuando \pna Kwa:k nekos, nikekchi:was. \pea When I arrive here, I will fix it. \psa Cuando llegue acá, lo voy a arreglar. \cfa kamanon \xrb hkwa:k \nse Kwa:k (or ikwa:k) is never used as an interrogative; see kamanon. \nae In Ameyaltepec the initial syllable (cf., underlying {ihkwa:k}) is seldom pronounced; the same change has occurred in Tetelcingo, Morelos. In Oapan it is quite often pronounced, with a high pitch reflective of the underlying {h} as the coda of the first syllable. \qry Check etymology. Perhaps /k/ should not be included. \ref 00227 \lxa kwa:ki:tskia \lxac kikwa:ki:tskia \lxo kwa:ki:tsia \lxoc kikwa:ki:tsia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to place ones hands behind the head of \ss poner las manos atrás de la cabeza de \pna Nihkwa:ki:tskia nokone:w. \pea I place my hand behind my child's head (e.g., to guide him along). \psa Pon mi mano atrás de la cabeza de mi niño (p. ej., para guiarlo). \pna Nokwa:ki:tskitok ika o:me ima. \pea He has placed both his hands behind his head (e.g., while relaxing). \psa Tiene las dos manos puestas atrás de la cabeza (p. ej., al relajarse). \xrb kwa: \xrb ki:tski \ref 00885 \lxa kwa:kokoloch \lxac kwa:kokoloch \lxo kwá:kokóloch \lxoc kwá:kokóloch \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly haired \ss ser chino \apa kwa:kokoloxtik \apo kwá:kokolóxtik \xrb kwa: \xrb koloch \rt Undoubtedly the root /kolo/ is related to /ko:l/ 'curved'. Cf. also /xoxoloxtik/ and, in general, words ending in /xtik/. \ref 05442 \lxa kwa:kokoloxtik \lxac kwa:kokoloxtik \lxo kwá:kokolóxtik \lxoc kwá:kokolóxtik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be curly-haired \ss ser chino; tener el cabello enrizado \pna Tikwa:kokoloxtik. \pea You are curly-haired. \psa Eres chino. \pna Kwa:k timoxi:ma petse:wi motsontekon. Xok tikwa:kokoloxtik. Pero kwa:k nowapa:wa, sepa pe:wa. \pea When you get your hair cut head becomes smooth (as the hair that is left is short and straight). You no longer have curly hair. But when it starts to grow back, once again it starts (to get curly). \psa Cuando te cortas el pelo te queda lisa la cabeza (porque el pelo que se queda es corto y derecho). Ya no tienes rizos. Pero cuando crezca, otra vez empieza (a salir los rizos). \apa kwa:kokoloch \apo kwá:kokóloch \xrb kwa: \xrb koloch \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 04664 \lxa kwa:koko:pi:liwi \lxac kwa:koko:pi:liwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones hair to hang down in strands \ss tener el pelo colgándose en hilos algo enmarranados \pna O:nima:ltih, o:nikwa:koko:pi:liw. \pea I bathed, I've been left with my hair hanging down in stands. \psa Me bané, tengo el cabello colgado como en hilos enmarranados. \equivo kwá:pipi:líwi \xrb kwa: \xrb ko:pi:l \nse Kwa:koko:pi:liwi refers to situations such as when one has long hair and bathes, not drying ones hair, or when one sweats and after removing ones hat notices that ones hair is flattened down. \qry Determine the precise meaning of /ko:pi:liwi/, whether it refers to the flattening, or to the fact that things are hanging down in strands. \rt Note possibility that /ko:pi:l/ might be divisible into /ko:/ and /pi:l/. \ref 05860 \lxa kwa:kokoto:na \lxac kikwa:kokoto:na \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \sea to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant), leaving it stripped of foliage on top \ssa cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta \syno kwá:tsotsontéki \cfa kwa:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tepolówa \xrb kwa: \xrb koto: \qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive. \ref 05633 \lxa kwa:komitl \lxac kwa:komitl \lxo kwa:komitl \lxoc kwa:komitl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se antlers; horns (only unpossessed, i.e., not part of a live animal) \ss cuernos; cornamento de un animal (solamente no poseido, esto es, no parte de un animal vivo) \sem body \sem animal \cfa kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb omi \nse Kwa:komitl refers only to animal horns when they are not possessed, e.g., deer antlers that are lying around the house. The presence of the /k/ is interesting. In Oapan the word for 'bone' is komitetl, apparently for both possessed and unpossessed forms (i.e., nokomiteyo). The form kwa:komitl in Ameyaltepec suggest that the presence of /k/ might not be wholly idiosyncratic to Oapan. It might even be a reduced form of the stem kuh, i.e., that kwa:komitl is reduced from ?kwa:kuhomitl. Note that when possessed by the animal (i.e., 'its horns') the form kwa:kuh(tli) is used. \qry Check other language cognates for presence of /k/. Also determine the difference, or recheck the difference, between /kwa:komitl/ and /kwa:kuhtli/. \ref 02332 \lxa kwa:kon \lxac kwa:kon tia:skeh \lxo kwa:kon \lxoc kwa:kon \dt 15/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm; Adv-man \ss entonces; en ese moment; es cuando \pna Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea Just let me bathe! Then we'll go. \psa ¡Deja que me bañe! Entonces iremos. \pna Me:roh kwa:kon niá:s! \pea That's precisely when I will go. \psa Es precisamente entonces cuando voy a ir. \pna Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea First let me bathe, then we will go. \psa Primero, déjame bañar, entonces vamos. \se (interjection) you bet! that's right! of course! \ss (interjección) ¡así es! ¡seguro! \pna A: Xtikpale:wis? B: Kwa:kon! \pea A: Are you going to help him? B: You bet! \psa A: ¿Lo vas a ayudar? B: ¡Así es! \xrb hkwa:k \qry In one entry I have this recorded with a long final /o:/; in others a short (for Am). This should be checked. Now check this in tapes of Oapan. \ref 06213 \lxa kwa:kon kayo:tl \lxaa no: ikwa:kon kayo:tl \lxac kwa:kon kayo:tl \lxo íkwa:kon káyo:tl \lxoc íkwa:kon káyo:tl \dt 15/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \pa yes \se something from around that time (a specific time, understood from the discourse situation) \ss algo de más o menos ese entonces o período (un tiempo específico, establecido previamente por el discurso) \pna No: kwa:kon kayo:tl. \pea It is also from around about that time. \psa También es de más o menos ese tiempo \xrb kwa:k \xrb -on; kayo: \mod Note that /-on/ should be considered in root analysis; perhaps separate bound morpheme list? Cf. its use with /akin/, /akinon/, etc. \ref 04578 \lxa kwa:kuwachi:toh \lxac kwa:kuwachi:toh \lxo kwa:kohka:choh \lxoc kwa:kohka:choh \dt 06/Jul/2002 \loan (part) gacho \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down \ss tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia adelante y abajo \pna Kwa:kuwachi:toh, tsompilkatok. \pea Its horns are pointed forward and down, they go downward. \psa Sus cuernos van hacia adelante y abajo, caen hacia abajo. \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \qry Check to see if reduplication is possible, i.e., /kwa:kuhaachi:toh/? In the other two types of horns I have rcorded reduplication: /kwa:kuhtetekestik/ and /kwa:kuhteteko:ntik/. \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. Add an /ono, like that for eyes, with the different types of horns. Illustrate. \grm Orthography: Perhaps have a rule that /h/ is always syllable final. Thus /kwa:kohachi:toh/ would have to be divided /kwa:koh achi:toh/ and not ?/kwa:ko hachi:toh/. \ref 05428 \lxa kwa:kuwchichikipe:l \lxac kwa:kuwchichikipe:l \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08332 \lxa kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik \lxac kwa:kuwchichikipe:ltik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08333 \lxa kwa:kuwtetekestik \lxac kwa:kuwtetekestik \lxo kwa:kohtétekéstik \lxoc kwa:kohtétekéstik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-pref-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point straight upward \ss teniendo (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan directamente hacia arriba \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb te \xrb ketsa \encyctmp kwa:kuhtli \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. \nae Although in Oapan Nahuatl reduplicants usually reduce on a preceding short vowel, this does not occur in kwa:kuhtétekéstik. This is probably because /u/ is a derived phoneme (i.e., historically derived from another sequence) and this letter does not manifest a meaningful length distinction. \ref 02251 \lxa kwa:kuwteteko:ntik \lxac kwa:kuwteteko:ntik \lxo kwa:kohtétekó:ntik \lxoc kwa:kohtétekó:ntik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that curve slightly forward in an arc \ss tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que encurvan ligeramente hacia adelante, en un arco \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb te \xrb ko:n \nae The final adjectival element is clearly identical to the independently documented teko:ntik, with the long final /o:/. A fuller discussion is found under this latter term. \qry It seems that the etymology of teko:ntik is related to /ko:n/ and the semantic basis of 'curved' is therefore understandable. However, I might well have gotten the vowel length wrong here; it should be checked. Also, recheck meanings and usages of /teko:ntik/. \mod Cf. illustration on back of original 3x5 card. \ref 04783 \lxa kwa:kuwtetepon \lxac kwa:kuwtetepon \lxo kwa:kohtetepon \lxoc kwa:kohtetepon \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com (N-N)-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have one horn shorter than the other (an animal, usually cattle) \ss tener un cuerno más corto que el otro (un animal, generalmente ganado) \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb tepon \encystmp kwa:kuhtli \nse Note that the reduplication here is not due to pluralization (as in kwa:kuwtetekestik) but perhaps for lexical reasons. It appears that tetepon usually occurs in this "reduplicated" form. \ref 03981 \lxa kwa:kuwtli \lxac kwa:kuwtli \lxo kwa:kohtli \lxoc kwa:kohtli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \se horns \ss cuernos \pna ... ikwa:kuw bwe:yeh \pea ... a steer's horns \psa ... los cuernos de un buey \pna ... kwa:kuwtli de ma:satl \pea ... a deer's horns \psa ... los cuernos de un venado \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \cfa kwa:komitl \nse There are many additional words that categorize horns by the manner of their curve or size: kwa:kuwteteko:ntik; kwa:kuwachi:toh kwa:kuwtetekestik as well as kwa:kuwtetepon. \ref 05268 \lxa kwa:kuwtsotsompach \lxac kwa:kuwtsotsompach \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have (an animal, usually cattle) horns that point forward and down to the ground \ssa tener (un animal, generalmente ganado) cuernos que apuntan hacia abajo y ligeramente hacia el frente \encyctmp kwa:kohtli \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \xrb tson \xrb pach \ref 07942 \lxa kwa:kuwyoh \lxac kwa:kuwyoh \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \sea animal that has horns (e.g., cattle, goats, etc.) \ssa animal que tiene cuernos (p. ej., ganado, chivos, etc.) \equivo kwa:kohwah \xrb kwa: \xrb kow \ref 07821 \lxa kwalahki:sa \lxac kwalahki:sa \lxo kwalahki:sa \lxoc kwalahki:sa \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \seao to drool; to salivate \ssao babear; dejar escapar saliva de la boca \pna Kwalahki:sa moburroh, kipia kamaye:rbah. \pea Your donkey is dripping saliva, he has ye:rbah (a type of fungus) in his mouth. \psa Tu burro está babeando, tiene ye:rbah en la boca. \pna Tli:non kipia? Milá:k kwalahki:sa, kipias kamatso:tso:tl. \pea What's wrong with him? He's really drooling, he must have sores in his mouth. \psa ¿Qué tiene? Está babeando de a de veras, debe tener úlceras en la boca. \xrb kwala: \xrb ki:sa \qry Check for precise definition of 'yerba', a type of infection or fungus that occurs in animals' mouths. \ref 01320 \lxa kwalakchipik \lxac kwalakchipik \lxo kwalahchipik \lxoc kwalahchipik \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se drooler; person who is constantly drooling \ss persona que siempre babea \pna Kwalakchipik, sahkó:n itekiw. \pea He's a drooler, that's just his nature. \psa Siempre babea, así es de por sí. \pna Dia:bloh miktlan kwalakchipik! \pea You God-damn drooler! \psa ¡Pinche baboso! \xrb kwala: \xrb chipi: \qry /Dia:bloh miktlah kwalakchipik/ Check and make sure that this is said directly to the person, or whether it is said about a third party. \ref 01676 \lxa kwalakchipi:ni \lxac kwalakchipi:ni \lxo kwalahchipi:ni \lxoa kwelahchipi:ni \lxoc kwalahchipi:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a)[x] \infv class-3a \se to drool; to have or let saliva drip from ones mouth (e.g., when one has sores, tso:tso:tl in ones mouth) \ss babear; dejar escurrir baba o saliva de la boca (cuando uno tiene tso:tso:tl i:kamak) \pna Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl. \pea He is drooling, a scorpion bit him. \psa Está babeando, le picó un alacrán. \xrb kwala: \xrb chipi: \grm Word order: /Kwalakchipi:ntok, o:kikwah ko:lo:tl/ 'He is drooling, a scorpion bit him' Note the order V-A, This seems be related to the fact that the discourse topic is the subject of the first progressive verb and already introduced. But when two bits of new information are introduced as in /Juan o:kitek i:xo:chiw/ 'Juan cut his flower' (A-V-P or S-V-O) the V-S order is not common ?/i:xo:chiw o:kitek Juan/. \ref 00216 \lxa kwalakme:ya \lxac kwalakme:ya \lxo kwalahme:ya \lxoc kwalahme:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to drool; for ones mouth to water \ss babear \xrb kwala: \xrb me:ya \dis kwalahki:sa; kwalakmeme:ya \nae The progressive forms manifest surface /x/ for underlying {y}: kwalakmeme:xtok. \vl Use the second tokens of each persons utterance as these have clearer /h/ before the nasal. \ref 02616 \lxa kwalaktli \lxac kwalaktli \lxo kwalahtli \lxoa kwelahtli \lxoc kwalahtli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-ni-k \infn k-to-h; N1/2; Aln \seao drool; saliva \ssao baba; saliva \pna Ki:stok ikwalak, kipias kamaye:rbah. \pea Saliva is coming out of its mouth, it probably has kamaye:rbah (a type of mouth infection or fungus). \psa Se le está saliendo saliva por la boca, a lo mejor tiene kamaye:rbah (un tipo de infección o hongo en la boca). \sem body-internal \xrb kwala: \nae Kwalaktli \grm Note derivation process leading to /kwalaktli/ 'saliva' and derivation from /kwala:ni/. \ref 00123 \lxa kwala:ni \lxac kwala:ni \lxo kwala:nia \lxoc kwala:ni \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to be mad (particularly in present tense); to get mad (a person or animal) \ss estar enojado (particularmente en el presente); enojarse (una persona o animal) \pna Kwala:nini deke tiktlatekiwti:s. \pea He tends to get mad if you give him a job to do. \psa Se tiende a enojar si le encargas alguna tarea. \se to foam or bubble up (a liquid such as beer or soda) \ss echar espuma (un líquido como la cerveza o el refresco) \pna Kwala:ntok norefre:skoh, poso:ntok. \pea My soda is foaming, it is bubbling up. \psa Se está echando espuma mi refresco, está burbujando. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to sulk; to pout; to be in a bad mood \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ponerse berrinchudo; enfurruñarse; estar de mal humor \pna Xok kineki tekichi:was. San kukwala:ni, xne:si tli:n kikwala:nia. \pea He does not want to do any work anymore. He's just sulking, [though] it's not clear what is making him mad. \psa Ya no quiere hacer trabajo. Está enfurruñado, [aunque] no se ve que es lo que le hizo enojar. \sem emotions \xrb kwala: \xvka kukwalaka \xvko kwakwalaka \ref 05742 \lxa kwala:nia \lxac kikwala:nia \lxo kwala:nia \lxoc kikwala:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to anger; to make angry \ssao hacer enojar \pna Timokwala:nian, xwel timowi:kan. \pea We get angry with each other, we don't get along. \psa Nos hacemos enojar, no nos llevamos bien. \se (refl. plus -wa:n) to get angry with \ss (refl. con -wa:n) hacerse enojar o enojarse con \pna Xkaman te:wa:n nimokwala:nia. \pea I never get angry with anyone. \psa Nunca me enojo con nadie. \seao to cause to foam (a liquid such as beer or soda) \ssao hacer espumar o salir espuma (a una bebida como cerveza o refresco) \sem emotions \xrb kwala: \nse The sense of 'to cause to foam' is based on the intransitive use of kwala:ni to mean 'to foam up.' \ref 00034 \lxa kwala:nini \lxac kwala:nini \lxo kwala:nini \lxoa kwala:nine \lxoc kwala:nine, kwala:nini \dt 30/Mar/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se person who is hot-headed; person easily angered \ss enojón \xrb kwala: \ref 04813 \lxa kwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxac kikwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxo kwala:nka:kwi:tia \lxoc kikwala:nka:kwi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to irk; to vex \ss irritar; desconcertar \se to make someone angry, to vex \ss fastidiar; molestar; hacer enojar \xrb kwala: \xrb kwi \nse Kwala:nka:kwi:tia is often used to refer to children who, by their talking and activities, bother someone who is trying to talk, thus angering him or her. \grm Incorporation; valency change: kwala:nka:kwi:tia Note the nature of causativization here. The verb /kwi/ is a transitive and the transitivity is unchanged with causativization. This suggests that the incorporated participial form /kwala:nka:/ acts as a noun and reduces the valency of the compound (i.e. it is saturating, Mithun's Type 1). Check other words with /kwitia/ causativized form. \ref 03525 \lxa kwala:nka:miki \lxac kwala:nka:miki \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be or get boiling mad, really mad; to be or get in a foul mood \ssa ponerse o estar furioso, muy enojado; estar o ponerse de mal humor \pna O:tikwala:nka:mik pa:mpa o:toya:w ma:w. \pea You got really mad because your water spilled out. \psa Te pusiste furioso por que se tiró tu agua. \syno tlawe:lmiki \xrb kwala: \xrb miki \qry In one entry I note that /kwala:nka:miki/ refers to being annoyed, in a bad mood and snappy (literally, 'suffering from ire'), i.e. a person who is in a bad mood and snaps back to anything said. However, in another note I recorded that /kwala:nka:miki/ apparently refers to a greater anger than /kwala:ni/. The precise meaning of the verb should be checked. Check for causative. \ref 00634 \lxa kwala:nka:no:tsa \lxac kikwala:nka:no:tsa \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \sea to speak in an angry voice to \ssa hablar o llamar con una voz de enojado \syno tlawe:lno:tsa \xrb kwala: \xrb no:tsa \ref 00927 \lxa kwala:nka:pan \lxac i:kwala:nka:pan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb kwal \ref 08524 \lxa kwala:ntli \lxac kwala:ntli \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1/2; Aln \sea anger; ire \ssa enojo; rabia \pna Ma:ka ipan mokwala:n! \pea Let it not be with your anger (e.g., that you will do sth)! \psa ¡Qué no sea con tu enojo (p. ej., que vayas a hacer algo)! \xrb kwala: \qry Get further examples of use in context. Make sure this is not acceptable in Oapan. \ref 02773 \lxa kwa:lia \lxac kikwa:lia \lxo kwa:lia \lxoc kikwa:lia \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to eat (a food) belonging to \ss comerle (una comida) a \pna Nikte:kwa:litiki:sa sá:ndiah. \pea I will eat someone's watermelon (taken from their field) on the way there. \psa De paso hacia allá voy a comerme una sandía de alguien (sacándola de su milpa). \pna O:ne:chkwa:lih koyo:tl nopió. \pea A coyote ate my chicken. \psa Un coyote me comió una gallina. \pna Deke tikte:kwa:li:s pio:tsi:n, kwa:k yo:timik tikwiyo:ti:s. \pea If you eat someone else's chicken, when you die you will put its feathers back. \psa Si le comes a alguien su pollo, cuando mueras vas a reponerle las plumas \se to affect (sb) adversely by biting (particularly a child of sb [PO]) \ss afectar (a algn) adversamente al morder (a algo de esta persona [OP], particularmente a su hijo) \pna O:ne:chkwa:lih ko:lo:tl nopo:tsi:n. \pea A scorpion bit my little girl. \psa Un alacrán me mordió a mi hijita. \xrb kwa \xv2ao tlakwa:lia \xvbao kwa \grm Applicative; /tla-/: Perhpas for semantic analysis it would be wise to indicate two types of /tla-/, one context independent and the other context dependent. The most context independent would be those that are completely fused to the verb. In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl /tlama/ is such a case. Another (with a causative) would be /tlato:ltia/ 'to ask of'. In these cases there are several indications that the /tla-/ is acontextual and non-anaphoric: the meaning of the object prefix is understood (in fact quite definite) out of context; and the same prefix can be reduplicated (i.e., it has become fused to the root). Perhaps one can call this /tla-/ context free, canonical, etc. It's meaning is understood out of context. However, there is also a more contextually determined /tla-/: this can be used with a verb when context establishes the object referent. Clearly with the verb /kwa/ both /tla-/'s can be used. One is acontextual and the other canonical, with the meaning of 'to eat a meal.' However, what one can also notice is that with an applicative it is the transitive version of tla + kwa that is relevant. That is, /mistlakwa:lia/ means not 'he ate a meal (affecting you/in relation to you/about you)' but rather 'he ate sth of yours' where this "something" is recoverable from context or discourse. Thus, in a sense, /tlakwa/ is more intransitive than /tlaa:ltia/ 'to make candles' in which the /tla-/ is used, but a culturally determined specific referent is recoverable, i.e., 'candles.' Given that this is recoverable outside of context, the applicative is of a transitive form: /mistlaa:ltili:s/ 'she will make candles for you.' Or consider /tlamiktia/ 'to slaughter (an animal).' Here there is not as specific a referent ('candles') as with /tlaa:ltia/, but still the referent is somewhat specific as culturally determined (i.e., only those animals that are slaughtered for food, particularly pigs and cattle, but perhaps also goats and sheep). Understood as transitive, the applicative is somethat predictable, even though the object is usually left unspecified: /kitlamiktili:s/ 'he will slaughter (an animal) for you.' Thus a prediction may be offered: The greater the transitivity of the /tla-/ construction, the more likely an applicative form. At the same time, when an applicative form with /tla-/ occurs, the meaning of /tla-/ is recoverable from either cultural determinations (e.g., as in /tlamiktia/) or from context (e.g., with /tlakwa:lia/). \ref 02956 \lxa kwalka:n \lxac kwalka:n \lxo kwalka:n \lxoc kwalka:n \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se the following day in the morning \ss el día siguiente en la mañana \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:n. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \pna Mo:stla kwalka:n tia:skeh. \pea We will go tomorrow in the morning. \psa Vamos a ir mañana en la mañana. \se (ye:wa ~) this morning \ss (ye:wa ~) hoy en la mañana \cfa kwalka:ntipan \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n \nse Although my memory suggests that kwalka:n refers to a period very early in the morning, my notes mentioned that the time period is about 3:00 am to noon. Note that often kwalka:n refers to the morning of the following day. \ref 02360 \lxa kwalka:ntipan \lxac kwalka:ntipan \lxo kwalka:ntipan \lxoa kwalka:ntipah \lxoc kwalka:ntipah, kwalka:ntipan \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1(loc) \se the following day in the morning; in the early morning \ss el día siguiente en la mañana; a buen hora \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \cfao kwa:lka:n \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n; -tipan \nse In many respects kwalka:n and kwalka:ntipan are synonyms. However, it seems that the latter is used more exclusively to refer to 'tomorrow in the morning' whereas the former can be used more generally to refer simply to 'in the morning'. Thus kwalka:n has a more adverbial function whereas kwalka:ntipan is perhaps more nominal. However, the two forms need to be further checked. \qry The above notes might be an erroneous assumption; check the possibility of /momo:stla kwalka:ntipan tekiti/, etc. In general check the meaning of /-tipan/ forms. Apparently /kwalka:ntipan/ refers to the time, i.e., 'during the early morning of tomorrow.' Cf. /kwalka:n/. \vl Link the female form where the aspiration is clearest, I think this is the second token. \ref 04253 \lxa kwalka:nwia \lxac kikwalka:nwia \lxo kwalka:wia \lxof [kwal ka: 'wi a] \lxoc kikwalka:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to go at or start (a task) very early in the morning \ss empezar (a hacer algo) muy temprano en la mañana \pna Kikwalka:nwia. Saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. \pea He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). \psa Le llega desde una hora temprana. Luego luego se levanta, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). \pna Kikwalka:nwia iswaw pa:mpa ye wa:ktok. \pea He starts with the zacateo of his cornfield (lit. 'his zacate,' i.e., stripping corn leaves from the stems just before harvest) in the early morning (when the plants are still moist from dew) because they (the corn plants) are drying up (and becoming brittle). \psa Empieza con el zacateo en su milpa (lit., 'su zacate') desde muy temprano (cuando las plantas todavía están húmedas con el rocío de la mañana) porque ya se están secando (y se ponen quebradizas). \cfa tio:tlahka:nwia \xrb kwal \xrl -ka:n \grm Verbalizer: /-wia/ Note the productivity of /-wia/ here, with a temporal adverb. Cf. the many uses of /-wia/, i.e., the number of types of structures that can precede it. \grm Oapan phonology: Note /kwalka:wiya/, which is derived from kwalka:n and shows n > 0, here before -wiya. \ref 02823 \lxa kwalne:ska \lxac i:kwalne:ska \lxo kwalne:ska \lxoc i:kwalne:ska \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N(at)-N \der N-dvb-ka \infn N2 \seao that which gives a pleasing appearance to \ssao lo que le da una buena apariencia o vista a \pna Yewa ikwalne:ska. \pea That's what makes it look good (e.g., a decoration on a house, a piece of jewlery on a young girl, etc.) \psa Eso es lo que le da vista (p. ej., una decoración a una casa, algo de joyería a una muchacha, etc.) \xrb kwal \xrb ne:si \nse This obligatorily possessed participal refers to something that is done or put on to give a good appearance. It may refer to a part of a whole object, or something that is placed on something else to better its appearance. \qry Obtain a more illustrative use (phrase) of this word. Note that I had orriginally recorded ikwalne:xka but changed to ikwalne:ska after speaking to Florencia. Recheck. \ref 00595 \lxa kwalne:xtia \lxac kikwalne:xtia \lxo kwalne:xtia \lxocpend kikwalne:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seo to make pretty; to beautify \sso embellecer; hacer bonito \syna kwaltsi:ntilia \xrb kwal \qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization, is OVS. \ref 07772 \lxa kwalo \lxac kwalo \lxo kwalo \lxoc kwalo \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(oni) \seao to be sick or ill \ssao estar enfermo \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man xok kwalo, o:pat. \pea He used to be sick. Now he is no longer ill, he got better. \psa Antes estaba enfermo. Ahora ya no, se alivió. \seao to be giving birth (apparently a calque from the Spanish estar enferma) \ssao estar de parto (aparentemente un calco del español estar enferma) \pna O:pe:w kwalo isuwa:w. \pea His wife has started to give birth. \psa Su esposa empezó a dar a luz. \seao (~ de me:stli) to have ones period; to menstruate \ssao (~ de me:stli) bajar la regla (a una mujer); menstruar \pna O:kwalo:k de me:stli. \pea She had her period. \psa Le bajó su regla. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to be chronically ill or sick; to be sickly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar siempre algo enfermo; estar enfermizo \pna San kukwalo:tinemi. \pea He just goes around being sick. \psa Nada más anda todo el tiempo enfermo. \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to get eaten by bugs (maize or other grains, or wood by termites) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) picarse (maíz u otros granos, o la madera por la polilla) \pna O:kukwalo:k notlayo:l. \pea My maize got eaten by bugs. \psa Se picó mi maíz. \pna A:man notlayo:l ye tlapati:hloh, yo:ntla:lilih reme:dioh para ma:ka kukwalo:s. \pea My maize has been treated. I put insecticide on it so that it wouldn't get eaten by bugs. \psa Mi maíz ya está tratado. Le eché un remedio para que no se picara. \se (with long vowel reduplication, often preceded by me:dioh) to feel under the weather; to be sick on and off; to be up and down in health, not really sick but under the weather and then fine for a short period \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo con me:dioh antepuesto) estar algo enfermo, de vez en cuando \pna Xtlah kichi:wa a:mantsi:n, me:dioh kwa:kwalo. \pea He doesn't do much of anything now, he's sort of ill. \psa Estos días ya no hace mucho de nada, se siente algo mal. \pna Kwa:kwalo. \pea He is under the weather. \psa Anda medio enfermo (o mal). \xrb kwa \cfa kwalo:tla \nae Kwalo is one of the few examples of a lexicalized passive construction. It is clearly related to kwa a transitive verb meaning 'to eat,' as apparent from the meaning of the "passive" kwalo 'to be (bug-)eaten' or 'to be sick.' In Oapan short vowel reduplication of /kw/ does not reduce to /ku/ as in Ameyaltepec. Thus Ameyaltepec kukwalo is Oapan kwákwaló. \dis kwa:lo; kokoliskwi; kokolisyowa; kokoxka:ti \qry Check imperfect whether /kwaloa:ya/ or /kwalowa:ya/. Also, determine difference between /kwalo:tinemi/ and /kukwalo:tinemi/, etc. Check vowel length of /a/; passive would expectedly be ?/kwa:lo/. Check for p-a in Oapan form /kwákwaló/ and possibility of reduced reduplication. \ref 00458 \lxa kwalo:tla \lxac kikwalo:tla \lxo kwalo:tla \lxoc kikwalo:tla \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \se to make ill (a disease [S] that affects a person or animal) \ss hacer enfermar (una enfermedad [S] que afecta a una persona o animal) \cfao kwalo \xrb kwa \xv1ao tlakwalo:tla \qry Check to make sure that this verb is not used only with the prefix /tla-/, i.e. recheck possibility of form /ne:chkwalo:tla/, etc. Also determine whether this refers to the illness of one of ones family (including those living elsewhere), or only members of ones household. Check validity of /kikwalo:tla/ and meaning difference with /tlakwalo:tla/ \grm Indefinite object deletion: Note the transivitizing element /-tla/ in /kwalo:tla/. The forms /kwalo:tla/ as a transitive verb and /tlakwalo:tla/ as a an example of indefinite object deletion. There is an interesting change in meaning. The transitive verb /kwalo:tla/ apparently refers to a disease that causes illness. Whether /-tla/ is used as a transitivizing element elsewhere is not clear, although obviously it does alternate with /-ti/ intransitive in forms such as /tlasohti/ and /tlasohtla/ (and these may be analyzed as denominal verbs, as would be /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ from the archaic /pa:/ for 'water'. Note, however, that in /kwalo:tla/ the /-tla/ is added onto a passive verb formation. The question of whether passives have /-tla/ is not clear, but I do not recall such a construction. So, then, there is first the problem of derivational morphology. Then there is the problem of meaning of the /tla-/ prefix. /tlakwalo:tla/ means 'to have a member of ones family ill.' This should be commented on in the grammar. However, in my original notes I stated that /kwalo:tla/ could not be used with a specific object prefix *kikwalo:tla. Thus the validity of the entry /kwalo:tla/ should be checked though it appears to be acceptable. \ref 00449 \lxa kwaltia \lxac kwaltia \lxo kwaltia \lxoc kwaltia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \ssao to get fixed (sth that was broken such as a machine and starts working); to get better (e.g., a prepared dish food that at one time had tasted bad and that had become better tasting) \ssao componerse; ponerse bien; restaurarse (una maquina que se había descompuesto, una comida que en un momento sabía mal, etc.) \seao to recover (e.g., a field that had been affected by drought) \ssao recuperarse (p. ej., una milpa que había sido afectada por una sequía, peste, etc.) \xrb kwal \qry Recheck to certify that this verb can have a human subject. \qry For all class 4c and class 4b verbs, check for progressive /-itok/ or /-ixtok/? \ref 00656 \lxa kwaltia \lxac kikwaltia \lxo kwaltia \lxoc kikwaltia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to feed (sth) to (sb); to give (sb sth) to eat \ss dar de comer (algo) a; alimentar a (algn) con \pna Xkwalti pi:pitíkyetl para ma:ka itech ki:sas! \pea Give him small black beans to eat (a child bitten by a scorpion), so that it (the bite) doesn't affect him! \psa ¡Dale de comer (a un niño mordido por un alacrán) frijoles negros pequeños para que no se le trabe (un piquete de alacrán)! \pna Xkwalti un kone:tsi:ntli itlaxkal! Xki:tskilito, tla:mo kwa:ltlakalis! \pea Feed that little child his tortilla! Hold it for him, if not he will let it drop to the ground! \psa ¡Dale a ese niñito su tortilla! ¡Agárraselo porque si no lo haces, la va a dejar caer al suelo! \pna Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:! \pea Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him! \psa ¡Dale a mi papá pollo para comer! ¡Mátale uno! \se to let eat \ss dejar que coma \pna Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili! \pea Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it! \psa ¡No dejes que tu burro coma ese maíz (en una milpa; p. ej., dicho a una persona que pasa con su burro por la orilla de una milpa, advirtiéndole que no debe dejar que su burro arranque la milpa para comer)! ¡No lo dejes! \se to join or press together (e.g., two pieces of wood, but not with nails but rather jointed) \ss apretar y juntar (p. ej., dos tablas de madera, o algo que se arma, pero no con clavos sino con pedazos entrelazados) \pna Kwahli xkwalti mome:sah! Ma:ka ne:si ka:n o:tpepechoh! \pea Make sure the joints on your table are tight (e.g., where the boards for the top come together)! Don't let the place where you placed (the planks) together show! \psa ¡Ten cuidado que esta bien ensamblada tu mesa! ¡No dejes que se vea donde las juntaste (e.g., las tablas)! \xrb kwal \xvaao kwaltilia \xv2ao tlakwaltia \xv2a tlakukwaltia \xv2o tlá:kwaltiá \xvba kwa \nae With human primary objects the antipassive form is more common, e.g., xtlakwalti mokone:w ika i:tlaxkal. \qry Determine the meaning of forms such as /-kwa:kwaltia/ or /-tlakwa:kwaltia/, i.e., with long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /kukwaltia/ with a specific object. \grm Note syntax: /Xkwalti notah pió! Xmiktili se:!/ 'Give my father chicken to eat! Kill one for him! V-PO-SO \grm Let causative: /Ma:ka xkwalti moburroh un mi:hli! Ma:ka xka:wili!/ 'Don't let your donkey eat the maize plants (e.g., said to a person passing by the edge of a cornfield on his donkey, advising him to take care and not let the donkey reach out to eat the corn)! Don't let him do it!' Note the signification of 'let' or 'allow.' Cf. the literature on causatives, which mentions this meaning. \ref 03308 \lxa kwaltilia \lxac kikwaltilia \lxo kwaltilia \lxoc kikwaltilia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to place in the mouth of (e.g., a bit on an animal) \ss meterle en la boca a (p. ej., un freno a un caballo) \pna Xkwaltili noma:choh ifre:noh! \pea But the bit in my mule's mouth! \psa ¡Ponle el freno en la boca de mi macho! \se to feed (an animal) for \ss dar de comer (a un animal) para \pna Xne:chtlakwaltili:ti noma:choh! Newa nitlatsiwi. \pea Go feed my macho for me! I'm feeling lazy. \psa ¡Ve a darle de comer a mis machos para mí! Tengo flojera. \se to fit or push (sth) tightly in a space so that (the inserted object [SO]) is held in place \ss colocar (algo [OS]) en un espacio ([OP]); ajustar (una cosa [OS]) en (un espacio [OP]) para que se agarre y se mantenga en su lugar \pna Xkwaltili noara:doh in re:jas. Newa xniweli, yo:ne:xtla:n. \pea Fit this plowshare into my plow (so that it is tightly fitted in place, without the use of screws)! I can't do it, it's got the better of me. \psa ¡Métele estas rejas a mi arado (para que se agarre, sin la necesidad de tornillos)! Yo no puedo, ya me ganó. \xrb kwa \xvbao kwa \qry Determine vowel length of /in/ or /i:n/. Perhaps this varies. Cf. to Launey who, I believe, mentions that vowel length is variable. Check closely for changes when the word is used as a demonstrative adjective vs. demonstrative pronoun. \ref 01573 \lxa kwaltla:lia \lxac kikwaltla:lia \lxo kwehtla:lia \lxoc kikwehtla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to fix (an instrument or machine that is out of kilter, or sth poorly made such as cloth poorly sewn, ceramics poorly made, a crooked furrow); to make better \ss arreglar (un instrumento o maquina que anda mal); componer (algo mal hecho, como ropa mal cosida, cerámica mal hecha, un zurco no derecho, etc.) \pna Xkwaltla:li noyugoh. Newa xwel nihkwaltla:lia, san tetsatsapaltik, san ta:takaltik. \pea Fix my yoke (in this case by working the wood so that it is straight and evenly planed). I can't fix it, its bumpy and uneven. \psa Arregla mi yujo (en este caso haciendo que va derechito y bien cepillado). No lo puedo arreglar yo, está disparejo y no muy plano. \pna Xkwaltla:li ke:n titlakwilo:s! \pea Fix up your writing! \psa Mejora como escribes! \pna San o:tihkwa:kwaltla:lih. \pea You just fixed it up (patched it up) here and there. \psa No más lo arreglaste en partes (no completamente, pero solamente en varios lugares donde hacia falta). \se (refl.) to settle (e.g., a judicial dispute, an argument, etc.); to come to an agreement (e.g., in regard to bridewealth, a sum to be paid, etc.) \ss (refl.) llegar a un acuerdo (p. ej., en un litigio, en un argumento, acerca de lo que se iba a dar a la familia de una novia, etc.) \pna Xenokwaltla:lia. \pea It has not been arranged yet (i.e., an agreement has not yet been reached) \psa Todavía no se ha arreglado. \se (recipr.) to settle or come to a settlement (two or more people who are disputing sth) \ss (recipr.) arreglarse; llegar a un acuerdo (dos o más personas que están litigando o en desacuerdo) \pna Timotla:tla:ntokeh, xwel timokwaltla:lian. \pea We are arguing back and forth, we can't settle it (come to an agreement). \psa Estamos discutiendo uno alegando después de otro, no nos podemos arreglar. \syna e:ktla:lia \xrb kwal \xrb tla:l \dis kwaltla:lia; kwaltilia \nae The motiviation for the vowel shift in the Oapan form kwehtla:lia is not clear, but the etymology of this form and that from Ameyaltepec is undoubtedly the same. \vl Use second male token. \ref 02720 \lxa kwaltsi:n \lxac kwaltsi:n \lxo kwaltsi:n \lxoc kwaltsi:n \dt 20/Jan/2003 \psm N \pss TM \der N-tsi:n \se to be pretty or beautiful \ss ser bonito o bello \pna Melá kwaltsi:n moxo:chiw. \pea Your flowers are really pretty. \psa Tus flores son de a de veras bonitas. \pna Kwaltsi:n yo:tka:w nika:n ka:n tikteketsas mokal, tlakaltech katka. \pea You've left it nice (in this case flat) here where you're going to build your house. Previously it was steeply sloped. \psa Lo dejaste bien bonito (en este caso plano) aquí donde vas a construir tu casa. Estaba muy inclinado. \pna Melá kwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik. \pea Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears. \psa Tu becerrito es de a de veras bonito, nació con las orejas largas. \xrb kwal \xtla tlakwaltsi:n \nse In its acceptation as 'pretty or beautiful' kwaltsi:n is used to refer to females but not to males. The Nahuatl equivalent of 'handsome' has not yet been determined. \ref 05781 \lxa kwaltsi:ntilia \lxac kikwaltsi:ntilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \sea to make pretty; to beautify \ssa embellecer; hacer bonito \pna On suwa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n. \pea That woman is made better looking by her clothes. \psa A esa mujer, su ropa se le hace ver mejor. \pna O:ne:chihlih, tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s? Tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw? \pea He (my husband in this case) asked me why he should make me look good (e.g., by buying me a nice dress)? "Just so that your lover will like the way you look?" \psa Él (mi esposo en este caso) me preguntó por qué él me iba a embellecer (p. ej., al comprarme ropa nueva)? "¿Nada más para que le gustes a tu amante?" \syno kwalne:xtia \xrb kwal \qry Apparently the intransitive form *kwaltsi:nti(a) does not exist. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Un sowa:tl ma:s kikwaltsi:ntilia itlake:n/ 'That woman is made better looking by her clothes.' Note how the order her, which seems to involve focalization, is OVS. \ref 05884 \lxa kwaltsi:ntilia \lxac kikwaltsi:ntilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb kwal \ref 08388 \lxa kwa:mama:choh \lxac kwa:mama:choh \lxo ---- \dt 06/Aug/2002 \loan (part) macho \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. te-: kwa:temama:choh \sea to be long-haired (in reference to men only) \ssa ser mechudo; ser greñudo; tener el pelo largo (en referencia solamente a hombres) \xrb kwa: \qry The etymology of this is uncertain, though it is apparently a loan. Apparently it only applied to men, not women. This should be checked. Thus, check to see if gender can or is marked. Also check change in meaning with intensifier. Finally, determine whether a special category should be made for partial loans. Also, cf. this to other things like /kwa:we:weyak/, etc. \ref 00304 \lxa kwa:manilia \lxac kikwa:manilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08021 \lxa kwa:mantik \lxac kwa:mantik \lxo kwa:mantik \lxocpend kwa:mantik \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo flat-topped \sso con la cabeza o la parte superior plana \cfo torompokwa:mantik \xrb kwa: \xrb man \ref 07747 \lxa kwa:mantok \lxac kwa:mantok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \cfo torompo kwa:mantik \xrb \ref 08296 \lxa kwa:meme:chaki:sa \lxac kwa:meme:chaki:sa \lxacpend kwa:meme:chaki:sa \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08645 \lxa kwa:momotsowa \lxac kikwa:momotsowa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te-: kwa:temomotsowa \infv class-2b \se to grab and pull the hair of \ss agarrarle y jalarle el cabello a \pna Nokwa:temomotsowan, nocho:kti:skeh. \pea They grab and pull each others hair, they will make each other cry. \psa Se agarran y jalan del cabello, se van a hacer llorar. \syno tsonté:wilá:na \dis kwa:titila:na \xrb kwa: \xrb mots \nse According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) this compound is not correct given that momotsowa is only used when the thing grasped is pulled out, like grasses that are pulled up in weeding. Thus in Oapan one states tsontewila:na, more literally 'to pull the hair of.' Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between momotsowa as 'to uproot' and te:motsowa as 'to grab and pull at.' \grm Reduplication (semantics of): Note that there is apparently a difference in Oapan Nahuatl between momotsowa as 'to uproot' and te:motsowa as 'to grab and pull at.' The words that contain one, or the other, form should be analyzed. \ref 05046 \lxa kwa:momo:yo \lxac kwa:momo:yo \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \nae The plural form is kwa:momo:yo:meh. \ref 08304 \lxa kwa:momo:yo:tia \lxac kwa:momo:yo:tia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb kwa: \ref 08311 \lxa kwa:momo:yo:tik \lxac kwa:momo:yo:tik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08305 \lxa kwa:naka \lxac kwa:naka \lxo kwa:naka \lxoc kwa:naka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com V2-N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); .dim. nokwa:nakatsi:n \se large hen that is of egg-laying age and ready to eat \ss gallina madura que está poniendo y se puede comer \cfa ichpo:chpió \cfo ichpo:chpiyo \encyctmp hens \xrb kwa: \xrb naka \ono pió (ichpo:chpió; ichpochpiótsi:n, kwa:naka; ichpo:chkwa:naka) \cpl The terms pió and kwa:naka refer to the same animal although the latter refers to a chicken ready to be eaten, already fattened, while the former is more generic and refers to hens in general. A young hen is also called /ichpochpiotsi:n. \qry Check plural. \ref 04246 \lxa kwa:na:miki \lxac kikwa:na:miki \lxo kwa:na:miki \lxoc kikwa:na:miki \dt 16/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se (for an idea [S]) to sit well with (a person [O]) \ss parecerle bien (una idea [S]) a (una persona [O]) \pna Nikwelkaki ke:n tikitowa, ne:chkwa:na:miki. \pea I like the sound of what you are saying, it sits well with me. \psa Me gusta lo que dices, me parece bien. \seo (refl. + -wa:n) to get along with \sso (refl. + -wa:n) llevarse bien con \pno Xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki Juan. \peo Juan does not get along with him. \pso Juan no se lleva bien con. \se (recipr.) to have ones heads resting against each other \ss (recipr.) estar con las cabezas cargadas una contra la otra \pna Asta o:nokwa:na:mihkeh, xi:ntokeh ipan tla:hli. \pea They've even got so that their heads are resting one against the other (in this case two drunks), they are crashed out on the ground. \psa Hasta sus cabezas están descansando, una contra la otra (en este caso refiriéndose a dos borrachos), están regados sobre el suelo. \xrb kwa: \xrb na:miki \nse In Oapan this word can mean 'to appear to be a good idea to,' 'to fit the head of' or in a phrase like xi:wa:n nokwa:na:miki 'to not get along with.' It is also used to refer to what happens when two people are working together and do not see eye to eye, do not get along or feel comfortable with each other. \rt Check etymoloyg of /na:miki/ as possibly divisible into /na:/ and /miki/. Cf. other words with /na:C/. \ref 01910 \lxa kwani \lxac kwani \lxo xkwane \lxoa xkwani \lxoc xkwani \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Interj \der Interj-dvb \se Get out of the way! Move! \ss ¡Quítate! \xrb hkwania \nse The present entry is an apocopated form of the imperative xmekwani (Am) / xmékwaní (Oa). As with many similar forms \qry Determine etymology, particularly ending. Make sure that Oapan /xkwani/ does not mean 'move it' but rather 'move (yourself)!' \ref 05170 \lxa kwa:pa:lakaxtli \lxac *kwa:pa:lakaxtli \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi \infn N1 \sea (region: Totolcintla) tool used to twist together strings to make wicks for fireworks \ssa (región: Totolcintla) herramienta utilizada para torcer hilos para hacer las mechas de cohetes \pna Kwa:pa:lakaxtli, para tiktsi:lo:s i:loh. \pea A kwa:pa:lakaxtli is used to twine thread. \psa Un kwa:pa:lakaxtli es lo que se utiliza para torcer hilos. \sem tool \xrb kwa: \xrb palakach \nse This is a word from Totoltzintla, where the majority of castilleros and coheteros reside. It refers to the tool used there to make wicks. This is different from the taraví:ya used for rope. However, although the word is from Totoltzintla, it is known by Ameyaltepequeños and thus included in this dictionary as a headword. \rt Finally, as to the etymology of /kwa:palakaxtli/ note the sequence /alaka/ which may have something to do with twisting or coiling: /wi:laka/, /malaka/, /palakachowa/, /ilakastik/, etc. \ref 05497 \lxa kwa:pano:hli \lxac kwa:pano:hli \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \sea (arch.) door lintel; top cross-beam above a doorway (formerly of wood, now mostly made of cement) \ssa (arc.) lintel (antiguamente de madera ahora ya a menudo de cemento) \sem construct-part \xrb kwa: \xrb pano: \nae The irregular stress pattern of kwa:panó:l is perhaps related to the loss of the absolutive ending. \qry Recheck to make sure that this is not used in the possessive form ever; or perhaps the headword is a possessed stem. \ref 01101 \lxa kwa:pa:pah \lxac i:kwa:pa:pah \lxo kwa:pa:pah \lxocpend i:kwa:pa:pah \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj(ap) \seao to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssao tener el cabello como enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pa \ref 07985 \lxa kwa:papatia \lxac kikwa:papatia \lxo kwá:papátia \lxoc kikwá:papátia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-tia \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to repair and patch up the top of (particularly the thatched roofing of a house of palm or grass) \ss reparar o remender el techo o la parte en alto de (particularly el techo de una casa de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo. ¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \syna kwa:tlamanilia \xrb kwa: \xrb patla \nae The etymology of this word perhaps is related to patla 'to exchange.' \nde Molina has papatia. nitla 'reparar algo, o corregir escriptura o enmendar lo mal hecho.' \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 06326. They should be tagged as 5787 as well. \grm Oapan reduplication; reduction: Note how in /kikwá:papátia/ there is no possibility of reduction to /kikwá:patiá/ as occurs in other cases of /kwa:-/. \ref 05787 \lxa kwa:pa:patia \lxac kwa:pa:patia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \sea to get hair that gets into clumped strands \ssa quedarsele el cabello algo greñudo \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pah \qry Check carefully this entry as it is derived from a nickname given to a German linguist who visited Oapan. Check correct spelling, pronunciation. This entry here is mostly to help remind me to ask by the term, or the related??? /kwa:papayoh/. CHECK. \ref 07530 \lxa kwa:papayoh \lxac kwa:papayoh \lxo kwá:papáyoh \lxop kwa:papayoh \lxoc kwá:papáyoh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haber perdido los estribos \syno pápáyotsí:n \syno pápayóh \xrb kwa: \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent. The kwa:- element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival -yoh are transparent. This leaves papa, which, like papayoh and related forms, is not attested in any of the other sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be *pa, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form *papatl or *patl. It is conceivable that papayoh derives from a reinterpretation of pa:ya:tl, which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tl), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of kwa:papayoh and papayoh, as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined. \qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. Check on basis of information given above. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \sj Check for /h/ or two /h/s. \ref 01796 \lxa kwa:pa:payoh \lxac kwa:pa:payoh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea to have hair formed into curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssa tener el cabello que està enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:pa \ref 07986 \lxa kwa:papayoti \lxac kwa:papayoti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses \ssa enloquecerse; perder los estribos \equiva papayowa \equivo pápáyotí \xrb kwa: \xrb pahpa \nae Although kwa:papayoti is classified as a denominal verb, there is no direct evidence of the nominal form. Thus the classification is based on analogy with other similar derivations including the intransitive marker -tia. However, note that it is the semantic equivalent of papayowa. Thus, documented so far is the relationship of kwa:papayoh to kwa:papayo:ti and papayoh to papayowa. The first pair follows the pattern for adjectives and verbs derived from a nominal root, the second pairs follows the pattern for adjectives ending in -yoh, intransitive verbs ending in -yowa, and transitive verbs ending in -yo:tia. \qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive form /-papayo:tia/? Note that I originally had /kwa:papayo:tia/ and changed to /kwa:papayotia/ based on comparative evidence. \mod According to Chen Díaz this is not used, rather one finnds /kwa:papayowa/. Perhaps it should be deleted. \ref 01906 \lxa kwa:papayotik \lxac kwa:papayotik \lxo kwá:papáyotík \lxop kwa:papayotik \lxoc kwá:papáyotík \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes-lex; yes-deriv \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haber perdido los estribos \syna papayotik \xrb pahpa \qry Check for stress on first /kwa:-/; check also in in SJ there is an /h/ as in /pahpayotik/. This should probably be removed for the Oapan. The term is /pápáyotí/. Florencia Marcelino later said that the adjectival form /pápáyotík/ is not used. \pqry Compare all the words with /papayo.../ in Oapan Nahuatl, i.e., underlying {pahpayoh=}. \sj kwa:papayotik; note that p-a in Oapan form suggests \ref 01607 \lxa kwa:pasol \lxac kwa:pasol \lxo kwá:pasól \lxop kwa:pasol \lxoc kwá:pasól \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Op. te-: kwa:tepasol \pa yes \seao see kwa:tepasol \ssao véase kwa:tepasol \xrb pahsol \ref 00488 \lxa kwa:pasole:wi \lxac kwa:pasole:wi \lxo kwá:pasolé:wi \lxoc kwá:pasolé:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. -te-: kwa:tepasole:wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se see kwa:tepasole:wi \ss véase kwa:tepasole:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \subadj kahli pani ka:n nona:miki sakatl \qry Check pitch-accent in Oapan form. My original notes had not p-a here, but given my understanding of the morphology of this word, I have added it. Check. According to my notes this has been recorded and thus it should be possible to check. Note that it should also be checked whether or not this form can occur without /te-/ as ?/kwa:pasole:wi/. If not, then this entry should be eliminated and only /kwa:tepasole:wi/ should be maintained. \ref 00157 \lxa kwa:pasolowa \lxac kikwa:pasolowa \lxo kwá:pasolówa \lxoc kikwá:pasolówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. te- \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se see kwa:tepasolowa (Am) / kwa:tépasolówa (Oa) \ss véase kwa:tepasolowa (Am) / kwa:tépasolówa (Oa) \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \ref 05924 \lxa kwa:pasoltik \lxac kwa:pasoltik \lxo kwá:pasóltik \lxoc kwá:pasóltik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se see kwa:tepasoltik (Am) / kwa:tépasóltik (Oa) \ss véase kwa:tepasoltik (Am) / kwa:tépasóltik (Oa) \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nae Given that this term occurs almost always with the intensifying affix te-, it has been listed under the "intensified" form. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05174 \lxa kwa:pa:tsowa \lxac kikwa:pa:tsowa \lxo kwa:pa:tsowa \lxoc kikwa:pa:tsowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to splash water on the face of \ss echarle agua a la cara de \pna Ma nimokwa:pa:tso:ti para ma:ka nikochisneki! \pea Let me go splash some water on my face so that I won't feel sleepy! \psa ¡Déjame ir a echarme agua a la cara para que no tenga sueño! \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ts \qry Check for intransitive: /kwa:pa:tsiwi/. \rt Mention that /pa:ts/ is related to /pa:/, and point out connection between /pa:/ and /pa/ or /a:/. \ref 05629 \lxa kwa:pa:ya \lxac kwa:pa:ya \lxo kwa:pa:ya \lxoc kwa:pa:ya \dt 30/May/2002 \psm N(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to be a fool, idiot, or imbecil, i.e., someon who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained \sso ser idiota, tonto o imbécil, esto es, una persona que está mal de la cabeza \apao kwa:pa:ya:tik \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \qry Check whether Am does have the apocopated form /kwa:pa:ya/ since my original notes only had /kwa:pa:ya:tik/ and /kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n/. \ref 07104 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:ti \lxac kwa:pa:ya:ti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become woozy or dizzy; to become light-headed \ss ponerse mareado o aturdido; sentirse como embriagado \pna Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mlá yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was. \pea I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything. \psa Me sentí mareado, tuve calentura, ya no pienso en hacer nada. \syno pa:ya:kwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \xvca kwa:pa:ya:tilia \grm Note use of /itlah/: /Yo:nikwa:pa:ya:t, mlá yo:nitoto:niak, xok itlah niknemilia nikchi:was/ 'I got woozy, I really got a fever, I no longer think of doing anything.' Note the use of /itlah/ in this construction. \ref 05027 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxac kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tik \lxoc kwa:pa:ya:tik \dt 30/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \seao to be foolish; to be idiotic; to be like an imbecil; to be missing some marbles; to be fuzzy-brained \ssao ser idiota; ser tonto; ser como imbécil; estar mal de la cabeza \apao kwa:pa:ya \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \fl kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \ref 00501 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxac kikwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tilia \lxoc kikwa:pa:ya:tilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to make woozy, dizzy, or light-headed; to fluster \ssao aturdir; dejar como mareado; aturullar \pna O:kikwa:pa:ya:tilih tra:goh. \pea The drink made him woozy. \psa El trago lo hizo marear. \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \xvba kwa:pa:ya:ti \nde At first Florencia Marcelino (Oa) stated that situations that might cause this would be a beating, or perhaps many children that are always crying, making trouble, etc. However, in reviewing this entry, FM stated that the word used in Oapan is pa:ya:kwi:tia, which is probably the more usual verb for this situation. \qry Check meaning of this and whether it is used in Oapan; cf. to /pa:ya:kwi:tia/, etc. \ref 00639 \lxa kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxaa kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n \lxac kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxo kwa:pa:ya:tl \lxoc kwa:pa:ya:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se fool; idiot; imbecil; one who is missing some marbles or fuzzy-brained \ss idiota; tonto; imbécil; persona que está mal de la cabeza \syno kwa:pa:ya \xrb kwa: \xrb pa:ya: \nse Kwa:pa:ya:tik and similar words may refer to someone who is by nature mentally deficient. It is apparently derived from the stem pa:ya:, which seems to mean 'fuzzy'. It can refer to someone who is like this from birth, a moron, or is temporarily so from drink, or someone who is doing something foolish and senseless. This word is usually found in the diminutive, e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tsi:n, which, perhaps, should in fact be the main entry. However, for now the entry is under the non-diminutive form. \ref 01641 \lxa kwa:pestik \lxac kwa:pestik \lxo kwa:pestik \lxoc kwa:pestik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a short, smooth haircut \ssa tener el cabello plano o liso, bien cortado \pna Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik. \pea His hair isn't smooth, it is rough and uneven (from a poor haircut). \psa Su cabello no está liso (esto es, bien cortado y plano), lo tiene tuzado (por un corte de pelo deficiente). \seo to be bald; to have a shaven head \sso ser calvo; tener la cabeza rasurada \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \qry Check for other meanings of /kwa:pestik/. Cf. to /kwa:petsiwtok/ and make sure the different meanings given in this dictionary reflect the semantic difference between these two words. \ref 04876 \lxa kwa:petsiwtok \lxac kwa:petsiwtok \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to have hair well combed and arranged (i.e., smooth and not disheveled) \ssa tener el cabello bien peinado y arreglado (esto es, liso y no desgreñado) \sem distort-surface \xrb kwa:, pets \dis kwa:petsiwtok; kwa:pestik \qry Recheck the distinction between /kwa:petsiwtok/ 'well combed' (bien peinado) and /kwa:pestik/ ' \ref 04185 \lxa kwa:petsowa \lxac kikwa:petsowa \lxo kwa:petsowa \lxoc kikwa:petsowa \dt 05/Dec/2001 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented to date \infv class-2b \seao to comb the hair of \ssao peinar a \syna kwa:peya:sowa \xrb kwa: \xrb pets \qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. \ref 01102 \lxa kwa:peya:ska:yoh \lxac xnokwa:peya:ska:yoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \grm Neg. /xkaman nokwa:peya:ska:yoh/. \ref 08505 \lxa kwa:peya:sowa \lxac kikwa:peya:sowa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to comb the hair of \ssa peinar a \pna Xne:chkwa:peya:so! \pea Comb my hair! \psa ¡Piéname el cabello! \equiva kwa:petsowa \equivo peya:sowa \xrb kwa: \xrb peya:s \nde In Oapan the kwa: element is not used in the word meaning 'to comb the hair of.' Rather, one finds an periphrastic expression such as kipeya:sowa i:tson. \qry Check for existence and meaning of intransitive form. Also, recheck for presence of glide /y/. Ask if there is any difference between /kwa:peya:sowa/ and /kwa:petsowa/. \ref 01184 \lxa kwa:pipi:liwi \lxac kwa:pipi:liwi \lxo kwá:pipi:lîwi \lxoc kwá:pipi:lîwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \seo to have ones hair be hanging down in strands (e.g., after washing it or getting it wet) \sso tener el pelo colgado como en hebras (p. ej., después de lavarlo o mojarlo) \equiva kwa:kokopi:liwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pi:l \nse Although the equivalent verb form in Ameyaltepec is given as kwa:koko:pi:liwi Florencia Marcelino stated that kwá:pipi:líwi is correct. Note that the adjectival in both villages is derived from pipi:liwi. The Ameyaltepec form should be rechecked. \ref 06546 \lxa kwa:pipi:ltik \lxac kwa:pipi:ltik \lxo kwá:pipí:ltik \lxoc kwá:pipí:ltik \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to have ones hair hanging down in strands \ss tener el pelo colgado como en hebras \pna Kwa:pipi:ltik. O:na:ltih, pa:stik itsontekon. \pea Her hair is hanging down in strands. She bathed, her head is wet. \psa Su cabello se le cuelga como en hebras. Se bañó, su cabeza está mojada. \xrb kwa: \xrb pi:l \qry Check is simply /pipi:ltik/ exists. Determine the difference between /kwa:pipi:ltik/ and a word such as /kwa:ko:pi:ltik/, if it exists. \ref 03078 \lxa kwa:pitsi:ni \lxac kwa:tepitsi:ni \lxo kwa:tepitsi:ni \lxoc kwa:tepitsi:ni \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. inflix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am) \infv class-3a \se to get a small piercing wound on ones head \ss herirse ligeramente en la cabeza \pna O:nikwa:tepitsi:n, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea I got a small wound on my head, I got hit by a rock. \psa Mi cabeza se hirió ligeramente, me alcanzó una piedra. \xrb kwa: \xrb pitsi: \nse Kwa:tepitsi:ni refers to a small pinlike wound in the head, perhaps lightly breaking the skin. \qry Check for transitive form. Again, the presence of /te-/ should be noted and checked although it seems very likely that /pitsi:/ is a separate root. Check for possible forms ?tepitsi:ni and ?pitsi:ni. \ref 05345 \lxa kwa:pochi:naltia \lxac kikwa:pochi:naltia \lxo kwa:pochi:naltia \lxoc kikwa:pochi:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to dishevel or entangle the hair of \ss despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello \pna O:nikwa:pochi:n, o:ne:chkwa:pochi:naltih yeyekatl. \pea My hair got disheveled, the wind messed up my hair. \psa Me despeiné, el viento me despeinó. \se to blunt or fray the end of (particularly a wooden stake or similar material that when beaten down looks "fuzzy") \ss ablandar o deshilachar el punto de (particularmente una estaca u otro material parecido que al golpearse se queda como velloso) \pna Yo:kwa:pochi:n, o:kikwa:pochi:naltih tetl, xwel tla:laki. \pea Its head (in this case of a wooden stake) got flattened and soft, a rock caused this (i.e., as the result of pounding), it won't go into the ground (because it is too soft to be pounded on). \psa Su cabeza (en este caso de una estaca de madera) está ablandada, una piedra la ablandó (al usarse para golpearla), no puede entrar en el suelo. \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \ref 05074 \lxa kwa:pochi:ni \lxac kwa:pochi:ni \lxo kwa:pochi:ni \lxoc kwa:pochi:ni \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se to have ones hair become dishevled \ss desgreñarse; quedarsele el cabello desarreglado \pna Kwaltsi:n o:timotsonchichi:w, a:sta tikwa:pochi:ntia:ya. \pea You really did your hair up nice (in braids), you were going around a lot with your hair disheveled. \psa Te arreglaste muy bien el pelo (en trenzas), hasta andabas con el pelo todo desarreglado. \se to have a fuzzy or frayed and unraveled end (e.g., a wooden stake repeatedly pounded on its head by a rock, rope that becomes unraveled, etc.) \ss tener la punta o el rabo ablandado y deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera, una soga floja) \pna Xiska:n o:kiyekasa:loh. A:man yo:toton, o:kwa:pochi:n. \pea He didn't tie its end up right away (i.e., of a rope). Now it has become unraveled, it's end is frayed. \psa No le ató su cabo luego luego (esto es, de un laso). Ya se desenredó, se quedó con el cabo deshecho. \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \xvcao kwa:pochi:naltia \nse This most often refers to material or objects that should have a pointed, sharp, or tight end, but which become blunted, frayed, or otherwise damaged. \ref 03517 \lxa kwa:pochi:nki \lxac kwa:pochi:nki \lxo kwa:pochi:nki \lxoc kwa:pochi:nki \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to have disheveled hair \ss tener el cabello greñudo y enmarranado \se to have a fuzzy end (a material object such as a wooden stake that has been pounded a lot, a rope with a frazzled end, etc.) \ss tener la punta ablandada, deshecha o deshilachado (una estaca de madera que ha sido golpeada repetidas veces con una piedra, una soga con su cabo desatado) \pna Xtekili un kwa:pochi:nki! \pea Cut off the part that has a fuzzy end (e.g., of a stake so that it can be pounded into the earth)! \psa ¡Córtale la parte de su rabo deshecho (p. ej., de una estaca para que se pueda golpear bien y enterrarle a la tierra).! \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \ref 05348 \lxa kwa:po:ksolektik \lxac kwa:po:ksolektik \lxacpend kwa:po:ksolektik \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08658 \lxa kwa:po:ksole:wi \lxac kwa:po:ksole:wi \lxacpend kwa:po:ksole:wi \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08686 \lxa kwa:polokatl \lxac kwa:polokatl \lxo kwa:popolokatl \lxoc kwa:popolokatl \dt 27/Feb/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-o \infn N1 \se dandruff \ss caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \nae The derivational process here is still not fully analyzed. \qry Check to determine whether a possessed form is correct. \ref 03460 \lxa kwa:polokayoh \lxac kwa:polokayoh \lxo kwa:popolokayoh \lxoc kwa:popolokayoh \dt 19/Feb/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-d-yoh \tran -Trans \se to have dandruff \ss tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \ref 02336 \lxa kwa:polokayowa \lxac kwa:polokayowa \lxo kwa:popolokayowa \lxoc kwa:popolokayowa \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infv class-4a \sea to get dandruff \ssa quedarse con caspa \se (fig.) to get dust and dirt in ones hair \ss (fig.) quedarse con polvo y mugre en el cabello \pna Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh. \pea I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy. \psa Se me llenó el pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza está muy sucia. \seo to get the dust and chaff from maize in ones hair \sso llenarse el cabello del polvo de maíz (al limpiarlo) \xrb kwa: \xrb poloka \nse Apparently in Oapan the verbal intransitive of this paradigm is used only to refer to getting dust and chaff from maize in ones hair. Perhaps this is because dandruff is not something that one acquires (at least not visibly) but rather than one "has." \qry Check the Ameyaltepec meaning and lack of reduplication. \qry Check if simply ?polokatl exists. \ref 03335 \lxa kwa:po:xa \lxaa kwa:bo:lsa \lxac i:kwa:po:xah \lxo kwa:po:xah \lxoc i:kwa:po:xah \dt 27/Jun/2002 \loan (part) bolsa \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se bonnet \ss gorrita \se skull-cap (such as those worn by bishops) \ss solideo (como los que utilizan los obispos) \se white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan \ss tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo, presentada semana santa en Oapan \cfa kwa:xikipihli \ref 01873 \lxa kware:smah \lxac kware:smah \lxo kware:smah \lxoc kware:smah \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan Cuaresma \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao the dry season \ssao la temporada de secas \se (~ del Se:nyo:r) Holy Week \ss (~ del Se:nyo:r) Semana Santa \ref 02979 \lxa kwa:rtah \lxac kwa:rtah \lxo kwa:rtah \lxoc kwa:rtah \dt 20/May/2002 \loan cuarta \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se distance measure that stretches from the tip of the thumb to the end of the extended middle finger \ss medida de la mano, desde la punta del pulgar hasta la punta del dedo en medio \sem measure \encyctmp measures \ref 01724 \lxa kwarti:yah \lxac kwarti:yah \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jun/2002 \loan cuartilla \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea 3 centavos (old monetary division) \ssa 3 centavos (división monetaria antigua) \pna Nikpia kwarti:yah. \pea I have three centavos. \psa Tengo tres centavos. \sem measure \encyctmp measurements \cfa rreá:l \nde The Oapan speakers I have consulted were young and might not have ever heard this form, which is perhaps known by older individuals. \qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan. \ref 00204 \lxa kwarti:yoh \lxac kwarti:yoh \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jun/2002 \loan cuartillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea cuartilla (measure of grain) \ssa cuartilla (medido de grano) \sem measure \encyctmp measurements \qry Get all sizes and weights. Recheck with Oapan. \ref 07807 \lxa kwa:sa:liwtok \lxac kwa:sa:liwtok \lxo kwa:sa:lihtok \lxoc kwa:sa:lihtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-V1 \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have a cloth tied around ones forehead (because one is sick, has a headache, etc.) \ss tener una tela ceñido a la frente (por estar enfermo, tener dolor de cabeza, etc.) \pna Kwa:sa:liwtok, kas kwalo. \pea He has a piece of cloth tied around his head and forehead, perhaps he is sick. \psa Tiene una tela ceñida a su cabeza y frente, quizá está enfermo. \xrb kwa: \xrb sa:l \nse Sometimes kaxti:lanmexkahli is placed below the cloth to help its curing effects. \qry I have only heard this verb in the "progressive," its occurrence without /-tok/ should be checked, and if it does occur, then an entry for the verbal should be added. \ilustmp Illustrate \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03754 \lxa kwa:sa:lowa \lxac kikwa:sa:lowa \lxo kwa:sa:lowa \lxoc kikwa:sa:lowa \dt 17/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \se to tie a cloth around the forehead of \ss ceñirle una tela a la frente de \pna O:timokwa:sa:loh, mitskukwa motsontekon. \pea You tied a cloth around your forehead, you have a headache. \psa Amarraste una tira de tela por la frente, te duele la cabeza. \pna Xkwa:sa:lo momulah para tiksi:yati:skeh, mahki. \pea Tie a cloth around the forehead of your mule (and pull it down over her eyes) so that we can saddle it, it is skittish. \psa Amárrale una tela por la frente de tu mula (y jálala para que le tape los ojos) para poderle poner la silla, es asustadiza. \seo to tie (e.g., palm) end to head \sso atar (p. ej., la palma) cabo a cabo \xrb kwa: \xrb sa:l \qry Check for intransitive form. In second phrase check vowel length in /tiksi:yati:skeh/ and in /mahki/. \ref 02429 \lxa kwa:sebo:ti \lxac kwa:sebo:ti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \loan (part) cebo \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to have dried soap remain in ones hair \ssa quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello \equiva kwa:sebo:tia \xrb kwa: \ref 05650 \lxa kwa:sebo:tia \lxac kwa:sebo:tia \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \loan (part) cebo \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4c(tia) \sea to have dried soap remain in ones hair \ssa quedarse con jabón seco en el cabello \equiva kwa:sebo:ti \xrb kwa: \pqry Check the vowel length, particularly of /e/. \ref 04590 \lxa kwa:so:ne:wa \lxac kikwa:so:ne:wa \lxo kwa:so:ne:wa \lxoc kikwa:so:ne:wa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. infix te-: kikwa:teso:ne:wa \infv class-3a(w) \se to scare (sb) out of his wits \ss asustar o espantar mucho a \xrb kwa: \xrb so:ne: \nse Apparently kwa:so:ne:wa has a metaphoric meaning derived from the basic signification of so:ne:wi, which is 'to puff up or expand' or, more directly, the transitive so:ne:wa, which used reflexively refers to hair standing on end. The sense here seems one of frightening a person so that his head "expands" (cf. 'to make ones hair stand on end'). \qry Check for possibility that the transitive also has a metaphoric meaning of causing an erection. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03495 \lxa kwa:so:ne:wi \lxac kwa:so:ne:wi \lxo kwa:so:ne:wi \lxoc kwa:so:ne:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be scared out of one's wits \ss quedar muy espantado o asustado \xrb kwa: \xrb so:ne: \nse The most common example of the use of kwa:so:ne:wi is that of a person walking in the night who sees or hears something frightening. It is sometimes used vulgarily in a sexual sense, in reference to the male penis. Apparently the form with -iwi does not exist. \cfa so:ne:wi \ref 05172 \lxa kwa:ta:takalowa \lxac kikwa:ta:takalowa \lxo kwa:ta:takalowa \lxoc kikwa:ta:takalowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive form has been documented. \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2b \seao to give a bad and uneven haircut to \ssao dejar con un corte de pelo disparejo; dejar tuzado a \xrb kwa: \xrb takal \nse A haircut that results has some places cut close to the scalp and others with much longer hair left in place. \ref 01169 \lxa kwa:ta:takaltik \lxac kwa:ta:takaltik \lxo kwa:ta:takaltik \lxoc kwa:ta:takaltik \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have unevenly and roughly cut hair \ss tener el cabello cortado medio tusado, disparejo \pna Xkwa:pestik, kwa:ta:takaltik. \pea His hair isn't cut smoothly, it is uneven. \psa Su cabello no está cortado parejo, está disparejo. \pna Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan. \pea His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long. \psa Su cabello está trasquilado, está disparejo. En algunos lugares lele cortaron el pelo cortito, en otros lugares lo dejaron largo. \pna Tikwa:ta:takaltik, o:mitsxi:nkeh san ke:n ihki. \pea You hair is unevenly cut, they cut your hair just in any which way. \psa Tu cabello está trasquilado, te cortaron comoquiera. \equiva tsonta:takaltik \xrb kwa: \xrb taka \nse Oapan and Ameyaltepec both have kwa:ta:takaltik with similar if not identical meanings. However, whereas Ameyaltepec also has tsonta:takaltik with the same meaning, Oapan only has the former. \nae In one example phrase whereas kwa:ta:takaltik is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning 'here and there,' and the fact that the action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are reduplicated with a short vowel: tetewistik and uwekatlan, while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: wekapan. This illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation, i.e., the verbal or adjectival semantics. \qry Check other meanings of /ta:takaltik/. \grm /Kwa:ta:takaltik, tetewistik itson, o:kixi:nkeh ka:nah uwekatlan, ka:nah wekapan./ 'His hair is roughly cut, it is bumpy. In some places they cut his hair short, in other places they left it long.' Note that in one phrase above whereas kwa:ta:takaltik is reduplicated with a long vowel, probably because of the implicit meaning 'here and there,' and the fact that the action of cutting hair is a deliberate event, other words in the same phrase and referring (as adjectivals) to the same situation are reduplicated with a short vowel: tetewistik and uwekatlan, while a third adjectival is not reduplicated at all: wekapan. This illustrates quite well the difficulty in ascribing a single semantic meaning to reduplication without sensitivity to the nature of the event or situation. \grm Phonology: the spectrogram of this word (kwa:ta:takaltik), particularly Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation, is particularly good for seeing vowel length. \vl Link first female pronunciation. \ref 03893 \lxa kwa:tebo:lah \lxac kwa:tebo:lah \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan (part) bola \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. infix te- \infn N1; pl. kwa:tebola:meh \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various \sea type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus Myiarchus, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl \ssa tipo de pájaro de los llamado "Flycatcher, probablemente del género Myiarchus, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl \sem animal \sem bird \syna kwa:teporo:n \xrb kwa: \ref 02799 \lxa kwa:teh \lxac kwa:teh \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan cuate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. kwa:tes \sea one of a pair of twins (plural refers to both twins) \ssa uno de un par de gemelos (el plural refiere a los dos) \pna O:kechtotopo:n, o:kikechtotopo:nwih un kwa:teh. \pea His neck swelled up, that twin (one of a pair) caused his neck to swell up (reflective of the powers that twins are said to have). \psa Se le hinchó el cuello, un gemelo le hizo hinchar el cuello (que refleja los poderes que los gemelos se creen tener). \sea pair of fruit (such as bananas) joined together in one peel or shell \ssa par de frutas (p. ej., plátanos) juntas en una sola cáscara \syno kowa:tsi:ntih \xrb kowa \nse Apparently Nahuatl kwa:teh is a back formation from Spanish cuates itself probably derivated from Nahuatl kowatl 'snake'. It also refers also to double fruits, such as two bananas in one peel. Custom is that a woman should not eat such fruit if she wants to have children for if she does she might become sterile or might have twins. \qry Check what happens to a woman who eats a doubled fruit. (I do not remember at this point, but either she will become sterile or she will have twins). \ref 01693 \lxa kwa:tekakawayo \lxac i:kwa:tekakawayo \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-s; Lex. infix te- \infn N2 \se scalp \ss pericráneo \sem body \encyctmp body \xrb kwa: \xrb kawa \syno kwa:kwitlaxtli \syno kwa:tepetlatl \qry Cf. difference between /tekakawa-/ and /kakawa-/, as this might be related to the presence of /te/ in this form. I am also fairly sure that ?kwa:kakawayo is not used. Note, however, the existence of many words with /kwa:+te+/. Finally, determine the meaning and use, i.e. whether it refers to animal scalps, etc. \ref 05063 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wa \lxac kikwa:tekakaya:wa \lxo kwa:té:kayá:wa \lxoc kikwa:té:kayá:wa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. infix te-; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \se to fool; to play a joke on; to pull the leg of \ss vacilar a; hacerle una broma a; tomarle el pelo a \pna O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa! Xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah. \pea He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he's fooled his father. \psa Dijo que hizo un trabajo. ¡No es así! No lo hizo, engañó a su padre. \xrb kwa: \xrb kaya: \dis kakaya:wa \qry Check for possible use without internal intensifier /te/, i.e., /kwa:kakaya:wa/. Also, disambiguate between /kwa:tekakaya:wa/ and /kakaya:wa/. \grm /O:kitoh o:kichi:w se: tekitl. Xka:wa, xo:kichi:w, kikwa:tekakaya:wa itah/ 'He said he did a job. It's not the case! He didn't do it, he fooled his father' Note that O follows V, as is usually the case. \vl Use second token from male speaker. \ref 02525 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wa \lxac kikwa:tekakaya:wa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08510 \lxa kwa:tekakaya:wilia \lxac nokwa:tekakaya:wilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der \pna O:nimokwa:tekakaya:wilih nosuwa:w \pea V3 \psa \se \ss \xrb \ref 08450 \lxa kwa:teki \lxac kikwa:teki \lxo kwa:teki \lxoc kikwa:teki \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut on the head \ss cortarle sobre la cabeza a \pna O:mitskwa:tek, xwel te:xi:ma. \pea He cut you on your head, he doesn't know how to cut hair. \psa Te cortó sobre la cabeza, no sabe cortar pelo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to repeatedly cut the head of (e.g., a turkey that is being slaughtered) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cortarle repetidas veces sobre la cabeza (p. ej., un guajolote que se está sacrificando) \pna Xkwa:te:teki un towexo:lo:w para tihkwa:skeh. \pea Cut our turkey on the back of the head (to kill it) so that we can eat it. \psa Córtale nuestro guajolote sobre la parte atrás de la cabeza (para matarlo) para que lo podemos comer. \xrb kwa: \xrb teki \nse The action referred to by kwa:te:teki is is that of hanging a turkey (cha:ntsi:n) upside down and cutting the back of its head to that the blood runs out and it dies. \qry Query as to other animals for which rdp-l- might be used. \ref 04903 \lxa kwa:te:kia \lxac kikwa:te:kia \lxo kwa:te:kia \lxoc kikwa:te:kia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to baptize \ss bautizar \pna Yo:nokwa:te:kih. \pea He is already baptized. \psa Ya se bautizó. \pna Nikontas deke tlakwa:te:ki:s. \pea I will go see if he (a priest) will be conducting baptisms. \psa Voy a ver si está llevando a cabo bautizos (un sacerdote). \se to christen; to name for the first time \ss bautizar; darle un nombre por primera vez (e.g., a una cosa que antes no tenía nombre) \pna Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pa:mpa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan. \pea It (in this case teposto:to:tl) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse. \psa Es (en este caso teposto:to:tl) una palabra de aquí, es así como bautizaron el avión, porque así placticaban la gente de antes. \se to pull a fast one on \ss engañar a; hacerle una jugarreta a; verle la cara a \pna O:kinkwa:te:kite:w pa:mpa o:kinkakaya:wte:w. \pea He put one over on them upon leaving because he deceived them just before he left. \psa Les vió la cara al salir porque los enganó justamente antes de partir. \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \xvaao kwa:te:kilia \nae Although further analysis is necessary, kwa:te:kia appears to be an alternative applicative form ending in -ia. The use of -ia as a valency increasing device is not altogether uncommon. Note also that this verb inevitably refers to human patients (as grammatical objects) it also inevitably takes the non-specific object prefix tla- rather than te:-. \grm The phrase with /oihkón/ is found on directional tape #1, 011. This should be rechecked. If confirmed, enter this into the grammar as an example of the nature of the perfective clitic /o:-/. /Tlato:hli de nika:n o:ihkón o:kikwa:te:kikeh yewa un abió:n, pampa i:ksan tla:katl te:nono:tsayan/ 'It (teposto:to:tl) is a word from here, that's the way they christened the airplane, because that's the way people from a long time ago used to converse.' \grm Discuss the applicative verbs in /a/ > /ia/ as in /-ka:wia/, /-te:kia/, /-te:mia/, etc. Cf. Launey's discussion. Note that the applicative of these only seems to occur when there is in IN. \ref 01768 \lxa kwa:te:kilia \lxac kikwa:te:kilia \lxo kwa:te:kilia \lxoc kikwa:te:kilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to baptize (the child) of \ss bautizarle (el hijo) a \pna O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih. \pea He baptized a child of mine for me. \psa Me bautizó un niño. \pna O:ne:chkwa:te:kilih nopo:tsi:n. \pea Me baptized my little girl for me. \psa Me bautizó mi pequeña hija. \xrb kwa: \xrb a: \xrb te:ka \xvba kwa:te:kia \xvbo kwa:te:kiya \nae Although (or perhaps "because") the secondary object of kwa:te:kilia is always a human (baby) the object marked used to express this nonspecific object is usually tla-, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to te-, used for nonspecific human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative sentence above, the documented form is O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih and not ?O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih. \qry Check if other acceptations of /kwa:te:kia/ are also acceptable for the applicative. \vl Use second female and first male tokens. \grm Nonspecific objects: /tla-/ used for /te:-/: Although (or perhaps "because") the secondary object of kwa:te:kilia is always a human (baby) the object marked used to express this nonspecific object is usually tla-, ostensibly for non-human nonspecific objects as opposed to te-, used for nonspecific human objects. Thus, as exemplified in an illustrative sentence above, the documented form is O:ne:xtlakwa:te:kilih and not ?O:ne:xte:kwa:te:kilih. \ref 05684 \lxa kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxac kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxo kwa:tekoyo:ni \lxoc kwa:tekoyo:ni \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a \seo to get a piercing wound in ones head \sso abrirsele un gran agujero en la cabeza \syna kwa:chi:koyo:ni \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \nde Oapan kwa:tekoyo:ni is used to refer to a wound, a hole on the head such as that which might open up on a child hit with a rock while playing. The form kwa:chi:koya:wi, which Ameyaltepequeños gave as having a similar meaning, is used instead in Oapan to refer to a thatched roof opening up. Note that Ameyaltepequeños also use kwa:chi:koya:wi to refer to this process. \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. \vl Tag the mistaken first pronunciation /kwa:tekomo:ni/ with a reserve number: 99998_Oa_f1.wav, or whatever is being used. \ref 03004 \lxa kwa:tekoyo:nia \lxac kikwa:tekoyo:nia \lxo kwa:tekoyo:nia \lxocpend kwa:tekoyo:nia \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2a \seo to open up a piercing wound in the head of (sb, e.g,. with a rock por other sharp and pointed instrument) \sso abrir un agujero en la cabeza de (algn, p. ej., con una piedra u otra cosa punzante) \syna kwa:chi:koyo:nia \xrb kwa: \xrb koyo: \dis kwa:chi:koya:wi \qry Check difference between this word and /kwa:chi:koya:wi/. FM mistakenly uttered /kwa:tekomo:ni/ here, but I don't have this in the lexicon. It should be added. Note that in the syna field I had here /kwa:chi:koyo:nia/ but couldn't find it. Check if it is a word. \ref 07608 \lxa kwa:tekwia \lxac kikwa:tekwia \lxo kwá:tekwía \lxof ['kwa: te 'kwi a] \lxoc kikwá:tekwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se to wrap the head of up (particularly with cloth) \ss envolver la cabeza de (particularmente con tela) \pna O:mitskwa:tekwixkeh. Saihkón xyeto! \pea They wrapped your head up (e.g. with a blanket or cloth). Just stay that way! \psa Te envolvieron la cabeza (p. ej. con una cobija o tela). ¡Quédate así! \pna Xkwa:tekwiaka:n. \pea Wrap his head up! \psa ¡Envuélvele la cabeza! \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \qry Recheck preterite form. Recheck vowel length of /saihkón/ and similar words; if the /o/ is found to be long, then it should be changed through a search and replace. \ref 02342 \lxa kwa:telowa \lxac kikwa:telowa \lxo kwa:telowa \lxoc kikwa:telowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to hit on the head \ss golpear en o sobre la cabeza \pna Cho xyeto! Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia. \pea Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on). \psa ¡Quédate quieto donde estás! Te voy dar un golpe en la cabeza, me estás sacudiendo (esto es, una y otra vez moviendo la mesa sobre que estoy escribiendo). \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb tel \grm Applicative: Note how transitive verbs that usually affect inanimates when they take an animate often have a sort of applicative sense. This is the case with 'Cho xyeto! Timitskwa:telo:s, tine:chwi:wiyo:nia.' 'Be still! I'm going to hit you on the head, you are shaking me (i.e., shaking once and again the table I'm writing on).' Although perhaps one may consider that what is being shaken is the person, it is more likely that the reference is to shaking somthing "on" the person, e.g., a table he or she is writing on. \ref 03248 \lxa kwa:temasol \lxac kwa:temasol \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \sea to have disheveled hair \ssa tener el cabello despeinado \syna kwa:tepasol \syno kwa:tépasól \xrb kwa: \xrb masol \dis kwa:temasol; kwa:tepasol \nse The etymology of kwa:temasol is uncertain, though the similarity in meaning and form to kwa:tepasol is striking. Given this similarity, I have analyzed the te- of kwa:temasol as the intensifier morpheme, although this decision might be modified with subsequent data. It might be, however, that this present entry is in error and that the speaker had confused one consonant with another. \ref 02209 \lxa kwa:temo:tla \lxac kikwa:temo:tla \lxo kwa:temo:tla \lxoc kikwa:temo:tla \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. te- \infv class-4a \se to hit in the head (with sth thrown or shot: a stone, stick, bullet, etc.) \ss pegar en la cabeza (con algo tirado: una piedra, palo, bala, etc.) \pna Ma nikonkwa:temo:tla se: wi:lo:tl! \pea Let me go shoot (with a gun or slingshot) a dove in the head! \psa ¡Deje que vaya yo a tirarle en la cabeza (con un arma de fuego o un resorte) a una paloma! \sem contact \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb mo:tla \qry Cf. other words with /kwa:-/ that also appear to use /te-/ although not always in a capacity which suggests an intensifier. \ref 01345 \lxa kwa:tenexioh \lxac kwa:tenexioh \lxo kwa:tenexioh \lxoc kwa:tenexioh \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \se to have ringworm \ss tener tiña \pna Kwa:tenexioh un toba:leh. \pea Our friend there has ringworm. \psa Nuestro amigo allá tiene tiña. \seo to have dandruff \sso tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \qry The Ameyaltepec definition might well be in error. \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics: Analyze the nature, particularly re: nasalization, of the final vowel. The male speaker seems to manifest a greater degree of nasalization than the female. \rt Discuss the relationship of /tenex-/ to /nex-/. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Check nature of final vowel, /o/, particularly of male speaker. \ref 03527 \lxa kwa:tenextli \lxac kwa:tenextli \lxo kwa:tenextli \lxoc kwa:tenextli \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea ringworm (Oapan synonym: kwa:tsónawátl; Ameyaltepec synonym kwa:tsonawatl) \ssa tiña (sinónimo de Oapan: kwa:tsónawátl; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: kwa:tsonawatl) \pna O:kasik kwa:tenextli. Inakastlan tsotsoliwi, itson xi:ntiw. \pea He's gotten ringworm. The side (of his head) is getting some bald spots on it, his hair is falling out little by little (in a widening circle, as occurs with ringworm). \psa Se le pegó la tiña. Se le está poniendo calvo el lado (de su cabeza), poco a poco se va cayendo su pelo (en un círculo más y más grande, como ocurre con la tiña). \seo dandruff (syn. kwa:popolokatl) \sso caspa (sin. kwa:popolokatl) \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted kwa:tenextli only in the sense of 'dandruff' and as synonymous in this sense with kwa:popolokatl. For ringworm she gave kwa:tsónawátl. \qry Make sure that /kwa:tsonawatl/ and /kwa:tenextli/ are synonyms. Compare directly. \rt Here as elsewhere, the problem of etymology of /tenextli/, which obviously contains the root /nex/. The /te/ might be an intensifier or related to the root /te/ of /tetl/. Also, note here as in other cases the problem of determining whether the verbal /nexewi/, etc. is basic and the noun the result of a process of nominalization, or whether the noun root /nex/ is verbalized with /ewi/ or /iwi/. \ref 00452 \lxa kwa:tenexyowa \lxac kwa:tenexyowa \lxo kwa:tenexyowa \lxoc kwa:tenexyowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seao to get dandruff \ssao tener o llegar a tener caspa \xrb kwa: \xrb te \xrb nex \qry Check to see if transitive form can be used /kwa:tenexyo:tia/. Originally I had this definition for Am: 'to get ringworm' or 'enfermarse de tiña' but this is probably in error. See /tsonawatl/. \ref 06127 \lxa kwa:tepasol \lxac kwa:tepasol \lxo kwa:tépasól \lxoc kwa:tépasól \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \pa yes-lex \se to have dishevelled, uncombed, entangled, or messy hair \ss tener el cabello despeinado, desgreñado o enmarranado \pna Kwa:tepasol, xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh. \pea Her hair is a disheveled mess, she doesn't have hair done up (e.g., in braids). \psa Tiene el cabello todo despeinado, no estaá con el cabello arreglado (p. ej., en trenzas). \pna Tikwa:tepasol. \pea Your hair's a mess. \psa Estás todo despeinado. \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She hasn't fixed her hair (i.e. in 2 or 3 days), she's disheveled. \psa Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezó a desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), está todo se empezó a deshacer (p. ej. las trenzas), no ha arreglado su pelo (en dos o tres días), está despeinado. \se (pl. kwa:tepasolmeh) demons; devils \ss (pl. kwa:tepasolmeh) los aires; los demonios \apa kwa:tepasoltik \apo kwa:tépasóltik \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb pahsol \encyctmp devil (names of devils) \nse Apparently kwa:tepasol is a metaphor based on i:tepasol to:to:tl 'a bird's nest.' The plural kwa:tepasolmeh is occasionally used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to refer to the aires or devils (i.e., the yeyekameh). \dis kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol; kwa:temasol \qry Apparently, if I remember correctly, /pasoliwi/ can take the intensifier /te-/. This should be checked. However, I have never heard /kwa:tepasol/ without /te-/. Again, the possibility of /kwa:pasol/ should be looked into. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that stress accent follows the pattern of the verb stem, i.e., /tepasoliwi/ \ref 03097 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wi \lxac kwa:tepasole:wi \lxo kwa:tépasolé:wi \lxoc kwa:tépasolé:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to become disheveled; to get a tangled or uncombed head of hair \ssao despeinarse; quedarse con el cabello desarreglado \equiva kwa:tepasoliwi \equivo kwa:tépasolíwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nae As with all words with tepasole:wi or similar forms, it appears that the te- is optional though almost always present. Some consultants would accept forms such as kwa:pasole:wi while others wouldn't. However, my recollection is that documented utterances tended to be with te- and for this reason all such forms have been entered with the te- infixed, though forms without this element have been listed and cross-referenced. \qry Check whether this must occur with /te-/. Apparently it is at least almost always so uttered, but if the /te-/ is really optional then think of changing the entry. \vl Check vowel p-a for Oapan; I would expect p-a here given the other cases of /tepasole:wi/. Note that in this entry I originally did not have the p-a but have since changed it given the comparative evidence. There is one female token from 04589, this is the female token that should be linked. \ref 01377 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxac kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxo kwa:tépasolé:htok \lxoc kwa:tépasolé:htok \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be disheveled; to have a tangled or bushy head of hair (particularly sb with very curly hair) \ss estar despeinado; tener el cabello desarreglado o greñudo (particularmente algn con pelo muy chino) \fla kwa:tepasole:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \qry Check as to whether this occurs only with /te-/. If not, change entry and analysis. \ref 01716 \lxa kwa:tepasole:wtok \lxac kwa:pasole:wtok \lxo kwá:pasolé:htok \lxoc kwá:pasolé:htok \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se see kwa:tepasole:wtok (Am) / kwa:tépasolé:htok \ss véase kwa:tepasole:wtok (Am) / kwa:tépasolé:htok \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \ref 04485 \lxa kwa:tepasoliwi \lxac kwa:tepasoliwi \lxo kwa:tépasolíwi \lxoc kwa:tépasolíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to get or have a disheveled, uncombed, or entangled head of hair \ss quedarsele el cabello despeinado, desarreglado o greñudo \pna O:tikwa:tepasoliw, skie:rah xmotsonchichi:wa (ximoxi:ma). \pea Your hair has become a mess. Why don't you at least braid it (to a female, or get a haircut, to a male)? \psa Tu pelo te quedó todo desarreglado. ¿Por qué no te lo arreglas? (a una mujer, o ¿Por qué no te lo cortas? a un hombre). \pna Kwa:tepasoliwis deke xnoxi:mas. \pea His hair will get long and disheveled if he doesn't get a haircut. \psa Su pelo se crecerá y quedará greñudo si no lo corta. \equiva kwa:tepasole:wi \equivo kwa:tépasolé:wi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \nse Although I have always heard this uttered with te-, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use this verb without te-. Nevertheless, it has not so been documented. \qry Check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. In one entry I have a note that "although I have always heard the form with /te/, Pánfilo Lorenzo mentioned that it is also correct to use the form without /te-/. Recheck that /kwa:pasole:wi/ is also correct. \vl There is one female token /kwa:tépasolé:wi/. This should be tagged with #1377. It is the one that should be linked. \ref 04589 \lxa kwa:tepasolowa \lxac kikwa:tepasolowa \lxo kwa:tépasolówa \lxoc kikwa:tépasolówa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \aff Op. te- \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to dishevel or entangle the hair of \ssao despeinar, desarreglar o desgreñar el cabello de \pna Ma:ka xne:chkwa:tepasolo. San tine:chkwa:titila:ntok. \pea Don't mess up my hair (in this case said by a female who had her hair nicely braided)! You're just pulling down hard on my hair. \psa ¡No me despeines! (en este caso dicho por una mujer que tenía su pelo bien arreglado con trenzas)! Nomás me estás jalando el pelo. \pna O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok. \pea The wind messed up her hair, her hair wasn't done up (in braids, which would have protected it). \psa El viento le desarregló el cabello, no estaba arreglada (en trenzas, que lo hubiera protejido del viento). \se (refl.) to curl ones hair \ss (refl.) enchinarse \pna Yo:nokwa:tepasolo:to. Kwa:k o:one:w xihkón, o:yah pestik katka itsontekon. \pea He went to have his hair curled. When he headed out it wasn't like that, he left with straight hair. \psa Fue a enchinarse el pelo. Cuando salió no estaba así, se fue con el cabello liso. \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \dis kwa:pochi:naltia \nse Although the te- element is not obligatory and, as one sentence above illustrates, forms without te- are possible, this is quite rare. In fact, it seems that in the apocopated adjectival form kwa:tepasol the te- element is obligatory. Similar observations were made in regard to other forms. Thus the sentence O:kikwa:pasoloh yeyekatl, xtsonchichi:wtok may be considered somewhat idiosyncratic and perhaps borderline. It is for this reason that the main headword entry is kwa:tepasolowa, with the intensifier as it is for all cognate forms. \qry Also check if the version without /te-/ is correct. I believe, for example, that in the nominal form /kwa:tepasol/ the /te-/ must be present. /nochi:notilia/ means 'to have ones hair curled'. Check for difference between /kwa:pasolowa/ and /kwa:pochi:naltia/ \vl Check the pitch-accent in the Oapan variant given that in my entry for the /lxo and /lxoc fields I noticed that there were no accents. This is probably an error and I have corrected it, but the original recordings should be consulted. \ref 01146 \lxa kwa:tepasoltik \lxac kwa:tepasoltik \lxo kwa:tépasóltik \lxoc kwa:tépasóltik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. te- \pa yes-lex \seao to have disheveled, entangled, uncombed, or messy hair \ssao tener el pelo desarreglado, despeinado, desgreñado \apa kwa:tepasol \apo kwa:tépasól \fla kwa:pasoliwi \xrb kwa: \xrb pahsol \qry Check as in associated words, whether the form without /te/ is correct, or whether this should be /kwa:tepasoltik./. \vl I have added the p-a to the Oapan form even though after recording I did not have it. But comparative evidence from other entries suggest it should be there. Remove if this is in error. \ref 00881 \lxa kwa:tepochik \lxac kwa:tepochik \lxo kwa:tepochik \lxoc kwa:tepochik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik(ap) \aff Lex. inflix te- \infn N0 \se to have disheveled hair; to have hair that is in a mess (from not being combed) \ss tener el cabello en greñas (por no peinarse) \dis kwa:tepochik; kwa:tepasol \xrb kwa: \xrb pochi: \nae The lexeme kwa:tepochik is basically an apocopated deverbal adjectival ?pochiktik (from pochi:ni). The derivational process whereby verbs ending in -o:ni or -V:wi form adjectival derivatives ending in oktik or Vktik, with a shortened vowel, is not unusual. Here this same process has occurred although the attributive adjectival has been apocopated, losing the final -tik. \grm Note re: apocopated nouns: kwa:tepochik. Apparently this is related to the transparent deverbal adjectival /pochiktik/, a normal derivational process. The ellision of /-tik/ is common and apparently gives the form a more nominal quality, although the precise meaning of these forms should be studied in context. Certainly at times they seem to function as naming terms, i.e. like a vocative, and thus have some relationship to general shortening processes that affect hypocorism. Add a section on hypocorism in grammar. \ref 04363 \lxa kwa:teporo:n \lxac kwa:teporo:n \lxo kwa:poro:n \lxoc kwa:poro:n \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N(ap) \pss P1; P2; TM \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \infn N1; pl. kwa:teporo:meh, kwa:poro:meh \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 41, various \se type of greyish-colored Flycatcher, probably of the genus Myiarchus, though the exact species has not been identified; some consultants in Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl \ss tipo de pájaro de los llamado "Flycatcher, probablemente del género Myiarchus, aunque la especie precisa no ha sido determinada; algunos en Ameyaltepec me han dicho que es un tipo de si:bara:tl \se the clump of feathers that stands on the head of some birds \ss la bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza de algunos pájaros \pna Kipia ikwa:teporo:n. \pea It has a crown of feathers on its head (e.g., hens and quails, so:lin). \psa Tiene su coronita de plumas (p. ej., gallinas y codornices, so:lin). \se to have a clump of feathers on the head (e.g., some birds, or a person with hair cut in this way) \ss tener una bolita de plumas sobre la cabeza (p. ej., algunos pájaros, o una persona con su pelo cortado para que quede un poquito de pelo parado en medio de la cabeza) \pna Ma:ski un pió kwa:teporo:n, tihkwa:skeh. \pea Even though that chicken has a crown of feathers, we will eat it. \psa Aunque esa gallina tiene una coronita de plumas, nos la vamos a comer. \se having (a pa clump of hair that stands up in the middle of his or her head \ss una persona (hombre o mujer) que tiene un poquito de pelo que se para en medio de su cabeza \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \ono hypo-pj si:bara:tl \nse The etymology of this kwa:teporo:n is uncertain. It may be a partial borrowing from Spanish; or it may include the word-stem tepol, meaning something like 'stumpy' or 'stumpy.' The latter seems perhaps more likely, given that no potential Spanish loan can be established, given the semantics of kwa:teporo:n, and given the frequent variation across languages of /l/ and /r/. The physical characteristics of this bird's head, with its clump of feathers, might have something to do with the term kwa:teporo:n. Cristino Flores mentioned that this bird has a part in the middle of its back that is tewistik (having a small bump) in the middle of its head, a clump of feathers that stand up. The color of this bird is tekwitlanextsi:n. Although some speakers mentioned that the kwa:teporo:n is a type of bird generically called si:bara:tl, Cristino Flores mentioned that the si:bara:tl is another type, one that makes loud sounds (kwa:texi:kal). \nae Kwa:teporon is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). \nde In Oapan the form kwa:poro:h is used to refer to the bird. A young child (usually less than a year old) may also be so called if he has hair that stands up and cannot be combed or flattened down. \qry Recheck vowel length, although in one entry I have the vowels as marked and the penultimate syllable marked as stressed, to confirm that the accent is not on the final syllable. \grm Nouns: Kwa:teporon is interesting in that as a noun it can refer to a specific animal (the bird of that name), to a part of a bird or other animal (the crest or tuft of hair) that is obligatorily possessed, and as an attributive noun (describing a particular quality, which is the possession of the distinguishing feature of a tuft of hair or feathers). \ref 01513 \lxa kwa:tes \lxac kwa:tes \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \loan cuate \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se twins \ss cuates; gemelos \cfo kowatl \nse This is a back formation from the Spanish cuates, itself a loan from Nahuatl kuwatl (or its equivalent in other dialects) meaning 'twins.' \ref 05146 \lxa kwa:tese:bolió:n \lxaa kwa:tese:bolió:n \lxac kwa:tese:bolió:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan sebo; -ión \psm N \der N-N \infn N1 \sea practical joke \ssa vacilada o broma \pna Ka:chikatsi:n! San kwa:tese:bolió:n! \pea It's not true! It's only a joke! \psa ¡No es verdad! ¡Es sólo una vacilada! \sea It's on you! \ssa ¡Te caiste (en una vacilada)! \pna Kwa:tese:bolió:n, san o:timitskakaya:w. \pea It's on you! I just fooled you (e.g., it isn't true what I said). \psa ¡Te caiste! ¡Nada más te vacilé (p. ej., no era verdad lo que dije). \xrb kwa: \nse This term apparently refers to a practical joke or to the victim. The ending -ió:n is interesting and enters into some words used with children or joking. The noun form borrows from Spanish sebo 'grease or fat' and the saying hacer sebo with the sense of 'to fool around or goof off.' \qry Check to make sure /ka:chikatsi:n/ is correctly written and in the dictionary. \grm Note how again the incorporation of /kwa:-/ is followed by /te-/. This seems very common and it might be well simply to note that the incorporation of /kwa:-/ often involves this "intensifying" element. \ref 00065 \lxa kwa:tese:soh \lxac i:kwa:tese:soh \lxo kwa:tese:soh \lxoc i:kwa:tese:soh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) seso \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \aff Lex. infix te- \infn N2 \se brains \ss sesos \sem body \xrb kwa: \qry Again, recodify this and other words that are partial loans. From my information the presence of /te-/ is mandatory, although here (as in several other words that begin /kwa:te-/ it is hard to imagine an intensifier use. Perhaps the /te-/ after /kwa:-/ is related to a classifier /tetl/. It seems to occur in all cases of /kwa:/ plus another element. \ref 05872 \lxa kwa:teson \lxac kwa:teson \lxo kwa:teson \lxoc kwa:teson \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Am) \infa n-to-meh \seao to have a crewcut or short hair; to be short-haired \ssao tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pelo casi raso \pna Kwa:teteson. O:kitlamilikeh itson. \pea He has real short hair. They finished his hair off (when they cut it). \psa Tiene pelo cortado al ras. Se le acabaron el pelo (cuando le cortaron el pelo). \apa kwa:tetesontik \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse Note that tetesontik indicates a rough, hard surface, like that of sandpaper (cf. Classical teçonoa. nitla. which Molina glosses as 'hazer áspera una cosa, o rapar y raer mucho el pelo de la cabeza el barvero que afeita' and teçontic, which Molina has as 'aspera cosa, así como piedra, o cosa semejante'). Kwa:teteson (or kwa:tetesontik (Am)) refers to a person who has short hair because of a haircut, and not from baldness, leaving a surface of prickly hairs, like that of a beard of a few days. The form kwa:teteson is the most common and probably results from reduplication, though it may also be analyzable as having the infixed intensifier te-. However, I have also recorded kwa:teson in Ameyaltepec (in Oapan it seems perhaps the more common term). \mod Check to see if /kwa:teson/ is recorded anywhere in the Yale recordings. If so, link to this entry. \mod In Oapan /kwa:teson/ is used for sb with recently cut short hair, but whose hair does not naturally go straight up; cf. kwa:tesonek. As FM stated, /kwa:teson ya san kiyo:kilia/. \ref 05313 \lxa kwa:tesonek \lxac kwa:tesonek \lxo kwa:tesonek \lxoc kwa:tesonek \dt 06/Aug/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have uncombed hair that stands up on end \sso tener el pelo sin peinar y parado \cfa kwa:teteson \cfa kwa:tetesontik \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nae The etymology of the Oapan form here kwa:tesonek is unclear, specifically in reference to the final /ek/ sequence. \mod The word here should be /kwa:teson/ for Oapan. Note that /kwa:tesonek/ is used for someone who has hair that stands straight up, not just when recently cut. Even though the hair is wet, and that someone tries to comb it down, if when it gets longer, it still goes straight up. Thus this should be changed. Check recording and if the form /kwa:teson/ is there, then change. Otherwise perhaps create a new entry for /kwa:tesonek/, but determine the source of the /-ek/ ending. \ref 00388 \lxa kwa:tetepoloti \lxac kwa:tetepoloti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to become baren on the top branches or stem (a plant or tree) \ssa quedarse desprovisto de ramas en la copa o parte superior (una planta o árbol) \fla kwa:tetepolowa \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \qry Unfortunately in revising this dictionary I found only a headword here; there was no definition or example sentences. I added what I thought would be corrected based on cognate forms, but this should be checked. Perhaps this entry should be removed. Check the discussion with CF \ref 00308 \lxa kwa:tetepolowa \lxac kikwa:tetepolowa \lxo kwá:tepolówa \lxoc kikwá:tepolówa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to leave a barren stem or trunk (by eating the leaves off a herbaceous plant or chopping off the branches of a tree) \ss dejar pelón o una parte rabón o muñón (al comerle las hojas a una planta herbácea o cortarle las ramas a un árbol) \pna Tsontetl kikwa:tetepolowan anjolí:n. \pea The ant known as tsontetl eats the leaves off the sesame plant, leaving it barren \psa La hormiga conocida como tsontetl le come las hojas al ajojolí, dejándolo pelón. \pna O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kohtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni. \pea They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again. \psa Le cortaron las ramas a ese árbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas. \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kohtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s i:n tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n. \pea Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful to the growth of maize), cut its top branches down! \psa ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en a la parte alta de este árbol! ¡Qué no vaya a pegar (el árbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina) a nuestra milpa, córtale sus ramas más altas! \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti un sempwalxo:chitl! \pea Go cut the top off those marigolds (after transplanting, so that they grow higher)! \psa ¡Ve a cortarle la parte de arriba de esos cempoalsuchiles (después de transplantarlos, para que crezcan más alto)! \cfa kwa:kokoto:na; ma:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tsotsontéki; kwá:tepolówa \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \dis ma:tetepolowa; kwa:tetepontilia; kwa:tetepolowa, kwa:kokoto:na, kwá:tsontéki \nse It is not clear whether in Ameyaltepec kwa:tetepolowa the first te- should be analyzed as reduplication of tepolowa or as the "intensifying" element that usually follows kwa:. For now I have considered the first option in my coding, given that the action referred to, that of pruning,' is something that would seem to require a reduplicative paradigm. Apparently the Ameyaltepec word is always reduplicated. The unreduplicated form *kwa:tepolowa has not been documented. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the equivalent of kwa:tepoltik meaning 'sin sombrero, árbol sin follaje, cosa que no tiene punta.' At time kwa:kokoto:na may also be used synonymously with kwa:tetepolowa. \qry Check for absence of intransitive form ?kwa:tetepoliwi. \qry Check the phrase /Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuhtli, ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n/ for on one file card I had written /xkwa:xini:li/ in which the first element would be /kwa:-/ 'head' and the equivalent would be /kikwa:xini:lia/. If there first element is /wa:l-/ then the form is /kwa:lxi:nilia/ in which /kwa:l-/ = {k + wa:l}. Check. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the reduction here despite the length of the vowel kwá:tepolowa. \ref 05470 \lxa kwa:tetepoltik \lxac kwa:tetepoltik \lxo kwá:tepóltik \lxoc kwá:tepóltik \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \pa yes \seo to be without branches on top (a plant or tree) \sso estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta o árbol) \syna kwa:tetepon \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \qry Check for other uses of /tepol/. \ref 06703 \lxa kwa:tetepoltik \lxac kwa:tetepoltik \lxo kwá:tepóltik \lxoc kwá:tepóltik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \pa yes-rdp \seo to be without branches on the top part (e.g., a tree, bush, or even plant that has had its top part pulled off to eat) \sso estar sin las ramas o ramitas de la parte superior (p. ej., un árbol, arbusto, o hasta planta de que le han arrancada la parte superior, como huazontle para comer) \xrb kwa: \xrb tepol \nae The pitch accent on the first syllable kwá:- \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note how /kwá:-/ with a pitch accent seems to indicate reduplication. Cf. the verbal form /kwá:tepolówa/ and Am /kwa:tepopolowa/. \ref 07017 \lxa kwa:tetepon \lxac kwa:tetepon \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \sea to be without branches on top (a plant or tree) \ssa estar sin ramas en lo alto (una planta o árbol) \pna O:kikwa:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, o:noka:w kwa:tetepon, oksepa ma itsmoli:ni. \pea They chopped the branches off that tree. It was left with its top cut off, it's branches need to grow back again. \psa Le cortaron las ramas a ese árbol. Lo dejaron pelón, se le va a tener que retoñar las ramas. \syno kwá:tepóltik \xrb kwa: \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \qry Check for other uses; cf. /kwa:tetepontilia/ for 'to cut the bangs off' and see if /kwa:tetepon/ can take a human subject. Also check whether /kwa:tetepontilia/ can take a tree or plant as object. NOTE: check pitch accent of /kwá:tepóltik/ and if incorrect change here and in headword entry. \ref 05278 \lxa kwa:teteson \lxac kwa:teteson \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crewcut or short hair \ssa tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso \apa kwa:tetesontik \equivo kwa:teson \equivo kwa:tesonek \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \ref 07782 \lxa kwa:tetesonowa \lxac kikwa:tetesonowa \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \se to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ss cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \pna Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh. \pea They cut his hair real short. \psa Le cortaron el pelo muy corto. \se to give a rough and uneven haircut to \ss cortarle el pelo muy disparejo a \equiva kwa:tetesontilia \equiva kwa:tetesontla:lia \equivo kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse There seems to be no clear difference in meaning between a reduplicated and nonreduplicated form although apparently the reduplicated form, here given as the dictionary headword, is more common. Both may be used with a singular object. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 03756 \lxa kwa:tetesontik \lxac kwa:tetesontik \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to have a crewcut or short hair \ssa tener el pelo muy corto como resultado de una corte de pela casi raso \apa kwa:teteson \equivo kwa:teson \equivo kwa:tesonek \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \ref 01292 \lxa kwa:tetesontilia \lxac kikwa:tetesontilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran No intransitive \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ssa cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \pna Kwahli o:kikwa:tetesonokeh. \pea They cut his hair real short. \psa Le cortaron el pelo muy corto. \sea to give a rough and uneven short haircut to \ssa cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a \syna kwa:tetesontla:lia \syna kwa:tetesonowa \syno kwa:tesmero:ntilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse The basic verbal stem of kwa:tetesontilia is denominal, derived from tesontli, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival tesontik refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb kwa:tetesontilia refers to cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch. \nae A nonreduplicated form (kwa:tesontilia) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 01031 \lxa kwa:tetesontla:lia \lxac kikwa:tetesontla:lia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran No intransitive \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \ssa cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \sea to give a rough and uneven short haircut to \ssa cortarle el pelo corto y muy disparejo a \syna kwa:tetesontilia \syna kwa:tetesonowa \syno kwa:tesmero:ntilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb teson \nse The basic verbal stem of kwa:tetesontilia is denominal, derived from tesontli, which in Classical (Molina) is defined as 'piedra tosca, llena de agujericos y liviana.' In Ameyaltepec and Oapan the adjectival tesontik refers to a particular type of roughness of surface. The verb kwa:tetesontilia refers to cutting someones hair short, so that it sticks up, like a crewcut, leaving a surface rough to the touch. \nae A nonreduplicated form (kwa:tesontilia) is correct though apparently less common. There is no clear difference in meaning the two. \qry Note that I have at present only one code, *rdp-s for incorporated reduplication. Perhaps another code should be used for possible incorporated reduplication. As I now have it all incorporated reduplication is possible, much like initial reduplication, although in many cases the incorporated reduplication is almost mandatory or is the more usual form. Check to see if intransitive occurs, whether there is any other potential meaning, and whether simple /tesonowa/ exists. \qry Note that in one entry I have /kwa:tetesonowa/ meaning 'to give a crewcut or very short haircut to' and in another entry Ihave 'to give a bad or ugly haircut to, with the hair cut very unevenly.' Make sure that both significations are correct. \ref 07822 \lxa kwa:tetestmiro:ntik \lxac kwa:tetetsmiro:ntik \lxo kwa:tesmero:ntik \lxoc kwa:tesmero:ntik \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-?-tik \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesmero:n \syna kwa:tetesontik \syno kwa:tesi:gritik \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07014 \lxa kwa:tetetsmiro:n \lxac kwa:tetetsmiro:n \lxo kwa:tesmero:n \lxoc kwa:tesmero:n \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \seo to have a crewcut or very short haircut \sso tener el pelo cortado muy corto, casi al ras \apo kwa:tesmero:n \syno kwa:teteson \syno kwa:tesi:gri \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07015 \lxa kwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia \lxac kikwa:tetetsmiro:ntilia \lxo kwa:tesmero:ntilia \lxoc kikwa:tesmero:ntilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to give a crewcut or very short haircut to \sso cortar el pelo muy corto, casi al ras, a \syna kwa:tetesontilia \syno kwa:tesi:gritilia \xrb kwa: \xrb tesmero:n \nse The etymology of this word is unclear. \ref 07010 \lxa kwa:tewe:iya \lxac kwa:tewe:iya \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08136 \lxa kwa:tewia \lxac nokwa:tewia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sem contact \se (refl.) to hit ones head against \ss (refl.) golpearse la cabeza contra \pna O:nimokwa:tewih pan tepa:ntli. \pea I knocked my head against the wall. \psa Golpeé mi cabeza contra la pared. \pna O:timokwa:tewikeh. \pea We hit our heads together. \psa Nos chocamos las cabezas. \syna kwa:chakwa:nia \syno kwa:techakwa:nia \syno kwá:tsatsí:tia \xrb kwa: \xrb te \qry Check for possibility of transitive use. However, also note that in many cases compounds with /-tewia/ are used only reflexively. \mod Perhaps add separate sense of the reciprocal. \ref 06144 \lxa kwa:texama:nia \lxac nokwa:texama:nia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb kwa: \xrb xama: \ref 08220 \lxa kwa:texi:kal \lxac kwa:texi:kal \lxo kwa:texi:kal \lxoc kwa:texi:kal \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. inflix te- \se person (or certain animals) having a loud voice or cry; person who is always talking or shouting in a loud voice \ss gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); persona que habla o grita fuerte \pna Tikwa:texi:kal, titsatsini, titlatowa chika:wak. \pea You are loud, you shout a lot, you speak with a loud voice. \psa Eres un gritón, gritas mucho, hablas fuerte. \pna Kohtlatlapa:nani un suwa:tl. Nochipa wetska, kwa:texi:kal. \pea That woman is boisterous. She is always laughing, she is loud. \psa Es vocinglera esa mujer. Siempre se ríe, sueña muy fuerte. \apao kwa:texi:kaltik \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb xi:kal \rt Cf. note in regard to /te-/ with /kwa:tese:soh/. Perhaps /xi:kal/ can be further analyzed as /xi:/ and /kal/. \ref 02872 \lxa kwa:texi:kaltik \lxac kwa:texi:kaltik \lxo kwa:texi:kaltik \lxocpend kwa:texi:kaltik \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \aff Lex. inflix te- \seo to have a loud voice or cry; to be always talking or shouting in a loud voice \sso ser gritón (una person, o ciertos animales); ser algn que habla o grita fuerte \apao kwa:texi:kal \xrb kwa: \xrb te- \xrb xi:kal \qry During elicitation of /kwa:teki:kal/, FM mentioned that Oapan also has /kwa:texi:kaltik/. \ref 07602 \lxa kwa:texi:tlastik \lxac kwa:texi:tlastik \lxo kwa:texi:tlastik \lxoc kwa:texi:tlastik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik (?) \aff Lex. infix te- \seao to be bald \ssao ser calvo \apa kwa:texi:tlas \apo kwa:texi:tlats \xrb kwa: \xrb xi: \xrb tlats \nae Etymologically kwa:texi:tlastik is apparently related to Northern Puebla xitlatztic 'pulido' (polished) and Zacapoaxtla xi:tatztic 'desnudo.' Molina has no cognate word for 'bald' or 'naked' but does have quaxipetztic 'calvo' as well as related words. Since the qua element is easily identified as 'head' and the petztic element indicates smoothness, it would seem that this Classical form also contains a xi: element. \qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms. \vl The first female token has a pause in the middle, don't tag it. Then there are 2 good female and 2 good male tokens. Of these, link 2nd female speech token and 1 male token. \grm Apocopated forms; phonology: Note that both Am and Oapan have /kwa:texi:tlastik/ and /kwa:texi:tlas/ as meaning 'bald.' The latter has been categorized as a apocopated adjectival. Re; the question of the roots involved, comparative evidence suggests /tlats/ as the final element. There is a reason for the /ts/ > /s/ shift in the /-tik/ adjectival, as this is a general phonological change in the Nahuatl of this reason. But if the root is /tlats/ the form /kwa:texi:tlas/ is not explainable. Either the root is actually /tlas/ or has been reinterpreted as /tlas/, or, more interesting, the phonoogical shift motivated by an ending (in this case /-tik/) is maintainedin the apocopated forms! This should be researched. \ref 05822 \lxa kwa:texi:tlats \lxac kwa:texi:tlats \lxo kwa:texi:tlats \lxoc kwa:texi:tlats \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \seao to be bald \ssao estar calvo \apao kwa:texi:tlastik \xrb kwa \xrb xi: \xrb tlats \qry Check vowel length since this entry was found only on the original file cards with no vowel length recorded. Also, determine whether the /te-/ is optional. Finally, get speakers interpretation of the etymology and any other possible similar forms. \ref 00924 \lxa kwa:tila:na \lxac kikwa:tila:na \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \sea to pull the hair of (in reference to the hair on a person's head) \ssa jalarle el cabello a \pna Ma:ka xne:chkwa:titila:na, te:kokoh! \pea Don't pull on my hair, it hurts! \psa ¡No me jales el cabello, duele! \equivao tsontila:na \xrb kwa: \xrb tila:na \dis kwa:momotsowa \nse Apparently kwa:tila:na refers directly to the pulling of hair, kwa:momotsowa to grabbing, like grabbing a handful of hair and pulling. \qry Determine difference between kwa:tila:na and kwa:momotsowa. Also, determine whether /kwa:tila:na/ can occur in the nonreduplicated form, or whether it is always reduplicated. If always reduplicated, then change head entry. \ref 05768 \lxa -kwa:tipan \lxac i:kwa:tipan \lxo -kwa:tipan \lxoc i:kwa:tipan \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-tipan \infn N2(loc) \se overhead of; above of \ss arriba de; colgado sobre \pna O:kitakeh por prime:ra bes ke:non o:pano:k inkwa:tipan tlakpak. \pea They saw for the first time how it (in this case an airplane) passed high over their heads. \psa Vieron por primera vez como (en este caso un avión) pasó arriba de ellos. \pna Mokwa:tipan pilkatok. \pea It is hanging above your head. \psa Está colgado arriba de tu cabeza. \se at the top of (e.g., a pole, a building, or, in general, a tall, standing object) \ss en la parte alta de (p. ej., un palo, un edificio o, en general, un objeto alto y parado) \pna Kipia (se: xiwtli) se: yewaltsi:n ipan ikwa:tipan. \pea It (in this case a certain type of weed) has a little round thing (like a bud) at the top (of its stalk). \psa Tiene (en este caso un tipo de maleza) una bolita (como botón) arriba (donde termina su tallo). \xrb kwa: \xrl -tipan \nse The obligatorily possessed locative construction -kwa:tipan generally refers to a location above the head of some vertically standing object (e.g., a person, a building, a plant, a stick, etc.), i.e., located in the air above some object (the "possessor"). It may at times be used to refer to the location above some horizontal object, such as a person lying on a bed; in this sense it is interchangeable with -kwa:tlan. \qry Apparently kwa:tipan does not does not accept /te:-/. Check. . Check to see if /-kwa:tlan/ refers only to this type of "being above" (i.e., of a horizontal object) and not to the "altitude" difference above something standing. \ref 03348 \lxa kwa:ti:tirits \lxac i:kwa:ti:tirits \lxo kwa:ti:tirits \lxoc i:kwa:ti:tirits \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se crest (on the head of certain birds, particularly a rooster, and some hens) \ss cresta (sobre la cabeza de ciertos pájaros, particularmente un gallo, y unas gallinas) \pna ... ikwa:ti:tirits po:yoh \pea ... the crest of a rooster \psa ... la cresta de un gallo. \sem body \sem animal \xrb kwa: \nse Some hens pio also have a crest. The etymology of this word is highly uncertain and the /r/ is definitely an innovation. No immediate origin source from Spanish comes to mind. Molina gives quachichiquilli as 'cresta de paxaro.' \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 05496 \lxa kwa:toto:nki \lxac kwa:toto:nki \lxo kwa:toto:nki \lxoc kwa:toto:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \der Adj-dvb-ki \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to be hot-headed \ss ser enojón \pna Kwa:toto:nki, niman kwala:ni. \pea He is hot-headed, he gets angry right away. \psa Es un enojón, luego luego se enoja. \sem character \xrb kwa: \xrb to:na \qry Determine whether forms such as this should be considered lexicalized or incorporated reduplication. Check for forms /kwa:toto:nia/ and /kwa:toto:nilia/ 'to make hot-headed.' If these exist, then the classification in the /cat field should change to the -ki/ya/lia paradigm. \grm This is another form, with /a:molo:nki/ and /a:yema:nki/ in which the adjectival is formed not from the preterit, but from the verbal stem of intransitives that end in -ia {-i + ya}. \ref 05330 \lxa kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxac i:kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex: infix tla- \infn N2 \sea the dot over a letter \ssa la punta sobre una letra \pna "I" kipia ikwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n. \pea An "i" has a dot over it. \psa Una "i" tiene una punta arriba. \xrb kwa: \xrb chipi: \qry I heard this once; check to determine if this word is shared by the speech community, and if it possibly has any other meaning. \grm Note the agentive forms in /-ntsi:n/ as in /kwa:tlachipi:ntsi:n/ 'the dot over it (a letter)' Include a section in the grammar on these types of words. \ref 01494 \lxa kwa:tlamanilia \lxac kikwa:tlamanilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to patch the top of (a thatched roof hut) \ssa remendar la parte en alto (de una techo de palma o zacate) \pna Yo:kwa:techi:koya:w mokal. O:isoliw, kineki nokwa:tlamanili:s. Xkwa:papati! \pea A wide-open hole has opened up in the roof of your house. It's old, it needs to be fixed. Patch up the thatching! \psa El techo de tu casa se ha reventado. Ya se puso viejo, es necesario remendarlo. ¡Arréglale el zacate (donde está abierto)! \syna kwa:papatia \syno kwá:papátia \xrb kwa: \xrb man \nse Note that in the construction kwa:tlamanilia the element kwa: is a modifying incorporation and does not reduce the valency. The valency is "reduce" by tla- \ref 05485 \lxa -kwa:tlan \lxac i:kwa:tlan \lxo -kwa:tlan \lxoc i:kwa:tlah \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-tlan \infn N2(rel) \seao higher up than (but on the same surface or plane as the deictic reference point [Poss]) \ssao arriba de; al lado superior de (pero sobre la misma superficie que el punto de referencia deíctica [Pos]) \pna ... ikwa:tlan kwentli \pea ... on the uphill side of the furrow \psa ... al lado cuesta arriba del surco \pna ... mokwa:tlan \pea ... up from where you are (e.g., uphill on a slope, higher up on the bed on which you are lying, etc.) \psa ....arriba de donde estás (e.g., ; cuesta arriba de donde estás parada, arriba de donde estás acostada en la cama, etc.) \se overhead; above \ss arriba de (p. ej., colgado sobre) \pna Mokwa:tlan pilkatok. \pea It is hanging above your head. \psa Está colgado arriba de tu cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrl -tlan \encyctmp deixis \nse The phrase mokwa:tlan referring to something being on the uphill side of a slope from where "you" (in this case) are standing, has its deictic opposite in mokxitlan. Note that -kwa:tlan is not equivalent to -kwa:tipan, which cannot be used in the sense of a horizontal place indicated by the phrase i:kwa:tlan kwentli. Often kwa:tipan refers to things that are overhead in relation to a specific point of reference, whereas -kwa:tlan refers to things that are above but on the same basic plane (e.g., higher up on a hill, further up on a bed, etc.). Kwa:tipan is not used to mean 'above (on the same plane).' Note that when used to mean 'overhead' -kwa:tlan refers to a more general or distant overhead (as in mokwa:tlan pilkatok) whereas -kwa:tipan seems to refer to an overhead that is only a short distance above the possessor, which is a more specific, limited object or point than that indicated in phrases with -kwa:tlan. \ref 00771 \lxa kwa:tla:ni \lxac kikwa:tla:ni \lxo kwa:tla:ni \lxoc kikwa:tla:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to stump; to be difficult for (in terms of solving a problem or figuring sth out) \ss confundir; dejar perplejo a; serle difícil a (en cuanto a resolver un problema o descifrar algo) \pna O:ne:chkwa:tla:n. \pea It stumped me. \psa Me dejó confundido. \pna Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok. \pea I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time. \psa Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se está tallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me está dando un dolor de cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:ni \ref 03380 \lxa kwa:tlapa:na \lxac kikwa:tlapa:na \lxo kwa:tlapa:na \lxoc kikwa:tlapa:na \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to split the head open of \ss descalabrar \pna O:kikwa:tlapa:nkeh, o:kikwa:temo:tlakeh ika tetl. \pea They split his head open, they threw a rock at his head. \psa Lo descalabraron, le tiraron una piedra en la cabeza. \se (refl.) to rack ones brains out \ss (refl.) romperse la cabeza para hallar una solución \pna Timokwa:tlapa:ntok, xtikne:xtilia. \pea You are racking your brains (trying to figure something out), you can't find the solution. \psa Estás rompiéndote la cabeza (para desifrar algo), no le hallas la solución. \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapa: \ref 02171 \lxa kwa:tlapa:ni \lxac kwa:tlapa:ni \lxo kwa:tlapa:ni \lxoc kwa:tlapa:ni \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran Compl \aff Op. infix te-: kwa:tetlapa:ni \infv class-3a \se to split ones head open \ss descalabrarse \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapa: \nde The intensifier is usually used, particularly when referring to humans. \ref 03312 \lxa kwa:tlapowi \lxac kwa:tlapowi \lxo kwa:tlapowi \lxoc kwa:tlapowi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran +Trans \infv class-3b(ow) \seao to become opened up at the top (a box, a sack or back, a chest, etc.) \ssao abrirse por la parte de arriba o por la tapadera (una caja o baúl, un costal o bolsa, etc.) \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapo: \qry I added this definition based on the occurrence of /kwa:tlapo:wtok/ as a Stative. The intransitive verb should be confirmed; check also for a transitive cognate. \ref 00806 \lxa kwa:tlapo:wtok \lxac kwa:tlapo:wtok \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be with an open top (a chest or box, a sack) \ss estar con la tapa o parte de arriba abierta (un baúl o caja, un costal o bolsa) \pna Kwa:tlapo:wtok un ka:jah. \pea That clothes chest has its top open (the cover off or raised). \psa Este baúl para ropa tiene su tapa abierta (quitada o alzada). \pna Xwel tiksa:lo:skeh, ti:roh te:ntok, we:i kwa:tlapo:wtok. \pea We won't be able to tie it closed (a sack). It is really full, its top is wide open. \psa No lo vamos a poder atar y cerrar (un costal). Está llenísimo, está muy abierto por arriba. \cfa te:ntlapo:htok \xrb kwa: \xrb tlapo: \qry Note that FM accepted the verbal form /kwa:tlapowi/ but not the stative. This needs to be rechecked. \mod Check how etymology of /tlapowi/ should be analyzed. \ref 02770 \lxa kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow \lxac i:kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow \lxo ---- \dt 01/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea hat \ssa sombrero \xrb kwa: \xrb se:w \nse This word is never used in conversation but simply as a "test," by some people (who probably heard it elsewhere), to see how "mexicano" one really is. There are other "test words" for hat, however. Note how the possessed marker -w is present, even though nouns with final -o:tl generally do not overtly mark possession with a suffix. \nae Vowel length in kwa:tlase:ka:wihlow is uncertain. \ref 02426 \lxa kwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxac kikwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxo kwa:tlastopo:naltia \lxoc kikwa:tlastopo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-[Mod-V2] \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to crack over the head (i.e., with a stick or similar object, making a loud, sharp sound) \ss darle un golpe fuerte sobre la cabeza a (p. ej., con un palo u otro objeto parecido, causando un fuerte chasquido) \xrb kwa: \xrb tlats(2); topo: \qry Check if an intranstive form exists. \ref 02295 \lxa kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxac kwa:tlate:nti:ltetl \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea (sarc.) bald \ssa (sarc.) calvo \xrb kwa: \xrb te:n \xrb te \cfa tlate:nti:ltetl \nse This metaphoric meaning is based on tlate:ntiltetl, a smooth, hard stone from the banks of a river that is used for sharpening machetes. A bald person is so called for the similarity of the surface of his head and forehead to the smooth rounded stones used to sharpen cutting instruments. As with all comments on physical appearances it is considered rude to utter this directly to the person with the trait. \pqry Check length of /i/ and standardize. \ref 05271 \lxa kwa:tla:tlachilia \lxac kikwa:tla:tlachilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der \se \ss \xrb kwa: \xrb ta \ref 08266 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxac kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxo kwá:tlatlá:hloh \lxoc kwá:tlatlá:hloh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have a head that is full of dust and dirt \ss tener la cabeza muy mugrosa con polvo y tierra \pna Yo:nikwa:polokayowak, melá:k nikwa:tlatla:hloh. \pea I got dust and dirt in my hair, my head is really filthy. \psa Se me llenó el pelo de polvo y mugre, mi cabeza está muy sucia. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \qry The verbal cognates of kwa:tlatla:hloh probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists. \ref 03353 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxac kwa:tlatla:hloh \lxo kwa:tla:hloh \lxoc kwa:tla:hloh \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \se to have a dirty head, covered with earth and dirt \ss tener la cabeza sucia y llena de tierra \pna Xnama:ltika:yokeh. Nankwa:tla:hlokeh. \pea You all are not cleanly bathed. You all have dirty heads. \psa No están ustedes bien bañados. tienen las cabezas llenas de tierras. \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \ref 02784 \lxa kwa:tlatla:hlowa \lxac kwa:tlatla:hlowa \lxo kwá:tlatlá:hlowa \lxocpend kwá:tlatlá:hlowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex rdp-s \se to have ones head get full of dust and dirt \ss llenarsele o cubrirsele la cabeza de polvo y tierra \xrb kwa: \xrb tla:l \qry I had this note under the adjectival: "The verbal cognates of kwa:tlatla:hloh probably exists and will need to be elicited. Also check if the nonreduplicated form exists." I have assumed that at least the intrans. verb exists and have added it here. \ref 07627 \lxa kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok \lxac kwa:tlatlama:pi:lotok \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08430 \lxa kwa:tlatlami:ntik \lxac kwa:tlatlami:ntik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se to have the hairs on ones head pointing up \ss tener el cabello erizado hacia arriba \xrb kwa: \xrb mi:n \ref 08095 \lxa kwa:tsatsi \lxac kwa:tsatsi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-4a \der \se \ss \xrb kwa: \xrb tsahtsi \ref 08235 \lxa kwa:tsonawatl \lxac kwa:tsonawatl \lxo kwa:tsónawátl \lxoc kwa:tsónawátl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se scalp disease in which a person's hair falls out in a round, expanding area (ringworm?) \ss enfermedad del cabello en que se le va cayendo el pelo en un círculo redondo y expandiendo (tiña?) \sem disease \synao kwa:tenextli \xrb kwa: \xrb tson \xrb ahwa(2) \qry Check Oapan and San Juan cognates for probable presence of /h/; cf. in Karttunen /ahhuayowa/ 'to have an itch'. In the meantime I have recorded the root as /ahwa/. Also determine proper name of the disease, which I have temporarily given as ringworm. \ref 02072 \lxa kwa:tsonteki \lxac kikwa:tsonteki \lxo kwá:tsontéki \lxoc kikwá:tsontéki \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa) \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \sea to cut off the head of (a human or animal; see kextsonteki; kexteki) \ssa cortarle la cabeza a (una persona o animal; véase kextsonteki; kexteki) \seo (with short vowel reduplication; kwá:tsontéki) to cut all the branches off (a tree) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta; kwá:tsontéki) tumbar las ramas de (la copa de un árbol) \flao tsonteki \xrb kwa: \xrb tson \xrb teki \nse In Oapan this verb is used only to mean 'to prune or cut the branches off (a tree)' and not, as in Ameyaltepec, 'to behead.' It is for this reason, and the fact that cutting branches off is an iterative action, that the Oapan form is reduplicated (underlyingly {kwa: + rdp-s + tsonteki}), with the reduplicant being reduced to pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun. However, there is also a Oapan form kwa:té:tsontéki which refers to the cutting of a person's head. This word was only mentioned in passing and it needs to be researched (i.e., to what does the reduplication refer). Note that it includes the intensifier te-, which is common on words referring to striking the human head (e.g., kwa:temo:tla). \vl Link the 1st male token. The 2nd male token has a stuttered beginning; do not even tag it. \ref 05705 \lxa kwa:tsonteki \lxac kikwa:tsotsonteki \lxo kwa:tsonteki \lxoc kikwá:tsotsontéki \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(k) \pa yes-rdp \seo to prune or cut the top branches off (a plant or tree), leaving it stripped of foliage on top \sso cortarle las ramitas más altas (de una planta o árbol), dejándolo sin follaje en la parte alta \syna kwa:kokoto:na \xrb kwa: \xrb koto: \nae In notes it was recorded that the alternate form kwá:tsontéki, with reduction of the reduplicant onto a preceding long vowel, is also possible. \qry Check other uses as well as existence of nonreduplicated form. Also check for intransitive. The possibility of /kwá:tsontéki/ needs to be confirmed. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: note the equivalence of the following two forms: /kwá:tsotsontéki/ and /kwá:tsontéki/. \ref 06441 \lxa kwa:tsontekontlapa:na \lxac nokwa:tsontekontlapa:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08442 \lxa kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxac kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxo kwa:tsotsoliwi \lxoc kwa:tsotsoliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te-: kwa:tetsotsoliwi \infv class-3a(w) \se to go bald; to have ones hair thin out \ss quedarse calvo; quedarse con el cabello ralo \se (particularly with -tiw and -tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)) to go around bare-headed or without a head-covering \ss (particularmente con -tiw y tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)) ir, andar, o estar con la cabeza cubierta sin cualquier cosa que la cubra \pna Ne: kwa:tetsotwoliwtiw, xkwi:ka sombre:roh, o:kelka:w. \pea He is going along there bare-headed, he hasn't brought a hat along, he forgot it. \psa Allá va con la cabeza descubierta, no lleva sombrero, se le olvidó. \pna O:kasik tsonawatl, kwa:tsotsoliwi. \pea He has gotten ringworm, his head is getting a bald spot on it. \psa Le dio tiña, se va dejando una parte calva de su cabeza. \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check for other acceptations of intransitive form. Check etymology and cf. to /tso:l/. \ref 05243 \lxa kwa:tsotsolowa \lxac kikwa:tsotsolowa \lxo kwa:tsotsolowa \lxoc kikwa:tsotsolowa \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-s*; Op. infix te-: kwa:tetsotsolowa) \infv class-2b \se to cut the hair of (sb) real short at the top (perhaps leaving it a little longer on the sides) \ss cortarle el cabello muy corto (a algn) en la parte superior de la cabeza a (quizá dejándolo un poco más largo a los lados) \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 05104 \lxa kwa:tsotsoltik \lxac kwa:tsotsoltik \lxo kwa:tsotsoltik \lxoa kwa:te:tsoltik \lxoc kwa:tsotsoltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. infix te-: kwa:tetsotsoltik (Am); kwa:te:tsoltik (Oa) \se to be bald \ss ser calvo \xrb kwa: \xrb tsol \nae When the infix intensifier te- is used in the Oapan form, the reduplicated first syllable of the stem reduces onto the intensifier, lengthening the /e/. \qry Check to see if it can also mean having simply thinning or thin hair, or to be bare-headed. Check vowel length. \ref 04381 \lxa kwa:tsotsomi:n \lxac kwa:tsotsomi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea leafless (a tree or bush at its crown) \ssa sin hojas (un árbol o arbusto por su copa) \pna Yo:noka:w kwa:tsotsomi:n. \pea It wound up leafless. \psa Terminó sin hojas. \syno kwa:té:mí:ntik \xrb kwa: \xrb tsomi:n \nae The etymology of the final elements of kwa:tsotsomi:n is uncertain, though it may well represent {tson + mi:n} after the degemination of an underlying {mm} after assimilation. The Oapan cognate kwa:té:mí:ntik also manifests reduplication (of mi:n) that is reduced on the preceding dummy morpheme te-. \qry Check the use and plural formation; also check possibility of /tsotsomi:n-/ occuring by itself. Finally, check for verbal inchoate form. \ref 07537 \lxa kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxac kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxo kwa:tso:tso:ti \lxoc kwa:tso:tso:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3d(ti) \se to get sores or pimples on ones face \ss tener úlceras, llagas o granos en la cara \xrb kwa: \xrb tso:tso: \qry The root /tso:tso:/ might have a lexicalized reduplication. Check analysis. \mod Determine whether lexicalized reduplication (as in /tso:tso:tl/), necessary reduplication (as in /i:xte:n +) should be differently coded. \ref 04466 \lxa kwa:uwasoma \lxac kikwa:uwasoma \lxo kwá:wasóma \lxoc kikwá:wasóma \dt 19/Feb/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \rdp Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \seao to scratch the head of \ssao rasguñarle o rascarle la cabeza a \pna O:ne:chkwa:teuwason. \pea He scratched my head. \psa Me rascó la cabeza. \sem distort-surface \xrb kwa: \xrb wasoma \dis uwasoma; uwana; motsowa; komolowa (e.g., /tla:lkomolowa/) \qry Apparently this refers to a hard scratch. Check. Check for /uwasoma/ with no IN. \ref 00061 \lxa kwa:uwasowa \lxac nokwa:uwasowa \lxacpend nokwa:uwasowa \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08662 \lxa kwa:wawa:tsa \lxaa kwa:uwa:tsa \lxac kikwa:wawa:tsa \lxo kwá:wawá:tsa \lxoc kikwá:wawá:tsa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ki/tsa \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(ts) \seao (often in refl.) to dry the hair of \ssao (a menudo en refl.) secar el cabello de \xrb kwa: \xrb wa: \nae Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with w-initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with h--final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. \qry Check how etymologies have been recorded for -ki/-tsa words. An alternative form /-kwa:wawa:tsa/ also occurs. Note that I have only heard this reduplicated and in the transitive. Check for unreduplicated and intransitive forms. Although after Yale I had written /kikwa:wáwa:tsá/ during the first workshop this was corrected to /kikwá:wawá:tsa/. Recheck the Yale tape. \grmx Phonology: Note that the two words /kwa:uwatsa/ from Am and /kwá:wawátsa/ from Oa here illustrate well different patterns in reduplication of the two dialects.: Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan manifest reduplication of the verbal root after an incorporated body-part noun. Each dialect manifests a character pattern with w-initial words: Ameyaltepec reduces /w/ to /u/ and Oapan manifests the pitch-accent associated with h--final reduplicants. Note that given the preceding long vowel in the incorporated noun, there is no reduction of the reduplicant to lengthening. \ref 00415 \lxa kwa:we:weyakia \lxac kwa:we:weyakia \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rpd-s* \se to have ones hair grow long \ss crecersele el cabello muy largo \syna tsonwe:weyakia \syno tsonwe:weyakia \xrb kwa: \xrb weya \qry Check to determine whether a transitive form exists ?kwa:weweyakilia:, or an adjectival form ?kwa:weweyak. \ref 04935 \lxa kwa:wiwixowa \lxac nokwa:wiwixowa \lxo kwa:wiwixowa \lxoc nokwa:wiwixowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to shake ones head \ss (refl.) menearse la cabeza \pna Tle:ka timokwa:wiwixowa? \pea Why do you shake your head? \psa ¿Por qué te meneas la cabeza? \xrb kwa: \xrb wix \qry Check to make sure that intransitive does not occur. Also check if this transitive form can be used in non-reflexive. Check possible use of intensifier. \ref 05960 \lxa kwa:xe:hli \lxac i:kwa:xe:l \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1/2; Aln \sea part in ones hair (usually in reference to a woman) \ssa la raya que parte el cabello (generalmente hablando de una mujer) \equivo kéxí:hli \xrb kwa: \xrb xe:l \qry Although I have this recorded with a long /e:/ perhaps it should be short, given the meaning of 'to part in two'. The length should be rechecked. \ref 05829 \lxa kwa:xe:lowa \lxac nokwa:xe:lowa \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to place a part in ones hair \ssa (refl.) poner una raya en el cabello \xrb kwa: \xrb xe:l \ref 07931 \lxa kwa:xikipi:hli \lxac kwa:xikipi:hli \lxo kwa:xikipi:hli \lxoc kwa:xikipi:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea white cloth head-covering worn by Judas in the Holy Week passion play of Oapan \ssa tela que cubre la cabeza de Judas durante la pasión de Cristo de semana santa en oapan \se bonnet (e.g., of little children and babies) \ss gorrita (p. ej., de niños pequeños o bebés) \xrb kwa: \xrb xikipi:l \ilustmp Pending \nse I heard this used only once in reference to a baby's bonnet, perhaps jokingly and as an idiosyncratic metaphor; see kwa:po:xah. The general acceptation of kwa:xikipihli is the white, sack-like head-covering worn by Judas during the Holy Week passion play in Oapan (a synonym is the obligatorily possessed kwa:po:xah). This covering consists of a white cloth placed like a sack over Judas's entire head with two holes made for the eyes and two wrapped-up balls of cloth that are like ears (or horns?) at the top. \nde In Oapan kwa:xikipi:hli is used (though it is not that common) for a child's bonnet. For Judas's headdress the word kwa:koweh because he has his kwa:kuh. \qry In one entry from the original Am filecards I had a long stem-final /i:/; the others had a short /i/. However, my impression from Oapan was that the /i:/ is long and this has been entered for both dialects. But check! Nevertheless, under Am /xikipi:hli/ I have written "Note that the final vowel has been checked and is definitely long." \vl Check \ref 00229 \lxa kwa:xi:ma \lxac kikwa:xi:ma \lxo kwa:xi:ma \lxoc kikwa:xi:ma \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(m) \seo to prune (the points of a tree or shrub) \sso podar (un arbusto o árbol pequeño) \xrb kwa: \xrb xi:ma \qry Check whether other meanings are possible. \ref 06741 \lxa kwa:xnamakake:tl \lxaa kwa:xnemakake:tl \lxac kwa:xnamakake:tl \lxo kwa:xnema:ke:tl \lxoa kwa:xnama:ke:tl \lxoc kwa:xnema:ke:tl \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \seo person who sells saddle pads \sso persona que vende colchas de palma para burros y mulas \xrb kwa:x \xrb namaka \pqry Previous and comparative evidence suggests that the first /a:/ is long phonologically. However, the duration of this vowel is not that long; this adds to the problem of measuring the length of vowels after a labialized velar, /kw/. The length here of /kwa:x/ should be rechecked, and the root should be examined in a variety of contexts. \ref 06671 \lxa kwa:xo:tlaltia \lxac kikwa:xo:tlaltia \lxo kwa:xo:tlaltia \lxoc kikwa:xo:tlaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to anger and exasperate; to frustrate or to cause frustration to (e.g., a problem or situation that is difficult to resolve, a person who is bothersome [S]); to cause (sb) to rack their brains out \ssao fastidiar; exasperar (p. ej., un problema o situación de resolución difícil, una persona latosa [S]) \pna O:ne:chkwa:xo:tlaltih mokone:w. San tli:mach yo:ne:chiihlih. \pea Your child has exasperated me (perhaps I'm on the verge hitting him). He's said to me just about anything that occurs to him. \psa Tu hijo me ha fastidiado (quizá estoy a punto de pegarle). Ya me ha dicho cualquier cosa (que se le occura). \seao (refl.) to rack ones brains (trying to figure sth out or find a solution to a particular problem or situation) \ssao (refl.) devanarse los sesos (en buscar una solución a un problema o situación) \pna Nokwa:xo:tlaltia, kitete:mowilitiw ke:n ke:kchi:was. \pea He is racking his brains out, he's going along looking for a way to do it. \psa Se está devanando los sesos, le va buscando como lo va a hacer. \xrb kwa: \xrb xo:tla \qry Check other meanings and usages besides to exasperate and to cause someome to rack his brains. \ref 00891 \lxa kwa:xsosohli \lxac kwa:xsosohli \lxo kwa:xté:sohlí \lxoc kwa:xté:sohlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-suf[sosohli] \aff Reduced rdp-s(lex) \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seao old cuaxtle, i.e. palm matting for beasts of burden, that is pulled apart and rolled into a ball for shotgun ammunition \ssao cuaxtle viejo que se despedaza y se hace una bolita para usar en una escopeta (tal vez 'taco' o 'postas' en español) \xrb kwa:ch \xrb hsol \qry Check how this item is used in shotguns. \mod Also, perhaps follow Tom's suggestion and have a separate field for morphemes. \rt Check relation of /sosol/ to /hsol/. \ref 00050 \lxa kwa:xte:roh \lxac kwa:xte:roh \lxo kwa:xte:roh \lxoc kwa:xte:roh \dt 18/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) kwa:xtli \psm N \der N-b-loan \se person who makes palm saddle blankets (see kwa:xtli) \ss fabricante de cuaxtles (véase kwa:xtli) \pna Yewa kwa:xte:roh, wel kisa:lowa kwa:xtli. \pea He is a maker of kwa:xtlis, he can weave kwa:xtlis.. \psa El hace cuaxtles, los puede fabricar. \equivo kwa:xchi:hke:tl \cfa kwa:xtle:rah \xrb kwa:ch \nse In Oapan kwa:xte:roh is used both to mean 'shotgun' and 'person who makes kwa:xtli. In Ameyaltepec the two senses are distinguished, kwa:xtlerah or kwa:xklerah for the former, and kwa:xtle:roh for the latter. \mod Perhaps form new category entry for words that are partial loans, as in this case with a Spanish ending. Look up all loans and determine a typology (full, partial, etc.). \qry Check whether this is kwa:xtle:roh/ or /kwa:xte:roh/ in Am. Check vowel length in Am forms and correct throughout as needed. \vl Link 1st male and 2nd female token. \ref 03498 \lxa kwa:xtle:rah \lxaa kwa:xtle:roh \lxac kwa:xtle:rah \lxo kwa:xte:roh \lxoc kwa:xte:roh \dt 18/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) kwa:xtli \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se type of shotgun so named because it uses kwa:xsosohli in loading \ss tipo de escopeta así llamado porque utiliza kwa:xsosohli para cargarse \sem tool \cfa kwa:xtli \xrb kwa:ch \nse Kwa:xklerah is an alternate pronunciation of kwa:xtlerah, perhaps because of a reborrowing from the Spanish loan cuaxcle. However, the form with /tl/ is by far more common. \qry Check to determine \mod Check how the /kwa:xsosohli/ is used. Get a recording? Also determine the precise nature of the possessed construction. \vl Additional tokens of this word are at 3602 and should be added/tagged as 1158. \ref 01158 \lxa kwa:xtli \lxac kwa:xtli \lxo kwa:xtli \lxoc kwa:xtli \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infv Unposs/Poss/Voc \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \se type of padding made of palm bark that is placed under wooden saddles used for donkeys and mules \ss tipo de cobija hecho de palma que se coloca abajo de las sillas de madera utilizadas para burros o mulas; cuaxtle; \sea good, old friend (vocative, or possessed as a predicate; often used as a vocative without the absolutive: kwa:ch) \ssa buen amigo (vocativo, o poseído como predicado; a menudo utilizado como vocativo sin el absolutivo: kwa:ch) \pna Kwa:xtli! \pea Hey buddy! \psa ¡Amigo! \pna Yo:yah nokwa:ch, a:man xnikmati a:kinon iwa:n nima:wilti:s. \pea My friend's gone, now I don't know whom I'll play with. \psa Ya se fue mi cuate, ahora ya no sé con quien voy a jugar. \xrb kwa:ch \nse Apparently kwa:xtli is also used as padding in loading shotguns. \nae Cuaxtle' is the regional Spanish term for this item. According to Gabriel de la Cruz, the use of nokwa:ch meaning 'my friend' is a re-borrowing from the Spanish 'cuate' and instead of saying nokwa:teh say nokwa:ch. Thus, according to de la Cruz the usage does not derive from a metaphoric extension of kwa:xtli. Neverthless, although the original etymology might be from cuate Ameyaltepec speakers have reanalyzed this and made it into a Nahuatl noun through the use of the absolutive. \mod If the above proves to be true, i.e., /nokwa:ch/ as a re-borrowing, then a separate entry should be given for /kwa:ch/. \qry I had "suadero" as /ss, i.e., translation for kwa:xtli. Check if /suadero/ is an accurate term. \ref 02211 \lxa kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh \lxac kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan lomo \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of saddle pad in which two kwa:xtlis are tied together with rope and thrown over a mule or donkey so that one hangs over each flank \ssa tipo de colcha que se coloca abajo de la silla de un burro o mula y que se cuelga en dos partes sobre cada lado del animal \pna Kwa:xtli de lomi:yoh, san kisasa:lowan itech si:yah, san tlapo:wtok. \pea A cuaxtle de lomillo (is so called because) it is just tied onto the saddle, it is open (on top). \psa Un cuaxtle de lomillo (así se llama porque) simplemente lo atan a la silla, está abierto (por la parte de arriba). \sem material \xrb kwa:ch \encyctmp Horse and animal tools \ilustmp See illustration on 3x5 card; make illustration \ref 00557 \lxa kwa:yamana \lxac kikwa:yamana \lxo kwá:yamána \lxop kwa:yamana \lxoc kikwá:yamána \dt 12/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to bother \ss molestar; desagradar \se (refl.) to be upset; to become bothered \ss (refl.) molestarse; desagradarse \pna Nimokwa:yamana, xnikwelita tli:n kichi:wtokeh nocha:n. \pea I'm upset, I don't like what's going on in my house. \psa Estoy molesto, no me gusta lo que está pasando en mi casa. \syna tsontekonyamana \syno tsontekonyámaná \xrb kwa: \xrb ahmana \vl Check all /amana/ forms in Oa for p-a \grmx Oapan pitch accentl; syllable weight; mora: Note that to date I have 3 entries that comprise the verb {ahmana} and an incorportated noun: /tsontekonyámana/, /kwá:yamána/ and /yó:lamána/. Note that only in the first case does the pitch accent remain on the verb; in the other two cases the pitch accent shifts left to the incorporated noun. The reason for this might be incidental or idiosyncratic variation, or chance that one form was uttered when either form (pitch on IN or on first syllable of verb) would have been correct. But I did check for variations in recording the headwords and would have probably noted alternations if they had been discussed. This is not the case. If indeed the form variation noted above holds (even though minor alternate forms might be occasionally uttered) this would suggest that syllable weight along with mora count affect the distribution of pitch within a word or prosodic phrase. Note that all three words have 2 morae to the left of the verbal root, that is, in each case the incorporated noun is bimoraic. However, the two that manifest stress shift both have heavy syllables. This suggests that syllable weight may play a part in stress reassignment/shift. \ref 01536 \lxa kwech \lxac i:kwech \lxo wech \lxoc i:wech \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \seao see i:kwech kowatl \ssao véase i:kwech kowatl \xrb kwech \nde Molina gives cuechtli as 'cierto caracol largo'; it seems clear that the physical similarity of a snail or snail shell to the rattle of a rattlesnake accounts for the meaning of kwech in the Balsas Region where i:kwech has been documented only in the collocation i:kwech kowatl. \qry I have only heard /kwextli/ in possessed form referring to a snake's rattle. Other meanings should be checked. \ref 00270 \lxa kwecha:wak \lxac kwecha:wak \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be damp; to be moist; to be humid \ss estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado \pna Kwecha:wak motlake:n, xe kwahli wa:ki. \pea Your clothes are damp, they still haven't dried well. \psa Está húmeda tu ropa, todavía no se seca bien. \se to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried) \ss estar poco hecho o cocido (p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito) \pna Ma:ka kwahli iksis, san kwecha:wak. \pea Don't let it get well-done, just rare. \psa No dejes que se cocine mucho (carne), que esté poco hecho. \equivo kwecha:htok \xrb kwecha: \nse In regards to cooking, kwecha:wak is often applied to meats, such as steak and chicharrón not fully fried. However, it is not used for tortillas not fully done (for which simply xiksik is used). \ref 04157 \lxa kwecha:wi \lxac kwecha:wi \lxo kwecha:wi \lxoc kwecha:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become damp or moist \ss quedar húmedo o ligeramente mojado \pna San o:tlakwecha:w, xo:kiaw chika:wak. \pea The ground got moistened all over, it didn't rain hard. \psa El suelo se quedó algo húmedo por todos lados, no llovió fuerte. \pna Kwecha:wis motlake:n. \pea Your clothes will get damp (humid). \psa Tu ropa se va a poner húmeda. \xrb kwecha: \qry Probably a transitive exists; document. \ref 03223 \lxa kwecha:wtok \lxac kwecha:wtok \lxo kwecha:htok \lxocpend kwecha:htok \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be damp; to be moist; to be humid \sso estar húmedo; estar ligeramente mojado \equivo kwecha:wak \xrb kwecha: \qry Check whether Oapan /kwecha:htok/ can also mean, as does Am /kwecha:wak/ 'to be rare (e.g., meat that is lightly cooked, chicharrón not fully fried)' / 'estar poco hecho o cocido (p. ej., carne, chicharrón no bien frito).' \ref 07680 \lxa kwe:chi:maliwi \lxac kwe:chi:maliwi \lxo kwe:chi:maliwi \lxoc kwe:chi:maliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones skirt billow and puff out (e.g., while quickly twirling in a dance) \ss extendersele hacia afuera la falda (p. ej., al girar rápidamente bailando) \xrb kwe: \xrb chi:mal \qry Check for transitive form. Cf. to other verb with similar reference to skirt billowing. Check for other compounds with /chi:maliwi/ and reference to billowing or spreading out. \ref 03399 \lxa kwe:chiwi \lxac kwe:chiwi \lxo kwe:chiwi \lxoc kwe:chiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become ground finely; to become pulverized (into a fine powder) \ss molerse o quedarse molido en un polvo fino; pulverizarse \pna Yo:kwe:chiw un tla:hli. \pea That earth has become ground into a fine powder. \psa Esa tierra se ha pulverizada finamente. \pna Popo:nis un tla:la:mo:hli, kwe:chiwis. \pea That clay will crumble apart (as water is thrown onto it), it will become fine powder. \psa Esa arcilla se va a demoronarse (al aventarsele agua), va a quedarse como polvo fino. \xrb kwe:ch \ref 04832 \lxa kwe:chiwtok \lxac kwe:chiwtok \lxo kwe:chihtok \lxoc kwe:chihtok \dt 05/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be finely ground \ssao estar molido muy fino \se to have aches over ones whole body (a person) \ss tener dolores por todo el cuerpo (lit. 'estar molido') \xrb kwe:ch \nse The meaning of kwe:chiwtok referring to body pain might be a calque from Spanish 'estar molido.' To date it has only been documented in Ameyaltepec. \ref 00327 \lxa kwe:chowa \lxac kikwe:chowa \lxo kwe:chowa \lxoc kikwe:chowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to finely grind (e.g., chile in a molcajete) \ss moler finamente (p. ej., chile en un molcajete) \xrb kwe:ch \qry Can this apply to nextamal, or is only /tisi/ used in this context? Other uses of /kwe:chowa/. \ref 05922 \lxa kwe:kokoxoktik \lxac kwe:kokoxoktik \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to have a baggy or loose skirt \ssa tener una falda holgada y grande \syno kwe:tekoyahtik \xrb kwe: \xrb koxo: \ref 00516 \lxa kwe:kwetla \lxac kwe:kwetla \lxo kwe:kwetla \lxoc kwe:kwetla \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l (Oa); Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1 \se hanging pod (of a guaje, mezquite tree, certain beans, etc., e.g., kwekwetla wa:xin 'guaje pod') \ss vaina colgante (del guaje, mezquite y ciertos frijoles, etc., p. ej., kwekwetla wa:xin 'vaina del guaje') \pna Nihkwa:sneki kwa:k kwe:kwetla. \pea I want to eat it when the pod is still edible. \psa Lo quiero comer cuando la vaina esté comestible. \sem plant \sem part \xrb kwetla: \nse Apparently this is a reduplicated and apocopated, nominalized variant of kwetla:ni. My original file card had kwe:kwetla wa:xin 'vaina del guaje.' Given the form of the wa:xin fruit it is likely that this noun refers to the hanging nature of these pods. Note that the phrase kwa:k kwe:kwetla refers to a state in bean growth when they can be eaten with their pods. \qry Also to be checked is the absence of a possessive marker, since a form ?/ikwekwetla wa:xin/ might be expected. Also check vowel length and final /h/ (i.e., present or absent). Check also if this only refers to the pods when they are hanging, or also after cut down. What other fruits/trees have their /kwekwetla/, etc., etc. How is this used. \nde If small, the diminutive kwe:kwetlatsi:h is used. Other plants that have this are tla:lwa:xih, yexo:tl, and komo:chitl,/no>. \ref 02802 \lxa kwe:kwetla:stik \lxac kwe:kwetla:stik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com Lex. rdp-l \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be wavy or ondulated (e.g., a branch of a tree, a stick) \ssa ondulado (p. ej., una rama de un árbol, una vara) \xrb kwetla:ts \qry I had originally recorded this in my notes with a short final /a/; this should be checked as it might be long given the derivation from /kwetla:tsowa/. However, there might also be some shortening. Also check whether adjectival form can be used without long vowel reduplication, i.e., /kwetla:stik/ or /kwetlastik/. If so, change entry. \ref 03145 \lxa kwe:liwi \lxac kwe:liwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become curved and twisted (e.g., a piece of wood or a branch that, once cut, starts to dry and twist and bend) \ssa encorvarse y torcerse (p. ej., un pedazo de madera, o rama, que después de cortarse y al secarse se empieza a torcer y doblar) \pna O:kwe:liw, xok peya:stik. \pea It got twisted, it's no longer straight (e.g., a piece of wood starting to dry). \psa Se torció, ya no está derecho (p. ej., un pedazo de madera que se empieza a secar). \xrb kwe:l \cfa kwe:ltik \dis kwe:liwi; no:liwi \nde Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gave no:liwi as carrying the meaning of kwe:liwi. Ameyaltpeec has both verb forms, kwe:liwi and no:liwi. \qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had /kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that "cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T." Vowel length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. Recheck with other Oapan speakers for /kwe:liwi/. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 7182. These should be tagged as 00077 and two linked (one male and one female) to the headword here at 00077. \ref 00077 \lxa kwe:lowa \lxac nokwe:lowa \lxo kwe:lowa \lxoc nokwe:lowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to twist and turn (a person feeling pain in his back) \ss (refl.) torcerse (una persona con dolor de espalda) \pna O:tikwi:tek, a:sta o:nokwe:loh. \pea You whipped him, he even violently twisted and turned his back (in a jerking motion because it hurt him). \psa Le diste azotes, hasta se torció (violentamente, por el dolor de la espalda). \pna Ne: kwi:tekin ina:wal pa:mpa ke:n nokwe:lowa, nokwe:kwe:lowa. \pea They are whipping his nahual there (someplace distant, you can tell it's happening) because (here) he is twisting his torso, he is twisting back and forth. \psa Allá (lejos) están dándole azotes a su nahual, (se sabe) porque aquí se está torciendo violentamente, una y otra vez se está torciendo de un lado a otro. \pna Nokwe:kwe:lotiw un kowatl. \pea The snake is going twisting along. \psa La culebra va ondulando. \seo (refl.) to bend down at the knees (e.g., a dancer, or a person praying) \sso (refl.) doblarse las rodillas por adelante (p. ej., un danzante o una persona rezando) \sem motion \xrb kwe:l \dis kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa \nse In Ameyaltepec this verb has been documented in reflexive form to refer to a person twisting; the motion is one of the upper body, usually because of pain. In Oapan the same verb, also only in the reflexive, is used to refer to bending and doubling ones knees (e.g., as a dancer when he or she stoops). \qry Check for other uses; confirm the violent nature of the twisting. Check that only reflexive can be used. On one file card I have the sentence /xmokwe:lo/ 'tuercete.' I have not entered this because I am not sure to what it refers. Perhaps to twisting back and forth. But this should be checked and a more accurrate definition entered. Particularly, an effort should be made to distinguish /kwe:lowa/ from /kweya:wa/ and/or /kweya:ya/. Finally note that although /kwe:lowa/ has animates as reflexive subjects, /kwe:liwi/ refers to things such as sticks. The difference should be explored, e.g., can it be said /xihkwe:lo un tlako:tl/, etc.? Note that RS has cueliui. ni. 'dislocarse, desencajarse un miembro.' Check. For cuelowa. nitla. 'curvar, doblar una vara o alguna otra cosa.' This is a key difference from /kwelpachowa/ which refers to bending and then pressing (i.e., folding) whereas /kwe:lowa/ is simply bending (hence the reference to 'doblar una vara' since this is flexible. \rt Note: cf. the possible connection between words with /kwel/ and those with /kwe:l/ and relate this to /kwe/ in general. \ref 03246 \lxa kwelpachiwi \lxac kwelpachiwi \lxo kwelpachiwi \lxoc kwelpachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent or doubled over; to sag (e.g., a plant that is either laden with fruit or drying up and wilting); to buckle (e.g., a pole under a great weight) \ss encorvarse; doblarse; combarse (p. ej., una planta cargada con fruta, o sufriendo por falta de agua); combarse (p. ej., un poste bajo un peso grande) \pna Melá yo:yetí:yak ika itla:kihlo, yo:kwelpachiw. \pea It has really gotten overladen with fruit (a tree), it's branches have sagged down. \psa De veras está sobrecargada con su fruta (un árbol), ya se combó (del peso de la fruta). \pna O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi. \pea I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are already drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained. \psa Pasé por allí al venir, ya se dobló tu milpa. Ya se está secando, ya hace mucho tiempo que no llueve. \pna Yo:kwelpachiw un kabe:sah. Xchika:wak, yema:nka:kohtli, yo:no:liw. \pea That housebeam buckled. It wasn't strong, it was soft wood, it became bent (under the weight it had to support). \psa Esa viga (cabesa) se combó. No era fuerte, era madera blanda, se dobló (bajo el peso que sostenía). \xrb kwel \xrb pach \grm Note directional: /O:niwa:lpano:k, yo:kwelpachiw momi:l. Ye wa:ktok, ye weka:wtok xkiawi/ 'I passed by on my way here, the plants in your cornfield have doubled over. They are drying up, it's been a long time since it's rained.' \ref 01247 \lxa kwelpachowa \lxac kikwelpachowa \lxo kwelpachowa \lxoc kikwelpachowa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to fold, to fold up or over (paper, clothes, and other items that are flat and can be folded up) \ss plegar; doblar (papel, tela o ropa y otros objetos planos que se pueden doblar) \pna Xkwelpacho mopilisa:l, xte:tekwia! \pea Double up your blanket, fold it up half by half! \psa ¡Dobla tu cobija, dóblala mitad por mitad! \pna Xkwe:kwelpacho mopilisa:l! \pea Fold up your blanket, half by half! \psa ¡Dobla tu cobija, mitad por mitad! \pna Xkwelpacho un la:soh! Xkwi:teki un burroh! \pea Double up that lasso! Whip that donkey! \psa ¡Dóblale a esa riata! ¡Azota ese burro! \pna Xkwe:kwelpacho mola:soh! \pea Fold your lasso over and over itself (e.g., to store or carry it)! \psa ¡Dobla tu laso una y otra vez (p. ej., para guardarlo o cargarlo)! \se to double over; to bend (a stick or rod, sth long so that it is almost doubled back on itself) \ss doblar (una vara, algo largo hasta que casi se dobla sobre si mismo) \pna Xkwelpacho para tiksa:lo:s para chi:tatli! \pea Bend it around (in this case a rod) so that you can tie its ends for a hanging basket! \psa ¡Dóblala (en este caso una vara) para que lo puedas atar para una cuña! \pna Xkwelpacho, ma no:liwi para un a:roh de tambo:rah. \pea Bend it over (a rod) so that it curves around and can be used for the ring of the big bass drum. \psa Dóblalo (una vara) para que se encorva y se puede utilizar para el aro del tambor. \xrb kwel \xrb pach \xv1ao tlakwelpachowa \nse Kwelpachowa is used to indicate bending something flexible, such as a rod, or to folding over something like cloth or even something hard (e.g., a petate) and creasing it. \rt Recheck analysis of root /kwel/ for possible further derivation; perhaps related to /kwep/. \ref 04316 \lxa kwelpaxtik \lxac kwelpaxtik \lxo kwelpaxtik \lxoc kwelpaxtik; kwe:kwelpaxtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com S-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be folded \ss estar doblado \pna Tiktemachi:was de kwelpaxtik. \pea You'll measure it when it's folded in half (e.g., a waistband of a trouser). \psa Lo vas a medir cuando esté doblado (p. ej., la cintura de unos pantalones). \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be windy (a road; see chikitoltik) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) ser sinuoso (un camino; véase chikitoltik) \pna Kwe:kwelpaxtík otlí. \pea The road is windy. \psa El camino es sinuoso. \xrb kwelpach \qry Determine whether one can use /chikino:ltik/ in reference to an /otli/. \xrb kwel \xrb pach \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this headword in reduplicated form: /kwe:kwelpaxtik/ at 6242. These should be tagged as 5645 and linked to the second pronunciation. Of the tokens (originally 6242) for /kwe:kwelpaxtik/, link the 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05645 \lxa kwe:ltik \lxac kwe:ltik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea to be twisted (e.g., wood that as it dries becomes crooked and twisted) \ssa estar torcido (p. ej., madera que al secarse se enchueca y se tuerce) \pna Kwe:ltik, peya:stik katka. \pea It is bent (e.g., a piece of wood, a branch), it was straight (when recently cut). \psa Está torcido (p. ej., un pedazo de madera), estaba derecho (recién cortado). \sea to be drooping and bent downward (e.g., a brick that has drooped down while drying, a shirt sleeve that is long and baggy and hanging down) \ssa estar caído; estar encorvado (p. ej., un tabique que se encorva por no secarse bien, o hasta una holgada manga de camisa larga que se cuelga) \dis kwe:ltik; tsokwe:ltik \xrb kwe:l \qry In one entry I have a short vowel, but in another the note that I have checked and the long initial /e:/ is correct. Check the meaning of /kwe:ltik/ in regards to a shirt sleeve. Check for other uses and for illustration cf. original filecards. \ref 03098 \lxa kwe:mekayo \lxac i:kwe:mekayo \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08079 \lxa kwe:momoloka \lxac kwe:momoloka \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to have a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet) \ssa tener una falda la tela de la cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo) \cfo kwe:pacho:n \cfo kwe:pacho:ntik \xrb kwe: \xrb molo: \xvna molo:nia \nse At this point I have only heard kwe:momoloka in reference to a velvet dress. Thus nikwe:momoloka is effectively 'I have a dress made of velvet.' Note that in Classical Nahuatl momoloka was used to indicate the bubbling up of water or the swirling about of clouds. Apparently the difference relates to two different meanings of the base, molo:ni, which can refer to the springing forth of water, and molo:nia, which can refer to such things as carding wool or pulling apart feathers. The latter definition is apparently related to the Ameyaltepec use of momoloka to refer to (the texture of) velvet. \ref 04219 \lxa kwempilowa \lxac kikwempilowa \lxo kwempilowa \lxoc kikwempilowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran No intransitive documented \infv class-2b \se to "lap" someone in plowing (i.e., to finish and start a new furrow before another worker has finished a previous one) \ss sacarle una vuelta (surco) de ventaja a (esto es, en trabajar un campo sembrado, adelantar por un surco completo a otro que está trabajando la yunta) \xrb kwem \xrb pil \nse The event described with kwempilowa refers to one in which two people are plowing side by side and one passes the other completely (i.e., going ahead by two furrows so that they again are parallel, but separated by an additional furrow). \qry The precise definition should be checked, and illustrated with a diagram. Apparently, if two people are plowing and one passes another completely (i.e. going ahead by two surcos), then this verb is used. Check. Also check whether it can be used for other types of labor: the zacateo, etc. \ref 00823 \lxa kwenkone:tl \lxac kwenkone:tl \lxo kwenkone:tl \lxoc kwenkone:tl \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrins.; pl. kwenko:koneh \se a furrow that, because of some irregularity in the terrain, starts at an angle from other furrows in the middle of a field and goes off at an angle \ss un surco que, por causa de alguna irregularidad en el terreno, comienza por la mitad de la milpa y sale a un ángulo de los demás surcos \xrb kwen \xrb kone: \qry I seem to remember that one speaker referred to these as "cornejales." This should be checked. \ilustmp Make illustration. \grm Possession; intrinsic: Note that the possessed form is intrinsic: /i:kwenkone:yo notla:l/. \ref 01402 \lxa kwentia \lxac kikwentia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to beat (in a race, competition, bet, etc.); to have more (money, goods, cattle, etc.) than; to get the better of \ss ganar (a algn, en una carrera, competencia, apuesta, etc.); tener más (dinero, bienes, ganado, etc.) que; superar; derrotar \pna Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax. \pea I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him. \psa Le gano a ese amigo. Ya vi que tengo más ganado que él. \pna Mitskwenti:s deke iwa:n timotla:nis. \pea He will beat you if you have a contest with him. \psa Te va a ganar si haces competencia con él. \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He realized that the bull get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, during a rodeo). \psa Se dió cuenta que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejó caer (durante un jaripeo). \pna I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah!. Tihkwenti:s. \pea Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him. \psa ¡Echate una carrera contra él (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar. \se (recipr.) to have a contest; to compete \ss (recipr.) hacer competencia (dos o más personas) \pna Ma timokwenti:ka:n! \pea Let's have a contest between us (e.g., a bet, a race, a wrestling match, to see who wins)! \psa ¡Vamos a competir (p. ej., con una apuesta, una carrera, una juego o deporte, etc., para ver quien gana)! \equivao tlani \xrb kwen \nae The etymology of Ameyaltepec kwentia is uncertain. It is not found in Oapan and a search in published Nahuatl sources does not reveal any similar or cognate terms. It might be a partial borrowing from Spanish cuenta. For the present I have analyzed it as having a Nahuatl root. \grm Comparative: /Nihkwentia ne:nkah toba:leh. Yo:nikitak ma:s miak nikpia wa:kax./ 'I have more than our buddy over there. I've seen that I have more cattle than him.' Note the comparative: /ma:s miak/. Also note /nihkwentia/ in the previous phrase, which suggests a comparison. \ref 03824 \lxa kwentla:lia \lxac nokwentla:lia \lxo kwentla:lia \lxoc nokwentla:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take ones place in a furrow (for starting to weed, strip corn plants, harvest, or any other task) \ss (refl.) tomar uno su lugar en el surco (para empezar a desherbar, zacatear, cosechar o cualquier otra tarea) \pna Xmokwentla:li:ti, ye tipe:waskeh! \pea Go and take your place in the furrow, we're going to start (working)! \psa ¡Ve a tomar tu lugar en el surco, vamos a empezar (a trabajar)! \xrb kwem \xrb tla:l \qry Check to see if the non-reflexive form is used. \ref 01385 \lxa kwentli \lxac kwentli \lxo kwentli \lxoc kwentli \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se furrow \ss surco (no el montículo de tierra pero el espacio hundido entre las lomitas donde se siembra el maíz) \xrb kwem \encyctmp tla:hli \nse There remains a question as to whether kwentli (in Classical cuemitl) refers to the furrow or the long mound between the furrows (or, in Spanish, whether it refers to the surco or the haza). Although in Classical Nahuatl cuemitl could refer to the worked field in its entirety, Molina gives 'heredad, tierra labrada, o camellón,' the latter apparently the mound between the furrows. It might retain this final meaning, in which case the translation of 'furrow' and 'surco would be in error; or the meaning may have changed. \rt Perhaps the stem /kwem/ is related to a series of apparent stems with /kwe/ indicating a folding over or doubling aspect: /kwepa/, /kwelpachiwi/, /kwetli/, /kwepo:ni/, etc. The /m/ might be related to a plural marking here. I have recorded this as meaning furrow/surco, i.e. the space that is plowed between the rows of plants, such as corn, in a field. However, the possibility that this refers to the plowed up section, i.e. rows of mounds where the plants are should be considered. \ref 02527 \lxa kwepa \lxac kikwepa \lxo kopa \lxoc kikopa \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \tran -Intrans \se to turn over (sth lying flat, such as a tortilla on a koma:hli, a pillow on a bed, clothes inside-out, etc.) \ss voltear (algo echado horizontalmente, como una tortilla sobre un comal, una almohada sobre una cama, ropa de adentro para afuera, etc.) \pna Xkwepa, tla:mo tlatlas! \pea Turn it over (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle), if you don't it'll burn! \psa ¡Voltéelo (p. ej., una tortilla sobre un comal), si no, se va a quemar! \pna Xmokwepa, xkita! \pea Turn around, look at it! \psa ¡Voltéate, velo! \se to return (e.g., sth borrowed) \ss regresar (p. ej., algo pedido prestado) \se to change; to shift; to modify (a position, an opinion, sth said that one no longer maintains, etc.); to overturn (a decision) \ss cambiar; modificar (una posición, algo dicho que ya no mantiene, etc.); voltear (una decisión) \se (with tlato:hli or another indication of a communicative speech event) to translate; to interpret \ss (con tlato:hli u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) traducir \pna Yewa kikwepas motlato:l, weli. \pea He will translate your words, he can do it. \psa Él va a traducir tus palabras, él puede. \pna Kikwepas tli:n nikito:s. \pea He'll translate what I say. \psa Va a traducir lo que digo. \se (with tlato:hli or another indication of a communicative speech event) to miscommunicate; to change the meaning of \ss (con tlato:hli u otra indicación de un evento comunicativo) cambiar en significado de \se (refl.) to turn around (e.g., a person, to look in a new direction) \ss (refl.) voltearse (p. ej., una persona, para mirar en una dirección nueva) \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to rotate or turn around; to toss and turn (e.g., while sleeping) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) dar vueltas; girar; agitarse, de un lado a otro (p. ej., en la cama al estar durmiendo) \pna Nokukwepa un letre:roh. \pea That sign rotates. \psa Ese letrero gira. \pna Timokukwepa ika yewahli. Xkwahli tikochi. \pea You toss and turn from one side to the other during the night. You don't sleep well. \psa Das vueltas de un lado a otro durante la noche. No duermes bien. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to go back and forth (e.g., walking in one direction then turning around and going back, moving to one side and then back to another, etc.) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) ir de un lado a otro (p. ej., caminando primero en una dirección para después voltearse hacia la otra, deslizándose a un lado y después al otro, etc.) \pna San timokwe:kwepa, nochipa itlah tikelka:wa. \pea You just go back and forth (come and leave), you are always forgetting something. \psa Nada más vas y vienes, siempre se te olvida algo. \pna Nokwe:kwepa, kaxa:nki moburroh. \pea It slides from one side to the other (in this case a load tied on both sides of a donkey that wobbles, starting to fall over to one side, and then to the other), the load on your donkey is loose (i.e., the saddle to which it is tied). \psa Se desliza de un lado a otro (en este caso una carga sobre un burro and va de un lado a otro), la carga está floja (esto es, está floja la silla a que está amarrada). \pna Tli:non o:kelka:w. Segi:doh nokwe:kwepa. \pea What has he forgotten? He is always going back and forth. \psa ¿Qué se le habrá olvidado? seguido va y viene. \pna San onokwe:kwepa. \pea He just goes there making trips back and forth (in this case from his house to the well, back and forth, one trip after another). \psa Nomás va y viene, haciendo viajes hacia allá (p. ej., de su casa a un pozo, yendo y viniendo, un viaje tras otro). \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to have second thoughts; to oscillate back and forth (in ones opinion or decision; though often this is given as noyo:lkwe:kwepa) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) dudarse (en hacer algo); debatir con si mismo (en cuanto a tomar alguna acción; a menudo se da este como noyo:lkwe:kwepa) \pna Pe:wa nokwe:kwepa. Kamantika xoh kineki. \pea She's begun to have second thoughts (in this case about marrying her boyfried). Occasionally she no longer wants it (the marriage). \psa Ha empezado a tener dudas (en este caso de que si quiere casarse con su novio). De vez en cuando ya no quiere. \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to rotate; to revolve (e.g., a sign on a post) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) revolver; girar (p. ej., un anuncio sobre un poste) \sem motion \xrb kwepa \xvaa kwepilia \xvao kopilia \dis kweya:wa, etc. \qry Check the wide ranges of meanings. Check whether /kwepa/ is used for turning clothes inside out, or whether one uses /i:xkwepa/. \grm Oapan phonology: note kw > ko here, as in many places. \ref 02369 \lxa kwe:pachó:n \lxac kwe:pachó:n \lxo kwe:pacho:n \lxocpend kwe:pacho:n \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm Adj-ap \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \infn N1 \se to have or be dressed in a dress of fabric that is fuzzy (typically said of velvet) \ss tener o estar vestida en una falda la tela del cual es vellosa (típicamente por ser terciopelo) \apo kwe:pachontik \syna kwe:momoloka \xrb kwe: \xrb pach \qry Check whether this can be used with a subject-as-possessor: /nikwe:pachon/ 'I am fuzzy-dressed'. \ref 06798 \lxa kwepaliwi \lxac kwepaliwi \lxo kopaliwi \lxoc kopaliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran No transitive documented to date in either this form or with the same verb and incorporated nouns. \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become warped \ssao alabearse; combarse \pna Yo:kwepaliw motimó:n, xok peya:stik. \pea The beam of your plow has warped, it is no longer straight. \psa El timón de tu arado ya se combó, ya no está derecho. \pna O:kwepaliw mome:sah, o:teketse:w. \pea Your table (i.e., the boards across the top) got warped, it rose up (in a few places). \psa Se combó tu mesa (esto es, las tablas de su superficie), se levantó (en algunos lugares). \pna O:kwepaliw mosombre:roh. \pea The brim of your hat warped (e.g., because you slept on it). \psa Las alas de tu sombrero se combaron (p. ej., porque dormiste sobre ello). \pna Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. \pea That record has become warped in many places. \psa Ese disco se combó en muchos lugares. \seo to become stuck together (e.g., pork rinds as they are fried, sticking together so that they cannot be separated) \sso pegarse (p. ej., chicharron al freirse, pegándose hasta que no se pueden separar) \xrb kwepal \nse The word kwepaliwi refers to things that warp, such as a ceramic bowl that has been poorly fired, the edges and side twisting, and other items such as records left in the sun, a wooden tray (kwexomatl) that is poorly cured or dried, etc. \nde No cognate of this verb has been found in other reported Nahuatl dialects, including Classical. \qry Check for all objects that can be so altered. Check for transitive. \grm Phonology: The alternation of /kwe/ Am to /ko/ Oapan is a fairly standard alternation. \rt Check etymology. Note again the presence of the (micro)morpheme /kwe/ in words that indicate a bending. Make a comment in root dictionary. \ref 00907 \lxa kwepaltik \lxac kwepaltik \lxo kopaltik \lxoc kopaltik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be warped (a record, a ceramic bowl along the edges) \ss estar combado; estar alabeado (un disco, un plato hondo de cerámica) \se to be twisted; to be bent (a long stick or rod) \ss estar torcido (un palo o vara) \xrb kwepal \qry Elicit other items to which this can refer. \grm Oapan phonology: Note kw>ko here in Oapan. \ref 02300 \lxa kwe:pani \lxac kwe:pani \lxo kwe:pani \lxoc kwe:pani \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-PM \der PM \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se skirt that is worn over a slip (ista:hkwe:tli) \ss falda que se pone sobre el corpino (ista:hkwe:tli) \cfa tlake:npani \encyctmp clothes \xrb kwe: \xrb pani \nae The question of whether or not this lexeme, as well as tlake:npani, should be written as one or two words is not easily decided There seems to be no conclusive evidence either way, though a single-word orthography might be more heuristic. \vl Link first male token. \ref 04652 \lxa kwepilia \lxac kikwepilia \lxo kopilia \lxoc kikopilia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to turn over for (e.g., a tortilla on a griddle for a woman who is otherwise occupied) \ss voltear para (p. ej., una tortilla sobre el comal para una mujer que está ocupada haciendo otra cosa) \se to return (sth borrowed); to repay (the equivalent of sth borrowed, e.g., giving money for sth borrowed and lost); to make (a debt, labor owed, etc.) up to \ss regresar (algo pedido prestado) a; compensar (el equivalente de algo pedido prestado, e.g., gdando dinero por algo pedido prestado y perdido) a; reponer (una deuda, etc.) a \pna San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka. \pea He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it. \psa Solamente está devolviendo el maíz, lo había pedido prestado. \pna Timitsmakas tomi:n para ika tihkowas. Timitskwepilia. \pea I will give you money to buy it (and replace sth of yours that I ruined). I am making it up to you (given you the equivalent in cash). \psa Te voy a dar dinero para que lo compres (algo tuyo que eché a perder). Te lo estoy reponiendo (dándote el equivalente en efectivo). \se to take revenge; to pay back (in the sense of vengence); to give (sb) their just desserts; to get back at \ss devolverle (p. ej., un insulto, un golpe, etc.) a; vengarse con (algn) \pna A:man timitskwepili:s, xo:nikelka:w tli:n o:tine:xchi:wilih. \pea Now I'm going to get back at you, I haven't forgotten what you did to me. \psa Ahora te lo voy a pagar, no olvidé lo que me hiciste. \se (~ tlato:hli) to translate for; to interpret for \ss (~ tlato:hli) traducir para; interpretar para \pna Ne:chkwepili:s motlato:l, newa xniweli inglé:s. \pea He will translate your words for me, I don't know English. \psa El me va a traducir tus palabras, yo no entiendo inglés. \se to change (the appearance, sound, etc. of sth); to alter or shift the direction of (e.g., a given practice or tradition) \ss cambiar (la apariencia o sonido, etc., de algo); alterar (p. ej., una costumbre o tradición, algo que está establecido en cierta manera o forma) \pna Tli:n kitsotsontoya, a:man xok yewa. A:man yo:kikwepilih, okse: yo:kikalaktih. \pea The music that he (in this case a violinist) was playing, he's not playing anymore. Now he has changed it, he has started a new one (song). \psa La música que estaba tocando (en este caso. un violinista), ya no es lo que está tocando. Ahora la ha cambiado, ha empezado otro (son) nuevo. \xvba kwepa \xrb kwepa \nse If regards to a gift or something borrowed, the verb kwepilia generally refers to returning the equivalent, not the identical, item. It may be a different item (e.g., money) to compensate or it may be another token of the same type (e.g., an equivalent hat). Thus if one receives a case of beer and returns a (different) case later, then kwepilia is appropriate. However, if one borrows a hat and then returns the same one, often maka or onka:wa is more appropriate. \qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. \grm Pluperfect: note the clear use here: /San kikwepilia itlayo:l, o:kitlane:hka/ 'He is just paying back the corn, he had borrowed it.' Here the pluperfect is used in a situation that mirrors that described by Launey: an act or situation the effects of which are no longer present/active. That is, the maize had been borrowed but with the return of maize, the effects of the borrowing, i.e., an outstanding debt, are gone. \grm Oapan phonology: In the variation of Am /kwepilia/ to Oapan /kopilia/ again note the variation /kwe/ > /ko/. \ref 01297 \lxa kwepi:ltia \lxac nokwepi:ltia \lxo kopi:ltia \lxoc kikopi:ltia \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to take revenge; to get back (in the sense of vengence) \ss (refl.) vengarse \pna O:ne:chwisok, pero nimokwepi:lti:s. oksepa yes! \pea He beat up on me, but I'll get back. There'll be another time! \psa Me golpeó pero me voy a vengar. ¡Habrá otra vez! \xrb kwepa \nse Although the elicitation form is of a transitive (with the 3rd-person specific object), the only example sentence is of a reflexive, meaning 'to take revenge.' Apparently the transitive means 'to take revenge upon,' but this needs to be checked. \qry Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepi:ltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Check length in /wisoki/ and make sure that first /i/ is short. It is possible that the Oapan form is incorrect. \grm Cf. and check the metaphoric of /kwepilia/ as in returning an insult or blow. Check the difference between /kwepi:ltia/ and /kwepilia/. It appears that /kwepilia/ has the person being repaid as the object, whereas /kwepiltia/ is used in the reflexive. However, this should be checked. Cf. this to Michel Launey's discussion of the difference between -tia and -ltia. Here perhaps -lia and -ltia could also be discussed. Thus, in general, there are four types of contrasts that should be discussed; 1) -lia vs. -ltia (as in kwepilia and kwepiltia); 2) -tia and -ltia (as in axi:tia and axiltia); 3) -ia and -ltia (as in poso:nia and poso:naltia; or kwepo:nia and kwepo:naltia); and 4) -lia and -ia (as in -temilia and -temia). These contrasts should be listed in the grammar and discussed in a special section. \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 3218, which is a mistake. These words, at 3218, should be given the number 3114, with tokens c, d, ... \ref 03114 \lxa kwe:pi:stik \lxac kwe:pi:stik \lxo kwe:pi:stik \lxoc kwe:pi:stik \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der N-dvb-wi-tik \seo to have (a woman) a tight-fitting dress \sso tener (una mujer) una falda muy apretada \syna tsi:ntlapi:tsal \syna tsi:ntlapi:tsaltik \xrb kwe: \xrb pi:ts \vl There are four extra tokens of this word at 6694 \ref 06390 \lxa kwepo:naltia \lxac kikwepo:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \sea to fold up and back (particularly sth that folds back upon itself, such as earth being plowed, spouting water, etc.) \ssa hacer doblar o plegar (particularmente algo que se dobla sobre si mismo, como tierra al ser arada, agua que brota, etc.) \pna O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak. \pea The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. \psa Al pasar el viento levantó su falda, hubo una fuerte ráfaga de viento. \pna Tihkwepo:naltitia:s tla:hli. \pea You will go along (while plowing) folding the earth back upon itself. \psa Vas a ir (al arar) haciendo que la tierra se vaya doblando sobre si misma. \cfo i:xte:nchi:kopo:nia; kopo:nia \xrb kwepo: \xvba kwepo:ni \qry Cf. entries under /kwepo:ni/ and /kwepo:nia/. Note and check the difference between /-kwepo:nia/ and /kwepo:naltia/. Get possible objects of each, and can each be used in reflexive? \grm Word order: /O:kikwepo:naltitiki:s yeyekatl i:kwe, o:yeyekak chika:wak/ 'The wind passed by and blew up her skirt, there was a strong gust of wind. Note the word order: VSO. \ref 00401 \lxa kwepo:ni \lxac kwepo:ni \lxo kopo:ni \lxoc kopo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to bubble up; to churn up (e.g., water that then folds back upon itself like a fountain) \ss burbujear; arremolinarse; revolverse (p. ej., agua que brota y cae sobre si mismo) \pna Kwepo:ntok a:tl. Pakah se: tetl we:i, kikwepo:naltitok. \pea The water is churning up. There is a large rock there, it is churning up the water. \psa El agua está arremolinándose. Hay una gran piedra allí que revuelve y agita el agua. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to have the skin burst open and curl back (e.g., certain grains when cooked, such as pozole and overcooked beans) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) tener la piel o cáscara abierta y brotada hacia atrás (p. ej., ciertos granos al cocerse, como pozole y frijoles bien hervidos) \pna O:kukwepo:n, kwahli o:poso:n. \pea It's skin split open and peeled back in a lot of places, it really boiled. \psa Se abrió su cáscara en varios lugares, hirvió bien. \xrb kwepo: \xvca kwepo:naltia \xvka kukwepoka \xvko kokopoka \xvko kokopoka \nse Many words with the sound sequence kwe(:) (in Oapan ko(:)) seem to indicate an action of turning back or folding upon oneself. Note also that po:ni itself is a separate verb indicating blooming or expanding. The meaning of kwepo:ni seems to be that of flowing up and out, to turn up and then over on oneself. The reduplicated term kukwepo:ni refers to things like pricly pears, a piece of green corn, and other materials that open up by bursting apart, with the open and split part folding back on itself. Note that the reduplicated form with a short vowel is used for both bubbling water and objects with skin that burst open. \nae In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl kwepo:ni forms a transitive both with the causative -ltia and nondirected alternation: kwepo:naltia and kwepo:nia. The difference in signification between the two should be noted as perhaps paradigmatical of similar cases. \grm Oapan phonology: Am /kwepo:ni/ and Oapan /kopo:ni/ give another example of kw > ko shift in Oapan. \ref 02752 \lxa kwepo:nia \lxac kikwepo:nia \lxo kopo:nia \lxoc kikopo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to turn up; to turn (sth) back upon itself \ss voltear para arriba; invertir o poner al revés; volver (algo) sobre si mismo \pna Xkwepo:ni mi:xtew! \pea Fold up your eyelid (i.e., turning them inside out, referring to the top eyelid)! \psa ¡Invierte tu párpado (volteándolo sobre si mismo)! \pna O:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal, o:kipasolotiki:s. \pea The wind turned up the thatching on his house, it made a mess of it as it blew by. \psa El viento levantó la palma de su casa hacia arriba, al pasar la dejó todo desarreglada. \se (refl.) to turn back upon oneself (e.g., a line of dancers as they dance) \ss (refl.) voltearse sobre si mismo (p. ej., una línea de danzantes al bailar) \pna Nokwepo:nian para kia:wak. \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the outside (to then go back to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea). \pna Nokwepo:nian para kalitik (=tlaitik). \pea They (the front dancers in a line dance) make a turn toward the inside (and then go back to the end of the line). \psa Ellas (las danzantes de adelante en una danza de línea) se dan vuelta hacia afuera (y van hacia atrás a cabo de la línea). \xrb kwepo: \xvaa kwepo:nilia \xvao kopo:nilia \nse The phrase xkwepo:ni mi:xtew is, apparently, equivalent to xchi:kwepo:ni mi:xtew and xmi:xte:n(chi:)kwepo:ni. According to Luis Lucena, in the phrase o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal, if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then kwepo:naltia would have been is used. \mod For the meaning of /kwepo:nia/ in reference to a line dance, cf. illustration with the two original filecards. \grm According to Luis Lucena, in the phrase o:kikwepo:nih yeyekatl ikal, if the force had been greater and more thatching had been turned up, then kwepo:naltia would have been is used. This interesting distinction should be checked. However, another distinction between /kwepo:naltia/ and /kwepo:nia/ might be that the former is used when the patient is inanimate and can have no volition, and that as a reflexive the former is used when it was affected by something, whereas the reflexive of the latter, might refer, as in the case of dancers, to action taken by the subjects as volitional agents. \ref 03928 \lxa kwepo:nilia \lxac kikwepo:nilia \lxo kopo:nilia \lxoc kikopo:nilia \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to make (sth) turn up or back (affecting a person or object) \ss hacer volver o voltear hacia arriba (afectando a una person u objeto) \pna O:kikwepo:nilitiki:s yeyekatl ikwe. O:yeyekaka chika:wak. \pea The wind blew her skirt up in passing. It blew hard. \psa El viento alzó su falda al pasar. Hubo fuerte viento. \se to thrash or hit hard with (a switch, lasso, etc.) \ss dar látigos a con (algo como una vara, etc.); golpear fuerte a con (una vara, soga, etc.) \pna O:kikwepo:nilih ye:i tlako:tl. \pea He thrashed him three times with a switch. \psa Le dió tres latigazos. \sem contact \xrb kwepo: \xvba kwepo:nia \xvbo kopo:nia \qry Check for other meanings of /kwepo:nilia/. \ref 02046 \lxa kweptok \lxac kweptok \lxo koptok \lxoc koptok \dt 25/Mar/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be changed; to be different (from what it was) \ss ser cambiado; ser diferente (de lo que era) \pna Kwa:k o:nasik, kweptoya. \pea When I arrived, it was different. \psa Cuando llegué, estaba diferente. \pna Kweptok totlato:l. \pea Our language (or speech) is different (e.g., than it was in the past). \psa Nuestra lengua (o habla) es diferente (p. ej., que era antes). \xrb kwepa \ref 03780 \lxa kwe:roh \lxac kwe:roh \lxo kwe:roh \lxoc kwe:roh \dt 02/Apr/2003 \loan cuero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se leather \ss piel curtida; cuero \se skin (of a person) \ss piel (de una persona) \pna Pipixtik un ikwe:roh, xwel kalaki aújah. \pea His skin is tough, a needle can't pierce it. \psa Está dura su piel, no le puede entrar una aguja. \syna kwetlaxtli \syno kwitlaxtli \ref 04758 \lxa kweskomatl \lxac kweskomatl \lxo kweskomatl \lxoc kweskomatl \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se grain storage bin (generic name) \ss troje (nombre genérico) \sem agriculture \cfa tekikweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \encyctmp kweskomatl \nse The types of kweskomatl are the following: kweskomatl de xa:ntli, kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli, kweskomatl de bajare:keh, kweskomatl de muñe:koh, kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli \qry Obtain plural ?kweskonteh? or ?kwestomameh? Note that I also have an entry for /tekikweskomatl/, but I'm not sure of the difference between this and a "simple" /kweskomatl/ \mod Illustrate each type. \rt Also be aware of the possibility that kweskomatl is divisible, cf. tekomatl in which the koma refers to a round, recipient-type space. \ref 02755 \lxa kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \lxac kweskomatl de a:kawtlapi:hli \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \sea type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb akaw \xrb pi:l \nse The kweskomatl de a:kawtla:lpi:hli are usually small, and sometimes may even be built inside a house. For making a kweskomatl de muñe:koh, see entry under sokimatilowa. This is also called kweskomatl de a:kwatlapi:stli. \pqry Check length of first /a/ of /a:kwatli/. If short correct here and in all entries with /a:kawtli/. \ref 04289 \lxa kweskomatl de bajare:keh \lxac kweskomatl de bajare:keh \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \loan bajareque \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of grain storage bin made of rods (tlako:tl) that are horizontally intertwined and the covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas (tlako:tl) que se entrelazan horizontalmente y se cubren con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \nse This type of granary is also known as kweskomatl de china:ntli. \ref 03064 \lxa kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli \lxac kweskomatl de kuwnepano:hli \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \sea type of grain storage bin made from upright rods covered with mud \ssa tipo de troje hecha de varas colocadas verticalmente y cubiertas con lodo \encyctmp kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb kow \xrb nepan \ref 07849 \lxa kweskomatl de munye:koh \lxac kweskomatl de munye:koh \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jul/2002 \loan (part) muñeco \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \sea type of grain storage bin made with coils of mud and straw \ssa tipo de troje hecha con manojos de zacate y adobe \syno tlásolkweskómatl \cfo kweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \encyctmp granary; agriculture \ref 00410 \lxa kweskomatl de xa:ntli \lxac kweskomatl de xa:ntli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se type of grain storage bin made of adobe \ss tipo de troje hecha de adobe \equivo xa:nkweskomatl \xrb kweskoma \xrb xa:m \encyctmp kweskomatl \ref 07651 \lxa kweskonkahli \lxac kweskonkahli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08071 \lxa kwe:tekomo:ni \lxac kwe:tekomo:ni \lxo kwe:tekomo:ni \lxoc kwe:tekomo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a \seao to have ones dress puff and billow out (e.g., while dancing, wading into water, etc.) \ssao quedarsele extendida hacia afuera la falda (a algn, p. ej., al bailar o entrar al agua) \xrb kwe: \xrb te- \xrb komo: \nae This term has only been documented with the intensifier; it is often used with the aspectual ending -tiw. \qry Apparently this only occurs with the infixed intensifier. However, this should be checked. There is probably a transitive form: obtain and enter and change the relevant fields. \ref 02922 \lxa kwe:tekoyaktik \lxac kwe:tekoyaktik \lxo kwe:tekoyahtik \lxoc kwe:tekoyahtik \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \seo to have a baggy or loose skirt \sso tener una falda holgada y grande \apao kwe:tekoyak \syna kwe:kokoxoktik \xrb kwe: \xrb koya: \vl There is an additional female token from 6516 that should be tagged 6515. \ref 06515 \lxa kwe:temonexe:wi \lxac kwe:temonexe:wi \lxo kwe:témonexé:wi \lxoc kwe:témonexé:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. te- \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to have one's skirt to fade \ss desteñirsele la falda a \xrb kwe: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \qry Apparently also correct is /kwe:monexe:wi/ but not /kwe:nexe:wi/. Check. Also, in general look into problems of etymological analysis of /(te)(mo)nex- /. If /kwe:monexe:wi/ is correct, first determine if there is any difference with /kwe:temonexe:wi/; if there is not, change this entry to /kwe:monexe:wi/, with possibility of /te-/. Or, perhaps create two entries with a link through /syn field. \sj Check all words with /temonex/ etc. for /h/. Oa shows pitch-accent; Am gives no relevant information on this point. \ref 00675 \lxa kwe:tetepon \lxac kwe:tetepon \lxo kwe:tetepon \lxoa kwe:tetepoh \lxoc kwe:tetepon \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \seao to be short-skirted; to have on a short skirt \ssao tener puesta una falda corta \flao tetepon \xrb kwe: \xrb tepon \nse This is often found in the diminutive, kwe:tetepontsi:n. In reference to dresses tetepontsi:n is shorter than tetepon. According to Luis Lucena the latter refers to a dress that ends shortly below the knees whereas the former is used for knee length. \dis tsi:ntetepon; kwe:tetepon \qry Check as to whether the diminutive refers to a shorter skirt than /kwe:tetepon/. \ref 00809 \lxa kwe:teweyak \lxaa kwe:teweyak \lxac kwe:teweyak \lxo kwe:teweyak \lxoa kwe:tewiyak \lxoc kwe:teweyak, kwe:tewiyak \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix te- \seo to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground \sso tener una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo \syna kwe:uwelax \syna kwe:uwelaxtik \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \vl Link 1st female token. \ref 06943 \lxa kwe:tia \lxac kikwe:tia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08030 \lxa kwetomatl \lxac kwetomatl \lxo kwétomátl \lxoc kwétomátl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \seao pillow \ssao almohada \seao (~ i:tlake:nyo) pillowcase \ssao (~ i:tlake:nyo) funda para almohada \xrb kweh \xrb toma \nae The etymology of kwetomatl is uncertain. The pitch accent suggests an underlying form {kwehtomatl}, and the short /e/ suggests a derivation at least not directly related to kwe:tli. But the alternation between ma: and mah as roots for 'hand' also indicates the possibility that the roots kwe: and kweh are related. Finally, it is also quite possible, if a vowel shift occurred, that the root is kwah, an alternate of kwa: 'head' found in compounds. \sj Check for /kwehtomatl/. \ref 03829 \lxa kwetla:hki \lxac kwetla:hki \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea [definition pending] \ssa \xrb \ref 07900 \lxa kwe:tlan \lxaa kwe:tlah \lxac kwe:tlan \lxo kwe:tla \lxoc kwe:tlan \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of fat worm, often green though sometimes black or yellow \ssao tipo de gusano gordo, a menudo verde aunque a veces negro o amarillo \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipan itiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tlan, wan wa:ki. \pea Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. \se (fig.) glutton \ss (fig.) glutón; comelón \pna Tikwe:tlan, ke:n titlakwa:ni, san titlakwatok kada rati:toh ke:n kwe:tlan. \pea You are a kwe:tlan, you are a real glutton, you are eating all the time like a kwe:tlan. \psa Eres un kwe:tlan, eres un comelón, te la pasas comiendo como un kwe:tlan. \sem animal \sem worm \xrb kwe:tlan \nse Whether or not the kwe:tlan is actually a type of worm in native classificatory schemes still needs to be determined. The ethmology of this word is uncertain (and thus it has been preliminarily classified as an apocopated and nonderived noun). This worm is constantly eating and therefore used metaphorically to refer to a glutton, someone who is constantly eating. The pronunciation of this word varies. Polin Claudio definitely pronounced the word [kwe:tlan] with a final velarized nasal, while Aurora Beiza (originally from Chilapa 60 years ago) pronounced it with a final [h]. Yet despite her having been speaking Nahuatl for over half a century, she still does not mark vowel length and glottal stops accurately. Pánfilo Lorenzo, on the other hand, on the tape DT #8, 513, pronounces this word with a final glottal stop. Perhaps all forms are common and reflect a generalized shift among [n], [h] and [?]. The etymology of kwe:tlan is not certain. \nae Although I had documented this word with a final /n/ and /h/ (as well as nothing, but not a glottal stop) Cristino Flores indicated that the correct form was kwe:tlah. In Oapan Roberto Mauricio definitely pronounces this with a final glottal stop. \cpl Of the kwe:tlan, Pánfilo Lorenzo [Source: DT #8, 513] stated that it lives in the komo:chitl or a:matl tree, whereas others have stated that it lives on the ground. Some have said that it is fuzzy, whereas others have not. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \qry Check vowel length and ending of /kada/ and correct as necessary. \ref 00076 \lxa kwetla:ni \lxac kwetla:ni \lxo kwetla:ni \lxoc kwetla:ni \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-3a \se to hang down loosely or dangle in the air, fixed from a single point (e.g., a strap hanging off a saddle, a tongue hanging out of a dog's mouth) \ss colgarse libremente en el aire, suspendido por un solo punto (p. ej., un tirante colgado de una silla, la lengua de un perro) \pna Xtlakali morria:tah ipan ikechpan, ma kwetla:ni nepa ipan ima:wa:n. \pea Toss your lasso on its back (i.e., of a bull in order to rope it) so that it hangs down in front of its forelegs (thus when the bull steps forward into the loop, it can be pulled tight and the bulls legs pulled up, throwing it to the ground). \psa Aviéntale tu riata sobre su lomo (esto es, de un toro para lanzarlo) para que cuelgue abajo hacia sus patas delanteras (así, cuando avanze el toro meterá las patas en la riata que se puede apretar y jalar, deribando el toro al suelo). ] \pna Nika:n kwetla:ntiw. \pea It's going along dangling down here (i.e., a loose strap tied onto a burro, or hanging from ones shoulders, etc.). \psa Aquí va colgado (p. ej., un tirante suelto atado a un burro, o colgado de los hombros de uno). \pna Kwe:kwetla:ntiw mota:blah. \pea Your board (in this case one that your are transporting on your shoulder) is flopping up and down. \psa Tu tabla (en este caso una que vas cargando sobre el hombre) se va pandeando para arriba y abajo. \se to snap back; to suddenly jerk back (from the sudden jerking motion of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.) \ss irse bruscamente hacia atrás; sacudirse con un tirón (de un moviemiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.) \pna O:nikwetla:n, o:ne:cha:wiltih. \pea I suddenly snapped back, it (a brusk movement) jerked me. \psa Me fui bruscamente hacia atrás, me aventó (p. ej., una parada violenta). \cfa kwetla:tsiwi \xrb kwetla: \xvka kukwetlaka \xvko kwekwetlaka \ref 03959 \lxa kwetla:nia \lxac kikwetla:nia \lxo kwetla:nia \lxoc kikwetla:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to sharply jerk or snap (from the sudden movement of an animal, a motor vehicle, etc.) \ss jalar o sacudir bruscamente y con fuerza (el movimiento brusco de un animal, un vehículo, etc.) \pna O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lige:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh. O:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. \pea That mule gave me a sudden jerk, it turned and twisted without warning. It gave me backache. \psa Ese macho me sacudió bruscamente, de repente se brincó y se torció. Me lastimó la cintura. \cfa kwetla:tsowa \xrb kwetla: \nde In Oapan one would say chika:wak o:ne:xtekwetla:nih, always with the te- intensifier. The basic verb is used for actions such as snapping whips or ropes. \vl Link 1st female token \ref 04726 \lxa kwetla:ntok \lxac kwetla:ntok \lxo kwetla:ntok \lxoc kwetla:ntok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be hanging down, from one fixed point \ss estar colgado, desde un solo punto \pna Miák kwetla:ntok wa:xin. Melá o:tla:k. \pea There are a lot of guajes hanging down (from the branches). It (the tree) really bore fruit. \psa Hay muchos guajes colgados. De veras (el árbol) rindió mucho. \xrb kwetla: \vl Use second female token as link. \ref 03423 \lxa kwe:tlapowi \lxac kwe:tlapowi \lxo kwe:tlapowi \lxoc kwe:tlapowi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3b(ow) \seo to have (a female, such as one who is wearing a wrap-around skirt) the front or side of one's dress open up \sso abrirsele la falda o vestido por enfrente o de lado a (una mujer, p.ej., una tiene una falda con que se envuelve) \syna ke:tspantlapowi \xrb kwe: \xrb tlapo: \pqry Check /owi/ sequence in all intransitives with final /owi/. At times it seems that the /o/ is long on the surface: ?/kwe:tlapo:wi/. Determien how to represnet the final /owi/ sequence: /o:wi/ or /owi/. \grm Orthography: note the problem of representing (and analyzing) final /owi/ as in /te:ntlapowi/ (and all other verbs ending in /tlapowi/). At times, particularly in the pronunciation of C. Flores, the /o/ seems long. \ref 06708 \lxa kwetla:tsiwi \lxac kwetla:tsiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \sea to ondulate (e.g., a long board being carried on sb's shoulders) \ssa ondular; pandear (p. ej., una tabla larga y ancha que se está cargando sobre los hombros) \cfo kwetla:ni \xrb kwetlats \qry Check other meanings; get example sentences. \ref 03058 \lxa kwetla:tsowa \lxac kikwetla:tsowa \lxo kwékwetla:tsówa \lxoc nó:kwetla:tsówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl (Am) \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): nó:kwetla:tsówa \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to wiggle; to snake (e.g., a hose, rope, etc.) \ss ondular; arquear \pna Ma:ka xkwetla:tso un la:soh! Xa:wi:hli! \pea Don't make that rope snake (undulate, by snapping one end)! It's not a toy! \psa ¡No hagas ondular esa riata (al azotarlo)! ¡No es un juguete! \se (refl.) squirm; wriggle; twist back and forth; to buck (an animal such as a bull that has been mounted) \ss (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular; corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado) \pna Nokwe:kwetla:tsowa kuwatl. \pea Snakes wriggle. \psa Las serpientes ondulan. \pna O:nokwetla:tsoh mokone:tsi:n, xkineki ma hna:palo. \pea Your little child squirmed, he didn't want me to hold him. \psa Tu hijito se arqueó, no quiso que lo abrazara. \pna To:roh kwa:k tleko:lo, pe:wa nokwetla:tsotinemi. \pea When it is ridden a bull starts to buck and violently twist its body. \psa Cuando suben un toro, empieza a brincar y corcovear. \se (refl.) to twist up (e.g., meat placed on a fire) \ss (refl.) encogerse; torcerse (p. ej., carne puesta sobre el fuego) \pna Yo:pe:w nokwetla:tsowa, yo:pe:w nokoltotsowa un nakatl ipan tekohli. \pea That meat placed on the coals has started to twist up, it has started to shrink and shrivel up. \psa Esa carne que está sobre las brazas ha empezado a encogerse, ha empezado a achicarse. \xrb kwetla:ts \nse As with many words containing kwe, kwetla:tsowa seems to indicate a twisting, turning, and doubling motion. The reflexive use of kwetla:tsowa may refer to the movements of a large fish grabbed or left hanging upside-down, a snake as it moves, a flapping rope, or a child struggling to get free from someone's grasp. \nae To date an intransitive form kwetla:tsiwi has only been documented in Ameyaltepec, not Oapan. Note also that the transitive most often occurs in a reduplicated form; indeed, Oapan consultants only offered the reduplicated form and for this reason it is the headword entry. \qry Check to see if intransitive exists. Check length of /a:/; cf. /kwe:kwetla:stik/. Make sure that reference to a snake's movement has the long vowel reduplication. \rt Cf. the occurrence of kwetla: in both kwetla:ni and kwetla:tsowa. Check all words ending in /-tsowa/ and /-tsiwi/ for any common semantics. \ref 05385 \lxa kwetlaxiwi \lxac kwetlaxiwi \lxo kwetlaxiwi \lxoc kwetlaxiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to become soft and floppy, losing firmness (cloth, leather that is old and broken in, etc.) \ss ponerse suave y blando (una tela vieja, cuero desgastado, etc.) \pna O:kukwetlaxiw (=o:kwetlaxiw) nosombre:roh. \pea My hat got floppy (i.e., because of rain and wear, its brim has lost its stiffness and has started to droop). \psa Mi sombrero perdió su rigidez (esto es, por la lluvia y el desgaste sus alas ya perdieron su forma y están caídos). \se to become weak and exhausted (particularly from overwork) \ss quedarse débil; quedarse sin fuerzas; debiltarse (una persona, particularmente por un sobrecargo de trabajo) \pna Yo:pe:w nikwetlaxiwi (=nikukwetlaxiwi), a:man xe nitlakwa. \pea I've started to feel weak and exhausted, I haven't eaten yet today. \psa He empezado a sentirme débil, hoy todavía no he comido. \xrb kwetlax \nse Check for transitive form. \ref 04452 \lxa kwetlaxtik \lxac kwetlaxtik \lxo kwetlaxtik \lxoa kwitlaxtik \lxoc kwetlaxtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be soft; to be droopy (sth that should be stiff or hard and isn't but is rather soft and rather resistent, rubbery) \ss estar suave (algo que debe estar, pero no está duro, es algo resistente a romper, morder, etc.) \pna Totopoxtli kwetlaxtik, xokitliwa:tskeh. \pea The tostadas are soft, they didn't toast them (on the griddle). \psa Las tostadas están suaves, no las doraron (sobre el comal). \pna Kwetlaxtik merko:chah. \pea The mercocha (a type of sugar) is soft and flexible (i.e., it can be bent and molded for form). \psa La mercocha está suave y flexible (esto es, se puede doblar). \se to be weak; to be feeble, without energy, unable to bear up (particularly in regards to heavy work, bearing a burden, etc.) \ss ser débil y sin fuerza (particularmente como resultado de trabajo pesado, de no comer, etc.); sin energía \pna Xma:s ke:wa tli:n yetí:k, san kwetlaxtik. \pea It can't carry heavy loads any more, it is weak (e.g., a beast of burden). \psa Ya no aguanta cosas pesadas, es débil (p. ej., un animal de carga). \xrb kwetlax \qry Check all applications of this adjective. Create entry under /merko:chah/; seek definition. Check for whether /kwetlaxtli/ is a word. There is great variation in Oapan between those who pronounce /kwitlaxtik/ and those using /kwetlaxtik/. Check all occurrences. \ref 03723 \lxa kwe:tli \lxac kwe:tli \lxo kwe:tli \lxoc kwe:tli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal/Intrin \se skirt \ss falda \seo (intrinsic possession: i:kwe:yo) part of an apron, the cloth that is sewn between i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa and i:jola:nyo \sso (posesión intrínseca) parte de un delante, la tela que se pone entre i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa and i:jola:nyo \sem clothing \cfao besti:doh; kwe:pani \encyctmp tlake:ntli; kwe:tli \xrb kwe: \nse There are, at least in Ameyaltepec, the following types of skirts (kwe:tli): kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli, kwe:tli de i:tlakotia:n tlatektli, and kwe:tli de koto:ntok. \nae The plural, seldom used, is kwe:meh (Am) / kwe:mih (Oa). The plural possessed is i:kwe:wan. \mod Make sure there is an entry for each of these types of skirts. Right now the one missing is kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli. \ref 05437 \lxa kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxac kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Inal \sea type of skirt that is made of two pieces of cloth sewn together, so that there is a seam running around the middle of the skirt \ssa tipo de falda que se hace de dos pedazos de tela cosidos juntos, para que haya una costura horizontal aproximadamente a la mitad \pna Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli, xpestik, ye:xka:n tlakechiliwtok. \pea It is a skirt made up of tiers of fabric, it isn't smooth (given that there is at least one seam running around it), it is sewn together in three places. \psa Es una falda hecha de hileras sobrepuestas de tela, no está lisa (dado que tiene costuras horizontales), está cosida en tres lugares. \sem clothing \xrb kwe: \xrb tlako \xrb teki \xrl -ya:n \cfa tlatektli \ono kwe:tli \nse Kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli refers to a dress with a skirt that has tiers. However, unlike the kwe:tli de tlachichikotektli the seams on these tiers are on the outside not the inside and the strips of cloth are joined together in pleats. The pleated part is usually sewn on top of the higher tier if one is not going to put narrow lace on the seam; in the former case the two tiers are joined in a ruffled way (xoxolo:xtik). However, if there is going to be lace on top of the seam then the pleated part (lower tier) is sewn underneath the upper tier. \qry If such as dress is sewn together in three place (ye:xka:n tlakelichiwtok), how many tiers does it have? Three or four (since the edge doesn't count?). \pqry NOTE: check on the possible aspiration of the /k/ in /tlatektli/. \ilustmp Make ilustration of all clothing: photos? \ref 03287 \lxa kwe:tli de koto:ntok \lxac kwe:tli de koto:ntok \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \sea skirt of a type of woman's outfit with a blouse separate from the skirt, i.e., they are not sewn together in one piece \ssa falda del vestido de mujer que tiene una blusa separada de la falda, esto es, las dos partes no están cosidas en una sola pieza \sem clothing \equivo siwa:kwe:tli \encyctmp tlake:ntli; kwe:tli \xrb kwe: \xrb koto: \ref 05122 \lxa kwe:tli de tlahikotektli \lxac kwe:tli de tlachikotektli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1/2; Inal \sea type of dress that has a horizontal seam in the middle joining the skirt to the blouse, and in which the skirt part is made of two or three pieces of cloth that are sewn together smoothly, with the seam inside and without pleats \ssa tipo de vestido que tiene una costura en medio donde su junta la falda a la blusa, y en que la falta se hace de dos o tres pedazos de tela que se cosen lisamente, con la costura para adentro y sin pliegues o tablitas \cfo tlaí:lakastéhtli \xrb kwe: \xrb chiko \xrb teki \ono kwe:tli \fl kwe:tli de itlakotia:n tlatektli \ref 01888 \lxa kwe:uwelax \lxac kwe:uwelax \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Op. infix te-: kwe:teuwelax \sea to have on a long skirt, one that virtually drags on the ground \ssa tener puesto una falda larga, una que casi llega hasta el suelo \apa kwe:uwelaxtik \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \syno kwe:teweyak \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \nae I have analyzed this as derived from *wila:ni. This requires a vowel shift: lowering from [i] to [e] and the insertion of [x]. This consonant alternation is not undocumented in the language. Classical Nahuatl has qualaxtli from qualani as well as palaxtli from palani. Thus modern wilaxtli from wila:ni would not be totally idiosyncratic. \ref 04985 \lxa kwe:uwelaxtik \lxac kwe:uwelaxtik \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ni-k-tik \aff Op. inflix te-: kwe:teuwelaxtik \se to have a long skirt that virtually drags on the ground \ss tener una falda larga que casi llega hasta el suelo \pna Kwe:uwelaxtik. Ke:n weyak ikwe! \pea She has a skirt that's down to her ankles. Her skirt is quite long! \psa Tiene una falda que le llega hasta los tobillos. ¡Es muy larga su falda! \apa kwe:uwelax \syno kwe:teweyak \syno kwe:tewela:xkoh \xrb kwe: \xrb wila: \fl kwe:uwelax \ref 04874 \lxa kwexa:ntli \lxac kwexa:ntli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08064 \lxa kwe:xi:kopi:ni \lxac kwe:xi:kopi:ni \lxo kwe:texi:kopi:ni \lxoc kwe:texi:kopi:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix te- (Oa); Op. infix te- (Am) \infv class-3a \se for ones skirt to be slipping down ones hips \ss bajarsele un poquito la falda (a una mujer) \cfao xi:kopi:ni \xrb kwe: \xrb xi: \xrb kopi: \nse In Oapan the intensifier is constant given that the event referred to is one that results in an unnatural state. \nae In the Oapan speech tokens, the duration of the initial /e/ after the labialized /k/ is shorter than one would expect from a phonologically long vowel. However, it has been maintained as phonologically a long vowel in the orthography given the difficulty \qry Determine how far the dress slips down, and also elicit transitive form. \pqry \grm /te-/: Note that in Oapan /kwe:texi:kopi:ni/ and not /kwe:xi:kopi:ni/ is used: Note that in Oapan the intensifier is used given that the event referred to is one that results in an unnatural state. \ref 05961 \lxa kwexomatl \lxac kwexomatl \lxo kwexomatl \lxoc kwexomatl \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln; pl. pos. i:kwexowa:n \se wooden tray (most commonly of used to collect the ground corn meal as it comes off the metate, with the kwexomatl placed right below the metate's bottom lip \ss batea o tepestate (particularmente las que se emplean para juntar la masa que sale de la parte inferior de un metate, donde se coloca el kwexomatl) \sem tool \xrb kwe \xrb xoma \nse The etymology of this word is problematical. It seems to be related to xomatli, meaning 'spoon.' Molina gives quauhxumatli as 'wooden spoon.' But this etymological relationship would involve a shift of Classical quauh to Balsas kwe and Classical xomatli to Balsas xomatl. It might also be that whereas the -xomatl element is related to the word for 'spoon,' the first element, kwe is related to the upcurving sides of the tray. Apparently the most common wood used to make kwexomameh is kohxio:tl although according to Emidio Rosendo kopalchi:noh may also be used. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male token. \ref 04928 \lxa kwexontia \lxac kwexontia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb kwexoma \ref 08426 \lxa kwe:xtia \lxac kwe:xtia \lxo kwe:xtia \lxoc kwe:xtia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become finely ground \ss quedarse bien y finamente molido \xrb kwe:ch \xvaao kwe:xtilia \nae Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending tia, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, kwe:xtia is related to kwe:chiwi, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in -iwi often lose the entire -iwi ending in derivational forms. Thus from tlatsiwi one derives tlatski and from kwe:chiwi one derives kwe:xtik. Thus it seems that the root or stem of -iwi verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without -iwi. \qry Check for existence of /kwe:xtli/. My original notes say that this word is often used to refer to finely ground chile, or to sand (or other objects) that is not naturally coarse. Check how this might be used to refer to sand, since one might expect an adjectival, not inchoative. \grm /-iwi/ verbs: Though derived through the transitive verbalizing ending tia, there is no nominal root or stem that provides the base for this verbal form. Rather, kwe:xtia is related to kwe:chiwi, though the difference between the two intransitive verbs is not clear. Note that in the Balsas region verbs ending in -iwi often lose the entire -iwi ending in derivational forms. Thus from tlatsiwi one derives tlatski and from kwe:chiwi one derives kwe:xtik. Thus it seems that the root or stem of -iwi verbs that feeds into derivational morphology is the stem without -iwi. \ref 02194 \lxa kwe:xtik \lxac kwe:xtik \lxo kwe:xtik \lxoc kwe:xtik \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seao to be finely ground (polvo de chile, sesame, etc.) \ssao estar finamente molido (chile powder, ajonjolí, etc.) \seao to be very small; tiny; fine (in size) \ssao ser muy pequeño; chiquititos (en tamaño) \pna Xo:chika:w, ti:roh kwe:xtik nosin. \pea They didn't mature, my mazorcas are really small. \psa No se maduraron, mis mazorcas quedaron muy pequeñas. \pna Kwe:xtik (=pi:pitik) xkwilo, ma:ka uwe:i. \pea Write it in small letters, not large ones! \psa ¡Escríbelo en letras chiquitas, no grandes! \pna Kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh. \pea They are really small (e.g., little baby chicks, turkeys). \psa Son chiquititos (p. ej., pollitos, guajolititos). \pna Asta ihkón patioh xnihkowas! Ti:roh kukwe:xtsitsi:ntih. \pea At such an expensive price I won't buy them! They (in this case ceramics) are really small. \psa ¡Así de caro no me los voy a comprar! Son (en este caso cerámica) muy chiquititas. \se to be close together (e.g., a weave of thread or straw, a stitch in sewing, a painting in black ink with the lines close together, etc.) \ss estar bien apretado (p. ej., un tejido de tela o palma); pegado o fino (p. ej., un dibujo en blanco y negro tener las líneas muy pegadas) \pna Ma:s kwe:xtik nosombre:roh. \pea My hat is finer (i.e., with a finer weave of the palm). \psa My sombrero es más fino (esto es, más finamente tejido). \pna Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih. \pea He painted it in fine detail. \psa Lo pintó en fino detalle. \pna Teskaltik, kwe:xtik tlasa:lo:hli. \pea It is stiched close together, it is finely sewn. \psa El tejido es apretado, es finamente cosido. \pna Teskaltik o:tsasa:loh mokósta:l, kwe:xtik o:tikasik. \pea You stiched up your sack with tight stiches, you made them close together. \psa Cosiste tu costal con puntadas apretadas, lo hiciste muy fino. \se in great detail (an explanation); meticulously (a task performed) \ss en gran detalle (una explicación); meticulosamente (una tarea llevada a cabo) \pna Kineki kwe:xtik xkimihli. \pea It's necessary for you to explain it to them in great detail. \psa Es necesario que se lo expliques en gran detalle. \xrb kwe:ch \nse Note that only the reduplicated and plural form (kukwe:xtsitsi:nteh) is used in reference to small animals. \qry Check /Kwe:xtik o:kitlapahlo:tih/ or should it be /-tlapahlo:ltia/. Correct here and elsewhere. Recheck /teskaltik/ and give appropriate meaning here. \ref 00585 \lxa kwe:xtilia \lxac kikwe:xtilia \lxo kwe:xtilia \lxoc kikwe:xtilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to grind up finely (in particular, food) for (a person or a specific dish to which the ground up ingredients are to be added) \ss moler finamente para (una persona o una comida preparada a la cual se le va a agregar el ingrediente molido) \pna On ne:nkah suwa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih ika pano:chah para chikola:tl. \pea That there young woman quickly did the grinding for it, she ground up panocha for the chocolate. \psa Esa mujercita luego luego molió para ello, molió la panchoa para el chocolate. \pna Kipa:paxowan ista:kyetl para yepa:paya:n, xkikwe:xtilian. \pea They pound and split up the white beans, grinding them roughly for yepa:paya:n, they didn't grind them up finely for it. \psa Machuchan los frijoles blancos para yepa:paya:n, no le molieron finamente para ello. \sea to do with a fine-toothed comb; to do (e.g., selling door-to-door, investigating sth, etc.) exhaustively, with great care or attention to detail; to give ones best for \ssa buscar algo con lupa (en un lugar); hacer meticulosamente (algo, como vender, indagar acerca de algo, etc.), con gran atención a los detalles; esmerarse en \pna Yo:tihkwe:xtilikeh wa:n xtlah. Nochi yo:tikitatin. \pea We already gave it our best (in this case going door-to-door trying to sell something), and there was nothing. We went to see them all. \psa Lo hicimos con gran esmero (en este caso yendo puerta a puerta para vender algo) y no hubo nada. Los fuimos a ver a todos. \pna O:nitlakwe:xtilih wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya. \pea I looked all over with a fine-toothed comb and what I was looking for wasn't there. \psa Busqué por todos lados con lupa, y lo que buscaba no se encontraba. \xrb kwe:ch \xvbao kwe:xtia \dis kwe:xtilia; kwe:chowa \nse In O:nitlakwe:xtiliah wa:n xa:k tli:n niktete:mowa:ya the reference is to a careful and detailed search, i.e. looking for an animal--an oxen, cow, mule, etc.--or going around to many stores looking for a particular item not easily found. \qry Check for argument structure since in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the material that is ground up that is the primary object, whereas in /kwe:xtilia/ it is apparently the food, etc. that receives the ground-up substance. CHECK. Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtilia/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be compared and studied. \grm Antipassive: /Un ne:nkah sowa:tsi:ntli, sana:man o:tlakwe:xtilih i:ka pano:chah para chikola:tl/ 'That there little woman quickly did the grinding up of panocha for the chocolate.' Note here again the use of the "antipassive" construction. \ref 01673 \lxa kweya:wa \lxac nokweya:wa \lxo kweya:wa \lxoc nokweya:wa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(w) \se (refl.) to squirm; to twist and turn; to wriggle back and forth; to undulate or snake \ss (refl.) retorcerse; arquear; ondular, corcovear (un animal, como un toro montado); torcerse y moverse de un lado a otro \pna Timokwe:kweya:wtok pa:mpa tikekexkia. \pea You are twisting back and forth because you itch. \psa Estás retorciendo porque tienes comezón. \pna Nokwe:kweya:wtiw un kowatl. \pea That snakes is going undulating along. \psa Esa serpiente va yendo ondulando. \pna Seki nokweya:wa ikochipan. \pea Some people twist back and forth in their sleep. \psa Alguna gente se retuercen cuando están dormidos. \pna Xko:li:ni un kichkone:tl! Yo:isak, o:pe:w nokweya:wa. \pea Rock that little boy (in his hammock)! He woke up and seems agitated (wriggling back and forth in his hammock). \psa ¡Mece ese niñito (en su hamaca)! Ya se despertó y se está agitando (meneando de un lado a otro en su hamaca). \sem motion \xrb kweya: \dis kweya:ya; kweya:wa; kwelowa; kwetlatsowa, etc. \qry Also, confirm that /kweya:ya/ and /kweya:wa/ are synonyms. Note that on the second set of file cards I had /kweya:ya/ whereas on the first, which might be in error, I had /kweyawa/. Note also that for one entry of /kweya:ya/ I had a long first /e/. This might well be correct as /kwe:lowa/, which seems to be synonymous, has a long /e:/ not only in my records, but in FK for /cue:lihui/ and /cue:loa/. FK suggests that "cue:loa: and cuelpachoa: appear to by synonymous in spite of the vowel length discrepancy attested in T." Vowel length in /kweya:ya/, /kweya:wa/, /kwe:liwi/ and /kwelpachowa/ should all be checked. \ref 04672 \sem motion \lxa kwi \lxac kikwi \lxo kwi \lxoc kikwi \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to use; to utilize (a tool, a medicine) \ss utilizar; emplear (una herramiento, un remedio, etc.) \pna Ka! Xwe:i a:tl tihkwis, san tika:ichwi:s. \pea No! You won't use up a lot of water, you'll just sprinkle some water on it. \psa ¡No! No vas a usar mucha agua, solamente le vas a regar un poquito. \pna San ihkón tihkwi. \pea You just use it like that (i.e., not in any other way). \psa Nada más así lo utilizas (esto es, y no de otra manera). \pna Ma:ka tikte:makas, itekiw nokwis! \pea Don't give it to anyone, it's certain to be used! \psa ¡No le vayas a dar a nadie, seguro se va a ocupar! \se to hold onto; to seize; to grab; to take for oneself \ss agarrar; asir; tomar en la mano; tomar \pna Xkwi kechika newa niatiwetsi te:cha:n! \pea Hold onto it while I quickly go to somone's house! \psa ¡Agárralo mientras yo vaya rápido a ver a alguien! \pna O:kikwik Fausto Juan. \pea Juan took Fausto in (his house, in this case to live as an adopted son). \psa Juan tomó a Fausto (para vivir en su casa, en este caso como hijo adoptivo). \se (with directional affix) to go/come and pick up (an inanimate object, one that can usually be physically carried; for animates, particularly humans, the verb ana is used, e.g., xkanati) \ss (con afijo direccional) ir/venir para recoger (un objeto no animado, uno que puede ser llevado fiscamente; para seres animados, particularmente humanos, se emplea el verbo ana, p. ej., xkanati) \pna Xkwiki! (=xkwa:hki) \pea Come and get it (pick it up)! \psa ¡Ven a recogerlo! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to pick (e.g., maize in harvesting); to gather (in repeated acts) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) piscar (p. ej., maíz en la cosecha); juntar (en actos repetidos) \pna Nikonkukwis tlikuwtli. \pea I'm going to go gather firewood (with a machete or by picking it up off the ground). \psa Voy a ir a recoger leña (con un machete o simplemente recogiéndola del suelo). \xvaao kwi:lia \xvcao kwi:tia \xrb kwi \nse Although kwi with an intraverse directional is used in the pluperfect, perfective, and imperative, in other tenses and aspects where one might expect *wa:lkwi, one instead finds the alternate form kwa:hki. Thus instead of, e.g., *tikwa:lkwis one finds tikwa:hkis, etc. However, under kwi plus a directional, which always means 'to go/come and pick up,' the form xkwa:hki is also used to mean 'to bring here (i.e., toward a deictic reference point). For example, xkwa:hki can mean both 'Come and get it (pick it up)! and 'Bring it here!' Note that the opposite of wa:hki with the meaning 'to bring here' is onka:wa meaning 'to drop off there.' \ref 04564 \lxa kwi:che:wi \lxac kwi:che:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea to become filthy; to become dark and dirty; to get blackened \ssa quedarse mugroso; quedarse ennegrecido \pna On toba:leh o:kwi:che:w, o:tlatla:hlowak. \pea Our friend got filthy, he got covered with dirt. \psa Nuestro amigo quedó mugroso, se cubrió de tierra. \xrb kwi:ch \nse Molina gives cuichtli 'hollín' (soot), although the meaning of Ameyaltepec kwi:che:wi (which is not in Molina) seems to refer to becoming "blackened" in general, with no particular reference to soot. \qry Again, decide what to do with endings /e:wi/ and /iwi/ as in /tli:liwi/, etc. The question here is whether the form /kwi:chiwi/ also exists, and whether there is a transitive form /kwi:chowa/. Both these should be checked. \ref 05992 \lxa kwi:hlo:tia \lxac kikwi:hlo:tia \lxo kwi:hlo:tia \lxoc kikwi:hlo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \seao to put and lay down kwi:hlo:tl (wattle of rods made of tlapextli) in constructing the frame for the roof of a thatched house \ssao poner y colocar kwi:hlo:tl (cañas o varas hechas de tlapextli) en construir el techo de una casa de zacate o palma \sem build \flao kwi:hlo:tl \xrb kwi \qry Obtain all terms possible for house construction. \ref 00342 \lxa kwihlo:tl \lxac kwihlo:tl \lxo kwihlo:tl \lxoc kwihlo:tl \dt 23/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1 \se wattle: the rods made of tlapextli that are laid down horizontally in the frame of the roof of a thatched house and to which the thatching (palm or grass) is attached. The kwihlo:tl are placed on the inside of the house, attached to the a:kapilo:hli, before the thatching process begins. Once the thatching process begins, these same types of rods are laid on the outside part of the roof, on top of the thatching to hold it in place. \ss cañas o varas hechas de tlapextli que se colocan horizontalmente dentro del armazón del techo de una casa de palma o zacate, y al que se ata el material del techo. Los kwihlo:tl se colocan adentro de la casa, atados a los a:kapilo:hli antes de empezar a poner el techo. Después, durante el proceso de atar el zacate o palma, se van colocadando más varas de kwihlo:tl afuera de la casa y encima del zacate o palma, para mantenerlo en su lugar. \xrb kwi \encyctmp kahli \nse The nominalization kwihlo:tl seems to be derived from the verb kwi, probably given that it is to the kwihlo:tl that the zacate and palma is tied. \qry Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos has /kwilo:tl/ meaning 'stick' or 'palo.' . \mod Cf. notes in Fld 1984-04-29.1 Illustrate. \ref 02316 \lxa kwi:katia \lxac nokwi:katia \lxo kwi:katia \lxoc nokwi:katia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sing \ss (refl.) cantar \pna Wel nokwi:katia. \pea He can (knows how to) sing. \psa Sabe cantar. \se (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing (a particlar song or tune [O]) \ss (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar (una canción o son en particular [O]) \seo (with 3rd-person specific object) to sing about (a person [O]) \sso (con objeto específico de 3a persona) cantar acerca de (una persona [O]) \xrb kwi:ka \nse My written documentation from Ameyaltepec includes only the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd-person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like ito:tia. \nde Launey (1992:189) mentions that in Classical Nahuatl the verb cui:catia is one of the two common verbs in which causative morphology (-tia) has an applicative sense. In Classical, the simple intransitive cui:ca means 'to sing' and the derived causative cui:catia means 'to sing for' (i.e., an "applicative sense"). Thus Classical ¿Cuix tite:chcui:cati:z? means '¿Cantarás para nosotros?' The other principal verb with causative morphology in an applicative sense is na:mactia 'to sell to.' \qry I have only wrriten down the reflexive use of this verb, although I seem to remember it being used with a 3rd person specific object, which is used to reference the object: the particular song being sung. In this sense it is like ito:tia. Also, if used with other objects, make sure to note whether they can be animate, first and second, etc. Determine whether there is a way of indicating 'to sing to' as in 'she sings to her baby' Whatever the answers to these questions might be, adjust the /cat field accordingly. I have recorded an Ameyaltepec applicative/causative /kwi:katilia/. Check. \ref 02189 \lxa kwi:katilia \lxac kikwi:katilia \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to sing (a song) to \ssa cantar (una canción) a \pna Mitskwika:tili:s tli:n weli. \pea He will sing to you what he knows (or can). \psa Te va a cantar lo que sabe (o puede). \syno kwi:katla:lia \xrb kwi:ka \xvba kwi:katia \ref 02951 \lxa kwi:lia \lxac kikwi:lia \lxo kwi:lia \lxoc kikwi:lia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to seize from by force; to take away from by force; to snatch away from (i.e., sth such as a tool that sb is using) \ss quitarle por fuerza a (p. ej., algo que se está ocupando o utilizando, como una herramienta); agarrarle o arrancarle (algo) a (algn) \pna O:timitskwi:lih mosi:yah. \pea I took your chair away from you (e.g., by sitting in it when you had planned to sit there or by physically removing it). \psa Te quité la silla (p. ej., al sentarme primero o al llevarmela a otro sitio). \pna O:kite:kwi:lih, o:nowa:xkatih. \pea He took it from someone, he claimed it as rightfully his. \psa Se lo quitó a alguien, se adueñó de él. \pna Noyo:hlo katka. O:ne:chkwi:likeh. \pea She was my beloved. She got stolen away from me (by another boy). \psa Ella era mi amada. Me la bajaron (esto es, se fue con otro joven). \pna Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitla:wa:ntok! \pea Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am already getting tipsy! \psa ¡Ve a sacarme (e.g., donde se está emborrachando gente para que yo no me emborrache) si ves que ya me estoy poniendo embriagado! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to take from forcibly after a long struggle (sth such as land, a house or house plot, often after a dispute, such as litgation); to seize (various things) from by force \ss quitarle por fuerza después tomarle posesión a (algn, algo como un terreno, casa o solar, a menudo como resultado de un litigio); quitarle (varias cosas) por la fuerza a \pna Ne:chkukwi:lian notla:l! Xka:wa, newa o:ne:chmakate:hkeh. \pea They are taking my land away from me! That's not the way it should be, it was to me that they left it in inheritance. \psa Me están quitando mi tierra. No debe ser asís, fui yo quien lo recibió en herencia. \pna Mistlakukwi:li:skeh. \pea They will seize things from you (i.e., taking various things away by force). \psa Te van a quitar varias cosas por la fuerza. \se (with directional affix) to go/come get for; to go/come pick up for \ss (con afijo direccional ir/venir a recoger para \pna Xkukwi:li:ti! O:kikwite:w notomi:n! \pea Go and take it away from him! He picked and took away my money when he left. \psa ¡Ve a quitárselo! Agarró y se llevó mi dinero cuando se fue. \se (with the directional prefix wa:l-: wa:lkwi:lia (Am) / wa:hkwi:lia (Oa)) to bring for \ss (con el prefijo direccional wa:l-: wa:lkwi:lia (Am) / wa:hkwi:lia (Oa)) traer para \pna Xkonkwi:li toba:leh! Xkwa:lkwi:li seki! \pea Go and get it for our buddy! Bring some back for him! \psa ¡Ve a traerlo para nuestro cuate! ¡Tráe algunos para él! \pna Xte:tepi:ni me:sah! Ma te:cha:lkwi:li:ka:n serbe:sah! \pea Knock on the table (several times) so that they bring us some beer! \psa ¡Golpetée la mesa (varias veces) para que nos traigan cerveza! \se (recipr. with long vowel reduplication) to fight back and forth; to engage in an ongoing and see-saw dispute; to tussle (over sth, first one party and then the other seeming to gain the upper hand) \ss (recipr. con reduplicación de vocal larga) luchar; pelear; librar una batalla (dos o más personas sobre algo); disputarse \pna Nokwi:kwi:lian, xakah te:tla:ni. \pea They fight back and forth over it (e.g., litigating, such as siblings continually fighting over inheritance, etc.), no one gets the upper hand. \psa Pelean entre ellos (p. ej., litigan, tal vez dos hermanos peleando por su herencia, etc.), pero nadie se lleva la mejor parte. \xrb kwi \xvbao kwi \xv1a tlakwilia; tlakukwi:lia \xv1o tlakwilia; tlá:kwí:lia \nse It appears that kwi:lia is often used in the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which kukwi:lia is used in preference to kwi:lia is still not entirely clear. \qry Check the correctness of the phrase with /xne:xte:kukwi:liti/ (see disc. below in /gram) Check dif. of /kwi:lia/ and /kukwi:lia/. i.e. It appears that kwi:lia is often used in the reduplicated form, with short vowel reduplication. Apparently this occurs with multiple inanimate objects that are being snatched away, or in cases in which the struggle over the object becomes drawn out, as in a court case. However, the precise situations in which kukwi:lia is used in preference to kwi:lia is still not entirely clear. \mod Perhaps /wa:lkwi:lia:/ should have a separate entries under the "w." \grm Note: /Xne:xte:kukwi:li:ti deke tikitas ye nitlawa:ntok!/ 'Go take me way (i.e., from where people are getting drunk, so that I don't also get drunk) if you notice that I am already getting tipsy!' Here is a case where the +human object is made a patient (not benefactive, etc.) because of the presence of /te-/ which defines the verbal complex (te: + V3) as taking a patient not any other thematic role. However, although I am sure that this phrase was uttered, for some reason I had on an original notecard that the use of /te:kwi:lia/ should be checked. It should be. \ref 05456 \lxa kwilin \lxac kwilin \lxo kwilin \lxoc kwilin \dt 01/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao generic term for worms, caterpillers, and similar creatures \ssao término genérico para gusanos, orugas, y animales parecidos \pna San o:wa:lpili:nkeh kwilin, totoma:hkeh katkan. \pea The worms wound up shriveling all up (having been left on a sidewalk after a rain), they were fat. \psa Los gusanos acabaron todo secados (al quedarse por una banqueta después de una fuerte lluvia), estaban gorditos. \pna Tiktepo:tskalaktili:s ne:, ka:n kipia kwilin. \pea You'll stuff it deep into the place there, where there are worms (in this case pushing a remedy made from kowi:skitl into a wound on the back of a mule). \psa Le vas a meter bien apretado allá donde hay gusanos (en este caso un remedio hecho de kowi:skitl en una herida en de una persona o animal). \seao (kikwa ~ tsontli) to develop split ends (e.g., kikwa kwilin notsonkikwa ~ tsontli) quedarse los cabos del cabello rotos (p. ej., kikwa kwilin notsonkikwa ~ tlantli) to develop a tooth cavity (e.g., kikwa kwilin notlankikwa ~ tsontli) tener caries en el diente (p. ej., kikwa kwilin notlankwilin, a:tonkwilin, a:kwilin. However, it is found in Ameyaltepec okwilxi:ni and tsi:nokwihloh and in the word and root for 'worm' found in many other dialects. Hence the root is given as okwil. \qry Check for /-yoh/ form. \ref 00541 \lxa kwilintsi:n \lxac nokwilintsi:n \lxo kwilintsi:n \lxoc kwilintsi:n \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seo very little baby, recently born \sso bebé recién nacido \cfao kone:kwilintsi:n \xrb kwil \nse The term kwilintsi:h is applied to very little babies who squirm a lot, hence the use (in the diminutive) of the word for 'worm.' \ref 06171 \lxa kwilowa \lxac kikwilowa \lxo íkwilówa \lxoc kíkwilówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seao to write (a letter, a symbol, etc.) \ssao escribir (una carta, una letra, etc.) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to scribble (e.g., a message) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) garrapaear (p. ej., un mensaje) \pna O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl. \pea That child scribbled it. \psa Ese niño lo garrapateó. \xrb hkwil \xvaa kwilowilia \xvao íkwilowília \nse Although in Classical and other dialects this verb is found as (i)hkwiloa, with an initial epenthetic /i/, this epenthesis seems to have entirely disappeared from Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, as evidenced in the applicative ne:chkwilowilia, for example. Since the basic verb always takes either the 3rd person specific object or the nonspecific tla-, it is impossible to tell whether there is an epenthetic /i/. However, the applicative, which can take ne:ch and mits, for example, as benefactives, clearly demonstrates the absence of epenthetic /i/ in Ameyaltepec. The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. But since the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., ne:chikwilowilia, the basic verb probably has an initial /i/ as well, although it would be hard to tell since the object has only been documented with the 3rd person singular ki-. \qry The question of initial /h/, however, is more complicated, since this has been lost morpheme internally in Ameyaltepec. In Oapan this word has a pitch-accent mark. Still unclear is whether the /i/ appears in the applicative in Oapan, i.e., is it ne:chkwilowilia or . Check in Oapan and San Juan for presence of /h/ and /i/. Note that the phrase /Okikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ is taken from an original file card without recorded vowel length. However, since I would expect /kukwilowa/ for short vowel reduplication I have tentatively entered this phrase with long vowel reduplication. This should be checked. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: Note the following use/meaning: 'to scribble (e.g., a message)' /O:kikwi:kwiloh un kone:tl/ 'That child scribbled it.' \ref 00864 \lxa kwilowilia \lxac kikwilowilia \lxo 'ikwilowília \lxoc kíkwilowília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seao to write (sth) for \ssao escribir (algo) para \pna Xne:xtlakwilowili, newa xniweli! \pea Write for me, I can't (write)! \psa ¡Escribe para mí, yo no puedo! \xrb hkwil \xvba kwilowa \ref 00418 \lxa kwiste:wa \lxaa kwite:wa \lxac kikwiste:wa \lxo koste:wa \lxoa kote:wa \lxoc kikoste:wa \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der Asp \infv class-3a(w) \seao to lift up (off a surface such as the ground, a table, etc.) \ssao levantar (de una superficie como el suelo, una mesa, etc.) \pna Xkinkwiste:wa un pla:tos! \pea Pick up the plates (i.e., 'clear the table')! \psa ¡Levanta los platos (esto es, la mesa)! \seao to raise up in the air (sth from a non-upright position to an upright one) \ssao levantar en el aire (algo que no estaba en una posición vertical) \pna O:kikwiste:w yeyekatl. \pea The wind picked it up in the air. \psa El viento lo levantó. \seao to stand upright (e.g., cultivated plants that during plowing have been knocked down or covered by earth and are cleared of earth and then uprighted by an agricultural worker; see tlakwiste:wa) \ssao colocar de pie (p. ej., plantas cultivadas que han sido derribadas o tapadas al ararse la tierra; un trabajador sacude las plantas de tierra y después las coloca en posición vertical) \pna Kikwiste:wa mi:hli wa:n yetl. \pea He (clears the earth off and) uprights the corn and beans (following behind the plow as it goes over a field and uprighting plants that have been covered by earth or stones). \psa Endereza la milpa y los frijoles (siguiendo la yunta por la milpa y sacándoles tierra y piedras a las plantas para enderezarlas otra vez). \pna Nikonkwi:kwiste:was nomi:ltsitsi:wa:n. \pea I will go and upright my corn plants here and there (where they have been knocked down and covered by earth thrown by the plow). \psa Voy a ir a enderezar algunas de mis plantitas de maíz que han sido tapadas (por la tierra echada por el arado). \seao (refl.) to stand up (from a lying down position) \ssao (refl.) incorporarse; pararse (de una posición acostada) \pna Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. \pea It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. \psa Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. \se (refl.) to awaken \ss (refl.) despertar \pna Kikwalka:nwia. saniman nokwiste:wa, saniman noteltia. \pea He goes at it from an early hour. He gets up right away (early in the morning) and he finishes right away (early in the afternoon). \psa Le llega desde una hora temprana. se levanta temprano (en la mañana) y termina temprano (, y luego luego termina (en la tarde temprano). \se (refl.) to recover (from an illness) \ss (refl.) recuperar (de una enfermedad) \pna Kinekis nesawahli, xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w. \pea It (a herbal remedy, in order to work) a person who is fasting. Fast so that the member of your household who is ill will recover. \psa Necesita (un remedio, para que surta efectos) una persona en ayunas. ¡Ayuna para que se recupere el miembro de tu familia que está enfermo. \se (~ a:ktah) to draw up a legal document or certification \ss (~ a:ktah) levantar un acta o documento legal \pna Nokwiste:was a:ktah. \pea A certifying document act will be drawn up. \psa Se va a levantar un acta. \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xvaa kwiste:wilia \xv1a tlakwiste:wa \xv1o tlakoste:wa \nse The verb form kwiste:wa is apparently identical or nearly identical in meaning to kwiste:wa and both seem about equally common. In reference to drawing up an act, kwiste:wa may refer to a document drawn up at the end of a meeting, or to a birth certificate, a legal agreement, etc. The use of kwiste:wa in this sense is probably a calque from the Spanish "levantar un acta." \ref 00471 \lxa kwiste:wilia \lxac kikwiste:wilia \lxo koste:wilia \lxoc kikoste:wilia \psm V3 \inc S-Asp \der V3-d-ap \dt 11/Jun/2002 \infv class-2a \se to raise (e.g., a switch on an electrical appliance) for \ss subir (p. ej., un botón en un aparato eléctrico) para \se to draw up (a legal document or certification) for \ss levantar (un acta o documento legal) para \se to awaken for \ss desperatar para \fl kwiste:wa \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \xv2a tlakwiste:wilia \xv2o tlakoste:wilia \xvba kwiste:wa \xvbo koste:wa \mod Cf. Gram 1984-07-26.1 \ref 01710 \lxa kwi:stik \lxac kwi:stik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be uncomfortable; to be sad (from not being at home in a given place) \ssa (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar triste (por no hallarse en un lugar) \sea (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be weak or exhausted; to be debilitated (e.g., from hard work, from illness, from being unhappy where one is, etc.) \ssa (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) estar débil; estar exhausto (p. ej., de trabajo duro, de una enfermedad, por no hallarse, etc.) \pna Yo:nsiawi:tih, sa: kwi:stik. \pea I exhausted it (in this case my horse), it's now completely debilitated. \psa Lo hice cansar (en este caso a mi caballo), quedó completamente debilitado. \fla kwi:tsiwi \xrb kwi:ts \nse The word kwi:stik, or its virtual equivalent kukwi:stik, refers to a state of exhaustion, of being under the weather, of an animal that just goes around sad, not feeling comfortable where it is, not eating well, etc. It may also apply to a person who is constantly under the weather, who is not lively, who is bored or feels bothered, who has from parasites, etc. \qry Determine the precise reasons, and all, that an animal or person may become /kwi:stik/, i.e., exhaustion, 'no hallarse', illness, etc. List these in the /nte field. \ref 03686 \lxa kwite:wa \lxac kikwite:wa \lxo kote:wa \lxoc kikote:wa \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc V2-asp \der Asp \se see kwiste:wa (Am) / koste:wa (Oa) \ss véase kwiste:wa (Am) / koste:wa (Oa) \xrb kwi \xrb e:wa \pqry Check for /h/ in Oapan i.e., should /kote:wa/ be /kohte:wa/; if it is there it is very light. Check both /kote:wa/ and /tlakote:wa/ (entry 5311). \ref 06138 \lxa kwi:tia \lxac kikwi:tia \lxo kwi:tia \lxoc kikwi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea (~ [SC]) to think (that sth or a certain situation exists that is not the case) \ssa (~ [CS]) pensar (que algo o algn situación impera que resulta no ser cierto) \pna Kikwi:tia na:nkah ikone:w pero xa:k. \pea He thinks that his child is here but he isn't. \psa Piensa que aquí anda su hijo pero no está. \sea (refl.) to come clean (e.g., confessing an action or admitting a crime, etc.); to tell the truth \ssa (refl.) confesar (no en el sentido religioso sino en admitir una falla, etc.); decir la verdad (en el sentido de admisión) \pna Xnokwi:ti:s, xte:chihli:s a:kinon o:kichi:w. \pea He will not come clean, he will not tell us who did it. \psa No va a confesar, no nos va a decir quien lo hizo. \seo to accidentally leave a mark on (e.g., a person while painting gets distracted and strikes sth accidentally with a paintbrush) \sso manchar; dejar una mancha o marca sobre (p. ej., una persona se distrae al pintar y por casualidad alcanza algo con un pincel y pintura) \cfao yo:lkwi:tia \xrb kwi \xvbao kwi \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive meaning of kwi:tia as 'to think' but did accept the meaning given for Oapan above (to accidentally leave a mark on). She also accepted a trivalent form (e.g., kinokwi:tia i:kone:w, which has been given a distinct entry for a V3 verb. \nae The transitive use of kwi:tia as in Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has cuitia. nicno. 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (kwi) kwi:tia should be trivalent. Yet given that Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object (e.g., nokowilia for kinokowilia 'he buys it for himself') this might explain the form kikwi:tia. Note also that in any case the Ameyaltepec reflexive use of kwi:tia is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, nokwi:tia, about something). \qry Check correctness of /kikwi:tia/ as the sentence with the transitive use was taken from an early file card. Check vowel length of /akinon/ in one sentence above. I believe that I originally had it recorded as a short vowel but changed it to a long one based on evidence from Oapan tapes (which might be in error and I have changed it to short). \grm The transitive use of kwi:tia as in Kikwi:tia na:nkah i:kone:w pero xa:k is not documented in Classical sources such as Molina, who has cuitia. nicno. 'conocer, o confesar a otro por señor, o conocer el dellicto que cometió,' with two overt object markers, the reflexive and the specific 3rd-person. As a causative of a transitive (kwi) kwi:tia should be trivalent. Yet Ameyaltepec Nahuatl usually loses the reflexive marker in constructions where it is accompanied by a 3rd-person specific object; this might explain the form kikwi:tia. Note also that in both cases, the transitive and the reflexive uses of kwi:tia, the terms is notionally trivalent (e.g., one confesses, nokwi:tia, about something; or one thinks, kikwi:tia, about something). This suggests that causativization does not always increase the morphological valency of the verb, but may independently change the semantic roles of the participants. \ref 00381 \lxa kwitlakoch \lxac kwitlakoch \lxo kwitlakoch \lxoc kwitlakoch \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se fungus that grows on corn \ss huitlacoche \pna O:ki:s kwitlakoch. \pea Huitlacoche has formed on it (an ear of maize). \psa Le ha salido huitlacoche (sobre una mazorca). \xrb kwitla \xrb koch \nse Apparently the use of koch is related to the word for molar, tlankoxtli. \nde In Oapan this is not possessed. \qry Determine whether unpossessed form exists. If so, change entry and /cat field. Note that /-yo/ is not used. Check. \ref 03624 \lxa kwitlakochyoh \lxac kwitlakochyoh \lxo kwitlakochyoh \lxoc kwitlakochyoh \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seo to have (green or dried corn [S]) a certain type of black fungus \sso tener huitlacoche (elote o mazorca) \xrb kwitla \xrb koch \ref 06688 \lxa kwitlakuwtli \lxac kwitlakuwtli \lxo ---- \lxt kwitlakohtle \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea tree identified as Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius Domin of the Hernandiaceae family \ssa árbol identificado como Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius Domin de la familia Hernandiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo papatla:ntsi:n \xrb kwitla \xrb kow \pna Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para si:yah. Para tlapechbanki:tos no: bwe:noh; de ka:mpa peya:stik para mori:yoh. \pea It (the kwitlakuwli) is good for boards, for saddles. It is also good for the base of beds; and if it is straight, it's good for beams. \psa (El kwitlakuwtli) es bueno para tablas, para sillas (de animales). Y también es bueno para las bases de cama; y si es derecho, es bueno para morillos. \nct kohtli \ref 02324 \lxa kwitlanexiwi \lxac kwitlanexiwi \lxo kwitlanexiwi \lxoc kwitlanexiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seao to lose luster or sheen; to acquire a faded look \ssao deslucir o perder el lustro y vista; ajarse \pna O:kwitlanex motepos. \pea Your rifle lost its sheen. \psa Perdió lustro tu rifle. \pna O:nikwitlanexiw ipan fle:chah de miák tla:ltekwtli. \pea I (i.e., my clothes) came to looked faded when riding on the bus from all the dust (that was stirred up). \psa En el camión (mi ropa) tomó una apariencia de deslucida por todo el polvo (que se levantó). \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \subadj a:tl \subadj i:xtetl \nse Although kwitlanexiwi and similar forms are often related to the act of becoming covered with dust, it appears that the primary sense is for some colored object to lose its sheen and brilliance. Thus kwitlanextik is applied to colors that are faded or dark (such as the green of certain pine trees) rather than bright and light (such as the green of most leaves). According to Cristino Flores (Am) this word can be used to refer to water that starts to get muddied, or to ones eye if it has been hit by a branch or other similar object. \qry Check whether /kwitlamonexiwi/ or /kwitlatenexiwi/ is correct. Check whether 'to fade' or 'desteñirse' (clothes) is acceptable as a translation of /kwitlanexiwi/ and related words. Check whether /kwitlanexe:wi/ is acceptable. It probably is but has not yet been documented. \ref 00349 \lxa kwitlanexowa \lxac kikwitlanexowa \lxo kwitlanexowa \lxoc kikwitlanexowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to remove the luster or sheen of; to make (sth) look faded \ssao hacer perder el lustro y vista; ajar; deslucir; \pna O:te:chkwitlanexoh tla:ltektli kwa:k o:te:chpanawih fle:chah. \pea The dust made us (i.e., our clothes) look faded when (it swirled up as) the bus passed us. \psa El polvo hiciera que nosotros (esto es, nuestra ropa) perdieramos su lustro cuando (se levantó cuando) nos rebasó el camión. \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \flao kwitlanexiwi \ref 00659 \lxa kwitlanextik \lxac kwitlanextik \lxo kwitlanextik \lxoc kwitlanextik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. prefix te- \se to have a faded look, with no luster or sheen \ss tener una apariencia deslucida, ajada, sin lustro ni brillo \pna Kwitlanextik moli:broh. \pea Your book has a faded look. \psa Parece ajado tu libro. \se to be dark (in reference to colors, e.g., the dark green of certain firs and spruces) \ss ser oscuro (en referencia a colores, p. ej., el verde oscuro de ciertos abetos y piceas) \sem color \fl kwitlanexiwi \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \nse The precise application of kwitlanextik in regard to color is not entirely clear, but it appears to be used (at least in Oapan Nahuatl) to refer to colors that are faded or dark. For example, it has been documented in reference to certain evergreens and greys. \qry Check if /kwitlanextik/ and /tekwitlanextik/ are the same. \ref 04706 \lxa kwitlanextla:lia \lxac kikwitlanextla:lia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc PM-V2 \der V2-b \aff Op. te-: tekwitlanextla:lia \infv class-2a \sea to cover with dust; to make filthy from dust and dirt \ssa empolvar; ensuciar al cubrir con tierra y polvo \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \xrb tla:l \nse Although consultants indicated that kwitlanextla:lia can occur with and without the prefix te-, it seems to be more common with this prefix; cf. kwitlanextsi:n. \qry Check as to whether this can only be used reflexively and other acceptations of the verb. Also check on how best to describe the morphology, perhaps N+V is better? Yet in essence the first element seems to be /kwitla/ used to modify the color; see discussion under /kwitlanextsi:n/ \ref 01325 \lxa kwitlanextsi:n \lxac kwitlanextsi:n \lxo kwitlanextsi:n \lxoc kwitlanextsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Op. prefix te-: tekwitlanextsi:n \se greyish; ash colored \ss de color gris o ceniza \sem color \xrb kwitla \xrb nex \qry Determine if both /tekwitlanextsi:n/ and /kwitlanextsi:n/ exist and, if they do, the difference. Apparently I had this entry in my filecard under /tekwitlanextsi:n/ although /kwitlanextla:lia/ was alphabetized under /tekwitlanextla:lia/ with a note that the /te-/ was optional. Compare to other colors (e.g., /temonextsi:n/). \pqry Check phonetics of female C before -tsi:n. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03791 \lxa kwitlapan \lxac i:kwitlapan \lxo kwitlapan \lxoa kwitlapah \lxoc i:kwitlapah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2(rel) \seao back (of humans and animals) \ssao espalda (de humanos); lomo (de animales) \pna Ne:chkukwa nokwitlapan. \pea My back aches. \psa Me duele la espalda. \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrl -pan \nse Kwitlapan is one of the few words (see also i:xpan) that functions without alteration as both a relational noun (which takes only possessor prefixes) and a body part in the most literal sense (cf. ikxitl, which is the body part, and ikxitlan, which is the relational noun). \qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. \grm Obligatory possession: In the grammar or the introduction to the lexicon it will be important to explain why obligatorily possessed nouns are not given with a hyphen. The reason is that obligatory possession is similar to obligatory predication: i.e., all verbs have a person marking, though this is zero. However, transitive verbs are also obligatorily headmarked with an object. Nevertheless, no hyphen is used. Hyphens are reserved for affixes and for relational nouns. This is done to distinguish relational nouns from other entries, although in the future maybe I'll change this. Ask Thom! \ref 01012 \lxa -kwitlapan \lxac i:kwitlapan \lxo -kwitlapah \lxop -kwitlapan \lxoc i:kwitlapah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N(rel) \der N-loc-poss-pan \infn N2 \seao in back of \ssao atrás de; a espaldas de \pna I:kwitlapan mokal o:noka:w. \pea It was left behind your house. \psa Se dejó atrás de tu casa. \pna Pakah nokwitlapan. \pea It is there in back of me. \psa Allá está, atrás de mi. \pna I:kwitlapan tlaxkahli. \pea The bottom part of a tortilla (i.e., the thicker section of a tortilla that puffs up, opposed to i:xa:yak). \psa La parte inferior de una tortilla (esto es, la capa más gruesa de una tortilla que se alza, opuesto a i:xa:yak). \xrb kwitla \xrl -pan \qry Note that /tlakwitlapan/ is a common toponym. Unlike other locative formations such as /i:xpan/ or /-ikpak/ which may accept /tla-/ in an adverbial sense, /-kwitlapan/ does not and must always have a direct referent /no-/, /mo-/, /i-/, etc. The preceding was a note I wrote, however, it does seem that /tlakwitlapan/ might be correct, and not as a toponym. Check. \ref 00579 \lxa kwitlapanka:xiwi \lxac *kwitlapanka:xiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones back to give in (curving under a weight) \ssa rendirsele la espalda a (algn, pandeándose bajo un peso) \cfo ka:xowa \xrb kwitla \xrb ka:x \xrl -pan \nse In Oapan an equivalent semantic sense is communicated by the verb ka:xowa with the intensifying prefix te-, e.g.,. noteka:xowa. \qry Check for transitive form, which undoubtedly exists, and obtain example sentences. \ref 02479 \lxa kwitlapepena \lxac kwitlapepena \lxo kwitlá:pená \lxocpend kwitlá:pená \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-V2 \der V2-b \aff -rdp-s- \infv class-3a \pa yes-rdp \seo to gather up dried 'cow pies' (for use in firing ceramics) \sso pepenar estiercol de ganado (para cocer cerámica) \xrb kwitla \xrb pena \ref 07193 \lxa kwitlapepenke:tl \lxac kwitlapepenke:tl \lxo kwitlá:penké:tl \lxoc kwitlá:penké:tl \dt 08/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \seao person who gathers up dried 'cow pies' for use in firing ceramics \ssao persona que pepena estiercol de ganado para cocer cerámica \xrb kwitla \xrb pena \ref 01000 \lxa kwitlap:ihli \lxac kwitlapi:hli \lxo kwitlapi:hli \lxoc kwitlapi:hli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se tail (of an animal) \ss cola (de un animal) \pna Ma:ka xki:tski ikwitlapi:l chichi! \pea Don't grab the tail of a dog! \psa ¡No agarres la cola de un perro! \seo (te:kwitlapil) person (usually a child) who always follows others around (i.e., sb's "shadow") \sso (te:kwitlapil) persona (generalmente un niño) que sigue o camina atrás de los demás (como "sombra" de algn) \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \nse The Oapan expression te:kwitlapi:l is used occasionally and jokingly by parents to describe a child who is always following them around. In Ameyaltepec kwitlapi:hli is seldom used; rather the Spanish loan ko:lah is common. \qry Check to determine what animals have /-kwitlapi:l/. Check the effects of grabbing the tail of a dog. \vl My notes have a short penultimate /i/ in Am and a long one in Oapan. Check Oapan recording and measure. \ref 02041 \lxa kwitlati \lxac kwitlati \lxo kwitlati \lxoc kwitlati \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to become rotten or putrid; to decay \ss pudrirse; echarse a perder \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because it's fallen over (i.e. the seedlings being cultivated were stricken by a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayó (esto es, las plantas se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \pna Miakpa ipan yo:kiaw, o:kwitlat noswaw. \pea It has rained on my corn leaves (stored for fodder) many times, they have become rotten. \psa Muchas veces le ha llovido sobre mi "zacate" (hojas de maíz almacenadas para alimentar a los animales), ya se pudrieron. \se to get a rash of reddened skin with runny liquid inside small pimples \ss salirle ronchas o sarpullido con un líquido que se escurre \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati nokone:tsi:n ipan ikechtlantsi:n ika toto:nka:pachiwiya. Ke:n toma:wak. \pea My little child has started to get a red runny rash on its neck because he's really fat and the skin there gets hot from folding over on itself. \psa Al cuello de mi niñito se le salieron sarpullido de ronchas rojas de que se le escurre un líquido porque es algo gordito y su piel se calienta al plegarse. \equivao kwitlatia \xrb kwitla \nse The term kwitlati is most often used to refer to the greenish sludge that forms on plants that lay on the ground for a long time in standing water. In reference to the skin rash, one consultant mentioned that another description of the same phenomena would be chi:kwati, a:yo:ki:sa 'he gets a rash, watery liquid seeps out.' \ref 01654 \lxa kwitlatia \lxac kwitlatia \lxo kwitlatia \lxoc kwitlatia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc class 4c \der V1-d-tia \se to become rotten or putrid; to decay \ss pudrirse; echarse a perder \equivao kwitlati \xrb kwitla \nse The verb kwitlatia can be used to refer to watermelon or cantaloupe that starts to rot on the inside, becoming soft and black. It can also be used to refer to a wound that putrifies, becoming soft and somewhat fuzzy and black. In general it refers to the black rottenness that affects fruit, vegetables, and other organic substances. \ref 01912 \lxa kwitlatl \lxac kwitlatl \lxo kwitlatl \lxoc kwitlatl \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se shit; excrement \ss mierda; excremento \sea (fig. ara:joh i:kwitl) shit! god damn! what the hell! \ssa (fig. ara:joh i:kwitl) ¡chin! ¡al diablo! \cfa ara:joh \xrb kwitla \nse As an interjection, ara:joh i:kwitl is used to express objection at the sound of something, i.e. the meaning of a phrase uttered. In a very few cases a phrase such as ara:joh mokwitl has been documented, directed at an addressee, but the more usual term or phrase is the interjection ara:joh i:kwitl. \ref 03649 \lxa kwitlatlayehli \lxac kwitlatlayehli \lxo kwitlátlayéhli \lxop kwitlatlayehli \lxoc kwitlátlayéhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se dysentery \ss disentería \sem disease \xrb kwitla \xrb pi:l \xrb tlahyel \qry The Ameyaltepec form might well be in error as the Oapan etymology and form seems more natural. However, if both forms as recorded are correct, then the Ameyaltepec entry should be made separate and given a new number (and a different etymology). Finally, if the Am entry is correct, then the length of the /i/ in /kwitlapil/ should be checked as it is uncertain (cf. the comments by FK on this). \vl Note that the Oapan form was listed in the dictionary as /kwitlatlayehli/. But based on my orthography of /tláyehlí/ I have changed this present headword to one with pitch-accent, which I have written at the location I think it would occur. However, this must be checked. \ref 01763 \lxa kwitlaxkohli \lxac kwitlaxkohli \lxo kwitlaxkohli \lxoc kwitlaxkohli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se intestines \ss tripas; intestinos \sem body \xrb kwitla \xrb xkol \nae The etymology of kwitlaxkohli suggests a compound of kwitla with ko:l, indicating curvature. However, the vowel length discrepancy is unexplained as is the presence of /x/. For this reason the etymology has been given as kwitla and xkol. \rt Although in Ameyaltepec and other reported dialects kwitlaxkohli has a short final /o/, the sequence kol seems clearly related to ko:l, a root found in many words indicating curvature. \ref 01799 \lxa kwitlaxkolki:xtia \lxac kikwitlaxkolki:xtia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08625 \lxa kwi:tsita \lxac kikwi:tsita \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm \der \sea to view with exasperation \ssa \xrb \ref 08522 \lxa kwi:tsiwi \lxac kwi:tsiwi \lxo kwi:tsiwi \lxoc kwi:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill \ss estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo hogar); sentirse mal y desganado \pna Nopio:tsi:n, tli:non kipia? San kukwi:tsiwi, san tlachi:xtok. \pea My little chick, what's wrong with it? It's just listless (showing no interest in moving about), it's just staring blankly. \psa Mi pollito, ¿qué tiene? No se halla, solamente está con una mirada de perdido. \se to be bored and without energy, apathetic \ss estar aburrido y sin energía; sentirse apático o desganado; enfadarse; fastidiarse \xrb kwi:ts \spk estar desganado o sin ganas \nse Kwi:tsiwi is hard to translate. When applied to animals it often indicates that an animal is taken someplace (e.g.. bought and brought home) and does not accustom itself. It does not eat or move around; it is not lively: kwi:tsiwi. With people, it refers to someone who is bored and uncomfortable (e.g., listening to a long speech, studying, or doing something tedious). It may also refer to a person who is unlively, under the weather, perhaps because of parasites, and who slouches around with little energy, etc. The reduplicated form seems to indicate that the person is always, at every moment like this. Thus the translation san kukwi:tsiwi 'he goes around always listless, without energy.' In Spanish, consultants in Ameyaltepec often gave as a translation "estar desgañada, sin ganas." This refers to a feeling when one is in a place where one doesn't wish to be, e.g. one goes to school without "ganas" of studying. \ref 01016 \lxa kwi:tsiwtok \lxac kwi:tsiwtok \lxo kwi:tsihtok \lxoc kwi:tsihtok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be listless (e.g., an animal, such as a recently acquired mule, that is not at home in its new place); to be under the weather or feeling slightly ill \ss estar lánguido y sin ganas (p. ej., un animal recién comprado que no se halla en su nuevo lugar); sentirse mal \se to be bored and without energy; to be apathetic \ss estar aburrido y sin energía; ser apático; estar enfadado; estar fastidiado \pno Kwi:tsihtok, xika i:yo:lho kíki:stími. \peo He is feeling listless, he isn't going around feeling well. \pso Se siente lánguido, no sale con ganas. \xrb kwi:ts \fl kwi:tsiwi \ref 05213 \lxa kwi:tsmiki \lxac kwi:tsmiki \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc S(iwi)-V \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \sea to be overcome by boredom and annoyance (e.g., from having to do a given task or job, from listening to a long and boring speech or presentation) \ssa sentir mucho aburrimiento y fastidio (p. ej., al tener que hacer alguna tarea o trabajo, escuchar un discurso largo y aburrido) \xrb kwi:ts \xrb miki \mod Check how to code such V-V compounds. Note that in general /-iwi/ verbs in Ameyaltepec lose the final /iwi/ in composition. \ref 04022 \lxa kwi:tso:ltia \lxac kikwi:tso:ltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08103 \lxa kwi:tsowa \lxac kikwi:tsowa \lxo kwi:tsowa \lxoc kikwi:tsowa \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make or cause to become listless (e.g., by creating an unpleasant environment) \ss hacer que no se halle (p. ej., un animal recién comprado) \se to bore; to make ill at ease and uncomfortable \ss desgañar; hacer que (sb) no se halle; aburrir \se to debilitate (e.g., hard work [S], leaving sb [O] exhausted and without energy or desire to do anything) \ss debilitar (p. ej., trabajo duro [S], que deja a uno [O] exhausto y sin ganas de hacer algo) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to twist back and forth while being held \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) torcerse de un lado a otro al ser sostenido (por algn) \cfao kwi:tsiwi \xrb kwi:ts \ref 04892 \lxa kwi:xin \lxac kwi:xin \lxo kwi:xin \lxoa kwi:xih \lxoc kwi:xin \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \se generic name for a group of large birds (perhaps hawks) as yet not entirely identified \ss nombre genérico por un grupo de aves grandes (quizá gavilanes) todavía no identificado plenamente \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 3, 8, 9 p. 199; Pl. 4, 8, 10, 11, pp. 191, 193, 194 \seao specific type of hawk; there is one type with a white breast, apparently the Short-tailed Hawk, Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus; another type of kwi:xin has a partially white tail, perhaps the Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus, the Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi, the Solitary Eagle, Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, or a closely related species. \seao tipo específico de "hawk"; hay un tipo con el pecho blanco, aparentemente el "Short-tailed Hawk," Buteo brachyurus fuliginosus, o una especie cercana; otro tipo de kwi:xin tiene la cola con una parte blanca, quizá el "Common Black Hawk," Buteogallus anthracinus, el "Great Black Hawk," Buteogallus urubitinga ridgwayi, el "Solitary Eagle," Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, o una especie cercana. \ss águila (? o gavilán) \sem animal \sem bird \xrb kwix \encyctmp kwixin \nse To date in Ameyaltepec fives types of kwi:xin have been identified: kwi:xin ko:stik, kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n and tsomakwi:xin, tlitliktsi:n, and another that lives by the river and is tli:lihka:tsi:n or, as Cristino Flores (who did not remember its name) said, poyaktsi:n. There is another kwi:xin-like bird called tlakotatatsi:n (in Oapan apparently áyokwá:ni. In Oapan there are two types of kwi:xin: kwi:xin kwitlanextik i:tsi:mpa ista:k and tsómakwi:xin. Roberto Mauricio mentioned that there is another bird named tlítliktsí:n that eats wi:lomeh such as the sakatsi:n. \nae Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for kwixin, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives kwixti as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form tojtli. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec kwi:xin is in error and should be corrected. \qry Vowel length data here has to be compared, not only for kwixin, but for other compounds in which this element enters. Note that Pipil has a short /i/, Campbell gives kwixti as 'gavilán' in Cuisnahuat Pipil. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has a cognate form tojtli. It is quite possible that the long vowel I indicated for Ameyaltepec kwi:xin is in error and should be corrected. \mod According to Roberto Mauricio the /i:/ is long. Recheck recording. \cpl A kwi:xin is not considered a to:to:tl. Note that although Nahuatl á:ilah is loaned from Spanish águila and one would expect this to indicate an eagle, consultants indicate that á:ilah is synonymous with kwi:xin, which they translate as gavilán, or 'hawk' (note that RS gives milano, or kite, for kwi:xin). Thus it remains to be determined whether the á:ilah and kwi:xin are in fact the same bird and, if so, whether they refer to the eagle, as indicated by the borrowed term á:ilah or whether they refer to the hawk or kite (milano) given the usual translation of kwi:xin. In one entry I have recorded three types of kwi:xin: kwi:xin, tsomakwi:xin, and kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n. Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the 'gavilán.' \ref 03187 \lxa kwi:xin kostik \lxaa kwi:xin un kostik we:i \lxac kwi:xin kostik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08107 \lxa kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n* \lxac kwi:xin pitsaktsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \src name given by Cristino Flores \sea type of large bird, apparently a kwi:xin or gavilán, still not positively identified \ssa tipo de ave grande, aparentemente un kwi:xin or gavilán, todavía no identificado plenamente \sem animal \sem bird \syno kwi:xin \xrb kwi:x \xrb pitsa: \encyctmp kwi:xin \ref 02207 \lxa lamah \lxac i:lamah \lxo lamah \lxoc i:lamah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \seao (poss.) old woman (in the sense of 'wife') \ssao (pos.) vieja (en el sentido de 'esposa') \pna Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah. \pea My "old woman" will feed you. \psa Mi "vieja" te va a dar de comer. \cfa lamatsi:n \cfo lámatsí:n \xrb lamah \nde In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, lamah as in Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be nolámatsí:n. \qry Check p-a pattern in nolámatsí:n, perhaps it should be nólamátsi:n. \grm Reverential: In Oapan, according to Florencia Marcelino, lamah as in Mitstlakwalti:s nolamah indicates a lack of respect. The respectful term would be nolámatsí:n. \ref 00319 \lxa lamatsi:n \lxac lamatsi:n \lxo lámatsí:n \lxoc lámatsí:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \pa yes-lex \infn N0/1 \se address term for wife \ss término para dirigirse a la esposa \se old woman (in the sense of age) \ss vieja (en cuanto a edad) \pna Ye lamatsi:n, xok wel nenemi. \pea She's already an old woman, she can't walk well anymore. \psa Ya es una vieja, ya no puede caminar bien. \cfao lamah \xrb lamah \nse The Ameyaltepec form, at least, may be palatalized to lamachi:n, apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' \nae Apparently this diminutive form is rarely, if ever, possessed. On the other hand, the non-diminutive lamah may be possessed in the figurative sense of 'my old lady.' \grm Palatalization; intensification: The Ameyaltepec form /lamatsi:n/, at least, may be palatalized to lamachi:n, apparently this intensifies the age of the subject, i.e., a 'very old woman.' \ref 02632 \lxa lá:minah \lxaa lá:minah de asbe:stoh \lxac lá:minah \lxo lá:minah \lxoc lá:minah \dt 11/Jul/2002 \loan lá:mina \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seo asbestos sheeting used for house roofs \sso lámina de asbesto para techar \equiva albe:stoh \ref 06222 \lxa lapise:roh \lxac lapise:roh \lxo lapise:roh \lxocpend lapise:roh \dt 29/Aug/2001 \loan lápiz \psm N \der N-loan \seao pen \ssao pluma \ref 07250 \lxa le:cheh a:to:hli \lxac le:cheh a:to:hli \lxo lé:chea:tó:hli \lxop le:cheh a:to:hli \lxoc lé:chea:tó:hli \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan (part) leche \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of atole made with milk and tixtli (and sometimes beans) \ss tipo de atole hecho con leche y masa (y a veces frijoles) \sem food \xrb a:to:l \encyctmp a:to:hli \qry Check for possibility of possessed form. \mod See entry under /a:to:hli/ for types of this dish. \ref 02246 \lxa lije:roh \lxac lije:roh \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan ligero \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-loan \sea suddenly; without warning \ssa de repente; inadvertidamente \pna O:ne:chkwetla:nih chika:wak un ma:choh, lije:roh o:nokwetla:tsoh, o:ne:chpitsa:hka:nkaxa:nih. \pea The mule whipped me around hard, it bucked without warning, it made my lower back sore. \psa El macho me zangoloteó fuerte, se encabritó sin aviso, me lastimó la parte baja de la espalda. \qry Check other uses and meanings of /lige:roh/. Note that at first I had in the /cfo field /ísihtími/, which should perhaps be /ísitími/. However, this word seems quite different in meaning. \ref 02272 \lxa limo:n a:tl \lxac limo:n a:tl \lxo limo:a:tl \lxoc limo:a:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) limón \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \infv poss. nolimo:na:tl \seao lemonade \ssao limonada \xrb a: \nae The documented possessed form of Ameyaltepec limo:na:tl is unusual in that it manifests the retention of the absolutive; see pa:tla. The Ameyaltepec form is written as two words given that the accent falls on the final syllable a:tl. \qry Note that in the example sentence under /-pa:tla/ I have recorded the possessed form of /limo:na:tl/; this should be checked. \grm Oapan phonology: n > 0 is common, as in /limo:a:tl/. The fact that n > 0 often occurs in the environment #V suggests that this perhaps should be written as two words although the stress pattern suggests a single word; check for velarization in Am form. \ref 01104 \lxa limo:nkuwtli \lxac limo:nkuwtli \lxo limo:nkohtli \lxoc limo:nkohtli \lxt limo:nkohtli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \loan (part) limón \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn w-to-h; N1 \se lemon tree \ss árbol de limón \pna Kipia itekal nolimo:nkuwtsi:n. \pea My lemon tree has a small circle of stones around it. \psa Mi limón tiene un pequeño círculo de piedras a su alrededor. \sem plant \sem domesticated \xrb kow \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the Citrus limon, of the family Rutaceae. It is a cultivated plant, not growing in the wild. \nct kohtli \ref 00663 \lxa lo:lah \lxac lo:lah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N0/1; Aln(0=2) \sea (alienable possession) grandmother \ssa (posesión enajenable) abuela \sea (vocative) grandmother! \ssa (vocativo) ¡abuelita! \cfa lo:latli \xrb lo:lah \nse This kin term is mostly used as an address term (e.g., ka:n tiáw lo:lah) or in possessed form. However, it can also be used with the absolutive and for this reason the principal entry is under lo:latli. \xrb lo:lah \ref 00625 \lxa lo:latli \lxac lo:latli \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infv stem-final saltillo; N1/2; Aln \sea grandmother (of humans or animals) \ssa abuela (de personas o animales) \pna I:n na:nkah san te:ixwi:w pero no: bwe:noh ke:n un lo:latli. \pea This one (in this case a calf) is just the offspring of an offspring, but it is good like its mother's mother (i.e., the cow at the head of the line). \psa Este (en este caso un becerro) es solamente el hijo de un hijo, pero es tan bueno como la abuela (esto es, la vaca que dió origen a la línea). \se (a:rah molo:lah) damn it! my goodness! \ss (a:rah molo:lah) ¡chin! ¡híjole! \pna A:ra molo:lah! Tli:non timitschi:wilitoya, tle:ka tine:xtelowa? \pea Damn it! What was I doing to you? Why do you hit me? \psa ¡Chin! ¿Qué te hacía? ¿Por qué me pegas? \sem kin \equivao si:stli \xrb lo:lah \nse As a kinship term, lo:latli references FM, MM, WFM, WMM, HFM, and HMM, as well as M of either ones godfather or godmother. Without the absolutive it functions as a vocative or address term, i.e. Xtlakwa:ki lo:lah, 'Come eat, grandmother!' Otherwise it is almost always (though not necessarily) possessed. The phrase a:rah molo:lah may be either a curse or a means of expressing wonder, to wit 'my goodness.' Often, instead of a:rah molo:lah the form a:rah mosis is used, but this is one of the few contexts in which si:stli is used as an equivalent to lo:latli. In general in Ameyaltepec lo:lah is the regular term for grandmother, si:s is limited virtually entirely to an interjection in the phrase a:rah mosis or its equivalent. \ref 04807 \lxa lonchi:n \lxac lonchi:n \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N0 \sea dear little girl or boy \ssa niña (o niño) querida; hijita o hijito \pna Ka:n tiaw, lonchi:n? \pea Where are you going, little girl? \psa ¿Dónde vas, hijita? \sem age \xrb pitelo:n \nse The etymology of lonchin is uncertain, but it is likely to be an apocopated form of pitelo:ntsi:n that has lost its first syllable, a process not uncommon in hypocorism, and has its final element palatized, common in child-speech and in speaking endearingly to children. The word lonchin is used by elders to address younger children, apparently only little girls. \qry Check vowel length of /chin/, perhaps long as in /tsi:n/. Also, I originally recorded a short /o/ here, even though /pitelo:ntsi:n/ has a long /o:/. This should be checked. Finally, I have recorded that this word is used only as a vocative with little girls; make sure it is not used with the male sex. \vl Check vowel length. of Am when recorded. \ref 01439 \lxa lu:loh \lxac lu:loh mokone:w \lxo lo:loh \lxoc lo:loh \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-bb \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cradle \ss cuna \pna Tiaweh ipan molu:loh, tikochis! \pea Beddy-bye, time to go to sleep! \psa ¡A la camita, es hora de dormir! \pno Tiaweh molo:loh! \peo Let's go to your bed! \pso ¡Vamos a tu camita! \sem Onom \sem baby \nse Apparently this word derives from the coo-ing sound made to lull a baby to sleep. Note that even though /u:/ is not contrastive with /u/, I have marked length given that the "template" for baby-talk words is CV:CVh (e.g., wi:wih). \qry Check to see if both possessed and nonpossessed forms can be used. Change /cat accordingly. \mod Check to where "bb" and "Onom" codes should be placed. \ref 05735 \lxa m- \lxac ma:tekon \lxo m- \lxocpend \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular \ssao tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular \nae The form mo- is used before consonant-initial stems; m- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally mo- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07356 \lxa ma \lxac ma tekiti \lxo ma \lxoc ma tekiti \dt 12/Jun/2002 \der Comptzer \se complementizer used to introduce object complement phrase \ss complementizador que encabeza las frases complementarias de objeto \pna Nikneki ma kiawi, yo:tlawa:k. \pea I want it to rain, there's a drought. \psa Quiero que llueva, hay una sequía. \xrb ma \grm Phonetics: This file (the Oapan version that I have on the Nahuatl phonetics directory, is good for the nature of the vowels and their phonological context. The /ma-/ /te-/ and /ki-/ syllables all demonstrate what may be considered a prototypical exemplification of vowel length. All vowels are between 52 and 70 ms for Florencia Marcelino; they are slightly longer for Inocencio Jiménez, her husband, about 60 to 80 ms. (of course these should be analyzed by a real phonetician. \qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed. \ref 03224 \lxa ma \lxac ma tlakwa \lxo ma \lxoc ma pa:ki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal \se model enclitic to express a desire or wish of the speaker \ss enclítico modal para expresar un deseo del hablante \pna Ok ma nima:lti! Kwa:kon tia:skeh. \pea Let me bathe first! Then we can go. \psa ¡Qué primero me bañe! Entonces podemos ir. \pna San seknek ma ye! \pea Let them all be together (in their own separate place)! \psa ¡Qué todos estén juntos (en un solo lugar aparte)! \pna Ma te:chpale:wi:ki! \pea I hope he comes to help us! \psa ¡Ojalá que nos venga a ayudar! \pna Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas. \pea After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas. \psa Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas. \pna Tlaiwatok, ma ntla:wi:lo! \pea It is dark, let me shine some light! \psa Es oscuro, ¡déjame echar algo de luz! \cfao ma:ka \xrb ma \cfa ma:ka \nse The particle ma is a clitic. With polysyllabic words ma, by orthographic convention, is written as a separate word: ma nitlakwa:ti 'Let me go eat.' However, like the completive particle o:-, ma allows for the deletion of the 3rd-person singular object of transitive verbs: ['man kwa] (written ma nkwa) 'let me eat it!' \nae Often before transitive verbs ma combines with the subject prefix of 1st or 2nd person while the 3rd-person object prefix is deleted. The result is a cliticization of ma as in, for example, mankwa 'let me eat it!' Ma is also cliticized with single syllable predicates, as in mania in which the stressed syllable ma confirms the cliticization (as opposed to ma nia). \qry Further study how to classify these particles in the cat entry space. Also, check how roots should be expressed. \vl At 5659 there are two tokens, one female and one male, of /ma siawi/. These should be tagged as 3757 but not linked. They contain the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb /siawi/. There is another extra token for this optative, the first female token at 6180. This should also be tagged as 3757, but not linked. \ref 03757 \lxa má: \lxac kimá: \lxo má: \lxocpend kimá: \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \sea to hit; to strike; to beat up on (with the fist) \ssa golpear; pegar (con el puño); dominar \pna Mitsmá:s, yewa ma:s kuwtik. \pea He will beat up on you (in a physical struggle), he is stronger than you. \psa Te va a dominar (peleando), es más fuerte que tú. \sea (recipr.) to fight \ssa (recipr.) pelearse \pna Nomá:n. \pea They are fighting \psa Están peleando. \se to beat down on (e.g., the sun [S] on a person's body) \ss pegar (p. ej., el sol [S] sobre el cuerpo de uno) \pna O:ne:chmá:k to:nahli. \pea The sun beat down on me. \psa Me pegaba el sol. \se (~ para tlakpak) to make vomit \ss (~ para tlakpak) hacer vomitar \se (~ para tlatsi:ntlah) to give diarrhea to \ss (~ para tlakpak) dar diarrea a \seo to give (syn. Oa maka) \ssa dar (sin. Oa maka) \sem contact \cfo maka \xrb ma: \nae The etymology of má is unclear, perhaps it is related to maka, which at times means 'to hit'? Appparently the use of ma with the specialized meaning of 'to hit' is not uncommon across dialects. Note that in Oapan although *má is not a separate verb one does find the future of maka occasionally reduced to inflected forms such as kimá:s. In Oapan this is used as an abbreviated or apocopated form of the verb maka. However, for actions such as the sun hitting something or someone, the form makilia (Oa) is used, a synonym of Ameyaltepec mailia. \qry I also this recorded with a short accented vowel, /má/; the correct form should be checked. Note that /ma:/ has the sense of 'to strike' or 'to hit. Check conjugation. Check /ma para tlatsi:ntlah/ as this was added from memory and by analogy with /ma para tlakpak/. \mod Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1 \ref 03466 \lxa ma ya \lxap ma ya \lxac ma ya \lxo ma ya \lxop ma ya \lxoc ma ya \dt 17/Jun/2002 \se see ma \ss véase ma \nae As an orthographic convention the optative ma is always written as a separate element. Thus what is phonetically ['ma ya] is considered two words and the one-syllable verbal predicate ya is best considered to be extrametrical. \xrb ma \xrb yaw \qry Get minimal pairs of /ma tlakwa/ 'let him eat'; /ma: tlakwa/ 'let him not eat' and /ma:tlakwa/, the verbal predicate with an incorporated noun /ma:/. \mod Make sure link is to correct entry of /ma/. \ref 03140 \lxa ma:a:la:wi \lxac ma:a:la:wi \lxo ma:a:la:wi \lxoc ma:a:la:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape ones arm or hand \ss rasparse el brazo o la mano \pna O:nima:aga:la:w. \pea I scraped my arm (in various places, e.g., in falling). \psa Se me raspó el brazo (en varios lugares, p. ej., al caerme). \flao a:la:wi \xrb ma: \xrb a:la: \vl Check for glottal stop in Inocencio Jiménez' pronunciation of /ma:a:la:wi/. Also check for /g/ in Am between stem and reduplicant. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that here and elsewhere Inocencio Jimenez seems to insert a glottal stop or pause between the IN and the V [ma:? a:la:wi]. This should be checked. \grm Ameyaltepec phonology: in /o:nima:aga:la:w/ note that there is a voiced stop, [g] between the reduplicant and verb stem. This should be confirmed and if it is present, the contexts in which 0 > g occurs should be established. \ref 02083 \lxa ma:a:xoto:ni \lxac ma:a:xoto:ni \lxo ma:á:xotó:ni \lxoc ma:á:xotó:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se to get blisters on ones hands \ss salirse ampollas en las manos \pna O:nima:aga:xoto:n, chika:wak o:nitekit. \pea I got blisters on my hands (in various places), I worked hard. \psa Se me salieron ampollas por las manos, trabajé duro. \xrb ma: \xrb xoto: \nse The verb ma:a:xoto:ni often occurs with short vowel reduplication indicating that the blisters occur in various parts of the hand. When there is such reduplication in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl a [g] is inserted to break up the triple vowel sequence. In Oapan, I have only heard this in the reduplicated form, and Florencia Marcelino would only accept the reduplicated (reduced to pitch accent on the long initial vowel of the stem a:xoto:ni) form, here given as the Oapan headword. \ref 06131 \lxa mache:teh \lxac mache:teh \lxo machi:teh \lxoc machi:teh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan machete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se machete \ss machete \sem tool \nse There are two types of machetes, a curved machete mache:teh araba:toh and a straight machete, called mache:teh la:rgoh in Ameyaltepec and machi:teh peya:stli in Oapan. \ref 00073 \lxa mache:teh garaba:toh \lxac mache:teh garaba:toh \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \loan machete; garabato \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea curved machete \ssa machete garabato \sem tool \encyctmp machete \ref 04470 \lxa mache:teh la:rgoh \lxac mache:teh la:rgoh \lxo machí:teh lá:rgoh \lxoc machí:teh lá:rgoh \dt 06/Jun/2002 \loan machete; largo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao straight machete \ssao machete derecho \sem tool-cultivate \equiva mache:teh pia:stli \equivo machí:te peyá:stli \encyctmp machete; agriculture \ref 00558 \lxa mache:teh pia:stli \lxac mache:teh pia:stli \lxo machí:te peyá:stli \lxop machi:teh peyas:stli \lxoc machí:te peyá:stli \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan (part) machete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(0=1) \seo straight machete \sso machete derecho \sem tool \equiva mache:teh la:rgoh \equivo machí:teh lá:rgoh \ono machete \grm Oapan orthography: With words such as /machi:te peyá:stli/ determine whether to write the /h/, the PA, or both. \ref 06593 \lxa ma:chia \lxac tlama:chia \lxo ma:chia \lxoc tlama:chia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to wait around a long time for \ss quedar a la espera de \pna San nitlama:chi:xtok. \pea I've just been waiting around for a long time. \psa Nada más he estado a la espera mucho tiempo. \pna Mitsma:chi:xtok ika motlaxkal. \pea She is waiting around for you with your tortilla. \psa Te está esperando con tu tortilla. \pna Titlama:chi:xtokeh. \pea We are waiting around. \psa Estamos esperando. \xrb ma: \xrb chia: \dis chia; ma:chia \nse Ma:chia indicates that the subject refrained from going someplace or doing something because he was waiting, usually for someone who said he would show up. The implication is that the person waited a long time just for that reason. One consultant suggested that in the phrase mitsma:chi:xtok i:ka motlaxkal "you" went someplace and haven't returned, and the subject of the phrase is waiting around for you. There is a sense that you are causing her to delay something, that she would go someplace else otherwise. Some persons said that ma:chia and chia are equivalent, others that ma:chia is more respectful. Still others indicated that ma:chia indicates a longer time of waiting. My impression at this point is that ma:chia differs from chia in that it suggests a longer period of waiting, some annoyance related to the fact that the person doing the waiting was expecting an earlier arrival, or could have done something else. Perhaps more important, chia cannot be used with the nonspecific object marker tla- without a significant change in meaning (see tlachia) whereas tlama:chia indicates a generate state of waiting with the object that is being waited for expressed only obliquely at best. In Spanish perhaps the difference is communicated by "estar a la espera" vs. "esperar." \nae The etymology of ma:chia seems to clearly comprise the root chia as well as ma:, which may or may not be related to an alternate root of the Nahuatl word for 'hand.' In Ameyaltepec I have almost always heard it with the nonspecific object prefix tla-. And for Oapan, Florencia Marcelino stated that only the form with tla- is acceptable. \qry With all class 3 irregular 1a verbs elicit perfective and progressive to determine whether vowel is long.There appears to be some variation. Also, check length of the final vowel (i.e. in the imperfective); check in other tenses, and length of final /a/. Check difference between /chia/ and /ma:chia/; possibly the second implies more that the waiting was long, interfered with other activities, etc. \mod If future study demonstrates that only tlama:chia is used, then the primary entry should be changed from ma:chia to tlama:chia, with pointers for clarification from the non-used form to that which is used. \ref 01851 \lxa ma:chi:chi \lxac noma:chi:chi \lxo ma:chi:chi \lxoc noma:chi:chi \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \tran +Refl/-trans \com N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \synao ma:pipi:na \syno ma:pa:chi:na \xrb ma: \xrb chi:chi \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06866 \lxa ma:chichi:wa \lxac kima:chichi:wa \lxo má:chichí:wa \lxoc kimá:chichí:wa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \seo to do, to make (sth) completely with ones hands (e.g., wooden masks that are not molded, or in combing a childs hair with ones hand, not a comb) \sso hacer o fabricar completamente con las manos (p. ej., máscaras de madera, o al peinar el cabello de un niño con la mano y no con cepillo) \nae Although occasionally reduplication of verb stems is reduced onto preceding heavy (long-voweled) syllables, such as ma:, this does not occur in the present case (i.e., one does not find Oapan Nahuatl ?má:chí:wa). The reason for the variation on when such reduction occurs is still not well understood, but it may have something to do with the semantic role of the Note also that although the verbal má:chichí:wa occurs in Oapan, the nominalization is not found. On the other hand, Ameyaltepec has a documented nominal, tlama:chichi:wtli but not a verbal. \xrb ma: \xrb chi:wa \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that in this case the reduplication does not reduce on the long vowel of /ma:/. It is not clear when this occurs and when it doesn't (cf. other entries and discussion). It might be that this is a completely lexical process, or even that in the other examples the underlying root is {mah}, with a short vowel, and not {ma:}. The only evidence either way will be comparative from neighboring dialects, or perhaps Oapan speaker production of alternative forms. \ref 06564 \lxa ma:chih \lxac ma:chih \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N0/2; (0=2) \sea (vocative) term of endearment for addressing close female relatives (mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter and, occasionally, grandmother) \ssa (vocativo) vocativo cariñoso para la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta y, a veces, la abuela \syn ma:n \syno na:nah \xrb ma:n \cfa ma:n \cfa pa:chih \nse Ma:chih is most often used as a vocative although apparently it may be used in possessed form, with the referents indicated; see the reference under pa:n for a discussion. \nae The etymology of ma:chih is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for female relations ma:n followed by what may be considered a suffix of endearment, -chih (perhaps a palatalization of -tsi:n). It appears that ma:chih and ma:n are identical in meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that occasionally ma:chih may be possessed as a term of reference. \qry Check meaning of /ma:chih/ and /ma:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /ma:n/. This should be checked. It is the counterpart of /pa:chih/. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /ma:(n)/ for female kinwomen. \ref 00688 \lxa ma:chika:wa \lxac noma:chika:wa \lxo ---- \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-Trans \infv class-3a(w) \sea (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.) \ssa (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo no se vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.) \src CF 901/01:05 \pna $00902_01_am$Dya mi:tsihli:skeh, "Xmoma:chika:wa!" noso "xmoma:kuwtili!" deke yetí:k. Pos, xtepi:tso moma para tikakukwis. Xmoma:chika:wa! \pea And then they'll say to you, "Make your arm hard!" or "Tense your arm!" if it is heavy. Well then, tighten up your arm so that you can lift it up. Make your arm hard! \psa Y entonces te dirán, "¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! o "¡Haz el brazo duro!" si está pesado. Pues, aprétale el brazo para que lo puedas alzar. ¡Hazte fuerte el brazo! \cfa ma:kuwtilia \cfo ma:kohtilia \xrb ma: \xrb chika: \dis ma:chika:wa; ma:kuhtilia \qry Check to see if /ma:tepitsowa/ or a similar form exists. Recheck meaning and check for transitive as opposed to reflexive. If meaning holds, cf. Oapan semantic equivalent /ma:kuhtilia/. Check for difference in Am between /ma:chi:wa/ and /ma:kuhtilia/. \ref 00902 \lxa ma:chiko \lxac ma:chiko \lxo ma:chiko \lxoc ma:chiko \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \seo to have (a woman) a way of grinding nextamahli charactized by the fact that when the subject grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the metlapihli, or roller, harder and faster than the other, causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other \sso caracterizarse (una mujer) por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje chueco sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido que el otro \equiva ma:chiko:tl \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \cfa chiko \ref 04058 \lxa ma:chikotik \lxac ma:chikotik \lxo ma:chikotik \lxoc ma:chikotik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-adj \se to have (a woman) the propensity to grind corn unevenly by pushing harder on one side of the metlapihli than on the other, thus causing it to run down crookedly over the metate \ss tener (una mujer) la propensidad de moler maíz disparejamente, empujando más fuerte a un lado del metlapihli que otro para que corra chueco sobre el metate \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \qry Check final /o/. In my original file card I had /chiko:tik/ but I have changed this based on cognates. Nevertheless, check. \ref 03857 \lxa ma:chiko:tl \lxac ma:chiko:tl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-adj \infn N1 \sea (a woman) charactized by the fact that when she grinds corn on a metate, she pushes one side of the metlapihli, or roller, harder and faster than the other, causing it to move crookedly over the surface of the metate, one side faster than the other \ssa (una mujer) que se caracteriza por el hecho de que, al moler maíz sobre el metate, pone más presión sobre un lado de la mano de metate que al otro, causando que baje chueco sobre la superficie del metate, un lado más rápido qu el otro \pna Xkwahli ke:n titisi, tima:chiko:tl. \pea You don't grind corn well, you make the metlapihli go crookedly over the metate by pushes harder on one side than the other. \psa No mueles maíz bien, haces que la mano de metate corre chueco sobre el metate, empujando un lado más que el otro \equivo ma:chiko \cfa chiko \xrb ma: \xrb chiko \nse The relationship to chiko is clear. The nominalization with the absolutive is interesting, particularly the long /o:/, which does not show up in other forms, such as chikoki:sa. However, the length of this vowel should be checked. Note that to date Oapan has been found to have an adjectival ma:chiko where Ameyaltepec has a fully nominal ma:chiko:tl. Further analysis might show that the two dialects fully share both the nominal and adjectival forms. \qry Check vowel length and other words with /chiko/. \ref 07664 \lxa machi:lia \lxac kimamachi:lia \lxo machilia \lxoc kí:machília \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to know (the location of sth [SO]) that is of interest to (sb [PO]) \ssao saber (la ublicación de algo [OS]) que es de interés a (algn [OP]) \pna Ka:non tine:chmamachi:lia se: notimó:n. \pea Where do you know that I can get a beam for my plow (i.e., where is a good piece of wood that I can use for this purpose)? \psa ¿Dónde sabes que puedo encontrar un timón para mi arado (esto es, dónde hay un pedazo de madera que funcione para eso)? \se (with long vowel reduplication) to feel around (an object, person, etc.; see tlá:machília) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tantear a (un objeto, persona, etc.; véase see tlá:machília) \pna Xma:machi:li ka:non poliwtok para xtila:nili, para wetsis ka:n katka! \pea Feel around it (in this case a dislocated bone) for where there is something amiss so that you can pull on it, so that it falls back into place! \psa ¡Tantéale allá (en este caso cerca de un hueso luxado) donde hay algo mal para que le puedas jalar, para que caiga donde estaba. \pna Ne:chma:machilia ka:n ne:chkukwa. \pea He feels around for where it hurts me (as with sb searching for the location of /kowasiwistli) \psa Me tantea para ver donde me duele (como es el caso de algn buscando la ubicación de kowasiwistli) \se to feel up (in a sexual manner) \ss manosear (en una manera sexual) \pna Kima:machi:lih ino:biah. Xkwahli. \pea He felt his girlfriend up. That's no good. \psa Manoseó a su novia. No está bien. \xrb mati \xv1a tlama:machilia \xv1o tlá:machília \xvba mati \qry On one filecard I have noted that the /i:/ is definitely long and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that /kimamati/ means 'to know the location of something.' Recheck since in other circumstances/cards I have a short /i/. Recheck that /mamachi:lia/ always refers to the location of sth. Recheck and relink if necessary Am /tlama:machilia/, which perhaps should have a short reduplicant. Cf. 5352. \qry In several early file cards I note a difference between /mati/ and /ma:ti/ \ref 04886 \lxa machi:mal \lxac i:machi:mal \lxo ma:chi:mal \lxoc i:ma:chi:mal \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se shoulder blade; scapula \ss espaldilla; escápula \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb chi:mal \qry Unfortunately in my notes I have only /machimal/ with no gloss. Probably I had the gloss elsewhere and then copied the Nahuatl word onto a list of body parts (where I found it). But the meaning was not copied here. Perhaps in the future I will find it. I remember, however, that this was, perhaps, the word for 'shoulder blade.' Check. Also, if it is, cf. the difference to /ma:stlakapahli/, which I have also meaning 'shoulder blade' in one of its acceptations. If they are identical then they should be placed in the /equiv fields. \ref 05162 \lxa machio:tia \lxac nomachio:tia \lxo machio:tia \lxoc nomachio:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to cross oneself \ss (refl.) persignarse \pna Xmomacho:ti, ye tikalakis tio:pan! \pea Cross yourself! you are about to enter the church \psa ¡Persígnate! ya vas a entrar a la iglesia. \cfa tlamachio:tia \xrb mati \nae Machio:tia is a transitive verb that has only been documented in the reflexive. In the sense of 'to decorate' (as in painting on ceramics) it is also preceded by the nonspecific object prefix tla-, which does not reduce the verbal valency, tlamachio:tia remaining transitive; cf. tlamachio:tia. \qry Check etymology. This might be related to the paradigmatic sequence N-Adj-Inchoative-Transitive, which in this case would be machio:tl/machioh/machiowa/machio:tia. The question is whether all these forms exist, particularly the adjectival and the inchoative. Here the derivation seems to be /-tia/ meaning 'to provide with' i.e., 'to provide oneself with a sign (machio:tl) I believe that in Oapan /machio:tia/ is 'to decorate' cf. if the same meaning occurs in Ameyaltepec. \ref 00923 \lxa machisti \lxac machisti \lxo machisti \lxoc machisti \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to become known (e.g., a particular event, usually through rumor or gossip) \ss llegar a ser sabido (p. ej., un evento en particular, especialmente por rumor o chisme) \pna Xo:machistik a:kinon o:kimiktih. \pea It didn't become known who killed her (in this case a woman killed on the plains around Ameyaltepec). \psa No se supo quien la mató (en este caso una mujer matada por el llano alrededor de Ameyaltepec). \xrb mati \ref 05435 \lxa machistia \lxac kimachistia \lxo machistia \lxoc kimachistia \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to make known to \ss hacer saber a \pna O:kite:machistih, nochi kite:ihlia. \pea He made it known, he tells everything. \psa Se lo hizo saber a la gente, todo lo plactica. \xrb mati \ref 04302 \lxa ma:chi:wa \lxac kima:chi:wa \lxo ma:chi:wa \lxoc kima:chi:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao to take good care of (e.g., an animal in nourishing it well, grooming it, etc.) \ssao cuidar bien (p. ej., un animal, alimentándolo bien, cepillándolo, etc.) \pna Kimima:chi:wan noyo:lka:wa:n. \pea He takes good care of my animals. \psa Cuida bien a mis animales. \se (refl.) to take good care of oneself (eating well, taking regular bathes, putting cream on ones skin (a woman), etc.) \ss (refl.) cuidarse bien (en la dieta, en bañarse regularmente, en cuidarse la cutis con crema (una mujer), etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb chi:wa \dis malwia; machi:wa \nse Apparently malwia refers to delicate and careful treatment of something that is fragile or can be destroyed or lost (e.g., money). Ma:chi:wa, on the other hand, refers to an active effort to keep an animate being healthy and properly cared for. In essence, then, malwia is an effort to preserve a positive original condition, often of an inanimate that could be harmed, whereas ma:chi:wa is an effort to improve the physical condition of a live being. \nde In Classical machiua is documented solely in the reflexive form as 'to masturbate.' Thus Molina has machiua. nino. 'hazerlo en las manos.' \qry Check for applicative. Check for 'classical' meaning. \vl Check first element and whether it should be /ma:/ or /mah/. This word was taken from the original set of file cards with no vowel length marked. The difference with /malwia/ is not clear. \ref 01025 \lxa ma:choh \lxac ma:choh \lxo ma:choh \lxoc ma:choh \dt 27/Jan/2002 \loan macho \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. ma:chos \se male mule \ss macho \sem animal \sem domes \nct yo:lki \ref 00358 \lxa mahka:ita \lxac kimahka:ita \lxo mahka:ita \lxoc kimahka:ita \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular, see ita \se to be daunted by (e.g., a task at hand); to be wary of \ss amilanarse ante (p. ej., una tarea); ser receloso frente a; sentirse intimidado por \pna Kimahka:ita un tekitl. Xwel kipe:waltia. \pea He is daunted by (the size of, the difficulty of, etc.) that job. He can't start it. \psa Se amilana ante ese trabajo (p. ej., lo difícil que es, lo grande, etc.). No lo puede empezar. \pna Kimahka:ita un chi:hli, ke:n kokó:k. \pea He is wary of that chile, it's really hot. \psa Se siente intimidado por ese chile, por lo picante que es. \se to be in awe of (the strength of a person, the high price of an item, etc.); to look upon (sb or sth) with respect mixed with fear \ss estar impresionado por; sobrecogerse frente a; ver (a algn o algo) con respeto y miedo \pna Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa. \pea He is awed by how fast he really is. \psa Está impresionado por lo rápido que es. \se to be fearful of; to be afraid of; to be frightened by \ss sentirse miedo por; asustarse por \pna Tine:chmahka:ita pa:mpa ke:n o:niwel tli:n nikitowa. \pea You are fearful of me because I've learned what to do what I say. \psa Me tienes miedo porque he aprendido hacer lo que digo. \src DT 1:019 \pna De milá:h o:tlamahka:italo:k pa:mpa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes. \pea There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it. \psa Había mucho asombro porque fue la primera vez que lo vieron. \xrb mawi \xrb ita \mod Determine how best to represent the root for /mawtia/, etc. \grm Nonreferentiality: /De miláh o:tlamahka:italo:k pampa o:kitakeh por prime:rah bes./ 'There was a lot of wonder because it was the first time that they saw it.' The interesing point (and here the tape should be checked) is the possible absence of any referent to the subject pronoun of /o:kitakeh/. That is, the syntactic relation between the impersonal and a fully referenced subject is not as impermeable as presented in many grammars. The translation is something like that presented above. \ref 05981 \lxa mahka:ki:sa \lxac mahka:ki:sa \lxo mahka:ki:sa \lxoc mahka:ki:sa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se (usual with aspectual ending -te:wa) to leave in fright \ss (a menudo con la terminación aspectual -te:wa) salir de miedo \pna O:mahka:ki:ste:w. \pea He suddenly got up and left in fright. \psa De repente se paró y salió de miedo. \xrb mawi \xrb ki:sa \qry Check translation and other uses of /mahka:ki:sa/. \ref 02242 \lxa mahka:kwi \lxac mahka:kwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08027 \lxa mahka:kwi:tia \lxac kimahka:kwi:tia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08196 \lxa mahka:listli \lxac mahka:listli \lxo mahka:listli \lxoc mahka:listli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \se fear \ss miedo \pna O:kinamak de mahka:listli, pa:mpa o:kikak kikwi:li:skeh. \pea He sold it out of fear (in this case a piece of land) because he heard they were going to forcibly take it away from him. \psa Lo vendió de miedo (en este caso una parcela de terreno) porque escuchó que se lo iban a quitar a fuerzas. \pna Sa: tikateh ika mahka:listli, yo:tikitakeh ika milá:k wel wa:hlaweh. \pea Here we've been reduced to fear, we've seen that they (in this case robbers) really can come. \psa Aquí hemos sido reducidos al miedo, hemos visto que de veras pueden (en este caso los ladrones) venir. \syno nemohti:hli \xrb mawi \grm Nominalization/deverbalization: The derivation is interesting and should be checked in grammars. I do not know of other cases in which the compound for with the 'ligature' /ka:/ is used in nominal derivatives. \ref 06245 \lxa mahka:miki \lxac mahka:miki \lxo ma:hka:miki \lxoc ma:hka:miki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to die of fright (literally) \ssao morirse de miedo (literalmente) \xrb maw \xrb miki \nse Although several consultants when asked remarked that mahka:miki refers to a real death from fright, this information should be checked given the frequent use of miki to indicate an intense suffering from the effects related to the incorporated noun or participial verb. \qry Recheck meaning and obtain example sentences. \ref 00326 \lxa mahka:tsi:n \lxac mahka:tsi:n \lxo mahka:tsi:n \lxoc mahka:tsi:n \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-tsi:n \se to be easily frightened (particularly a young child, but also any person or animal) \ss ser asustadiza o miedosa (particularmente un niño joven, pero además cualquier persona o animal) \xrb maw \xrb miki \nse Mahka:tsi:n is the diminuative of mahki although given that mahki and i:xmahki are often applied to animals mahka:tsi:n is applied to humans, such as little children who are easily frightened. \ref 06208 \lxa mahka:yáw \lxac mahka:yáw, o:mahka:yah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08331 \lxa mahki \lxac mahki \lxo mahki \lxoc mahki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se see i:xmahki \ss véase i:xmahki \apo mahkitik \xrb mawi \nse According to Florencia Marcelino of Oapan, mahki is used to refer animals that are wild and run away (e.g., zebras). I:xmahki refers to an animal that is easily scared, such as certain burros. There is also ma: hki (also written ma:hki) which is a negative imperative '¡Qué no lo hagas!' \qry Make sure that /ma:hki/ is the same as /i:xmahki/. Note that even though here I have notes that FM made a distinction between /mahki/ and /i:xmahki/, for the latter there is no Oapan entry, only one from Ameyaltepec. This should be rechecked. \vl Check lenght of /mahki/ and /ma:hki/. Make sure second has a long /a:/. \ref 01938 \lxa mahkitik \lxac mahkitik \lxo mahkitik \lxoc mahkitik \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \seo to be wild \sso ser serrero \seo to be easily frightened (an animal); to be skittish \sso ser asustadizo \apo mahki \syno simaro:ntik \xrb ma:wi \ref 06557 \lxa ma:ichpa:na \lxac noma:ichpa:na \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb ma: \xrb chpa: \ref 08255 \lxa mailia \lxac kimailia \lxo makilia \lxoc kimakilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to thrash; to hit or strike; to give a beating or thrashing to (with a fist or hard object) \ssao dar una paliza a; golpear (con el puño o algo duro) \pna Ma:ka tiá:s! Mitsmaili:skeh. \pea Don't go! They'll give you a beating. \psa ¡No te vayas! Te van a dar una paliza. \se to strike (often metaphorically) and cause harm (e.g., the sun beating down on sth, a shadow hitting a planted field, always with the sense of causing harm of having a negative effect) \ss pegar o golpear (a menudo metaforicamente) causando daño (p. ej., el sol que le pega a algo, una sombra que le pega un sembradío, siempre con el sentido de hacer daño, de tener un efecto negativo) \pna Xkwa:tetepolo:ti in kuwtli! Ma:ka kimaili:s in tomi:l, xkwa:lxi:nili imawa:n! \pea Go cut the branches of the top of this tree! Don't let it strike our cornfield (by casting a shadow on it, considered harmful and "hot" to the growth of maize)! Cut its top branches down! \psa ¡Ve a córtale las ramas en la parte alta de este árbol! ¡Qué no vaya a pegar (el árbol con su sombra, que se considera dañina y calorosa) a nuestra milpa! Córtale sus ramas más altas! \pna O:kima:tetepolokeh un kuwtli, kimailia mi:hli. \pea They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat (from its shadow, which is considered "hot") on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize). \psa Le podaron las ramas a ese árbol, estaba echándole su calor (de su sombra, que se considera "caliente") a la milpa (dañando el maíz). \pna Kose:wi momi:l, yo:pe:w kimailia a:tl. \pea Your cornfield is turning yellow, the (excess of) water has started to harm it. \psa Tu milpa ya se está poniendo amarilla, ya le empezó a hacer daño el agua (esto es, la abundancia de agua). \se to go at (e.g., a task) \ss aplicarse a; darle a (p. ej., una tarea) \pna We:i o:tikmailikeh. \pea We've gotten a lot of it accomplished (e.g., in planting a large section of a field in a day). \psa Le dimos mucho (p. ej., en sembrar una buena parte de una milpa). \se (~ bwe:ltah) to go the long way around (an area, an object, etc.) \ss (~ bwe:ltah) darle mucha vuelta a (una área, objeto, etc.) \pna We:i bwe:ltah o:kimailia. \pea They go around it the long way. \psa Le dan mucha vuelta (p. ej., al caminar alrededor de algo). \sem contact \xrb maka \nse Apparently this is an alternate form of makilia, which is seldom heard. Like many applicative verbs that involve contact or insertion this is also occasionally used by men in a sexual sense. \qry Check to determine whether /mailia/ and /makilia/ are the same in meaning. If so, set up in /syn field.ry. Check meaning of /we:i bwe:ltah kimailia/. If /mailia/ and /makilia/ are synonyms in Am, check whether the same is true in Oapan. \ref 00248 \lxa ma:imati \lxaa ma:yemati \lxac noma:imati \lxo má:yemáti \lxoc nomá:yemáti \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv Irregular, cf. mati \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to have hands that are accustomed (e.g., to a given sequence of motions or tasks, to a certain tactile situation, etc.) \ss (refl.) acostumbrarsele las manos a (algn, p. ej., a una dada secuencia de movimientos o tareas, a una cierta sentir de las cosas, etc.) \pna Yo:nimoma:imat, o:nikelka:w o:kekwanikeh. \pea My hands have gotten accustomed (in this case to the presence of an object in a given place), I forgot that they moved it. \psa Mis manos se acostumbraron (en este caso a la presencia de un objeto en un lugar dado), se me olvidó que lo movieron. \xrb ma: \xrb hmati \nae It is not clear which of the two pronunciations (with /ye/ or /i/) is more common; my impression at this point is that the former is more common. In the example sentence above the original transcription has ma:imati and this has been retained here for now. It also seems for the Oapan form that the \qry Check meaning again. Perhaps 'to be agile with ones hands' \sj Check form for presence of /h/: mahihmati, ma:ihmati??? etc. \vl Check vl as carefully as possible. The sound on both of FMs pronunciation is very tinny and this word should be re-recorded. \mod Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ \grm Cf. notes under Gram 1985-07-22.1. Note the problem of cross-referencing roots of words that have a form with and without an initial /h/. Thus there is /pia/ and /hpia/, /mati/ and /hmati/, and /chinowa/ and /hchinowa/. Probably the best would be to have separate entries for each, with cross-referencing. Thus /ma:imati/ will have /hmati/ as a root, with a note in the root section to see /mati/. Likewise /mati/ will have a reference to /hmati/ \ref 02386 \lxa ma:isiwi \lxac ma:isiwi \lxo má:isíwi \lxoc má:isíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to be quick with ones hands \ss ser rápido o ligero con las manos \pna Xma:isiwi! Lige:roh xtla:litiwetsi. \pea Hurry up with what you're doing with your hands! Put them down right away! \psa ¡Apúrate con lo que estás haciendo con las manos! ¡Colócalos rápido! \xrb ma: \xrb hsi \mod Check root of /isiwi/. Apparently (cf. comparative evidence) there is an underlying /h/. However, determine whether root should be /hsi/ or /hsiwi/. Note that the causative of /isiwi/ is /tlasiwitia/ (check vowel length). For /ma:isiwi/ check for a transitive, causative form, e.g., ?ma:isiwitia. \ref 01473 \lxa ma:istaya \lxac ma:istaya \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08359 \lxa ma:i:to:nia \lxac noma:i:to:nia \lxo ma:i:to:nia \lxoc noma:i:to:nia \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \seo to have ones hand sweat (on one) \sso sudarsele la mano \syno ma:papachka \syna ma:papachka \xrb ma: \xrb pach \qry Check length of /i/. I had originally had it long, but then changed it to short when revising, based on comparative data from other cases of /ito:nia/. Check. \ref 06237 \lxa -ma:k \lxac ima:k \lxo -ma:k \lxoc i:ma:k \dt 16/Jul/2003 \psm Loc \der N-loc-poss-k(o) \seao in the hand of \ssao en la mano de \pna O:nimokxitepachoh, noma:k o:ki:s. \pea I crushed my foot with a rock, it slipped from my hand. \psa Me apachuré el pie con una piedra, se me fue de la mano. \pna Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes ixkopi:nahlo! \pea Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! \pna I:mima:k tlatlas beli:tah. \pea Candles will burn in their hands (said of the bride and bridegroom who hold candles during a wedding ceremony). \psa Velas se van a prender en sus manos (dicho del novio y novia, quienes sostienen velitas durante la ceremonia matrimonial). \xrb ma: \xrl -k(o) \qry Check with /makpal/ \grm Copula: /Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo!/ 'Don't let her photo get into other people's hands!' Note the use of the future copula /yes/ with /nemi/, which in this case has a more auxiliary or adverbial function. A separate entry for /nemi/ as is created on this basis. \ref 00018 \lxa maka \lxac kimaka \lxo maka \lxoc kimaka \dt 31/Jan/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv irregular: perf. o:kimak, o:kimakak; o:kima:keh and, less often, o:kimakakeh. \se to give (sth) to \ss dar (algo) a \pna O:kima:keh tomi:n, we:i kiwi:kilia:yan. \pea They gave money to him, they owed him a lot. \psa Le dieron dinero, le debían mucho. \pna Xakah kimakas. \pea He won't give it to anyone (or, without contextual clarification, 'no one will give it to him'). \psa No se lo va a dar a nadie (o, sin clarificación contextual, 'nadie se lo va a dar'). \pna Mitsma:makaskeh. \pea They will give it to you (i.e. several people [S] in several places, over time). \psa Te los van a estar dando (esto es, varias personas [S] en varios lugares, a través del tiempo). \se (with a directional prefix and te:-) to send (e.g., money, a letter, etc.) with someone (toward or away from a deictic point of reference) \ss (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) mandar (algo como dinero, una carta, etc.) con algn (hacia un punto de referencia deíctica o alejándose de tal punto) \pna O:kwa:lte:mak. \pea He sent it back here with someone (i.e., gave it to someone there so that they could bring it back). \psa Se lo dió a alguien para traer acá. \seo (te:maka, with no second specific object) to fight \sso (te:maka, sin otro objeto específico) pelear \pno On toba:leh milak te:makani. \peo That friend of ours really gets into a lot of fights. \pso Ese amigo es bien peleonero.. \se (with a directional prefix and te:-) to give word of \ss (con un prefijo direccional y te:-) dar noticias de \pna O:kite:makaton nonesawal. \pea They went to give word of my fasting. \psa Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. \se (with deletion of specific second object) to give "it" (taboo: sex, ones body) to \ss (con supresión del objeto secondario) darle (sexo, el cuerpo) a \pna Kile:wia notomi:n, ne:chmakas. \pea She covets my money, she will give it (her body) to me. \psa Desea mi dinero, me lo va a dar (su cuerpo). \cfao makate:wa \xrb maka \xv2ao tlamaka \nse In Ameyaltepec (and perhaps Oapan, check) the root-initial /m/ often deletes after affricate-final object prefixes: ne:ch-, mits-, te:ch-, and (a)me:ch: ne:chakas tomi:ntsi:n 'he will give me some money.' The verb maka is often used, when uttered by a man to a woman, in a sexual sense. Thus a man in walking by a woman may say xtine:chmakas? 'Will you give it (sex) to me?' (similar to the use of 'it' in English in 'Can we do "it"?') The use of a directional prefix with te:maka often means 'to send [O] with sb toward/away from.' This is particularly true in the tenses and aspects that use a directional prefix. Thus o:nikonte:mak can only mean 'I sent it along there with someone.' However, nikonte:makas may either mean 'I will send it along there with someone' or 'I will go there to give it to someone.' \nae The verb maka is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix te:-. Thus one may say kite:ma:maka nakatl 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: nite:ma:makas or nite:makas. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, on toba:leh te:makas, ---tli:non kite:makas?, kite:makas tomi:n. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that tlamaka has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form te:tlamaka has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that te:maka (or te:ma:maka can be used in lieu of te:tlamaka or te:tlama:maka given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. \qry Determine extent of loss of /m/ after objects. One of the few bitransitive basic verbs. Cf. Gram 1985-08-12.1. I have added the definition of /tlamaka/ based on my own memory of Nahuatl. This should be checked. \grm Note word order: /Xakah kimakas/ 'he won't give it to anyone.' As far as I can tell, the order ?kimakas xakah, with the object following is not correct. This might have to do with the nature of the preclitic /x-/. This clitic modifies the entire phrase and thus must be at the left. Possible is, however, /xkimakas yekah/. \grm Transitivity alternations: The verb maka is irregular in that it may be used in both. Oapan and Ameyaltepec as a simple transitive verb with the nonspecific object prefix te:-. Thus one may say kite:ma:maka nakatl 'He gives meat to people (one by one).' However, at times this verb is used without a specific object prefix: nite:ma:makas or nite:makas. A conversation might go, according to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) as follows, on toba:leh te:makas, ---tli:non kite:makas?, kite:makas tomi:n. It would seem that the deletion of the second object is not simply when it is unspecified, although the origin of this deletion might be the fact that tlamaka has be lexicalized as 'to feed'. Thus the form te:tlamaka has the culturally specific meaning in both Ameyaltepec and Oapan of 'to feed', it cannot be used simply to indicate that something not specified is given to people. Thus in a certain sense it might be that te:maka (or te:ma:maka can be used in lieu of te:tlamaka or te:tlama:maka given that this latter form has acquired a culturally specific meaning. \ref 02356 \lxa ma:ka \lxac ma:ka \lxo ma:ka \lxoc ma:ka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal-imp \se negative imperative that precedes either the future or the imperative \ss imperativo negativo que precede o el futuro o el imperativo \pna Ma:ka tikte:makas! \pea Don't be giving it to anyone! \psa ¡No se lo vayas a dar a nadie! \pna Ma:ka xya! \pea Don't go! \psa ¡No te vayas! \se (ma:s [predicate] ~ [noun or pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than \ss (ma:s [predicado] ~ [sustantivo o pronombre]) ser más [predicado] que \pna Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa. \pea You are older than I am. \psa Eres más grande que yo. \pna Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec. \pea Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec. \psa Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec. \se (~ ma [stative]) let it not be [stative] \ss (~ ma [estativo]) que no esté [estativo] \pna Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san aga:chitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia. \pea If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full. \psa Si te pica un ciempiés, te vas a aliviar solamente si tomas cién platos de atole, aunque sea nada más un poquito en cada uno, aunque no estén todos llenos. \se Don't! (negative pro form, with the predicate event understood from context) \ss ¡Qué no! (negativo de un predicado entendido por el contexto) \pna Ma:ka! \pea Don't! (do it, i.e., said for example to a child who is about to touch sth hot). \psa ¡No! (lo vayas a hacer, p. ej., dicho a un niño que está a punto de tocar algo caliente) \xrb ma: \xrb ka \mod Probably derived from optative /ma/ and /ka/ negative. Determine how to list this root. \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \grm Comparative: Note the following syntax: (ma:s [predicate] ~ [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than, i.e., /Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa/ 'You are older than I am.' or /Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec/ 'Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec.' \grm Stative; aspectual; reduplication: Note the use of /-tia/ (as well as /-to/) in the modal expression of a stative (that in the present would be /-tok/): /Deke o:mitskwah petlaso:lkowatl tipatis saka tikoni:s sié:n pla:tos de a:to:hli, ma:s san agachitsi:n, ma:ski ma:ka ma tete:ntia/ 'If a centipede stings you, you will get better only if you drink 100 bowls of atole, even if it's just a little bit in each, even if they aren't all full.' In this phrase the word /tete:ntia/ represents the use of reduplication to indicate repetition within a group of similar items, viewed as a whole. The ending /-tia/ represents the modal form of /-tok/, used as a stative (e.g., propositionally equivalent to /tete:ntok/). \ref 05342 \lxa ma:kakapaka \lxac ma:kakapakatiw \lxo ma:kakapaka \lxoc ma:kakapakatiw \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to make a drumming or clattering sound with ones hands or fingers \sso hacer un sonido como de traqueteo con las manos o dedos \seao to make a clattering sound with ones front hooves (e.g., a horse that is galloping) \ssao hacer un sonido como golpeteo con las patas delanteras (p. ej., un caballo galopeando) \xrb ma: \xrb kapa: \nse The word ma:kakapaka is often found with the aspectual endings -tiw, hence the Oapan citation form ma:kakapakatiw. \qry Check meaning, the present meaning given was elaborated from memory since no notes could be found. Recheck. \vl There are 7 female tokens of this word; all but the 5th, which is stuttered, should be tagged. There are also 6 male tokens. The first 3 are stuttered and should not be tagged. The last three should be tagged. Link the final (6th overall, 3rd and last of the good tokens) to the headword. Finally, after 6400 I asked Florencia and Inocencio to again repeat this word, it is not in sequence there, but the 4 tokens should be tagged as 6328. I believe that the male tokens there might provide the one to be linked, but check. \ref 06328 \lxa ma:kakapa:nia \lxac kima:kakapa:nia \lxo má:kapá:nia \lxoc kimá:kapá:nia; kimá:kakapá:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se (for an animal) to rear up and hit (sb) with its front legs \ss encabritar (un animal) y golpear con las piernas a \pna O:ne:chma:kakapa:nih noburroh. Tlawe:leh. \pea My donkey reared up and hit me with its forelegs. It is fierce. \psa Se encabritó mi burro y me golpeó con las piernas de adelante. Es bravo. \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb kapa: \nse Note that there is a difference between Oapan kimá:kapá:nia and kimá:kakapá:nia. The first refers to the action of an animal that hits with its front legs. Thus kimá:kapá:nia i:burroh. But if someone holds a child's hand and then slaps it repeatedly: kimá:kakapá:nia i:kone:w 'he repeatedly slaps his childs hand.' Equivalent is ma:té:tlatsí:nia or má:tlátlatsí:nia. Note the variation in patterns of reduplication. \nae The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is of problematical analysis. Kapa:nia has not underlying {h}, therefore one would not expect two high-pitched syllables on má:kapá:nia unless there were a reduplicant with coda {h}. This would be perfectly reasonable as reduplicants do occasionally reduce onto heavy (long-voweled) syllables, particularly when they refer to incorporated body parts. Under this analysis the underlying form would be {ma: + kah + kapa:nia}. Also, given the Ameyaltepec cognate kima:kakapa:nia, it would appear that the reduplicant (the first ka- syllable) has been "reduced" on the long vowel of the incorporated noun ma:-, an slightly unusual although fully documented process. The only reflex of the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem má:-, and there is no lengthening. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as kimá:kapá:nia. This would make sense phonologically, although the semantics of a reduplicated verb are not entirely transparent in this case. More problematical is the form má:kákapá:nia. There is obviously a rising high pitch on the syllable má:. It also appears quite certain that there is a high pitch on the first ká- syllable. In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, it certainly appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable má:- and the penultimate syllable pá:-. However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high pitch of má:- and pá:- on the one hand, and ka- (the 1st syllable of the stem). This is difficult to interpret. One possibility is that the high pitch on ká- is simply a result of a preceding high pitch on má:-. In this case the high pitch on má:- would represent reassignment (leftward shift) from the following syllable {kah}. This is possible, but brings out additional problems. Most importantly, it would mean that there is a semantic difference between a fully expressed reduplicant and a reduced reduplicant. There is no evidence that this occurs elsewhere and it would be highly unusual. Another possibility is that the form má:kákapá:nia has two reduplicants, what in other contexts results in "triplication" with the sense of 'here and there'. Thus one would have a reduplicated má:kapá:nia and a "triplicated" má:kákapá:nia (the parallel forms would be, for example, mimiliwi and mí:milíwa with the notable exception that with má:kákapá:nia the two reduplicants are separately realized, one is reduced onto the incorporated noun ma:- and the other is prefixed to the verb stem. For the present, given that the underlying form of this reduplicant syllable probably has {h} as a coda, it is assumed that one pitch accent derives from this overtly expressed reduplicant. Thus it appears that in addition to the reduced reduplicant on ma:-, there is a further reduplication (i.e., "triplication") that yields má:kákapá:nia (or perhaps má:kakapá:nia). Note that there is another complication, and this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem ma: in the two verbs. In the former, Oapan má:kapá:nia the arm or leg is the "instrument" with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With má:kákapá:nia the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a difference between these two forms or meanings. It might well be that the different meanings or functions of the incorporated noun (as the means of carrying out the verbal action, in má:kapá:nia, or as the location where the verbal action is effected, in má:kakapá:nia- \qry Check whether /má:tlátlasí:nia/ has an accent on /tlá/ as indicated. \pqry Check with a phonetician whether or not there is high pitch on the /ká/ of /má:kákapá:nia/. Find this word in the corpus; it is not online, and check p-a patterns. \grm NOTE: sound file not on internet: obtain and upload.Oapan reduplication; triplication The pitch accent on the two Oapan forms is not entirely clear. Obviously in both words there is a high pitch on the first syllable, má: and on the penultimate syllable pá:. The question is in regard to the pitch pattern on the reduplicated syllable ka- in the second word, kimá:kákapá:nia (or perhaps kimá:kákapá:nia). In the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino, it certainly appears that the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is at the same level as that of the preceding syllable má:- and the penultimate syllable pá:-. However, in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez the pitch level of this reduplicated syllable is about half-way between the high pitch of má:- and pá:- on the one hand, and ka- (the 1st syllable of the stem). For the present given that the underlying form of this reduplicant syllable probably has {h} as a coda. The next question concerns the motivation for pitch accent in the two parallel forms: kimá:kapá:nia and kimá:kákapá:nia. In the former, and given the Ameyaltepec cognate kima:kakapa:nia it would appear that the reduplicant (the first ka- syllable) has been "reduced" on the long vowel of the incorporated noun ma:-, an unusual although documented process. The only reflex of the reduplicant in this context is the pitch accent on the nominal stem má:-. Thus one has underlying {ki + ma: +kah +kapa:nia} surfacing as kimá:kapá:nia. In the second case, one that is not documented in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl, it appears that in addition to the reduced reduplicant, there is a further reduplication (i.e., "triplication") that yields má:kákapá:nia (or perhaps má:kakapá:nia). Note that there is another complication, and this relates to the role of the incorporated noun stem ma: in the two verbs. In the former, Oapan má:kapá:nia the arm or leg is the "instrument" with which the animal hits the person. Perhaps it would be best to consider the nominal stem fused into a new single verbal compound. With má:kákapá:nia the nominal stem is the place at which the event (slapping) takes place. It should be determined whether Ameyaltepec Nahuatl makes a difference between these two forms or meanings. \ref 04179 \lxa ma:kakayol \lxac i:ma:kakayol \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb ma: \xrb kayol \ref 08208 \lxa ma:kana:wa \lxac kima:kana:wa \lxo ma:kana:wa \lxoc kima:kana:wa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to clear out weeds by hand (in reference to clearing out the largest weeds in a milpa by pulling them up by the roots) \ss desherbar a mano (en referencia a la hierba más grande en una milpa, arrancándola a mano) \pna Yo:pe:w titlama:kukwi, tihkana:wa un xiwtli, tikma:kana:wa. \pea You have started to weed by hand, you are thinning out the weeds, you are thinning them out by hand. \psa Ya empezaste a desherbar a mano, estás haciendo más ralo la hierba, la estás quitando a mano. \se to make (sb's) hand tender (generally from excessive work with the hands; usually the use of the verb ma:kana:wa in this sense involves reduplication of the verbal root, ma:kakana:wa) \ss hacer que la mano (de algn) quede sensibilizada (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; a menudo este uso lleva la reduplicación de la raíz verbal, ma:kakana:wa) \xrb ma: \xrb kana: \nse It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between tila:wi 'to become thick or dense' and kana:wi 'to become thin.' In this acceptation of ma:kana:wa the incorporated noun root ma: is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb ma:kana:wi in which the incorporated noun stem is "possessed" by the subject (an example of "possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working hard in the fields, there is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. For another example of how transitivity alternations and noun incorporation interact, see notes under a:pochina:ltia. \qry Recheck for both meanings and their correctness: for ones hand to become worn and to weed. In the phrase about weeding the reference is to thinning out the weeds, uprooting the largest by hand. \grm Noun incorporation: It may be one of the two meanings given above is in error, or slightly idiosyncratic. In the first, 'to clear out weeds by hand' there is a clear relationship to the opposition between tila:wi 'to become thick or dense' and kana:wi 'to become thin.' In this acceptation of ma:kana:wa the incorporated noun root ma: is the instrument through which the primary object of the transitive verb, i.e., the weeds, are thinned out. In the second acceptation, which is perhaps a somewhat idiosyncratic and analogical extension from intransitive verb ma:kana:wi in which the incorporated noun stem is "possessed" by the subject (an example of "possessor raising"). However, like many other intransitive verbs that refer to processes that affect body parts, the transitive counterpart, at least from the perspective of transitivity alternation, is not a semantic equivalent. This is because whereas ones hands can become 'thinned' by working hard in the fields, there is less likelihood of an agent that would make these hands thin (although perhaps the stones, the labor itself, etc. are potential agents). Nevertheless, the point is that the relationship of incorporated noun to verb changes, often drammatically, between cognate forms of the same verb. \ref 01621 \lxa ma:kana:wi \lxac ma:kana:wi \lxo ma:kana:wi \lxoc ma:kana:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to get hands that are tender from overwork (the verbal stem is usually reduplicated: ma:kakana:wi) \ss sensibilizarle la mano a uno (generalmente por un exceso de trabajo con las manos; la raíz verbal generalmente se reduplica: ma:kakana:wi) \pna O:nima:kakana:w, xwel nihki:tskia tlaxkahli toto:nki. O:nimotlasiwi:tih ika o:nitlakwiste:w. \pea My hands have gotten tender, I can't grab a hot tortilla. I worked myself hard and fast in straightening up the milpa behind the plow. \psa Mis manos quedaron sensibles, no puedo agarrar una tortilla caliente. Me apuré demasiado en enderezar la milpa atrás de la yunta. \xrb ma: \xrb kana: \pqry As minimal pairs elicit: /ma:kana:wi/ (this entry), /ma kana:wi/ 'optative' and /ma: kana:wi/. \ref 05256 \lxa makate:wa \lxac kimakate:wa \lxo makate:wa \lxoc kimakate:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc V3-asp \der V3-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to leave in inheritance to \ss legar a \pna O:ne:chmakate:w noba:leh kwa:k o:mik. \pea My friend left it to me in inheritance when he died. \psa Mi amigo me lo dejó como herencia cuando se murió. \cfao maka \xrb maka \xrb e:wa \dis makate:wa; ka:wilite:wa \nse Makate:wa may have both the lexicalized meaning of 'to leave in inheritance to' and the more literal meaning 'to give to upon taking ones leave' as in timitsmakate:was notomi:n kwa:k yeniaw 'I will give you your money when I leave.' \ref 02180 \lxa ma:ka:wa \lxac kima:ka:wa \lxo ma:ka:wa \lxoc kima:ka:wa \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let loose (sth that was being held in the hands, e.g., a rope) \ss soltar (algo que uno estaba agarrando en la mano, p. ej., un laso) \pna Xma:ka:wa, xmoa:xka! \pea Let go of it, it isn't yours! \psa ¡Suéltalo, no es tuyo! \se to let off (work) \ss dejar ir (a algn después de trabajar todo el día con algn) \pna O:ne:xtio:tlaki:ltih, ye tlayewa o:ne:chma:ka:w. \pea He kept me till late in the afternoon, it was already dark when he let me go (released me from work). \psa Me detuvo hasta ya avanzada la tarde, ya era noche cuando me dejó salir (me dejó salir de un trabajo). \se to free (a prisioner); to let loose (an animal in captivity) \ss liberar (un prisionero); soltar (un animal capturado) \se (~ mi:hli) to stop using the plow on the field, letting it grow by itself (i.e., after having given it earth in early August) \ss (~ mi:hli) dejar de trabajar la milpa, dejándola crecer solo (después de haberle echado tierra con el arado a principios de agosto) \se to exhale (smoke, ones breath, etc.) \ss exhalar (humo, el aliento, etc.) \pna Kima:ka:was iiyo, xok kixi:ko:s. \pea He's going to let his breath out, he can't endure (holding it in) anymore. \psa Va a soltar su aliento, ya no aguanta (mantenerlo adentro). \se (refl.) to let go (from where one was holding on); to let oneself fall (by letting go of sth) \ss (refl.) soltarse (de donde uno estaba agarrando); dejarse caer (al soltarse) \pna O:noma:ka:w ipan benta:nah. \pea He let himself fall from a window (i.e., getting out, holding on, and then letting go) \psa Se dejó caer desde una ventana (esto es, saliendo, agarrándose, y después soltándose para caer). \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo). \psa Supo (se dió cuenta) que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejó caer (en este caso durante un jaripeo). \pna O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. \pea I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). \psa Salté de esa pared (donde estaba), me dejé bajar (intencionalmente). \se (refl. with i:pan + [NP]) to come loose from; to become detached from (after having been attached to) \ss (refl. con i:pan + [Np]) dejarse soltar; desprenderse de (algo que está como atado o junto a otra cosa) \pna Iswatl kwa:k yo:wa:k dya ipan kiawi, pipi:nia, noka:wa pipi:nki. Xwel tiswate:ka, ma:s tiktila:nas chika:wak xiska:n noma:ka:wa itech mi:lowatl. \pea When the corn leaves (that will be stripped and used as fodder) have dried and then are rained upon, they become fibery, they become tough. You can't strip them from the stalks, for as hard as you pull, they don't come off the stalk easily. \psa El zacate del maíz, cuando ya se secó y llueve sobre ello, se pone correoso, se queda correoso, ya no puedes zacatear, por más fuerte que jalas, no se desprende del tallo luego. \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to come apart (e.g., things that are joined or, together by glue, nails, etc.) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) separarse (p. ej., cosas que están pegados por pegamento, clavos, etc.) \pna Xpepecho mome:sah, yo:tlatlapo:w, ye nomama:ka:wtok. \pea Join (the boards of) your table together, it's started to open up, it's coming apart in places .(e.g., the boards that make up its surface). \psa Junta (las tablas) de tu mesa, ya se está abriendo en algunos lugares (esto es, las tablas se están separando), en algunos lugares ya se está separando. \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \xvaao ma:ka:wilia \xv1ao tlama:ka:wa \nse For a full discussion of terms used with plowing, see entry under teki. \ref 05544 \lxa ma:ka:wilia \lxac kima:ka:wilia \lxo ma:ka:wilia \lxoc kima:ka:wilia \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to let loose for (e.g., in letting out a rope for sb) \ss soltar para o a (p. ej., en ir soltando un laso para algn) \se to raise the volume of (a radio, record player, etc.); to turn up (the level of an electrical appliance); to speed up or accelerate (a car being drive, an animal being ridden, etc.) \ss subirle el volumen a (un radio, tocadiscos, etc.); hacer trabajar más fuerte a (un aparato eléctrico); accelarar (un coche manejado, un animal montado, etc. \pna Xma:ka:wili, xkakisti! \pea Turn it up (in this case the volume on a radio), it's not audible! \psa ¡Súbele el volumen (en este caso a un radio), no se oye! \se to exhale in the face of (e.g, smoke) \ss exhalar en la cara de; soltar (humo, etc.) en la cara de \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \xvbao ma:ka:wa \qry Check meaning of 'to exhale in the face of,' as this was entered from memory. I have also eliminated this def. as C. Flores did not agree to its validtiy: 'to free (a prisioner) for; to let out in the custody of' \ref 02598 \lxa ma:ka:wtok \lxac ma:ka:wtok \lxo ma:ka:htok \lxoc ma:ka:htok \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \inc [N-*V1]-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be left out to roam and graze (an animal such as a donkey, mule, cow, etc.) \ssao estar dejado suelto para apacentar (un animal como burro, mula, vaca, etc.) \pna I:tsi:ntlan momi:l, pakah un yo:lki. Tlakwa:s. San ma:ka:wtok. \pea There is an animal at the lower edge of your milpa. It will eat. It's been left out to graze. \psa Hay un animal por la parte abajo de tu milpa. Va a comer. Ha sido dejado en el campo para apacentar. \se to be lose (an animal such as a dog that is not tied up) \ss estar suelto (un animal como un perro que no está amarrado) \xrb ma: \xrb ka:wa \subadj burroh \subadj pió \subadj chichi \ref 00209 \lxa ma:kaxa:nia \lxac noma:kaxa:nia \lxo ma:kaxa:nia \lxoc noma:kaxa:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-trans; -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to let ones arm go slack \ss (refl.) aflojarse el brazo \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih. Xtili:ni moma! Nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi. Xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm slack (in this case not pulling tight on a tarabi:yah used to make cord). Hold your arm tight! It (the rope) has begun to twist up here. The threads are no longer laying nice and flat (on each other), in various places they are getting wound up around each other. \psa Dejaste aflojar el brazo. ¡Apriétalo! Aquí ya empezó (la soga) a torcer. Ya no se asientan bien (planos) los hilos, en algunos lugares ya se van enroscando. \xrb ma: \xrb kaxa: \qry Check for intransitive form. \ref 03711 \lxa ma:kelo:ni \lxac ma:kelo:ni \lxo ma:kelo:ni \lxoc ma:kelo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to severely sprain a joint in ones arm or hand (i.e., ones wrist or shoulder; see ma:peto:ni); to have ones arm or hand get severely sprained (but not dislocated) \ssao torcerse y lastimarse un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; véase ma:peto:ni); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no hasta luxarse) \xrb ma: \xrb kelo: \nse In Oapan according to Florencia Marcelino ma:kelo:ni is used when one is hit hard on the wrist. The bone doesn't break or get dislocated; in her words, san xa:kwaliwi 'it just gets badly bruised.' Many other speakers when describing the meaning of this word will place the outside of their hand down on a hard surface and push against it, forcing the palm into the wrist. It often happens to the front legs (called 'arms' in Nahuatl) of a donkey. \qry Check for transitive form. \ref 00321 \lxa ma:kelo:nia \lxac kima:kelo:nia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \seao to cause (sb) a severe sprain of a joint in the arm or hand \ssao torcer y lastimar un hueso en el brazo o mano (esto es, la muñeca o hombro; véase ma:peto:ni); torcersele dura o fuertemente el brazo a la mano (pero no hasta luxarse) \xrb ma: \xrb kelo: \nse Although Florencia Marcelino (Oa) did not accept the transitive form of kelo:ni given that according to her this action can only occur accidentally, Cristino Flores (Am) did accept it. Whether or not it is common is not clear. \ref 07834 \lxa ma:kextlan \lxac i:ma:kextlan \lxo ma:kextlah \lxoc i:ma:kextlah \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-tlan \infn N2 \seao wrist \ssao muñeca (de la mano) \se cuff (of a sleeve) \ss puño (de la manga de una camisa) \pna Tekomo:ntok mokoto:n ipan ima:kextlan. \pea The sleeves of your shirt are puffed-up around the cuff. \psa Las mangas de tu camisa están infladas por los puños. \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb kech \xrl -tlan \nse Cristino Flores (Am) was not familiar with the use of ma:kextlan to indicate the cuff of a shirt. However, this acceptation has been retained pending further study. \mod Perhaps create separate field for locative and pospositions, e.g. /- tlan/. In terms of category field, it is not clear whether this word should be N-lopo or N-rel. \ref 00402 \lxa ma:ki:sa \lxac ma:ki:sa \lxo ma:ki:sa \lxoc ma:ki:sa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to survive \ss sobrevivir; salvarse \pna Miahkeh o:mihkeh, san newa o:nima:ki:s. \pea Many died, only I survived. \psa Muchos murieron, solamente yo sobreviví. \pna O:ma:ki:s, xo:kimiktikeh. \pea He survived, they didn't kill him. \psa Se salvó, no lo mataron. \se to get out of a jam; to manage to avoid a burdensome obligation (such as obligatory village service) \ss salir de un apuro; liberarse de una obligación pesada (como un cargo en el pueblo) \pna O:ma:ki:s, xto:pi:letis. \pea He got out of it, he won't be a topile. \psa Se liberó, no va a ser topile. \seo to give birth successfully (a human or animal) \sso dar a luz con éxito (una mujer o un animal) \xrb ma: \xrb ki:sa \xvcao ma:ki:xtia \qry Note that one filecard had the following: /O:ma:ki:s, xo:te:kakaya:w/ which I had as meaning 'He fulfilled his obligation, he did not fool anyone.' Although I had this as a quote from conversation, the meaning is so different than the others that I have kept it as a query. Check other uses with this meaning. In one entry I had the note that the verb /ma:ki:sa/ in the sense of to become freed from an obligation is used only to refer to people who have managed to avoid cargo service. \vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens. The first female token is /ma ki:sa/. This should be tagged as #3757. It is the optative and the verb /ki:sa/. Then there are two additonal female tokens and 2 male tokens. Note that the 3rd female token (i.e., the 2nd and final token that represents 5718, remembering that the first token should be tagged as 3757) and the 1st male token are the ones that should be linked. \grm Vowel length: This word provides a minimal pair: /ma ki:sa/ and /ma:ki:sa/. A further contrast could be documented in Oapan with the negtive imperative: /ma: ki:sa/. \ref 05718 \lxa ma:ki:tskia \lxacpend kima:ki:tskia \lxo ma:ki:tsia \lxoa ma:ki:tskia \lxocpend kima:ki:tsia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der \infv class-2a \seao to hold the hand of \ssao agarrar la mano de; tomar (a algn) de la mano \xrb ma: \xrb ki:tski \ref 08851 \lxa ma:ki:xtia \lxac kima:ki:xtia \lxo ma:ki:xtia \lxoc kima:ki:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to save (from danger, an attack, etc.) \ss salvar (de un peligro, un ataque, etc.) \se to free from an obligation (e.g., by performing community cargo service for, for taking on the obligations of, etc.) \ss librar de una obligación a (p. ej., al cumplir con el cargo de, o asumir la obligación de algn) \pna Kima:ki:xtitok, ipa:mpa tekiti. \pea He is assuming an obligation for him (in this case a village cargo), he is working (performing service) in his stead. \psa Está cumpliendo con una obligación de él (en este caso un cargo del pueblo), está trabajando (haciendo servicio) en su lugar. \xrb ma: \xrb ki:sa \xvbao ma:ki:sa \nse This verb is often used to refer to holding a cargo for someone else, either as a favor (for a relative or household member) or for pay. \qry Note that I originally had a note that the verb /ma:ki:xtia/ was used ONLY to refer to holding a cargo in someone's stead. However, it would seem that the meaning of 'to save' is also valid. I have added this on the basis of my own understanding of Nahuatl, but it should be checked with a native speaker. \ref 02374 \lxa ma:kokoh \lxaa ma:kokon \lxac ma:kokoh \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \se type of non-biting ant, still unidentified \ss tipo de hormiga todavía no identificado, y que no muerde \pna Ma:kokoh, ke:n tsi:katl tlachia, san yewa ma:s pitsa:wak, itlakotiá:n pitsako:tsi:n. \pea The ma:kokon looks like the ant called tsi:katl, just that it's narrower, it's middle is really tiny and thin. \psa El ma:kokon parece como la hormiga que se llama tsi:katl sólo que es más delgado, en la parte en medio es chiquitito. \sem animal \sem insect \equivo ma:we:weyak \encyctmp tsi:katl \xrb ma: \xrb kon \nae The etymology of ma:kokon is uncertain (and the vowel length should be checked). However, animals are usually called by a name that in some way refers to their physical characteristics and this might be the case with ma:kokon, which might indicate something about the "arms" of this ant; or the etymology might be entirely different. \mod /ma:kokoh/ used to be another entry (#2002). Now this has been entered as an alternate pronunciation for /ma:kokon/, this entry. Check which is more common, and this should be made into the principal entry. \ref 06156 \lxa ma:koko:pi:l \lxac ma:koko:pi:l \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \se (often with short vowel reduplication ma:koko:pi:l) to be slow with ones hands; to be slow-handed (used generally in reference to women) \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta: ma:koko:pi:l) ser despacio en trabajar con las manos (utilizado generalmente en referencia a las mujeres) \synao ma:yo:li:k \xrb ma: \xrb ko:pi:l \nse This is a word only used in Ameyaltepec. In future versions of the dictionary it should be so coded. It refers to someone slow with their hands, and lazy. Literally, I have been told, it refers to the fact that the person's hands are cupped and thus they cannot grind corn, make tortillas, etc. I have only heard it so used in reference to a woman. \qry The fact that it only applies to women should be checked. Note also that in my original entry I had /ma:koko:pil/, with a short final /i/. However, in all other similar entries refering to "slow-pokes" the /i/ was long. I have thus changed the above to a long vowel, but in the future this should be rechecked. \ref 05036 \lxa ma:kokoxka:tia \lxac ma:kokoxka:tia \lxo ma:kokoxka:tia \lxoc ma:kokoxka:tia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea for ones arms (or hands) to be hurting \ssa tener los brazos (o manos) adoloridos \seo to get sick from being cuddled too much in sb's arms (e.g., a young pup) \sso enfermarse por estar apapachado demasiado tiempo (p. ej., un cachorro) \pno Ma:kokoxka:tia chichikone:tl, xpa tlaka:htli para nona:pálotós. \peo The young pup is getting sick (from being cuddled too much), it's not meant to be held so. \pso El cachorrito se está enfermando (por haber estado apapachado demasiado), no está hecho para estar abrazado. \xrb ma: \xrb koya \dis makokoxkatia; makuhtia \nse The question of etymology and whether the reference is to pain or sickness is well illustrated here. The Ameyaltepec lexeme refers to pain, perhaps from sickness (this is still not clear). The Oapan lexeme clearly refers to sickness. The signification of 'pain' seems to come from the verbal root kowa, as in the Ameyaltepec transitive verb kukwa and Oapan's kokowa. The signification of illness seems to relate to the stem koya, which has a "combinatory" form kokoxka:. \qry Check carefully this entry. First it is important to check the meaning as to whether this refers to pain from an illness or from overwork. Also, I have changed this entry. My original file card had /timomacocoxcatiac/ and /nimomacocoxcatitok/. This would almost certainly be an error, since the perfective /-tiak/ and the relationship to the intransitive /kokoka:tia/ suggest that /ma:kokoxka:tia/ is intransitive. Thus it should not have a reflexively marked subject. Nevertheless this should be checked. Check what other body parts might be incorporated. Further research words with /kokoya/ and /kokowa/. \ref 00841 \lxa ma:kokoxka:tilia \lxac kima:kokoxka:tilia \lxo ma:kokoxka:tilia \lxoc kima:kokoxka:tilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tilia \infv class-2a \seo to make ill (e.g. a pet such as a puppy) by holding and cuddling to much \sso hacer enfermar (p. ej., una mascota como un perrito) por apapachar demasiado \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \ref 07031 \lxa ma:koltostik \lxac ma:koltostik \lxo má:koltóstik \lxoc má:koltóstik \dt 13/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) (Oa) \pa yes-rdp \se to have a cramped, twisted, and shriveled hand (e.g. from arthritis) \ss tener la mano torcida y encogida (p. ej., de artritis) \xrb ma: \xrb koltots \nae The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In the recording for the verbal ma:koltotsiwi no pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most readily offered by consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was reduplicated, probably indicating the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated, process of cramping. \vl The first female token is /ma:koltotsiwi/; however there is some static so don't tag it at all. The last male token also has static. In general be careful not to link (or even tag if there is a lot of static) the defective tokens. The second good female token seems the best. \grmx The motivation for the pitch-accent in Oapan is unclear but it seems to be from underlying reduplication, perhaps indicating the multiplicity of places that are affected. In the recording for the verbal ma:koltotsiwi no pitch-accent mark was introduced indicating that the unmarked verbal form (in this case that which was most readily offered by consultants) is not reduplicated, probably referring to a single event or process. The unmarked (spontaneously given) adjectival form, however, was reduplicated, probably indicating the multiple locations at which the problem is located, while the verbal form is not reduplicated, indicating the single, perhaps isolated, process of cramping. \rt Check the etymological analysis of /koltotsiwi/ and its possible relation with /kol/. \ref 05310 \lxa ma:koltotsiwi \lxac ma:koltotsiwi \lxo ma:koltotsiwi \lxoc ma:koltotsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get hands such as those deformed from arthritis or severe rheumatism \ss tener las manos encogidas como por artritis o reumas \xrb ma: \xrb koltots \nae See the comments under má:koltóstik (Oa) for a discussion of pitch accent in this word and its derivations. Note that although Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez both gave ma:koltotsiwi in citation, they did accept the form má:koltotsíwi as also correct. \qry Check to see if /ma:koltotse:wi/ exists. \ref 05364 \lxa ma:koltotsiwilistli \lxac ma:koltotsiwilistli \lxacpend ma:koltotsiwilistli \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08681 \lxa mako:pi:lowa \lxac kima:ko:pi:lowa \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to bunch together the branches of (e.g., tepe:tomatl) \ssa juntar en un montón las ramas de (p. ej., de una planta de tepe:tomatl) \xrb ma: \xrb ko:pi:l \xrb pil \qry I originally had an entry /mapilowa/ as 'to point one finger at'; but this appears to be in error. \qry Vowel length uncertain. See the note with /mapi:lwia/ in which it is said that although /mapihli/ has a short vowel, /mapi:lwia/ has been found to have a long vowel (actually, this should be checked once all the sound files are complete). \ref 04663 \lxa ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxac ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxo ma:ko:tsi:liwi \lxoc ma:ko:tsi:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get a cramp in ones arm or hand \ss tener o sentir un calambre en el brazo o la mano \xrb ma: \xrb ko:tsil \qry Check for possible transitive form ?ma:ko:tsilowa. \pqry Recheck/confirm vowel length. \ref 02606 \lxa ma:ko:tsi:liwistli \lxac *ma:ko:tsi:liwistli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb ma: \qry It is not clear if this is a word. C. Flores could not pronounce it and always used the verbal form. \ref 08149 \lxa ma:kowa \lxac kima:kowa \lxo ma:kowa \lxoc kima:kowa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3b(ow) \se to give manual labor to (sb) in exchange for an obligation for future help \ss prestar mano de obra a (algn) por la obligación (de esta persona) para prestar ayuda después \pna O:mitsma:ko:w, xo:tiktlaxtla:wilih. \pea He worked for you in exchange for future labor, you didn't pay him (a wage or similar remuneration). \psa Trabajó por tí en cambio por la obligación para ayudarlo después, no le pagaste (un sueldo o remuneración en especie). \pna Mo:stla nitlama:kowas. \pea Tomorrow I'm going to work for someone in exchange for a commitment to return the labor obligation later. \psa Mañana voy a trabajar para alguien quien después me dará su mano de obra en reciprocidad. \se to give (sth [Obl]) to (sb [PO]) in exchange for the obligation to return the same thing (or value) later (e.g., when one gives a carton of beer to a family whose child is marrying, or a cut of cloth to the bride, etc. in expectation that the same item will later be reciprocated during a similar occasion) \ss dar (algo [Obl]) en cambio a (algn [PO]) por la obligación de devolver el mismo (o el mismo valor) después (p. ej., al regalar un cartón de cerveza a una familia cuyo hijo o hija se casa, o una corte de tela para la novia, en espera que la misma cosa será devuelta después) \se (refl.-recipr.) to reciprocal labor exchange, first at one persons worksite then at that of the other \ss (refl.-recipr.) prestar mano de obra de manera recíproca, una persona ayudando a otra y después éste ayudando al primero \pna Ma timomakowaka:n, axtopa nia:s motla:lpan! \pea Let's exchange labor, first I'll go to work in your fields! \psa ¡Vamos a prestar mano de obra, primero voy a ir a trabajar en tu terreno! \seo (recipr. reduplicated with short vowel, or refl. with oblique: nó:makówah or -wa:n nó:ma:kówa) to be lesbians; to have a lesbian relationship with \sso (recipr. reduplicado con vocal corta, o refl. con obliqua: nó:makówah, o -wa:n nó:ma:kówa) ser lesbianas; tener una relación lesbiana con \pno Nochipa nowi:katimi, kas nó:ma:kówah. \peo They always go around together, perhaps they are lesbians. \pso Siempre andan juntos, quizá sean lesbianas. \xrb ma: \xrb ko:wa \nse Ma:kowa is etymologically 'hand-buy' and is used in regional Spanish by individuals from towns in which Nahuatl was previously spoken as a borrowing: macuhuas. Although it seems most commonly used to refer to labor exchange, it can also refer to the delayed reciprocal exchange of gifts, as occurs in marriage. This delayed reciprocity, indeed, seems to be the essence of tlama:kowa. Note that in Oapan the reciprocal use of this term has the sense of a lesbian, illicit relationship \ref 01612 \lxa ma:kpahli \lxac ma:kpahli \lxo ma:hpahli \lxoc ma:hpahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-pal \infn N1/2 \se (usually possessed) palm (of ones hand) \ss (generalmente poseído) palma (de la mano) \se measure from the tip of ones thumb to that of the little finger in an outstretched hand \ss medida que va desde la punta del pulgar al del dedo meñique de una mano extendida \pna Kipia se: makpahli. \pea It measures on hand span. \psa Mide una mano. \sem measure \xrb ma \xrl -k(o); -pal \encyctmp measures \qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/ \vl Cf. the first syllable in Oapan /ma:hpahli/. It appears to be devoiced; this should be compared later to initial /ma:p-/ sequences. \ref 02939 \lxa ma:kpahli pani \lxac i:ma:kpal pani \lxo ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \der \infn \se \ss \se \xrb ma \xrl -k(o); -pal; pan \qry Recheck vowel length. Note that /-ma:k/ is listed as long. Compare the two. Note that apparently I had Am originally with a short initial /a/; this should be checked. Also, check Oapan /ma:hp-/ against other words such as /ma:pala:ni/ \ref 08044 \lxa makpalpepetsiwi \lxac makpalpepetsiwi \lxo ma:hpalpetsiwi \lxoc ma:hpalpetsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. -rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to have ones palms get become smooth (from lack of work, i.e., not being calloused) \ss quedarsele las palmas lisas (esto es, por falta de trabajar y, por esta razón, no tener callos) \pna O:nimakpalpepetsiw, xkaman nitekiti. \pea My palms have become smooth, I never work (i.e., do manual labor that might have calloused by hands) \psa Se alisaron mis palmas, nunca trabajo (esto es, con las manos lo que hubiera causado callos). \xrb ma: \xrb pets \xrl -k(o); -pal \qry From my notes it is not altogether clear whether this verb describes how hands that are tender from lack of work become shiny and smooth from sudden work, or whether the hands become smooth from simple inactivity; I believe the latter is the key. \vl There are 3 good female tokens and 2 male ones. Link the second female and 2nd male tokens. \grm Oapan phonology, reduplication: Note that in this form there is no reduplication of the reduplication: /ma:hpalpépe:tsíwi/. The reason for the lack of reduction is not clear at this point since it seems that the /a/ of /pal/ is short. \ref 06035 \lxa ma:ktilia \lxac kima:ktilia \lxo ma:htilia \lxoc kima:htilia \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to give legal possession (of sth such as a plot of land, an animal, etc.) to \ss dar a posesión legal (de algo como un terreno, un animal, etc.) a \pna O:kima:ktilih tomi:n . \pea He turned the money over to him (legally, so that it would always be his). \psa Le entregó el dinero (legalmente, para que siempre fuera suyo). \xrb ma: \xrl -k(o) \nae The presence of a slight aspiration, the reflex of /k/, is difficult to discern in the Oapan variant kima:htilia and should be studied in more acoustic detail. \qry Here and elsewhere check for the vowel length in /tomin/. In the above phrase I had it recorded as long, but I have now changed it provisionally to short, based on what I have recorded elsewhere. Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money. But is this is a ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check. \pqry The presence of \grm Note /O:kima:ktilih tomin/ which seems to have a primary and secondary object: he gave legal possession to him (the marked object with the prefix) of money. But is this is a ditransitive, then what is the transitive. Is there /imaktia/ or even /imaktla/? Check. \ref 04180 \lxa ma:kukwa \lxac kima:kukwa \lxo ma:kokowa \lxoc kima:kokowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b (Oa); irregular (Am), cf. kukwa \seao to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of \ssao doler o herir ligeramente el brazo (o, menos comunmente, la mano) de \seao to hurt the forelegs of (an animal) \ssao herir o lastimar las patas delanteras de (un animal) \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \qry Check etymology in entry for /kukwa/ and standardize with the present entry. Check for transitive form with definite direct objects. \ref 00611 \lxa ma:kukwalo \lxac ma:kukwalo \lxo má:kwaló \lxoc má:kwaló \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-pass \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a(oni) \pa yes-rdp \seo to have ones arms stiffen or get sore (particularly from being in one position for an extended length of time, but also from excessive work; see ixí:kwaló \sso agarrotarsele o entumecersele a uno los brazos o manos, o que se quedan adoloridos (particularmente por haber estado en la misma posición por mucho tiempo, pero también por haber trabajado mucho; véase ixí:kwaló \syna ma:kuwtia \syno má:kokóhtia \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \xvco má:kwaló:tla \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at the record 6997, which should be tagged as 6768. \ref 06768 \lxa ma:kukwalotla \lxac kima:kukwalotla \lxo má:kwaló:tla \lxoc kimá:kwaló:tla \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \seo to make (sb) get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and stiff) \sso hacer que se le quede el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el cuerpo) \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \xvba má:kwaló \ref 06882 \lxa ma:kukwi \lxac kima:kukwi \lxo má:kwikwí \lxoa má:kwí \lxoc kimá:kwikwí \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se to weed (a particular field) by hand \ss desherbar (un campo en particular) a mano \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \xv1a tlama:kukwi \xv1o tlamá:kwí \ono mi:hli \nse This may be compared to ma:kwi:kwi 'to grab at the arm of' (as a drunk does to others). \qry Check for presence of /h/ in other dialects (San Juan Tetelcingo) or for irregular stress reflex in Oapan. Also query for use with a definite object, and, if an object is acceptable (e.g., /kima:kukwi/) question as to what the object references. (i.e. if the object refers to the field being weeded or the actual herbs/weeds being pulled out. Unlike other verbs which refer to planting activity, this is used with /tla-/ to indicate the general action. Apparently the use of the definite object prefix /ki-/ indicates that one weeded a particular field or plot. This should be checked. Cf. to use of object prefixes with other verbs such as /to:ka/, /ye:kpowa:/, etc. \qry Re: /tlamá:kwí/: Check whether one can in Oapan say also /tlamá:kwikwí/. Note that for the non-tla form the citation form is /kimá:kwikwí/. Likewise, under /má:kwikwí/ check whether one can also say /kimá:kwí/? \grm Many verbs that refer to actions connected with planting will accept the nonreferential object /k-/ but not /tla-/. Note how this is different. Check. \ref 05499 \lxa ma:kuwso \lxac noma:kuwso \lxo ma:kohso \lxoc noma:kohso \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \se (refl.) to get a splinter or thorn in the hand or arm \ss (refl.) entrarsele una astilla o espina por la mano o el brazo \xrb ma: \xrb kow \xrb so \qry Check to see if only reflexive is used, i.e. possibility of ??ne:chma:kuhso. \ref 05775 \lxa ma:kuwtia \lxac ma:kuwtia \lxo ma:kohtia \lxoc ma:kohtia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to get a stiff and sore arm (or hand; e.g., from actions such as continuous chopping of wood, digging for a long time, or other activities that leave ones muscles aching and stiff; in Oapan this meaning is conveyed by the reduplicated form má:kokóhtiá or by the synonym má:kwaló) \ss quedarsele el brazo (o la mano) exhausto, adolorido y tieso (p. ej., por haber leñado por mucho tiempo o por haber mantenido una misma posición en que se entumece el cuerpo; en Oapan este significado se expresa por la forma de reduplicada: má:kokóhtia o por el sinónimo má:kwaló) \seo to get a strong arm (e.g., as one gets older) \sso adquirir un brazo fuerte (p. ej., al crecer con la edad) \syno má:kwaló \xrb ma: \xrb kow \xvaa ma:kuwtilia \xvao ma:kohtilia \nse Oapan manifests a complete semantic break between the nonredupicated ma:kuwtia 'to get a strong arm (as one gets older)' and má:kokohtia 'to get a stiff and sore arm.' However, it appears that the latter sense is more often conveyed by má:kwaló. \nae Note that in Oapan the reduplicated form here means 'to get a stiff arm (from working).' This explains the reduced reduplication in tsí:nkuwtiá. \ref 03008 \lxa ma:kuwtik \lxac ma:kuwtik \lxo ma:kohtik \lxoc ma:kohtik \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to have a strong arm (or hand) \ss ser fuerte de brazo (o de mano) \xrb ma: \xrb kow \qry Check if anything other than a person (or animal?) can be /ma:kuhtik/. \pqry Check phonetics with phonetician. \ref 05081 \lxa ma:kuwtilia \lxac noma:kuwtilia \lxo ma:kohtilia \lxoc noma:kohtilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to tighten or tense ones arm or hand (e.g, in making a strong effort to hold onto sth, or in pullling hard on sth, etc.) \ss (refl.) apretar o tensar el brazo o la mano (p. ej., en hacer un esfuerzo para que algo se le vaya de las manos, o en jalar fuerte a algo, etc.) \pna Xmoma:kohtili, ma:ka mitsma:tla:nis! \pea Tense your arm, don't let it win out over you! \psa ¡Pon fuerte a tu brazo, qué no se te vaya a ganar! \xrb ma: \xrb kow \cfa ma:chika:wa \dis makuhtilia; ma:chika:wa \ref 06192 \lxa ma:kwe:chowa \lxac kima:kwe:chowa \lxo ma:kwe:chowa \lxoc kima:kwe:chowa \dt 25/Apr/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to crush or grind up in ones hand (e.g., chile seco) \ss triturar en las manos (p. ej., chile seco) \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:cho \ref 06190 \lxa ma:kwelpachiwi \lxac ma:kwelpachiwi \lxo ma:kwelpachiwi \lxoc ma:kwelpachiwi; má:kwelpachíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-(S-V2) \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \seo for the forelegs to double forward, often causing a fall (e.g., to an animal such as a donkey) \sso quedarsele las patas delanteras dobladas hacia adelante, a menudo haciendo que se caiga (p. ej., un animal como un burro) \cfa ma:tetlanwia \xrb ma: \xrb kwel \xrb pach \nae The reduced reduplication má:kwelpachíwi indicates that both legs of an animal so doubled. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note that the singular and plural form are separated by PA alone: /ma:kwelpachiwi/ for the singular; and /má:kwelpachíwi/ for the plural. Again, this is body part incorporation and it seems that such incorporation acts like the vowel-initial forms such as /a:polaki/ except that with body-part incorporation it is the verb stem that reduplicates. In such cases it appears that the reduction of reduplication occurs only when the preceding vowel is short. However, there are exceptions to this, as the present case attests. A review of many occurrences (e.g., with /kwa:/, /i:xte:m/, /ma:/, etc.) suggests that body part incorporated nouns act different than other incorporated nouns in that only the former accept PA alone to indicate reduplication. This seems to be very, very common and should be explored fully. There are a few exceptions, such as /tlaké:sohlí/, where a long vowel of a preceding IN accepts stress to indicate reduplication. Compare the vowel length of the sing. and pl.: /ma:kwelpachiwi/ and /má:kwelpachíwi/. \vl Be careful. There are 6 female tokens. The first is /má:kwelpachíwi/. The 2nd and 3rd is /ma:kwelpachiwi/ (without pitch accent) and the 4th, 5th and 6th are again /má:kwelpachíwi/, with pitch accent. Tag all and link as indicated above. The male tokens: the first two are without pitch accent as /ma:kwelpachiwi/ and the last 3 are with pitch accent /má:kwelpachíwi/. The final concatenated sound file should have two tokens (F-M) with no pitch accent and two tokens (F-M) with pitch accent. \ref 07092 \lxa ma:kwepa \lxac kima:kwepa \lxo ma:kopa \lxoc kima:kopa \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seo to turn over with ones hand \sso voltear con la mano \xrb ma: \xrb kwepa \qry The meaning is uncertain and has been derived from my understanding of the meaning of the component parts and the nature of Nahuat incorporation. It should be checked. \ref 06321 \lxa ma:kwepo:ntok \lxac ma:kwepo:ntok \lxo ma:kopo:ntok \lxoc ma:kopo:ntok \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have ones cuffs folded back \ss tener los puños (de una camisa) doblados \pna Timakukwepo:ntok, ne:si ye pe:wa titekitis. \pea You have the cuffs of your shirt folded back, it seems that you are about to start working. \psa Tienes los puños (de la camisa) doblados, parece que ya vas a trabajar. \xrb ma: \xrb kwepo: \ref 04509 \lxa ma:kwe:xtilia \lxac kima:kwe:xtilia \lxo ma:kwe:xtilia \lxoc kima:kwe:xtilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to grind up finely in ones hands (e.g., brittle things such as oregano, dried chile, etc.) \ss moler finamente en las manos (p. ej., cosas quebradizas como orégano, chile seco, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb kwe:ch \qry Determine whether one can say /ma:kwe:chowa/ and whether the two are equivalent in meaning and argument structure, i.e., whether they both have as argument the material that is crushed. If this is the case, note the use of /-lia/ as a means of valency increase. There is no inchoative with this verb *ma:kwe:xtia or *ma:kwe:xti. Nor is there an adjectival *ma:kwe:xtik. Nevertheless, there is an equivalent without instrumental /ma:/ as incorporated noun, i.e., /kwe:xtik/. Note that with /kwe:xtilia/, at least according to my notes, it is the material into which the ground-up thing is added that is the primary object, whereas in /ma:kwe:xtilia/ it is the ground-up object itself. Note, then, that in my notes at this point /kwe:xtilia/ is a ditransitive whereas /ma:kwe:xtilia/ is a transitive. However, I think it would be erroneous to consider /ma:/ as valency reducing incorporation. Rather, there are two different /-tilia/'s. The first is an applicative and the second a causative. At least this is a preliminary observation. The two forms should be compared and studied. \ref 01701 \lxa ma:kwi:hli \lxac ma:kwi:hli \lxo ma:kwihli \lxoc ma:kwihli \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm Num \der N-dvb-pas \se five \ss cinco \pna Nochipa ika makwi:hli \pea (It is done) all the time with five. \psa (se hace) todo el tiempo con cinco. \sem num \xrb mah \xrb kwi \nae The length of the first /i/ in Oapan seems short in the recording, but Roberto Mauricio asserted that the vowel is long (as it seems to be in Ameyaltepec). Data from other dialects varies. Tetelcingo, Morelos, has the reflex of a long vowel. Pipil has a short vowel. Carochi seems to vary in this regard. The recordings need to be checked, although it may be that Ameyaltepec has a long vowel and Oapan a short vowel. \qry In neighboring dialects it will be able to check for the presence of /h/. It may also be that the /a/ is long; I have recorded it as short although FK gives /ma:cuilli/. Note that in one entry I have recorded /ma:kwi:hli/, thus vowel length should defnitely be checked. \pqry During recording I seemed to hear C. Flores with a long /i/. Check and cf to Oapan. \ref 04027 \lxa ma:kwi:kwi \lxac kima:kwi:kwi \lxo ma:kwi:kwi \lxoc kima:kwi:kwi \dt 23/Apr/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se to grab (at) the arm of \ss asir o agarrar (a) el brazo de \pna Ne:chma:kwi:kwitiw in tla:wa:nke:tl. \pea This drunkard goes along grabbing at my arm. \psa Ese borracho me va agarrando el brazo. \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \cfo má:kwí \ref 06011 \lxa ma:kwilowa \lxac kima:kwilowa \lxo má:ikwilówa \lxoc kimá:ikwilówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to write by hand; to write out in script (e.g., a letter, a sign, etc.) \ss escribir (algo como una carta, etc.) a mano \cfa tlatepospacho:hli \cfa tlama:kwilo:hli \cfo tlamá:ikwiló:hli \xrb ma: \xrb hkwil \nse Preliminary notes suggest that this refers specifically to writing in script, not block letters. \qry Check to see whether this refers to all types of writing (script and block). \ref 04450 \lxa ma:kwi:tia \lxac kima:kwi:tia \lxo ma:kwi:tia \lxoc kima:kwi:tia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \tran -Base \infv class-2a \se to hand directly over to; to place in the hand of \ss entregar directamente a; colocar en la mano de \pna Xo:tine:chma:kwi:tih. \pea You didn't hand it to me directly. \psa No me lo entregaste directamente. \xrb ma: \xrb kwi \qry Apparently monotransitive form ?/ma:kwi/ does not exist, but this should be checked. \grm The behavior of /kwi/ with causatives and incorporated nouns is interesting and should be further studied. \vl Link 2nd female token. NOTE TO SELF: Recheck phonetics of /-i:tia/ sequence in all causatives from /kwi/. This should be one "set" for comparison. \ref 03598 \lxa ma:kwitlapan \lxac i:ma:kwitlapan \lxo ma:kwitlapan \lxoa ma:kwitlapah \lxop ma:kwitlapan \lxoc i:ma:kwitlapah \dt 27/Jan/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-poss-kwitlapan \infv N2 \seao back of the hand \ssao el revés de la mano \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrl -kwitlapan \ref 00427 \lxa ma:kwixtok \lxac kima:kwixtok \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-Durative \infv Durative \sea to be holding or grabbing (sth) in ones hand \ssa estar agarrando o asiendo (algo) en la mano \pna Kima:kwixtinemi. \pea He goes around grabbing it in his hand. \psa Anda agarrándolo en la mano. \syno ma:pixtok \xrb ma: \xrb hkwiya \nse Both ma:kwixtok (Am) and ma:pixtok (Oa) have only been documented with a durative (progressive) or with certain aspectual endings (such as -tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa)). They have not been found without one of these two types of endings. The inflectional paradigm (verb class) varies in accord with the ending. The etymology of ma:kwixtok is not clear, but perhaps includes the root hkwiya, which is usually found preceded by te (cf. tekwiya and other forms with an incorporated noun stem). \nae The simple intransitive ?ma:kwia has not been documented. In other words that seem to have the same kwiya element, it is always preceded by te and has the meaning of 'to roll up.' It seems like this element is the same as appears in ma:kwixtok, which suggests that tekwia is underlyingly {te + kwiya}. \ref 05565 \lxa malaí:k \lxac malaí:k \lxo ---- \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal \se (often followed by a verbal phrase headed by ma or x) may it be that never; who cares if never (in reference to an event or action) \ss (a menudo seguido por una frase verbal encabezado por ma o x) ¡ojalá que nunca! ¡aunque nunca! (en referencia a un evento o acción) \pna Malaí:k wits! \pea May he never come! \psa ¡Ojalá que nunca venga! \pna Malaí:k ma weli! Itekiw xya:s eskwe:lah. \pea May he never learn! He's surely not going to go to school. \psa ¡Qué nunca aprenda! De por si nunca va a ir a la escuela. \pna Malaí:k xne:chaka! Yo:tine:chawak! \pea May you never it it to me! You already scolded me (that is, you already angrily told me that you wouldn't give it to me)! \psa ¡Qué nunca me lo des! ¡Ya me regañaste (esto es, ya me dijiste que no me lo ibas a dar)! \pna Malaí:k xne:chpale:wi:ti! \pea Don't ever both to go and help me at all (said in anger, for example, if a person has promised to help me and then not showed up, I might utter the previous)! \psa ¡Entonces, que nunca me vayas a ayudar (dicho con enojo, por ejemplo si algn ha prometido ayudarme y después no apareció, quizá podría yo decir lo anterior)! \equivo mala:ya \xrb ma \xrb ah \xrb i:k \nse 'Malaí:k is often translated into Spanish by 'aunque no...,' i.e., if someone asks for something and is not given it, the person who had first requested the item may say, Malaí:k xne:chaka 'Don't ever give it to me then (see what I care)' (or something similar).' It seems clear that the first element of aí:k is the negative particle without the coda glottal stop. FK notes under ai:c that 'the first element of this is from the negative particle ah- and is often written ay. If i:k is related to i:ka, then it is not difficult to assume that /k/ deletes in Oapan Nahuatl, leading to the aya sequence noted in the headword. Finally, although the first element is undoubtedly the optative, the meaning or origin of the /l/ is not clear. \nae Malaí:k and mala:ya probably derive from the optative particle ma and the adverbial aí:k (Note that Molina lists ayc 'nunca, o en ningún tiempo.' The question of vowel length in the latter form is discussed under the Oapan headword entry. \qry Recheck first vowel since in one entry filecard I have recorded /ma:laí:k/. \vl Tag the Oapan tokens here as additional tokens for 5651. \rt a:(2) is to be xrefd with /ah/ 'negative'. \ref 02712 \lxa malakachowa \lxac kimalakachowa \lxo malakachowa \lxoc kimalakachowa \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to go around (a fixed object, e.g., house) \sso rodear; pasar por el perímetro de (p. ej., una casa) \pno Xtihmatih tli:n topan wetsis. Mila:k te:xte:tsa:wiyah i:n tsómaméh, ta san nika:n tlamalakachótokéh tokwa:tipan. \peo We don't know what is going to happen to us. The buzzards are really giving us a bad omen, they are just circling around above us. \pso No sabemos que nos va a pasar. Los zopilotes nos traen mal agüero, está girando sobre nuestras cabezas. \pno O:kimalakachoh i:kal ya:n xo:chitl. \peo He encircled his house with flowers (e.g., planted in the earth). \pso Le puso flores (sembradas) por todo el alrededor de su casa. \pno San tlamalakáchotími, xkanah noteketsa. \peo He's just going around in circles (e.g., in his car), he doesn't stop anywhere. \pso Solamente anda dando vueltas (p. ej., en su coche), no se para en ningún lado. \se (with a directional affix) to pay a quick or short visit to; to quickly (go or come to) check out or up on (e.g., the state of an animal or field) \ss (con un afijo direccional) hacer una visita corta a; (ir o venir para) rapidamente checar sobre el estado de (p. ej., la salud de un animal, el estado de un sembradío) \pna San o:timitsmalakacho:ko. \pea I just came to pay you a quick visit. \psa Solamente vine a dar una vuelta rápida para verte. \pna San xmalakacho:ti moba:kah! \pea Just go take a quick look at your cow (e.g., to see how it is doing after having given birth)! \psa ¡Solamente vete a echar una rápida mirada a tu vaca (p. ej., para ver como está después de haber dado a luz)! \pno Xkonmalakacho:tiwetsi mona:n! \peo Go pay a quick visit to your mother! \pso ¡Ve a darle una vuelta rápida a la casa de tu mamá! \xrb malakach \xvco tlamalakacho:ltia \qry Check /tlamalakacho:ltia/ and if possible without /tla-/ then add entry for /malakacho:ltia/ and correct this xref. \ref 05286 \lxa malakakuwtli \lxac malakakuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of tree still not identified \ssa tipo de árbol todavía no identificado \pna Malakakuwtli | Bwe:noh para mori:yos, sole:rah. \pea Malakakuwtli : It is good for house beams and main support beams. \psa Malakakuwtli : Es bueno para morillos y soleras. \xrb malaka \xrb kow \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \cfo malakawistli \nct kohtli \ref 08595 \lxa malakateyo:hli \lxac malakateyo:hli \lxo malakateyo:hli \lxoc malakateyo:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2 \se hard clay ball, usually with a design, that is placed on the shaft of a spindle-whorl \ss bolita de barro cocido, generalmente con elaborado con un diseño, que se coloca sobre la madera de un malacate \sem tool-house \xrb malaka \xrb te \xrb yo:l \mod Illustrate. \grm Oapan phonology: Check length of /o:/. It is probably long, but this word might be a good example of how overall word length has an impact on vowel duration. This aspect of phonology has been studied. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03603 \lxa malakatl \lxac malakatl \lxo malakatl \lxoc malakatl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se spindle-whorl \ss malacate \sem tool-house \xrb malaka \ilustmp Illustrate \rt Undoubtedly related to the verb /mali:na/ in some way. Check etymology and other words with /mal/ that seem to indicate twisting. \ref 02638 \lxa mala:ya \lxac mala:ya niá:skia \lxo mala:ya \lxoc mala:ya tia:sia \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm Modal \der Modal \seo it would have been just as well not (e.g., in reference to an action that the speaker is indifferent) \sso hubiera sido bien si no (p. ej., en referencia a una acción) \pno $05651_01_oa$Mala:ya tia:sia. \peo It would have been just as well had you not gone. \pso Hubiera sido bien si no te fuiste. \seo may it be that (in reference to an event or action) \sso ojalá que (en referencia a un evento o acción) \equiva malaí:k \xrb ma \nse The meaning and use of this Oapan Nahuatl term needs further exploration. Apparently it is always found preceding a verbal predicate, unlike Ameyaltepec malaí:k which seems to function as well as a simple interjection: Malaí:k! 'May it never be!' However, the precise context of use of Oapan mala:ya needs to be further researched. For now, an approximation seems to be that it expresses a speaker's expression of disdain, that something that had occurred (in the past) might just as well have not occurred, or that something that might occur (in the future) could just as well not occur (i.e., speaker has little interest if it happens or not). However, much more research needs to be done. \nae Mala:ya probably derives from the optative particle ma, but the etymology is still not clear. Likewise, vowel length is still problematical and several more examples of this word will need to be obtained. In the eight tokens recorded so far the length relationship between the first and second /a/ is 72:96, 66:98, 85:105, and 81:107 for Florencia Marcelino, and 101:103, 96:94, 92:110, and 99:107 for Inocencio Jiménez. At times initial vowel seems definitely long, but no sure determination has yet been made. For now it has been written as short. \qry Recheck vowel length since the card on which this word is recorded was from the first set that was not checked. Note that in Ameyaltepec I was given the translation "may it be that (in reference to an event or action)" or, in Spanish "ojalá que (en referencia a un evento o acción)" and the sentence /Malaya miák yeskia/ "I wish there were a lot!" or "¡Ojalá que fueran muchos!" This might be in error. Check. I have temporarily removed /mala:ya/ from Ameyaltepec even though I had the phrase /Mala:ya miák yeskia./ and the translations 'I wish there were a lot!' or '¡Ojalá que fueran muchos!' This should be checked and, if correct, added under this entry. \vl There are 4 additional tokens at #2712, which should be tagged as 5651. However, given that the sound quality is better later on, the two linked forms should be from 5651, this will also match up with the phrase /mala:ya tia:skia/. \ref 05651 \lxa mali:na \lxac kimali:na \lxo mali:na \lxoc kimali:na \dt 16/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \seao to spin into twine against a part of the body (e.g., in ones hand, or, as is often the case, against ones leg) \ssao torcer algún hilo o cosa parecida en la palma, contra la pierna, etc. aunque generalmente contra la pierna \xrb mali: \nse Mali:na is used, for example, to describe the action of making hemp thread. The artisan pulls strands of maguey from a bunch of the dried fiber and rolls them together, into twine, against his shin. He is then able to use the twine to make things such as hemp bags (see tema:tlatl). According to Roberto Mauricio (Oa) if one does not have hair on ones shin one can make twine on the shin, however, those who have hairy shins must make twine on the thigh of their pants leg. He also said that if one starts rolling the twine from the bottom of the thigh or shin toward the top and then down again, the cord is tightly wound. However, when starting from the top and going down and then back up, the twine is less tightly wound. This type is called, again according to Roberto Mauricio, ma:pochmekatl. \ref 00586 \lxa malwia \lxac kimalwia \lxo malwia \lxof [mal 'wi a] \lxoc kimalwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to take great care with; to handle delicately (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.) \ss cuidar; manejar cuidadosamente (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material, etc.) \pna Nitlamalwia. \pea I take good care of things. \psa Cuido bien las cosas. \pna O:weka:w pa:mpa tewa o:tikmalwih. \pea It lasted a long time because you took good care of it. \psa Aguantó (o duró) mucho tiempo porque lo cuidaste bien. \xrb malwi \xvaao malwilia \dis malwia; machi:wa \nse The verb malwia refers to taking great care with something, such as an animal with which one is entrusted (i.e., taking care that it is well fed, etc.) or a material object that can be easily damaged or broken. \qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/. \pqry The tokens here are good examples of devoicing of /l/. \vl The first female token is /kima:wiya/ not /kimalwiya/. It should be tagged as 01969. \ref 05776 \lxa malwilia \lxac kimalwilia \lxo malwilia \lxoc kimalwilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to take great care of or to handle delicately for (a domesticated animal, a material object, etc.) \ss cuidar para; manejar cuidadosamente para (un animal domesticado, una herramienta u objeto material presetado, etc.) \pna Timitsmalwili:s morra:dioh, xne:xtlane:wti! \pea I'll take good care of your radio for you, lend it to me! \psa Te voy a cuidar bien tu radio, ¡Préstamelo! \xrb malwi \xvba malwia \xvbo malwiya \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05110 \lxa malwilistli \lxac malwilistli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \se something needing to be handled with great care (e.g., a certain type of animal in a delicate state, or sth manufactured that is particularly easy to damage) \ss algo que require ser manejado o tratado con cuidado (p. ej., un animal que es algo delicado, o un objeto que necesita ser cuidado en su fabricación) \pna Yewa ma:s malwilistli. \pea That needs more care (in this case in reference to the making of a ceramic plate, as opposed to a bowl, given that plates need to be more carefully made to prevent their base from rising or curling up) \psa Eso necesita más cuidado (en este caso un plato plano de cerámica, en oposición a un plato hondo, dado que con el primero se necesita cuidad que no se alce o se combe la base) \syno malwi:hli \xrb malwi \qry Check etymology, i.e. for presence of /h/ and also possible derivation from /mah/. \ref 04474 \lxa ma:ma \lxac kima:ma \lxo ma:ma \lxoc kima:ma \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \se to carry (a beast of burden or person [S]) on the back or shoulders \ss cargar (una bestia o persona [S]) a cuestas, por la espaldo o hombros \se (fig.) to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore) \ss (fig.) tomar la responsabilidad de (p. ej., una tarea pesada, etc.) \se (with tla-) to be suffering under or bearing (e.g., a weight or heavy burden) \ss (con tla-) estar cargado (con una obligación pesada, una responsabilidad, etc.) \se (with tla-) to be holding up; to be bearing a burden (e.g., as a cross-beam holding up other vertical beams that rest upon it, or similar material objects and supports that support a weight) \ss (con tla-) sostener; cargar (p. ej., una viga horizontal que carga otras verticales, u otros tipos de soportes) \pna San se: kwentli tlama:matok ika kwenko:koneh. \pea Just one furrow has a lot of cornejales bearing down on it. \psa Solamente un surco está cargado con una cantidad de cornejales. \xrb ma:ma \xvcao ma:maltia \xvaao ma:malia \xv1ao tlama:ma \nse For description of the manner in which a furrow bears the burden of the cornejales cf. drawing in original 3x5 filecard. \qry Check for the sexual aspect of /ma:ma/. I believe there is one but I am not sure of the specifics. \ref 05813 \lxa ma:mah \lxac ma:mah nokone:w \lxo ma:mah \lxoc ma:mah \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se see toma:mah \ss véase toma:mah \xrb ma:mah \mod Perhaps this should be removed in the next version. \ref 05965 \lxa mamakasi \lxac kimamakasi \lxo mámakási \lxoc kí:makási \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:makási \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to fear; to be afraid or fearful of \ss tener miedo de \pna Kipia tsotsokatewistli pa:mpa tsotsokatl iwa:n deke tikmamakasi, mitsasis. \pea He has the rash of pimples called tsotsokatewistli because he is stingy, and (also) if you fear it (the rash), it will get you. \psa Tiene el tipo de sarpullido llamado tsotsokatewistli porque es mezquino, y (también) si le tienes miedo (a este sarpullido) te va a alcanzar. \pna Te:mamakasi kaba:yoh. \pea The horse is afraid of (shies away from) people. \psa El caballo le tiene miedo a la gente (es huraño). \xrb mawi \xrb ahsi \nae The etymology and morphology of mamakasi (Am) / mámakási given the loss of underlying {h} in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl and the fact that the pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl does not reveal the location of the underlying {h}. It seems clear, given the reduction of the first syllable onto the object prefix ki- in Oapan kí:makási that the first syllable was a reduplicant with an underlying {h} coda. At the same time, it would appear that the final element in this word is {ahsi}. If this were the case then there is an obvious reduction in pitch accent so that both the intonational pitch (penultimate syllable) and the pitch accent associated with {ahsi} are concentrated on a single syllable nucleus. \qry Comparative evidence from neighboring dialects is needed. I have also documented /tlamamakasi/, cf. to /te:mamakasi/ and to /mahki/. \grm Predication; adjectivals: Note that in many cases a verbal form, not in any participial form, can function in essence like a predicate adjective. Thus /te:mamakasi kaba:yoh/. The syntax here is of a verbal predicate: 'The horse is afraid of people'; but it is equivalent to 'The horse is shy,' 'The horse is afraid,' etc. \ref 05699 \lxa ma:malia \lxac kima:malia \lxo ma:malia \lxoc kima:malia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to carry on ones back or shoulders for \ss cargar por la espalda o hombros para \pna Xne:chma:malitiw, newa yo:nisiaw! \pea Carry it on your back for me, I've already gotten tired! \psa ¡Cárgalo sobre tus espaldas para mi, ya me cansé! \xrb ma:ma \xvbao ma:ma \qry Check to see if the benefactive can also be used with 'to take on the responsibility of (e.g., an onerous task or chore)' i.e., can /mamalia/ mean 'to take on responsibility for'? \ref 03141 \lxa ma:mali:nah \lxac ma:mali:nah \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan madrina \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of address for ones godmother \ssa término para dirigirse a la madrina \sea (alienable possession) godmother (from baptism, confirmation, or medida) \ssa (posesión enajenable) madrina (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) \pna Nikpale:wi:s noma:mali:nah. \pea I will help my godmother. \psa Voy a ayudar a mi madrina. \sem kin \qry Note that the vowel length is definite as it is here recorded; cf. reference term /-koma:lnan/. \ref 02975 \lxa ma:malintsi:n \lxac ma:malintsi:n \lxo mali:ntsi:n \lxoc mali:ntsi:n \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \rdp Rdp-l/Am \infn N1 \se type of cloth-eating edible insect (kiteki tlake:ntli) still unidentified, which most consultants (at least those from Oapan) identify as a type of grasshopper (see chapolin) that is similar to the to:topo \ss tipo de insecto comestible que come tela (kiteki tlake:ntli) pero todavía no identificado plenamente, la mayoría de los aesores (por lo menos los de Oapan) lo clasifican como un tipo de chapulin (véase chapolin) que se parece al to:topo \xrb mali: \sem animal \sem insect \nse A group of consultants from Oapan stated that this insect was similar to the to:topo. \qry Check classification of the /ma:malintsi:n/, i.e., whether it is indeed a type of 'chapulin.' In regards to the etymology, check to see if it is related to /mali:na/ and whether this has something to do with a characteristic of the animal. \ref 00001 \lxa ma:maltia \lxac kima:maltia \lxo ma:maltia \lxoc kima:maltia \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to load onto (e.g., a beast of burden [PO] with firewood [SO], a pick-up truck [PO] with merchandise [SO], etc.) \ss cargar (p. ej., una bestia [OP] con leña [OS], una camionete pick-up [OP] con mercancía [OS], etc.) \pna Xkimpepecho un burros! Ma tikintlama:malti:kan, ye tio:tlak! \pea Round up those donkeys! Let's load them up, it's already late in the afternoon! \psa ¡Arríma a estos burros! ¡Vamos a cargarlos, ya es tarde! \pna Xkwahli titlatlama:maltitok, titlauwelo:s. \pea You aren't loading things up right (e.g., firewood on a donkey or mule), you're going to make everything come apart (i.e., the knots, the firewood, etc., so that it all falls to the ground). \psa No estás poniendo bien la carga (p. ej., leña a un burro o mula), todo se te va a derrumbar. \se to blame or hold responsible for; to accuse of (e.g., a person for a crime, often with a sense of unjustness) \ss responsabilizar; culpar; echar la culpa a; acusar (p. ej., una persona por un crimen, a menudo con el sentido de una acusación injusta) \pna O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. \pea They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. \psa Me imputaron un amante. ¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. \pna Kima:maltian deke tlaxtehki. \pea They accuse him of being a theif. \psa Lo acusan de ser un ladrón. \pna Mitsma:maltian tewa o:tikmiktih. \pea They charge you with being the one who killed him. \psa Te imputan que fuiste tú el que lo mató. \se to credit (a person with able to do sth, usually a task that others do not wish to perform); to ascribe (a certain skill or talent to sb) \ss imputar; cargar (a una persona, en que puede hacer algo, fabricar algo, generalmente algo que otras personas no quieren hacer) \pna Ne:chma:maltian newa wel nikchi:was. \pea They claim that I (am the one who) will do it. \psa Me cargan con esto de que yo soy él que lo va a hacer. \xrb ma:ma \xvbao ma:ma \qry Check to see whether with both objects expressed the secondary is oblique, or direct: /kima:maltia o:te:miktih/ or /kima:maltian ika (or deke) o:te:miktih/. Check to determine whether this is used only for unfounded accusations. Check for correctness of /tlatlama:malti:lo/ or /tlama:malti:lo/. Add as indefinite null complement entry. Perhaps (and check) /tlama:maltia/ shuld be a separate entry. Cf. /tlama:ma/ \ref 04357 \lxa mama:xtlatsi:n \lxac mama:xtlatsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea Passiflora sp. L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa Passiflora sp. L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, así llamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \pna Mama:xtlatsi:n | Ixiwyo ihkón onkah, ke:n ka:ltson. \pea Mama:xtlatsi:n : It's leaves are like that, like traditional cotton pants. \psa Mama:xtlatsi:n : Así son sus hojas, como calzones. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva papantalo:ntsi:n \equiva kakaltso:ntsi:n \equivo pápantaló:ntsi:n \equivo kákasó:ntsi:n \xrb ma:xtla \nct komekatl \qry In one entry I have recorded this as /ma:ma:xtlatsi:n/: the length of the first /a/ should be rechecked. \ref 04354 \lxa mamaya:ntsi:n \lxac mamaya:ntsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com Lex. rdp-s \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea stalk of maize that has a lot of jilotes, none of which have kernels \ssa tallo de maíz que tiene muchos jilotes, ninguno de los cuales tiene granos \xrb maya: \nse The etymology of this word is a reduplicated form of the perfective of maya:na, meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is related to the fact that the jilotes on this maize stalk have no kernels (and thus will produce no food). \grm Deverbalization: The etymology of /mamaya:ntsi:n/ is a reduplicated form of the perfective of maya:na, meaning 'to suffer from famine,' which in turn is related to the fact that the jilotes on this maize stalk have no kernels. Note how the perfective verb stem here is used as a nominal. \ref 05916 \lxa mama:yoh \lxac mama:yoh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s \se tree or shrub with a lot of branches \ss árbol o arbusto con muchas ramas \se wood with a lot of knots \ss madera con muchos nudos \pna Xkwahli pa:mpa mama:yoh. Kipias ye:skah, pala:nki yes itik. \pea It's no good (a branch cut from a tree) because it has a lot of knots. Its bound to be rotten inside with powdery remains. \psa No está bien (una rama cortada de un árbol) porque tiene muchos nudos. Debe estar podrido por adentro con la madera hecha polvo. \syno mámá:wah \xrb ma: \qry The vowel length in /mama:yoh/ is definite and should be corrected to such in all entries. Cf. note with /ye:skah/. \ref 07628 \lxa mama:yo:tia \lxac nomama:yo:tia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia[refl] \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to fill out with a lot of branches (a tree) \ssa (refl.) llenarse con muchas ramas (un árbol) \pna Nomama:yo:ti:s, kwaltsi:n noka:was. \pea It will fill out with a lot of branches, it will wind up looking nice. \psa Se le van a salir muchas ramas, al final quedará bonito. \syno ma:tia \xrb ma: \qry The example I had from conversation is with the transitive verb in reflexive. Check to see if intransitive ending in /-yowa/ exists and whether there is a difference between the intransitive use of the form and the reflexive use. \ref 00031 \lxa ma:mo:motsi:ni \lxac ma:temo:motsi:ni \lxo ma:mo:motsi:ni \lxoc ma:mo:motsi:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Op. infix te-: ma:temo:motsi:ni \infv class-3a \se to get cracks in ones hands (e.g., from work, for contact with a damaging substance, from bitter cold, etc.) \ss agrietarsele las manos a uno (p. ej., de secadura, de frío, por un sobrecargo de trabajo, etc.) \pna O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli. \pea My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands. \psa Se me agrietaron las manos en algunos lugares, el cal me cortó las manos. \se to have a layer of dirt, dust or skin dry and crack on one's arm \ss secarsele y agrietarsele a uno una capita de mugre, polvo o piel por el brazo \xrb ma: \xrb motsi: \cfo tla:tlatsi:ni; tsa:tsaya:ni \nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. In this case I have only heard it with long vowel reduplication. \nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (with short or long vowel) depending on the circumstances. However, whether it can take short vowel reduplication should be checked. In one entry I note that it can, in other I state 'Apparently ma:motsi:ni only occurs with long vowel reduplication.' Check reduplication: only with long vowel? Can nonreduplicated forms occur, etc. \nde Although apparently ma:motsi:ni is correct, this word is usually found reduplicated with a long vowel and with the infixed "intensifier." \grm Reduplication: /O:nima:temo:motsi:n, o:ne:chma:tetek tenextli/ 'My hands got cracks in them here and there, the lime cut my hands.' Note that in the previous phrase each verb manifests a different type of reduplication. Note that the first verb, /ma:motsi:ni/ has long vowel reduplication, indicating the spatial distribution of the cuts; however, the second verb, which refers to the lime cutting the hands, has a short vowel reduplication, indicating or calling attention to the fact that the lime cut the hands without any precise order to the action, it just 'cut it up.' \ref 03295 \lxa ma:muwtia \lxac kima:muwtia \lxo ma:mohtia \lxoc kima:mohtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to scare; to frighten \ss espantar; asustar \pna Xkimima:muwti para ma yeyekawi:lo:kan! \pea Scare them so that they suffer soul-loss! \psa ¡Espántalos para que sufran susto! \se (relf) to become frightened or scared \ss (refl.) asustarse; quedar asustado o espantado \pna Noma:muwtia. Xtla:katl! \pea He gets frightened. He's not a man! \psa Se espanta. ¡No es hombre! \sem emotions \dis muhtia, ma:muhtia \xrb mawi \xvaao ma:mohtilia \nae Although historical mawi has become mowi (often [muwi]) in most of the Balsas valley villages, the reduplicated form retains the historical /a/, which here surfaces as a long vowel. \qry Note that although in one notecard I have recorded that /ma:muhtia/ is the same as /muhtia/ this should be checked. Cf. to the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/, etc: \qry Also note the different pattern of reduplication which seems hard to explain: /muhtia/ and /ma:muhtia/ vs. /mowi/ and /momowi/; perhaps include this in my grammatical notes. Cf. notes under /muhtia:/. \ref 05714 \lxa ma:muwtilia \lxac kima:muwtilia \lxo ma:mohtilia \lxoc kima:mohtilia \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to scare (most often the animal such as a horse or mule [SO]) of \ss espantar (generalmente el animal como caballo o mula [OS]) de \pna O:mitsma:muwtilih moma:choh. Ye mitsa:ltlakalisnekiya. \pea It frightened your mule on you. He ( was about to throw you to the ground. \psa Te espantó el macho. Ya estaba por aventarte al suelo. \pna Ma:ka tine:chtlama:muwtili:s! \pea Don't frighten (my beast of burden) on me! \psa ¡No me espantes (a mi bestia)! \xrb mawi \xvbao ma:mohtia \ref 03828 \lxa man \lxac ma nkwa \lxo man \lxocpend man kwa \dt 12/Jul/2003 \psm Abrev \seao abbreviated form of the optative clitic ma followed by the 1st-person singular subject and then a transitive verb with a zero-morpheme 3rd-person object (man kaki = ma nihkaki) \ssao forma abreviada del clítico optativo c ma seguido por la 1era-persona sujeto verbal antes de un verbo transitivo con el morfema-zero de la tercera persona singular (man kaki = ma nihkaki) \xrb ma \xrb n- \nae Orthographically this is represented as, for example, ma n'kwa. The entry for man is simply included as a reference. \ref 07483 \lxa má:n \lxac má:n \lxo ---- \dt 02/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment to address a close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) \ssa término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente feminimo cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) \sea (alienable possession) close female relative (e.g., mother, daughter, neice, grand-daughter, and occasionally grandmother) \ssa (posesión enajenable) pariente feminino cercano (p. ej., a la madre, hija, sobrina, nieta, y a veces a la abuela) \pna Nikompale:wi:s nomá:n. \pea I'm going to go help my mama. \psa Voy a ir a ayudar a mi mamá. \cfa pa:n \xrb ma:n \nse Besides its use as a vocative, ma:n may be possessed, e.g. noma:n 'my mother.' As a vocative it is equivalent to ma:chih. \qry Note that it is unclear whether there is a final /n/ here (which should be velarized at a word boundary) or whether there is simply a nasalized vowel. This should be checked. \pqry Check nasalization of vowel. \grm Orthography: note that the accent is used in the orthography given that when possessed the stress is maintained on the nominal stem: /nomá:n/. \ref 02950 \lxa mana \lxac kimana \lxo mana \lxoc kimana \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to lay down on a flat surface (e.g., placing tortillas on a comal) \ssao extender or acostar sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., tortillas sobre el comal) \pna O:pe:w kimana tlaxkahli, ye titlakwa:skeh. \pea She's started to make tortillas, we're about to eat. \psa Empezó a echar tortillas, ya vamos a comer. \pna Wa:hki o:kimankeh itakatl, san wa:ltetei:ni. \pea They put really dry dough on the griddle when they made the itakatl, (for this reason) they just wind up crumbling to pieces. \psa Echaron las gorditas (itakatl) con la masa muy seca, (por eso) vienen desmenuzándose. \seao to wear or put on ones head (a hat, cap, etc.) \ssao ponerse en la cabeza (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) \pna Xkaman kimana sombre:roh. \pea He never wears a hat. \psa Nunce se pone un sombrero. \se (refl.) to sit or collect (as water in a puddle) \ss (refl.) estancarse (como agua en el suelo) \pna Xtlapowili para ma: ki:sa ka:n o:nomanka a:tl! \pea Open it up (in this case by digging a little drainage ditch) so that the water flows out from where it has collected on the ground! \psa Abréle (en este caso abriendo una zanja pequeña) para que salga el agua de donde se ha estancado sobre el suelo. \se (refl.) to gather together on the ground (as people who sit themselves down in a small gathering to talk, watch an event, etc.) \ss (refl.) juntarse sobre el suelo (como gente sentada para parlotear, para ver un evento, etc.) \pna Xmomanaka:n! \pea Gather around (sitting on the ground)! \psa ¡Júntense (sentados por el suelo)! \se (refl. + yewahli) for night to fall \ss (refl. + yewahli) caerse la noche; anochecer \src CF Nakas 1:10 \pna Wa:lnomana yewahli, pe:wa tlatsotsonan ika gita:rrah. \pea Come night, they begin to play their guitars. \psa Viene la noche, empiezan a tocar sus guitarras. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to transplant (seedlings, particularly of chile) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) transplantar (plantas de semillero, particularmente chile) \pna O:kimamanato chi:hli. \pea He went to replant the chile seedlings. \psa Fue a transplantar las plantas de semillero del chile. \pna Tikxi:xi:ni:s, tiktepe:was chi:lyo:hli, noso sila:ntroh noso xonakatl, iwa:n tiktla:lte:mi:s ika tla:hli, dya tiktlapacho:s ika sakatl dya tika:te:ki:s para ixwas. Deke o:ixwak tikekwani:s, tikmamanas. \pea (To make a tlapacho:hli) you sprinkle, you spread out chile seeds, or silantro, or onion on the ground and you scatter earth over them (the seeds), then you cover them with grass and water it so that they sprout. When they have sprouted you move them (the seedlings), you transplant them. \psa (Para hacer un tlapacho:hli) echas, desparramas semillas de chile, o silantro o ceballo por el suelo y les cubres (las semillas) con una capa delgada de tierra, después les echas encima zacate y después les rocías agua para que germinen. De que ya brotaron, las cambias de lugar (a las plantitas), las transplantas. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to pass from one hand to the other (tortillas as they are being made) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasar de una mano a la otra (tortillas al hacerlas) \xrb man \xvcao mani:ltia \xvaao manilia \xv1ao tlamana \xv1ao tlá:maná \nse In reference to seed gardens, mana describes an action performed in cultivating chile. First the seeds are sprinkled on the ground and lightly covered with earth. Later, the sprouted chile is uprooted when small and transplanted in holes dug with a wi:tsoktli, where they grow to full size. \qry On a file card from the original series I have /kimamanas itla:lpan/ 'lo va a transplantar a su terreno.' Check whether this is OK. \ref 00608 \lxa ma:nakayo \lxac i:ma:nakayo \lxo ma:nakayo \lxoc i:ma:nakayo \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \seao flesh on the arm of (sb, [Poss]) \ssao carne del brazo de (algn, [Pos]) \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb naka \qry Determine whether other body parts are commonly used with /-nakayo/. \ref 00844 \lxa ma:namaka \lxaa ma:nemaka \lxac kima:namaka \lxo ma:namaka \lxoa ma:nemaka \lxoc kima:nemaka \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular; see namaka \seao to sell itinerantly, by walking around and holding merchandise in ones hands (as opposed to selling in a fixed location; i:e., in a stand = or store) \ssao vender como ambulante, llevando mercancía en las manos (y no en un lugar fijo, como un puesto o tienda) \pna Kima:namaka, se:sentetl kinamakatinemi. \pea He sells it itinerantly, he goes around selling (the merchandise) one by one. \psa La vende como ambulante, la anda vendiendo (su mercancía), uno por uno. \xrb ma: \xrb namaka \rt Cf. etymology of all verbs beginning in /na:/. \ref 00849 \lxa ma:na:miki \lxac noma:na:mikin \lxo ma:na:miki \lxoc mowa:n toma:na:mikih \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a(k) \sea (refl. + -wa:n) to be as good with ones hands (in making sth, in carrying out a task, etc.) as \ssa (refl. + -wa:n) ser tan bueno con las manos (en fabricar algo, cumplir con una tarea, etc.) como \pna I:wa:n nimoma:na:miki, tekiti ke:n newa. \pea I can do a task with my hands like him, he works just like me. \psa Como él, puedo llevar a cabo una tarea con las manos, trabaja como yo. \seo (refl., plural only) to have land bordering on that of another (expressed as [Obl]; Oapan synonym tla:lna:miki) \sso (refl., solamente plural) tener tierra que linda con la de otro (expresado como [Obl]; sinónimo en Oapan tla:lna:miki) \pno Nohniw i:wan toma:namikih ka:mpa tito:kah. \peo Where we plant, we have land bordering on that of my brother. \pso Donde sembramos, tenemos tierra que linda con la de mi hermano. \xrb ma: \xrb na:miki \qry Check to see if this verb can be used in non-reflexive form, and meaning. Check transitive and causative possibilities. For some reason both Inocencio and Florencia rejected /mowa:n noma:na:miki/ but I'm not sure why. Perhaps this verb only occurs in the first person, or perhaps only in the plural. This needs to be clarified. \vl The first two female tokens /mowa:n noma:na:miki/ (final glottal stop) are erroneous and should not be tagged. There then follow the correct tokens /mowa:n toma:na:mikih/ which has /to-/ initial and then plural (final /h/). \rt Recheck root analysis for /na:miki/, and other words with /na:-/ beginning. \ref 06048 \lxa manchó:n \lxac manchó:n \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2002 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea to be branchy; to have a lot of branches \ssa ser frondoso; tener muchas ramas. \pna Ke:n tlako:tl, san manchó:n. \pea It is like a rod, just manchó:n. \psa Es como una vara, solamente manchó:n. \qry The meaning of /machó:n/ was not explained in my notes and should be researched. \ref 03684 \lxa mancho:ntetla:lia \lxac nomancho:ntetla:lia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07990 \lxa ma:nekwahlo:tia \lxac kima:nekwahlo:tia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \sea to fold the hands of together with the fingers interlaced (e.g., in placing the hands of a deceased person on their chest) \ssa entrelazar las manos de (p. ej., al colocar las manos de una persona fallecida sobre su pecho) con los dedos entrelazados \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \ref 07930 \lxa ma:nekwiliwi \lxac ma:nekwiliwi \lxo ma:nekwiliwi \lxoc ma:nekwiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to have ones arm become crooked (e.g., from a disease, from getting dislocated, etc.) \ss quedarsele torcido el brazo (p. ej., por enfermedad, a causa de una luxación, etc. \xrb ma: \xrb nekwil \rt Check etymology of /nekwil/ and possible further analysis. \ref 04040 \lxa ma:nekwilowa \lxac kima:nekwilowa \lxo ma:nekwilowa \lxoc kima:nekwilowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to twist the arm of (sb) and make it crooked (e.g., by dislocating it) \ss torcerle el brazo a (algn) y enchuecárselo (p. ej., por luxación) \pna O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma. \pea He made my arm become crooked, he twisted my arm (e.g., dislocating it) \psa Me enchuecó el brazo, me torció mi brazo (p. ej., causando una luxación) \xrb ma: \xrb nekwil \grm /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chma:tilowilih noma/ 'He caused my arm to get out of wack, he twisted my arm. Note that the second verb does not manifest incorporation. The /ma:/ is part of the verbal root or stem. Note that this phrase illustrates the variation, possessor raising and applicative. \ref 05764 \lxa ma:nelowa \lxac kima:nelowa \lxo ma:nelowa \lxoc kima:nelowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to stir around with ones hand (e.g., grains being cleaned in a sieve) \ss revolver con la mano (p. ej., maíz al cribarlo sobre un arnero o malla) \xrb ma: \xrb nel \vl Link second female token. \ref 03693 \lxa ma:nelwayo:tia \lxac noma:nelwayo:tia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08090 \lxa ma:nenemi \lxac ma:nenemi \lxo má:nenémi \lxoc má:nenémi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to crawl \ss andar a gatas; gatear \pna Tiktlaksaltitiá:s moma wan mokxi, tima:nenemis. \pea You will go along placing your weight on your arms and legs, you will crawl. \psa Vas a ir cargando tu peso sobre los brazos y piernas, vas a andar a gatas. \sem motion \xrb ma: \xrb nemi \cfa tsi:nwila:na \nse The work ma:nenemi refers to the action of crawling and not to the action of a child, or anyone, just dragging himself along by his hands. For this ma:tila:na is used reflexively. \ref 03605 \lxa ma:nepaniwtok \lxac ma:nepaniwtok \lxo ma:nepanihtok \lxoc ma:nepanihtok \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be with hands ones arms crossed (e.g., in waiting impatiently for sb) \ssa estar con los brazos cruzados (p. ej., en estar esperando a algn) \seo to be with ones hands clasped in front of oneself (as a corpse being buried) \sso con las manos entrelazadas por enfrente (como con una persona que está rezando) \xrb ma: \xrb nepan \nse The intransitive ?ma:nepaniwi has not been documented in the corpus. \ref 04529 \lxa ma:nepanowa \lxac noma:nepanowa \lxo ma:nepanowa \lxoc noma:nepanowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to cross ones arms \ss (refl.) cruzarse los brazos \seo (refl.) to clasp ones hands (e.g., as those of a deceased person in a casket; Ameyaltepec synonym ma:nekwahlo:tia) \sso (refl.) agarrarse las manos con los dedos entrelazados (p. ej., como las de un muerto en un ataúd; sinónimo de Oapan ma:nekwahlo:tia) \xrb ma: \xrb nepan \vl For Am check length of first /a:/ since the file card is a first series one with no vowel length recorded. Nevertheless, Oapan has clear /a:/. \ref 02222 \lxa ma:ne:si \lxac ma:ne:si \lxo ma:ne:si \lxoc ma:ne:si \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se for the front hoof marks of an animal to become visible on the ground \ss quedar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \xvcao ma:ne:xtia \ref 05528 \lxa ma:ne:stok \lxac ma:ne:stok \lxo ma:ne:stok \lxoc ma:ne:stok \dt 07/Apr/2002 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se for the front hoof marks of an animal to be visible on the ground \ss estar visibles las huellas de las patas delanteras de un animal \pna Nika:n ma:ne:stok. \pea The front hoof marks are visible here. \psa Las huellas de las patas delanteras están visibles aquí. \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \ref 05167 \lxa ma:ne:xtia \lxac kima:ne:xtia \lxo ma:ne:xtia \lxoc kima:ne:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to find through divination (with cards, copal, or other items that a person throws to the ground, into water, or lays out with his hands) \ssa adivinar la suerte de (con naipes, copal u otras cosas que uno "echa" al agua o al suelo con las manos) \seo to acquire with ones "hands" (i.e., labor) \sso adquirir con las "manos" (esto es, con el trabajo) \xrb ma: \xrb ne:si \xvbao ma:ne:si \qry Check the range of types of divination covered by this term; apparently all involve items that are scattered by hand and then read. Document meaning. \ref 02176 \lxa manga:nah \lxac manga:nah \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan mangana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea lasso or rope used for lassoing the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) and causing it to fall \ssa mangana, un lazo que se arroja a las manos de un caballo o toro para sujetarlo \pna Chapa:ni norria:tah ipan tla:hli. Xkwahli para manga:nah. \pea My lasso falls loosely to the ground (i.e., it's no longer stiff but more like a loose rope). It's no good for lassoing the front legs of an animal. \psa Mi riata se cae flojo sobre el suelo (ya no está recia, pero más como una soga floja). Ya no sirve para mangana. \qry Check to see whether possessed form exists, e.g., /xkekchi:wa momanga:nah/. I imagine it does but I have not coded it. \ref 00081 \lxa manga:nawia \lxac kimanga:nawia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan mangana \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to lasso or rope the front legs of an animal (e.g., bulls) \ssa manganear (lazar un toro para sujetarlo) \pna Ma nikmanga:nwi, newa ma:s niweli! \pea Let me lasso its front legs, I can do it better! \psa ¡Déjame manganearlo, yo lo hago mejor! \ref 01307 \lxa ma:ngaspeto:ni \lxac ma:ngaspeto:ni \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb peto: \ref 08297 \lxa ma:ngastetekwia \lxac noma:ngastetekwia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(r) \infv class-3c(pia) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08133 \lxa mania \lxop ma nia \lxac ma nia \lxo manya \lxop ma nia \lxoc ma nia \dt 20/May/2002 \seao ma and the verb yaw in first person; see ma \ssao ma y el verbo yaw en primera persona; véase ma \xrb ma \xrb yaw \mod Clarify under /ma/ conventions for writing. \ref 00694 \lxa manilia \lxac kimanilia \lxo manilia \lxoc kimanilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to set down (sth) for \ss poner o echar (algo) para \se (~ tlaxkahli) to make tortillas for \ss (~ tlaxkahli) echar tortillas para \pna Nikhili:s ma mitsmanili motlaxkal. \pea I'll tell her to make some tortillas for you. \psa Le voy a decir que te eche unas tortillas. \xrb man \xvbao mana \xv2ao tlamanilia \cfa i:xpepextia \mod Make sure that xv2ao link is to correct entry for tlamanilia, the V2. \qry Check to determine whether /niktlamanili:s nokoto:n/ and /ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon/ are correct. Discuss this in terms of the grammatical point made below. \grm Note the problem of both manilia and tlamanilia being bivalent. Note the following discussion. Apparently in the above phrases, e.g., niktlamanili:s nokoto:n the verb manilia is a ditransitive meaning, more or less, 'to lay (sth) on or for (sth).' Thus the meaning 'to "lay" a tortilla on (a griddle) for you' and well as 'to patch,' i.e., 'to lay (a piece of cloth) on (top of the hole) of my shirt.' Here tla- is the secondary object (what is laid down, i.e., the patch) and the specific object is the primary object (here the wornout shirt).However, it also appears that tlamanilia itself may be a ditransitive verb, as in ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she will fix my pants for me,' where ne:ch is the primary object and nopá:ntalon is the secondary object. In this use, if there is no specific secondary object, tla- is used, with the resultant form ne:chtlatlamanili:s 's/he will mend (sth) for me.' The fact that this occurs suggests that tlamanilia as a ditransitive itself should be a separate entry and not listed under the ditransitive manilia. Thus in niktlamanili:s nokoto:n it would appear that manilia is ditransitive and the tla- reduces the valency, leaving the object fixed, i.e., 'my shirt,' as the only object. Here, in the terminology of noun incorporation, tla- is a "saturating" and occupies the slot of an argument, reducing the valency of the resultant verb (tlamanilia is monovalent). However, in the case of ne:chtlamanili:s nopá:ntalon 'she will fix my pants for me,' the tla- does not reduce the valency of manilia, and the "compound" remains bivalent (the primary object is ne:ch and the secondary object, not marked on the verb since it is specific, is nopá:ntalon). Thus this represents "modifying" incorporation, or Mithun's Type II. However, if this is the case it is interesting that in effect that tla- does not appear to "modify" anything. \ref 02804 \lxa mani:ltia \lxac kimani:ltia \lxo mani:ltia \lxoc kimani:ltia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to put on (sbs) head (a hat, cap, etc.) \ss poner o colocar (un sombrero, gorra, etc.) sobre la cabeza de \pna Timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh. \pea I'm going to put a hat on you. \psa Te voy a poner un sombrero. \xrb man \xvbao mana \qry Check if one can say /timitsmanili:s sombre:roh/ and, if so, the difference from /timitsmanilti:s sombre:roh/. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03398 \lxa ma:niye:wa \lxac kima:niye:wa \lxo má:yé:wa \lxoc kimá:yé:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to let slip or fall out of ones hand \ss dejar caer o escaparse de las manos \pna O:wetsiko, pero san o:tikyo:kolih, o:tikma:niye:w. \pea It fell down to the ground, but you just caused it to happen, it let it slip out of your hands. \psa Se cayó al suelo, pero tu solo lo hiciste, se te fue de las manos. \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \nae The etymology of this verb is uncertain. Perhaps it is related to Classical mayaui. nite- 'derribar a otro en el suelo'; nitla- 'arrojar o echar algo por ay' (Molina). It would appear, however, that the Ameyaltepec sequence -iye:wa represents a reduplicant and stem and that this reduplicant is also reflected in the marked pitch accent of the Oapan form. The origin of the internal /n/ in Ameyaltepec ma:niye:wa is not clear. \qry Also check for underlying [h] and reconfirm vowel length. \ref 03952 \lxa mankwe:rnarowa \lxac kimankwe:rnarowa \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan (Nah) mancuernos \psm V2 \der V2-loan \infv class-2b \sea [definition pending] \ssa [significado pendiente] \ref 07862 \lxa Mankwe:rnas \lxac Mankwe:rnas \lxo Mankwe:rnos \lxoc Mankwe:rnos \dt 11/Jun/2002 \loan mancuernas \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se constellation of stars still not identified \ss constelación de estrellas todavía no identificada \sem heavens \encyctmp si:tlalin \nse Mankwerni:tas perhaps refers to the constellation Gemini. \ref 01690 \lxa ma:noh \lxac ma:noh \lxo ma:noh \lxoc ma:noh \dt 13/Jun/2002 \loan hermano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seao (vocative) term of address (male or female speaker) for adult and adolescent men; this is the standard term in Oapan and is used by Ameyaltepequeños when addressing a man from this former village \ssao (vocativo) término (empleado por hombres y mujeres) para saludar a hombres adolescentes y adultos; es el término general en Oapan, pero también se utiliza por Ameyaltepequeños cuando se dirigen a un oapaneco \pna Ka:n tiaw ma:noh? \pea Where are you going brother Oapaneco? \psa ¿Dónde vas hermano oapaneco? \seao (toma:noh) man from Oapan \ssao (toma:noh) hombre de Oapan \pna Na:nkah se: toma:noh. \pea Here's a man from Oapan. \psa Aquí está un hombre de Oapan. \pna O:ne:chihlih un toma:noh, xnikmatiya. \pea That man from Oapan told me, I didn't know it. \psa Me lo dijo ese hombre de Oapan, no lo sabía. \cfa na:ni:tah \nse This term is used in Oapan to refer to elder men, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. Thus although this is a term used in Oapan, Ameyaltepequeños use it in greeting men from Oapan, or even at times in greeting (or referring to) men from other villages, particularly those far east of Oapan, such as San Juan Totolcintla and San Francisco Ozomatlán. The possessed form is only found with a 1st-person plural possessor. \ref 00695 \lxa ma:noh \lxac ma:noh \lxo ma:noh \lxoc ma:noh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan hermano \psm N \pss Voc; P2(def) \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \seo vocative used to address for married or elder males from Oapan \sso vocativo para dirigirse a hombres de Oapan casados o de edad avanzada \se (toma:noh) term of reference used to talk about married men or elder men from Oapan \ss (toma:noh) término de referencia para hablar acerca de hombres casados o de mayor edad de Oapan \pna Wa:lte:chpale:wi:s se: toma:noh. \pea A man from Oapan will come help us. \psa Un hombre de Oapan nos va a venir a ayudar. \nse Ma:noh is the generalized term used in Oapan to address elder men, particularly those who are older than the speaker and not on a first-name basis. As a two-place predicate it is possessed only in the first person: toma:noh. Note, finally, that it is common in the Balsas region for members of communities to use to prototypical address/reference term of another village in talking to or about individuals from this second village. Thus Ameyaltepequeños know that ma:noh (as a vocative) and toma:noh (for reference) are used in Oapan and as a result will use ma:noh when addressing an elder man from Oapan or toma:noh when referencing such a person. \ref 01469 \lxa mansa:nah \lxac mansa:nah \lxo mansa:nah \lxoc mansa:nah \dt 23/Apr/2002 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se apple \ss manzana (fruta) \cfa mansani:tah \ref 06050 \lxa mansa:nah \lxaa mamansani:tah \lxac mansa:nah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small tree still not identified \ssa tipo de árbol pequeño todavía no identificado \pna Mansani:tah | Wel nokwa itla:kihlo, tsotsope:lik. Istá:k itla:kihlo, kwe:xtik. \pea Mansani:tah : It's fruit is edible, it is sweet. Its fruit is white, it is very small. \psa Mansani:tah : Su fruta es comestible, es dulce. Su fruta es blanca, muy fina. \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \nct kohtsi:ntli \qry Check dif. (see example sentence) between /tsope:lik/ and /tsotsope:lik/. \ref 04229 \lxa mansa:nah \lxac mansa:nah \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Jul/2002 \loan manzana \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of small tree still unidentified \ssa tipo de arbusto todavía no identificado \qry Check to determine whether this is the same as the /i:mansa:nah kowatl/. \ref 07320 \lxa mansa:noh \lxac mansa:noh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Apr/2002 \loan manzano \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of banana \ssa plátano manzano \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \ref 05284 \lxa manse:rah \lxac manse:rah \lxo manse:rah \lxoc manse:rah \dt 17/Apr/2002 \loan mancera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao plow handle \ssao mancera o esteva de arado \sem tool-cultivate \encyctmp plow; cultivation tools; agriculture in general \mod Illustrate a plow with the parts named. \ref 00518 \lxa mante:ka \lxac mante:ka \lxo mante:kah \lxocpend mante:kah \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan manteca \psm N \der N-loan \seao lard \ssao manteca \ref 07474 \lxa mantik \lxac mantik \lxacpend mantik \lxo \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08661 \lxa mantok \lxac mantok \lxo mantok \lxoc mantok \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be extended over a flat surface \ss estar extendido sobre una superficie plana \pna Notlamanal umpa mantok. \pea My offering is there (in sight) laid out flat. \psa Mi ofrenda está allá (en un lugar visible) puesta. \xrb man \qry Check whether /mani/ exists. \ref 05875 \lxa ma:o:li:ni \lxac ma:o:li:ni \lxacpend ma:o:li:ni \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08665 \lxa ma:olo:chowa \lxac kima:olo:chowa \lxo ma:o:lo:chowa \lxoc kima:o:lo:chowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to scoop up (sth scattered on the ground such as beans, maize, earth, etc.) with both ones hands \ss juntar (algo que está esparcido sobre el suelo como frijoles, maíz, tierra, etc.) con las dos manos \pna Ma:ka xpepena, xma:olo:cho! \pea Don't pick them up one by one (i.e., grain or other small things scattered on the ground), scoop them up in your hands (i.e., scooping them up in both hands in a sweeping motion, bringing both hands together)! \psa ¡No vayas a recogerlos uno por uno (p. ej., maíz, frijoles u otras cosas pequeñas regadas por el suelo), júntalos en las dos manos (al arrimarlos con las dos manos en un gran movimiento circular, cerrando las manos enfrente). \dis sentla:lia \xrb ma: \xrb o:lo:ch \nse This word is the virtual equivalent of olo:chowa. It refers to the action of cupping of ones hands to scoop up large numbers of small items (such as grains) that are scattered about. \nae An acoustic analysis of Oapan ma:o:lo:chowa suggests that the first /o:/ is probably long. However, this should be checked against other data, and compared to the forms from Ameyaltepec. \pqry Check vowel length of the /o:/s of the stem. Acoustic analysis of the Oapan data suggests that both /o:/'s are long. The Ameyaltepec data needs to be checked. Check ref. 80. \ref 03971 \lxa ma:pa:chaka:ti \lxac ma:pa:chaka:ti \lxo \lxocpend \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07994 \lxa ma:pachin \lxac ma:pachin \lxo ma:pachih \lxoa ma:pachin \lxoc ma:pachih \dt 14/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao raccoon, known in Spanish as mapache, a borrowing from Nahuatl; according to Schoenhals (1988:587) and Leopold (1959:428) this is the species known as Procyon lotor \ssao mapache; según Schoenhals (1988:587) y Leopold (1959:428) esta es la especie conocida como Procyon lotor \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb ma:pach \cpl Schoenhals (1988:587) notes under mapache: "(Procyon lotor) 'raccoon' Has a masked face and a ringed tail. Well known for its compulsive washing of clean food. Also called culú [Yucatán], chico, lavador, mapachín, maxtlatón, osito lavador, oso lavandero, ratón lavandero, tejón [Tabasco, Chihuahua], tejón solitario, tlamatón." \qry Check etymology, perhaps related to /pacho:ntik/? \ref 01113 \lxa ma:pachiwtok \lxac ma:pachiwtok \lxo ---- \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V1-Stat \se to be overladen with fruit (so that the branches bend down) \ss estar sobrecargado de fruta (hasta que se doblan las ramas) \xrb ma: \xrb pach \ref 07833 \lxa ma:pala:ni \lxac ma:pala:ni \lxo ma:pala:ni \lxoc ma:pala:ni \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for one's hand to rot \ss podrirsele la mano a uno \se for the branch (of a tree) to rot \ss pudrirsele la rama (a un árbol) \xrb ma: \xrb pala: \nse It is said in Ameyaltepec, for example, that if one points at a rainbow, ones hand will rot (tima:pala:nis). \qry Check to determine transitive form of the verb /pala:ni/ and if a transitive form exists with this compound verb. Also redetermine what precisely this means and whether it is used in other contexts. Check if this verb can be used to refer to tree branches. \vl For future reference: the initial sound here should be compared to 2939, which seems to devoice. \ref 02159 \lxa ma:pale:wia \lxac kima:pale:wia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \sea to lend a helping hand to \ssa prestarle una ayuda a \xrb ma: \xrb pale: \ref 07869 \lxa ma:papachka \lxac ma:papachka \lxo ma:papachka \lxoc ma:papachka \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[stem-final vowel loss] \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to have ones hand sweat (on one) \ss sudarsele la mano \pna Nima:papachkatok. \pea My hand is sweating. \psa Se me está sudando la mano. \syno ma:ito:nia \xrb ma: \xrb pach \fl papachka \ref 02811 \lxa ma:pasol \lxac ma:pasol \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \sea to be a kleptomaniac \ssa ser cleptómano \syno mátlayéhli \xrb ma \xrb pahsol \nse The etymology of ma:pasol includes the root pahsol, which is used to indicate tangling and things tangled. Ma:pasol seems to refer to someone who is always sticking his hands in something and getting them "tangled up" in material objects that are then removed. \qry Check length of first /a:/ as this word is taken from a file card in the first series without vowel length. \ref 00658 \lxa ma:petsiwi \lxac ma:petsiwi \lxo ma:petsiwi \lxoc ma:petsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo for ones hands to become smooth from lack of work with ones hands \sso quedarsele lisas las manos por falta de trabajar con ellas \xrb ma: \xrb pets \pqry Get minimal pairs: /ma:petsiwi/, /ma petsiwi/ and /ma: petsiwi/. \ref 06981 \lxa ma:pe:wa \lxac kima:pe:wa \lxo ma:pe:wa \lxoc kima:pe:wa \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to push with ones hands \ss empujar con las manos \pna Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa! \pea Make him (e.g., an animal that one is trying to guide) lean over to one side! Push him with your hands! \psa ¡Hazlo inclinar por un lado! ¡Empújalo con las manos! \pna Nikmama:pe:was notix ipan moli:noh. \pea I will push my ground nextamahli through the mill. \psa Voy a empujar mi masa para que pase por el molino. \cfao xope:wa \xrb ma: \xrb pe:wa \nse The etymology of pe:wa is uncertain, though perhaps it is related to pe:wia, which is translated often translated as "arrear" or "empujar" (see RS). Note that in Tetelcingo, Morelos, the form pe:wa is given as meaning "arrear." Another, less likely, possibility is that in ma:pe:wa the verbal element is related to pe:wa, meaning "vencer." When used in the applicative form it has a vulgar sense. \grm Reduplication short vowel: note the following example: /Nikmamape:was notix ipan moli:noh/ 'I will push my ground nextamahli through the mill.' This is perhaps a classic example of reduplication, with the reduplication capturing the repeated and constant pushing that occurs as maize dough is ground. \ref 04988 \lxa ma:peya:sowa \lxaa ma:pia:sowa \lxac kima:peya:sowa \lxo ma:peya:sowa \lxoc kima:peya:sowa \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seo to straighten out by running ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope) \sso enderezar (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido) al correr la mano sobre (ello) \cfao ma:tlalowa \xrb ma: \xrb peya: \ref 07061 \lxa ma:pi:chowa \lxac kima:pi:chowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb ma: \xrb pi:ch \ref 08317 \lxa mapihkli weyak \lxac i:mapil weyak \lxo ---- \dt 03/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \se second finger (next to the thumb) \ss dedo segundo (junto al pulgar) \sem body \sem human \equivo mápil nepántlah \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb weya \ref 04777 \lxa mapihli \lxac mapihli \lxo mápihlí \lxoc mápihlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \se finger \ss dedo de la mano \se (measure) width of a finger \ss (medida) lo ancho de un dedo \pna Kipia o:me mapihli. \pea It is two fingers wide (the first and middle fingers). \psa Tiene dos dedos de ancho (el dedo primero y en medio). \sem body \sem human \xrb mah \xrb pil \qry After checking several times I determined that the vowel length for this noun is short for all vowels, although the first vowel should be rechecked here and in compounds given that many of my entries for /ma:pihli/ had a long first vowel. However, the derivative /mapi:lwia/ apparently has a long vowel on /-pi:l/. Check Oapan and Tetelcingo cognates to verify the presence of /h/. Check also to see if /mapihli/ can be used in reference to anything but the finger of the hand. \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05838 \lxa mapil bie:joh \lxac i:mapil bie:joh \lxo mápil bié:joh \lxoc mápil bié:joh \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao thumb \ssao dedo pulgar \sem body \sem human \syna mapil we:i \syno mápil wéi \xrb mah \xrb pil \vl Check citation form for Oapan. \ref 02250 \lxa mapil nepantlah \lxac i:mapil nepantlah \lxo mápil nepántlah \lxop mapil nepantlah \lxoc mápil nepántlah \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao middle finger \ssao dedo medio de la mano \sem body \sem human \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrl -nepantlah \vl Check citation form from Oapan and record proper entry \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch-accent: Note that unpossessed one has /mápihlí/. One question I had was whether to consider this as two pitch-accents or one, with the other high pitch being part of the intonational system and as a boundary marker, or the result of a boundary marker. My thoughts have shifted on this, and certainly what is necessary are longer streams of text in which it will be easier to determine whether the p-a to the right of the p-a mark is due to a boundary pitch-accent or to a p-a that is part of the lexical information. Note that /mápihlí/ has 2 high pitches. However, /i:mápil nepántlah/ also has two. The question is the source of the rightmost p-a. It would seem that in both /mápihlí/ and /i:mápil nepántlah/ it is derived from a border phenomenon. \ref 01410 \lxa mapil we:i \lxac i:mapil we:i \lxo mápil wé:i \lxop mapil we:i \lxoc mápil wé:i \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \pa yes-lex \seao thumb \ssao dedo pulgar \pna Toma:wak momapil we:i. \pea Your thumb is fat. \psa Tu pulgar está grueso. \sem body \sem human \syn mapil bie:joh \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb we:i \qry In one entry I had /momapil we:i/ as 'the middle finger' equal to /momapil nepantlah/. This should be rechecked. \vl Check Oapan citation form; in my original notes I did not have a possessed form for /lxoc field but only /mápil wéi/, which seems to be in error. \ref 00930 \lxa mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxac i:mapil xo:koyo:tsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 23/Apr/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N2 \sea pinky \ssa dedo meñique \sem body \sem human \equivo mápil kómich \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb xo:koyo: \ref 06009 \lxa mapilchi:chi \lxac nomapilchi:chi \lxo 'mapilchí:chi \lxoc nómapilchí:chi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or fingers \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \syna mapilpipi:na \syno mápilpipí:na \syno mápilpa:chí:na \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb chi:chi \nae See discussion of pitch accent under 'mapilpa:chí:na. \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06869 \lxa mapilkoltotsiwi \lxac mapilkoltotsiwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \qry Discussion: this is permenant as opposed to /mapilko:tsi:liwi/ which is passing. MAKE SURE TO RECORD THE DIF> BETWEEN THE TWO TERMS. \ref 08259 \lxa mapilko:tsi:liwi \lxac mapilko:tsi:liwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08260 \lxa mapilkukuwtia \lxac mapilkukuwtia \lxo mápilkókohtiá \lxoc mápilkókohtiá \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes-lex \se to get stiff and sore fingers (from excessive work and effort) \ss quedarsele los dedos de la mano adoloridos y tiesos (de un cargo pesado de actividad o trabajo) \pna Yo:nimapilkukuwtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwihoh. \pea My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot. \psa Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribí mucho. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kow \qry Check to determine whether reduplicated form is the most common. Note that /kukuhtia/ is used in Oapan for where /kuhtia/ is used in Ameyaltepec. Also check whether reduced reduplication is acceptable. For some reason it seems not to be. \grmx Oapan phonology: Stress assignment: Note that in /mápilkókohtiá/ the first syllable takes pitch from the underlying {mah} and then the first syllable of /kokohtia/ is stressed from the underlying CVh- reduplication. Apparently reduced reduplication is not acceptable here, although this should be checked. \ref 02768 \lxa mapilkwa \lxac kimapilkwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08069 \lxa mapilkwe:chiwi \lxac mapilkwe:chiwi \lxo mápiltekwe:chíwi \lxoc mápiltekwe:chíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc [N-N]-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo to smash ones finger (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.) \sso machucarse el dedo (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kwe:ch \ref 06773 \lxa mapilkwe:chowa \lxac nomapilkwe:chowa \lxo 'mapiltekwe:chówa \lxoc nómapiltekwe:chówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc [N-N]-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo to smash the finger of (e.g, while pounding sth with a rock, using a hammer, etc.) \sso machucar el dedo de (p. ej., al estar golpeando algo con una piedra, martillo, etc.) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb kwe:ch \pqry Check pitch accent and whether high pitched syllable is in fact the initial one. \grm /te-/: Note the obligatory use of /te-/ in this word, a clear reflection of the fact that it indicates a damage done to a body part. The /te-/ is obligatory! \ref 06772 \lxa mapilpapalowa \lxac nomapilpapalowa \lxo 'mapilpápalówa \lxoc nómapilpápalówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \seo (refl.) to lick ones fingers (e.g., after eating) \sso (refl.) chuparse los dedos (p. ej., después de comer) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb palo \nae No reduced form is accepted: *nómapí:lpalówa. \grm Oapan reduplication; phonology: No reduced form is accepted: *nómapí:lpalówa does not exist but only /nómapilpápalówa/. Duration elicitation of /nómapilpápalówa/ both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez specifically rejected the reduction of the reduplicant */nómapí:lpalówa/. I have been unable to come up with any reason for this. From the independent word /mápihlí/, as well as duration itself, it is clear that the final /i/ of the stem is short. Therefore it should accept reduction of the reduplicant. Moreover, in a previous word (6365) /noté:mpalówa/ reduction occurs on the long vowel of an incorporated nominal stem. For now /'mapilpápalówa/ simply has to be considered an exception. \ref 06366 \lxa mapilpepetsiwi \lxac mapilpepetsiwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran P1 \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a(w) \sea for ones fingers to become smooth (i.e., without calluses from lack of work) \ssa quedarsele lisos los dedos a uno (esto es, sin callos por no trabajar) \pna O:mapilpepetsiw, xtekiti \pea His fingers have become smooth, he doesn't do any work. \psa Se le quedaron lisos los dedos, no trabaja. \syno ma:petsiwi \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb petsiwi \nse Oapan has ma:petsiwi with a similar meaning, though referring to the entire hand and not simply the fingers. Note that given the implicit plurality of the incorporated noun in Ameyaltepec, the verbal stem of mapilpepetsiwi is reduplicated. \qry Check /makpalpetsiwi/ used in Ameyaltepec. \ref 01490 \lxa mapilpipi:na \lxac nomapilpipi:na \lxo 'mapilpipí:na \lxoc nómapilpipí:na \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \syno mápilchí:chi \syna mapilchi:chi \syno mápilpa:chí:na \seo (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \sso (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb pi:na \nae See discussion of pitch accent under 'mapilpa:chí:na. \ref 06870 \lxa mapiltetepon \lxac mapiltetepon \lxo mápiltetépon \lxoc mápiltetépon \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \pa yes-lex \se to be missing part of a finger \ss faltarsele parte de un dedo \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tepon \ref 05810 \lxa mapiltetepon \lxac i:mapiltetepon \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea knuckle \ssa nudillo \sem body \sem human \syno mápihlí í:xoká:ntsi:n \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tepon \nse Florencia Marcelino (Oa) accepted mápiltetépon only as referring to someone (the grammatical subject) having a cut-off finger. For 'knuckle' she gave nómapíl í:xoká:ntsi:n. \qry Check to determine if this can really have the meaning 'knckle' in Ameyaltepec. \ref 07466 \lxa mapiltipan \lxac se: mapiltipan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08063 \lxa mapiltopo:ni \lxac mapiltopo:ni \lxo mápiltopó:ni \lxoc mápiltopó:ni; mápiltótopó:ni \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \se to have ones finger split or burst open (e.g., after a rock or sth heavy falls on it; see mápiltekwe:chíwi) \ss reventarsele o abrirsele el dedo (p. ej., después de que se le cayó encima una piedra u otro objeto pesado; véase mápiltekwe:chíwi) \seao (often with short vowel reduplication as mapiltotopo:ni (Am)) for ones knuckle(s) to crack \ssao (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta como mapiltotopo:ni) tronarse el dedo (los dedos) \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb topo: \qry Make sure that this verb can refer both to the bursting open of a finger from a hard blow, and to the cracking of knuckles. \vl Link two sets of words: as indicated, with female + male speaker for each. \grm Oapan reduplication; lexicalization: Note that it appears, from my recollection, that /tótopó:ni/ does not reduce, i.e., the reduplicant is not realized as \ref 04017 \lxa mapiltopo:nia \lxac nomapiltotopo:nia \lxo mápiltotopó:nia \lxoc nómapiltopó:nia; nomápiltopó:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran +Refl/-tran \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to cause ones fingers to split open (e.g., by accidentally having fireworks explode in one fingers) \ss (refl.) hacer que (algo) explota en los dedos \se (refl; reduplicated with short vowel: mapiltotopo:nia (Am); mapí:ltopó:nia (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack \ss (refl; reduplicado con vocal corta: mapiltotopo:nia (Am); mapí:ltopó:nia (Oa)) hacerse tronar los dedos \pna O:nomapiltotopo:nih, ne:chamana. \pea He cracked his knuckles, it bothers me. \psa Tronó sus dedos, me molesta. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb topo: \nse In the form that does not have a reduplicated verbal stem the meaning is to make ones finger burst, e.g, by hitting it with a rock, exploding something in ones hand, etc. When reduplicated, the resultant verb, used reflexively, refers to the action of making ones knuckles crack. In this case Oapan Nahuatl accepts the reduction of the reduplicant onto the final vowel of the incorporated nominal stem, yielding 'mapí:ltopó:nia instead of ?mápíltótopó:nia. \qry Check to see if used only in reflexive. Check for other meanings (e.g. to burst ones finger open). \vl Note that there is first a set of four tokens (2 female and 2 male) of /nómapiltopó:nia/ (with the accent on /no/). I then asked Florencia for a different pronunciation, but she repeats /nómapiltopó:nia/ again. This third token of hers is the one that should be linked to the first citation form. I then interrupted again and this time they both gave an alternate pronunciation /nomápiltopó:nia/, with the pitch accent on /má/. These four tokens, two each, should be tagged with the same ref. #, 3761, but for Florencia they would be d and e, for Inocencio c and d. The final entry should have 4 words, two each (as indicated by the semicolon. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: Note that there are two alternative pronunciations of this word. This should form a separate section of the article, or at least be commented on. \ref 03761 \lxa mapiltlastopo:naltia \lxac kimapiltlastopo:naltia \lxo 'mapiltlastopo:náltia \lxoc nómapiltlá:stopo:náltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl; often reduplicated; mapiltlatlastopo:naltia (Am) / mápiltlastopo:náltia (Oa)) to make ones knuckles crack loudly \ss (refl; a menudo reduplicado; mapiltlatlastopo:naltia (Am) / mápiltlastopo:náltia (Oa)) hacer tronar fuertemente los nudillos \pna O:nomapiltlatlastopo:naltih, chika:wak kakisti. \pea He loudly cracked his knuckles, it makes a loud sound. \psa Tronó sus dedos fuertemente, hace un fuerte sonido. \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb tlats(2); topo: \xvba mapiltlastopo:ni \dis mapiltopo:nia \nse Mapiltlastopo:naltia is the virtual equivalent of mapiltopo:nia, although perhaps mapiltlastopo:naltia indicates a more forceful action. The sound file for Oapan is the reduplicated "plural" event. \qry Note that mapiltlastopo:naltia is the virtual equivalent of mapiltopo:nia, although perhaps mapiltlastopo:naltia indicates a more forceful action: check whether this is so. Note that on one unchecked file card I had for Am /mapiltlastopo:nia/ as meaning "chasquear los dedos." Later it seems that I have found /mapiltlastopo:naltia/ to be correct. Recheck. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note the following singular and plural (ie., in ref. to the number of fingers cracked): Sg nomápiltlastopo:náltia and Pl. nomápiltlá:stopo:náltia \ref 05868 \lxa mapiltlatla \lxac mapiltlatla \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb mapil \xrb tla \ref 08210 \lxa mapilwia \lxac kimapilwia \lxo 'mapi:lwía \lxof ['(prefix) ma pi:l 'wi a] \lxoc kímapi:lwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to point out with ones finger \ss señalar con el dedo \pna Xmapilwi katlewa tikwelita! \pea Point out which one you like! \psa Señala el que te gusta! \xrb mah \xrb pi:l \xvaa mapilwilia \xvao 'mapilwília \nae The long vowel noted in Ameyaltepec and Oapan mapi:lwia should be rechecked given that mapihli (Am) and mápihlí (Oa) have both been recorded with a short vowel. \qry Despite the fact that mapihli is recorded as having a short vowel, mapi:lwia is noted to have a long vowel (confirmed in an effort to recheck this discrepancy). \qry Comparative evidence should be examined and an effort made to explain the difference in length between /mapihli/ and /mapi:lwia/. \pqry Recheck vowel length of /i/ here. Sometimes I hear /mapi:lwia/ and other times /mapilwia/. CHECK here and with other occurrences of /mapihli/. \vl There is an extra male token of this at 4105. \ref 03847 \lxa mapilwilia \lxac kimapilwilia \lxo 'mapilwília \lxoc kímapilwília \dt 12/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to point (sth) out with ones finger to \ss señalarle (algo) con el dedo a \xrb mah \xrb pi:l \xvba mapilwia \xvbo 'mapi:lwía \nae Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of 'mapilwilia (the same occurs with 'mapilwia), pitch rises mostly through the course of the nasal /m/. Here as in other cases (e.g., 'tlasótla) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the penultimate syllable before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward shift/reassignment, which in this case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel. \pqry Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic. Check vowel length in Am and Oa forms. \vl The sequence begins with Florencia utters /kímapi:lwília/. Inocencio Jiménez then follows with /kímapi:lwíya/. Florencia follows again with /kímapilwília/. There then follow 2 tokens each of the headword /kímapilwília/. Thus in total there are 4 female tokens of the headword, 2 male tokens of the headword, and one male token (the first of three) of /kímapi:lwíya/. This should be tagged with #3847. \grm Orthography: Note in the text that an apostrophe is used before a consonant initial transitive verb to indicate that pitch always falls on the prefix, never on the first syllable of the stem. Make sure this is clear. \grmx Although the high pitch is on the object prefix of 'mapilwilia (the same occurs with 'mapilwia), pitch rises mostly through the course of the nasal /m/. Here as in other cases (e.g., 'tlasótla) the placement of pitch accent on the prefix suggests that the basic pattern for pitch assignment is on the penultimate syllable before the syllable having coda {h}. As with other examples, it is easier to account for an initial placement on the prefix than account for leftward shift/reassignment, which in this case would not be motivated by either clash avoidance or a long vowel. \grm Syllable structure; pitch accent: Note that in a pitch contour of /kímapi:lwília/ the initial pitch accent reaches its peak at the end of the nasal (not so much its middle, it seems). This perhaps suggests that the syllable division of Nahuatl is not unambiguously ki-ma-pi:l-wi-ya, but perhaps kim-(m)a-pi:l-wi-ya. The question of syllable division needs further research, but the pitch evidence here suggests that the nucleus is not simply vocalic. \ref 04105 \lxa mapilxohka:n \lxac i:mapilxohka:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der \se \ss \xrb \nae The plural is i:mapilxoxohka:n 'his knuckles.' \ref 08386 \lxa mapilyestia \lxac mapilyestia \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4b(ya-x) \sea to get a blood blister on ones finger \ssa salirsele una ampolla con sangre en el dedo a (algn [S]) \syno mápilyesté:mi \xrb mah \xrb pil \xrb yes \nse This refers to a blister that forms, and has blood inside, but does not burst open, xyeski:sa. \ref 01627 \lxa ma:pipichowa \lxac ma:pipichowa \lxo ma:pichowa \lxoc ma:pichowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2b \se to whistle hard (with ones lips curled inward and a finger or fingers placed between ones lips) \ss silbar or chiflar fuerte (con los labios jalados hacia adentro y un dedo o dedos colocados entre los labios) \pna Xma:pipicho! \pea Whistle hard (by placing your fingers inside your mouth)! \psa ¡Chifla fuerte (colocando los dedos dentro de la boca)! \se to make a loud whistling sound (e.g., fireworks specially designed with whistles as they rise) \ss hacer un fuerte silbido (p. ej., cohetes especialmente diseñados para chiflar al subir) \cfa tlankikisi \cfo tlankisi \xrb ma: \xrb pich \xvaa ma:pipichowilia \xvao ma:pichowilia \encyctmp communication \nse One entry has ma:pipichowa used in refers to the sound made by a carhorn. The etymology of ma:pipichowa is uncertain, it might be related to pipitsowa, though the reason for palatalization is uncertain. Or it might be related to pi:tsa, in which case one would expect a long vowel. \nde Molina has mapichoa ni. 'chiflar con el dedo.' However, this word is alphabetized where mapipichoa would be, not in the spot mapichoa should hold. Molina also has an intransitive mapipitzoa with the same meaning. A reflexive mapipitzoa nino is glossed as 'chuparse los dedos.' RS has the last verb as fully transitive as well, mapipitzoa. Nite- 'chupar los dedos de alguien.' \qry Check vowel length. If this is related to /pi:tsa/, then a long vowel would be expected. \grm In the grammar a note should be made of this alternation: /pipitsowa/ and /pipichowa/ as in RS /mapipichoa/ and /mapipitzoa/. \vl Use first female token, second male token. \ref 03424 \lxa ma:pipichowilia \lxac kima:pipichowilia \lxo ma:pichowilia \lxoc kima:pichowilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Lex. rpd-s (Am) \infv class-2a \se to whistle loudly at \ss chiflarle fuerte a (para llamarle la atención) \pna Kima:pipichowilia para ma wa:ltlachia. \pea He whistles loudly at him so that he looks this way. \psa Le chifla fuertemente para que voltee hacia acá. \flao ma:pipichowa \xrb ma: \xrb pich \xvba ma:pipichowa \xvbo ma:pichowa \encyctmp communication \grmx Oapan reduplication: One aspect of Oapan Nahuatl is, of course, the reduced reduplicant, manifested as pitch accent or pitch accent and length. This is a quite widespread and productive process. Another aspect is the lack of reduplicants in certain words that in neighboring dialects, and in historical forms, manifest reduplication. Such is the case with /ma:pi(pi)chowa/ and /ma:pi(pi)chowilia/ (the parentheses represent reduplicants not present in Oapan). Another is /tlan(ki)kisa/ and related words (e.g., /tlan(ki)kisno:tsa/). Cf. the case of /kuhsa:wananakatl/ and Oa /kuhsa:wanakatl/. It is not clear in this latter case, however, whether Oa has a long vowel on /wa/, which would be the reflex of the reduplicant. It appears that it does not. \ref 02886 \lxa ma:pipilkatok \lxac ma:pipilkatok \lxacpend ma:pipilkatok \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08644 \lxa ma:pipi:na \lxac noma:pipi:na \lxo ma:pipi:na \lxoc noma:pipi:na \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \com N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \seao (refl.) to suck ones thumb or finger \ssao (refl.) chuparse el pulgar o los dedos \synao ma:chi:chi \syno ma:pa:chi:na \xrb ma: \xrb pi:na \qry Check for these and synonyms in transitive form. \dis Disambiguate ma:chi:chi, ma:pipi:na, and ma:pa:chi:na, and mapilchi:chi, etc. \ref 06867 \lxa ma:pipi:tsa \lxac noma:pipi:tsa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se to whistle by cupping ones hands \ss silbar al juntarse las manos \xrb \qry Add note re: /noma:pi:tsa/. \ref 07858 \lxa ma:pitso \lxac i:ma:pitso \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08186 \lxa ma:pi:xtli \lxac ma:pi:xtli \lxo ma:pi:xtli \lxoc ma:pi:xtli \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \se a handfull \ss una puñada \pna Ke:n we:i moma:pi:ch! \pea How big your handfull is! \psa ¡Qué tan grande es una puñada tuya! \pna Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Ma nkwa! \pea Give me a handful of your squash seeds! Let me eat them! \psa ¡Dame una puñada de tus semillas de calabaza! ¡Quiero comérmelas! \cfao tlaki:tskiltsi:n \dis ma:pi:xtli; tlaki:tskiltsi:n \xrb ma: \xrb pi:ch \nse Note that pixtok, the progressive of pia (Am), has a short vowel, ma:pi:xtli has a long vowel. This is because the latter is derived from the verb ma:pi:chowa). \qry Determine possessed form; note that in one phrase above the possessed was /moma:pi:ch/. This should be checked. \grm Xne:chaka se: ma:pi:xtli moa:yowech. Man kwa! Add to grammar notes the apocapated /man kwa/ for /ma nihkwa/. Also note that /ma:pi:xtli/ has a long /i:/ despite the fact that the progressive of /pia/ is /kipixtok/, e.g., which has a short vowel. Recheck these, but if confirmed note in the grammar. \ref 05806 \lxa ma:poche:roh \lxac ma:poche:roh \lxo ma:poche:roh \lxoc ma:poche:roh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) ma:poxtli \psm N \der N-ap \infn Gender; N1 \se person who is left-handed \ss persona surda, que escribe con la mano izquierda \xrb ma: \xrb opoch \nse The fact that a Spanish loan ending (-ero/a) occurs here might have affected the length of the previous vowel, /o/, which seems short in the Ameyaltepec form ma:poche:roh. As to the initial /o/ of the putative stem opoch, the fact that it deletes following ma: suggests that it was underlying short, although this is a very thin evidence in regard to vowel length one way or the other. FK compares various dialects and in most the /o:/ is long. \ref 02599 \lxa ma:pochwia \lxac kima:pochwia \lxo ma:pochwia \lxof [ma: poch 'wi ya] \lxoc kima:pochwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to perform or carry out (e.g., a task, the throwing of a ball, playing an instrument, chopping wood, writing, etc.) with ones left hand \ssa hacer (p. ej., una tarea, aventar una pelota, tocar un instrumento, escribir, leñar, etc.) con la mano izquierda \pna Xma:pochwi! \pea Do it with your left hand! \psa ¡Hazlo con la mano izquierda! \seo to hit lightly with ones left hand thrown out to ones side (e.g., sb who makes one mad) \sso golpear ligeramente con la mano izquierda (p. ej., a uno que le hace enojar) \cfa ye:kma:wia \xrb ma: \xrb poch \nse Here the difference between Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl is that in Ameyaltepec ma:pochwia indicates a determined and controlled action with ones left hand, whereas in Oapan the left hand is simply an object with which someone is accidentally struck. The difference is mirrored in the word ye:kma:wia. \qry Note that in my notes I had the following (the original filecard should be checked): /O:pe:w ma:pochwia/ 'He started to go at it with his left hand (e.g. writing, etc.)' I would imagine an error for /o:pe:w kima:pochwia/, but this should be checked. \ref 01051 \lxa ma:polowa \lxac noma:polowa \lxo ma:polowa \lxoc noma:polowa \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans; +Refl/-trans \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to make a mistake, or do poorly or unjustly, in distributing (things) by hand \ss (refl.) equivocarse al hacer entregas o dividir con la mano, o hacerlo mal e injustamente \pna O:nimoma:poloh. Se: ohma:k we:i wa:n se: pitentsi:n. \pea I made a mistake in handing out. I gave a lot to one and just a little to another. \psa Me equivoqué en la entrega. A uno le di mucho y a otro poco. \pna O:nimoma:poloh. Seki o:nikontlakal makwi:hli, seki chikwasen. Xihkón noto:ka tlaka! San nana:wi noso yeye:i. \pea I lost track of things in my hands. In some I tossed five (seeds), and in some six. Now I realize that's not how things are to be planted. It should be four by four or three by three. \psa Perdí la cuenta en lo que estaba haciendo con las manos. En algunos (pocitos) eché cinco (semillas) y en otros seis. Ahora sí me doy cuenta que no se siembra así. Debe ser cuatro por cuatro o tres por tres. \pna O:noma:poloh. Seki we:i kimakaya nakatl wan seki pi:pitik. \pea She made mistakes in giving things out. She gave some a lot of meat and others just small pieces. \psa No la dividió bien. A algunos les daba mucha carne, a otros pedacitos chiquitos. \xrb ma: \xrb pol \qry Check to see if only reflexive use is correct. Also check possiblity of reduplication: /ma:popolowa/. Check for intransitive. \vl The formant transitions for nasals are well visible here; use on internet for demonstration. \ref 03265 \lxa ma:posteki \lxac ma:posteki \lxo ma:posteki \lxocpend ma:posteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to break ones arm or hand \ssao romperse el brazo o mano \se to have a branch or branches break off (e.g., of a tree, bush, etc.) \ss rompersele una rama o ramas (p. ej., a un árbol, arbusto, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb posteki \ref 07416 \lxa ma:posteki \lxac kima:posteki \lxo ma:posteki \lxocpend kima:posteki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V3-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to break off the branch of (e.g., a tree, bush, etc.) \ss romperle la rama a (p. ej., un árbol, arbusto, etc.) \seao to break the arm or hand of \ssao romperle el brazo o mano a (algn) \xrb ma: \xrb posteki \ref 07780 \lxa ma:poxtli \lxac ma:poxtli \lxo ma:poxtli \lxoc ma:poxtli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \se left hand \ss la mano izquierda \pna Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa. \pea He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you. \psa Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú. \se (often with i:pan) to the left \ss (a menudo con i:pan) a la izquierda \pna Tikasiskeh ipan ma:poxtli. \pea We will take the path to the left. \psa Vamos a agarrar para la izquierda. \xrb ma: \xrb opoch \mod In one entry I have noted that all entries should be recorded with a short /o/: /ma:poxtli/. This should be the form in all cases. \ref 05031 \lxa ma:rgari:tah \lxac ma:rgari:tah \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan margarita \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea also called xo:chitl de margari:tah, a purple flowering plant that has been collected and photographed but not identified \ssa también llamado xo:chitl de margari:tah, una planta herbácea con flores moraditas que ha sido colectada y fotografiada, pero no identificada \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cpl Schoenhals (1988:72) gives under margarita: "1. (Bellis spp.) 'daisy' 2. (Chrysanthemum spp.) 'chrysanthemum'. Luis Lucena mentioned that he has heard the name but is not sure of its identification, though he did state that it was a xiwtli. He had also heard that it was used as a remedy. \nct komekatl \ref 03885 \lxa ma:rkah de jue:goh \lxaa ma:rkah de fwe:goh \lxac ma:rkah de jue:goh \lxo ---- \dt 14/Jun/2002 \loan marca de fuego \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea brand used on small animals \ssa hierro o marca de hierro candente utilizado con animales pequeños \cfa tepostli \ref 02310 \lxa marra:yah \lxac marra:yah mitskwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm Modal \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08320 \lxa ma:s \lxac ma:s nikneki \lxo ma:s \lxoc ma:s \dt 01/Jul/2002 \loan más \psm Adj \der Adj-compar \se more \ss más \pna Newa ma:s niwe:i. \pea I am bigger. \psa Yo soy más grande. \se (~ [predicate] ma:ka [independent pronoun]) to be more [predicate] than \ss (~ [predicado] ma:ka [pronombre independiente]) ser más [predicado] que \pna Tewa ma:s tiwe:i ma:ka newa. \pea You are older than I am. \psa Eres más grande que yo. \pna Ma:s we:i Oapan ma:ka Ameyaltepec. \pea Oapan is bigger than Ameyaltepec. \psa Oapan es más grande que Ameyaltepec. \se (xma:s) not much; not that \ss (xma:s) no mucho; no tan \pna Xma:s nikochisneki. \pea I'm not very tired. \psa No tengo mucho sueño. \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man ye tlachia, xok ma:s kwalo. \pea He used to be ill. Now he's recuperating, he's not that sick anymore. \psa Estaba enfermo. Ahora ya se está recuperando, ya no está tan enfermo. \cfa ma:san \nae The loan ma:s is most often used in pronominal function to indicate "more" of a given item, understood in the discourse: Xne:xte:kili ma:s 'Pour me some more.' It is also often used in a comparative function: Newa ma:s niweli 'I am better able (to do it)' or Newa ma:s niweli ma:ka tewa 'I am better able (to do it) than you.' Note, finally, that in Ameyaltepec ma:s is often found as ma:san and interrogative pronouns (e.g., ka:non, ke:non, tli:non, katlewa, akinon); these phrases function like the -ever words in English, and may be subordinators, indefinite pronouns, or headless relative clauses in Nahuatl syntax. Thus note: Xtla:li ma:san ka:non 'Put it down wherever (in any place you desire).' Or, Ma:san ke:non tikneki, kon nikchi:was 'I 'However you want it, that is how I will do it,' in which ma:san ke:non introduces a subordinate clause. In the phrase Ma:san akinon kichi:was, 'Anyone will do it,' the phrase ma:san akinon functions as a headless relative clause, here the subject completement of the verb phrase kichi:was. And in the phrase Xne:chaka ma:san katlewa! the function of ma:s san katlewa is that of a headless relative clause which is a object complement. Note, however, that although Ameyaltepec has ma:san, Oapan has ma:si san. This suggests that ma:san is not derived from the Spanish loan ma:s plus Nahuatl sa:n, but from Nahuatl ma:ski (Oapan ma:si). \nse Check other uses of /ma:s/. \ref 02293 \lxa ma:s \lxac ma:s tewa tiweli \lxo ma:s \lxoc ma:s \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan mas \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se moreover; in addition \ss además \pna Tsotsomi:ntik nomi:l, xwel nowapa:wa, xkwahli tla:hli, ma:s o:tesiwilo:k. O:kitlamilih un tesiwtli iswayo:tsi:n \pea The maize plants in my field are bare of leaves, they can't grow, the earth is no good and moreover, they got hailed upon. The hailstones finished off their leaves. \psa Las plantas de maíz en mi milpa quedaron peladas, no pueden crecer, el suelo no está bien y además les cayó granizo encima. Las piedras de granizo terminaron con sus hojas.terminaron con sus hojas. \qry The precise nature of the part of speech and function needs to be defined. \mod I think that the elicitation phrase from Am is not as recorded. Check. \ref 05097 \lxa masa:kowatl \lxac masa:kowatl \lxo masa:kowatl \lxoc masa:kowatl \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao boa \ssao mazacuate; boa \sem animal \sem sn \xrb masa: \xrb kowa \encyctmp snake \cpl According to Luis Lucena, this snake is not deadly. \ref 00689 \lxa ma:sa:lowa \lxac kima:sa:lowa \lxo ma:sa:lowa \lxoc kima:sa:lowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to tie the hands together of (e.g., a prisoner, or in general of any person or animal) \ss atarle las manos a (un preso o en general de cualquier persona o animal) \pna O:kima:sa:lokeh, kwi:kaskeh. \pea They tied his hands together, they are going to take him away. \psa Le ataron las manos, lo van a llevar. \xrb ma: \xrb sa:l \ref 00550 \lxa ma:san \lxac ma:san tli:non \lxo ma:si san \lxoc ma:si san tli:no:n \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan (part) má:s \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \se function word used immediately preceding a pronoun to indicate indefinite pronoun of the "any" series or "even" \ss palabra funcional utilizado inmediatamente antes de un pronombre para indicar un pronombre no definido de la serie "~quiera" o "aunque" \pna Ma:san tewa, xikchi:wa! \pea Even you, do it! \psa Aunque seas tú, ¡hazlo! \pna Nihkwis ma:san yewa! \pea I take even that! \psa ¡Me llevo aun eso! \se (~ a:kinon) anyone; whoever; whomever \ss (~ a:kinon) quien sea; quienquiera \pna Ma:san a:kinon nikseli:s. \pea I will accept whoever it may be (anyone). \psa Aceptaré a quien sea. \pna Ma:san a:kinon iwa:n niá:s. \pea I will go with whomever (anyone). \psa Voy a ir con quien sea. \pna Ma ne:chpale:wi:ki ma:san a:kinon! \pea Let anyone come and help me! \psa ¡Qué me venga a ayudar quien sea! \se (~ ka:non) anywhere; wherever \ss (~ ka:non) dondequiera \pna Ma:san ka:non xka:wati! \pea Go leave it wherever (or anywhere, you want)! \psa ¡Ve a dejarlo dondequiera! \se (~ kamanon anytime; whenever \ss (~ kamanon) cuandoquiera; a la hora que sea \se (~ katlewa) whichever one (thing); anyone (thing) \ss (~ katlewa) cualquier que sea \pna Xne:chaka ma:s san katlewa! \pea Give me anyone (of the bunch)! \psa ¡Dame el que sea! \se (~ ke:non) in whatever or any way; however (i.e., in any manner) \ss (~ ke:non) comoquiera \se (~ tli:non) whichever or whatever one \ss (~ tli:non) cualquiera; lo que sea \xrb san \qry Check whether these should all be classified as indefinite pronouns; the stimulus for this gloss is Haspelmath's book on indefinite pronouns. Cf. other Pr-indef such as /kanah/, /yekah/, etc. of the 'some~' series. \ref 03449 \lxa masa:nakatl \lxac masa:nakatl \lxo masa:nakatl \lxoc masa:nakatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se venison; deer meat \ss carne de venado \src LLGT \pna Yaw ne: ipan, ipan pwe:bloh. konamaka un masa:nakatl. \pea He would go there to, to the village. There he would sell venison. \psa Iba allá para, para el pueblo. Allí vendía carne de venado. \xrb masa: \xrb naka \ref 04266 \lxa ma:sasa:l \lxac ma:sasa:l \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. te-: ma:tesasa:l \infv pl. masasa:lmeh \sea to be clumsy, slow and not very good with ones hands \ssa ser torpe, lenta y no muy bueno con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb sa:l \qry I have recorded this twice, one as /ma:sasa:l/ and once as /ma:sasal/, each time stating that the second vowel has been checked. The vowel length should therefore be checked. Note that if derived from /sa:liwi/, one would expect a long vowel. Check other body parts that might be followed by /sasa:l/. \vl Vowel length of Am form. \ref 01129 \lxa masa:te:moke:tl \lxac masa:te:moke:tl \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \inc NV2-to-N \der N-dvb-ag \sea deer-hunter; person who goes looking for deer (to hunt) \ssa cazador de venado \xrb masa: \xrb te:mo \ref 07831 \lxa masa:teroh \lxac masa:teroh \lxo masa:teroh \lxoc masa:teroh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (Sp) masa:tl \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \seao dear hunter \ssao cazador de venado \pna Ne: o:nikontak tlitl. Tla:wi:lowa masa:te:roh. \pea I saw a light over there. A deerhunter is shining a light (as he walks through the hills). \psa Vi una luz allí. Un cazador de venado está iluminando con una luz (al caminar en el bosque). \xrb masa: \vl Check \mod Perhaps determine a new category code for this type of word: Nahuatl root plus a Spanish ending (e.g. /mejikane:roh/, /tlatole:roh/, etc.). For /tlatole:roh/ check the length of the /o/ and /e:/, if the /o/ is actually short this would indicate reassignment of length in the root based on Spanish- influenced lengthening. Cf. also /ma:pocheroh/, etc. \ref 00066 \lxa masa:tl \lxac masa:tl \lxo masa:tl \lxoc masa:tl \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seao deer \ssao venado \sea a form of playing jacks \ssa una forma de jugar matatena \pna O:mpoloh ipan masa:tl. \pea I lost in "deer" (a form of playing jacks). \psa Perdí en "venado" (una forma de jugar matatena). \sem animal \sem mammal \cola i:meló:n masa:tl \xrb masa: \encyctmp matatena \nct yo:lki \qry Make sure that the possessed forms are acceptable as I have indicated. \mod For a description of playing jacks, cf. DT (directional tape) #8:783 ff. \ref 01303 \lxa masa:tlama \lxac masa:tlama \lxo masa:tlama \lxoc masa:tlama \dt 19/Jan/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-1 \seao to hunt deer \ssao cazar venado \pna Kwahli masa:tlama \pea He is good at hunting deer. \psa Caza venado muy bien. \cfao tlama \xrb masa: \xrb ma \ono tlama \ref 02130 \lxa masa:tlamake:tl \lxac masa:tlamake:tl \lxo masa:tlámaké:tl \lxoc masa:tlámaké:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \se deer hunter \ss cazador de venado \xrb masa: \xrb ma \qry Apparently /masa:tlamaki/ is not acceptable. \ref 02156 \lxa masa:xokokuwtli \lxac masa:xokokuwtli \lxo masa:xokokohtli \lxoc masa:xokokohtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com (N-N)-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao see masa:xokotl \ssao véase masa:xokotl \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivao masa:xokotl \xrb m:sa: \xrb xoko \xrb kow \nct kohtli \cpl According to Inocencio Díaz and Silvestre Pantaleón there are two different types that differ in the color of their fruit. One has fruit that turns red, another has fruit that turns yellow. However, the trees of both are identical in all other aspects and it is impossible to differentiate them except when they are bearing fruit. Inocencio Díaz also mentioned a type of plum called mihka:xokotl that was used in food prepared when someone died. He thinks that this looks the same as the masa:xokotl except in its fruit, which is small and purple. This was later confirmed by Honorio de la Rosa. \ref 00729 \lxa masa:xokotl \lxac masa:xokotl \lxo masa:xokotl \lxoc masa:xokotl \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of wild plum and, by extension, the plum tree it grows on \ss tipo de ciruela silvestre y, por extensión, el árbol en que crece \cfa xokotl de tlatlastopo:ni \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \equiva masa:xokokuwtli \equivo masa:xokokohtli \xrb masa: \xrb xoko \ono xokotl \cpl Ramírez (1991:175) identifies this only as a member of the family Rosaceae. The masa:xokotl is a specific type of plum whose fruit is green when young and becomes redder when ripe: tla:ki kware:smah 'it comes to fruit in March to April.' There are two types of ma:saxokotl: ma:saxokotl and mihka:xokotl. Under ciruelo Schoenhals has two genera: Spondias and Prunus. The second is identified as the commercial plum. Re: the former, Schoenhals notes: "(Spondias spp. e.g. S. purpurea) 'plum', 'hog plum', 'mombin', Plums that grow in a hot climate. Fruit may be red or yellow. Also called jocote, jobo." The color identification of red or yellow fits in with most of the wild plums of the Balsas River area. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) seem to have two species of the Anacardiaceae family that bear edible fruit. One is the Spondias purpurea I known in Spanish as ciruelo or ciruelita de cerro. Of this: "El fruto es muy apreciado regionalmente ya que posee un sabor muy agradable cuando maduro; cuando tiernos se consumen cocidos en salmuera." This is undoubtedly the fruit that is boiled when green and added to beans. The other is Cyrtocarpa procera known as coco de cerro. Of this: "Su madera es ligeramente dura, el fruto es extremadamente dulce, muy apreciado en los mercados regionales." It seems clear that one of the two is the masa:xokotl and the other is the kopaxokotl. At this point my guess is that of the two the kopaxokotl might well be Cyrtocarpa procera, while the masa:xokotl would seem to be the Spondias purpurea. See masa:xokotl. See kopaxokotl. \qry According to C. Flores there are 4 types of /masa:xokotl/: /masa:xokotl de xokó:k/, /mihka:xokotl/, and /masa:xokotl tsope:lik/ of which there are two types: /kostik/ and /chi:chi:ltik/. The sweet are found in Tonalapa del Sur, Tecuescontitlan, Xalitla, etc. \nct kohtli \ref 02206 \lxa ma:se:ka:no:ltia \lxac kima:se:ka:no:ltia \lxo ma:se:ka:naltia \lxoc kima:se:ka:naltia \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sling or place across the chest of (e.g., a bag on a person) \ss colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho de (p.ej., una bolsa a una persona) \pna Xne:chma:se:ka:no:lti nolpilkaw! \pea Place my band (in reference to those used in certain dances such as moros, danza de bola, etc.) across my chest! \psa ¡Colócame la listón (de las que se emplean en algunas danzas como moros, danza de bola, etc.) para que atraviese mi pecho! \syna se:ka:no:ltia \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xvaa ma:se:ka:no:ltilia \xvba ma:se:ka:nowa \xvbo ma:se:ka:na \nse Apparently Ameyaltepec ma:se:ka:no:ltia is equivalent to se:ka:no:ltia, used in the same village. Although formally ma:se:ka:no:ltia (and Oapan ma:se:ka:naltia) is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). The Ameyaltepec form is derived from the transitive ma:se:ka:nowa whereas the Oapan form is derived from ma:se:ka:na. \qry Check to make sure that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is the equivalent of /se:ka:no:ltia/. Determine if they can be used in different contexts. \grm Although formally ma:se:ka:no:ltia is a causative, it has an applicative sense, with two objects (primary and secondary). In this regard it is similar to /na:makiltia/ 'to sell to.' Launey has a brief mention of a few of these verbs. Note also how the verb is formed from /se:ka:n/ and thus we get /se:ka:nowa/ (I think this is a form; /se:ka:no:ltia/ definitely is correct). Then from /se:ka:nowa/ or /se:ka:no:ltia/ we have the addition of /ma:/. However, the most interesting aspect of these is the use of /-owa/ as a derivative suffix (c.f. /tlaxkalowa/) and then the causativization of this derivation, but with an applicative sense (i.e., the primary object is a benefactive). \vl Selection second female token. Very good example of formants. \ref 03112 \lxa ma:se:ka:no:ltilia \lxac kima:se:ka:no:ltilia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V3 \der V3 \sea to throw a lasso on (an animal) so that it catches half the body \ssa lanzarle una riata a (un animal) para que le alcanze nada más la mitad del cuerpo \xrb ma: \xrb se:; \xrl -ka:n \nae The difference between ma:se:ka:no:ltia and ma:se:ka:no:ltilia does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but rather of intent and purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately placed on a persons body, while the second was related to the "incomplete" lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around the head and neck. In a way the difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one "function" of the applicative is not to increase valency but to change the nature of the verbal action in terms of purposiveness. \qry Check above interpretation. \grm Applicative: The difference between ma:se:ka:no:ltia and ma:se:ka:no:ltilia does not seem to be one of valency, at least not directly, but rather of intent and purpose. In a discussion of these words it seemed as if Cristino Flores was more prone to use the former when the material object was being deliberately placed on a persons body, while the second was related to the "incomplete" lassoing of an animal so that the lasso only went over the side of the body, not completely around the head and neck. In a way the difference seems to be similar to English 'bite' and 'bite at'. If this is the case then one "function" of the applicative is not to increase valency but to change the nature of the verbal action in terms of purposiveness. \ref 07870 \lxa ma:se:ka:nowa \lxac kima:se:ka:nowa \lxo ma:se:ka:na \lxoc kima:se:ka:na \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \se to sling or place across ones chest (e.g., the strap of a bag being carried that crosses diagonally in front and back of ones torso) \ss terciar; colgar o colocar atravesando el pecho (p. ej., el tirante de una bolsa que pasa diagonalmente por el pecho y la espalda) \syna se:ka:nowa \fla ma:se:ka:titlan \xrb ma: \xrb se:; \xrl -ka:n \xvca ma:se:ka:no:ltia \xvco ma:se:ka:naltia \qry Check that /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/ is equivalent to /se:ka:no:ltia/. Check vowel length, since I might have been influenced here by by understanding of the etymology. Check and change for /ma:se:ka:nowa/, /ma:se:ka:no:ltia/, /se:ka:nowa/, and /se:ka:no:ltia/, \qry Apparently /ma:se:ka:nowa:/ is a transitive basic verb that ends in /-owa/. This should be checked, cf. /te:mowa/, etc. \ref 01918 \lxa ma:se:kapochik \lxac ma:se:kapochik \lxo ma:sia:pochik \lxoa ma:se:kapochik \lxoc ma:sia:pochik \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap-ni-k \infn N1 \se type of insect similar to daddy longlegs (also called crane fly and harvestman (not considered a tokatl) \ss tipo de insecto parecido al segador o araña zancuda (no considerado un tokatl) \pna Ma:se:kapochik | Notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. \pea The ma:se:kapochik : They make their home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered a tokatl. \psa Los ma:se:kapochik : Viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran como un tokatl. \sem -in-o-med \syna se:kapochik \syno sia:pochik \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrb pochi: \nse Ma:se:kapochik are used as a remedy for whooping cough (tosferina). They are collected and boiled in water and then the water is drunk. \grm Note that the plural in Am is /ma:se:kapochikmeh/, at least according to Cristino Flores. \vl NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length in this form and all related forms, part. Oapan. \ref 01273 \lxa ma:se:katitlan \lxac i:ma:se:katitlan \lxo ma:sia:titlan \lxoc i:ma:sia:titlan \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \se armpit \ss axila; sobaco \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrl -titlan \nse Although the etymology of this word is uncertain, it is certainly related to Molina's ciyacatl or ciacatl 'sobaco.' In this analysis the sequence se:ka in ma:sekatitlan as well as se:ka in se:ka:nowa and ma:se:ka:nowa would be related to this root, with the /n/ of the verbal forms epenthetic. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has what would be the equivalent (adjusting for vowel shifts): se:yekatlan. If the sequence /e:ye/ were reduced by the elimination of the glide, one would have /se:katlan/, similar to the Guerrero form. \nae The vowel length of the Oapan form ma:sia:titlan is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/ that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the nasal that follows a vowel nucleus. \grm Oapan phonology, phonetics: The vowel length of the Oapan form ma:sia:titlan is uncertain, but acoustic measurements of the /ia/ sequence suggest either that both vowels are short or it is the /a:/ that is long. This should be checked. Note also that in all four original recordings of this word, the initial /i:/ had a quite short duration, typical more of short than long vowels. It may be that length is reflected in a lengthening of the nasal /m/, which also has a high level of sonority. Note that at times the highest level of pitch on a pitch-accented syllable is on the nasal that follows a vowel nucleus. \rt The root /se:ka/ is perhaps related to Classical /ciyaca/. Cf. the discussion under notes for the headword /ma:sekatitlan/. \ref 03514 \lxa ma:se:katsontli \lxac ma:se:katsontli \lxo ma:sia:tsontli \lxoa ma:se:katsontli \lxoc ma:sia:tsontli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; \se armpit hair \ss pelo de la axila \pna Ma:se:kapochik, notla:lia itlampa tetl, tikontas melá:k ke:n toma:se:katson, xtokatl. \pea The ma:se:kapochik, it makes its home underneath rocks, they look just like armpit hair. They are not considered tokatl. \psa Los ma:se:kapochik viven abajo de las piedras, los ves como pelo de axilas. No se consideran tokatl. \xrb ma: \xrb se:ka \xrb tson \pqry NOTE TO SELF: Check vowel length of this form and all related words. Third female token seems clearly to indicate /ma:sia:tsontli/. However, as is often the case, with glides vowel length is very hard to determine. Recheck. Also, it would be interesting if the form with /k/ has /ma:se:katsontli/ and without /k/ has /ma:sia:tsontli/. This shuld be carefully determined. \vl Link 3rd female token and 2nd male token. \ref 04501 \lxa ma:sepowa \lxac kima:sepowa \lxo ma:sepowa \lxoc kima:sepowa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-3b(ow) \sea to cut particially through the branches of (a fallen tree, so that the branches can be bent to lie close to the ground, making them easier to burn) \ssa cortar, pero no atravesando por completo, su rama (de un árbol tumbado, con machete o hacha, para que se puedan colocar pegadas al suelo, facilitando el proceso de quemarlas) \pna Xma:sepowa para ma pachiwi! \pea Cut its branches part way through (of a tree that has been chopped down) so that it lies close to the ground! \psa ¡Córtale las ramas atravesándolas parcialmente (a un árbol que ha sido tumbado, para que quede pegado al suelo)! \seo to put the hand or arm of (sb) to sleep \sso adormecer la mano o brazo de (algn) \cfao sepowa \xrb ma: \xrb sepo:w \encyctmp tla:hli \nse The Ameyaltepec use of ma:sepowa is clearly metaphoric, related to the meaning of sepowi of 'to get numb.' One undertakes the action indicated by ma:sepowa after trees are felled in clearing a field. The branches are then cut part way through with a machete so that they can be bent to lie close to the ground and thus catch fire more quickly when the field is set on fire to clear the it of brush. \qry Check for /ma:sepowi/ perhaps meaning 'to get a numb arm'; check to see if the transitive can have this sense, i.e., can one say /ne:chma:sepowa/? Check inflection. \rt The root sepowa is clearly related to /se/, 'cold'. and perhaps should be divided. The inflection pattern of this verb, e.g., o:kisepo:w suggests a clear relation to powa, with an underlyingly long /o:/, etc. \ref 03483 \lxa ma:sesé:k \lxac ma:sesé:k \lxo ma:sese:k \lxoc ma:sese:k \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a "cold" hand \ss tener la mano "fria" \cfao ma:toto:nki \encyctmp re: 'cold' and 'hot' and hands as productive, etc. \xrb mah \xrb sek \nse Ma:sesé:k, literally 'cold-handed,' refers to someone with a "cold" (as opposed to "hot") hand, and who for that reason is good for certain activities such as when the moon is newly born (waxing), cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants at the same time so that they sprout again. However, one who is masesé:k is not good for other things, such as grinding chocolate for cakes of chocolate. \qry Note that whereas /masesé:k/ is recorded with a short vowel, its antonym, /ma:toto:nki/ has a long vowel. These two words should be compared. \mod Cf. Flk 1984-05-25.1 \mod Perhpas if there is a corresponding isolated form (in this case /sesêk/) the compound need not be considered internalized reduplication. \grm Note that in /masesé:k/ as in /sesé:k/ apparently the root (here /sek/) has a short vowel, but the derivation (with rdpl) has a long vowel in the stem. Check the reason for this, but it might be the effect of shifting stress to the right. Cf. /yetí:k/, /xokó:k/, etc. \ref 04945 \lxa ma:sesepok \lxac i:ma:sesepok \lxo má:sepó:k \lxoc i:má:sepó:k \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s(prev-l) \infn N2 \se elbow \ss codo \sem body \sem human \xrb ma: \xrb sepow \nse Although at first glance this word appears to contain the locative -k(o), it appears that ma:sesepok (Am) and má:sepó:k (Oa) might be apocopated forms of a deverbal *sesepoktli or *sesepoktik. The etymology of this word is not clear; Classical has a completely different word, molictli or molicpitl. However, Molina gies cepoctli and cepouhqui as 'persona entomecida, o tollida.' RS has the additional words cepoctic, cepoctli, cepouac o cepouhqui as 'acalambrado, paralizado, adormecido.' Note that in Ameyaltepec the verb ma:sepowa is used to refer to the action of cutting part way through a branch of a fallen tree and then bending the branch close to the ground. It might be that the word for 'elbow' in Ameyaltepec is metaphorically related to this verb, indicating that the arm here is bent, much as occurs in the action indicated by ma:sepowa. Moreover, the derivation of an /-owa/ verb to /-ktik/ is not unreasonable. The term ma:sesepok might also refer to the fact that this is the place on the arm which, if hit, causes the arm to become numb or numb-like. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that the Oapan má:sepó:k would seem to show the reducation of the reduplicant on a long vowel, such as occasionally occurs. Check San Juan, however, for the possibility of {mah-}. \sj Check for /h/ \ref 03721 \lxa ma:se:walxiw \lxac moma:se:walxiw \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \sea to be an indigenous person like [possessor]; to be a country bumpkin like [possessor] \ssa ser una persona indígena com [poseedor]; ser un rústico como [poseedor] \pna Moma:se:walxiw. \pea He's a country bumpkin like you. \psa Es un rústico como tú. \xrb ma:se:wal \nse It might well be that ma:se:wahli, the stem of ma:se:walxiw is a reborrowing into Nahuatl from the Spanish. The vowel length of this term is not definite. Ma:se:wahli is used in a sort of joking self-deprecative genre, much the same as i:ndioh is used by Nahuatl speakers when referring to themselves. \ref 04335 \lxa ma:se:wia \lxac kima:se:wia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi(a) \infv class-2a \se \sea to take over for (sb doing sth with his arms such as chopping a large tree down, so that he might rest) \ssa ayudar para que (algn) descanse los brazos \xv1a tlama:se:wia \xrb ma:; se: \ref 07808 \lxa ma:siawi \lxac ma:siawi \lxo ma:siawi \lxoc ma:siawi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones arms to become tired \ss cansarsele o agotarsele los brazos \pna Yo:nima:siaw, xok wel nitekitis. \pea My arms have gotten tired, I can't work anymore. \psa Se me agotaron los brazos, ya no puedo trabajar. \syno má:kwaló \xrb ma: \xrb siawi \nse Although uttered in an elicitation context and accepted as a correct form by Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, ma:siawi is not a commonly used word in Oapan. More usual, and with an almost equivalent meaning, is má:kwaló, which is synonymous to Ameyaltepec ma:kohtia. Nevertheless, Oapan ma:siawi has been included. It should not be confused with Ma siawi!, 'Let it get tired (e.g., an ox being worked in a field)!' \qry Check for causative or transitive form. Check for minimal pair: /ma siawi/; /ma: siawi/ and /ma:siawi/. \vl Be careful here. The first female tokens is /ma siawi/. This has a short /a/ and represent the modal particle /ma/ plus the verb /siawi/. This token should be tagged as 3757, but not linked there. Simply tagged there so it will be archived under /ma/ as a modal. The next 2 female tokens and all 3 male tokens are /ma:siawi/, with a long /a:/. This is the present headword. These five tokens (2 F and 2 M) should be tagged as 5659 and two should later be linked. Please link the middle (2nd) male token of the 3 and the 1st good female token (i.e., the 2nd of all 3) If you have any doubts, please ask. Thus the sequence of the original recording is: F /ma siawi/; M /ma:siawi/; *F /ma:siawi/; *M /ma:siawi/; F /ma:siawi/; M /ma:siawi/. Only the 1st female should be tagged as 3757. The starred tokens are the ones that should be linked. \ref 05659 \lxa ma:ski \lxac ma:ski \lxo ma:si \lxoc ma:si \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Subord \der Subord \seao (~ [verb]) even though [verb] \ssao (~ [verbo]) aunque [verbo] \pna Ma:ski tikwalo, xtimitspati:s. \pea Even though you are sick, I won't cure you. \psa Aunque estés enfermo, no te voy a curar. \xrb ma: \xrb so \xrb iw \ref 00220 \lxa ma:ski \lxac ma:ski \lxo ma:si \lxoc ma:si \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Interj \der Interj \se That's the way it is! Never mind! Whatever! So be it! I don't care! (used to express resignation that a certain event has or will occur) \ss ¡Ni modo! ¡Así es! ¡Qué así sea! ¡No me importa! (utilizado para expresar como resignación que algo pasó o va a pasar) \pna Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you. \psa Aquí voy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar. \pna Ma:ski, xya! \pea OK then, go (I don't care)! \psa ¡Ni modo, vete! \pna A: Newa xok timitspale:wi:s! B: Ma:ski! \pea A: I won't help you anymore! B: So be it! \psa A: ¡Ya no te voy a ayudar! B: ¡No me importa! \xrb ma \xrb so \xrb iw \nse The use of ma:ski as an interjection seems to follow from its function as a subordinator indicating 'even though (in Spanish aunque). Molina glosses what is apparently the cognate form from Classical maciuhqui as 'aunque sea tal, o tal qual es.' He also has maciui as 'aunque, o dado que, o puesto caso.' \ref 00594 \lxa ma:so \lxac kima:so \lxo ma:so \lxoc kima:so \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to prick the hand of (with a needle, pin, thorn, splinter, etc.) \ss picar la mano de (con una aguja, alfiler, púa, espina, etc.) \pna O:nimoma:sok ika wistli. \pea I pricked my hand with a thorn. \psa Me piqué la mano con una espina. \xrb ma: \xrb so \qry Recheck that this is a transitive, although it should be, with possessor raising. Also, check final vowel length in future. \ref 01319 \lxa ma:sowa \lxac ma:sowa \lxo ma:sowa \lxoc ma:sowa \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv class-3b(ow) \seo to spread ones hand out flat on a surface \sso extender la mano plano sobre una superficie \seao (with long vowel reduplication and often with the aspectual ending -tiw) to feel ones way around with the arms or hands extended (because of the darkness, from being blind, etc) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal largo, y a menudo con la terminación aspectual -tiw) tantear con los brazos o las manos extendidos (a causa de la oscuridad, por ser ciego, etc.) \xrb so:wa \qry This verb has to date only been documented with initial reduplication mamasowa. Determine whether both long and short vowel reduplication can occur. Also interesting is why the IN reduplicates. Does one find /masosowa/. For the grammar determine those cases in which IN reduplicates and those in which it does not. It seems definitely not to reduplicate when the verb has a function such as to refer to what the IN does or has happen to it (e.g., /maaga:la:wi/). Originally I had a short /a/ in the Am version, but based on the Oapan form and comparative morphology I have changed this to a long vowel. \grm Reduplication of stem vs. IN: The reduplication /mamasowa/ (as opposed to *masusowa) can be compared to reduplications such as /maaga:la:wi/. It seems to be the case that the verbal stem is reduplicated when the IN is a patient and is affected by the predication. But in /mamasowa/ it is not so much that the hands/arms are 'hung out' but rather than a new lexical item is formed in which although the hands/arms may etymologically be the patient (that which is 'hung out'), in essence a whole new verbal action is created by the noun incorporation. This new lexical item is then reduplicated as if it were a single lexeme. Note also that no analytic paraphrase can be used. Thus while /ma:aga:la:wi/ can b expressed as /aga:la:wi ima/, /ma:sowa/ cannot be expressed as /kisowa ima/. \ref 04943 \lxa ma:so:wtok \lxac ma:so:wtok \lxo ma:so:htok \lxoc ma:so:htok \dt 17/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \inc N-V2-Stat \der V2-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be with ones hand spread out (flat on a surface; e.g., i:pan me:sah) \sso estar con la mano extendida (y puesta sobre una superficie; p. ej., i:pan me:sah) \xrb ma: \xrb so:wa \vl Link 1st male token. \pqry Check difference in /h/ and /w/ as written. \ref 06864 \lxa ma:sta \lxacpend ma:sta \dt 09/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der \loan (part) hasta \se \sea even in the case that \ssa aun en el caso de que \pna Ma:sta tewa tiwi:ts, itekiw xtlah tikchi:was. \pea Even in the case that you (yourself) come, it's certain that you won't get anything done. \psa Aun en el caso de que vengas tu mismo, es cierto que no vas a hacer nada. \xrb ma: \xrb so \nse The meaning of this term is 'even if' with the sense that even in the best of cases that something occurs, something else won't happen, e.g., 'even if you gave me 1,000 pesos, I won't help you': ma:sta mil pesos xne:chmaka, xnimitspale:wi:s. \nae This lexeme is a contracted form of ma:ski and the Spanish borrowing hasta. \ref 08877 \lxa ma:stla:kapahli \lxac i:ma:stla:kapal \lxo ma:stla:kapahli \lxoc i:ma:stla:kapal \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \se wing (of a bird) \ss ala (de un pájaro o ave) \se shoulder blade (of a human or other animal) \ss espaldilla (de un humano u otro tipo de animal) \pna Ne:chkukwa nika:n ipan noma:stla:kapal. \pea It hurts me here, on my shoulder blade. \psa Me duele aquí, en la espaldilla. \se (i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh) the blade of a plow \ss (i:ma:stla:kapal ara:doh) la "hoja" de un arado \se (i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh) the oars of a boat \ss (i:ma:stla:kapal ba:rkoh) los remos de un barco \dis matlapahli \xrb ma: \xrb astla:kapal \dis matlapahli \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am). \qry However, if short with /h/ then there would be a common alternation of /ma:/ with /mah/; the alternation /tlapahli/ and /tlakapahli/ is unusual and should be checked into. Originally AM had /ma:stlakapahli/ this has been changed to a long second /a:/ based on Oapan evidence. \qry Check for the proper term for the blade of a plow in Spanish. Check also if /matlapal/ can also be used for oars, the blades of a plow, etc. \rt There is apparently an alternation between /tlakapal/ and /tlapal/, as evidenced in /matlapahli/ and /ma:stlakapahli/. \ref 04752 \lxa ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n* \lxac ma:stla:kapalko:kotsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \seo type of small bird about the size of a dove, one of two types of ko:kotetsi:n \sso tipo de pájaro pequeño como el tamaño de la tortolita, uno de dos tipos de ko:kotetsi:n \equivo tlapalkó:kotsí:n \sem animal \sem bird \equivo tlapalkó:kotsí:n \xrb ma:stla:kapal \xrb tlapal \xrb ko:koh \ref 08116 \lxa ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxac ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxo ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \sea to fly along with its wings hanging down and flapping (e.g., \ssa volar batiendo las alas despacio \pna Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw (=matlapalkwe:kwetla:ntiw) ka:ka:lo:tl. \pea The crow goes along slowly flapping its wings. \psa El cuervo va volando despacio batiendo las alas. \synao matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \xrb ma:stlakapal \xrb kwetla: \nse Ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni has has only been documented with long vowel reduplication, apparently a nonreduplicated form does not exist. It may be used, for example, to describe the flight motion of the garza and crow. However, according to Florencia Marcelino kwetla:ni would be used only if the wings of the bird were broken, as if hit by a hunter. Otherwise they would not be 'hanging down' (xkwetla:nin). \ref 03550 \lxa ma:stla:kapaltetekestik \lxac ma:stla:kapaltetekestik \lxo ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik \lxoc ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \seo to have wings that rise up or that are raised (e.g., like angels with their wings up high, or certain fowl whose wings don't lay down at their sides) \sso tener las alas subidas (p. ej., como los ángeles con sus alas erguidas, o como ciertas aves que no las tienen pegadas a su lado) \xrb ma:stla:kapal \xrb te- \xrb ketsa \nae The reduplicant of tétekéstik does not reduce to a lengthened pitch-accented vowel on the final light (short-voweled) syllable of the incorporated noun ma:stla:kapahli. The reason that this fails to occur is not clear; cf. chichinaká:stekéts. \mod Determine in what cases to consider /te-/ as an intensifier and in what cases part of the stem. Note that the /te-/ 'rock' is completely different. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note in /ma:stla:kapaltétekéstik/ that the pitch accent does not shift over the N-N boundary! This would seem to indicate an effort to preserve IO maximization. It appears less likely, and this should be carefully reviewed, that PA will cross a noun boundary rather than a prefix boundary. \ref 07074 \lxa ma:te:ka \lxac kima:te:ka \lxo ma:te:ka \lxoc kima:te:ka \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to weed (a field, garden, etc.) with ones hands or a digging stick (witso:ktli; as opposed to with a plow) \ss desherbar (un campo, huerta, etc.) con las manos o con coa (witso:ktli; y no con un arado y yunta) \pna Tlama:te:ka, kima:te:ka imi:l. \pea He is weeding, he is weeding his cornfield. \psa Está deshierbando, le está quitando yerba a su milpa. \pna Kima:te:kas iyew. \pea He will weed out his beans (i.e., where they are planted, removing weeds from around them). \psa Va a deshierbar sus frijoles (esto es, quitándoles la maleza donde están sembrados). \xrb ma: \xrb te:ka \encyctmp mi:hli \nse In Ameyaltepec ma:teka refers to the action of weeding with ones hands or a digging stick; if a plow is being employed, then the correct word is xihki:xtia. In Oapan the terms vary slightly. Here there are three words for weeding: tlama:te:ka decribes weeding with a digging stick, tlawíwitlá and tlamá:kwí refer to weeding with ones hands, and tlaxihki:xtia is a more generic term that does not imply any particular tool or process. \nae Apprently the object of ma:te:ka can either be the plant (or type of plant) that is cleared of weeds or the field itself. \ref 01884 \lxa ma:teki \lxac kima:teki \lxo ma:teki \lxoc kima:teki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the branches off of (a plant or tree) \ss cortarle las ramas a (una planta o àrbol) \se to cut the hand of \ss cortarle la mano a \pna Ma:ka xki:tski! Mitsma:tekis! \pea Don't grab it! It will cut your hand! \psa ¡No lo agarres! ¡Te va a cortar la mano! \xrb ma: \xrb teki \qry Check for forms such as /ma:teteki/ and /ma:te:teki/. \ref 01885 \lxa matekia \lxac kimatekia \lxo mátekía \lxof ['ma te 'ki ya] \lxoc kimátekía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to pour water over the hands of (so that they may wash them) \ss echarle o verterle agua a las manos de (para que las lave) \pna Xne:chmateki, ye titlakwa:skeh. \pea Pour water over my hands so that I may wash them, we're about to eat. \psa Viérteme agua sobra las manos para que las puedo lavar, ya vamos a comer. \se (refl.) to wash ones hands \ss (refl.) lavarse las manos \pna Xmomateki! \pea Wash your hands! \psa ¡Lávate las manos! \xrb mah \xrb teki \nse Although matekia would seem to be related to a: 'water' and te:ka 'to pour' (cf. kwa:te:kia 'to baptize'), the form as noted has both a short /a/ and short /e/. If this were to hold up under analysis, then the etymology of matekia would be problematical. FK notes under mahtequia "C[arochi] contrasts this with the imperfect form of ma:tequ(i) 'to cut one's hand.' This would seem to be from ma:(i)-tl 'hand and a:te:quia: 'to sprinkle water on something,' but the vowel length pattern is completely wrong. Even deriving it with mah the alternative stem of ma:(i)-tl and te:quia: 'to sprinkel something,' there remains a discrepancy. X[alitla] has ma: for mah. \qry Check length of /e/. Check neighboring dialects for /h/ after /a/. \vl Check vl in both dialects. \ref 02080 \lxa ma:tekopi:ni \lxac ma:tekopi:ni \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08301 \lxa ma:tekopi:nki \lxac ma:tekopi:nki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08302 \lxa ma:temetsakia \lxac kima:temetsakia \lxo ma:temetsakia \lxof [ma: te me tsa 'ki a] \lxoc kima:temetsakia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pound with ones fist on the arm of \ss golpear con el puño el brazo de \fla temetsakia \xrb ma: \xrb temets \xrb ak \qry Recheck length of penultimate /a/. Check whether forms such as /temetsakia/, /ma:metsakia/, etc. exist. \ref 02081 \lxa ma:temolo \lxac i:ma:temolo \lxo ma:temoloh \lxoc i:ma:temoloh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N2 \se (unusual) elbow \ss (poco común) codo \sem body \xrb ma: \xrb temolo \cfa temolo \nse The etymology of this seldom used form is quite uncertain. Given the rarity of its use in Ameyaltepec, it might be a borrowing from another village. Also note the definition of temolo. \qry Given that /temolo/ refers to the flat part of a leg, recheck the definition of /ma:temolo/ (and /tsi:ntemolo/). Check for final /h/ in Ameyaltepec. Recheck Oapan final form and vowel length. \ref 00421 \lxa ma:temonex \lxac ma:temonex \lxo ma:témonéx \lxoc ma:témonéx \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-ap \pa yes-lex \seao to have dusty or dirty hands \ssao tener las manos sucias de polvo o tierra \pna Melá:k tima:temonex. \pea You really have dirty hands. \psa Tienes las manos muy sucias. \xrb ma: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \qry Check to determine whether one can also say /ma:monex(tik)/ or /ma:nex(tik)/; also /ma:temonextik/. Check to determine whether this can be used as a vocative. \rt It is not clear how to consider the relation between /nex-/, /tenex-/ and /temonex-/ as roots or stems. Obviously /nex/ should be considered a root. The word /monex/ is also used, but the meaning of the /mo-/ element is unclear. Similarly one finds /tenextli/ for 'lime,' which would seem to include both /te/ 'stone' and /nex/ 'grey.' Thus it becomes an interesting question whether /te-/ should be considered the intensifier, and how /mo/ should be analyzed. I have noted in my original card that the use of /temonex/ withough the adjectival ending /-tik/ is quite common and appears to indicate more of a quality than a temporary state. \ref 00368 \lxa ma:temonexe:wi \lxac ma:temonexe:wi \lxo ma:témonexé:wi \lxoc ma:témonexé:wi, ma:témonexíwi, \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seo for ones arms to become dusty and dirty \sso quedarsele los brazos cubiertos de polvo \equivo ma:témonexíwi \xrb ma: \xrb te- \xrb mohnex \vl The first two tokens are /ma:témonexíwi/ and should be tagged as 7796. The next four are /ma:témonexé:wi/ and should be tagged here at 7093, with two linked. \ref 07093 \lxa ma:tepachowa \lxac kima:tepachowa \lxo ma:tepachowa \lxoc kima:tepachowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to crush or hit the hand of with a stone (Oapan synonym: ma:te:tso:tsona) \ssa machucar o golpear con una piedra la mano de (sinónimo de Oapan: ma:te:tso:tsona) \pna O:nimoma:tepachoh wan o:ka:miliw. O:noyeskwep, xotopo:n. \pea I hit my hand with a stone and it turned purple from the bruise. A blood blister formed, [but] it didn't pop. \psa Golpee: la mano con una piedra y se puso morada, salió una ampolla con sangre, pero no se reventó. \seo (refl.) to have ones arm or hand crushed by a rock (e.g., that falls down from a cliff, wall, etc.) \sso (refl.) aplastarsele el brazo o la mano por una piedra (p. ej., que cae de un risco, cerca, etc.) \seo to take an offshoot of (i.e., a plant or small bush so that the branch takes root), bend it down, place a rock over it \sso tomar una ramita (de una flor o arbusto), doblarlo y poner una piedra sobre la ramita (para que eche raíz) \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb pach \nse In Oapan the reflexive noma:tepachowa can be used to refer to an event whereby rocks fall down and crush someone's arm beneath them. However, this verb is not used transitively to refer to the action of crushing someone's arm or hand with a stone. \qry Check etymological analysis for /tepachowa/ and make sure there is agreement. Check to see if /ma:pachowa/ is correct. Also, check the vowel length. Note that Tetelcingo, Morelos, has /quimötepöchoa/, equivalent to long /a:/. Thus the possibility that the correct entry should be /ma:tepa:chowa/ should be rechechecked. \vl There are 4 extra tokens of this Oapan headword at 5504. They should be tagged as 6419 and the best two overall should be linked (one female and one male). \ref 06419 \lxa ma:tepostli \lxac ma:tepostli \lxo ma:tepostli \lxoc ma:tepostli \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \seo ring (of metal for the finger) \sso anillo (de metal para el dedo) \seo horseshoe \sso herradura \xrb ma: \xrb tepos \vl There are 4 extra tokens from 331; however, these are of poor quality and it is the later ones, from this entry of 6699, that should be linked to the lexicon. \ref 06699 \lxa ma:tesasa:wa \lxac ma:tesasa:wa \lxo ma:té:sá:wa \lxocpend @ma:té:sá:wa \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-N(ap) \aff Lex. infix te-; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \seo person with arms covered by a rash, pox, or similar types of skin conditions (often due to lack of cleanliness) \sso persona con el brazo cubierto de sarpullido, roña u otras enfermedades de la piel (que generalmente se manifiestan por falta de higiene en granitos, comezón, etc.) \sem disease \cfa sasa:wa; ixité:sá:wa \xrb ma: \xrb sa:wa \qry Check whether this is best considered a verb or noun. Perhaps this was wrongly elicited. \vl This word in the lxoc field was mistakenly given as /ixité:sá:wa/ in the original recording and not recorded. Thus there is no sound file to correspond with /ma:té:sá:wa/. \ref 06620 \lxa ma:tesasa:wati \lxac ma:tesasa:wati \lxo \lxocpend \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07495 \lxa ma:tetekwia \lxac noma:tetekwia \lxo má:tekwía \lxof ['ma: te 'kwi a] \lxoc kima:té:tekwía, kima:tétekwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to roll up ones shirt sleeves \ss (refl.) arremangarse la camisa \pna Xmoma:tetekwia para timomateki:s! \pea Roll up your sleeves so that you can wash your hands! \psa ¡Arremángate la camisa para que te puedas lavar las manos! \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nae The verbal stem has an underlying {h} that, as expected, is lost in surface Ameyaltepec form and is realized as pitch accent in Oapan. The elicitation form for Oapan Nahuatl has a definite long vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino. Measurement of the two /e/ vowels in her speech tokens yields 104:74 and 97:66. The first vowel in each sequence is well within the range of long vowels. The speech tokens of Inocencio Jiménez yield patterns of 74:52 ms and 66:39 ms. Here the ration is similar to that of Florencia, but the absolute duration is quite a bit shorter. It might also well be that in Oapan (and Ameyaltepec as well) the verb tékwiyá (Oa) has two reduplicative patterns, one with a long vowel and another with a short vowel. This was found to be the case with a verb such as miliwi. Short vowel reduplication referenced a rolling up movement that occurs in one place, as a petate that is rolled up (or rolls up). Long vowel reduplication (e.g., mi:miliwi) is used to represent the action of rolling over an extended surface or space, as when a rock is rolled (or rolls) over the ground. However, the absence of an additional pitch accent on the syllable má: in the speech of Inocencio Jiménez suggests that his reduplicant might indeed have a long vowel. If this were the case, then the action referred to would perhaps be the rolling up of ones sleeves, neatly one time over another. In general all compounds with tekwia (Am) / tékwiyá (Oa) should be analyzed for possible reduplicative patterns and their meanings. \qry Check to determine possibility of transitive, non-reflexive, use. Check all the words that might have /tetekwia/; also fully determine the inflectional paradigm. Check /pa:ntalontetekwia/, which I have as a non-reflexive. Cf. /ikxitekwia/ which I have recorded without reduplication of the verb stem, and /ma:tetekwia/ which is entered with reduplication. \ref 04318 \lxa ma:tetema:ts \lxac *ma:tetema:ts \lxo má:tetéma:ts \lxoc má:tetéma:ts \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. inflix te-; Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to be lazy or slow with ones hands \ss ser perezoso o lento con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb ma:ts \nse The lexeme ma:tetema:ts (Am) / má:tetéma:ts is apparently from ma:tsiwi, with the intensifier te- and reduplication that probably indicates that both hands are affected. It refers generally to someone lazy of slow with their hands and undoubtedly derives from the metaphor of hands that are tightly closed, folded like a taco, impeding them to be effectively used for well (e.g. grinding corn, making tortillas, grabbing tools, etc.). \ref 05988 \lxa ma:tetenawia \lxac noma:tetenawia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(r) \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08175 \lxa ma:tetena:wia \lxac noma:tetena:wia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan matetena \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to play jacks \ssa (refl.) jugar matetena \nse Apparently this verb is used only in the reflexive, timomatetena:wia 'you play jacks. \mod For a description of this game cf. DT #8 783 ff. and DT #7 001 ff., which has been misnumbered and immediately follows #8. \ref 04033 \lxa ma:tetena:wihli \lxac ma:tetena:wihli \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan (Nah) matatena \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea jacks \ssa matatena \xrb a:wil \qry Recheck vowel lenght of /i/ which I recorded short but which should perhaps be long. Also, reconfirm this game and its name in Spanish. \mod For a description of how this game is played in Ameyaltepec cf. DT #8: 783ff. and continuation on DT #7 001 ff. Also, cf. Flk 1984-03- 10.1. \ref 06058 \lxa ma:tetepolowa \lxac kima:tetepolowa \lxo má:tepolówa \lxoc kimá:tepolówa \dt 31/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-l) \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to prune the branches of (a tree) \ss podarle las ramas a (un árbol) \pna O:kima:tetepolokeh un kohtli, kimailia mi:hli. \pea They pruned the branches off that tree, it was casting its heat on the cornfield (thus adversely affecting the growth of maize) \psa Le podaron las ramas a ese árbol, estaba echándole su calor a la milpa (dañando el maíz). \cfa kwa:tetepolowa \cfo kwá:tepolówa \dis kwa:tetepolowa \xrb ma: \xrb tepol \dis kwa:tetepolowa \nse The use of mailia in the phrase O:kima:tetepolokeh on kohtli, kimailia mi:hli refers to the action of toto:nka:maka, literally 'giving heat to,' which can refer to the situation whereby a tree (or perhaps other plant) affects a field with its "heat," destroying or damaging the crop. \nae For a discussion of reduplication in this word, see kwa:tetepolowa (Am) / kwá:tepolówa (Oa). \qry Determine the difference between /ma:tetepolowa/ and /kwa:tetepolowa/ \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication. Note /má:tepolówa/ how the pitch-accent is placed on /ma:/ instead of what seems to be a reduplication. There is no added length, thus it seems that /ma:/ acts as certain CV-nasal syllables. NOTE: It appears taht there may be another explanation: note that both /ma:-/ and /kwa:-/ have alternative forms with short vowel and /h/. Perhaps this explains, to some extent, the acceptance of reduction on these forms. \ref 05908 \lxa ma:tetepoltik \lxac ma:tetepoltik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08207 \lxa ma:tetepon \lxac ma:tetepon \lxo ma:tetepoh \lxoa ma:tetepon \lxoc ma:tetepoh \dt 26/Jan/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \se to be one-armed (usually because one arm has been amputated) \ss ser manco (generalmente a causa de una amputación) \se to be short-sleeved (a shirt) \ss ser de manga corta (una camisa) \pna Tine:cha:lkwi:li:s notlake:n de ma:tetepon. \pea You will bring me my short-sleeved shirt. \psa Me vas a traer mi camisa de manga corta. \xrb ma: \xrb tepon \fl tetepon \ref 02085 \lxa ma:tetlanwia \lxac noma:tetlanwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to trip over ones forelegs (an animal that slips and gets its feet tangled up, e.g., over a root that is sticking out of the ground) \ssa (refl.) tropezarse al enredarse las patas de adelante (un animal) \pna O:noma:tetlanwih noburroh, o:wets. \pea My burro tripped over its front legs, it fell. \psa Mi burro se tropezó por haberse enredado sus patas de adelante, se cayó. \se (refl.) to get pregnant out of wedlock \ss (refl.) quedarse embarazada fuera del matrimonio \syno ma:kwelpachiwi \fla ikxitetlanwia \xrb ma: \xrl -tlan \nse The etymology of this word is parallel to that of ikxitetlanwia: in both cases Ameyaltepec Nahuatl manifests the itensifier te-, which is an innovation from the Classical form (e.g., ikxitlanwia). However, with ma:tetlanwia, and unlike ikxitetlanwia, only the reflexive is found, since there is no equivalent action of sticking out ones arm in order to trip someone. Note that ma:tetlanwia, which has only been documented in the reflexive, refers to the front legs (arms) of an animal, not those in back, for which /ikxitetlanwia/ is used. However, given that animals do not usually trip over their back legs, the verb ikxitetlanwia is not used in reference to animals, but to humans. \qry Check whether this verb can be used as a non-reflexive, and whether the action implies falling, or only tripping. \ref 01577 \lxa ma:tetso:ntsona \lxac kima:tetso:tsona \lxo ma:tetso:tsona \lxocpend kima:tetso:tsona \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-[N-V2] \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \seo to crush or hit the hand of (sb) with a stone \sso machucar o golpear la mano de (algn) con una piedra \sem contact \syna ma:tepachowa \xrb ma: \xrb te \xrb tsona \ref 07756 \lxa ma:texama:ni \lxac ma:texama:ni \lxo ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Trans \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2b \sea to have ones hand get smashed (e.g., by dropping sth heavy on it) \ssa apachurarse la mano (a algn, p. ej., al dejar caer algo pesado sobre ello) \syno ma:tekwe:chowa \xrb ma: \xrb xama: \nae Apparently the te- element is not the nominal stem for 'rock' but the intensifier element, indicating that an "abnormal" action occurred, in this case the crushing of the hands. \ref 08342 \lxa ma:teyo:ti \lxac ma:teyo:ti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to have a good hand (i.e., one that causes good things to happen, e.g., beans to become many when tossed into a pot, etc.) \ssa tener buena mano (para que buenas cosas resulten de lo que se hace con la mano; p. ej., frijoles echados a una olla se multiplican y rinden una buena comida) \pna Tewa xkonxi:ni yetl, tewa tima:teyo:ti! \pea You be the one to throw the beans into the pot, you're the one with a splendid hand! \psa ¡Echa tú los frijoles, tienes buena mano! \pna Ma:teyo:ti pa:mpa kwa:k konxi:nia yetl ipan ko:ntli, miakia. \pea She has a good hand because when he tosses beans into a pot, they become many. \psa Tiene buena mano porque cuando echa frijoles a la olla, se multiplican. \sea to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit) \ssa tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembre rinda bien) \pna Newa nima:teyo:ti, kwa:k nito:ka, tla:ki, kwaltsi:n ki:sa. \pea I have a green thumb, when I plant, it bears fruit, it turns out well. \psa Tengo dedo verde, cuando siembro, rinde, sale bien. \cfao ma:tlakwa \cfa teyo:ti \cfo ma:tla:ki \xrb ma: \xrb te \nse The etymology and basis for the meaning of ma:teyo:ti is unclear. Obviously the stem for 'hand' is present in ma:-. Vowel length should be rechecked, but the Ameyaltepec word might be related to the Classical noun teyotl and the transitive verb teyotia. nite., glossed by Molina as 'fama, o honra,' and 'afamar a otro,' respectively. These are alternate pronunciations of tenyotl and tenyotia, both of which involve the stem te:n-, 'lip,' with a long vowel. Vowel length in Ameyaltepec ma:teyo:ti, an intransitive verb, should therefore be rechecked, but the reference might be to someone whose 'hand' is famed (for its "productivity"). If ma:teyo:ti has a short /e/ and the root te- 'stone,' then the etymology is less clear. \qry Check vowel length. \ref 00794 \lxa mati \lxac kimati \lxo mati \lxoc kimati \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv Irregular: prog. mastok perhaps from the suppletive mats- \se to know (a fact, such as the whereabouts of sb, the answer or solution to a problem, etc.); \ss saber (un dato, como la ubicación de algo o algn, la resolución a un problema, etc.) \pna Nikneki hmatis. \pea I want to know (it) \psa (Lo) quiero saber. \pna Xnikmati ka:non o:yah. \pea I don't know where he went. \psa No se a dónde se fue. \pna O:nikmaste:w tli:non nochi:was. \pea I found out what was going to be done just before leaving. \psa Justamente antes de salir, me enteré de lo que se iba a hacer. \se (with -tok or -tika in Oapan) to be aware of (i.e., in a state of awareness of a certain fact or situation) \ss (con tok o -tika en Oapan) estar conciente de (esto es, estar en un estado de conocimiento acerca de una situación o hecho particular) \pna Ma tikmastoka:n! \pea Let's us be made aware of it! \psa ¡Qué estemos enterados de ello! \pna Nikmastoya. \pea I knew it. \psa Lo sabía. \pna Nikmastok. Ma:ski ma:ka xne:chihli! \pea I am aware of it. You don't even have to tell me! \psa Estoy conciente de ello. ¡Ni me lo tienes que decir! \pna Timiste:i:xpanti:s, tikmastok, pa:mpa ke:n timotan. \pea I am going to tell (in this case your parents) on you (said by a girl to a boy who was courting her), you should be sure of that, because we are related. \psa Me voy a quejar (en este caso a tus padres) de tí (dicho por una muchacha al muchacho que la estaba cortejando), esté seguro de ello, porque somos parientes. \se to try out; to taste; to attempt \ss probar; intentar \pna Ma tikmatika:n! \pea Let's try it out (e.g., 'Let's taste it,' a food)! \psa ¡Vamos a probarlo (p. ej., una comida, etc.)! \pna Xmati deke ti:roh yetí:k! \pea Try it out to see if it is is very heavy (e.g., a load before attempting to carry it)! \psa ¡Pruébalo (p. ej., una carga antes de intentar llevarla a cuestas) para saber si está muy pesado! \pna Xmati deke yumpa! \pea Taste it (in this case a dish of prepared food) to see it is is just right! \psa ¡Pruébala (en este caso un guisado) para saber si está justamente bien! \se to feel (through the senses, particularly of touch) \ss sentir (por los sentidos, particularmente lo táctil) \pna O:tmat? Ne:si o:tla:loli:n! \pea Did you feel it? It seems that there was an earthquake! \psa ¿Lo sentiste? ¡Parece que hubo un temblor! \pna Nikmati yetí:k. \pea It is heavy for me. \psa Lo siento pesado. \pna O:kimat kikwenti:s un to:roh, o:wa:lnoma:ka:w. \pea He felt (realized) that the bull would get the better of him, (so) he let go (and jumped off its back, in this case during a rodeo). \psa Sintió que el toro le iba a ganar, (por eso) se dejó caer (en este caso durante un jaripeo). \se (xtlah ~) to not be in charge; to have no responsibility; to no nothing about (e.g., a decision) \ss (xtlah ~) no tener la autoridad; no estar encargado; no tener la responsabilidad; no saber nada (p. ej., de una responsabilidad o decisión) \pna Yewa xtlah kimati. \pea He's not the one in charge (responsible). \psa El no está el responsable (encargado). \pna Newa xtlah nikmati. Xiktlatlani nepa ina:k notah. \pea I'm don't know anything about it (in this case I'm not the one to ask about a particular item requested in loan). Go ask for it there with my father! \psa No sé nada (en este caso no soy el indicado o responsable para determinar sobre lo que pides prestado). ¡Pídeselo allá, con mi papá! \se (xkimati + [verb]) to never [verb]; to not know what it means to [verb] \ss (xkimati + [verbo]) nunca [verbo]; no saber lo que significa [verbo] \pna Pitso, xkimati noxwitia. \pea Pigs, they don't know what it means to overeat (i.e., to get full, to get an upset stomach from overeating, etc.). \psa Un marrano, no sabe que es atestarse (esto es, nunca se llena, nunca queda satisfecho de comida) \se (refl.) to get accustomed to; to get used to (e.g., muscles that get in shape to a particular activity; a person or animal to a given location or home, etc.) \ss (refl.) acostumbrarse; hallarse (p. ej., músculos que se adaptan a una actividad en particular, una persona o animal a un lugar o hogar) \pna Yo:nomatkeh nokxiwa:n. Xok nisiawi. \pea My legs have gotten accustomed (in shape, for a task, to walking, etc.). I no longer get tired. \psa Ya se hallaron mis piernas (a un trabajo o tarea). Ya no me canso. \pna Yo:nomat nosuwa:w, xok ya:sneki icha:n. \pea My wife has gotten used to this place, she no longer wants to go home. \psa Mi esposa ya se halló aquí, ya no quiere regresar a su casa. \pna A:man yo:nomatkeh nopitsotsitsi:wa:n. Xohkanah yaweh. \pea My pigs have now gotten used to this place (i.e., come to feel at home). They no longer go (run away) anywhere. \psa Ahora mis marranitos se hallaron (aquí). Ya no van a ningún lado. \pna Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pa:mpa ke:n tlasotla (sic). \pea My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him. \psa Mi nieto ya se halló conmigo porque lo quiero mucho. \se (refl.) to settle in a particular position (e.g., sth placed in a particular position that then remains there) \ss (refl.) quedarse en una posición en particular (p. ej., algo colocado en cierta posición que se queda así) \pna O:ko:pi:liw mosombre:roh, ipan o:kiaw, a:man xteteketsa, tla:mo saihkón nomatis. \pea Your hat has drooped down, it got rained upon, now straighten the rim up, it you don't it will stay that way. \psa Se cayeron las alas de tu sombrero, le cayó la lluvia encima, ahora enderézalo, si no, se quedará así. \se (recipr. prog.) to get along \ss (recipr. prog.) llevarse bien \pna Nomastokeh. \pea They are getting along well with each other (i.e., getting to like each other, spending a lot of time together). \psa Se están llevando bien (esto es, cayéndose bien, pasando mucho tiempo juntos). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to know the location of (e.g., firewood, deer to hunt, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) saber la ubicación de; saber donde se localiza (p. ej., algo como leña, venado para cazar, etc.) \pna Yewa kimamati tlikohtli. \pea He's the one who knows where there is firewood. \psa El es él que sabe donde hay leña. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to feel around the body of (e.g., a doctor in looking for an injury; see tlá:machília) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) palpar o tantear el cuerpo de (p. ej., un doctor en buscar donde se lastimó; véase tlá:machília) \pno Mí:tsmatí ka:n ma:s mitsokowa. \peo He (a doctor) feels around to find where it hurts you most. \pso El (un doctor) te palpa el cuerpo para ver donde te duele más. \xrb mati \xvaa machilia \xvca maxtia \xv0ao tlamati \xv0ao tlamastok \xv0ao tlamastiw \cfa i:xmati \cfa tlamastiw \nse The difference between forms such as kimati and kimastok is somewhat difficult to specify. The former refers to a particular and precise bit of information, e.g., knowing how to do something, the answer to a puzzle, etc. However, kimastok suggests more of a background type of knowledge, e.g., kimastok pero xkite:ihlia 'He knows but is not telling anyone.' However, more work needs to be done on differentiating these two forms. \nae With aspectual markers joined by the -ti- ligature one finds forms such as kimastok, probably indicative of underlying {matsi}. The applicative and causative stem mach might well be a palatalized version of matsi. \qry Discuss difference between /nikmati/ and /nikmastok/. Also determine the meaning of /mamati/, which I think refers only to knowing the location of. Finally, /tlamastiw/: check the definition and determine all the contexts in which /tlamastiw/ may be used. Can one say /tlamati/, /tlamastok/, etc.? \qry Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (sic)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. \grm Contraction: Note the following /Notech yo:nomat noxwi:tsi:n pampa ke:n tlasotla (sic)/ 'My grandchild has come to feel at home with me because I really love him.' In several examples I have noticed that an initial geminate consonant sequence will go to /hC/ as in /nikneki hmatis/ for /nikneki nikmatis/. In the previous case this is perhaps what occurs although I have not recorded the preaspiration in my notes. Perhaps the correct form is /... pampa ke:n htlasotla/, or perhaps the final /n/ of /ke:n/ is aspirated. Check. \vl There are additional tokens of this word under 03651, an entry that has been deleted. \ref 01529 \lxa mati \lxac o:matiko \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08525 \lxa ma:tia \lxac noma:tia \lxo ma:tia \lxoc noma:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have sticky fingers (i.e., to take for oneself that which is dear or precious) \ss (refl.) tener la mano larga (esto es, tomar por si mismo lo que es caro o escaso) \pna Noma:tia, konki:tskia tli:n tlasoti. \pea He has sticky fingers, he reaches out to take what is dear (e.g., money, etc.). \psa Tiene la mano larga, agarra lo que escasea (p. ej., dinero). \xrb ma: \qry Further determine if transitive, nonreflexive form can be used, and further clarify meaning. \ref 05627 \lxa matián \lxo matiah \dt 20/May/2002 \seao 'Let's go'; see yaw \ssao 'Vámonos'; véase ma \nae This is a compound form of the optative ma with the irregular verb yaw, having the sense of 'Let's go/' \xrb ma \xrb yaw \ref 01304 \lxa ma:tila:na \lxac noma:tila:na \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-3a \se (refl.) to drag oneself along by the arms or hands \ss (refl.) arrastrarse (por los brazos o las manos) \pna San noma:tila:na, xwel nokwiste:wa. \pea He just drags himself along by his arms, he can't get up. \psa Solamente se arrastra por los brazos, no se puede incorporar. \pna Noma:tila:na un kichkone:tl, xe wel nenemi. \pea That baby boy pulls himself along by his hands, he still can't walk. \psa Ese niño se arrastra jalándose por las manos, todavía no puede caminar. \se (refl. and short vowel reduplication) to stretch ones arms out (e.g., sb just waking up, or sb who feels stiff) \ss (refl. and reduplicación de vocal corta) estirarse los brazos (p. ej., algn que apenas se está despertando, o que se siente tieso) \sea to pull on the arm of (e.g.,. to accommodate bones that have gotten out of place, soothe bad sprains, etc.) \ssa jalarle el brazo de (algn, p. ej., para acomodar a los huesos torcidos, calmar dolores fuertes, etc.) \pna Xmoma:titila:na! \pea Stretch your arms out! \psa ¡Estírate los brazos! \cfo tila:na \dis ma:nenemi \xrb ma: \xrb tila:na \nse The action referenced by ma:tila:na is that of dragging, i.e., such as a drunk who cannot get off the ground, a very young baby, a wounded soldier, etc. It is different from ma:nenemi, which refers to walking on ones hands, as in crawling on all fours. The reflexive noma:tila:na is apparently used to refer to a range of animals that crawl. It does not include insects or snakes, but does include snails (wi:laka). It may, therefore, be semi-lexicalized as a term for particular life forms. The following types of animals are those in a list of animals that can be characterized by this reflexive verb, noma:tila:na: a:ketspalin, eskorpió:n, kohketspalin, kowi:xin (4 types: kowi:xin, kowi:xtataka, petskowi:xin, techichiko:tl), rra:nah, sa:poh, tepa:xin, tepe:sa:poh, tla:lkokone:tl, wi:laka. In Oapan apparently the simple form tila:na, used reflexively, is used for 'to crawl.' When asked several consultants interpreted noma:tila:na as referring to the physical stretching of the arms. \qry Check for transitive use, e.g., /kima:tila:na/. Check for long vowel reduplication and also /mama:tila:na/ as opposed to /ma:titila:na/. Note that in my original notes I had /noma:tila:na/ as 'It is a lizard (lit. 'it crawls').' This should be checked, as should the motion of a lizard. I think that in a second version of this lexicon this entry should be checked, particularly in regard to whether this is a lexical entry or simply a descriptive term applied to crawling animals that have little else (in terms of classification) in common. I think I originally saw this term elsewhere. \grm Reduplication, note the reduplication of /noma:titila:na/ meaning 'he stretches his arms out' and how the verbal root is reduplicated, not the IN. In general it seems rare for INs to be reduplicated; this should be checked. \ref 04750 \lxa matiliwi \lxac matiliwi \lxo matiliwi \lxoc matiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get twisted (a cord, rope, etc.) \ss enroscarse (un mecate, laso, etc.) \pna Matiliwi morria:tah, xwel koya:wi para ika titlatsonwi:s. \pea Your lasso is getting all twisted up, it can't open up (forming a loop) so that you can use it as a lasso. \psa Tu riata se enrosca, no se puede abrir (formando una lazada) para que puedas manganear. \xrb matil \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \rt One question to determine is the relationship between words that seem to alternate with m*** and p***, for instance, /matiliwi/ and /patiliw/, or /malaka-/ and /palaka-/. This should at least be commented on. \ref 05075 \lxa matilowa \lxac kimatilowa \lxo matilowa \lxoc kimatilowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to wrap around (passing an object such as a rope around a post or similar structure) \ss rodear; colocar alrededor de (p. ej., un laso cuando lo pasan alrededor de un poste) \pna Xmatilo ne: ipan kuwtli! Ma:ka mitskwi:li:s un rria:tah! \pea Wrap it there around the tree! Don't let it (a bull or other lassoed animal) put the lasso away from you! \psa ¡Amárralo allá por el árbol! ¡No dejes que te arranque la riata (un toro u otro animal)! \se to twist (as one does to sb's arm, or to a rope or other similar object) \ss torcer (p. ej., el brazo de una persona, o una soga, riata u otro objeto similar) \pna O:kimatilokeh ima. \pea They twisted his arm. \psa Torcieron su brazo. \se to entwine or twist (one thing around another); to weave (as one does to rods in making a worm fence) \ss entrelazar; entretejer (como en hacer una cerca de bajareque) \pna Axtopa ma nikmatilo nokorra:l. \pea First let me put the rods in my worm fence (placing them first in front of and then behind consecutive posts). \psa Primero, déjame entretejer las varas en mi cerca de bajareque (colocándolas primero atras y después adelante de postes consecutivos). \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw i:n i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a taravía used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo! ¡Apriétatelo! Aquí ya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \pna Xma:matilotiw un chi:hli para ma:ka chachaya:wtos.! Ma ikato kwahli! \pea Go along intertwining (the branches of) the chile bushes around each other so that they won't wind up laying scattered on the ground! They should be nice and upright! \psa ¡Ve entretejiendo (las ramitas de) esas plantas de chile para que no se queden regadas sobre el suelo! ¡Qué estén bien paradas! \xrb matil \xvaao matilowilia \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \ilustmp For the use of /matilowa/ with making a fence, cf. illustration with filecard. Also correct is /o:kimatilowilikeh i:ma/. \ref 01664 \lxa matilowilia \lxac kimatilowilia \lxo matilowilia \lxoc kimatilowilia \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to twist for or on (i.e., affecting sb in some way) \ss torcerle a (o para, etc., afectando la persona involucrada) \pna O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma. \pea He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm. \psa Me enchuecó el brazo, me torció mi brazo. \xrb matil \xvbao matilowa \nse The applicative matilowilia can be used, with an added applicative sense, for all the senses listed under matilowa. \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. Although I did record in my original filecards /ma:ka xne:chmatilowili noma/, this should be checked. I mention in the original notes that also possible is /o:kimatilokeh ima/ 'they twisted his arm'. However, I wonder if the more common expression would be with "possessor raising" /o:ne:chma:matilokeh/. This should be checked. Also, determine more uses for /matilowilia/. \mod In general in the discussion of how to use the dictionary, mention that applicative senses are generally less complete than the original verb, and that one should consult the base verb for the full range of senses. \grm Incoporation and possessor raising. /O:ne:chma:nekwiloh, o:ne:chmatilowilih noma/ 'He made my arm crooked, he twisted my arm' Note the preceding phrase and how the incorporation/possessor raising is contrasted to non-incorporation. It would seem that this is a good example of parallel structures in which there is little difference in meaning; perhpas this pair simply reflects a rhetorical device to repeat propositional meaning without repeating formal structure. One imagines that the speaker could say /o:kimatiloh noma/. Check all possibilities and meanings. \grm Applicative: Can be /kimatilowilia/ with a human object that is the benefactive or malefactive; or it can be /kimatilowilia/ with a material object such as barrilla onto which alambre is twisted. \ref 04052 \lxa matiltik \lxac matiltik \lxo matiltik \lxoc matiltik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se twisted \ss torcido \pna Matiltik, xwel tlapa:ni. \pea It is twisted (in this case the grain that runs inside a log or branch), it can't be split. \psa Está torcido (en este caso el grano que corre por un tronco o rama), no se puede partir. \xrb matil \qry Make sure this can be uttered in nonreduplicated form. \grm Devoicing: Make sure grammar, in phonology section, refers to devoicing of /l/ in syllable-final position. \ref 03186 \lxa ma:toka \lxac kima:toka \lxo ma:toka \lxoc kima:toka \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to pet; to run ones hand over; to caress; to rub or massage (if the action is repeated, as it usually is, then reduplication with a long vowel is used) \ssao acariciar; correr la mano sobre en una manera cariñosa; sobar (si la acción se repite, como generalmente occure, se utiliza la forma reduplicada con vocal larga) \pna Kima:tokas itskwin. \pea He will run his hand (once) over his dog. \psa Va a correr su mano (una vez) sobre su perro. \pna Axtopa xma:ma:toka, ma ki:sa un tlasohli! \pea First run your hand over it (in this case a horse) so that the brush that has stuck to it comes off! \psa ¡Primero, corre tu mano sobre ello (en este caso un caballo) para que se le quite la mugre (p. ej. ramitas y pedazos de hojas) que le está pegada! \pna Tikma:ma:tokas un la:soh para ma ki:sa sokitl. \pea You should run your hand along that rope so that the mud falls off. \psa Debes correr la mano sobre ese laso para que se le caiga el lodo. \pna Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan! \pea Rub (carress) my back! \psa ¡Sóbame la espalda! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to earnestly pursue; to pay close attention to; to show affection for (a person); to make an effort (to do sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) prestar atención a; proseguir (p. ej., en tramitar un asunto); mostrar cariño a (una persona); esforzarse (para hacer algo) \pna Newa nikma:totoka, o:niktlasiwi:tih. \pea I pursued the matter in earnest, I hurried it up. \psa Proseguí el asunto, lo apuré. \pna Xkima:totoka ikone:w. Ma:ski cho:katok xkichi:wilia kwe:ntah. \pea She doesn't pay attention to her child. Even though he is crying, she doesn't pay attention. \psa Ella no le presta atención a su hijo. Aunque está llorando, no le hace caso. \pna Xkima:totoka para kipati:s. \pea He doesn't make much of an effort to cure him (a sick child, i.e., he doesn't bother to take him to a doctor). \psa No hace ningún esfuerzo para curarlo (en este caso para curar su niño, no se molesta en llevarlo a un doctor). \pna Xkima:totoka para kichi:chi:ti:s. \pea She doesn't hurry up to breast feed him (even though he is crying). \psa No se apura para darle pecho (aunque está llorando). \pna Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian! \pea Accept it quickly while they are offering it to you! \psa ¡Acéptalo rápidamente mientras que te lo ofrezcan! \se (with short vowel reduplication) to spread ones arms out in order to catch or hold (e.g., sb coming down from a high place, a child that is about to fall, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) abrir los brazos para agarrar o sostener (p. ej., a una persona que está bajando de un lugar alto, o a un niño que está a punto de caerse) \pna Xma:totoka! Ma:ka wetsis chika:wak! \pea Spread your arms out to catch him (in this case to catch a child who is falling)! Don't let him fall down hard! \psa ¡Abre los brazos para agarrarlo, (en este caso a un niño que está cayendo)! ¡No lo dejes caer fuerte! \se (with short vowel reduplication and tie:mpoh) to hurry up \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta y tie:mpoh) apurarse \pna Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa. \pea He is hurrying up to plant it (a particular field), he has already started clearing the field. \psa Se apura para sembrarlo (un terreno en particular), ya empezó a limpiar el campo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to touch or grab repeatedly at; to feel around for (sth) with ones hands \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tocar o agarrar repetidamente (algo, o a algn); tantear \pna Xo:mitsna:nkilih para tikma:to:tokatinemis. \pea She didn't consent to you going around grabbing her by the arm. \psa No consintió que la anduvieras agarrando por el brazo. \pna Tikma:to:tokatiw wi:lo:tl, yo:wetsiko, yo:tihkokoh. \pea You are reaching your arm out (e.g., feeling into the underbrush) feeling for the huilota. It fell to the ground, you wounded it. \psa Estás estirando el brazo tanteando (p. ej., para buscar en la maleza) por la huilota. se cayó a la tierra, la heriste. \xrb ma: \xrb toka \xvaa ma:tokilia \nae The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., ma:ma:toka) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \qry All meanings and the vowel reduplication pattern should be checked: /ma:ma:toka/ 'caress'; /ma:to:toka/ 'to feel around with ones hands'; and /ma:totoka/ 'to pay attention to'; 'to catch in ones arms.' Finally, note that a grammatical record should be made of these differences and compared to other words which should different types of reduplication of root and prefix. Perhaps with the noun is reduplicated a separate entry should be given, since usually the IN is not reduplicated. \qry The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., ma:ma:toka) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \qry Check this phrase: /Xma:totoka kech ika mistlayo:kilian!/ This is what I originally had. \grm /Xne:chma:ma:toka nokwitlapan!/ Rub my back. Note that /nokwitlapan/ is syntactically as if it were an object (e.g., one might expect an applicative ?xne:chma:ma:tokili nokwitlapa, or an oblique: ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokwitlapan. Perhpas this is avoided (cf. Launey) because that /-pan/ is already in the body part. But what would be the case with /nokxi/, ?xne:chma:ma:toka nokxi or ?xne:chma:ma:toka ipan nokxi. Check. \grm /Kima:totoka tie:mpoh para kito:kas, yo:pe:w tlapupwa/. ' He is hurrying up in order to plant the field, he has already started clearing..'Note here how reference shifts. We have /kito:kas/, which seems to refer to a specific field (discuss or explore the use of /ki-/ with /to:ka/ (and the use of specific objects with verbs for which the nonspecific object is not acceptable *tlato:ka. Then the following phrase does not have /yo:pe:w kipupwa/, which would maintain the reference/focus, but the detransitivized /tlapupwa/. This too should be discussed. \grm Reduplication: note that /ma:toka/ can be reduplicated in various ways: /kima:ma:toka/ 'to caress'; /kima:to:toka/ 'he feels around for'; and /kima:totoka/ 'he pursues it; he spreads his arms to catch it,' etc. These all should be checked as /ma:toka/ is one of the few verbs with IN that can take reduplication of either the nominal or verbal stem. Later I added: The verb ma:toka is unusual in that reduplication may be of the entire lexicalized form, with the incorporated noun stem (e.g., ma:ma:toka) or, as is perhaps more often the case, of the verbal root (e.g., ma:totoka or ma:to:toka). Apparently ma:ma:toka indicates 'to caress' (repeating the action as one runs ones hand over a surface) whereas ma:to:toka, with long vowel reduplication of the verbal stem, signifies 'to feel around with ones hands.' The verbal stem can also be reduplicated with a short vowel, ma:totoka; to mean 'to do something rapidly', or 'to pay attention to.' In this case it seems that the reduplicated verb acquires the meaning that it has independently of 'to follow after.' All meanings and reduplication patterns need to be rechecked; and perhaps two separate entries should be created. \ref 00780 \lxa ma:to:ka \lxac kima:to:ka \lxo ma:to:ka \lxoc kima:to:ka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \se to plant by hand (i.e., with a digging stick, and not by plowing) \ss sembrar a mano (esto es, con un coa, y no con una yunta y arado) \pna San kima:to:kaya. \pea He just planted it with a digging stick. \psa Sólo lo sembró con coa. \se to plant (the actual seed) by placing it in the ground with ones hand \ss sembrar (la semilla misma) por meterla en el suelo a mano \pna Nika:n san xma:to:ka pa:mpa ke:n teteyoh. \pea Here just use your hands to place the seed in the ground because it is very rocky (and the seed cannot just be dropped in the furrow and covered up with a sweep of the foot). \psa Aquí nada más usa las manos para meter la semilla en la tierra, es demasiado piedroso (y no puedes simplemente dejar caer la semilla para taparla con un moviemiento del pie). \xrb ma: \xrb to:ka \nse Ma:to:ka often refers to planting with a witso:ktli on a tlacolole, not with a team of oxen. However, it can also be used to indicate the actual manual placing of the seed in the furrow. With rocky soil it is possible to use a plow, but often it is afterward impossible to simply drop the seed in the ground while walking behind the oxen, and then cover it with earth with a sweep of ones feet (kicking earth over the seed that had been dropped). In these cases the corn seed must be put into the ground with ones hands and covered up by earth manually as well. \qry Check to make sure that the two acceptations of /ma:to:ka/ are correct. Check to see if the verb accepts /tla-/, and if not, whether one can simply say, /ma:to:ka/; if /ki-/ must be used, then determine whether the object is the field planted, the type of seed dropped, or even the seed itself. \ref 03996 \lxa ma:tokilia \lxac kima:tokilia \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc N-V \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to rub the surface of (with sth [SO]; see i:xma:toka) \ssa frotar o untar la superficie de (con algo [OS]; véase i:xma:toka) \pna Xma:tokili tenextli mokoma:l para wel tlakwepas, xok sa:liwis tlaxkahli! \pea Rub lime on your griddle so that she (the person who will cook) can turn things over, (so that) tortillas will no longer stick! \psa ¡Frótale cal sobre tu comal para que ella (la persona que la va a usar) puede voltear (las tortillas), (para que) las tortillas ya no se pegan! \xrb ma: \xrb toka \xvba ma:toka \nde In Oapan the applicative of this verb was not accepted by Florencia Marcelino. The nonapplicative is ma:toka, often with long vowel reduplication in the first syllable. For rubbing a surface, Florencia stated that the more precise term is i:xma:toka. \grm Applicative. Note the difference between the transitive /ma:toka/ and the applicative /ma:tokilia/. In both case there is the same object: /kima:toka ikoma:l/ and /kima:tokilia ikoma:l/. However, in the first the object (the griddle) is a patient: it is what is being rubbed with the hand. In the second it is a benefactive. Note that this is different from the usual pattern, which introduces a new benefactive argument. Thus /kimiktia nopitso/ 'he kills my pig' vs. /ne:chmiktilia nopitso/ 'he kills me my pig' In this case the applicative introduces a new argument, the benefactive, which is different than the object affected. But in /kima:tokilia mokoma:l/, the object is the same as in /kima:toka mokoma:l/. The difference is that in the applicative the primary object is benefited from the application of another item (the lime being spread on the surface). \ref 03458 \lxa ma:tolopochiwi \lxac ma:tolopochiwi \lxo ma:tolopochiwi \lxoc ma:tolopochiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo to get a ball-like swelling on ones arm \sso hincharsele algo como una bolita al brazo \xrb ma: \xrb tolopoch \ref 06350 \lxa ma:tompo \lxac ma:tompo \lxo ma:tompo \lxoc ma:tompo \dt 13/Jun/2003 \loan (part) tompo (?) \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. ma:tompomeh (Am) / ma:tompomeh (Oa) \seao water animal, grey or blackish in color, that is said to be a type of large chakalin, but without arms or pincers \ssao animal del agua, de color gris o negrito, que se dice ser un tipo de chakalin grande, pero sin brazos o pinzas \sea person with a bad arm (either congenitally, or one that is deformed, e.g., haven been broken and not having healed properly; used in general for sb who does not have full use of his arm or arms) \ssa persona con un brazo mal (quizo o congenitamente, o tal vez por haberse roto y no haberse sanado bien; empleado para personas que no tienen uso completo de sus brazos) \pna Ma:totompo. \pea He has two bad arms. \psa Tiene los dos brazos mal. \sem animal \sem marine \xrb ma: \nae The etymology of ma:tompo given that the element tompo has not been clearly identified as a Spanish loan. \qry Recheck for final /h/ also check vowel length (e.g., of the first /o/ in /tompo/) Also, check to see if this is a loan, or related to the word for a stumpy arm, etc. Also, check for homophony to word for someone with a bad arm. It is used in general to refer to someone who does not have full use of his arms. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05607 \lxa ma:to:ne:wa \lxac kima:to:ne:wa \lxo ma:to:ne:wa \lxoc kima:to:ne:wa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi[e] \com +Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to cause a burning pain (from sth spicy such as chile) on the arm or hand of \ss hacer el brazo o mano arder a (a causa de contacto con algo picoso como chile) \pna Kima:to:ne:wa. Xwel chi:lkwe:chowa, noso kaxa:nki itla:kayo. \pea It makes her hands burn. She can't grind chile, or perhaps her body is not tough. \psa Le quema las manos. No puede moler chile, o tal vez su cuerpo está flojo. \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \mod Discuss how to etymologize verb forms in /CVCe:wa/. For now the decision has been made not to include the /e:/ in the root. \ref 02448 \lxa ma:to:ne:wi \lxac ma:to:ne:wi \lxo ma:to:ne:wi \lxoc ma:to:ne:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for one to feel a burning sensation in ones arm or hand (from contact with sth spicy such as chile) \ss sentir un dolor ardiente en la mano o el brazo (por contacto con algo picoso como el chile) \pna Newa xnihkwe:cho:s pa:mpa niman nima:to:ne:wi. \pea I won't grind it (in this case chile) because right away I feel a burning sensation in my arm. \psa No lo voy a moler (en este caso chile) porque luego luego siento un dolor ardiente en la mano. \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \qry Determine whether the cause of the burning sensation can be something other than chile or spicy foods. Also add entries as needed. Probably a transitive exists: /ma:to:ne:wa/ (cf. /te:nto:ne:wa/). Also probably /to:ne:wi/ and /to:ne:wa/ are acceptable; check for other body part incorporations. \grm A question that has arisen concerns the morphological analysis (and semantic specificity, perhaps) of verbs that end in /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/. It seems clear that these are limited to verbs that indicate some sort of change to the color or surface of subjects. A complete list could be generated, but I remember such color words as /chi:chi:le:wi/, /tli:le:wi/, /kose:wi/, /kweche:wi/ as well as a lot of "surface" words such as /ko:le:wi/, /-to:ne:wi/, etc. In some cases cognate /-iwi/ words exist. In other cases /-e:wa/ transitive forms exist (some of the intransitive or transitive cognates still need to be documented). In general all these words seem to relate to two general phenomenon. The first are changes to the color of. The second is changes to the surface appearance and texture of (i.e. smoothing, chipping, etc.). Under /-e:hui/, FK has the following: "to turn out in a particular manner, to become / pararse (K). This is attested in T and Z. It corresponds to the intransitive verb E:HUA, which also apears in compounds. Both correspond to transitive E:HU(A)." It would seem, then, that the best way to analyze these verbs is to consider /-e:wi/ and /-e:wa/ to be verbal (or verbalizing?) elements. Or, perhaps consider /-e:w/ as the verbalizing elements, and /-i/ and /-a/ as markers of transitivity and intransitivity. Thus there are several patterns: 1) iwi/owa. This is the most "typical" or at least common alternation representative of the "inchoative/causative" alternation (poliwi/polowa). They should be analyzed, perhaps as ROOT+Vbl(1) and ROOT+Vbl(2), where Vbl(1) and Vbl(2) respond to the endings -iwi and -owa. 2) wi/wa. This is common to verbs of the /toma:wi/ and /toma:wa/ type, again with alternation between intransitive and transitive. This could be parsed as ROOT+Vbl(1) and ROOT+Vbl(2) in which the following would be the interlinearization: toma:+wi and toma:+wa. 3) This would correspond to the -e:wi/-e:wa words just mentioned, and in which these elements could also fit onto roots that have the /-iwi/ and /-owa/ distinction elsewhere. Thus one would have /ma:to:ne:wi/ as ma:+to:n+e:wi in which the final element is glossed as Vbl(1). Or, for the two forms of 'to become red' chi:chi:le:wi and chi:chi:liwi one would have rdpl+chi:l+e:wi and rdpl+chi:l+iwi. Historically of course, in some cases a vowel might have been part of the root. Thus for /poliwi/, historically it might be the case that an analysis of /poli + wi/ (or /polV + wi/) would be more accurate, but placing a final vowel on the root is problematical since it must disappear in certain other forms, including nominals (cf. /chi:hli/, /tli:hli/, etc.). \ref 05801 \lxa ma:totomioh \lxac ma:totomioh \lxo má:tomíyoh \lxoc má:tomíyoh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \pa yes-lex \seao to have hairy arms \ssao tener los brazos peludos \xrb ma: \xrb tohmi \qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is used. \grm Oapan phonology; reduplication: Note that whereas Am has reduplication, Oa has a reduced form even though the preceding vowel is long: Am: /ma:totomioh/ and Oa: /má:tomíyoh/. It may be the case in this instance, however, that the p-a on /ma:/ in Oapan is simply the result of the underlying /h/ in /tohmi/. \ref 00335 \lxa ma:toto:nki \lxac ma:toto:nki \lxo ma:toto:nki \lxoc ma:toto:nki \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have a "hot" hand (i.e., so that if one cuts a plant, it dries up) \ss tener la mano "caliente" (así que si cortas una planta, luego luego se seca) \cfa ma:sesé:k \cfo ma:sese:k \xrb ma: \xrb to:n \nse A person noted to be ma:toto:nki is valued for certain tasks, such as grinding chocolate for a drink, but not for others, such as cutting hair or breaking the branches of plants so that they sprout again. \qry Determine, with /ma:sesé:k/, the entire range of activities that are propitious for one or the other "hand type." \mod Cf. entry under /ma:sesé:k/ and Flk 1984-05-25.1 \ref 00179 \lxa ma:tlakechia \lxac noma:tlakechia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ap \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl. with -pan) to rest ones hand on and lean on \ssa (refl. con -pan) recargarse sobre, cargándose por la mano \pna Nopan xmoma:tlakechi! \pea Support yourself on me with your arm! \psa ¡Recárgate sobre me con tu brazo! \pna Noma:tlakechia ipan me:sah. \pea He is leaning on his hand placed on the table. \psa Está recargado sobre la mano en la mesa. \syno ma:tlaki:tsia \xrb ma: \xrb kechi \xvaa ma:tlakechilia \nae The fact that ma:tlakechia and ma:tlakechilia have at this time both been glossed as meaning (with the reflexive and -pan) 'to rest ones hand on and lean on' suggests that they might be alternative applicative forms, one with -ia replacing final /a/ and the other with -lia following /a/, leading to vowel raising and palatalization. The identity of meaning would be acccounted for by this allomorphemic variation. However, the form ?ma:tlakechilia might be in error. \qry Etymology uncertain. Check length of final /a/ and determine full inflectional paradigm. The difference between the monotransitive and the applicative should be checked, i.e. between /ipan noma:tlakechia/ and /ipan noma:tlakechilia/, given that from my examples the difference is not entirely clear. Also, although the field /fl has /tlakechia/ I still have no entry for this word. This should be checked and added if it occurs. \ref 07539 \lxa ma:tla:ki \lxac ma:tla:ki \lxo ma:tla:ki \lxoc ma:tla:ki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to have a green thumb (e.g., so that what one plants bears a lot of fruit) \sso tener un dedo verde (p. ej., para que lo que uno siembra rinde bien) \syna ma:teyo:ti \xrb ma: \xrb tla:ki \nde Apparently ma:teyo:ti in Ameyaltepec has a more diverse meaning than ma:tla:ki for whereas the former refers to a person whose efforts lead to the multiplication of cooked and natural fruits, the second refers only to fruits of the earth. \vl The first female token (of three) is erroneous: /ma tla:ki/ (the optative particle /ma/; this should be tagged with ref. 3757). The next four tokens, two female and two male, are correct utterances of /ma:tla:ki/ (the major difference between these four and the first is the vowel length of the first /a/) and should be tagged as 6180, with one female and one male linked. \ref 06180 \lxa matlaktli \lxac matlaktli \lxo mátlahtlí \lxoc mátlahtlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Num \com N-N \der N-? \pa yes-lex \se ten \ss diez \sem num \xrb mah \xrb tlaki \nae This word probably derives from mah plus another element that, for lack of a better determination, is here given as tlaki. \pqry Check aspiration of /k/ here. \ref 03437 \lxa ma:tlakukuwilia \lxac kima:tlakokowilia \lxo ma:tla:kowilia \lxoc kima:tla:kowilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-[tla-V3) \der V3-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s*(prev-s) \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a wound on ones hand or arm open up \ss (refl.) abrirsele una herida sobre la mano o el brazo \pna O:timoma:tlakukuwilia ka:n o:timotek, oksepa yo:pe:w yeski:sa. \pea You opened up a wound (that was healing) on your arm where you had cut yourself, once again it's started to bleed. \psa Te abriste una herida (que estaba sanando) de tu brazo donde te habías cortado, otra vez empezó a sangrar. \xrb ma: \xrb kowa \nse Ma:tlakukowilia contains the applicative of kukwa (Am) / kokowa (Oa), which in Classical was cocoa. Note that in Classical the applicative was cocolhuia; cf. Molina cocolhuia. nicte 'entortar algo a otro, o lastimarle, o maltratarle algo.' He also has cocolia. nite 'aborrecer o querer mal a otro.' \nae The duration of the second syllable vowel in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez varies considerably, to the extent that one might be inclined to posit different lengths. Florencia's vowels have a duration of 94 and 98 ms; her husband's vowels last 77 and 72 ms. However, all lexical information points to an underlying form of ma:kokowa with no underlying {h} (cf. also 282). For now the two pronunciations have both been transcribed with long vowels. \qry Check to determine if fully transitive form /kima:tlakukowilia/ is acceptable. \pqry Recheck with consultants the two forms. It definitely seems that Florencia has a long vowel /tla:-/ whereas Inocencio has a short vowel there. Recheck this with 282 and 1858. \vl Ignore (do not tag) 1st female token. Then there are 4 tokens (2 female and 2 male). Tag all and link the 2nd female token and 1st male token. \grm Applicatives. Note ma:tlakukowilia which appears to be an applicative of /ma:kukwa/, 'to hurt the arm (or, less commonly, the hand) of'. What occurs is an increase in transitivity through the applicative and a decrease in transitivity through the insertation of /tla-/. Thus from /ma:kukwa/ transitive, one obtains /ma:kukowilia/ as a ditransitive. Transitivity is then reduced through the affixation of /tla-/: /ma:tlakukowilia/, which is again a transitive. What has occurred, therefore, is that the valency of a verbal stem is both increased and decreased, apparently jointly. Note the difference in semantic roles. In /ma:kukwa/ the situation is one of possessor raising: /ne:chma:kukwa/ 'He hurts my arm,' i.e., 'he hurts me on the arm.' In this expression the object, /ne:ch-/ is a 'malefactive,' it is the object that is adversely affected by the event; /ma:-/ is the patient, that which is directly affected. In /ma:tlakukowilia/ however, the semantic roles are quite different. Here is is the incorporated noun /ma:-/ which is now the malefactive (or perhaps one could say a location), or at least one malefactive, since the reflexive object is a second (higher level) malefactive. Thus semantically there are three "objects": /tla-/ which is the wound or other part on the arm that is opened; /ma:-/ which is the place where the wound is, or the part of the body that is adversely affected by the opening of the wound, and /mo-/ the reflexive core argument that is the person adversely affected (and adversely affecting him/herself) by the action. Essentially, then, increasing valency and decreasing by a nonspecific object shifts the role of the IN from patient to malefactive. \ref 04971 \lxa ma:tlakwa \lxac ma:tlakwa \lxo ma:tlakwa \lxoc ma:tlakwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der tla-V2 \infv class-1 \se literally 'eating hand,' said of a woman who is given a certain amount of food (such as masa to make into tortillas) that is usually enough to feed those eating but with this woman preparing the food they remain unsatisfied, lacking food \ss literalmente 'mano que come,' dicho de una mujer a quien se le da cierta cantidad de comida (como, por ejemplo, masa para hacer tortillas) que por lo general alcanza a dar de comer a la gente, pero cuando esta mujer prepara la comida ellos se quedan con hambre \cfa ma:teyo:ti \xrb ma: \xrb kwa \grm Lexicalization; Null complement: Note that with /ma:tlakwa/ the presence/infixation of /tla-/ should be taken as further evidence that /tlakwa/ is a derived (detransitivized) verb. \vl NOTE: make sure to not tag the form /ma tlakwa/. The first two female utterances and first male utterance is /ma tlakwa/ (with a short initial /a/). This is an error, do not tag. Then, the final 4 utterances are correct: /ma:tlakwa/. These should be tagged. \ref 02795 \lxa ma:tla:lkalaki \lxac ma:tla:lkalaki \lxo ma:tla:lkalaki \lxoc ma:tla:lkalaki \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-[N-V1] \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to have ones front legs sink into the ground (e.g., a mule that steps where an animal has burrowed in the ground) \sso sumirsele las patas delanteras en la tierra (p. ej., una mula que pisa por donde un animal ha excavado bajo la tierra) \xrb ma: \xrb tla:l \xrb kala \ref 06426 \lxa ma:tlalowa \lxac kima:tlalowa \lxo ma:tlalowa \lxoc noma:tlalowa \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2b \sea to run ones hand over (e.g., sth like a twisted rope; see (Oa) ma:peya:sowa) \ssa correr la mano sobre (p. ej., algo como un laso torcido; véase (Oa) ma:peya:sowa) \pna Xma:tlalo para ma ki:stiw tetsi:ltik! \pea Run your hand over it so that the twisted parts (in this case of a lasso that is being made) come out. \psa ¡Corre la mano sobre ello para que las partes torcidas (en este caso de una riata que se está haciendo) se vayan quitando. \pna Nikma:tlalo:s moma. \pea I will run my hand over your arm. \psa Voy a correr mi mano sobre la tuya. \seao (refl.) to run on ones hands \ssao (refl.) correr sobre las manos \cfao i:xtlalowa \xrb ma: \xrb tlalo \dis ma:toka \nse Ma:tlalowa is formed from the reflexive verb tlalowa and the incorporated noun stem ma:. This might be a calque from Spanish; note that in RJC tlaloa is listed as a root, but the incorporated forms include only icxitlaloa in reference to actual running. Thus ma:tlalowa and i:xtlalowa might be borrowings from Spanish phrase. In Oapan this verb is used only reflexively, to signify 'to run on ones hands,' e.g., a scorpion, a child, etc. \grm Note how this is a reflexive verb, /notlalowa/ and doesn't seem to accept a transitive form. However, a transitive 'to make run' can be formed with a causative. Thus it is interesting that with an incorporated noun, in this case /ma:-/, but the same occurs with /i:x-/, the verb acts transitively. This is a case in which incorporation seems to change the voice structure of the verb. \ref 02814 \lxa ma:tla:ltech \lxac ma:tlatla:ltech \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08026 \lxa ma:tla:ltechiwi \lxac ma:tla:ltechiwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(w) \der \se \ss \xrb \nae The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is ma:tlatla:ltechiwi. \grm Reduplication; pluralization: The plural, in reference to many branches of a tree, is ma:tlatla:ltechiwi. \ref 08394 \lxa ma:tla:lti:sayowa \lxac ma:tla:lti:sayowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2b \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08362 \lxa ma:tla:ni \lxac kima:tla:ni \lxo ma:tla:ni \lxoc kima:tla:ni \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se (often with nonspecific prefix tla-) to earn the rights to use (a yunta) in exchange for working them in the field of the owner (lit. 'to earn with ones hand/labor') \ss (a menudo con el prefijo no específico tla-) ganar el derecho a usar (una yunta) en cambio de trabajar con ellos en la milpa del dueño (lit. 'ganar con la mano/trabajo') \pna Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki. \pea I will gain rights to use your oxen to plow my fields by working them in your fields too. I also want to plant. \psa Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes en mi milpa al trabajarlos también en la tuya. también quiero sembrar. \pna Nitlama:tla:nis motech (=mona:k). \pea I will work with you to earn rights (usually to a team of oxen) in a labor exchange relationship (specifically, earning the right to use your oxen in my field after having first used them to plow your field) \psa Voy a trabajar contigo en un arreglo de intercambio para ganar derechos (por lo común a una yunta; más específicamente, voy a trabajar tu yunta en tu milpa para ganar el derecho a utilizarla en la mía). \se to overcome the grip of; to wrench from the grasp of; to make (sb) loose control (over sth held in the hand); to win out over (particularly in regard to sth one does with ones hands) \ss vencer (como algn tiene algo agarrado, causándole a soltarlo); hacer perder el control (sobre algo agarrado en la mano, guiado por la mano, etc.) \pna Ne:chma:tla:ni ara:doh. \pea The plow gets out of my control (i.e., my arm isn't strong enough to hold it steady, as a result the furrows are crookedly laid down). \psa El arado me vence (esto es, mi brazo no es lo suficiente fuerte para controlarlo bien, y por esta razón los surcos no salen derechos). \pna O:tsokwe:liw mosurkoh, o:mitsma:tla:n kwahli, xok mela:wtok. \pea Your furrow came out slightly crooked, (the plow) got out of your control, (the furrow) is not straight anymore. \psa El surco se te salió un poquito chueco, (el arado) te ganó, (el surco) ya no está derecho. \pna O:kima:tla:n iko:chin, o:ye:wito itech tepa:ntli. \pea He lost control over his car, it wound up against a wall. \psa Perdió el control de su coche, fue a dar contra una pared. \pna Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenaka:n ko:koneh! \pea I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children! \psa Tiré el maíz por el suelo, se me fue de la mano (p. ej., estaba en un costal pesado que me venció). ¡Ahora niños, a recogerlo! \se to be better (quicker, stronger, etc.) with ones hands than; to beat (particularly in reference to sth done with the hands) \ss ser mejor (más rápido, más fuerte, etc.) con las manos que; ganar (particularmente en referencia a algo que se hace con las manos) \pna Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi. \pea He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really quick with his hands. \psa Me gana en el zacateo, ese cuate es muy rápido con las manos. \pna Se: nobwe:yeh kima:tla:nin, yewa ma:s yo:li:k. \pea One of my oxen always lags behind, he is slower (i.e., the other ox in the team has stronger legs and moves ahead). \psa Un de mis bueyes siempre sale rezagado, es más lento (esto es, el otro buey es más fuerte y camina más rápido). \pna A:man xok nikpapaxo:s, ne:si ne:chma:tla:ni. \pea I won't massage him anymore, it (in this case an illness that one hopes to cure with massage) appears to have gotten the better of me (in this case uttered by a person who uses massage to extract illnesses when realizing that the illness will not be beaten this way). \psa Ya no le voy a dar masaje, parece que me ganó (en este caso una enfermedad; dicho por un masajista que absorbe las enfermedades en sus manos al darse cuenta que la enfermedad no se deja vencer). \xrb ma: \xrb tla:ni \nse The word ma:tla:ni has two basically distinct acceptations. The first treats ma: as a metaphor for labor and refers to earning something (kitla:ni) with ones labor (most often the right to use a yunta, although other resources might be acquired by labor exchange). The usual arrangement, which may vary, is for the laborers to worked the team of oxen at alternate fields every week (the field of the owner, and then his own). In the other case it is the 'hand' or 'arm' that is itself "beaten"; here the translation might be 'to hand-beat' or 'to win out over the hand of.' This is more akin to "possessor raising" than the former, in which ma: represents the "instrument" with which earning is achieved. \qry Check to see if only a yunta can be "earned" in the activity referred to by /ma:tla:ni/, i.e., question what else one can /ma:tla:ni/. \grm Nouns: /Ne:chma:tla:ni para tiswate:kan, un toba:leh ke:n ma:isiwi/ 'He has quicker hands than me in stripping corn leaves off the stalk, our buddy over there is really quick with his hands.' Note how the the /para tiswate:kan/ is used in the above. It indicates an activity with specific participants. In Spanish one might say 'me gana en el zacateo'. In English perhaps 'he beats me when we "zacateamos" Perhaps also correct would be ?ne:chma:tla:ni ipan iswatekilistli Check. \grm Nonspecific object: /Ontepe:w un tlayo:hli, o:ne:chma:tla:n. A:man xtlapepenakan ko:koneh!/ 'I spilled that maize on the ground, it slipped out of my hand (e.g., it was in a heavy sack that got the upper hand on me). Now gather it up, children!' Note how in the Nahuatl /tlayo:hli/ is the object of the first verb /tepe:wa/ and the subject/agent of the second /ma:tla:ni/. But then it "disappears" from the /tlapepenakan/ although clearly what is being picked up is the corn that had been spilled onto the ground. It is obvious, then, that the "object" of /pepena/ is the maize, but by using the /tla-/ prefix it is the action of picking up that is emphasized, with no direct reference to what is being picked up (clearly the maize). \grm Noun incorporation: Note that role of /ma:/ in /ma:tla:ni/ varies greatly. In one meaning /ma:/ is the thing that is 'earned' (/-tla:ni/). Literally the sense of /nikma:tla:ni/ as 'I hand(labor)-earn it.' In this structure 'it' refers to the object, that which is 'earned' by the labor (hand/arm) or the subject. In a second construction /ma:/ represents the location at which the 'beating' takes place, e.g., /ne:chma:tla:ni/ meaning 'it hand-beats me,' As the examples indicate this may refer to the fact that the force (subject) of the verbal complex is that which gets the better of subject's hand. This can be a force such as that in the wheel of a car (/ne:chma:tla:ni noko:cheh/) or it may refer to a disease that overcomes the efforts of a curandero's hands. \ref 04206 \lxa ma:tlao:ya \lxac ma:tlao:ya \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \sea to shell maize with ones hands \ssa desgranar maíz con las manos \xrb ma: \xrb o:ya \ref 08015 \lxa matlapahli \lxac matlapahli \lxo mátlapáhli \lxoc mátlapáhli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \pa yes-lex \sea wing (of any bird; see ma:stla:kapahli) \ssa ala (de cualquier pájaro; véase ma:stla:kapahli) \pna ... imatlapal pio \pea ... the wing(s) of a chicken \psa ... la(s) ala(s) de una gallina \seao fin (of a fish; see tetekwitsio) \ssao aleta (de un pez; tetekwitsio) \pna Michin no: kipia imatlapal. \pea Fish also have fins. \psa Los peces también tienen aletas. \seao wings (e.g., of insects, airplanes) \ssao alas (p. ej. de insectos, de un avión) \seo green above-ground shoots (of onions, garlic, etc.) \sso hojas que salen (de cebolla, ajos, etc.) \pno Xpípí xonakatl í:matlápal! \peo Pick the onion shoots (i.e., to add them to food)! \pso ¡Despréndele las hojas de la cebolla (p. ej., para agregarles a la comida)! \dis ma:stlakapahli \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain; apparently, however, there is an underlying {h}. Although most consultants gave matlapahli as equivalent to ma:stla:ka:pahli, some Ameyaltepec consultants indicated that whereas matlapal can refer to the fins of a fish, ma:stla:ka:pahli cannot be so used. However, according to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am). While it does seem clear that no one would refer to onion shoots as ma:stla:ka:pahli it does seem that at least some Ameyaltepec speakers do use matlapahli to refer to bent or jointed wings. \nse According to Florencia Marcelino, ma:stla:kapahli refers to wings that have a shoulder joint, that are bent, such as those of birds (i.e., a wing with a shoulder blade or some equivalent anatomical unit). However, mátlapáhli (Oa) refers to wings such as those of insects, a single element that emerges from the body and cannot be bent. Thus, for example, the shoots of onions are referred to as i:matlapal (Am). \qry Note that I have /matlapahli/ with a short initial /a/, and /ma:stlakapal/ with a long initial /a/. These should be checked, as should the presence/absence of underlying /h/ in /matlapahli/. Also, check the difference between the two (e.g., can only fish have /matlapahli/, and not /ma:stlakapahli/. Note, finally, that I have noted that in /matlapahli/ all vowels are definitely short. \rt For comments on root /tlapal/, see /ma:stlakapal/ and comments on /tlakapal/. \ref 06056 \lxa matlapahlo:tia \lxac nomatlapahlo:tia \lxo mátlapahló:tia \lxop matlapahlo:tia \lxoc nomátlapahló:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \seo to get wings (e.g., the ants known as tsi:katl that soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day) \sso salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katl a que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente) \equivo mátlapalkí:sa \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \nse Tsi:kameh are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings) \qry Check whether one can also say /kimátlapáhlo:tia/. \ref 06607 \lxa matlapalki:sa \lxac matlapalki:sa \lxo mátlapalkí:sa \lxoc mátlapalkí:sa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seo to get wings (e.g., the ants known as tsi:katl that soon after a rain will acquire wings that drop off the following day) \sso salirsele alas (p. ej., a las hormigas conocidas como tsi:katl a que se les salen alitas después de una lluvia para caerse el día siguiente) \equivo mátlapáhlo:tia \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \xrb ki:sa \nse Tsi:kameh are the only insects that have wings that emerge during their lifecycle (i.e., they are not born with wings) \ref 06574 \lxa matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxac matlapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxo mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni \lxop malapalkwe:kwetla:ni \lxoc mátlapálkwe:kwetla:ni \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-3a \pa yes-lex \seao see ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \ssao véase ma:stlakapalkwe:kwetla:ni \xrb mah \xrb tlapal \xrb kwetla: \vl Check vowel p-a in Oapan form from Yale tape as in my original entry here I had no p-a \ref 00559 \lxa ma:tlapa:na \lxac kima:tlapa:na \lxo ma:tlapa:na \lxoc kima:tlapa:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a \seao to break with ones hands \ssao quebrar, romper con las manos \se to shell (e.g., beans) with ones hands \ss desvainar (p. ej., frijoles) con las manos \pna Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. \pea I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. \psa Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. \cfa ma:wia \cfo ma:wiya \xrb ma: \xrb tlapa: \nae In Oapan verb stem reduplication is often used for actions such as shelling beans: má:tlatlapá:na \qry Check for intransitive \grm Note that if the intransitive means to break ones hand and the transitive 'to break with ones hands' then this should be presented as a good example of how the function of INs changes with transitivity, and how it is impossible to select a single entry (e.g., intransitive) to cover all related forms. \ref 00199 \lxa ma:tlasa:watl \lxac ma:tlasa:watl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb ma:tla \xrb sa:wa \ref 08234 \lxa ma:tlatl \lxac ma:tlatl \lxo ma:tlatl \lxoc ma:tlatl \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se type of net, particularly of those used in catching huilotas \ss tipo de red, particularmente la que se utiliza para atrapar huilotas \cola i:ma:tl tokatl \xrb ma:tla \ref 03561 \lxa ma:tlatlaxkalowa \lxac noma:tlatlaxkalowa \lxo ma:tlaxkalowa \lxoc noma:tlaxkalowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-2b \se (refl.) to clap ones hands; to applaud \ss (refl.) aplaudir \pna Pa:ki, noma:tlatlaxkalowa. \pea He is happy, he is clapping his hands. \psa Está feliz, está aplaudiendo. \xrb ma: \xrb xka \nae Although tlaxkalowa 'to make tortillas' is a denominal intransitive verb, ma:tlaxkalowa is reflexive. Ma:tlatlaxkalowa, however, is a transitive verb with an incorporated noun (ma:) as an instrumental. Thus we are dealing with two different derivational processes involving a similar over form, tlaxkalowa one intransitive and the other transitive. It might be that the change in valency of the verbal stem is related to reduplication with a short vowel, which changes tlaxkalowa, meaning 'to make tortillas,' to a metaphorical extension, in this case involving an action that mimics that of making tortillas. However, given that the Oapan form is not reduplicated, this analysis would seem to be deficient. \qry Check whether nonreduplicated form is correct in Am. Also check for nonreflexive use and for causative. \mod Check for other similar verbs ending in /-owa/ that are related to nominal roots and perhaps determine a separate code for these. \grm Noun incorporation; valency; transitivity: Note the affect of semantic shift on valency/object markers. The verb /tlaxkalowa/ is derived from /tlaxkal-/, the stem for 'tortilla' and the verbalizing /-owa/. The derivation, however, is intransitive, and means 'to produce tortillas.' Yet when this verb is used metaphorically to indicate clapping or appluading, the verb becomes reflexive. Thus, in a sense, NI increases the valency of the verb. The reason seems to be semantic: the form /ma:tlaxkalowa/ signifies an action that directly affects the subject, much like, running, etc. and other bodily events. \ref 02652 \lxa ma:tlawia \lxac kima:tlawia \lxo ma:tlawia \lxof [ma: tla 'wi a] \lxoc kima:tlawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to trap or snare with a net \ss atrapar con red \pna Kima:tlawia wi:lo:meh. \pea He snares huilotas with a net. \psa Atrapa huilotas con una red. \se to snare, trap, compel, or snare (sb) into doing a job, fulfilling a function, etc. \ss obligar o compeler (a algn) para hacer un trabajo, desempeñar una función, etc. \pna Ne:nkah un tikma:tlawi:skeh, yewa tekipano:s. \pea There's the one that we will snare, he will work (in this case in a community cargo). \psa Ese que está allá la vamos a atrapar, él va a trabajar (en este caso en un cargo del pueblo). \encyctmp hunting \xrb ma:tla \mod Illustration: Cf. drawing with original 3x5 file card for how the net is laid and the birds snared. \ref 06140 \lxa ma:tlawi:tektasi \lxac o:noma:tlawi:tektasik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-4a \der \se \ss \xrb \grm Aspectuals: Note discussion here by C. Flores of the difference between /noma:tlawi:tektasi/ and /noma:tlawi:tektiki:sa/. \ref 08384 \lxa ma:tlayehli \lxac ma:tlayehli \lxo má:tlayéhli \lxoc má:tlayéhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \seo kleptomaniac \sso cleptómano \pno Mila:k mátlayéhli, san kontila:na tla: tli:no:n, ma:si xi:tlatki. \peo He's a real kleptomaniac, he just reaches and grabs anything, even if it's not his. \pso Es un verdadero cleptómano, jala cualquier cosa aunque no sea suya. \xrb ma: \xrb tlahyel \nae The pitch accent pattern is the result of the underlying {h} of tláyehlí. The incorporated noun root is the suppletive ma:, not mah. \ref 06991 \lxa ma:tli \lxac ma:tli \lxo ma:tli \lxoc ma:tli \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Inal \seao hand \ssao mano \seao arm \ssao brazo \se blow with the hand or fist \ss golpe con la mano \pna Timistlakwalti:s ika ma:tli. \pea I'm going to give you a slap in the face (said, e.g., by a parent to a disobedient child). \psa Te voy a dar de comer con mi mano (dicho, p. ej., por un padre o madre a un hijo desobediente). \pna O:timote:palwi:ko, no: te:wa:n o:mistokaroh ma:tli. \pea You came to suffer the same fate as everyone else, you also got slugged. \psa Viniste a sufrir la misma suerte que los demás, también te tocó un golpe con la mano. \se forelegs (of most four-footed animals) \ss patas delanteras (de la mayoría de animales con cuatro patas) \se legs (of certain insects; e.g., centipedes) \ss patas (de ciertos insectos, p. ej., el cienpiés) \pna ... ima:tsitsi:wan petlasolkowatl \pea ... legs of a centipede \psa ... de un cienpies \se branches (of a tree) \ss ramos; ramitas (de un árbol) \pna Miák kipia ima:wa:n un kuwtsi:ntli. \pea That small tree (or bush-like tree) has a lot of branches. \psa Ese arbolito (o arbusto) tiene muchas ramas. \pna Se: kohtsi:ntli kipia ye:i ima:tsitsiwa:n, kihlian kuwburri:toh \pea A small piece of wood that has three branches, they call it a kuwburri:toh. \psa Un trozo de madera que tiene tres ramitas, le dicen kuwburri:toh/ \se knots (in a piece of wood) \ss nudos (en un pedazo de madera) \pna Kipia ima:wa:n un tlikuwtli. \pea That piece of firewood has knots (i.e., places where smaller branches used to join the main branch). \psa Ese pedazo de leña tiene nudos (esto es, donde las ramas menores se juntaban con otras ramas más grandes). \pna Chichikino:ltik un kuwtli, miák ima:wa:n. \pea That piece of wood is gnarled, it has a lot of knots. \psa Ese palo de madera está nudoso, tiene muchos nudos. \se unit of measure from the end of one extended arm to the other \ss brazada, una unidad de medir que va del punto extendido de un brazo al otro \pna O:nkow de san se: ma:tli. \pea I bought it (e.g., a piece of cloth) that just measures the distance from one extended arm to the other. \psa Lo compré (p. ej., un pedazo de tela) que mide solamente una brazada. \seo (poss.) part of an apron that goes over ones shoulders and is joined in the front and back to i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa \sso (pos.) parte de un delantar que va sobre los hombros y se cose enfrente y atrás a i:mekayo yó ya nosa:lowa \se (i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój) the hands of a watch \ss (i:ma:tsitsi:wan relój) las manecillas del reloj \se (te:ma) follower; one who tags along; one who just goes along with or accompanies others; bit player \ss (te:ma) uno que solamente acompaña o sigue a otros; elemento menor \pna San te:ma katka. \pea He just accompanied the others. \psa Solamente acompañaba a los demás. \se (i:pan ~ [possessed]) passed from, or passed down from, the hands of \ss (i:pan ~ [poseído]) entregado, o heredado, de las manos de \pna I:pan moma ma wa:le:wa! \pea Let it come from you (i.e., from your hands, in this case in reference to a drink being passed around)! \psa ¡Qué venga de tu mano (esto es, de tus manos, en este caso en referencia a una bebida compartida entre varios)! \se (i:pan ~ [possessed]) during the term of office or period of rule of \ss (i:pan ~ [poseído]) durante el periodo de \pna I:pan ima Juan de la Rosa, o:nochi:w. \pea It occurred during the time that Juan de la Rosa was 'comisario.' \psa Aconteció durante el tiempo que Juan de la Rosa fue comisario. \sem body \sem measure \cfa ma:xiw \xrb ma: \nse The composition te:ma can refer to someone in a dance, such as Kone:jos who is not the principle character but simply formed part of the line of the line dance. Note that in regard to four-footed animals ma:tli is used to refer to the front legs only; for certain small animals and bugs ma:tli refers to what in English are called the animal's legs. \qry Check for vowel length in termination /-tsitsiwan/. Also check for final /h/ in /kuhburri:toh/, e.g. the instrument that is used to hold the /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/. Check /i:ma:tsitsi:wa:n/ in regard to centipedes. \ref 01942 \lxa matsa:nkihli \lxaa matsa:nkihli \lxac matsa:nkihli \lxo mátsa:nkíhli \lxoc mátsa:nkíhli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com S-S \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes \se generic name for a weed of the Asteraceae family, which includes two species: matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) and matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio \ss nombre genérico de una maleza de la familia Asteraceae, que incluye dos especies: matsa:nkihli de istá:k i:xo:chio (Am) and matsa:nkihli de kostik i:xo:chio (Am) \src Gabriel de la Cruz \pna Matsa:nkihli | Xiwtli, kikwa burroh, pitso. \pea Matsa:nkihli : It is a plant, burros and pigs eat it. \psa Matsa:nkihli : Es una planta, la come los burros y los marranos. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb matsa:n \xrb kil \nct xiwtli \mod Determine how to classify the root /-kihli/ as well as the morphology (i.e. is /-kihli/ a N or a S. Also, for the above word determine the meaning of /matsan/ and its morphological status. \ref 04270 \lxa matsa:nxiwtli \lxac matsa:nxiwtli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08585 \lxa ma:tsaya:nia \lxac kima:tsaya:nia \lxo ma:tsaya:nia \lxoc kima:tsaya:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to split or pull apart at a point of bifurcation (e.g., where a branch joins the trunk of a tree) \ss jalar y partir en el punto de una bifurcación (p. ej., una rama donde se junta con el tronco de un árbol) \pna Xma:tsaya:ni se: tlako:tl! \pea Rip off a switch (pulling on the thin branch of a tree or bush so that it splits or rips off)! \psa Sácale una varita (jalándole una ramita de un arbolito o arbusto para que se divida)! \xrb ma: \xrb tsaya: \mod Cf. illustration with original filecard. \qry Check other possible meanings. Check also if intransitive form exists. \ref 02321 \lxa ma:tsetselowa \lxac kima:tsetselowa \lxo má:tsetselówa \lxoa má:tselówa \lxoc kimá:tsetselówa; kimá:tselówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-2b \pa yes-rdp \se to shake with or in ones hand (particlarly weeds, so that the earth falls off the roots and the plant quickly dies) \ss sacudir en o con la mano (particularmente yerba arrancada de una milpa, para que se le caiga la tierra de las raices y se muere) \se (with tla-) to pull weeds up by hand, shaking the earth off the roots (so that the plant quickly dies) \ss (con tla-) arrancar yerba a mano, sacudiéndolas para que se les caiga la tierra de sus raices (y la planta se muera rápidamente) \pna Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was. \pea He will go weed by hand, he will go behind the plow uncovering and righting the plants that have been knocked over and covered by earth. \psa Va a ir a desherbar a mano, va a ir atrás de la yunta enderezando la milpa. \xrb ma: \xrb tsel \nse The illustrative sentence Ontlama:tsetselo:s, ontlakwiste:was refers to someone who follows along behind the plow pulling up the weeds and, at the same time, setting the milpa plants that have been covered by earth upright. The earth is shaken loose from the weeds so that when they are placed down on the ground to dry they do not take root. \nae Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \qry I do not think that there is an intransitive form, but this should be checked. Also, check for the proper object of the verb. In one example I have /kima:tsetselowa xiwtli/. This is probably correct, but check. Also, determine other uses/meaning of this verb. \pqry Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \grmx Oapan phonology; reduplication: note that both these forms are correct and identical: /kimá:tsetselówa/ and /kimá:tselówa/. Thus apparently there is no difference. Here apparently this is because of lexicalization, i.e., one does never shake things out just one. Thus the shorter form seems to rely on the lexical nature of the verb and not any prosodic process for the lack of reduplication. Oapan Nahuatl offers the possibility of a fully realized reduplicant, kimá:tsetselówa, which seems to be the more common form, as well as reduced form, in which the reduplicant is realized simply as pitch accent on the long vowel of the incorporated noun stem ma:-. As is often the case (although it is still not clear whether this is the determining factor that permits such reduction onto a long vowel), the reduction of a reduplicant onto a long vowel in a preceding syllable occurs when the nominal stem represents a body part. \ref 05272 \lxa matsi \lxo matsi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-? \se see mati \ss véase mati \nse Matsi is a suppletive stem of mati, found in such words as the durative mastok (with /ts/ > /s/) and, palatalized, in maxtia (with /ch/ > /x/). \ref 00094 \lxa ma:tsihtok \lxac ma:tsihtok \lxo ma:tsihtok \lxoc ma:tsihtok \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seo to be folded over (as a tortilla made into a taco) \sso estar doblado (como una tortilla hecha un taco) \xrb ma:ts \nse Also possible is the derived tema:tsihtok \ref 06585 \lxa ma:tsitsilka \lxac ma:tsitsilka \lxo ma:tsitsilka \lxoc ma:tsitsilka \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to feel a tingling in ones arm or hand (e.g., numbness such as that when ones arm falls asleep, from a scorpion bite, etc.) \sso sentir un hormigueo en la mano o brazo (p. ej., por el frío, por un piquete como de alacrán, etc.) \xrb ma: \xrb tsili: \dis tsitsilka; wiwiyoka; momoyoka; kwekwetlaka \xvca ma:tsitsika:ltia \ref 06932 \lxa ma:tsiwi \lxac ma:tsiwi \lxo ma:tsiwi \lxoc ma:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become folded or doubled over (sth pliable that gets slightly crushed and folded over) \ss quedarse doblado sobre si mismo (algo suave que se aplasta ligeramente) \pna I:pan o:kitla:lilikeh itlah tli:non, o:ma:tsiw nosombre:roh. \pea They laid something on top of it, my hat got crushed and doubled over. \psa Le dejaron algo encima, mi sombrero se quedó apachurado y doblado. \pna O:ma:tsiw un mange:rah. \pea The sides of that hose have gotten crushed together and flattened out (e.g., for having had sth heavy placed on it). \psa La mangera se quedó aplastada (p. ej., a causa de haber tenido algo pesado encima). \xrb ma:ts \qry In reference to the hose, determine whether this refers to the sides coming together, or to the hose folding in two after getting bent. \ref 02203 \lxa ma:tsiwtok \lxac ma:tsiwtok \lxo ma:tsihtok \lxoc ma:tsihtok \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be folded over and pressed together (like a tortilla made into a taco, a closed book, etc.) \ss estar doblado y apachurado (como una tortilla hecha un taco, un libro cerrado, etc.) \pna Ma:tsiwtok un petlatl, o:postek. \pea That petate is folded over on itself, it (its palm) got broken. \psa Ese petate está doblado, se rompió (la palma). \xrb ma:ts \nse In reference to brittle objects such as a petate, ma:tsiwi is used to indicate that the petate was folded over so that one edge touched the other as would occur when someone folds a mat over loosely and then another person places a heavy object on it, breaking the palm and causing the petate to be crushed down on itself. \vl Use first female pronunciation. \ref 03349 \lxa ma:tsonteki \lxac kima:tsonteki \lxo ma:tsonteki \lxoc kima:tsonteki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to cut the branches off (e.g., of a tree, with a machete or ax, not a knife) \ss cortarle las ramas a (p. ej., un árbol, con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) \pna O:nikimima:tsotsontekito. \pea I went to chop the branches off them (trees). \psa Fui a cortarles las ramas (a los árboles). \se to cut the arm of off; to amputate the arm of; to slash the arm of deeply (with a machete or ax, not a knife) \ss amputarle el brazo a; cortarle el brazo profundamente a (con un machete o hacha, no cuchillo) \xrb ma: \xrb tson \xrb teki \nse The verb ma:tsonteki refers to the action of cutting partially or all the way through something with a machete or an axe, not a knife. In the latter case ma:teki would be used. \grm Note reduplication of verb root in /ma:tsotsonteki/ and not of /ma:-/. As usual, it is the verbal stem (lexicalized perhaps from N+V) that reduplicates, not the incorporated noun. The plural object /kim-/ in /o:nikimima:tsotsontekito/ refers to the plural trees; the reduplication to the many branches on each tree. The singular form /o:nima:tsotsontek/ refers to the action of cutting one branch off a tree. \ref 03014 \lxa ma:tsowa \lxac kima:tsowa \lxo ma:tsowa \lxoc kima:tsowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to fold or double over (soft, pliable items, such as a wallet in putting it away) \ss doblar (objetos suaves y blandos, como una cartera al guardarla) \pna Noma:tsotiw tla:hli. Tlakaltech, oksepa tla:lpachiwtiw surkoh. \pea The earth folds back upon itself (in this case on steep land when plowed as the earth from a furrow higher up falls over and folds back on the furrow immediately below it). It is steep, the furrow gets covered again with earth. \psa La tierra se va volviendo sobre si misma (en este caso en un lugar muy inclinado cuando la tierra de un surco cuesta arriba le cae sobre y tapa el surco inmediatamente abajo). Está inclinado (el terreno), el surco se vuelve a cubrir con tierra. \se to make a taco (by folding a hot tortilla in half, placing sth in the middle) \ss hacer un taco (al doblar una tortilla caliente, con algo en medio) \pna Xma:tso sé! \pea Make yourself a taco! \psa ¡Haz un taco! \xrb ma:ts \xrb ma: \nse The verb ma:tsowa refers to the action of folding something over on itself so that the sides meet: tortilla, petate, sombrero, etc. The most common use of this verb is in a phrase something like Xma:tso sé! 'Make yourself a taco' (folding over a tortilla while placing something in the middle). It can also be used for anything that folds or comes together, e.g. I have heard it (in the intransitive) used to refer to a water hose that "implodes," preventing water from freely flowing. \qry Again, check final decision on pronominal /sé/. \ref 05805 \lxa ma:tsowilia \lxac kima:tsowilia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08599 \lxa ma:wa \lxac kima:wa \lxo ma:wa \lxoc kima:wa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to infect; to spread a disease to \ss contagiar a \pna Kichi:was tine:chma:was, xnikwalo:sneki. \pea You might just spread your illness to me, I don't want to get sick. \psa A lo mejor me vas a contagiar, no quiero enfermarme. \se to spread toward and set fire to (e.g., a fire from one location to another). \ss propagarse hacia e incendiar a (p. ej., un fuego de un lugar u objeto a otro) \pna On tlitl o:kwepaniak, o:koma:w un so:ya:tl. \pea That fire has flared up, it spread to the palm (setting it on fire). \psa El fuego ha llameado, se propagó hacia la palma (incendiándola). \xrb ma:wa \qry Check for other, perhaps metaphoric, meanings. \ref 05894 \lxa ma:we:weyak \lxac ma:we:weyak \lxo ma:we:weyak \lxoc ma:we:weyak \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to have long arms \ss tener los brazos largos \pna Tlako:me:meka, iwa:n noki:tskian chapolin. No: wel nokwa, no: me:roh ihkón nekwisti. Pitsaktsi:n, so:lo ma:we:weyak. \pea The tlako:me:meka, it is similar to the chapolin. It is also edible, it smells just like it. It is thin, only it has long arms. \psa El tlako:me:meka, es parecido al chapolin. También es comestible, también huele mero como él. Es delgado, solamente que tiene los brazos largos. \xrb ma: \xrb weya \grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: \ref 01823 \lxa ma:wia \lxac kima:wia \lxo ma:wia \lxof [ma: 'wi ya] \lxoc kima:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to use ones hands for (a particular activity) or on (a particular object) \ss utilizar las manos para (alguna actividad) o sobre (un objeto en particular) \pna Nikma:wi:s noyew, nikma:tlapa:nas. \pea I will use my hands on my beans, I will shell them by hand. \psa Voy a usar las manos con mis frijoles, los voy a desvainar a mano. \pna San o:nikma:wih, xo:nkalaktih wa:kax. \pea I just worked it (in this case a field) with my hands, I didn't use (a team of) oxen. \psa Nada más lo trabajé (en este caso un terreno) con las manos, no le metí (una junta de) bueyes. \cfao ma:tlapa:na \xrb ma: \qry Refers to the action of using ones hands, in apparently any activity. Check for full range of use. \vl There is an extra token of this word at 5776. \ref 01969 \lxa mawisowa \lxac kimawisowa \lxo mawisowa \lxoc kimawisowa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to check out and observe (a person and his or her surroundings, with some ulterior motive in mind such as to later gossip maliciously about the wealth of the owner) \ss observar detalladamente a (una persona, y sus alrededores y posesiones, motivado por la posibilidad de notar algo y, quizá correr chismes acerca de la persona observada) \pna Xkineki nose:wi:s, san te:chmawisowa. \pea He doesn't want to come in and rest, he is just checking us out (in this case said of sb who just stands in the doorway looking into a house and checking out what is inside). \psa No quiere descansar, solamente nos observa (en este caso dicho de algn que se queda parado en la entrada a una casa observando y mirando lo que hay adentro). \se to enjoy (sth such as a dance, a fireworks display, etc.) \ss disfrutar (algo como una danza, cohetes y castillos, un concierto, etc.) \pna Ma nikomawiso un nito:tikeh! \pea Let me go over and enjoy (watching) those dancers! \psa Deja que vaya a disfrutar a los danzantes! \se (with tla-) to have a good time; to enjoy oneself (e.g., at a party, during a festival, etc.) \ss (con tla-) divertirse \pna Ma titlamawiso:tin. \pea Let's go have a good time (i.e. go watch and enjoy something: a dance, fireworks, a rodeo)! \psa ¡Vamos a ir a divertirnos (p. ej. ir a ver y disfrutar algo: un baile, un castillo, un jaripeo)! \xrb mawis \ref 04469 \lxa mawistik \lxac *mawistik \lxo mawistik \lxoc mawistik \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be serious, reserved and even-tempered; dignified (sb who not only doesn't laugh or joke, but who doesn't get mad at people) \ss ser serio y reservado, calmado; decoroso (que no se ríe ni bromea, pero tampoco se enoja con la gente) \pna Nochipa mawistik, xkaman ma:s wetska. \pea He is always serious, he doesn't ever smile. \psa Siempre está serio, no se ríe nunca. \xrb mawis \nae To date the intransitive verb form that the adjectival mawistik is derived from has not been documented. Note that Molina has mauizti. ni 'ser estimado' and mauiztic 'cosa maravilosa y de estima.' \qry Determine the difference between /xkaman wetska/ and /xkaman ma:s wetska/, determine whether it is the same as I have indicated above. \ref 02674 \lxa mawistla:katl \lxac mawistla:katl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea (ritual) father of the bride \ssa (ritual) padre de la novia \sem ritual \syna mawistlatowa:ni \xrb mawis \xrb tla:ka \nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's father in addressing the bride's father. \ref 06129 \lxa mawistlato:hli \lxac mawistlato:hli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08436 \lxa mawistlatowa:ni \lxac mawistlatowa:ni \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \sea (ritual) father of the bride \ssa (ritual) padre de la novia \sem ritual \syna mawistla:katl \xrb mawis \xrb hto \nse This word is documented only in the bride-asking speech of don Plutarco Ramírez. It is used by the representative of the groom's = father in addressing the bride's father. Nevertheless, although in the bride-asking speech mawistlatowa:ni is used in a parallel construction with mawistla:katl, don Luis Lucena thought that mawistlatowa:ni referred to the bridegroom's representative, i.e., the very person who utters the ritual speech. This interpretation seems more in accord with the meaning of the term, although the only documented use is in a parallel construction with mawistla:katl. \nae Although the nominal ?mawistli has not been documented in Ameyaltepec or Balsas region Nahuatl, it did exist in Classical: Molina gives 'miedo, o persona digna de honnra.' For this reason Ameyaltepec mawistlatowa:ni has been considered a N-N compound. \ref 02154 \lxa mawisyo:tl \lxac mawisyo:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08181 \lxa mawisyo:tlato:hli \lxac mawisyo:tlato:hli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08182 \lxa ma:wi:teki \lxac noma:wi:teki \lxo ma:wi:teki \lxoc kima:wi:teki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to hit or strike hard the hand of \ss golpear la mano duro a \pna Yo:pe:w posa:wi noma, o:nimoma:wi:tek. \pea My hand has started to swell up, I hit my hand hard. \psa Ya se me empezó a hinchar la mano, me la golpeé duro. \sem contact \xrb ma: \xrb wi:teki \nae This word is usually used in the reflexive to indicate the accidental striking of ones hand against a hard surface, as when one swings ones arms and inadvertently strikes ones hand against something, hurting it. \qry Determine whether the nonreflexive is used. \rt Determine how /wi:teki/ has been analyzed and listed in the root section. If as /wi:/ and /teki/, then add an extra element under xrc /wi:teki/. \ref 04628 \lxa ma:wxo:chitl \lxac ma:wxo:chitl \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \sea the leaves of any of various herbaceous plants used in offerings to the yeyekameh \ss las hojas de cualquier planta herbácea que se utiliza en las ofrendas a los yeyekameh \pna Ma:wxo:chitl | Nokwi kwa:k tlakaka:walo. \pea Ma:wxo:chitl : It is used when offerings are left to the yeyekameh. \psa Ma:wxo:chitl : Se emplea cuando se dejan ofrendas a los yeyekameh. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb ma:w \xrb xo:chi \nct xiwtli \qry Check to determine if this is indeed a plant; perhaps I miswrote the entry for /ya:wxo:chitl/. If the forms are correct as given then two entries should be created, one for Oapan and one for Ameyaltepec. \pqry Recheck vl of /a:/. \ref 07940 \lxa maxak \lxac i:maxak \lxo maxak \lxoc i:maxak \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seao inside of the thighs; crotch (just inside where the legs join the torso) \ssao entrepiernas (de una persona) \src Cristino Flores \pna O:tsomo:n noma:xtlayo imaxak. \pea The crotch of my cotton pants ripped. \psa Se rompió la parte entrepiernas de mis calzones. \seao inside the hind legs of an animal \ssao entre las patas traseras de un animal \sem body \xrb maxa \xrl -k(o) \qry Determine the precise location of /maxak/ with both humans and animals. \rt Obviously related to /maxV/ with a meaning related to bifurcation. Determine whether root should be give as /max/ or /maxa/. \ref 00462 \lxa maxakawia \lxac kimaxakawia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \sea to straddle; to place oneself astride of \ssa ponerse a horcajadas sobre \pna Nitlamaxakawitia:s. \pea I'm going to go along with my legs in a straddling position (e.g., on an animal being ridden) \psa Voy a ir a horcajadas (p. ej., sobre un animal como mula o burro). \pna O:kimaxakawih. \pea He straddled it. \psa Se sentó a horcajadas sobre ello. \syna tlamaxakape:lowa \syno tlamaxikipe:lowa \xrb maxa \xrl -k(o) \dis maxakape:lowa; maxakawia \qry Originally I had listed here a Oapan cognate of /maxaka:na/. But I now (Dec. 2001) discover that this lexeme is not listed in the /lxo field, so I have removed it from the /cogo field. It should be checked, as well as the difference between /maxakawia/ and /maxakape:lowa/. \ref 00832 \lxa maxakpi:stik \lxac maxakpi:stik \lxo maxahpi:stik \lxoc maxahpi:stik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a narrow separation (two branches in sth forked, such as a tree limb) \ss tener una separación estrecha (dos ramas de algo bifurcado, como la rama de un árbol) \se to be a person who takes small steps \ss ser alguien que camina con pasos pequeños (lit., 'teniendo la entrepierna cerrada') \se to be unable to mount an animal with ease \ss ser sin poder montar un animal con facilidad \seo to have a narrow crotch (men's pants) \sso tener la entrepierna apretada o cerrada (pantalones de hombre) \xrb maxa \xrb pi:ts \xrl -k(o) \nse Maxakpi:stik (lit. 'having a narrow crotch') refers to any number of situations, or individuals, in which an act is performed in which the legs are not opened widely enough. Thus it may refer to someone who walks slowly, as if his or her crotch is narrow, with legs like two bifurcated branches that close together. Others who may have this epithet applied are those who can't mount a beast of burden with ease, or simply one who doesn't open his legs much. \qry Check to see if a verbal form exists: ?maxakpi:tsiwi. \ref 03880 \lxa maxakteliksa \lxac kimaxakteliksa \lxo maxahtelesa \lxocpend kimaxahtelesa \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo to kick in the crotch or between the legs \sso patear en la entrepierna \xrb maxa \xrb teliksa \xrl -k(o) \qry This word is found on recording 19-1 at 28:21. \ref 07733 \lxa maxaktexakwalowa \lxac kimaxaktexakwalowa \lxo maxahtexakwalowa \lxocpend kimaxahtexakwalowa \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Lex. infix te- \infv class-2b \seao to smash or crush in the crotch \ssao machucar o aplastar las entrepiernas a (algn) \xrb maxa \xrb xakwal \nse Maxahtexakwalowa is considered a less vulgar term than xi:texakwalowa, at least in Oapan. Nevertheless, the reference to xi:te- is not considered particularly untoward though it is sometimes avoided by female speakers. The same applies to xi:texakwaliwi and maxahtexakwaliwi (Oa). \qry Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave /xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further questions was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is a different element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the other doesn't. It appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by the fact that /xi:te-/ ends in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/maxahxakwalowa/. These should be checked. \grm Intensifier /te-/: There is an interesting parallel (or contrast) in two terms that ostensibly have the same meaning. Both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez gave /xi:texakwalowa/ and, as an equivalent term, /maxahtexakwalowa/. Perhaps the second form can occur without the /te-/ intensifier, but the form uttered without any further questions was /maxahtexakwalowa/. Note that in /xi:texakwalowa/ the /te-/ is part of the nominal stem /xi:te-tl/ meaning 'crotch'; however, in /maxahtexakwalowa/ the /te-/ is a different element, it is the intensifier element /te-/. The point that is interesting is that although the two forms are synonymous (or seem to be), one has an intensifier the other doesn't. It appears quite possible that the use of the intensifier, which might be expected with the semantics of /xakwalowa/ is in effect blocked, or partially blocked, by the fact that /xi:te-/ ends in the /te-/ syllable. It remains to be checked whether one can say ?/xi:tetexakwalowa/ and ?/maxahxakwalowa/. These should be checked. \ref 07635 \lxa maxaktlapa:na \lxac kimaxaktlapa:na \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \infv class-3a \sea to split right at the point of bifurcation (e.g., a thick, forked wooden pole, horcón, a branch of a tree, etc.) \ssa hendir (p. ej., un horcón, una rama donde se junta al tronco, etc.) justamente en el punto de una bifurcación \syno kamachaltlapa:na \xrb maxa \xrb tlapa: \xrl -k(o) \ref 01986 \lxa ma:xakwaliwi \lxac ma:xakwaliwi \lxo ma:xakwaliwi \lxoc ma:xakwaliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se for ones arm to get weak and rubbery from weakness and exhaustion \ss quedarse el brazo débil y agotado, como "hule", quizá por un sobrecargo de trabajo \pna Yo:nima:xaxakwaliw, yo:nitekichi:w. \pea My arm has gotten weak and exhausted, I did some work. \psa Mi brazo se quedó agotado, hice trabajo. \se for ones arm to get scraped (e.g., from a hard fall) \ss rasparse la mano (p.ej., de una fuerte caida) \xrb ma: \xrb xakwal \dis ma:kuhtia \nde In Oapan at least, and perhaps in Ameyaltepec, this word can also be used to descrobe the effect on ones arm after repeatedly hitting a object. \mod In general check for all the different words that refer to some sort of body exhaustion: /kuhtia/, /xakwaliwi/, /kwetlaxiwi/, etc. Perhaps include this in a section on the cultural encyclopedia referring to bodily "functions." \rt Check for possibility of further dividing morpheme /xakwalV/. \ref 02318 \lxa ma:xakwalowa \lxac kima:xakwalowa \lxo ma:xakwalowa \lxoc kima:xakwalowa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to knead or squeeze in ones hands \ss amasar o apretar en las manos \pna Yo:kipachoh, a:man yo:pe:w kima:xakwalowa para ma kwe:chiwi. \pea He's already pressed down on it (in this case curd to make cheese so that the juices are squeezed out), now he has begun to squeeze it in his hands so that it becomes finer (in drying up). \psa Ya le hizo presión (en este caso a cuajada para queso, para exprimir el jugo), ahora lo ha empezado a amasar (apretar) en las manos para que se haga más fino. \pna O:kima:xakwaloh ichi:chiwal ina:n. \pea He squeezed his mother's breasts. \psa Apretó los senos de su mamá. \pna Kima:xakwalotok sokitl. \pea He is squeezing the clay in his hands. \psa Está amasando el barro en las manos. \xrb ma: \xrb xakwal \grm Noun incorporation; thematic roles; transitivity: Cf. /maxakwaliwi/, which means 'to get an exhausted arm' and /ma:xakwalowa/, which means 'to knead or squeeze in ones hands'. Discuss how the relationship of Noun to Verb in incorporation is affected by the transitivity, and how this makes single entries for such alternations impossible. \ref 01501 \lxa maxale:wtok \lxac maxale:wtok \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.) \ssa ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.) \equiva maxaliwtok \equivo maxalihtok \cfao maxaltik \dis maxaltik; maxaliwtok etc. \xrb maxal \qry Determine difference between /maxaltik/ and /maxale:wtok/. Determine whether the verb exists: /maxaliwi/ and /maxale:wi/. If these forms are found, add entries and change to Stat \mod Again, determine whether verbs ending in /e:wi/ should be analyzed as the same root formation as /iwi/ verbs. Also, in the present case, determine whether the verb /maxale:wi/ exists, if it does, then the /cat field should be changed to simply Stat. Again, if /maxale:wi/ exists, determine if there is a transitive form. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/. \rt Note that there are various roots that should be combined together: /maxa/, /maxal/, etc. Determine how best to do this. \ref 05902 \lxa maxaliwi \lxacpend maxaliwi \lxo maxaliwi \lxocpend maxaliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to split into two forked sections; to bifurcate (e.g., a road that splits into two paths) \ssao bifurcar; separarse en dos partes (p. ej., un camino que se divide en dos) \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to develop split ends (hair; see kwilin) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) quedarse rotos los cabos (del cabello; véase kwilin) \xrb maxal \ref 08856 \lxa maxaliwtok \lxac maxaliwtok \lxo maxalihtok \lxoc maxalihtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue; or a road that splits in two, etc.) \ss estar bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija; o un camino que se parte, etc.) \equiva maxale:wtok \cfo maxaltik \xrb maxal \qry In the present case, determine whether the verb /maxaliwi/ exists. See query for /maxale:wtok/. Cf. entry under /maxaltik/. \mod Disambiguate /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/, which seem to be full synonyms, from /maxaltik/. The latter seems to refer to physical objects, and in this sense is equal in meaning to the former two. However, my recollection is that /maxaltik/ can refer only to these types of physical objects. However, /maxaliwtok/ and /maxale:wtok/ can refer to other things such as roads. This should be checked. \vl Link second female token. \ref 05335 \lxa maxaltik \lxac maxaltik \lxo maxaltik \lxoc maxaltik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be forked (a material object such as a piece of wood, a snake or lizard's tongue, etc.) \ss ser bifurcado (un objeto material como un pedazo de madera, la lengua de una lagartija, etc.) \xrb maxal \nse Maxaltik refers to something forked, such as a horcón or a piece of wood, as well, it seems, as a snake or lizard's tongue. It appears that maxaltik is virtually identical to maxaliwtok (and Ameyaltepec maxale:wtok) but slightly different in terms of usage. For example, maxaltik does not appear to be used when referring to a road, whereas maxaltik is acceptable with this meaning. \nae Maxaltik is one of the few deverbal adjectivals for which an intransitive verbal base (?maxaliwi) does not exist, or has not been documented to date. \ref 03689 \lxa ma:xeliwi \lxac ma:xeliwi \lxo ma:xeliwi \lxoc ma:xeliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seo (usually in the progressive) to have its branches swaying back and forth (e.g., a tall tree blowing in the wind) \sso (usually en el progresivo) estar con las ramas meneándose de un lado a otro (p. ej., un árbol alto cuando hay fuerte viento) \xrb ma: \xrb xe:l \pqry Recheck this vowel length. I originally had it recorded as a short vowel for Oapan. \ref 06408 \lxa ma:xeliwtok \lxac ma:xeliwtok \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08163 \lxa ma:xi:kole:wa \lxac kima:xi:kole:wa \lxo ma:xi:kole:wa \lxoc kima:texi:kole:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \aff Op. infix te- \infv class-3a(w) \se to scrape or abrade the arm of (sb) \ss raspar o excoriar el brazo de (algn) \pna O:ne:chma:xi:kole:w, o:ne:chaxilih tetl. \pea It scraped my arm, a rock hit against me (rubbing against my skin). \psa Me raspó el brazo, una piedra me alcanzó (frotando contra mi piel). \xrb ma: \xrb xi:kol \nse The root xi:kol has not been found in other compounds. \nae Despite the fact that it is found in the elicitation form, it appears that the te- intensifier in the Oapan form is optional, though very common with this verb. \qry Check for further meanings associated with /xi:kole:wa/. Make sure the /te-/ is optional as the intrans. has it as optional for Oapan \rt It would seem that /xi:/ is an element of /xi:kol/. Check. Note that this verb is not like those that alternative /-e:wi/ and /-iwi/ (cf. /chi:chi:le:wi/ and /chi:chi:liwi/) but more similar to those like /toma:wa/ and /toma:wi/. Thus for the moment the /e:/ has been left as part of the root. \ref 03758 \lxa ma:xi:kole:wi \lxac ma:xi:kole:wi \lxo ma:xi:kole:wi \lxoc ma:xi:kole:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \aff Op. infix te-: ma:texi:kole:wi \se to scrape or abrade ones arm or hand (e.g., from choppping wood with an axe) \ss rasparse o excoriarse el brazo o la mano (p. ej., al leñar con una hacha) \xrb ma: \xrb xi:kol \nse The insertion of the intensifier te- immediately before the verbal stem (e.g., ma:texi:kole:wi) indicates an intensified event, i.e., a greater degree of scraping. \qry Determine any other use or possible meanings. Check /xi:koliwi/ as possibility. \ref 00006 \lxa ma:xi:lo \lxac i:ma:xi:lo \lxo ---- \dt 02/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se see ma:xi:lo:w \ss véase ma:xi:lo:w \syno ma:po:te \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \qry Check which is correct (or better) /i:ma:xi:lo/ or /i:ma:xi:lo:w/. \ref 03410 \lxa ma:xi:lo:papatlaxtik \lxac ma:xi:lo:tepapatlaxtik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \nse In describing this word Cristino Flores pointed to his forearm in referring to i:ma:xi:lo:w. At other times he had referred to the biceps. Here he stated that the term can refer to both parts of the arm. \ref 08619 \lxa ma:xi:lo:w \lxac i:ma:xi:lo:w \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea large biceps \ssa bíceps grandes; "conejos" \pna Niktla:kaita ima:xi:lo:w. \pea I'm amazed at his large biceps. \psa Me asombran sus bicéps grandes. \sem body \sem human \equivo ma:a:po:te \cfo ma:ponchá:doyó \xrb ma: \xrb xi:lo: \nse In this metaphor, a persons biceps, when large, are likened to a xi:lo:tl. Occasionally this will be pronounced without a final /w/. \qry Recheck if /ima:xi:lo/ is also correct. If both are, determine which, in either, is more common. Make sure link to /ma:a:po:te/ (Oa) is corrected as necessary. \ref 02327 \lxa ma:xi:nia \lxac kima:xi:nia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se (with directional prefix wa:l-wa:l-) cortarle las ramas de (un árbol) \pna Kitoto:nka:maka nomi:l un kohtli, a:man nikwa:lma:xin:is. \pea That tree (at the edge of a my planted field) radiate heat onto my milpa, now I'm going to come cut its branches down. \psa Ese árbol (por la orilla de mi milpa) le irradia calor a mi milpa, ahora le voy a cortar las ramas. \syno ma:chapa:nia \xrb ma: \xrb xi: \mod This should be changed in elicitation to /kwa:lma:xi:nia/. \ref 04364 \lxa ma:xi:ntok \lxac ma:xi:ntok \lxo ma:xi:ntok \lxoc ma:xi:ntok \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \inc N-Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seo to be lying down with ones arms extended out to the side (e.g., sb sleeping) \sso estar acostado con los brazos extendidos hacia el lado (p. ej., algn durmiendo) \cfo tlasemá:yékotók \xrb ma: xi: \ref 06409 \lxa ma:xiw \lxac i:ma:xiw \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-xiw \infn N2 \sea person with an arm or hands like [possessor] \ssa persona con el brazo o la mano como [poseedor] \pna Ma tlakwilo moma:xiw! \pea Let the person write who has a hand like mine (e.g. also left-handed, or who is as good or well trained a writer as me, etc.)! \psa ¡Deja que escriba él que tiene la mano como yo (p. ej., que también es surdo, o que también escribe tan bonito, o que es tan proficiente como yo). \pna Yewa ima:xiw, nochimeh tlatskeh. \pea He's just the same as him with his hands, they are both lazy. \psa Es como él con las manos, los dos son unos flojos. \pna Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. \pea He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. \psa Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. \pna Moma:xiw, no: tlakwilowa ika ma:poxtli ke:n tewa. \pea He's your counterpart with his hand, he also writes with his left hand like you. \psa Es tu compañero de mano, también escribe con la izquierda como tú. \cfa ma:tli \xrb ma: \xrl -xiw \qry C. Flores did not accept thsi word at first but later changd his mind. \ref 04331 \lxa ma:xoloxtik \lxac ma:xoloxtik \lxo ma:xoloxtik \lxoc ma:xoloxtik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have (a woman's blouse) a sleeve with a ruffled, pulled-in cuff (cf. tlama:kweptli) \ss tener (una blusa de mujer) una manga con el puño ancho con tablitas (cf. tlama:kweptli) \sem clothing \encyctmp tlake:ntli \xrb ma: \xrb xoloch \nse This type of sleeve is made by taking in material around the cuff to narrow it, like little pleats. The sleeve may be open at the top or completely closed. Another type of sleeve is called tlama:kweptli. \mod Create a type of all clothing, a list of the types of sleeves, parts of clothes, etc. \ref 05153 \lxa ma:xopo:naltia \lxac kima:xoxopo:naltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran from reflective \infv class-2a \se (usually with short vowel reduplication) to cause a blister (of the type that pops) on the hand of \ss (generalmente con reduplicación de vocal corta) hacer salir una ampolla (de las que se revientan) en la mano de \pna Ne:chma:xoxopo:naltia tenextli. Te:kokoh. \pea Lime causes my hands to blister (with blisters that pop). It is strong. \psa La cal me hace salir ampollas en las manos (de las que se revientan). Es fuerte. \syno ma:á:xopó:nia \xrb ma: \xrb xopo: \xvba ma:xopo:ni \nae Ameyaltepec has one causative form ending in -altia from compounds including the root xopo:: ma:xopo:naltia. Whether this is the most common form remains to be seen. In other cases only the nondirected alternation form xopo:nia is found, as is the case in the Oapan cognate of Ameyaltepec ma:xopo:naltia: ma:á:xopó:nia, which is also found in Ameyaltepec. \qry For now I have categorized the trans field as from reflective, indicating that this comes from a nondirected alternation verb. Note that /xopo:ni/, /xopo:nia/ and /xopo:naltia/ exist (either alone or in combination). This should be checked and the categorization changed accordingly. Also, check whether this should be /ma:a:xopo:naltia/ or /ma:a:xoto:naltia/, etc. \ref 03259 \lxa ma:xopo:ni \lxac ma:xopo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \se (often with short vowel reduplication) to get a rash, pimples, so small sores on the hand or arm \ss (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal corta) salirsele granitos o pequeñas úlceras por la mano o brazo \pna Deke tikxi:ma, ma:ka mitsasis ia:yo, tla:mo tima:xoxopo:nis. \pea If you take the bark off of it (kuhtlatlaktsi:n) don't let its sap get on you, if you do your hands (where the sap touched) will blister up. \psa Se le pelas su cáscara (al kuhtlatlaktsi:n) ten cuidado que no te alcanze su savia porque si te toca se te van a salir granos por las manos. \syno ma:a:xopo:ni \xrb ma: \xrb xopo: \xvca ma:xopo:naltia \qry Check for intransitive form. This might be in error and the proper word might be /ma:a:xopo:nimati in the causative construction is mach(i), and Ameyaltepec maxtia simply reflects the effects of the environmental shift of /ch/ to /x/. The difference between maxtia and mamaxtia is not altogether clear. Only the former (reflexively) can refer to praying, but apparently both can refer to teaching, or learning and studying. It seems that maxtia is used to indicate teaching knowledge, whereas mamaxtia involves skills, and a longer process of apprenticeship and learning a job or skill. \qry The meanings of the two forms, reduplicated and not reduplicated, should be investigated. \ref 03509 \lxa maxtlamekatl \lxac maxtlamekatl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08459 \lxa ma:xtlatia \lxac noma:xtlatia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to wrap (a cloth, skirt, etc.) around ones waist and legs \ss (refl.) envolverse (con tela, una falda, etc.) por la cintura y piernas \pna Saka tlake:ntli noma:xtlatia. \pea It was just cloth (i.e., not clothes) that he wrapped around his waist and legs. \psa Fue solamente con tela que se fajó la cintura y piernas. \se (refl.) to pull ones skirt up and wrap it around ones legs (e.g., in order to climb up a ladder or a hill, when going to the fields to work) \ss (refl.) jalar la falda y envolverse las piernas con ella (p. ej., al subir una escalera o un cuesta arriba, o al ir a trabajar en el campo) \pna Xmoma:xtlati! \pea Draw your skirt around your legs! \psa ¡Jale tu falda justo a tus piernas! \equivo a:ma:xtlatia \xrb ma:xtla \nse Note that one acceptation is that of a woman pulling her skirt up tight around her legs in order to make it easier to work. However, in many villages when women go to the field to work they will wear pants. \ref 05396 \lxa ma:xtlatl \lxac ma:xtlatl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln (irregular: noma:xtli) \sea (rare) cotton pants (used of old) \ssa (raro) pantalones de manta (usadas antiguamente) \cfa ma:xtlatia \cfo a:ma:xtlatia \xrb ma:xtla \nae The word ma:xtlatl is no longer used, and is remembered by only a few old men in Ameyaltepec, who are unsure of its meaning. Luis Lucena gave me the possessed form noma:xtlaw but the "correct" form, according to don Martín de la Cruz, is noma:xtli, which is that which I have entered above. However, Cristino Flores also repeatedly used the possessed form i:ma:xtlayo. One speaker said that this word refers to the material that is wrapped around ones waist and legs; cf. ma:xtlatia. Another person said that it is a "calzón", the type of pants that men used to wear. \qry Recheck in Oapan. Also, not that while /maxtli/ and /maxaltik/ have short first vowels, /ma:xtlatl/ has a long /a:/. \ref 00461 \lxa maya:na \lxac kimaya:na \lxo maya:na \lxoc kimaya:na \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran +Spec \infv class-3a \se (without an object prefix) to constantly suffer from hunger (generally as the result of a poor yield in maize) \ss (sin prefijo de objeto) sufrir constantement por falta de comer (generalmente como resultado de un bajo rendimiento de las milpas) \pna Nimaya:na, xnikpia tli:n nihkwa:s. \pea I continually suffer from hunger, I don't have what to eat. \psa Sufro continuamente por falta de comida, no tengo que comer. \se (with object prefix) to be longing for; to be wanting (some specific item to eat that was planted but didn't yield) \ss (con prefijo de objeto) desear o anhelar comer (algo específico que fue sembrado pero no rindió) \pna Kimaya:nan sá:ndiah pa:mpa xotla:k imi:hlan. \pea They are longing for watermelon because there was no yield of it in their field. \psa Anhelan sandía porque no rindió en su milpa. \pna Tewameh tikmaya:naskeh sá:ndiah pa:mpa xo:kiaw. \pea We will be wanting watermelon (later in the season) because it didn't rain. \psa Vamos a quedar deseando sandía porque no llovió. \pna Kimaya:na ye:lo:tl pa:mpa deke xo:to:kak. \pea He is wanting for some fresh corn because he didn't plant a maize field. \psa Está anhelando elotes porque no sembró. \xrb maya:na \nae As a transitive verb, maya:na takes only specific, 3rd-person, objects. An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of maya:na (Oa pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology applicable to other reported dialects. \dis toli:na \qry Check for other dialects in which this verb is both transitive and intransitive. \pqry An acoustic examination of the central vowel sequence of maya:na (Oa pronunciation) does not immediately reveal any major difference in the length of the first and second /a/. A more complete study of this root is needed to determine the phonological form. For now it has been maintained as /maya:na/, which is the phonology applicable to other reported dialects. \mod Note that at times the verbs /-toli:na/ and /-maya:na/ are similar in meaning. However, /-maya:na/ is used only because a person didn't plant or a crop didn't yield, while /-toli:na/ may also and indeed usually refers to a craving that one has from being ill, or just recovering. \ref 04141 \lxa ma:ya:na \lxac kima:ya:na \lxo ma:ya:na \lxoc kima:ya:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to lead, guide, or take along by the hand \ss llevar o conducir agarrado de la mano \pna Ne:chma:ya:nan, xok nitlachia. \pea They lead me by the arm, I can no longer see. \psa Me guian agarrado por el brazo, ya no puedo ver. \pna I:wa:n o:noma:ya:ntiah. \pea He went along hand in hand with her. \psa El iba agarrándola de la mano. \pna Nikma:ya:ntiw, o:tla:wa:n. \pea I lead him along him by the arm, he is drunk. \psa Lo voy llevando por el brazo, se emborrachó. \pna San kima:ya:ntia:yan. \pea They would just lead him along by the arm (or hand, e.g. a person who is ill). \psa Solamente lo conducían por el brazo (o por la mano, p. ej., un enfermo). \xrb ma: \xrb ana \nse The verb ma:ya:na is almost always found with an aspectual verb of associated motion, most often -tiw or -tinemi (Am) / -timi (Oa), but occasionally it occurs with the durative -tok. \ref 05581 \lxa maya:ntli \lxac maya:ntli \lxo maya:ntli \lxoc maya:ntli \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \infn N1 \se famine; severe hunger (from a poor yield in crops, or lack of grains for other reasons) \ss hambruña (por falta de rendimiento de las milpas, o falta de granos por otras causas) \pna Unkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia. \pea There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything (lit., 'no one has it'). \psa Hay hambruña, no llovió, nadie tiene nada (lit., 'nadie lo tiene'). \xrb maya:na \nse The word maya:ntli refers to a severe condition, generalized, and not just a single person's hunger. *Maya:nalistli is not used in Oapan (nor, probably, in Ameyaltepec). \grm /Onkah maya:ntli, xo:kiaw, xakah kipia/ 'There is a famine, it didn't rain, no one has anything.' Note how the negative indefinite is expressed: /xakah kipia/ literally 'no one has it'. But here 'it' does not reference anything, but simply implies a nonspecific, generalized thing. The best translation is 'no one has anything' Note that perhaps (and this should be checked), one could say /xaka itlah kipia/, but this might have a different sense (check). \ref 05663 \lxa ma:yawi \lxac ma:yawi \lxo ma:yawi \lxoc ma:yawi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to stick ones hand in a place or opening \ss meter la mano en un lugar \pna O:ma:yaw itik na:to:lko:n. \pea He stuck his hand into the pot I use for making atole. \psa Metió la mano en la olla que utilizo para hacer atole. \pna Ma:ka toma:yawis! \pea Don't stick your hand in there (e.g., a closed place, such as one where money is kept)! \psa ¡No vayas a meter la mano allá (p. ej., un lugar cerrado, como uno por donde se guarda dinero)! \pna Xoma:yawi! \pea Stick your hand in there (e.g., to reach in and grab sth)! \psa ¡Mete la mano allá (p. ej., para agarrar algo)! \xrb ma: \xrb yaw \nse Ma:yawi refers to the action of sticking ones hand into a place, particularly a small area like the inside of a pot, in order to pull something out. \qry Check for {h} perhaps as {mahya:wi}. Provisionally, given the short vowel, I have hypothesized the stem as /mah/. Again, the presence of /ya:w/ is a guess. There is no comparative information available. RS have a completely different definition for /mayaui/, which is both intransitive and transitive. Thus ni- or nom- is glossed as 'recharzar, alejar, separar' Nite- and nonte- are glossed as 'hacer caer, empujar a alguien; tlalpan nitemayaui 'derribar, tirar al suelo a alguien.' The various meanings should be checked. \pqry Oapan seems to definitely show the vowel length pattern indicated above, ma:yawi. Ameyaltepec should be rechecked. \ref 04528 \lxa mayeti:ya \lxac mayeti:ya \lxo máyetí:ya \lxop mayeti:ya \lxoc máyetí:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia[k][v] \infv class-4b(ya-x) \pa yes \seao for ones arms to feel heavy \ssao sentir los brazos pesados y cansados \pna O:nimayeti:yak. Yo:nisiaw, xok nike:wa noma. \pea My arms felt heavy. I got tired, I can't hold up my arms anymore. \psa Sentí los brazos pesados. Ya me cansé, ya no puedo alzar los brazos. \xrb ma: \xrb e \nse Ma:yeti:ya refers to the process whereby ones arms get to feel heavy, particularly when they tire after bearing a weight or repeating a specific action or movement. \nde The pitch-accent in the Oapan form suggests an underlying {mah + yeti:ya} with {h} in the suppletive stem for 'arm' or 'hand' being a source of the pitch-accent. However, the vowel length of the incorporated noun might be underlying long (/ma:-/) and the pitch-accent the result of reduced reduplication of the verbal stem. There are other such cases of reduplication and the simple assignment of pitch-accent to a preceding long vowel (usually with body-part incorporation). If this were the case the initial vowel in Oapan might be long (check). \pqry Check vowel lenght in Am form. \sj mayetiya \vl Check for both Oapan and Ameyaltepec cognate. \rt I have analyzed /yeti.ya/ here as derived from /ye/. This should be kept consistent throughout the dictionary. Check. Also standardize whether root should be /ye/ or simply /e/. \ref 00113 \lxa ma:yeyeka \lxac ma:yeyeka \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \rdp Lex rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea to be fast with ones hands (e.g., in working, in doing a task or chore) \ssa ser rápido con las manos (p. ej., en trabajar, en hacer una tarea, etc.) \pna Xma:yeyeka! \pea Hurry up with what you are doing with your hands! \psa ¡Apúrate con lo que estás hacienda con las manos! \pna Melá:k tima:yeyeka, wel titlakwilowa. \pea You are really fast with your hands, you know how to write. \psa De veras eres muy rápido con las manos, sabes bien como escribir. \syno má:isíwi \xrb ma: \xrb e:ka \nse Ameyaltepec ma:yeyeka is virtually equivalent to ma:isiwi; the antonym of both is ma:yo:li:k. \dis ma:isiwi \qry The word /ma:yeyeka/ is apparently equivalent to /ma:isiwi/: but check. Check vowel length in Oapan cognate /máisíwi/ for long initial /a/. It has not so been recorded but this should be checked. \mod Perhaps /yeyeka/ should be considered as lexicalized reduplication. \ref 00120 \lxa ma:yo:li:k \lxac ma:yo:li:k \lxo ma:yo:li:k \lxoc ma:yo:li:k \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran -Intrans; -Trans \se to be slow with ones hands \ss ser lento con las manos \pna Xmotla:tlasiw:ti, ke:n tima:yo:li:k. \pea Hurry up there (e.g., in doing a task), you are really slow with your hands! \psa ¡Apúrate (p. ej., en hacer un trabajo), eres muy lento con las manos! \xrb ma: \xrb yo:li \qry Determine whether any verbal forms exist. \rt Determine whether the root here should be /yo:l/ or /yo:li/. \ref 05709 \lxa me:ch- \lxac me:chpano:ltia \lxo me:ch- \lxoc me:chpano:ltia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \der Pr-pre-obj \se you (pl. object) \ss a uds. (objeto) \nae Basic morpheme for the 2nd-person plural object prefix. In Ameyaltepec ame:ch is found after overtly marked subject prefixes whereas me:ch is found word initially. In Oapan me:ch- is found in all positions. Thus cf. Ameyaltepec name:chpale:wi:s versus Oapan nime:chpale:wi:s. The alternation of /ch/ and /x/ occurs in the usually contexts for each dialect. \nde In Oapan after over subject pronouns the form -mech is also used: nimechmakas. \ref 01702 \lxa mediani:toh \lxac mediani:toh \lxo mediani:toh \lxoc mediani:toh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan medianito \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \infv pl. mediani:tos \se quarter-size amate (just under 20 x 30 cm) \ss amate de quarto tamaño (casi 20 x 30 cm) \encyctmp a:matl \nse The non-diminutive form media:noh is also used. A full-size amate is called kwadra:doh \qry Originally I had this described as a half-sized amate. But given that an amate measures about 40 x 60 cm. \mod In /ono give a description of different sizes, the terms used in painting, texts on how amates are painted, and how they are bought, painted, and sold. \ref 01817 \lxa me:dioh \lxacpend *me:dioh \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \loan medio \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea monetary measure of 6 centavos \ssa medida monetaria de 6 centavos \pna Nikpia san me:dioh. \pea I only have six centavos. \psa Sólo tengo seis centavos. \cfao tomi:n \cfa rreá:l \encyctmp tomi:n and monetary measures \nse This is an old way of counting money, apparently from the time of the Mexican Revolution. It is no longer used but referred to half a real, of 12 1/2 centavos. \ref 00684 \lxa me:dioh \lxac me:dioh \lxo me:dioh \lxoc me:dioh \dt 10/Jul/2002 \loan medio \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se a little; somewhat \ss algo; un poco; medio \pna Pipitska motlapech kwa:k timote:ka, me:dioh kaxa:nki. \pea Your bed squeaks when you lie down, it's a little loose. \psa Rechina tu cama cuando te acuestas, está algo flojo. \pna Me:dioh xke:wateketsa, ma tlakpantia! \pea Tilt it a little more vertically (in this case the front edge of a lean-to, kalma:tli), let it be a little higher! \psa ¡Colócalo un poquito más vertical (en este caso el lado más bajo de un alberguito, kalma:tli), qué esté algo más alto! \nse The borrowing here is of the idiomatic use of medio from Spanish meaning 'somewhat.' \ref 06003 \lxa me:h \lxac me:h \lxo me:n \lxoc me:n \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm Modal \der Modal-imp \se here! take it! \ss ¡toma! \pna Me:h i:n! \pea Take this! \psa ¡Toma esto! \xrb me:n \nae The etymology of me:h is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: me:h, meaning 'Here!' or 'Take it!' Whereas in both dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms. \qry Note that also the final /h/ of /meh/ should be rechecked. \pqry Check nature of vowel. \grm Vowel length: The etymology of me:h is uncertain. When handing something to someone one may simply say: me:h, meaning 'Here!' or 'Take it!' Whereas in both dialects the vowel is nasalized, in Oapan there is also a clear final /n/. Moreover, the duration of the vowel (/e:/) is extremely long. In the speech of both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez it was measured as lasting an average of 200 ms. \ref 03271 \lxa mejika:noh \lxac mejika:noh \lxo mejika:noh \lxoc mejika:noh \dt 02/Apr/2003 \loan Mexicano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Nahuatl \ss náhuatl \pna Totlato:l mejika:noh. \pea Our language is Nahuatl. \psa Nuestra idioma es el náhuatl. \se (okse: ~) an indigenous language different from the Nahuatl of the Balsas River Valley \ss (okse: ~) una lengua indígena en general diferente del náhuatl hablado en la zona del río Balsas \pna Okse: mejika:noh itlato:l. \pea He speaks another dialect of Nahuatl (or another indigenous language, such as Mixtec). \psa Su lengua es otro dialecto del náhuatl (o también otra lengua indígena, como el mixteco). \nse The term mejika:noh is used to reference not only Nahuatl, but any indigenous language of Mexico. However, for other languages, or distant dialects of Nahuatl, the phrase okse: mejika:noh is often used. \ref 03278 \lxa meka:nia \lxac nomeka:nia \lxo meka:nia \lxoc nomeka:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran To date only documented in reflexive \infv class-2a \seao (refl.) to get tangled up in a tether, rope or lasso and fall down (particularly used to refer to animals left tied up) \ssao (refl.) enredarse en un laso o riata y caerse (en particular en referencia a animales dejados atados a un árbol o poste) \pna O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik. \pea My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead. \psa Mi burro en enredó en su laso donde lo fui a amarrar. Se enredó, lo fueron a encontrar muerto. \xrb meka \nse To date this verb has only been documented in the reflexive; it seems to refer to an involuntary action or event that cannot be instigated. It most often refers to an animal that is left tied in a field and that gets tangled up in its tether. The verb implies that the animal fell down, though not necessarily that it died. \qry Recheck the first /a:/ of the verb. Another point that should be checked is whether the verb occurs only in the reflexive, or whether it can take an A-P scheme. \grm In general the derivation of /meka:nia/ is not altogether clear. Obviously, it contains the root /meka/ for 'mecate'. And the meaning is somewhat related to the verbalizations formed with /-wia/. Care should be taken to note whether there are other similarly denominalized verbs. \grm Complex predicates: /O:nomeka:nih noburroh ka:n o:nsa:lo:to. O:nomeka:nih, o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ 'My burro got tangled up in its tether there where I went to tie it up. It got tangled up, they went and found it dead' This seems to be a complex predicate. Note that the pluperfect is not used here, even though the action of dying is anterior to that of finding the animal. However, it does seem that there are two predicates: the finding and the dying, the dying being said of the object of the first predication. Note, however, that a noun or adjective is not used here. An effort should be made to study complex predication in Nahuatl. It appears, however, that the nature of the second predicate depends on the type of verb and whether it accepts a stative use of /-tok/. Thus, for example, the translation of something to the effect of 'they went to find it loose' could be /o:kine:xti:ton kaxa:ntoya/ or /o:kine:xti:ton o:kaxa:n/. However, since /miki/ is an unergative verb in Nahuatl (i.e., has the principal diagnostic of an unergative verb in that the -tok endings is a progressive not stative) it cannot occur as /miktok/ or /miktoya/, which would mean 'it was dying.' However, one question remains, and this might be based on inaccurate transcriptoin. Can one say both /o:kine:xti:ton o:mik/ and /o:kine:xti:ton yo:mik/. Determine if both are correct and, if they are, the difference. It seems that the second is more of a perfect: 'they went and find that it had died' vs. the former 'they went and found it dead'. Note that the purposive interpretation of /-to/ is probably not applicable here. \grm Phonology: Vowel lengthening. Note that it would seem certain that /meka:nia/ is related to /mekatl/. Yet note the vowel loss difference. This is probably due to phonological context, perhaps lengthening before a nasal verbal ending, or shortening (cf. /xokotl/) before the absolutive. \ref 01152 \lxa mekapahli \lxac mekapahli \lxo makapahli \lxoa mekapahli \lxoc makapahli \dt 31/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se headband; tumpline \ss mecapal \sem tool \xrb me:ka \xrb pal \nse It seems that mekapahli refers just to the headband, usually of palm, that is attached to a rope and placed flat on ones forehead as the ropes are tied to an object that is carried on the back, with the major portion of the weight being borne by the forehead. \qry Check whether meaning is the entire object, or just the headband. \rt In /mekapahli/ appparently /pal/ is a separate root from /meka/ although its precise meaning is not clear. It never occurs in isolation but seems to indicate flatness (as in /makpal/). \ref 01517 \lxa mekato:ktli \lxac mekato:ktli \lxo mekato:htli \lxoc mekato:htli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn k-to-h; N1 \se beam temporarily placed horizontally on the outside of the roof of a thatched hut that enables workers to stand on it and attach the thatching to parts they could not otherwise reach \ss viga que se coloca horizontalmente sobre la parte exterior del techo de una casa de palma o zacate; los trabajadores se paran sobre ello para poder alcanzar las partes altas del techo donde tienen que colocar palma o zacate \sem tool \xrb me:ka \xrb to:ka \encyctmp kahli \nse The etymology of mekato:ktli is uncertain, although it seems that meka 'twine' is a part of this word. \qry Check vowel length of the final /o/. Also check occurrences of /-to:ktli/. \mod Cf. Fld 1984-04-29.1 and words there listed. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 02436 \lxa mekatl \lxac mekatl \lxo mekatl \lxoc mekatl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin \se (unpossessed) twine; cord \ss (no poseído) mecate; cordón \se (intrinsic possession) tether; drawstring or cord (e.g., of certain types of clothes, such as calzones, used to hold them up); cord attached to or woven around a gourd or other object;; strap (in general any cord attached to sth, which is referenced as the possessor of the mekatl) \ss (posesión intrínseca) soga o cuerda utilizada para amarrar un animal (p. ej., a un árbol o poste); mecate o cordón (de varios tipos de ropa); mecate tejido alrededor de un calabazo o tecomate \pna O:koto:n imekayo noburroh. \pea My donkey's tether snapped. \psa Se reventó el mecate de mi burro. \pna Yewa imekayo:tsi:n mokalso:n. \pea It is the waistcord of your cotton peasant pants. \psa Es el cordoncito de tus calzones. \se (alienable possession) male lover (of a woman [Poss]) \ss (posesión enajenable) amante (masculino, de una mujer [Pos]) \pna Yewa imekaw. \pea He is her lover. \psa El es su amante (de una mujer). \pna O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw. \pea He (a husband, in this case) said to me why should he make me look good (by buying me a new dress)? "Just so your lover can admire you?" \psa ¿El (un esposo, en este caso) me preguntó por qué me iba a embellecer (al comprarme un nuevo vestido)? "¡Solamente para que te admire tu amante!" \seo (i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa) part of an apron, the cloth "strap" that goes around and ties in the back \sso (i:mekayo yo ya nosa:lowa) parte de un delantal, la tira de tela que va por atrás y allá se ata \xrb me:ka \nse When referring to a tether, the drawstring on clothes, or a cord used to carry something such as a gourd, the possessed form with -yo is always used, with the object to which the cord "belongs" being the possessor. When mekatl is used to refer to a woman's male lover, the possessed form with -w is always used. \qry Check use of /tla:mo/ in !O:ne:chihlih tle:ka ne:chkwaltsi:ntili:s, tla:mo mitswelitas momekaw/. \ilustmp aprons \grm I have also recorded an entry /mekawtli/ meaning 'lover' (male lover of a woman). Obviously this is a nominalization of the possessed form, but it should be rechecked. Nevertheless, although it perhaps might not be common, it was documented. \ref 02651 \lxa mekawtia \lxac kimekawtia \lxo mekahtia \lxoc kimekahtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to impute a lover to (a woman); to accuse (a woman) of having a lover \ss acusarle o imputarle (a una mujer) de tener un amante \pna O:ne:chmekawtikeh. Xka:wa! Xmlá:k nomekaw, san ne:chma:maltian. \pea They imputed that I had a lover. No way! He's not really my lover, they just accuse me of it. \psa Me imputaron un amante. ¡No se puede creer! No es verdad que es mi amante, nada más me tachan de ello. \xrb me:ka \pqry Check with phonetician difference between w-to-h and k-to-h in Oapan. Is this the same. I would imagine there is a difference and perhaps this should be represented in the orthography: /o:kikahkeh/ 'they heard it' vs. /o:kika:hkeh/ 'they left it.' \ref 04023 \lxa mekawtli \lxac mekawtli \lxo mekahtli \lxoc mekahtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \se male lover (of a woman) \ss amante (masculino, de una mujer) \xrb meka \nae Mekawtli is derived from the nominalization of the possessed -mekaw, 'lover.' The term usually refers to the male lover of a married or widowed woman. However, it may refer to the male lover of a homosexual. \qry I should recheck the correctness of the nominalized absolutive form, although I do have it in my notes. The woman with a lover may be married or widowed; check to see if the lover of an unmarried woman is also her /-mekaw/. Finally, check whether this term can also be used for the male lover of a gay man. \grm Nominalization: Note with /mekawtli/ it is clear that the nominalization takes place on the possessed stem. Apparently this also occurred with words such as /ikniwtli/ and /ixwiwtli/. \ref 01811 \lxa mekayo:tia \lxac kimekayo:tia \lxo mekayo:tia \lxoc kimekayo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \seao to weave a cord or string around (e.g., weaving it around a gourd so that it can be carried as a canteen) \ssao atarle o tejerle un mecate o cordón alrededor de (p. ej., un tecomate para que se pueda llevar como cantimplora) \pna Ma:tekon xkipiaya imekayo, pero a:man o:kimekayo:tih. \pea Your water gourd didn't have a cord, but now he wove a cord around it (e.g. to carry). \psa Tu tecomate tenía su mecate, pero ahora ya le ataste uno (p. ej. a un tecomate que se iba a utlizar como cantimplora). \seao to tie a carrying cord to \ssao atarle un mecate a \pna Xetikmeyo:tia motso:tsokol. \pea You haven't yet put a rope on your water jug (to enable you to carry it). \psa Todavía no le has puesto un mecate a tu cántaro (para poderlo cargar). \nse Generally the verb mekayo:tia refers not to the simple action of putting a cord on something to be carried (as in tying a rope through the ears of a water jug), but to weaving a cord on a round object, such as a gourd canteen, so that it may be carried. \xrb me:ka \xvaa mekayo:tilia \qry Check precise meaning: simply putting a cord on, or weaving one around sth like a gourd canteen. Check whether in tyring a rope around a donkey, /mekayo:tia/ can also be used. \qry Check vowel length of /tso:tsokohli/ in phrase above. Check also if this refers only to tying or weaving a cord around objects, or also to placing a tether on an animal (or should sth like /xtla:lili imekayo/ be used?) Is /mekayo:tl/ a word? \grm Note how /mekatl/ can be nominalized with a possessed form in /mekawtli/ and how another possessed form, /mekayo/ can be verbalized as /mekayo:tia/. In general discuss how possessed forms can be used as the basis of nominalization or verbalization. \ref 00730 \lxa mekayo:tilia \lxac kimekayo:tilia \lxo mekayo:tilia \lxoc kimekayo:tilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to place a cord or string around (e.g., a gourd that will be carried as a canteen) for \ssao ponerle un mecate o cordón (a, p. ej., un tecomate que se va a llevar como cantimplora) para \pna Ma mitsmekayo:tili ma:tekon! Weli. \pea Let him weave cord around your canteen for you! He can do it. \psa ¡Deja que te ponga un mecate a tu bule! El lo puede hacer. \flao mekayo:tia \xrb me:ka \xvba mekayo:tia \ref 00630 \lxa me:kotlako:tl \lxac me:kotlako:tl \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of plant still unidentified, whose branches may be used for switches \ssa tipo de planta todavía no identificada, cuyas ramas se pueden utlizar como varas \pna Me:kotlako:tl | Kwa:k timosakakaltia:yan, yewa tihkwiyan ipan eski:nas. Pani yaw, oksepa nosakate:ma. Xne:stok un tlako:tl. \pea Me:kotlako:tl : When we used to build our houses of grass thatching we would use it in the corners. It would go on top and then grass was laid down again. The rod is not visible. \psa Me:kotlako:tl : Cuando nos hacíamos las casas de pasto, eso lo utilizabamos en las esquinas. Va arriba, y otra vez se coloca pasto. La vara no está visible. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb me:ko \xrb tlako: \nct tlako:tl \nfe None of the three consultants (from Ameyaltepec, San Juan, and Oapan) knew of this plant. \qry Check for presence of {h}. Also, inquire as to reason that it is named /me:kotlako:tl/. \ref 00168 \lxa mela:hka:n \lxac mela:hka:n tiaweh \lxo melahka:n \lxoc melahka:n \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm N \der Loc-? \infn N1(loc) \se direct route \ss camino directo \pna Ma:s sa: mela:hka:n tiaweh. \pea The way we are going is more direct. \psa Es más derecho por donde vamos. \xrb mela: \xrl -ka:n \qry Check to see if this correct as written. Perhaps it should be /ma:s sa: mela:hka:n/ or /ma:s san mela:k/. Also recheck long vowel for final /a/. Apparently this is an apocopated form of /melaktik/. Check both. \vl Check for Oapan and Ameyaltepec forms: length of /a/. \ref 00072 \lxa mela:hka:n \lxac i:mela:hka:n \lxo mela:hka:n \lxoa mela:hka:h \lxoc i:mela:hka:h \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ka:n \infn N2 \se right in front of \ss directamente enfrente de \pna Me:roh tomela:hka:n o:wets. \pea It fell over right in front of us (i.e., in the direction we were going). \psa Se cayó directamente enfrente de nosotros (esto es, por donde nos íbamos). \pna I:mela:hka:n kasti:yokuwtli o:notla:lih. \pea He sat down right in front of the post used for securing the castillos upright. \psa Se sentó directamente enfrente del poste utilizado para amarrar a los castillos. \xrb mela: \xrl -ka:n \nse Most often mela:hka:n is used to refer to the place right in front of where a person (or animal) in motion is heading, although apparently at times it may also refer to the place in front of a stationary object. \qry Confirm observation in /nse field re: semantics of this word. \ref 01956 \lxa melá:k \lxac milá:k \lxo mila:k \lxoc mila:k \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes \se see melá:k \ss véase melá:k \xrb mela: \nae Apparently this is related to mela:wak and to forms such as tetomaktik that show vowel shortening and the deletion of the verbal -iwi ending. The intonation varies greatly \mod This entry should probably be changed. According to Cristino Flores the correct pronunciation in Ameyaltepec is /milá:k/ with an initial /i/ not /e/. If this is found to be the case change the entries accordingly. \ref 03781 \lxa mela:wa \lxac kimela:wa \lxo mela:wa \lxoc kimela:wa \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to straighten out (sth crooked, such as a rod, or other tool, either by bending or by altering its shape) \ss enderezar (algo chueco, como una vara u otra herramienta, o al desdoblarla o al alterar su forma misma) \pna Nikmela:wasneki, xwel mela:wi. Ne:chkwa:tla:ntok. \pea I want to straighten it (in this case a piece of wood being carved for an axe handle), but it won't get straight. It's giving me a hard time. \psa Quiero enderezarlo (en este caso un pedazo de madera que se está tallando para la manga de una hacha), pero no se endereza. Me está dando un dolor de cabeza. \pna Ma tikmela:waka:n. \pea Let's straighten it out (in this case a rope by laying it on the ground). \psa Vamos a ponerlo derecho (en este caso un un lazo al acostarlo en el suelo) \se (refl.) to lay oneself down (e.g., a person to sleep; for animals the word te:ka is more common) \ss (refl.) acostarse (p. ej., una persona para dormir; para animals es más común te:ka) \pna Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw. \pea I am lying down, I got tired. \psa Estoy acostado, ya me cansé. \se to be appropriate for; to be correct for \ss ser apropriado para; ser lo correcto para \pna Xkimela:wa, xika iyo:hlo o:kichi:w. \pea It is not appropriate (in this case it was not an appropriate response), he didn't do it on purpose (and thus doesn't deserve such a harse punishment). \psa No le queda (en este caso no fue una respuesta apropriada), no lo hizo a propósito. \se to be of or belong to by right \ss ser propiedad de por derecho \pna Newa ne:chmela:wa un tla:hli. \pea That land is mine by right. \psa Ese terreno me pertenece por derecho. \se (with 3rd-person object) to go straight \ss (con objeto de 3a persona) ir derecho \pna Ma tikmela:wakan. \pea Let's go straight there (i.e. take the shortest route, not take any detours). \psa Vamos a ir derecho (por el camino más corto, sin desviaciones). \xrb mela: \xv1ao tlamela:wa \cfa nomela:wtok \nse Note the difference between the imperative, x(ik)mela:wa 'straighten it out' and the negative, xkimela:wa, 'it is not appropriate for it.' This difference reflects the different status of x as an imperative marker and as a negative clitic. Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that mela:wtok refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \qry I removed this definition: '(~ tlato:hli) to abbreviate words; to shorten words' and exampe: /San kimela:wan tlato:hli./ 'They just abbreviate their words.' as C. Flores did not accpet this signification. \qry Apparently there is a difference (perhaps a lexicalized idiom) between /xikmela:wa/ 'straighten it out' and /xkimela:wa/ 'it is not appropriate for it.' This is very significant (but should be check) and should be recorded in my grammar notes. Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that mela:wtok refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \grm Note that although usually the use of -tok with a transitive verb signals a progressive, in this case it is used as a stative. However, the difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is at this point not clear. At this point my guess is that mela:wtok refers to items that are lying down because they have been so placed, while nomela:wtok indicates that the state of lying down was arrived at by action initiated by the subject of the stative. \ref 03819 \lxa mela:wi \lxac mela:wi \lxo mela:wi \lxoc mela:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become straight (e.g., a long rod, chicol, hanging up for straightening, etc.) \ss enderezarse (p. ej., un chicol colgado para enderezarse) \pna O:ko:ko:tsi:liw nola:soh, kineki xikma:tlalo para ma mela:wi. \pea Your rope has gotten twisted up in various places, you need to run your hand over it so that it straightens out. \psa Se ha enroscado tu lazo en varios lugares, tienes que correr la mano sobre ello para que se enderezca. \xrb mela: \ref 00190 \lxa mela:wtok \lxac nomela:wtok \lxo mela:wtok \lxoc nomela:htok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \infv Durative \se to be lying down (after having lain down) \ss estar acostado (después de haberse acostado) \pna Nimomela:wtok, yo:nisiaw. \pea I am lying down, I got tired. \psa Estoy acostado, ya me cansé. \xrb mela: \cfa mela:wa \nse Although the fact that the form of the reflexive morpheme varies in accord with the subject suggests that nomela:wtok should not be accorded a separate entry, the fact that the meaning of a transitive verb with the -tok ending is not a progressive but rather a stative favors a separate entry. A similar decision has been made in regard to tsontokatok. \qry Before a final decision is made on whether to accord nomela:wtok a separate entry care must be taken to distinguish mela:wtok from nomela:wtok. Under the former I have the definition of 'to be lying down,' but this might be in error. Perhaps it simply refers to something that has been laid out, and is flat on the ground, but that the reflexive stative is used for people who acquire this position (of lying down) through their own action. \ref 01633 \lxa mela:wtok \lxac mela:wtok \lxo mela:htok \lxoc mela:htok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be lying down (an animate, though usually in reference to a person, not animal) \ss estar acostado (un ser animado, por lo común una persona aunque ocasionalmente un animal) \pna Nika:n mela:wtok. \pea He (or it) is lying down here. \psa Él está acostado aquí. \seo to be open and spread out (e.g., bed that has been opened up) \sso estar abierto y extendido (p. ej., una cama que has sido abierta) \cfao mela:wa \xrb mela: \cfa mela:wa \nse The difference between mela:wtok and nomela:wtok is not entirely clear, and there might well be a difference in Ameyaltepec and Oapan as to how the two terms are used. My impression is that in Ameyaltepec mela:wtok is commonly used in reference to animates and inanimates, and that the reflexive nomela:wtok might well carry a more progressive sense. In Oapan it seems more common to use the reflexive, nomela:htok. The nonreflexive form mela:htok is rarely used, but Florencia Marcelino did give the example of a bed that has been opened up. Note that for animals, the verb te:ka used reflexively is the term for 'to lie down.' Since there is no intransitive of this verb, the stative is expressed as note:katok in what is essentially an antipassive formation. Finally, at least in Oapan, for something such as a piece of meat on a griddle the form so:wtok is most often used. \qry Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). Cf. discussion in query under /nomela:wtok/ and check the difference in meaning between /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/. \grm Statives: Note that in several cases I have used the code Stat-x to indicate that the stative form is based on an intransitive that does not exist (e.g., /antok/). The absence of *te:katok shows quite clearly that even when there is no intransitive, the stative with /-tok/ is based on an intransitive, for if the transitive were the base, then the reflexive would be used. Thus cf. /mela:wtok/ to /nomela:wtok/ (and determine the precise difference between the two, which is not altogether clear; see discussion under /mela:wa/). \ref 02530 \lxa me:lioh \lxac *me:lioh \lxo ---- \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan medio \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea (rare) money \ssa (raro) dinero \pna Xnikpia me:lioh. \pea I don't have any money. \psa No tengo dinero. \sem measure \cfa rreá:l \nse This is probably a loan from Spanish medio referring to half a real, which became lexicalized as 'money,' much as occurred to tomi:n in a vast majority of Nahuatl dialects. \ref 03109 \lxa meló:n \lxaa melo:n \lxac melo:n \lxo me:loh \lxoa me:lon \lxoc me:loh \dt 28/Jun/2002 \loan melón \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao melon (all types including those planted locally in cornfields and irrigated winter gardens, and those bought in the regional market) \ssao melón (todos tipos incluyendo los que se siembran localmente en las milpas y en las huertas de invierno, y los que se venden en los mercados regionales) \sem plant \sem domesticated \qry Determine different types of melons. \ref 01155 \lxa melo:nxiwtli \lxac melo:nxiwtli \lxo melo:nxihtli \lxoc melo:nxihtli \dt 17/May/2002 \loan (part) melón \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1 \seao vine of the rmelon plant \ssao tallo rastrero y hojas del melón \sem plant \sem part \xrb xiw \nfc xo:chitl \qry Make sure that Oapan form is not /melo:xihtli/. \ref 00278 \lxa melo:nyo:hli \lxac melo:nyo:hli \lxo melo:yo:hli \lxoc melo:yo:hli \dt 17/May/2002 \loan (part) melón \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao melon seeds \ssao semillas de melón \sem plant \sem part \xrb yo:l \grm Oapan phonology: Note n > 0 in this word-internal context. \ref 01212 \lxa melo:nyo:hli \lxac melo:nyo:hli \lxo melo:yo:hli \lxoc melo:yo:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) melón \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se melon seeds \ss semilla de melón \sem plant \sem part \cfao yo:hli \xrb yo:l \nae The vowel lenght of melo:yo:hli is not entirely clear. It appears that the liquid /l/ is quite long, perhaps longer than the preceding and following vowels. Nevertheless, the initial perception that both /o:/s of melo:yo:hli were long has been maintained here in the orthography. \cfa yo:hli \ref 02732 \lxa me:mela \lxac me:mela \lxo me:mela \lxoc me:mela \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N(ap) \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se thick oval-shaped tortilla made quickly, often when there is no time to make flat tortillas, and that is generally eaten spinkled with salt \ss tortilla gruesa y ovoide hecha rapidamente, a menudo porque no hay tiempo para hacer tortillas normales, que generalmente se come rociada con sal \pna Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli. \pea A me:mela, it's not thin, it's a thick tortilla. \psa Una me:mela, no es delgada, es una tortilla gruesa. \sem food-maize \xrb mela: \nse The etymology of this is uncertain, but it probably derives from a reduplicated form of mela:wa. Note how reduplication is often used in metaphoric lexemes, although here the reduplication is with a long vowel. Note, however, that long vowel reduplication (with final /h/) is used in baby talk. Perhaps there is some relationship to these forms here. \qry Check for presence of final /h/ here. The me:mela is like what is expressed by the Spanish huaraches (a type of tortilla or gordita), but the me:mela is plain (i.e., it is not made with beans, nor is anything but salt placed on top). \grm Reduplication: /Me:mela, xkakana:wak, titila:wak tlaxkahli/ In the phrase note how the short vowel reduplication is used with /kana:wak/ and /tila:wak/, and would seem to indicate "somewhat". Perhaps this should be investigated. Also, however, it is used because the left placement of /me:mela/ indicates a generic sense, and these are not countable but plural. \ref 02056 \lxa me:me:lioh \lxac me:me:lioh \lxo ---- \dt 03/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., weed of the Leguminoseae family that is food for donkeys \ssa Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc. var. exiguum (A. Gray) B. G. Schub., maleza de la familia Leguminoseae que se come por los burros \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo i:nakas komichin \nse It is not clear at present, but it seems that this term might cover what in Latin nomenclature would be various species. \nae The Ameyaltepec term meme:lioh might be a a borrowing from Spanish medio although the etymology is still quite uncertain. \nct xiwtli \qry Check everything, length, final /h/, correctness of form, etc. If necessary correct in xref in /i:nakas komichin/. \pqry Recheck vl of first /e:/. \ref 04815 \lxa me:me:ntowia \lxac kime:me:ntowian \lxo me:mé:ntowíya \lxoc kime:mé:ntowíyah \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Lex. rdp-l \der V2-b \infv class-2a \pa yes \se (pl. subject) to pair up and carry one of two ends or sides of (e.g., a heavy object such as a log, full sack or bucket, etc.) \ss (sujeto pl.) cargar juntamente un lado de una carga (de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grueso, o un costal o cubeta lleno, etc.) \pna Nankime:me:ntowitia:skeh. \pea You will each go along carrying one end (of a heavy bag or bucket, of a log, etc.). \psa Ustedes van a ir yendo cada quien sosteniendo un lado (de un costal pesado, de una cubeta, de un tronco) \sem carrying \xrb me:nto \nse Unlike onkawia, me:me:ntowia refers to the carrying of objects by two persons only, whereas the former may refer to more individuals uniting to complete a task, and it may refer to acts other than carrying. The etymology of this word is unclear as no similar words have been found in any of the other sources for Nahuatl. It is irregular in that it accepts only a plural (of two) subject. \qry Ask speakers for their interpretation of the etymology. \mod Recheck whether Oapan form is with plural subject. According to C. Flores this verb always has a plural subject. \ref 03149 \lxa memetlatl \lxac memetlatl \lxo mémetlatsí:ntli \lxoc mémetlatsí:ntli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref) \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln; pl. memetlameh (Am), mémetlatsitsí:ntih (Oa) \pa yes-rdp \se toy or play metate \ss metate de juego \pna Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli. \pea She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile. \psa Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego. \pna Memetlatl pa:mpa xmelá:k metlatl. \pea It is called a memetlatl because it is not really a metate. \psa Se llama memetlatl porque no es un metate de a de veras. \xrb metla \nae According to Florencia Marcelino in Oapan the diminutive tsi:ntli would be used in a form such as mémetlatsí:ntli because of the fact that the object referred to is a toy, and hence small. She rejected the correctness of ?mémetlátl. \grm Reduplication; metaphor: Note the phrase /Titisi i:pan memetlatl ika memetlapihli/. Note the use of reduplication for both the nominal (as plaything or toy) and verbal (for a make-believe or pretend action). \ref 03888 \lxa memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwli notla:lia \lxac memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \aff Lex. rdps-s \infn N1 \sea Tillandsia erubescens Schltdl., plant of the Bromeliaceae family that grows on trees \ssa Tillandsia erubescens Schltdl., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae que crece sobre árboles \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb mexkal \xrb kow \xrb tla:l \ref 07708 \lxa memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxac *memexkaltsi:n de ipan kuwtli notla:lia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem \xrb \ref 08561 \lxa me:me:ya \lxac me:me:ya \lxo me:me:ya \lxoc me:me:ya \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se generic name for type of still unidentified weed, considered tlasohli, of which four species have been collected to date \ss tipo de maleza todavía no identificada, considerada como tlasohli, de que cuatro especies han sido colectadas hasta la fecha \pna Me:me:ya | Kipia ile:cheh. De ka:mpa o:tpostek, ki:sa ia:yo:tsin istá:k. \pea Me:me:ya : It has its milk (i.e., milky sap). If you snap it, white sap comes out. \psa Me:me:ya : Tiene su leche. Si lo rompes sale su savia blanca. \sem plant \sem herb \xrb me:ya \cpl Consultants mention that this plant is considered tlasohli, perhaps indicating that it is found in fields and then uprooted or burned as a weed. \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \qry Check plural if it exist. Check for other plants that are /tlasohli/, i.e. whether this is a category of such items. Note also the interesting use of long vowel reduplication from what appears to be a verbal base. Cf. if this represents some sort of property of the plant. \ref 03461 \lxa me:me:ya de un wekapania \lxac me:me:ya de un wekapania \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \se \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08534 \lxa me:me:yahlo \lxac i:me:me:yahlo \lxo me:me:yahlo \lxoc i:me:me:yahlo \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-yo \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N2 \se sap \ss savia \pna Kipia ime:meyahlo. \pea It has sap. \psa Tiene savia. \xrb me:ya \encyctmp kuhtli (parts of trees; and plants) \nse Apparently me:me:yahlo refers to the thin sap of certain trees that runs out immediately after the tree is cut. According to several consultants, the following trees have i:me:me:yahlo: kuwxio:tl, te:tlatia, kuwsa:watl, and toto:roh, among others. \qry Check Spanish translation. In one entry I have noted that the vowels as recorded above are definitely correct, i.e. the first two vowels are long. \mod Add links for plants in /nse field to Botany encyclopedia. \ref 01755 \lxa mento:narowa \lxac nomento:narowa \lxo ---- \dt 21/Jun/2002 \loan (Nah) mentar \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[refl] \infv class-2b \sea (refl.) to shoot off at the mouth; to talk like a big shot \ssa (refl.) engreirse; hablar con presunción y vanidad; fanfarronear \pna Yo:pe:w nomento:narowan, yo:pe:w tla:tlatowan. \pea They've started to shoot off at the mouth at each other, they've started to talk without restraint. \psa Ya empezaron a intercambiar disparates, ya empezaron a hablar sin medirse. \pna Yo:pe:w nomento:narowa, o:tla:wa:n. \pea He's started to talk like a big shot, he's drunk. \psa Ya empezó a fanfarronear, se emborrachó. \nse The meaning of ento:narowa is probably derived from a figurative meaning of entonar. Thus the Diccionario de la lengua española of the Real Academia Española gives under entonar 'fig. Desvanecerse, engreírse.' \qry Check meaning and etymology. \ref 00122 \lxa me:roh \lxac yewa me:roh \lxo me:ro \lxoc i me:ro; me:ro yáwá \dt 08/Mar/2003 \loan mero \psm Adv \der Adv-loan \se function word referring to the fact that the following noun is indeed the one, the actual and real thing \ss palabra funcional que indica que el sustantivo es el indicado, lo más real \pna Me:ro yewa kichi:was. \pea He himself (and no one else) will do it. \psa Mero él (y no otro) lo va a hacer. \pna Nika:n me:ro! \pea Right here! \psa ¡Aquí mero (mismo)! \seao (ya (Am) / i (Oa) ~) just about; nearly \ssao (ya (Am) / i (Oa) ~) ya mero \pna Ya me:ro tiaweh! \pea We're just about to set out! \psa ¡Ya mero nos vamos! \qry Check spelling pronounciation; perhaps this should be /meroh/, /me:ro/ or /me:roh/. Determine how best to analyze this as a part of speech. \pqry Note the pitch accent pattern in /me:ro yáwá/. The pitch accent does not shift left as it does in phrases such as /nopá yekó/. The reason for this is probably semantic, whereas /-pan yékó/ is a set phrase, /me:ro yáwá/ is not. More attention should be given to the shift of p-a over word boundaries. \grmx Oapan pitch accent: The question of shift or readjustment, clash avoidance, etc., across word boundaries is a topic that needs much analysis and study. In the present case we have both speakers (Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez) uttering /me:ro yáwá/. There is no leftward shift. I have analyzed the first /á/ of /yáwá/ as short. This appears to be the case acoustically, although it should be checked. If this is true, then length cannot account for the retention. Perhaps the reason is morphological or semantic, i.e., the relationship of /me:ro/ as a predicate modifier. At any rate, much work needs to be done of p-a shift across word boundaries (and within words themselves). \ref 04147 \lxa meská:l \lxac meská:l \lxo me:skal \lxocpend \lxocpend @me:skal \dt 19/Jul/2002 \loan mezcal \psm N \der N-loan \seao mezcal \ssao mezcal \ref 07509 \lxa me:soh \lxac me:soh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan ? \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \sea see burroh me:soh \ssa véase burroh me:soh \equivo maye:soh \qry Check for final /h/; also if /me:so/ can be used in another other context other than to refer to a donkey. Note that in Oapan the term is /ma:ye:so/. Check for Spanish term. If no /h/ change here as elsewhere. \ref 07757 \lxa me:stekipanowa \lxac me:stekipanowa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08469 \lxa me:stekiti \lxac me:stekiti \lxo me:stekiti \lxocpend me:stekiti \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-ti \se to work on a month contract \ss trabajar por un contrato de un mes \xrb me:ts \xrb teki \nse The time unit of a month is the only one so used with tekiti, one cannot, for example, say *to:naltekiti. \ref 07812 \lxa -me:sti \lxac se:me:sti \lxo -me:sti \lxoc se:me:sti \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff var \infv class-4a \seao to complete the number of month's time indicated by an incorporated numeral \ssao completar el número de meses que se indica por un número incorporado \pna Ye wi:kpla o:nise:me:stik. \pea Yesterday I completed one month. \psa Ayer cumplí un mes. \pna Nio:meme:stis. \pea I will complete two months. \psa Voy a completar dos meses. \pna Ye wi:kpla se:me:stitoya. \pea Yesterday was its one-month anniversary. \psa Ayer cumplía un mes. \xrb me:ts \qry Determine the difference between /o:se:me:stik/ and /se:me:stitoya/. \ref 02168 \lxa me:sto:na \lxac me:sto:na \lxo me:sto:na \lxoc me:sto:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V0 \inc N-V0 \der V0-b \infv copular \se for there to be moonlight \ss haber luz de la luna \pna O:nikchi:w kwa:k me:sto:na katka. \pea I did it when there was moonlight \psa Lo hice cuando habá luz de luna. \pna A:man chikwe:i ye me:sto:na yes. \pea A week from now there will already be moonlight. \psa En una semana ya habrá luz de luna. \sem weather \xrb me:ts \xrb to:na \nae In both Ameyaltepec and Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: e.g., ya:lwa me:sto:na katka or mo:stla me:sto:na yes. \grm Copula; verb inflection: In Oapan this word is inflected for tense aspect with the copula clitic: ya:lwa me:sto:na katka or mo:stla me:sto:nayes. \ref 02531 \lxa me:sto:nahlo:tl \lxac me:sto:nahlo:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07629 \lxa mesto:pi:hli \lxac mesto:pi:hli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \sea (rare) thigh \ssa (raro) muslo \sem body \xrb mets \xrb to:pi:l \nse This term is rarely used, but has been noted once in speech (though it may be a borrowing from a neighboring village or region). \qry Check to see if this rarely used term refers to the thigh itself or to the thighbone, or even the lower leg, etc. \ref 00407 \lxa me:stli \lxac me:stli \lxo me:stli \lxoc me:stli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao moon \ssao luna \seao month \ssao mes \se (kwalo de ~) to menstruate; to have ones period \ss (kwalo de ~) menstuar; bajarsele la regla a \seao (nokwa ~ (Am); (tlami ~ (Oa)) for a lunar eclipse to occur (see tlami me:stli) \ssao (nokwa ~ (Am); (tlami ~ (Oa)) haber un eclipse lunar (véase tlami me:stli) \pna O:nokwah me:stli. \pea There was a lunar eclipse. \psa Hubo un eclipse lunar. \cfa te:nkwah \xrb me:ts \flao to:nahli \encyctmp eclipses \nse In the reflexively marked passive construction (nokwa me:stli), the Ameyaltepec collocation to indicate a lunar eclipse, it is said that the stars are the ones that "eat" the moon (or the sun, during a solar eclipse). \ref 00648 \lxa metohlowa \lxac metohlowa \lxo metohlowa \lxoc metohlowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \infv class-4a \se to get covered with worms (maggots?) \ss cubrirse de gusanos \pna Metolimeh, ke:n kwilintsitsi:nteh pero totomiokeh. Unkah ipan nakatl deke o:tikiye:w ika kostá:l. Niman metohlowa. Ipan ke:soh, no: metohlowa. \pea Metolimeh are like little worms, but they are fuzzy. They are found on meat if you stored it in a sack. It quickly gets covered with worms. The surface of cheese also can get covered with such worms. \psa Los metolimeh son como gusanitos, pero peludos. Se hallan sobre la carne si la guardas en un costál. Luego luego se cubre de gusanos. La superficie del queso también se puede cubrir de tales gusanos. \xrb metol \qry In my original notes for this sentence I recorded /metolowa/; this is undoubtedly an error and I have changed to /metohlowa/. Nevertheless, the correct pronunciation should be checked with a native speaker and corrected throughout, if necessary. Determine the Spanish name for these. RS has for /metolloa/ 'apoillarse, hablando de vestidos'; thus check as to whether the metolin do appear on clothes. Note that I have no adjectival or transitive forms; check. \vl Check for /hl/ sequence. \ref 01947 \lxa metolin \lxac metolin \lxo metolih \lxoa metolin \lxoc metolih \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1 \seao type of worm-like animal (yo:lka:tsi:n, perhaps maggots) \ssao tipo de animal como gusano (yo:lka:tsi:n) \sem animal \sem worm \xrb metol \cfa metohlowa \nde RS gives metolin 'piojo blanco que ataca el cuerpo humano; especie de tiña'; Molins has for metolloa 'apolillarse la ropa.' \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \ref 00110 \lxa metlakuwtli \lxac metlakuwtli \lxo metlakohtli \lxoc metlakohtli \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo the forked stick that is placed at the top of a metate to hold it up and in place \sso el horconcito que se coloca al lado superior de un metate para sostener en su lugar \sem material \xrb metla \xrb kow \ref 06526 \lxa metlapihli \lxac metlapihli \lxo metlapihli \lxoc metlapihli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ss mano de metate \se (reduplication with short vowel) play pestle or stone 'rolling pin' used with a metate \ss (reduplicación de vocal corta) mano de metate de juego o fantasía \pno Títisí i:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli. \peo She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile. \pso Finge moler maíz sobre un metate de juego con un mano de metate de juego. \xrb metla \xrb pil \nae The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase Títisí i:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli. 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the same signification, that of something that is toy or pretense, either an object or an action. \qry I have repeatedly checked the length of the penultimate vowel, which is definitely short.It should be so recorded in all entries./Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general. \vl Link 1st female token. \grm /Titisi ipan memetlatl ika memetlapihli./ 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The interesting occurrence here is the reduplication with short vowel for the verb. It is already clear that RDP with a short vowel for nouns can indicate a play object, or toy in the shape of the object referenced by the nominal stem. However, the occurrence of /titisi/ is unclear. It might mean sth like 'to play at grinding corn'; or it might simply refer to the short, repeated strokes of someone pretending to grind corn (and thus have no direct relationship to pretending). Thus an effort should be made to determine the meaning of /titisi/ in general. \grm Reduplication; toy: The productivity of short vowel reduplication of nouns and verbs to indicate a play action is well illustrated by the Oapan phrase Títisí i:pan mémetlátl ika mémetlapíhli. 'She pretends to be grinding corn on a play metate with a play metlapile.' The reduplication is placed on both verbs and nouns, with the same signification, that of something that is toy or pretense, either an object or an action. \ref 04552 \lxa metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \lxac metlapiltetso:tsontsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \com (N-N)-N \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \src Inocencio Díaz, Ameyaltepec, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. 25, p. 360 \sea type of Pygmy-Owl, perhaps the Mountain Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, or a closely related species \ssa tipo de buho pequeño, quizá Glaucidium gnoma, G. griseiceps, o una especie cercana \equiva kupa:ktekolo:tl \equivo papahtekolo:tl \sem animal \sem bird \xrb metla \xrb pil \xrb te \xrb tsona \nse Inocencio Díaz mentioned that this was the same as the kupa:ktekolo:tl although he seemed not to be completely sure of this. \nde In Ameyaltepec this same word is said to be a small, biting insect. \qry Recheck length of /a/. \ref 07818 \lxa metlate:ka \lxacpend nometlate:ka \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V2-refl \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se \seao (refl.) to begin to work at the metate (i.e., grinding nixtamal) \ssao (refl.) empezar a trabajar con el metate (al moler nixtamal) \xrb metla \xrb te:ka \nse This verb has only been documented in the reflexive form. \ref 08853 \lxa metlatl \lxac metlatl \lxo metlatl \lxoc metlatl \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel less; N1/2; Aln \se generic term for metate, flat grinding stone for corn \ss metate \sem tool \xrb metla \encyctmp metlatl \nse Metlatl is a generic term for all types of metates, of which the following have specific names: temetlatl, a metate with no legs, and xa:metlatl, which has three feet. There is also a final type, metlatl de misto:n (Am) or misto:metlatl. However, in conversation these specific terms are rarely used and most often the generic term metlatl is used to indicate the marked meaning of a metate that has leg supports. \ref 03260 \lxa metlatl de misto:n \lxac *metlatl de misto:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln (tometl de misto:n) \sea specific type of metate, or flat grinding stone for corn (term used in Oapan) \ssa tipo especícifo de metate (término utilizado en Oapan) \sem tool \syno misto:metlatl \xrb metla \xrb mis \xrb -to:n \nse Although Ameyaltepec speakers recognize and state that this word is from Oapan, where it is occasionally still used, Ameyaltepequeños do understand and even occasionally use this term. \qry Determine what type of metate this refers to and its appearance. Also check for how the plural is formed, i.e., are both terms pluralized or only /metlameh/. \encyctmp metlatl \ilustmp Illustrate this and all other metates. \ref 07526 \lxa metsa:kayo \lxac i:metsa:kayo \lxo ---- \dt 07/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-yo \infn N2 \sea thigh bone \ssa hueso del muslo \sem body \equivo metskomiteyo \xrb mets \xrb a:ka \nse According to don Martín de la Curz, the term metsa:kayo refers to the part of the leg below the knee and above the ankle. However, Luis Lucena, who appeared somewhat unsure, stated that this word refers to the thigh bone. This word seems to be rarely used, and this might affect the \qry Determine precise meaning (which might not be possible if this word is rarely used). \ref 00487 \lxa metskuwyo \lxac i:metskuwyo \lxo metskohyo \lxoc i:metskohyo \dt 06/Jul/2002 \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1/2; Inal(yo)N-yo \se thigh \ss muslo \sem body \xrb mets \xrb kow \ref 05483 \lxa metskuwyotetotomaktik \lxac metskuwyotetotomaktik \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-k-tik \aff Lex. infix te- \infa tik>tikeh \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes, certain animals such as chickens, donkeys, etc.) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas, ciertos animales, gallinas, etc.); tener los muslos llenos. \syno mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \ref 08087 \lxa metskuwyototoma:wak \lxac metskuwyototoma:wak \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com \aff \seo to be thick-thighed; to have thick thighs (e.g., as some athletes) \sso tener los muslos fornidos o gruesos (p. ej., como algunos atletas) \apo mesté:tomáhtik \xrb mets \xrb toma: \nae For a discussion of this word, see mesté:tomáhtik. \ref 07711 \lxa me:tskwalo \lxac yo:pe:w me:tskwalo \lxo me:tsi:kwalo \lxocpend me:tsi:kwalo \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-pass \infv class-4a(oni) \seao to turn dark and fail to develop fully (guaje seeds) \ssao ennegrecerse y no desarrollarse bien (semillas de guaje) \xrb me:ts \xrb kwa \nse According to one consultant, Florencia Marcelino, this word is used only in reference to guaje seeds that fail to develop and remain small and dark. In general the meaning of me:tsi:kwalo is quite similar to that of pa:chika:ti with the major difference being the types of seeds referred to: both indicate the poor formation of some sort of seed-like object within a shell, pod, or similar item. Inocencio Jiménez said that me:tsi:kwalo could also be used in reference to the huamúchil fruit, but Florencia Marcelino denied this, stating that me:tsi:kwalo is only used in reference to guaje seeds. The etymology of me:tsi:kwalo is not clear, but it might refer to the moon and a lunar eclipse, given that the seeds, in failing to develop, turn dark. \dis pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k \ref 07396 \lxa me:tskwalo:k \lxac me:tskwalo:k \lxo me:tsi:kwalo:k \lxocpend me:tsi:kwalo:k \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-perf \seo having dark and incompletely developed seeds (a guaje seed pod) \sso con las semillas ennegrecidas y no desarrolladas (un guaje) \xrb me:ts \xrb kwa \cfo me:tsi:kwalo: \dis pa:chaka:tl; me:tsi:kwalo:k \ref 07399 \lxa metspatlach \lxac i:metspatlach \lxo metspatlach \lxoc i:metspatlach \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N2 \se flat outside part of the thigh (of a person or animal) \ss parte plana, hacia afuera del muslo (de una persona o de un animal) \pna O:nteposwih ipan imetspatlach. \pea I branded it on the side of its thigh. \psa Le marqué con hierro por el lado ancho del muslo. \sem body \xrb mets \xrb patlach \vl Use second female speech token. \ref 02981 \lxa mexkahli \lxac mexkahli \lxo mexkahli \lxoc mexkahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se generic name for the agave plant \ss nombre genérico para el maguey \sem plant \sem aga \xrb mexkal \encyctmp mexkahli \qry Etymology might contain {ksi}, cf. /tlaxkahli/, and the root /me/. In my original card under /mexkahli/ I have a note which states that the vowel length as follows: /kaxti:hla:n mexkahli/ is definitely correct. Nevertheless, I think it best to rechecked all vowel lengths. And, each type of maguey, of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. \cpl To date, the following types of mexkahli have been noted: sakamexkahli, mexkaltompestsi:n, mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli, kaxti:hla:n mexkahli, and mexkahli de kukuhtitla:ntsi:n.. Each of these should receive a separate entry, and the use of each recorded. Also, check vowel lengths. Ramírez (1991) simply mentions this as maguey, of the family Amaryllidaceae and scientific name Agave sp. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) do not list magueyes. Schoenhals (1988) lists maguey, maguey manso, and maguey pulquero. Re: the first two, of the maguey she mentions: "(Agave spp. e.g., A. atrovirens 'century plant,' 'maguey,' 'pulque maguey'. Mezcal and pulque are the intoxicating drinks from the maguey. In the north, the plant is also called mezcal. Also called maguey manso." Note that it would appear that the plants whose name starts with mexkal are agave plants; the plants discussed by Bravo (1932), see entry under tlapextli are cactuses. \nct mexkahli \ncx sakamexkahli; mexkahli de sakaixtli; mexkaltompistsi:n; ka:ka:lo:te:ntli; kaxti:hla:n mexkahli; kokohtitla:ntsi:n \ref 01913 \lxa mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxac mexkahli de ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxo mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \lxoc mexkahli ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \dt 10/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \seao see ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \ssao véase ka:ka:lo:te:ntli \xrb mexkal \xrb ka:l \xrb te:n \ref 01516 \lxa mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxac mexkahli de kukuwtitlantsi:n \lxo mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n \lxoc mexkahli yón de kókohtitlántsi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-comp \infn N1 \pa yes \se see kukuwtitlantsi:n \ss véase kukuwtitlantsi:n \sem plant \sem aga \xrb mexkal \xrb kow \xrl -titlan \ref 02067 \lxa mexkahli de sakaixtli \lxac mexkahli de sakaixtli \lxo mexkahli de sakayextli \lxocpend @mexkahli de sakayextli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se type of agave still not identified \ss tipo de agave todavía no identificado \pna Mexkahli de sakaixtli | Bwe:noh para i:loh para tiksa:lo:s anjolí:n. \pea Mexkahli de sakaixtli : It is good for making string that is used to tie sesame. \psa Mexkahli de sakaixtli : Es bueno para hacer hilo que se usa para atar ajonjolí. \sem plant \sem cactus \equivao sakamexkahli \xrb mexkal \xrb saka \xrb ich \nct mexkahli; sakamexkahli \ref 05604 \lxa mexkalpa:ka \lxac mexkalpa:ka \lxo mexkalpa:ka \lxocpend mexkalpa:ka \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to place cut maguey leaves in a river to soften it and extract fiber \sso poner las pencas cortadas de maguey en el río para hacerlas blandas y sacarles fibra \xrb mexkal \xrb pa:ka \vl No speech token for this word although the consultants were apparently asked. \ref 06913 \lxa mexkaltehke:tl \lxac mexkaltehke:tl \lxo mexkaltehke:tl \lxoc mexkaltehke:tl \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm N \inc [N-V2]-N \com N-N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infv class-3a(k) \seo person who cuts maguey (for fiber) \sso persona que corta maguey (para la fibra) \xrb mexkal \xrb teki \ref 06912 \lxa mexkalteki \lxac mexkalteki \lxo mexkalteki \lxoc mexkalteki \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to cut maguey (for fiber) \sso cortar maguey (para la fibra) \syna ixteki \xrb mexkal \xrb teki \ref 06911 \lxa mexkalte:koh \lxac mexkalte:koh \lxo mexkalte:koh \lxoc mexkalte:koh \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-gen \infn Gender; N1 \se person from Mezcala \ss persona de Mezcala \xrb mexkal \xrb -te:koh \qry Check for final /h/. Check for other gentilicios (e.g. /xa:lite:koh/, etc.) by village. \ref 00107 \lxa mexkaltompistsi:n \lxaa mexkaltompestsi:n \lxaa mexkaltompits \lxac mexkaltompistsi:n \lxo mexkaltompistli \lxoa mexkaltompistsi:n \lxoc mexkaltompistli \lxt mexkaltompintsi:n \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \se Pitcairnia flexuosa L., plant of the Bromeliaceae family; it has no functional use in the area \ss Pitcairnia flexuosa L., planta de la familia Bromeliaceae; no tiene ningún uso funcional en la zona \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \nse Ameyaltepequeños recognize only one type of mexkaltompistsi:n that grows on the ground. There is another type called memexkaltsi:n de i:pan kuwtli notla:lia. In Oapan this latter type has not been documented with a name, but another type is recognized of those that grow on the ground, the mexkaltompistli de we:weyak í:matlápal, a member of the Agavaceae family. Ameyaltepequeños have no name for this second type. \nae The etymology of mexkaltompistsi:n is uncertain. However, Florencia Marcelino gave the possessed form as ending in /ts/ and stated that the name derives from the fact that is pipitsako:tsi:n. Note that in some documents I have mexkaltompestsi:n while in others I have mexkaltompistsi:n. It is also documented as mexkaltompits or mexkaltompets and mexkaltompistli or mexkaltompestli. \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \nct mexkahli \qry Etymology uncertain. Look for other examples of /-tompets/ or something similar. Note that in some documents I have mexkaltompestsi:n while in others I have mexkaltompistsi:n; check for which is correct. \ref 04704 \lxa mexkaltompitsioh \lxac mexkaltompitsioh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area abounding in the type of agave plant (Pitcairnia flexuosa) known as mexkaltompistsi:n \ssa área donde abunda el tipo de agave (Pitcairnia flexuosa) conocido como mexkaltompistsi:n \xrb mexkal \xrb tom \xrb pits \ref 07952 \lxa me:y \lxac pakah me:y \lxo me: \lxoc me: \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Baby \der Onom \se calf \ss becerrito \pna O:yah me:y. \pea The calf went away. \psa Se fue el becerrito. \sem baby \sem animal \sem domesticated \nae The /e:/ is nasalized in both dialects, imitating the cry of a calf. This is a word used both by very young children before they can talk well and also by adults to talk to children, imitating their speech. \pqry Check the nasalization and determine whether a special character should be used (e.g., /e/ with a tilde ~). \ref 05556 \lxa me:ya \lxac me:ya \lxo me:ya \lxoc me:ya \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to spring forth (as water from a spring), \ss brotar; manar (como agua de un manatial) \se to flow out (e.g., sap from a tree) \ss manar (p. ej., la savia de un árbol) \xrb me:ya \xvcao me:yaltia \qry Check for metaphoric uses of /me:ya/. Can /tlame:ya/ exist? \ref 05257 \lxa me:yaltia \lxac kime:yaltia \lxo me:yaltia \lxoc kime:yaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to cause to spring forth (a liquid) \ssao hacer manar o fluir (un líquido) \seo to let or wait for water to accumulate in a riverbed spring (a:me:hli) \sso dejar o esperar a que agua se acumule en un pozo por el rio (a:me:hli) \pno Ka, xnitlami. Nika:n ni: xnihmeyaltia na:me:l. \peo No, I'm not finished. Here I haven't even let water accumulate in my riverside well. \pso No, no termino. Aquí ni he esperado para que se llene mi pocito ribereño. \se to stimulate the production of milk in (a woman who has given birth) \ss estimular la producción de leche en (una mujer que dio a luz) \pna Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un suwa:tl, kemech o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh. \pea Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out. \psa Ve a agarrar pescado (cangrejos también funcionan) para esa mujer. Va a hacer que fluya su leche, Apenas dio a luz, (hazlo) para que caiga su leche. \se (fig.) to increase the sexual drive of (men, apparently by increasing their quantity of semen; besides the foods given in the illustrative sentence, goat meat is particularly good for this) \ss (fig.) hacer aumentar el deseo sexual de (hombres, aparentemente al aumentar la producción de semen; aparte de las comidas mencionadas en la frase ilustrative, carne de chivo es particularmente bueno para esto) \pna Mitsmeme:yalti:s, segi:doh tikontila:nas suwa:tl. \pea It will increase your sex drive, you will be reaching for a woman all the time. \psa Te va a aumentar los deseos sexuales, seguido vas a estar buscando una mujer. \pna Deke tikoni:s chikwasen to:toltetl, dya se: sardi:nah de michin, dya se: kopi:tah de asie:teh de kome:r noso de resi:nah, mitsmeme:yalti:s. We:i tikpias mokohia:yo. \pea If you eat six raw eggs, and then a can of sardines, and then a cup of cooking oil or resin, it will make your sexual juices flow. You'll have a lot of semen. \psa Si bebes seis huevos, y después una sardinera de pescado, y después una copita de aceite de comer o de resina, te va a aumentar el deseo sexual. Vas a tener mucho semen. \xrb me:ya \xvba me:ya \qry Check to determine if the senses of 'to increase the milk output (of a woman)' and 'to increase the sexual desire of (a man)' are the only possible meaning of this word, or whether it can also be used in a non-sexual sense. Also determine whether nonreduplicated form can be used. Note also the use of /wa:lwetsis/ in the above example. First, this example should be used in a grammatical discussion of directionals. Also, note that the use of /wetsi/ here might well be a back formation from Spanish where 'caer' is used in this sense. \grm Directional: /Xka:nili:ti michin para kimeme:yalti:s un sowa:tl, kimich o:mi:xiw, para wa:lwetis le:cheh/ 'Go catch fish (crabs are also good) for that woman. It will make her milk flow. She has just given birth, (do it) so that her milk comes out.' Note the use of the directional /wa:l-/ with /wetsis/. Perhaps /wetsi/ here is a calque from Spanish, but what is interesting is the use of the directional, which here seems to indicate that the "falling" took place from one side of a boundary (in this case the woman's skin) to another. Cf. to /wa:lchichipi:ni/ to indicate dripping from one side of a roof to the other (inside). \ref 00526 \lxa miahka:n \lxac miahka:n \lxo miahka:n \lxoc miahka:n \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \seao in many places \ssao en muchos lugares \pna Miahka:n o:kwe:kwepaliw un di:skoh. \pea The record got warped in many places. \psa Se deformó el disco (al quedar ondulado) en muchos lugares. \pna Miahka:n tinemi. \pea You live in a lot of places. \psa Vives en muchos lugares. \xrb miak \xrl -ka:n \ref 00735 \lxa miahkawia \lxac kimiahkawian \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08104 \lxa Miák \lxac Miák \lxo Miek \lxoa Miak \lxoc Miek \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \sem heavens \se constellation of stars (lit. 'many') identifiable as the Pleiades \ss constelación de estrellas (lit. 'muchos') idenficiable como los pleiades \xrb miak \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 03529 \lxa miák \lxac miák \lxo miyek \lxoa miyak \lxoc miyek; miyak \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \se a lot; plenty (particularly of countable nouns) \ss mucho; gran cantidad de (sustantivos contables) \pna Miák ko:koneh nemi icha:n. \pea A lot of children are at his house. \psa Muchos niños andan en su casa. \pna Mimiák o:noto:to:kak. \pea A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting). \psa Se sembró mucha semilla en cada pocito (en este caso en cada pocito del campo se dejarón caer muchas semillas de maíz). \pna Xok mimiák o:tito:kakeh. \pea We didn't plant a lot (of seeds together) anymore (i.e., we planted only by groups of 3's or 4's together). \psa Ya no sembramos mucha (semilla en cada mata; p. ej., solamente pusimos 3 o 4 semillas juntos para cada mata). \se (wel ~); see wel \ss (wel ~); véase wel \xrb miak \nse Apparently miakeh is used as the plural for animates; mimiák has a more distributive sense. Yet the precise contexts in which miakeh, mimiakeh and mimiak are used needs to be determined. \grm Reduplication: /Mimiák o:noto:to:kak/ 'A lot was planted in each place (in this case a lot of maize seed was dropped in each hole during planting).' Note the use of short reduplication as in /mimiák/ even though the verb has long reduplication /o:noto:to:kakeh/. The reason appears to be the fact that the first reduplication (/mimiák/) refers to bunches of seed that are together in ones hand, in a small hole in the ground, etc. However, the verbal reduplication /noto:to:ka/ is based on the fact that the planting takes place at regular intervals, stride by stride. Hence the long vowel reduplication. \vl Note: here there are two pronunciations. These will eventually be linked in one sound file, activated by one click. Indeed, all cases will be merged into one file (although in certain cases this might contain 4 words). \ref 02900 \lxa miakia \lxac miakia \lxo miakia \lxoa miekia \lxoc miekia, miakia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-ki/ya/lia \tran Compl \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to become plentyful; to become a lot \ss multiplicarse; ser o llegar a ser muchos \pna Yo:noweyakilikeh, yo:miakiakeh. \pea They've stretched out in a long line, they've gotten to be quite numerous. \psa Se alargaron en una cola, ya se congregó (mucha gente). \xrb miak \xvba miák \xvbo miyek \xvca miakilia \qry Check length of final /a/ in imperfect form, /miakiaya/. \vl Use second token of female and male. \ref 03478 \lxa miakilia \lxac kimiakilia \lxo miakilia \lxoa miekilia \lxoc kimiakilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-ki/ya/lia \infv class-2a \se to greatly increase the amount of; to make abundant; to make plentiful; to accumulate (the quantity of sth countable) \ss hacer abundante; incrementar mucho la cantidad de (algo contable) \pna Kimiakilia itlikuw. \pea He accumulates a lot of firewood (e.g., during the dry season, in anticipation of not having time to chop wood during the summer planting months). \psa Acumula mucha leña (durante la temporada de secas en anticipación a no tener tiempo durante el verano para leñar). \xrb miak \xvba miakia \xvbo miekiya \ref 01452 \lxa miakpa \lxac miakpa \lxo miahpa \lxoc miahpa \dt 11/Jan/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se many times \ss muchas veces \xrb miak \xrl -pa \ref 01856 \lxa miá:w \lxac pakah miá:w \lxo mia:u \lxoc mia:u \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-Onom \se pussy cat \ss gatito \pna Ne:nkah miá:w. \pea There is a pussy cat over there. \psa Allí está un gatito. \equivo au \sem baby \sem animal \nse The final /á:/ and /n/ are heavily nasalized in imitation of a cat's voice. This is a word used by very young children before they can talk well as well as by adults in talking to children, imitating their speech. It refers directly to the animal as well as the sound a cat makes. \qry Make sure this is both the sound and the animal's name./ \pqry Determine best orthography, particularly for the Oapan form. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05175 \lxa mia:waposteki \lxac kimia:waposteki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb mia:wa \xrb posteki \ref 08358 \lxa mia:wati \lxac mia:wati \lxo mia:wati \lxoc mia:wati \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to send up a tassle and flower (the maize plant) \ss brotarle la espiga y flor (a una planta de maíz) \se to send up a shoot from the center (certain grasses, sakatl) \ss echar un retoño del centro (como hacen ciertos zacates) \xrb mia:wa \qry Determine the precise scientific name for this process as well as all the plants that can be the subject of this verb. \ref 06117 \lxa mia:watl \lxac mia:watl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infv -yo \sea spike and flower (of a corn plant) \ssa la espiga y flor (de una planta de maíz) \sea spike that emerges from the center (of certain grasses or zacates) \ssa la espiga (o retorño) que sale del centro de la planta (de ciertos zacates) \pna Sakatl no: kipia imia:wayo. \pea A zacate plant also has its spike (that emerges from the center of the plant). \psa El zacate también tiene su espiga (o retoño que sale del centro de la planta) \sem plant \sem part \syno mi:mia:watl \xrb mia:wa \nse Like other plant parts, mia:watl is always possessed with the marker -yo. Both mi:hli and sakatl have i:mia:wayo. \mod See illustration diagram with /mi:hli/. This is the "espiga" of the maize plant, its tassle; see diagram with /mi:hli/. \ref 07535 \lxa michin \lxac michin \lxo michin \lxoa michih \lxop michin \lxoc michih \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b-in \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. Am: Am: michimeh; Oa: mimixtih \se generic name for fish \ss nombre genérico para pez o pescado \xrb mich \sem animal \ono michin \nse The following is a list of types of fish that have so far been identified: (make sure that each has its separate entry): xa:lmichin (small, scaleless fish; pez pequeño sin escamas); tsatsapalin ( "mojarra"); xo:wi:lin (catfish, bagre); po:te:tl (small fish with a big belly (guppy-like)); truchah (trout, trucha); a:pitso (Note: Luis Lucena gave me this name. He said that he was not sure what type of fish this was, that he had never seen it. He also stated that it might be the same as /a:burrah/ another type of fish which he has heard named but never seen. Perhaps a legendary fish, cf. a:lamatsi:n, etc.); a:burrah (see entry under a:pitso); a:chichitsi:n (type of fish? Luis Lucena who mentioned this word to me said that he has heard it, but never seen the fish it supposedly refers to); a:kachakalin (type of water animal (fish? acamaya?)); a:xo:lo:tl (type of water animal, not a fish (tadpole? or renacuajo (?))); chakalin (type of water animal (fish?) small than an a:kachakalin but similar, perhaps a type of "acamaya"); tekwisiri (crab o cangrejo (classified by Luis Lucena as a type of fish, michin)) a:ko:lo:tl (stinging crayfish, not a type of fish according to Luis Lucena); a:kwilin (type of water worms, not a type of fish); tortugah (tortoirse, turtle, not indigenous to Ameyaltepec region; not a type of fish). Note that it will be important to determine which of the fish named but never seen are "real", if this is possible. Note that michin is used to refer to fish which is either alive or dead (i.e. 'pez' or 'pescado' in Spanish). It seems also clear that some individuals consider michin to indicate a water animal in general. \qry Check all fish, and nature of, i.e., are only what English/Spanish considers fish, fish in Nahuatl, or are other animals included. \ref 01300 \lxa michka:ldoh \lxac michka:ldoh \lxo michka:ldoh \lxoc michka:ldoh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) caldo \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \seao broth with fish \ssao caldo de pescado \sem food \syno mixchi:la:tl \xrb mich \qry Check the Oapan synonym. Perhaps it is /michchi:la:tl/. I believe it is recorded. \ref 01461 \lxa michmo:hli \lxac michmo:hli \lxo michmo:hli \lxoc michmo:hli \dt 13/Mar/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of mole made from squash seeds and served with fish \ss tipo de mole hecho de semilla de calabaza y servido con pescado \sem food \xrb mich \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli \mod List all types of /mo:hli/ with recipes. \ref 03884 \lxa michpepena \lxac michpepena \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08119 \lxa michpepenke:tl \lxac michpepenke:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08120 \lxa michpe:petla:ni \lxac michpe:petla:ni \lxo michpe:petla:n \lxoa michpe:petla:h \lxoc michpe:petla:n \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-0 (Am); N-dvb-perf (Oa) \infv Lex. rdp-l \seao type of fish, like the fish called platilla in Spanish, still not definitively identified \ssao tipo de pez, parecido al que se llama platilla, todavía no identificado definitivamente \syna a:michin \sem animal \sem marine \xrb mich \xrb petla: \nae The Oapan form michpe:petla:n manifests the apocopation that is common in animal names, although here it is also equivalent to the short stem of a verb (petla:ni). \qry Make sure Am has /a:michin/ and /michpe:petla:ni/ as synonyms. \ref 02711 \lxa mihka:kuwtli \lxac mihka:kuwtli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm N \com ?-N \der N-b \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \sea type of tree still not identified \ssa tipo de árbol todavía no identificado \xrb mehka \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 07318 \lxa mihka:pan \lxac i:mihka:pan \lxacpend mihka:pan \lxo \dt 08/Aug/2002 \psm \der \infv \se \ss \xrb \xrb \ref 08674 \lxa mihka:petlatl \lxac mihka:petlatl \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jun/2002 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1 \sea woven straw mat used to wrap up the dead for burial (for those too poor to have a coffin) \ssa petate utilizado para envolver a los muertos por el entierro (para los que no tienen los recursos para un ataúd) \sea (wetsi ke:n ~) to fall with a thud; to fall down hard \ssa (wetsi ke:n ~) caer a la tierra con fuerza, con estrépito \xrb miki \xrb petla \ref 01139 \lxa mihkasiwi \lxac mihkasiwi \lxo míhkasíwi \lxoc míhkasíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \seao to have an alergic reaction characterized by red itchy spots on ones skin \ssao tener alergias caracterizado por un sarpullido o mal de la piel con ronchas rojas que escocen \pna Mihkasiwi. Kekexkia. Nakokwi itla:kayo. Poso:ni itlaka:yo. \pea He has a skin rash called mihkasiwi. He itches. His skin puffs up. His skin pops up. \psa Tiene un sarpullido llamado mihkasiwi. Tiene comezón. Se alza su piel. Se le salen bolitas. \sem disease \xrb miki \xrb hsi \spk hervor de sangre; alergia \nse The type of skin disease is like a rash from an allergy, the rash appears as large raised patches on ones skin. Some Ameyaltepec speakers will pronounce this word as mehkasiwi. The Nahuatl-speaking nurse in the Oapan clinic translated this word as 'alergia.' \nae Apparently mihkasiwi derives from the participial form of miki compounded with ihsiwi, as suggested by the pitch-accent in Oapan míhkasíwi. The initial {h} of the final root {hsiwi} would account for the short /a/ in a participial form that usually has a long /a:/ in this position. \qry Check for {h} in cognate dialects (e.g., ?mihkahsiwi). In one note I have recorded that the /a/ is definitely short and should be recorded as such in all entries. Note that this might be the result of underlying {-hsiwi} with vowel shortening before the reflex of the glottal stop. Cf. Gram 1986-06-06.1. Recheck vowel length. Check for absence of causative/transitive. \mod For the cure of this, see Flk 1984- 03-12.1. \vl Check /a/ \sj Check for /h/. \ref 00991 \lxa mihkasiwilistli \lxac mihkasiwilistli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08500 \lxa mihka:tete:ka \lxac nomihka:tete:ka \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea (refl.) to lie down as if dead; to play dead \ssa (refl.) acostarse como muerto; jugar al muerto \pna Ma:ka xmomihka:tete:ka! \pea Don't lie down like you were dead! \psa ¡No te vayas a acostar como si estuvieras muerto! \syno mihká:chichí:wa \xrb miki \xrb te:ka \nse This word is used often to refer to what a wild head of cattle does that is being chased, in order to avoid being caught. It lies down on the ground and pretends to be dead. \qry Check whether nonreflexive use is correct. \ref 00184 \lxa mihka:tia \lxac nomihka:tia \lxo mihka:tia \lxoc nomihka:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran Only reflexive \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to have a relative die on one \ss (refl.) morirsele un pariente \pna O:nomihka:tih. \pea He had a relative die. \psa Se le murió un pariente. \xrb miki \nse This verb is derived from the nominal form *mihka:tl, which in Ameyaltepec is found only in the diminutive mihka:tsi:ntli. It refers to the death of a close relative; in all recorded cases it refers to the death of a parent, sibling, or child. \qry Check to see if transitive form is acceptable. Apparently, however, there are many verbs that use a reflexive and /-tia/ to indicate 'to N for one' or similar concepts. \ref 00828 \lxa mihka:tla:hli \lxac mihka:tla:hli \lxo mihka:tla:hli \lxoc mihka:tla:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se earth taken from a graveyard or cemetery \ss tierra tomada de un cementerio \xrb miki \xrb tla:l \nse Mihka:tla:hli is used, at least in Ameyaltepec, to cure mihkasiwi, a type of alergy. \mod See Flk 1984-03-12.1 for how /mihka:tla:hli/ is used to cure /mihkasiwi/. \ref 04741 \lxa mihka:tlatlasi \lxac mihka:tlatlasi \lxo mihka:tlatlasi \lxoc mihka:tlatlasi \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-3a \se to have whooping cough \ss tener tosferina \sem functions \xrb miki \xrb tlasi \qry In one entry I had recorded /mihka:tlatlaxi/. This should be checked; it is probably in error. \ref 01049 \lxa mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxac mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxo mihka:tlatlaxistli \lxoc mihka:tlatlaxistli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-is \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1 \seao whooping cough \ssao tosferina \sem disease \xrb miki \xrb tlatlasi \grm Phonology: note the palatalization here: tlatlasi>tlatlaxi+(i)stli. I am not sure that this occurs in other derivations. \ref 01896 \lxa mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxac mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxo mihka:tlatsili:ni \lxoc mihka:tlatsili:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V0 \inc Part-tla-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \se for the village church bell to toll for a dead person \ss sonar la campana de la iglesia del pueblo para anunciar la muerte (de algn) \sem sound-material \xrb miki \xrb tsili: \nse Very soon after someone dies, the large bell in the church is rung just once in order to announce the death. Also, two cohetes are set off for the same purpose although the verb used to describe this action, tlatopo:ni, does not contain the element mihka: as does mihka:tlatsili:ni. \grm Impersonal and valency lowering: Note the infixation of the impersonal marker between the intransitive verb and the incorporated (agentive) noun. This would seem to indicate that the /tla-/ functions to lower the valency of the verb to an impersonal/subjectless and then the modifying noun is incorporated. The use of this valency decreasing device should be compared to the way in which inflixed /tla-/ functions in other situations (e.g., /tlai/ in /chichitlai/) in which it usually seems to create an intransitive from a transitive. Note that *tlamihka:tsili:ni is not acceptable. Discuss what this says about NI, etc. \ref 04986 \lxa mihka:tsi:ntli \lxac mihka:tsi:ntli \lxo mihka:tsi:ntli \lxoc mihka:tsi:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ki; N-tsi:ntli \infn N1 \se corpse; dead person \ss cadaver; persona fallecida \xrb miki \nse This is the only word encountered so far in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl that always occurs with a diminutive/reverential ending (-tsi:ntli). Note that the participial ending -ki here surfaces as -ka:, as expected, in non-word final position. \ref 05279 \lxa mihka:tsontekomatl \lxac mihka:tsontekomatl \lxo mihka:tsontekomatl \lxoc mihka:tsontekomatl \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm N \com Part-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1 \se skull (of humans) \ss calavera (de seres humanos) \xrb miki \xrb tson \xrb tekoma \grm Oapan phonology; phonetics The surface realization of the underlying {kk} of the participial verb form needs acoustic analysis. I would have expected an aspiration [ihka:], but this does not seem to be the case. Rather, the acoustics seem more that of a double stop. Check and add notes here. \vl Use second token of female. \ref 02490 \lxa mihka:xokokuwtli \lxac mihka:xokokuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea Spondias mombin L., wild plum tree of the Anacardiaceae family \ssa Spondias mombin L., ciruelo silvestre de la familia Anacardiaceae \sem plant \sem kohtli \equiva mihka:xokotl \xrb miki \xrb xoko \xrb kow \nse Ameyaltepequeños distinguish this tree from the masa:xokokohtli on the basis of the time of fruition and nature of the fruit. But from all other characteristics they admit that the two trees look identical. Latin classification has the mihka:xokokohtli and the masa:xokokohtli as identical. \nct kohtli \ref 05133 \lxa mihka:xokotl \lxac mihka:xokotl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea type of plum as yet unidentified \ssa tipo de ciruela todavía no identificada \sea by extension, the tree on which it grows \ssa por extensión, el árbol en que crece \sem plant \sem edible \apa mihka:xokokohtli \xrb miki \xrb xoko \cpl This is a type of masa:xokotl. The mihka:xokotl tree has red fruit from the time it is young, i.e., the young fruit is not green. This tree comes into fruit at the same time as the ma:saxokotl: tla:ki kware:smah, 'it comes to fruit between March and April.' \nct kohtli; xokotl; masa:xokotl \ref 02754 \lxa mi:hlan \lxac mi:hlan \lxo mi:hlah \lxoc mi:hlah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1[poss] \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cornfield \ss milpa \pna Nia:s nomi:hlan. \pea I'm going to my cornfield. \psa Voy a mi milpa. \xrb mi:l \xrl -tlan \nse Unlike -tla:lpan, which is always possessed, (cf. nia:s te:tla:lpan 'I am going to someone's field'), mi:hlan has not been documented with a nonspecific possessor. Thus one often hears nia:s mi:hlan 'I'm going to work in a cornfield,' and not ?nia:s te:mi:hlan, which I have never heard, although this fact does not preclude that it may also be correct. However, one does often hear mi:hlan possessed with 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person markers: xkaman niaw momi:hlan 'I never go to your cornfield.' \ref 05615 \lxa mi:hli \lxac mi:hli \lxo mi:hli \lxoc mi:hli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se maize plant \ss planta de maíz \se planted cornfield (i.e., mi:hlan, by extension from mi:hli) \ss terreno sembrado (esto es, mi:hlan, por extensión del significado de mi:hli) \xrb mi:l \ref 06115 \lxa miki \lxac miki \lxo miki \lxoc miki \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \seao to die \ssao morir \pno Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin. \peo We will come next year if we don't suddenly die. \pso Vamos a venir el año venidero si no nos murimos de repente. \se to shrivel and dry up (a fruit on a stalk) \ss secarse y morirse (una fruta sobre la planta) \pna Kakamatsitsi:nteh, sampa itech xi:lo:tl mimikin. \pea The small ears of maize known as kakamatsitsi:nteh, they just dry up at the side of the jilote. \psa Los pequeños elotes llamados kakamatsitsi:nteh, nada más se secan allí al lado del jilote. \seo (wa:hmikitsi:n) to come to be lukewarm (water) \sso (wa:hmikitsi:n) llegar a ser tibia (agua) \pno Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwá xwel koni a:tl yón sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n. \peo Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. \pso ¡Caliéntale agua para tu hermano! No puede tomarlo frío (p. ej., porque apenas le picó un alacrán), debe ser nada más tibia. \xrb miki \xvca miktia \xvco mihtia \nae The inflectional paradigm of miki is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: miki:lo. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: mikilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb kochi. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name ka:n o:miki:wak located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form -wa was still in common use. \grm Impersonal in /-wa/: The inflectional paradigm of miki is irregular in Ameyaltepec in that the final /i:/ is lengthened in the impersonal: miki:lo. However, in Oapan the vowel in this form is short: mikilo. The same pattern and difference between villages is found with the verb kochi. In Ameyaltepec there is a place name ka:n o:miki:wak located just outside the village on the way to Sokia:pan. It is so named because during the Revolution some poor peasants were caught stealing a bag of maize from a granary. The comisario turned the theives over to the owner of the bin to do with them as he wished. He took them to the edge of town and shot them, at a place that was so named. This suggests that in the early 20th century the impersonal form -wa was still in common use. \grm /tsi:n/ with verbs; directional: Note: /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl. Yéwá xwel koni a:tl yún sese:k, san ma wa:hmikitsi:n./ 'Heat up some water for your brother! He can't drink cold water (e.g., because he was just bitten by a scorpion); it should just become lukewarm. Note taht the question is whether /wa:-/ in these cases is /wa:h-/. I do not hear an /h/, but in the literacy class several times we discussed this point and each time \grm /wa:l/: Note the following phrase by Florencia Marcelino: /Tiwa:hla:skeh se:xtli deke xtiwa:lmikin/ 'We will come next year if we don't suddenly die.' The translation of 'suddenly' may not be the most accurate in this case; I just give it by intuition. In the future Florencia should be asked for the difference in /wa:lmiki/ and /miki/ in the phrase given here. \grm Oapan phonology: Note x > ch /x___ as in /Xcho:tlaltili:ti mohniw a:tl/. The first word is the imperative of /xo:tla/, but since it follows the imperative /x=/ the initial /x/ of the verb surfaces as /ch/. \ref 00719 \lxa miki xiwtli \lxac miki xiwtli \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-complex \sea Mimosa pudica L., small plant of the Leguminoseae family that closes up and droops when touched \ssa Mimosa pudica L., pequeña planta de la familia Leguminoseae que se cierra al ser tocado \src Gabriel de la Cruz \pna Se: xiwtli, san tikwiyo:ni:s, tikonaxili:s, wetsi ipan tla:hli. Kochi, ke:itlah pipi:liwi. \pea It (the miki xiwtli) is a plant that when you just move it, just brush by it, it falls over to the ground. It droops over like it (its leaves) just shrivels up and hangs down in a clump. \psa Es una planta (el miki xiwtli) que nada más la mueves, nada más le alcanzas ligeramente, cae a la tierra. Duerme, es como sí se encoge y se pone mustio. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva kokochi xiwtli \equiva xiwtli de kochi \equivo kochi xihtli \xrb miki \xrb xiw \nse The consultant who named this plant, Gabriel de la Cruz, mentioned that although he was not sure of its precise identification he was sure that it did exist: Another consultant, Luis Lucena, stated that he did not know of any plant by this name. It is almost certain that this is the plant also known as kokochi xiwtli or xiwtli de kochi in Ameyaltepec and kochi xihtli in Oapan. \nct xiwtli \ref 04327 \lxa mikia:n \lxac i:mikia:n \lxo mikiya:n \lxoa mikiya:h \lxop mikiya:n \lxoc i:mikiya:h \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-ya:n \infn N2 \se lethal spot on the body of (person marked as possessor) \ss un punto de muerto en el cuerpo de (el que se marca como poseedor) \pna Yewa tomikia:n. \pea That is a deadly point on the human body. \psa Es un punto fatal en el cuerpo humano. \pna O:tiktla:lilih me:roh ipanimikia:n. \pea You landed it right on a deadly point of its body (e.g., in stabbing an ox, in punching sb). \psa Le diste en el mero punto para matarlo (p. ej., en meter un cuchillo a un buey, en golpear a algn). \xrb miki \xrl -ya:n \nse The term mikia:n refers to a spot that, when hit, results in death: solar plexus, head, genitals, etc. Note that in Ameyaltepec it is the first syllable that is stressed in this disyllabic word: ['mi kya:n]. \qry Check to make sure this is /mikia:n/ and not /mikia/. \ref 01211 \lxa mikilia \lxac o:nomikilih \lxo mikilia \lxocpend o:nomikilih \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \seo (refl.) to die (reverential) \sso (refl.) morir (reverential) \xrb miki \nse This is one of the few reverential constructions in Oapan Nahuatl (it is not clear whether the same form exists in Ameyaltepec). A semantically equivalent form is tlamilia, also an applicative that with a reflexive object has a reverential sense. Both forms are used in the 3rd-person to refer to a person who has died. Apparently it is most often used to refer to the death of close elder kin. \ref 07390 \lxa mikistli \lxac mikistli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07727 \lxa miktia \lxac kimiktia \lxo mihtia \lxoc kimihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to kill \ss matar \pna O:kimiktikeh para ma:ka itlah kito:s. \pea They killed him so that he wouldn't say anything. \psa Lo mataron para que no dijera nada. \se (often with tla-) to have (a child) die on one \ss (a menudo con tla-) morirsele (un niño) a \pna Kinemi:tiaikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. \pea She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her. \psa Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere. \xrb miki \xv1a tlamiktia \xv1o tlamihtia \xvbao miki \xvaa miktilia \xvao mihtilia \grm Causative: Note that the causative in /tlamiktia/ does not mean so much 'cause to die' or 'kill' but to be allow or have some responsibility in the death of a child. In this sense it is like /tlanemi:tia/, and both have an applicative sense in the sense that the subject is affected by the action of death or living. \ref 02746 \lxa miktilia \lxac kimiktilia \lxo mihtilia \lxoc kimihtilia \dt 21/Apr/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to kill (sth) for or adversely affecting (sb [PO]) \ss matar (algo) para o a (afectando adversamente a algn [OP]) \pna O:ne:chmiktilih nopitso. Xkwahli tla:katl. \pea He killed my pig, causing me harm. He's no good. \psa Me mataron un marrano. Es malo. \xrb miki \xvba miki \vl The male levels, particularly on one token, are very low. \ref 05906 \lxa miktla:n \lxac miktla:n \lxo mihtla:n \lxoa mihtla:h \lxoc mihtla:n \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-dvb-tlan \infn N0/1(loc) \sea god-damn (used immediately followed by an insulting adjective, and often preceded by the loan dia:bloh) \ssa pinche (en una injuria inmediatamente seguido por un adjectivo insultante y, a veces, precedido por el préstamo dia:bloh) \pna A:man tikitas, dia:bloh miktla:n tlatski! \pea Now you'll see, you god-damn lazy bum! \psa ¡Ya verás, pinche diablo flojo! \pna Ara:joh miktla:n tlatski un ne:nkah tla:katl. Xkaman kanah yaw. \pea Jesus that guy's a god-damn lazy bum! He never goes anywhere. \psa ¡Carajo, ese tipo es un pinche diablo flojo! Nunca va a ningún lado. \pna Melá:k timiktla:n tlatski. \pea You are a real lazy bum. \psa De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo: \pna Ara:joh! milá:k timiktla:n tlatski. \pea Shit! You're really a god-damn lazy bum. \psa ¡Chin! De veras eres un pobre diablo flojo. \pna Ma:ka tli:mach xne:chiihlito, dia:bloh miktla:n tlake:ntsotsomok. \pea Don't just be saying any old thing to me, you god-damn tattered piece of rags. \psa No me estés diciendo cualquiera cosa, pinche bola de arrapos. \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titlankoyak! \pea The hell with you, you toothless hag! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo, vieja sin dientes! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n titechichikil! \pea The hell with you you bag of bones! \psa ¡Al diablo contigo pinche demacrado! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n tikwitlatesosol! \pea The hell with you you shit bag! \psa Al diablo contigo, bola de mierda! \pna Dia:bloh miktla:n te:ntsonpochik! \pea You fuzzy-beared slime! \psa Al diablo contigo y tu barba velosa! \seao Hell (rarely used in this sense) \ssao el infierno (poco común con esta aceptación) \pna Xne:chki:tski ipan nokoli:tah, ma nontlachia miktla:n! \pea Grab me by my tail, let me peek into hell! \psa ¡Agárrame por la colita, para que me asome al infierno! \se (~ tia:chkaw yeyekatl) the most powerful of the yeyekameh or 'aires' \ss (~ tia:chkaw yeyekatl) el más poderoso de los yeyekameh o 'aires' \cfa tia:chka:w \xrb miki \xrl -tla:n \nse According to Luis Lucena only women say dia:bloh miktla:n [adjectival], because only they shout such types of insults. Women, in his vision, are more prone to actions covered by the phrase te:uwikaltia. Men either fight or use other words. Generally the form (dia:bloh miktla:n seems to be used without a subject prefix, constructed as an insulting vocative, although one example has an over subject prefix. It is followed by some insulting term, often an adjectival or apocopated noun that refers derrogatorily to some physical aspect of the person being insulted. Some consultants understood miktla:n to mean 'hell' whereas others take it to mean "the inside of the earth where the dead are buried." It is seldom so used though elders understand it to mean this. It also appears with the sense of 'Hell' in the riddle xne:chki:tski i:pan noko:lah, ma nontlachia miktla:n. According to Cristino Flores the "rey de yeyekatl" is one called miktla:n tia:chkaw yeyekatl. This is according to what he was told by an old man from Ahuehuepan who has since died. \nae In Oapan there seems to be a long final vowel, as would be expected from the colonial sources. \mod Source for Cristino Flores comment, see (cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1). \mod Cf. Flk-1984-07-29.1 for an account of miktlan tia:chkaw yeyekatl. Cf. Gram 1985-10-18.3 \qry Note that originally I had /kwitlatetsotsol/ but I have changed this hear to /kwitlatetsotsol/ based on my understanding of these forms. Check meaning of /kwitlasosol/. Check vowel length as this /-tla:n/ historically had a long vowel. I have for now changed it to a long vowel based on Oapan acoustic evidence. \pqry Recheck vowel length, based on Oapan evidence I have changed the final /a:/ of the Am form to a long vowel. Previously I had a note that length was uncertain. I will check it acoustically, but for now a long vowel has been edited throughout. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. There is an additional token of this word from 4526. \ref 05853 \lxa milá:k \lxaa melá:k \lxaa milá \lxaa mlá \lxac melá:k \lxo mila:k \lxoa mela:k \lxoa mélá:k \lxoa mílá:k \lxoc mélá:k, mílá:k; melá:h totó:nki; méla:h wé:i \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-man; Modal-evid \pa yes \se very; really; very much so; a lot (in Ameyaltepec often de melá:k, particularly phrase finally) \ss muy; mucho (en Ameyaltepec a menudo de melá:k, particularmente a final de frase) \pna Ne:chaxilitok to:nahli. Melá:k to:na, yo:nitlatlak. \pea The sun is beating down on me. It is really hot, I got burnt. \psa El sol me está pegando. De veras hace mucho calor, ya me quemé. \pna Mlá:k o:te:cha:pachokeh. \pea They really plied us with drink. \psa Nos servieron mucha bebida. \pna Melá:k ne:chtlatlastok. I:xtetl! \pea He's really looking me over. He's all eyes! \psa Me está revisando de cabeza a pie. ¡Es un mirón! \pna Kakasoltik motlikoh. Ti:roh yo:weka:w, yo:wa:k de melá:k. \pea Your firewood is very light from having dried out so thoroughly. It's been around for a long time, it really dried out. \psa Tu leña está muy ligera por haberse secada tanto. Ha durado mucho tiempo, se secó de a deveras. \pna Kimahka:ita, de melá:k tlaksa. \pea He is awed by how fast he really is. \psa Está impresionado por lo rápido que es. \pna Yo:nimapilkokohtiak, melá:k yo:nitlakwiloh. \pea My fingers have gotten stiff and sore, I really wrote a lot. \psa Mis dedos se quedaron adoloridos, de veras escribí mucho. \se to be true that; truly; indeed; really \ss es cierto que; ciertamente, de veras \pna Melá:k miák kalxomilimeh nocha:n, ipan notlapech. \pea There really are a lot of bedbugs in my house, in my bed. \psa De veras hay muchos chinches en mi casa, en mi cama. \pna Kikamana:lwia, xmelá:k tli:n ki:ihlia. \pea He jokes around with (teases) him, it isn't true what he is saying. \psa Le vacila (tomándole el pelo), no es verdad lo que le dice. \pna Mlá:k! \pea It's true! \psa ¡Es verdad! \cola wel \xrb mela: \nse In many cases, this word functions as a modal or evidential: 'It is true' or 'I believe that it is true.' In other cases it is best considered a simple adverbial with the sense of 'really' or 'very.' At times only context will distinguish: Melá:k tlaksa can be translated as either an adverbial 'He is very fast,' or a modal 'It is true that (I believe that) he is fast.' Finally, note that melá:k may be used in tag questions: Tiá:s, melá:k? 'You are going? Right?' One native speaker, Concepción de la Cruz, [source: DT#1:018] mentioned that the difference between melá: and melá:k is that the former expresses more surprise. She suggested that an exchange might be: "o:nikitak Juan, mlá:k! and the other person would answer milá!. However, this example is not altogether clear, and it appears that in many situations the two are equivalent. \nae There are alternative pronunications of this headword. The first vowel is extremely short, occasionally raised slightly, but usually best transcribed by /e/. Occasionally this vowel virtually disappears and a tight transcription would be mlá instead of melá:k. There is also the question of the final consonant. In Oapan the ultimate /k/ often goes to /h/. In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is mélá:w or mélá:k, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/, and zero. \nde In Oapan when phrase final, the pronunciation is mélá:w or mélá:k, otherwise the final sound may vary between /k/, /h/, and zero. \qry Note that on filecards I had very few example sentences. These should be collected from the illustrative phrases and texts. Note that there is never a final /h/ in /mlá/ even though in some instances I have so recorded it. And when there is a final /k/ the preceding /a:/ is long. \pqry Check Oapan /mélá:k/ and /mélá:w/ and determine if the two are equivalent. Also determine pitch accent on /mélá:w/. \vl There are four additional tokens from what was originally 4051. These are simply /mélá:k/ (female) and /mílá:k/ (male). The final sound file for this present entry should start off with the tokens that were originally at 4051. Since the first vowel of female and male are different, the sound file begins /mélá:k/, /mílá:k/ (the first female and the second male) The sound file should then continue with the files from the present citation. Note also that there are an additional 4 tokens at 5538. These two should be tagged as 4587. \grm Vowel length; vowel variation: Note that the tokens for /mélá:k/ that were originally at 4051 manifest very long /l/ and /a/. The times are 108:183 and 126:154 for Florencia, and then 139:161 and 128:132 for Inocencio. \ref 04587 \lxa mi:lcha:nti \lxac mi:lcha:nti \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \se to live near ones cornfield (during the planting season, when the field is a great distance from the village) \ss vivir cerca de la milpa (durante la temporada de lluvias cuando el terreno sembrado es de una gran distancia del pueblo) \pna O:mi:lcha:ntiton, xa:keh. \pea They went to live near their cornfield, they're not around. \psa Fueron a vivir cerca de su milpa, ya no están. \syno tepé:tlakówa \xrb mi:l \xrb cha:n \ref 03101 \lxa mile:wi \lxac mi:mile:wtiw \lxo \lxocpend \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \qry MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE DISCUSSION OF mi:mile:wtiw (water) and mimile:wtok (sintli). Note difference between /mi:mile:wtiw/ (i.e., river water) and /mi:miliwtiw/ (a rock rolling slowing down a hill). Cf. conversation here with Cristino Flores. \ref 08201 \lxa mili:ni \lxac mili:ni \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to flare up (coals or similar objects on fire that go from smoldering to flaring up) \ssa llamear (brazas u otros objetos similares que arden y después empiezan a llamear) \pna Noma:wan tekohli, mili:ni, we:ixtiw. \pea The fire is spreading among the coals, they are flaring up, they (the flames) are getting bigger. \psa El fuego se está agarrando entre las brasas, están llameando, están (las llamas) creciendo. \pna Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wa:n yo:nsese:wika. \pea The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (or thought I had). \psa Las brasas de mi fuego empezaron a llamear otra vez, y ya las había apagado (o pensé que lo había hecho). \pna Xkontla:li se: tekohli wa:n xkakawi para ma mili:ni! \pea Place a coal there (e.g., in the hearth) and fan it so that it starts to flare up (i.e., so that the fire starts to take hold)! \psa ¡Ponle una braza allí (p. ej., en la fogata) y abanícala para que empiece a llamear! \sea to smolder (as opposed to being a roaring fire) \ssa arder (un fuego, sin llamear fuertemente) \pna San mili:ntok, se:wisneki. \pea It's just smoldering, it's on the verge of going out. \psa Está nada más ardiendo, está a punto de apagarse. \pna Xse:wi! San ke:nkah mili:ntok. \pea Put it out (a fire)! It's still smoldering like before. \psa ¡Apágalo (el fuego)! Sigue ardiendo (esto es, las brasas) como antes. \xrb mili: \qry Check for transitive. Also make sure of the distinction in use between what appears to be 'flare up' (first definition) and 'smolder' (second definition). Get as many example sentences as possible to determine precise meaning. \grm Pluperfect. Note the following excellent example of use: /Oksepa o:mili:n notekol wan yo:nsese:wika/ 'The embers of my fire have started to flare up again, and I had already put them out (i.e., or thought I had).' Note that here it seems clear that the pluperfect refers to an action, or an action that is imagined to have taken place, whose goals were not accomplished or who's effect is no longer the state of things. \ref 01416 \lxa miliwi \lxac mi:miliwi \lxo miliwi \lxoc mi:miliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Lex. rdp-l; Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-3a(w) \se (reduplication with long vowel) to roll along (e.g., a rock slowly down a hill); to roll back and forth (e.g., a bottle laid on its side one a saddle-shaped surface) \ss (reduplicación con vocal larga) irse rodando (p. ej., una piedra despacio por una cuesta); rodarse despacio de un lado a otro \pna O:mi:miliw ipan temowa:ya:n. \pea It rolled down the slope. \psa Fue rodando por la cuesta. \se (reduplication with short vowel) to roll up (e.g., a petate that has been stored rolled up and that rolls up on its own) \ss (reduplicación con vocal corta) enrollarse (p. ej., un petate que ha sido guardado enrollado y se enrolla solo) \pna Patla:wtoya, o:mimiliw. \pea It was lying open and flat; it rolled up (in this case a petate that had been rolled up when stored and that when laid out flat started to roll up by itself). \psa Estaba plano, se enroscó (en este caso un petate que había estado guardado enrollado y que al extenderse empezó a enrollarse otra vez). \seao (reduplication with short vowel) to roll continuously along a surface \ssao (reduplicación con vocal corta) rodar continuamente por una superficie \seo (pitch accented reduplication: mí:miliwi) to curl up (the leaves of certain plants such as palm) \sso (reduplicación con tono: mí:miliwi) enroscarse (las hojas de ciertas plantas como la palma) \xrb mil \nae This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. Long vowel reduplication indicates that the action takes place over a distance, as in a rock or similar item rolling down a hill. Short vowel reduplication is used for things that roll up on themselves (such as a petate). In Oapan a pitch-accented reduplication mí:milíwi exists. I have heard this used to refer to palm leaves that curl up. I have also heard mí:milé:wi) used with this same sense. \qry Check if the unreduplicated form exists; in one of my notes I have recorded that I have not heard the unreduplicated form. If it does exist, change the head entry. Check acceptability of /te-/ prefix. Note that even if it doesn't exist, both short and long vowel reduplications exist, and therefore the head entry cannot be with reduplication (i.e., since both /mi:miliwi/ and /mimiliwi/ might well exist). Check precise meaning of mí:miliwi, i.e, does this refer to leaves that curl up one the plant if it lacks water, or to palm that is not properly flattened. \sj Apparently Oapan does not have p-a in the reduplicated form with a short vowel. \grm Nahuatl phonology: in the recordings C. Flores gives several pronunciations of the minimal pair /mi:miliwi/ and /mimiliwi/. \ref 03762 \lxa milo:hli \lxac milo:hli \lxo milo:hli \lxoc milo:hli \dt 20/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \syna mimilo:hli \se hill \ss cerrito; loma; colina \xrb mil \qry Recheck to see if this is acceptable form, cf. to /tla:lmimilo:hli/. In another note I have mentioned that /milo:hli/ is the same as /mimilo:hli/ but that these words are seldom used in Ameyaltepec, that they are more common in Oapan. \vl Note that there are 4 extra tokens here, or should be, from the entry that was originaly 567. \ref 03565 \lxa milowa \lxac kimi:milowa \lxo milowa \lxoc kimi:milowa \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2b \se (with short vowel reduplication) to roll up (e.g., sth flat such as a mat or piece of paper) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) enrollar (p. ej., algo plano como un petate u hoja de papel) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to roll along (e.g., a stone along the ground, pushing sth end over end) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer rodar (p. ej., una piedra por el suelo que se voltea un lado por otro, etc.) \pna Xmi:milo un tetl na:nika deke xtike:wa! San xkwa:lkweptiw! \pea Roll that rock along in this direction if you can't pick it up! Just move it along toward here by turning it over and over! \psa ¡Si no la puedes levantar, haz rodar esa piedra en esta dirección! solamente tienes que venirlo volteando hacia acá. \se (refl.) to roll around on the ground \ss (refl.) revolcarse en el suelo \pna San notemimilowa, o:notlawe:ltih. \pea He's just thrashing about on the ground (i.e. rolling back and forth), he put himsefl into a fit. \psa Nada más se está revolcando en el suelo, está haciendo berrinche. \xrb mil \nse This verb has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists, with a semantic difference between the two forms, the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the short vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place. \nae The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as follows (in ms, the first number is the reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64, 119-71); Inocencio Jiménez (112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57). \qry Check to make sure that an unreduplicated form exists. Even if it doesn't, keep this entry and make a final determination whether there should be a x-ref at the unreduplicated forms. \grm Reduplication: long and short vowels: /milowa/ has only been documented in the reduplicated form, but given that reduplication with both long and short vowels exists the main entry has been placed under the unreduplicated stem. According to Florencia Marcelino the long vowel reduplication is used with a ball or rock that rolls along, the short vowel reduplication is used with straw mats, amate, etc., i.e., things that are rolled up in one place. Re: duration: The reduplication pattern on the 8 tokens of this word, with long vowel reduplication, is interesting because it shows quite clearly how it is the relationship between the duration of the reduplicant and stem vowel, and not an absolute value, that is the most important. The values, taken from a quick read based on the first formant drop for the nasal /m/ is as follows (in ms, the first number is the reduplicant vowel duration the second number is the duration of the initial vowel of the stem): Florencia Marcelino (123-74, 137-87, 118-64, 119-71); Inocencio Jiménez (112-41, 101-54, 91-49, 86-57). What seems to be the case is that at least in some cases of IJ, the duration of the reduplicant is shorter than expected for a long vowel, but that the salience of this vowel length is marked by a reduction in the duration of the second vowel. Cf. to unreduplicated /milowa/ and /miliwi/ if possible. \ref 03337 \lxa mi:lowatl \lxac mi:lowatl \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrins \se corn stalk \ss tallo de maíz; huasol \pna Xtsonteki nochi, sintli wan imi:lowayo! \pea Cut it all down (with a machete), the mazorca along with its stalk! \psa ¡Córtalo todo (con machete), la mazorca con su huasol! \pna Umpa noka:wa imi:lowayo. \pea It's stalk (of a corn plant) is left behind there. \psa Allá se deja su tallo. \sem plant \sem part \syna to:powatl \syno omi:lkohtli \encyctmp mi:hli \dis mi:lowatl; to:kowatl \xrb mi:l \xrb owa \nse Mi:lowatl, as well as to:kowatl, both words from Ameyaltepec, have been given several definitions. Some consultants state that it refers to the part of the maize plant from the elotes to the ground . Anothers define these words as referring to the stripped stalk of the maize plant left after harvest or, during the growth of the mi:hli, that part located below the bud, i:tiyo:l. \nct tlayo:hli \qry Determine exactly the part of the stalk referred to. Also important is a determination in the phrase /ompa noka:wa imi:lowayo/ what the possessive prefix references. It would be strange if it referenced the /mi:hli/ since this is part of the noun itself, i.e., as a process of possessor raising, it has already been 'raised.' In the previous example, the possessor seems to refer to the mazorca, i.e., /sintli wan imi:lowayo/. Check to determine if unpossessed form exists. \mod See the illustrative diagram with /mi:hli/. \ref 05995 \lxa mi:ltla:hli \lxac mi:ltla:hli \lxo mi:ltla:hli \lxoc mi:ltla:hli \dt 09/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se cornfield; land on which maize is been planted \ss milpa; terreno sembrado de maíz \xrb mi:l \xrb tla:l \encyctmp mi:hli \dis mi:lpa; mi:ltla:hli. It may well be that /mi:lpa/ is a back-borrwing from Spanish. \qry Check actual use of this word. \ref 01365 \lxa mi:lyetl \lxac mi:lyetl \lxo mi:letl \lxoc mi:letl \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se type of reddish bean grown on the cornplants in high lands \ss tipo de frijol rojizo que se enreda sobre la milpa y se siembra en terrenos altos \pna Mi:lyetl | Tla:ki ipan mi:hli iwa:n noto:ka. \pea Mi:lyetl : It bears fruit on the corn plant and it is planted with it. \psa Mi:lyetl : Rinde su fruta sobre las plantas de maíz y se siembra con ellas. \sem plant \sem domesticated \cfao yexo:tl \xrb mi:l \xrb ye \nct yetl \mod Determine all types of beans. \ref 04127 \lxa mi:mih \lxac mi:mih \lxo mi:mih \lxoc mi:mih \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Baby \der N-bb \se meat \ss carne \se body (of a young girl, used by young boys) \ss cuerpo (de una muchacha, dicho por jovenes) \pna Kwaltsi:n mi:mih! \pea She has a nice body! \psa ¡Qué bonito cuerpo! \sem baby \xrb mi \nse The etymology of this word is uncertain. It follows the usual pattern for baby talk of a reduplicated heavy syllable with long vowel, and final /h/. The word is used in both Oapan and Ameyaltepec. Occasionally it may be used figuratively by men to indicate "flesh," i.e., sex (as in tihneki mi:mih 'You want sex). \qry Cf. Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 01927 \lxa mimilka:te:ka \lxac kimimilka:te:ka \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3a \sea [check meaning] \ssa \xrb mil \xrb te:ka \ref 07886 \lxa mimilo:hli \lxac mimilo:hli \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea something round and cylindrical (particularly firewood that has not been split) \ssa algo redondo y cilindrico (particularmente en referencia a lena) \cfa tla:lmimilo:hli \cfo tla:lmilo:hli \xrb mil \nae Despite the fact that the Ameyaltepec form is reduplicated and the Oapan form not, both have been included under this single entry. \vl The Oapan entry here has been deleted and moved to entry 3564. Please tag all speech tokens here with ref # 3065. \ref 00567 \lxa mimilte:ka \lxac kimimilte:ka \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08360 \lxa mimiltik \lxac mimiltik \lxo mimiltik \lxoc mimiltik \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be cylindrical \ss ser cilíndrico \se to have a solid and stout body \ss tener el cuerpo sólido y macizo \pna Timimiltik, san yumpa, xtitoma:wak. \pea You have a solid, stout body. It's just right, you aren't too fat. \psa Tienes un cuerpo sólido y macizo. Está justamente bien, no estás gordo. \xrb mil \qry Check to see if te- can be prefixed as an intensifier. No: according to C. Flores this cannot take the intensifier /te-/. \ref 04037 \lxa mi:na \lxac kimi:na \lxo mi:ni \lxoc kimi:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \seao to give bewitched food or drink to (e.g., a drink that causes little animals, or an illness, to materialize inside the person's intestines, stomach, or body; see tla:tla:ilia) \ssao darle una bebida o comida hechizada a (una bebida que hace crecer animalitos, o una enfermedad, dentro de los intestinos, estómago, o cuerpo de algn; véase tla:tla:ilia) \pna Wel te:mi:na. \pea He knows how to bewitch people's food. \psa Sabe embrujarle la comida de la gente. \pna Mitsmi:nas wan ki:sas kwilin. \pea He will bewitch you (i.e., your food or drink) and worms will spring up inside of you. \psa Te va a embrujar (la comida o bebida) y te van a salir gusanitos adentro. \seo (with directional prefix and te- intensifier) to strike (e.g., rays of sunlight against an object such as a plane; Ameyaltepec synonym, see wi:teki) \sso (con prefijo direccional y te- intensificador) pegar contra (p. ej., rayos del sol contra un objeto como avión; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec, véase wi:teki) \pno Kontemi:ntok to:nahli, tsotla:ntiw. \peo The sun is striking it (in this case a high-flying plane), it's going shining along. \pso El sol le está pegando (en este caso contra un avión volando muy algo), se va brillando. \sea (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to get only partially cooked (one type of bean when mixed with another; Ameyaltepec synonym tlatlaka:mihka:ti) \ssa (refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta) cocinarse parcialmente y quedar algo duro (un tipo de frijol cuando se mezcla y hierve con otro; sinónimo de Ameyaltepec: tlatlaka:mihka:ti) \seo (refl.) to cross-pollinate (strains of plants such as maize that show visible effects from such cross-pollination) \sso (refl.) cruzarse (variantes de plantas como el maíz que dejan huellas visibles de tal proceso) \cfo tla:tla:ilia \xrb mi:na \xv1a tlami:na \xv1o tlami:ni \nse In the acceptation referring to food poisoning, the animals that spring forth inside of one may be kwilin, kalwa:wtli, chapolin, sa:poh, and wi:laka, or just plain 'whooping cough' (i.e., tlatlaxixtli). The targeted person accepts something to eat or drink from another, who has the ability to alter a beverage (or food, though most often beverages are the means of transmission) so that it has the desired effect. In the Oapan acceptation of 'to cross-pollinate' the verb indicates a situation in which two varieties of a plant cross. The example given to me was of maize plants (nomini tlayo:hli): one person might plant white maize in his field and another might plant blue maize in an adjoining field. The resultant fruit will show blue kernels interspersed with white ones (and vice versa). Note, finally, that with the sense of 'to hunt' (see tlami:na) the verb is often reduplicated: tontlatlami:naskeh. Although the phrase kontemi:ntok to:nahli was documented in my original notes from Ameyaltepec, Cristino Flores stated that the proper term is konwi:tektok to:nahli. However, he added the definition of 'to be pointing and pressed up against (e.g., a finger against an object, a knife, etc.). \nae The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (te:- and tla-) with mi:na illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form mi:na accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to te:miktia and tlamiktia): te:mi:na refers to the action of "bewitching" a human through food poisoning; tlami:na refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between te:- and tla- follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for tlami:nahli, which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though te:- and tla- combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of mi:na, the nominalized form with tla- is semantically related to the verbal form with te:-; there is no nominal form *te:mi:nahli. \nde The variation in final vowel between the two dialects (mi:na vs. mi:ni) is not regular. \qry Check to determine which is more usual, reduplicated or not, for the meaning of 'to hunt with a bow and arrow.' Check for difference in meaning in Oapan Nahuatl between /kimi:ni/ and /kitla:tla:ilia/. \grm /te:-/, /tla-/, nominalization: The utilization of nonspecific prefixes (te:- and tla-) with mi:na illustrates the manner in which the semantics of these affects meaning. The transitive verbal form mi:na accepts both prefixes with different meanings (similar in some ways to te:miktia and tlamiktia): te:mi:na refers to the action of "bewitching" a human through food poisoning; tlami:na refers to the action of shooting (an animal hunted) with an arrow. The division of meaning between te:- and tla- follows the expected pattern given that both activities (witchcraft and hunting) are, or were, culturally salient. However, the nominalized form has only been documented for tlami:nahli, which was glossed by consultants as 'brujería,' apparently in reference to the action itself, not the person victimized. Thus even though te:- and tla- combine as indefinite objects with distinct senses of mi:na, the nominalized form with tla- is semantically related to the verbal form with te:-; there is no nominal form *te:mi:nahli. \ref 00211 \lxa mi:naltilia \lxac kimi:naltilia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2a \se to prop up with a stick or pole (e.g., a house or wall that is falling down, or a fruit-laden branch of a tree, etc.) \ss apuntallar con un palo u horcón (p. ej., una casa o pared que está a punto de caerse, o una rama de un árbol cargada de fruta) \pna Wa:lwestok un tira:nteh. Xmi:naltili! \pea That tirante is falling over. Prop it up with a pole (usually of wood). \psa Este tirante está por caerse. ¡Apuntállalo con un horcón! \pna Ye wa:lwestok mokal. Xmi:naltili se: komaxahli para ma:ka wetsis. \pea Your house is falling down. Prop it up with a forked stick so that it doesn't fall over! \psa Se está cayendo tu casa. ¡Apuntállalo con un horcón para que no se caiga! \se to plow over (e.g., a weed in order to destroy it) \ss pasar el arado sobre (p. ej., una hierba para destruirla) \pna Xmi:naltili un xiwtli, ke:n tila:wtok. \pea Run over that weed with a plow! How the weeds have gotten thick and overgrown. \psa ¡Pasa el arado sobre esa hierba! ¡Qué tanta hierba hay! \se to stick a long pointed object into \ss meter un objeto largo y puntiagudo en \syno mi:nilia \xrb mi:na \nae Ameyaltepec mi:naltilia is unexpected in that the change in valency from mi:na to mi:naltilia is only one argument, but the morphology (a causative and applicative) suggests that two arguments would be added. This should be explored as the Oapan equivalent, mi:nilia is simply an applicative of the transitive base verb mi:ni. \qry For the second phrase in regard to the weed, check the precise meaning of /mi:naltilia/. Check also for simple causative /mi:naltia/. \mod See drawing on original filecard. \nse Note that although mi:na is a transitive verb, here the double derivation of causative plus applicative is used. Apparently the applicative is formed on a transitive mi:naltia, which is not in my corpus. Moreover, if it were, it would seemingly be ditransitive, and thus the applicative would have an additional argument. However, it appears that the verb mi:naltilia is ditransitive, thus the causativization and addition of an applicative marker on a basic transitive does not seem to add the number of arguments that one would expect. \ref 07589 \lxa mirasó:l \lxac mirasó:l \lxo miraso:l \lxoc miraso:l \dt 20/Jun/2003 \loan mirasol \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se sunflower \ss mirasol; girasol \pna Mirasó:l | San para tio:pan konka:wan. \pea Mirasó:l : It is only (used) for being left in the church (as an offering). \psa Mirasó:l : Solamente es para que la dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). \qry Check vl for /tio:pan/. Vowel length is also uncertain for /a/ in Oapan pronunciation. Check. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has under mirasol: "1. (Helianthus annus) 'sunflower.' See flor de gigantón. 2. (Tithonia spp., e.g., T. rotundifolia, T. tubaeformis) 'yellow tithonia,' bush sunflower.' See girasol. 3. (Cosmos sulphureus) 'yellow cosmos.' See girasol amarillo. 4. (Cosmos bipinnatus) 'purple cosmos.' See girasol morado." \nfc xo:chitl \ref 02783 \lxa mi:skikuwtli \lxac mi:skikuwtli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb mi:ski \ref 07941 \lxa mi:skitl \lxac mi:skitl \lxo mi:skitl \lxoc mi:skitl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree, mesquite \ss tipo de árbol, mezquite \pna Mi:skitl | Xtlah para, san tlikohtli. Bwe:noh para banki:toh, para ipan notla:li:los. I:a:xi:xmi:skio nokwi para tlapahli. \pea Mi:skitl : It isn't good for anything, just firewood. It is good for benches, for people to sit on. Its resin is used in making (natural) paint. \psa Mi:skitl : No sirve para nada, solamente leña. Es bueno para banquitos, para que se siente la gente. Su resina se emplea en hacer pintura (natural). \pna Mi:skitl | Wel tikpa:chichinas, tihkwa:sitla:kihlo. \pea Mi:skitl : You can suck on, you can eat its fruit. \psa Mi:skitl : Puedes chupar, te puedes comer su fruta. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb mi:ski \cpl Guizar N. and Sánchez V. (1991:110) identify as the mezquite a tree of the family Leguminosae; mimosoideae and the genus/species Prosopis laevigata (H. & B. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst. They also have another entry (p. 104) for tepemezquite, also called tlahuitole of the same family and of the genus/species Lysiloma divaricata. Ramírez (1991) identifies the mi:skitl as of the Leguminosae family and the genus/species Prosopis juliflora. Schoenhals (1988) has the following information under mezquite: "(Prosopis spp. e.g., P. juliflora, P. glandulosa) 'mesquite tree,' 'honey mesquite,' 'glandular mesquite.' Common in desert and dry areas. One of many compound-leafed shrubs or trees in these areas. Spines are straight; pods resemble gnarled stringbeans. P. glandulosa can be distinguished by its smooth leaflets as opposed to the hairy ones of the others. Flowers are small and greenish-yellow. Also called algarrobo, chachaca." According to Silvestre Pantaleón, Asención Marcelo, and Inocencio Díaz there is only one type of mi:skitl, the tree called tepe:mi:skitl is not a mi:skitl, because it is not edible. \nct kohtli \ref 01482 \lxa mi:skiyo \lxac i:mi:skiyo \lxo mi:skiyo \lxoc i:mi:skiyo \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-yo \infn N2 \se fruit of certain trees, the range of which has not yet been determined \ss fruta de ciertos árboles, cuya extensión todavía no ha sido determinada \xrb mi:ski \nae This noun has been documented only in possessed form with the expected possessed suffix -yo. The relationship between mi:skitl and mi:skiyo is perhaps similar to that between wa:xin and wa:xio in the first term refers to a tree with a very notable or marked type of fruit and the second term to this fruit as it is born by the same tree as well as others. Thus, perhaps as wa:xin refers to the fruit of a tree that can also be called wa:xkuhtli (or wa:xkohtli) so too does mi:skitl most directly refer to the fruit of the mezquite (or mi:skikuhtli, mi:skikohtli). And, just as the maple tree has i:wa:xio so too to many other trees (for example, wicha:chin and witspatlaxtli) have i:mi:skiyo, i.e., fruit of the type born by the mezquite tree. \qry Check for other trees that have their /miskio/. \ref 00783 \lxa misto:n \lxac misto:n \lxo misto:n \lxoa misto:h \lxoc misto:n; misto:mih \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-suf \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. misto:meh \se domestic cat \ss gato doméstico \se one who likes to eat delicious foods \ss cuzgo \pna Timisto:n. \pea You like to eat good things. \psa Eres cuzgo. \pno Ay miston, yo:tontlamih. \peo Ay, you kitty, you've finished it up. \pso Ay gatito, ya lo acabaste. \se (inalienable possession; vulg.) vagina; pussy \ss (posesión enajenable; vulg.) vagina \sem animal \sem domes \nse Note that the documentation shows a short vowel in the singular that is long in the plural: misto:meh. \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \pqry Check vowel lengths. However, in one filecard I note that "the final /o:/ is definitely long as checked with G. de la Cruz in Aug. 1986. At this time the final /o:/ of /misto:n/ was compared to that of /akinon/, which is short. If shown otherwise with acoustic measurements: change in all entries. \ref 03842 \lxa mi:te:ka \lxaa mi:te:ka \lxac mi:te:ka \lxo mi:te:ka \lxoa mi:te:katl \lxoc mi:te:katl \dt 17/Jun/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of insect, still not identified, that eats plant leaves and flowers such as squash, chile, etc.; it is particularly fond of the flowers of the vine known in Oapan as xino:lah komekatl \ss tipo de insecto, todavía no identificado, que se come las hojas y flores de plantas como calabaza, chile, etc., y que en particular gusta de la flor de la enredadera conocida en Oapan como xino:lah komekatl \pna Mi:te:ka | Nemi ipan tla:hli. No: tlayehli. I:pan chi:hli kwa:k selik, pe:wa kikwa, pe:wa kiteteki. Me:dioh chi:chi:ltiktsitsi:nteh. \pea Mi:te:ka : It lives on the ground. It is also mischievous. When chile is tender, it begins to eat it, it begins to nibble at it (its leaves). They (these insects) are somewhat reddish. \psa Mi:te:ka : Vive sobre la tierra. También es latoso. Cuando el chile es tierno, empieza a comérselo, a cortarle las hojas. Son (estos insectos) algo rojizos. \xrb mi:te: \sem animal \sem insect \nae The etymology of mi:te:ka is unclear, and for this reason the root has been left unanalyzed. \nse It is found on sakapahli and on me:me:ya. \ilustmp There is a photo of this insect eating the inside of the /xinolakomekatl/ flower. Put this link in. \qry Check etymology; perhaps consultants have an idea. Also recheck for final /h/. \vl Check length of final /a/, perhaps long as in /yo:lka:tl/. \ref 01230 \lxa mits- \lxac mitsa:polaktia \lxo mits- \lxoc mitsa:polahtia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Pref(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \se you (first person singular object) \ss a tí. (objeto de primera persona singular) \pqry The length of the /a:/ of /a:polahtia/ in this context (i.e., non word initial) should be compared to that of /a:polaki/ as an intransitive verb with initial vowel and zero morpheme subject. \ref 04503 \lxa mi:xihke:tl \lxac mi:xihke:tl \lxo ni:xihke:tl \lxoc ni:xihke:tl \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \se female (human or animal) who has just given birth (for a woman refers to the time about 1 week after giving birth) \ss hembra (humana o animal) que recientemente parió (para una mujer indica un tiempo como 1 semana después de haber dado a luz) \pna Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea If a woman who has just given birth has stomach cramps, they give her cuatecomate (its fruit) to drink. \psa Si una mujer recién parida tiene calambres en el estómago, le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta). \xrb mi:x \qry Check on the acceptability of this form for humans and to whether it refers to the precise state of being in labor. Check spelling /mi:xihke:tl/, since I originally had /mi:xiwke:tl/ on my notecards \vl Use second female token and first male token. \ref 02763 \lxa mi:xiwi \lxac mi:xiwi \lxo ni:xiwi \lxoc ni:xiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran -Caus \infv class-3a(w) \se to give birth (for animals that do not lay eggs; see tlatla:sa) \ss dar a luz (para los animales que no ponen huevos; véase tlatla:sa) \se to yield a profit or earning \ss rendir una ganancia \pna Ari:nah mi:xiwi. \pea Flour yields a profit (i.e., buying flour and making bread yields a gain on the money invested). \psa La harina rinde una ganancia (esto es, el acta de comprar harina y hacer pan rinde una ganancia sobre el dinero invertido). \xrb mi:x \ono birth (i.e., mi:xiwi, tlatla:sa, kone:wetsi, tlakali -kone:w, etc.) \nse In regards to giving birth, mi:xiwi is used in reference to women only by very elder speakers, but others it is even considered vulgar when so employed. Some younger speakers will even say that mi:xiwi is incorrect when used to refer to women. Instead, most Ameyaltepequeños now use the more euphemistic nopale:wia. In this sense its use parallels that of the Spanish 'parir.' \grm Oapan phonology: The switch from initial /m/ to /n/ in Oapan is not motivated by any known rules or context. Nevertheless, the /m/- ~ /n/ variation is not unheard of (e.g., nochi for mochi, etc.) \ref 02231 \lxa mixtlatlama \lxac mixtlatlama \lxo mí:xtlamá \lxoc mí:xtlamá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-[tla-V2] \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-1 \pa yes-rdp \se to fish with a net (as opposed to with line and hook) \ss pescar con una red (y no con cuerda y anzuelo) \pna Mixtlatlamatinemi. \pea He goes along fishing. \psa Anda pescando. \pna Wel mixtlatlama. \pea He is good at fishing. \psa Sabe pescar. \cfao tlapilowa \xrb mich \xrb ma \cfao pilowa; tlama \encyctmp hunting \qry Check for the presence of {h} in the incorporated reduplication. Also check if the non-reduplicated form exists (and if the simple /tlama/ exists). Note that Karttunen has /tlahtlama/ with the preterite /o:tlahtlamah/. Check the final vowel length and the /h/ in the preterite (i.e. as in inflection paradigm of /tlakwa/). Check to see if this only refers to fishing with a net, or can be used for fishing with a hook or trap. Cf. /tlapilowa/ or /tlapipilowa/. \ref 01895 \lxa mixtlatlamake:tl \lxac mixtlatlamake:tl \lxo mí:xtlámaké:tl \lxoa míxtlatlámaké:tl \lxop mí:xtlamake:tl \lxoc mí:xtlámaké:tl \dt 10/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \se fisherman \ss pescador \xrb mich \xrb ma \nae The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the mí:x syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem tlama. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of tlama, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find -tlamahke:tl; in Oapan one has -tlámaké:tl. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as míxtlatlámake:tl or as mí:xtlámaké:tl \qry Cf. /mixtlatlama/ for questions. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; reduplication. The unusual pitch accent pattern in Oapan Nahuatl is derived from the presence of two underlying {h} segments that create high pitch. One is on the reduced reduplicant, the mí:x syllable that reflects what in other dialects would be the reduplication, with coda {h}, of the initial syllable of the verb stem tlama. The second sequence of pitch accents derives from the final {h} of the shortened stem of tlama, a class 1 verb. In many other dialects one would find -tlamahke:tl; in Oapan one has -tlámaké:tl. The result is a four-syllable word with three high-pitched syllables, derived from underlying {mix - tlah - tlamah - ke:tl} which can be realized in Oapan either as míxtlatlámake:tl or as mí:xtlámaké:tl \ref 02516 \lxa mixtlatliwa:tsahli \lxac mixtlatliwa:tsahli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \sea fish that has been roasted on coals \ssa pescado rostizado sobre las brasas \xrb mich \xrb tli \xrb wa: \qry Check meaning \ref 07883 \lxa mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli \lxac mixtlatsoyo:ni:hli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08199 \lxa mixtsoyo:nki \lxac mixtsoyo:nki \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \sea fried fish \ssa pescado frito \xrb mich \xrb tsoyo: \ref 07884 \lxa mo- \lxac motekio \lxo mo- \lxoc motekiyo \dt 08/Jul/2002 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pr-pre-poss \seao possessive prefix for 2nd person, your \ssao prefijo de posesión de 2a persona, tu \pna O:yah mocha:n. \pea He went to your house. \psa Fue a tu casa. \ref 04537 \lxa mo- \lxac mokal \lxo mo- \lxocpend \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Prefix \seao your; possessive prefix for 2nd person singular \ssao tú; prefijo posesivo de 2a persona singular \nae The form mo- is used before consonant-initial stems; m- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally mo- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07355 \lxa mochi \lxac mochi \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \sea see notes under nochi \ssa véase notas con nochi \ss \xrb \ref 07996 \lxa mo:chilia \lxac kimo:chilia \lxo mo:chilia \lxoc kimo:chilia \dt 13/Mar/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shoot (sth) of or for (sb) \ss tirarle (algo) a o para (algn) \pna O:ne:chmo:chilikeh nowa:kax. \pea They shot (one or several of) my cattle on me. \psa Me tiraron (a uno o varios de) mi ganado. \pna Xo:nikitak masa:tl, o:timitsmo:chilih wi:lo:tl. \pea I didn't see a deer, (so) I shot a huilota for you. \psa No vi un ciervo, (por eso) te cazé una huilota. \xrb mo:tla \xvbao mo:tla \qry Check for other meanings. \ref 03919 \lxa mo:hli \lxac mo:hli \lxo mo:hli \lxoc mo:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seao mole sauce (of ground chile and other ingredients) \ssao mole (de chile molido y otros ingredientes) \xrb mo:l \encyctmp mo:hli (list recordings by Florencia Marcelino) \nse The following types of mo:hli from Ameyaltepec were part of my original documentation: anjolîn mo:hli, a:yomo:hli, a:yowechmo:hli, chi:lmo:hli, ichkayo:mo:hli, michmo:hli, piomo:hli, to:ntomo:hli,and tlimo:hli. Different types of mo:hli are found in Oapan, many of which have been discussed in recording sessions with Florencia Marcelino. \ono mo:hli \qry Check lenght of /o/ in /piomo:hli/. Recipes should be given under each entry. Check if possessed form can be used. \ref 00722 \lxa moji:nteh \lxacpend *moji:nteh \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \loan mojinete \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea gable, part of a house with a ceramic tile roof (this beam is located between the tira:nteh and the tsopi:lo:te:rah) \ssa mojinete, parte de una casa con techo de teja (esta viga se coloca entre el tira:nteh y la tsopi:lo:te:rah) \sem construct-part \syno punta:l \encyctmp kahli \qry Check precisely the location of this, also that it is a beam since the file card indicates only that it is "parte de una casa de teja." Check /tsopi:lo:te:rah/, at this point I have two different spellings, one for Am and the other for Oa. Correct in the entry and then correct xrefs. Check for possessed form? Cristino Flores denied that this is a word from Ameyaltepec; he gave the Spanish loan /mojinete/. \ilustmp Illustrate, perhaps in a detailed study of a house. \ref 00646 \lxa mole:wa \lxac kimole:wa \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to spread or smooth out (sth that is piled up on a flat surface) \ssa dispersar o extender (algo que está amontonado o apilado sobre una superficie plana) \pna Xmole:wa un tla:hli ka:n xoto:ntok! \pea Spread that earth around where it is piled up (i.e., smoothing it down so that there is no mound left)! \psa ¡Esparce la tierra allí donde está amontonada (esto es, aplanándola para que desaparezca el montículo)! \pna Xmo:mole:wa tekohli para titlatoto:ni:skeh! \pea Spread the coals out flat so that we can heat our food (tortillas) up on them! \psa ¡Extienda las brasas para que podemos calentar la comida (tortillas) sobre ellas! \pna Xmo:mole:wa xa:hli! Ma:ka ihkón ma xoto:nto, ye wa:hlaw seme:ntoh para iwa:n tiknelo:skeh. \pea Spread the sand out! Don't leave it just piled up like that, the cement that we will mix with it (to make mortar) is on its way! \psa ¡Extienda la arena! ¡No deje que esté todo amontonada, ya viene el cemento con que la vamos a mezclar (para hacer mezcla)! \cfo moya:wa \xrb mol \xrb e:wa \nde All entries in Molina refer to the action of working the earth: moleua. nitla. 'amollentar la tierra.' On the Spanish to Nahuatl side he has 'amollentada tierra' tlamoleuhtli; 'amollentadura de tierra' tlamoleualiztli; and 'amollentador así' tlamoleuani. As RJC notes, the same root is found in ixcamuleua 'pintar las cerezas o las ciruelas'; a list of lexemes with this root is found on p. 192. Zacapoaxtla has tamole:ua 'hocicar' (i.e., 'to push up things with ones snout'). The Ameyaltepec signification of mole:wa is related, it seems, to the meaning of pushing or moving around, or softening up (land) by moving it around. \qry "FK changes the first vowel to a long /o:/, apparently based on an etymological interpretation that links the verb to the nominal stem mo:l, but there is no evidence for this." This was originally in my /nde field. Check length. Check for other meanings and also for possible use/existence of intransitive. \ref 00654 \lxa moli:nde:rah \lxac moli:nde:rah \lxo molinde:rah \lxoc molinde:rah \dt 22/Jun/2002 \loan molendera \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se woman hired to prepare food (so called because her primary task is to grind the nextamahli and make tortillas) \ss cocinera, una mujer contratada para preparar la comida (llamada así porque su tarea principal es moler nextamal y echar las tortillas) \nse These are usually women hired by single, often widowered, men during the work season. However, households in need of help with food preparation may also hire a molende:rah (Am) to aid in the kitchen. \ref 03912 \lxa moli:nokuwtli \lxac moli:nokuwtli \lxo molí:nokóhtli \lxoc molí:nokóhtli \dt 13/Jul/2002 \loan (part) molino \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes \seo dog-legged stick that is placed in the ground and to which a metal hand mill is attached \sso palo chueco a noventa grados que sostiene un molino de mano \sem material \xrb kow \nae The pitch accent of molí:nokóhtli derives from the final {h} of the Spanish loan moli:noh. \ilustmp Make illustration \ref 06527 \lxa mo:lkaxitl \lxac mo:lkaxitl \lxo mo:lkaxitl \lxoc mo:lkaxitl \dt 28/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se molcajete (mortar used for grinding chile and other materials) \ss molcajete \xrb mo:l \xrb kax \nse The nominal kaxitl might to be obviously related to the verb ka:xiwi. Here I have listed the noun as basic. \qry Check whether /kaxitl/ exists as a \ref 04800 \lxa molo:naltia \lxac kimolo:naltia \lxo molo:naltia \lxoc kimolo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \seao to let rot and get fetid (particularly meat) \ssao dejar que se eche a perder y agarre un mal olor (en particular la carne) \pna Xniman o:hte:tek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw. \pea You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad. \psa No cortaste esa carne luego luego. Dejaste que empezara a pudrir, se echó a perder. \cfa momolo:naltia \flao molo:nia \xrb molo: \xvbao molo:nia \qry Check whether in ref. to cotton, etc. only the reduplicated form with a long vowel is used. Also, determine what the precise action is. Check for use and meaning of /molo:ni/ and whether ?molonia exists. Apparently this might be in error and the form /momolo:nia/ more correct. \grm Causative: /Xniman o:htetek un nakatl. O:tikmolo:naltih, o:itlakaw/ 'You didn't cut that meat up right away (in order to dry and preserve it). You let it start to smell, it went bad.' Here note how the causative assumes a 'let' semantics (cf. tlanemi:tia). The subject of /molo:naltia/ does not make the meat go bad, but allows this to occur. Note that the subject of the intransitive is not a potential agent. \ref 02086 \lxa molo:nia \lxac molo:nia \lxo molo:nia \lxoc molo:nia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt(ni/ltia) \infv class-4b(ya-x) \se to smell bad \ss oler mal \cfa momolo:ni \xrb molo: \xvcao molo:naltia \nse Although more research needs to be carried out, it appears that there are two meanings of the root molo:. The forms molo:nia and molo:naltia apparently refer to foul-smelling, the first as an intransitive and the second as a transitive. In reduplicated form there are also intransitives (momolo:ni (or Oapan mómoló:ni; cf. the frequentative momoloka) and mómolo:nia) \pna Kimomolo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakokwi. \pea She beats and stirs up the cotton so that it puffs up. \psa Bate y agita el algodón para que se esponje. \equivo mómoló:nia \xrb molo: \qry Originally I had /kimo:molo:naltia ichkatl para ma nakukwi/. However, based on the evidence from Oapan and elsewhere I have temporarily assumed that the vowel here is short. This should be checked carefully in elicitation. \ref 07559 \lxa momolo:ni \lxac momolo:ni \lxo mómoló:ni \lxoc mómoló:ni \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \pa yes \se to fluff up (cotton in particular, a chick when just born, a hen and its feathers when wet) \ss esponjarse (el algodón en particular, un pollito al nacer, una gallina y sus plumas cuando está mojada) \pna Xok tili:ntok un ichkatl. Kwi:teki yeyekatl, o:pe:w nakokwi, momolo:ni. \pea That cotton (ball, on the plant) is not compact anymore. The wind has been blowing against it , it's started to open up, it's started to fluff up. \psa Ese algodón (la bola en la vaina de la planta) ya no está apretado. El viento le pega, ya se empezó a abrir, a esponjarse. \syna momoloka \flao molo:nia \xrb molo: \xvca momolo:naltia \xvco mómoló:nia \nse There is little, if any, difference noted to date between momolo:ni or mómoló:ni and momoloka in the sense of 'to fluff up' (cotton). There is no recorded instance of this verb being used in a nonreduplicated form with this sense; see molo:nia for a fuller discussion. It appears that momolo:nia may also be used with this sense. \qry Check possibility of two transitive forms: /molo:nia/ and /molo:naltia/. I originally had 'to smell bad' under this entry for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl but this appears in error and it has been removed; cf. /molo:nia/. \mod Also, if there is no unreduplicated form, then the major entry should be /momolo:ni/ and a note to the effect that the word is grammaticalized. Check for the reason of a homophony or polysemy of this word.Check to see if unreduplicated form exists in reference to cotton; and also if the meaning of 'to smell bad' also is usually or always reduplicated. If there is no difference between /molo:ni/ and /molo:nia/, then the two should be listed as synonyms. \ref 03025 \lxa mo:monteh \lxac mo:monteh \lxo mo:montih \lxoc mo:montih \dt 03/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-b \seao irregular plural; see montli \ssao plural irregular; véaes montli \ref 02658 \lxa momotsowa \lxac kimomotsowa \lxo te:motsowa \lxoc kite:motsowa \dt 07/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Reduced rpd-s*(prev-te); Op. prefix te- (Am) \infv class-2b \se to grapple at; to grab; to seize \ss agarrar; asir; coger \pna Xkita! Yo:nomomotsokeh, noma:skeh, notlatlawi:tekiskeh. \pea Look! They've grabbed each other, they're going to go at each other, they're going to wrestle. \psa ¡Mira! Ya se agarraron, van a pegarse, van a luchar (jugar paraso). \pna Xmomotso un pio! Xkasi! \pea Grab that chicken! Catch it! \psa ¡Agarre esa gallina! ¡Alcáncele! \pna Xkwa:ltemomotso, xkwa tlakotsi:n! \pea Reach over and grab a piece (in this case of bread), eat half of it! \psa ¡Estírate para agarrarlo (en este caso algo de pan), cómete la mitad! \se (refl.) to grab onto; to hold firmly or tightly onto \ss (refl.) agarrarse; aferrarse \pna Kwahli xmomotso, kwahli xmoki:tski! Ma:ka mitsa:ltlakalis! \pea Grab on tightly, hold on tightly! Don't let it (in this case a bull) throw you to the ground! \psa ¡Agárrate bien, aférrate bien! ¡Qué no te vaya a tirar al suelo! \seo to grab and pull off a small piece (e.g., of bread, chicken, etc.) \sso agarrar y desprender una pequeña sección de (p. ej., pan, pollo, etc.) \seo to pinch (e.g., one child playing roughly with another) \sso pellizcar (p. ej., un niño pequeño jugando y enojándose con otro) \seo (refl.) to scratch oneself lightly, leaving a mark (e.g., a very small baby on its face) \sso (refl.) rasgarse ligeramente, dejando una ligera huella (p. ej., un bebé por la cara) \nse It appears that across the board (i.e., in isolated forms and with nominal incorporation: xa:yakamomotsowa, nakamomotsowa, kwa:momotsowa) Ameyaltepec accepts the reduplicated form momotsowa with the possibility of infixing te- whereas Oapan Nahuatl only accepts te:motsowa, i.e., with the reduplicant reduced on the dummny morpheme te-. According to Luis Lucena (Am) the form *kimotsowa is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form with a specific object) although when a reflexive is used the unreduplicated verbal form nomotsowa is acceptable, meaning 'to wrestle'. It appears that momotsowa refers more to a grappling action than to grabbing per se. \equiva momotsowa \cfo tlatemó:motsówa \xrb te- \xrb mots \qry Check L. Lucena's statement: "According to Luis Lucena the form *kimotsowa is not acceptable (i.e., the unreduplicated form with a specific object) but with the reflexive the unreduplicated is acceptable (meaning 'to wrestle')." If the unreduplicated is not acceptable, then the entry should be changed to /momotsowa:/ with the appropriate notes. \rt Re: roots, cf. all the words that have /mots/ as part of them \ref 06403 \lxa momoyoka \lxac momoyoka \lxo momoyoka \lxoc momoyoka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \se to emit a buzzing sound \ss zumbar \se to be tingling (the skin or a part of the body) \ss estar hormigueando (la piel o una parte del cuerpo) \pna Momoyoka noyekatso:l, o:ne:chkwah ko:lo:tl. \pea My nose is tingling, a scorpion bit me. \psa Está hormigueando mi nariz, me mordió un alacrán. \xrb moyo: \xvnao moyo:ni \nse Note that momoyoka noyekatsol can undergo possessor raising to niyekamomoyoka. Apparently this verb can refer to a feeling (e.g., of the skin), a sound (e.g., a buzzing sound), or both. \ref 04806 \lxa mona:ntli \lxac mona:ntli \lxo mona:ntli \lxoc mona:ntli \dt 21/Apr/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2 \se mother-in-law \ss suegra \sem kin \xrb mon \xrb na:n \ref 05881 \lxa mona:rkah \lxac mona:rkah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08602 \lxa monex \lxac monex \lxo mónéx \lxoc mónéx \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Op. prefix te- \infn N0 \pa yes-lex \se dusty little devil; dusty; covered with dust; dirty \ss polvoroso; empolvoreado; cubierto de polvo; sucio \apa monextik \apo mónextík \xrb mohnex \nse This word is used as a "vacilada" (playful address term) in talking to children who are dusty and dirty from playing around on the ground. \qry I do not believe that this word can take an intensifying /te-/ prefix. In my notes I have also recorded that this word may be used as an equivalent to /(te)montextik/, i.e. as an adjective; this should be checked as it might not be correct. Check whether /monex/ is only used as a 'vocative.' \vl Check vl and p-a in Oapan form. \sj Check in S. Juan \ref 03621 \lxa monexe:wi \lxac monexe:wi \lxo mónexé:wi \lxoc mónexé:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. pref. te-: temónexé:wi (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to get dusty; to get covered with dust (particularly from white, dusty earth) \ss empolvorearse; cubrirse de polvo (particularmente de tierra blanca y polvorosa) \se to fade (e.g., clothes) \ss desteñirse (p. ej., ropa) \pna O:monexe:w motlake:n. \pea Your clothes have faded. \psa Tu ropa se ha desteñido. \cfa nexe:wi \equiva monexiwi \equivo mónexíwi \xrb mohnex \dis monexe:wi; nexe:wi; tla:ltekwi:lo; kwitlanextla:lia; \nse Cf. note for this root under ma:temonex. \qry Check whether /monexiwi/ is correct and has an identical meaning. Check and compare to /nexe:wi/. Apparently these two words, /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also, it appears that /temonexe:wi/ and /temonexiwi/ are also equivalent to /monexe:wi/, but check. It is interesting that there are 3 forms: /nexe:wi/, /monexe:wi/ and /temonexe:wi/ that seem synonymous. Check carefully. \rt Obviously /nex/ is a root as in /tlikonextli/, etc. The form /temonexe:wi/ is also found with the same apparent sense. However, to my knowledge /nexe:wi/ is not correct. Also note that a code for words ending in /e:wi/ should be developed. Check for the transitive form of this verb and whether if follows /tli:liwi/, /tli:le:wi/ and /tli:lowa/, or /chichi:liwi/, /chichi:le:wi/ and /chichilowa/. See also /nexe:wi/. \ref 02378 \lxa monexiwi \lxac monexiwi \lxo mónexíwi \lxoc mónexíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te-: temónexé:wi (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se see monexe:wi (Am) / mónexé:wi (Oa) \ss véase monexe:wi (Am) / mónexé:wi (Oa) \equiva monexe:wi \equivo mónexé:wi \xrb mohnex \ref 01453 \lxa monexowa \lxac kimonexowa \lxo mónexówa \lxoc kimónexówa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te-: kitemónexówa \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to make dusty \ss empolvorear \pna Yo:timotemonexoh, a:man xma:lti:ti! \pea You've gotten yourself dusty (covered with dust), now take a bath! \psa Te cubriste de polvo, ahora, ¡vete a bañar! \se to cause to or make fade (e.g. clothes) \ss hacer que se destiñe (p. ej., ropa) \xrb mohnex \qry Check correctness of kitemónexówa \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \rt Cf. note for this root under /ma:temonex/. \ref 05824 \lxa monextik \lxac monextik \lxo mónextík \lxoc mónextík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Op. te-: temonextik \pa yes-lex \se to be dusty; to be covered with dust; to be dirty \ss estar empolvoreado, estar cubierto de polvo; estar sucio \se to be the color of light dirt \ss estar el color de polvo \pna San temonextik, o:notla:lmi:miloh. \pea He's covered with dust, he (e.g., a child, drunk, etc.) rolled around back and forth on the ground. \psa Está cubierto de polvo, se revolcó (p. ej., un niño, un borracho, etc.) de un lado a otro por la tierra. \sem color \apa monex \apo mónéx \xrb mohnex \qry Determine whether /monextik/ and /temonextik/ are equivalent, and if /te-/ should be considered the intensifier. Also compare to other grey colors (e.g., /kwitlanextsi:n/). \ref 01963 \lxa monextik tlako:tl \lxac monextik tlako:tl \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of whitish vine still not identified \ssa tipo de bejucco algo blanco todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb mohnex \xrb tlako: \qry Given that this was not identified in fieldwork, perhaps this is mistaken. Checke. \nct komekatl \ref 03009 \lxa montatli \lxac montatli \lxo móntatlí \lxoc móntatlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \pa yes-lex \infn stem-final saltillo; N1/2; Aln \seao father-in-law \ssao suegro \sem kin \xrb mon \xrb tah \ref 02042 \lxa mo:nteyowa \lxac mo:nteyowa \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan (part) monte \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \sea to become overgrown after having once been cleared (a field for planting) \ssa volverse monte después de haber sido desmontado (un terreno de siembra). \nae The adjectival form is simply the nominal borrowing from Spanish mo:nteh and has no Nahuatl inflection (e.g., *mo:nteyoh). \qry Check for transitive form \ref 03804 \lxa monti \lxac monti \lxo monti \lxoc monti \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \seao to live at the house of one's wife's parents with the traditional work obligations of a son-in-law \ssao vivir en la casa de los parientes de la esposa con las tradicionales obligaciones de trabajo de un yerno \pna Umpa montilo:tok. \pea There are sons-in-law living there (with the implication that they are fulfilling the obligations of a sons-in-law). \psa Hay yernos allá viviendo (con la implicación que están cumpliendo con las obligaciones de un yerno). \xrb mon \nse The impersonal passive construction montilo:tok refers to a household situation where one or more daughters have brought their husbands to live with them. The verb monti, often used with an extraverse directional, implies that the man went to live in his wife's family's household, giving service with his labor instead of paying bridewealth. \qry Note that the phrase /nika:n montilotok/ was added in a recheck of the database; it was mistakenly left out when the original filecard was entered in. Thus, the phrase should be checked. \ref 00664 \lxa montilia \lxac kimontilia \lxo montilia \lxoc kimontilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to work hard (a son-in-law at the house of his wife´s family) \ss trabajar duro (un yerno en la casa de la familia de su esposa) \vl Link first male token. \ref 04227 \lxa montoneri:tos* \lxac montoneri:tos \lxo ---- \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan (part) montonero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of small checkered colored bird (tekoxtsi:n) still not identified, that appearently is so called because it flies in groups \ssa tipo de pájaro pequeño con colores como de cuadrado (tekoxtsi:n), todavía no identificado, aparentemente así llamado porque vuela en grupos grandes \sem animal \sem bird \ref 01538 \lxa montone:ros \lxac montone:ros \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan montonero \sea see tejo:meh de montone:ros \ssa véase tejo:meh de montone:ros \qry This word should perhaps be removed from the dictionary. It was said once in reference to tejones that ran around together. My impression at that time was that the speaker, from Ameyaltepec, considered that there were two types of tejones, ones that traveled in packs and others that traveled separately. He referred to the two as /montone:ros/ and /solita:rioh/, respectively. \ref 01788 \lxa montli \lxac montli \lxo montli \lxoc montli \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. mo:monteh (Am); mo:monteh (Oa); poss. pl. (Am and Oa): i:mowa:n \se (generally possessed) son-in-law \ss (generalmente poseído) yerno \pna O:me nomon. \pea I have two sons-in-law. \psa Tengo dos yernos. \pna Ne:chmon. \pea I am his son-in-law. \psa Soy su yerno. \se (often in absolutive) man who lives and works with his wife's family in lieu of paying bridewealth \ss (a menudo en el absolutivo) esposo que va a vivir y trabajar con la familia de su esposa por no haber pagado el precio de la novia \pna Yewa montli. \pea He is a son-in-law living at the home of the parents of his bride (and providing service in lieu of bridewealth). \psa Es un yerno que vive en la casa de la familia de su esposa (haciendo trabajo por no haber pagado por la novia) \sem kin \xrb mon \nse When montli is used in the unpossessed form, it usually refers to a son-in-law who has gone to live with his wife's family, providing service and labor in lieu of the bride price (e.g., pigs or cattle). Yet many men who live in their wife's family's house will deny that they are a montli, i.e., they will say xnimontli, indicating that they had killed a pig and gave drink to the father of their bride and are living in their father-in-law's house for other reasons. \grm In the phrases /o:me nomon/ note the use of the singular possessed noun. The plural /-mowan/ is also used but apparently it indicates a greater plural number, i.e. three or four sons-in-laws. Note also the loss of the final /n/ in the plural possessed. Note the pluralization through reduplication of the initial syllable with a long vowel, doubly marked as plural with the use of the suffix /-teh/. \ref 03071 \lxa mora:doh \lxac mora:doh \lxo mora:doh \lxoa moradi:toh \lxoc mora:doh \dt 20/May/2002 \loan morado \psm Adj \der Adj-loan \se light purple \ss morado o color lila \sem color \cfa kakamotsi:n \cfo kámotík \nse Apparently mora:doh is a lighter shade of purple than kakamotsi:n (Am) or kámotík (Oa), although this should be checked. \ref 06341 \lxa mori:yoh \lxac mori:yoh \lxo mori:yoh \lxoc mori:yoh \dt 17/Apr/2002 \loan morillo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se main roof beam of a house with a teja roof \ss morillo en una con techo de teja \encyctmp kahli \ref 02501 \lxa Mo:ros Chi:nos \lxac Mo:ros Chi:nos \lxo Mo:rostih \lxoc Mo:rostih \dt 20/May/2002 \loan Moros chinos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se religious dance in the past performed by young and adult men in Ameyaltepec (and perhaps other neighboring villages) \ss danza religiosa presentada anteriormente por hombres (jóvenes y adultos) en Ameyaltepec (y quizá otros pueblos circumvecinos) \sem dance \encyctmp dance \qry For this check the circumstances when it is performed. Apparently there are two types of Moros, one is called /Mo:ros Chi:nos/ and the other /Re:yes Mo:ros/, at least this is what I have heard. The former uses teh /tsonkahli/. But the precise name of these dances should be checked. \ref 00441 \lxa mo:sah \lxac i:mo:sah \lxo mo:sah \lxoc i:mo:sah \dt 15/Feb/2002 \loan moza \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2 \se female lover \ss amante (mujer, de un hombre); querida (de un hombre) \syno sísiwá:tl \ref 03250 \lxa mo:so:tl \lxac mo:so:tl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \sea type of weed eaten by donkeys, still not identified, occasionally called xiwtli de mo:so:tl \ssa tipo de maleza comida por los burros, todavía no identificada, a veces llamada xiwtli de mo:so:tl \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb mo:so: \qry Check uses. \cpl FK lists mo:zo:tl of which she states: "plant that produces indigo dye and from which an antidysentery medicine is made"; mozote. It is listed in the Zacapoaxtla dictionary. \nct xiwtli; tlasohli \ref 03205 \lxa mo:so:yoh \lxac mo:so:yoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb mo:so: \ref 08172 \lxa mo:stla \lxac mo:stla \lxo mo:stla \lxoc mo:stla \dt 15/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao tomorrow \ssao mañana \pna Mo:stla niá:s! \pea I will leave tomorrow! \psa ¡Mañana me voy! \se (with short vowel reduplication) every day; daily \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada día; diariamente \pna Momo:stla nitekiti. \pea I work every day. \psa Trabajo cada día. \seao (used as a greeting) (see you) tomorrow \ssao (como saludo) mañana (nos vemos) \xrb mo:stla \nse In Oapan one finds the phrase sé: momó:stla with apparently the same sense as mómó:stla, i.e., 'every day.' Ameyaltepec does not have the equivalent phrase, but one does find ka:da momo:stla with the same sense. \nae In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, mo:stla is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, mo:stlaka:n is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. \qry Check reduplication with short vowel, FK has a long vowel here with the same meaning: every day. Check the possibility that both /mo:mo:stla/ and /momo:stla/ are correct, but with different meaning. \grm Reduplication: Note that in Balsas Nahuatl reduplication of /mo:stla/ with a short vowel is used for indicating 'every day' /Momo:stla nitekiti/ 'I work every day.' Check and recheck whether this is correctly used. FK has long vowel reduplication for this sense: /mo:mo:ztla/. \grm Greetings; imperative; plural: In Oapan, like Ameyaltepec, mo:stla is used as a greeting when taking leave of someone that one will see the next day. However, whereas in Ameyaltepec such a term may be used when taking leave of any number of people, in Oapan a plural form, mo:stlaka:n is used. This appears to reflect the use of the imperative plural marker on an adverb. \ref 01163 \lxa Motepe:k \lxac Motepe:k \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08408 \lxa mo:to \lxac mo:to \lxo mo:to \lxoc mo:to \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1; pl. mo:tomeh \se squirrel \ss ardilla; tuza \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb mo:to \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \cpl Various consultants gave the Spanish name tuza. \qry Check for final /h/ as in Molina one finds /mototli/, which suggests /h/. \ref 04238 \lxa mo:tla \lxac kimo:tla \lxo mo:tla \lxoc kimo:tla \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to shoot (with a gun, arrow, etc.); to throw at or against, or to hit with (sth thrown such as a stone, plate, etc., that can be mentioned obliquely in an adjunct clause introduced by ika) \ss tirar (con un rifle, flecha, etc.); tirar a o aventar contra (con algo como una piedra, plato, etc., que puede mencionarse en una claúsula adjunta introducida por ika) \pna Timitsmo:tlas ika tetl. \pea I will throw a rock at you. \psa Te voy a tirar una piedra. \pna O:kimo:tlakeh un masa:tl. \pea They shot that deer. \psa Le tiraron a ese venado. \cfao tetlamo:tla \sem motion \sem contact \xrb mo:tla \xv1ao tlamo:tla \xvaao mo:chilia \nse In composition, i.e., with an incorporated noun stem, the verb mo:tla is usually found with a te- prefixed, e.g. kwa:temo:tla. \qry It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/. In a notebook from Oapan I had the word /motlatok/ with no explanation. Check. \grm Reduplication; antipassive: /Nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k (ika) wi:lo:meh/ 'I'm going to go hunting huilotas' Note several things here. The first is that the reduplication is of the nonspecific prefix, and not the verbal stem. It will be important to use this as a test, i.e., the difference between /nitlatlamo:tlas/ and /nitlamomo:tlas/. Also important to note is the antipassive formation here: /nontlatlamo:tlas i:na:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Here perhaps the problem with specific objects is clearer than other cases. Thus one may compare: /nikonmomo:tlas wi:lo:tl/ and /nontlatlamo:tlas ina:k/ika wi:lo:tl/. Note that in my notes I have written that either /ina:k/ or /ika/ is correct here to introduce the oblique. \ref 04248 \lxa motsi:ni \lxac motsi:ni \lxo motsi:ni \lxoc motsi:ni \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-3a \se to get a cracked in the surface (of [S], e.g. dry earth, a piece of wood, ceramics not well dried, skin on ones hands or feet from dryness, etc.) \ss resquebrajarse la superficie de; agrietarse ([S], p. ej., tierra resecada, madera, la cerámica no secada biel, la piel de las manos o pies, etc.) \pna O:momotsi:n un tepalkatl. \pea The surface of that bowl crackled. \psa Se agrietó la superficie de ese plato hondo. \pna O:temo:motsi:n tla:hli. \pea The earth's surface got cracked (e.g., from having gotten wet and then dried). \psa Se agrietó la superficie de la tierra (p. ej., al haberse mojado y después secado). \pna Xkwahli o:kipetsokeh, mo:motsi:ni. \pea They didn't polish it properly (in this case a ceramic bowl before firing), it's surface has gotten crackled in a few places. \psa No lo pulieron bien (en este caso una cerámica antes de cocerse), se agrietó en algunos lugares. \sem distort-fissure \dis motsi:ni; tsaya:ni; siotomi \xrb motsi: \nse As with most verbs containing the element motsi:ni the usual manifestation in discourse is with some form of reduplication (usually it seems with a long vowel) depending on the circumstances. In particular earth which gets deep fissures over the course of the summer is described with the long vowel reduplicant form of motsi:ni: mo:motsi:ni. \nde Molina has momotzinqui 'resquebrajado', he does not have motzini nor momotsini. The latter is in RS glossed as resquebrajarse, reventar, estallar.' He also have momotziniliztli 'hendedura, cisura, grieta, resquicio.' \nse The verb motsi:ni and derived forms refer to a process whereby something dries and cracks, the cracks being very small and not going all the way through the object. Earth that is wet and dries may be said to motsi:ni if the cracks are small and superficial; if the cracks are deeper, farther apart, etc., the verb tsomo:ni is used. In regard to earth this refers to what happens when it first gets wet and then dries, leaving a cracked surface; the te- is the intensifier prefix. The unintensifed motsi:ni is documented in reference to cracks on surfaces of pieces of wood, a ceramic that is not well dried, or dried skin (on one's feet especially). Body part nouns are often incorporated into this verb, particularly the feet and hands: ikxi(te)mo:motsi:ni, ma:(te)mo:motsi:ni, te:momotsi:ni (in reference to lips). Besides the skin, this verb also indicates a cracked surface that occurs when dirt, soap, or other similar materials collect and dry on the skin's surface. Thus the subject of motsi:ni can be plaster on a wall; ones skin if covered by dirt, sweat, or dust; ones lips from the cold; the surface of the ground drying up after a rain or flood; etc. \ref 05880 \lxa motso:lowa \lxac kimotso:lowa \lxo 'motso:lówa \lxop motso:lowa \lxoc kímotso:lówa \dt 01/Oct/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Op. te-: temotso:lowa \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to grab or snatch in ones hand (e.g., sb's arm, clothes, etc.); to grab a handful or fistful of \ss agarrar o asir en la mano (p. ej., el brazo de algn, ropa, etc.); agarrar un puñado de \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo! \pea Don't grab me (for example, by snatching a part of my clothing)! \psa ¡No me agarres (p. ej. asiendo parte de mi ropa por la mano)! \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lo ipan notlake:n! \pea Don't grab me by my clothes! \psa ¡No me empuñes la ropa! \pna Xkomotso:lo deke tihkwa:s! \pea Reach out and grab a handful if you're going to eat them (e.g., candies, seeds, etc.)! \psa ¡Extiende tu mano a agarrar un puñado si te los vas a comer (p. ej., dulces, semillas, etc.)! \cfao temotso:lowa \dis motsowa \xrb mohtso:l \xvaa motso:lowilia \xvao 'motso:lowília \nse Luis Lucena, in discussing the difference between motso:lowa and momotsowa suggested that the second verb indicates greater force, that one, for example, might have sunken ones nails into another person's arm. Note that motso:lowa was never documented in a reflexive form, and consultants denied that this was possible. However, there is a documented occurrence of the reflexive temotso:lowa, which is a distinct entry and, given that the pitch accent pattern is distinct, may indeed have a different etymology. \nae Note that in Ahuelicán the presence of underlying {h} is confirmed: e.g., ne:chmohtso:lowa. The pitch contour of né:chmotso:lówa, which is equivalent to that of né:xtete:mówa, suggests that the same underlying pattern of {h} holds for the two words, underlyingly {mohtso:lowa} and {tehte:mowa}. Yet there is no evidence (though this should be rechecked) in other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa; motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi; temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the question of the reason for the pitch accent in né:chmotso:lówa. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the previous syllable. However, this seems unlikely given that there is no parallel pitch-accent in compounds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch accent on ne:ch- in né:chmotso:lówa is an example of grammaticalized pitch accent that indicates "reduplication" and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of ne:chmómotso:lówa. Note, also, that the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of ne:chmómotso:lówa seems to reflect an avoidance of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long syllable in a preceding prefix results in a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind. This did not seem to be the interpretation of Florencia Marcelino, who suggested that whereas né:chmotso:lówa represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing, ne:chmómotso:lówa represents multiple occurrences. Therefore, the reason for pitch accent in a form such as né:chmotso:lówa seems to be the same reason for its occurrence in kímotso:lówa, an initial closed syllable with {h} as a coda. This suggests that temotso:lowa, which does not manifest pitch accent, is a different word, not simply the same word with an intensifying prefix. \qry Check for possible intransitive form. Also for possible further etymological division (/tso:l/?). Check whether the meaning of 'to be huddled over' occurs only with the /te/ prefix or whether the simple reflexive is also viable. I have a filecard under /temotso:liwi/ with the simple note: "cf. also /tso:liwi/" and no further information. Thus it will be important to check for the meaning of both /motso:liwi/ and /temotso:liwi/. \pqry Pitch accent: check: (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa; motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi; temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia) \sj Check for /h/. \grmx Oapan pitch-accent; Oapan phonology: The pitch contour of né:chmotso:lówa, which is equivalent to that of né:xtete:mówa, suggest that the same underlying pattern of {h} holds for ?mohtso:lowa as it does for tehte:mowa. Yet there is no evidence (though this should be rechecked) in other words with the same verbal stem (e.g., ixitemotso:lihtok; ixitemotso:lowa; motso:lowilia; temotso:liwi; temotso:lowa; and temotso:lkuhtia) that there is an underlying {h} anywhere. These need to be rechecked, but if this is the case it raises the question of the reason for the pitch accent in né:chmotso:lówa. Perhaps the reason has to do with a reanalysis of the stem as {mohtso:lowa} based on the fact that it usually occurs in reduplicated form and that this is often reduced to vowel lengthening on the previous syllable. However, this seems unlikely given that there is no parallel pitch-accent in compounds with this same verbal stem. Another possibility is that the pitch-accent on ne:ch- in né:chmotso:lówa is an example of grammaticalized pitch-accent that indicates "reduplication" and that in effect it is the semantic equivalent of ne:chmómotso:lówa. Note, also, that the maintenance of pitch-accent on the reduplicated syllable of ne:chmómotso:lówa seems to reflect an avoidance of a stress pattern of H-L-L-L-H-L. If it is the prosodic structure that causes this, then we would expect that reduplication of four-syllable words in Oapan Nahuatl with a long syllable in a preceding prefix results in a stressed reduplicant. Unfortunately, no test cases that have been recorded come immediately to mind.) This did not seem to be the interpretation of Florencia Marcelino, who suggested that whereas né:chmotso:lówa represents a single occurrence of the action of grabbing, ne:chmómotso:lówa represents multiple occurrences. In sum, the reason for pitch accent in a form such as né:chmotso:lówa needs to be further researched. \ref 04768 \lxa motso:lowilia \lxacpend *kimotso:lowilia \lxo 'motso:lowília \lxoc kímotso:lowília \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to grab or snatch (sth [SO] from (sb [PO]); to grab a handful or fistful of (sth [SO]) from (sb [PO], taking it away) \ss agarrar o asir un puñado de (algo [OS]), quitándole a (algn [OP]) \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:lowili, xmiák o:nikisek. \pea Don't grab a lot away from me (i.e., don't take large handfuls of sth that I have made or done, in this case squash seeds), I didn't toast many. \psa No me agarres muchos en tu puño (p. ej., no tomes de mí algo que me afecta; en este caso semilla de calabaza), no tosteé mucho. \pna Ma:ka xne:chmotso:wili notlake:n, tiktetsomoni:s! \pea Don't grab at my clothes, you will tear them! \psa ¡No me agarres la ropa, la vas a rasgar! \xrb mohtso:l \xvba motso:lowa \xvbo 'motso:lówa \pqry Check to pitch accent on 4768. Note that in recording the Am words I mistakenly went though this entry without recording it. \ref 04885 \lxa mo:xkah \lxac i:mo:xkah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan muesca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se notch (generally in wood) \ss muesca (generalmente en madera) \pna Xtla:li imo:xkah para tiktila:naskeh, tla:mo sahkó:n texi:kopi:nis! \pea Place a notch on it (in this case at the end of a log) so that we can drag it along (with a rope), if you don't do it, it will just slip out (the log from the rope's loop)! \psa ¡Pónle una muesca (en este caso a un tronco) para que lo podamos jalar, si no, se le va a zafar (el tronco de la soga)! \cfo mocha:rowa \nse Mo:xkah apparently refers only to the placing of a notch on wood, all the way around so that a rope can catch on it. \qry Determine whether the word can be used in both possessed and unpossessed constructions. \mod Cf. original filecard for illustration. \ref 04507 \lxa moxkayaktli \lxac moxkayaktli \lxo moxkayahtli \lxoc moxkayahtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-wi-k \infn N1 \se cirus clouds; wispy, high clouds \ss nubes cirros; nube alta y delgada \xrb mox \xrb kaya: \nae Molina has mixcanactli 'nuves ralas' with a clear etymology of mixtli 'cloud' and canactli (cf. canauac 'cosa delgada desta manera, lienço o manta delgada de algodón.' The Balsas words might reflect a shift from /n/ to /y/ although they probably derive from another stem (?kaya:wi). There is also a stem kayasiwi (cf. Tetelcingo, Morelos cayasibi) meaning 'to become thin (as in clothes that get worn out),' so this might be the derivation. In essence, though, the etymology of moxkayaktli is still not altogether certain. \ref 05466 \lxa moxpachiwi \lxac moxpachiwi \lxo moxpachiwi \lxoc moxpachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become covered by clouds (e.g., the sun or stars) \ssao taparse por las nubes (p. ej., el sol o las estrellas) \xrb mox \xrb pach \subadj to:nahli \nse To date the corpus only has this verb with an aspectual ending: -tok. I have entered moxpachiwi as an entry simply in anticipation of what I think will be confirmation of this form. \qry Check for this intransitive form (as opposed to the documented stative) and adjust entry accordingly. \ref 00195 \lxa moxpachiwtok \lxac moxpachiwtok \lxo moxpachihtok \lxoc moxpachihtok \dt 20/May/2002 \com N-Stat \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao to be covered by clouds (the sun, moon, stars, etc.) \ssao estar tapado por las nubes (el sol, la luna, las estrellas, etc.) \pna Moxpachiwtoya to:nahli. A:man yo:chaya:w moxtli, yo:to:natiak. \pea The sun was covered by clouds. Now the clouds have dispersed, the sun has come out and shone. \psa El sol estaba tapado por nubes, ahora se han dispersado las nubes, ya se hizo sol. \pna Moxpachiwtoya me:stli. \pea The moon was covered by clouds. \psa La luna estaba tapada por las nubes. \xrb mox \xrb pach \cfa moxte:ntok \nse Check to determine whether the intransitive actually does exist (if not, remove the entry for it), and whether the transitive also exists. \ref 00292 \lxa moxtli \lxac moxtli \lxo moxtli \lxoc moxtli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se cloud(s) \ss nube(s) \pna Ye:watok un moxtli ipan tepe:tl. \pea The clouds are gathered around (lit., 'seated on') the top of the hill. \psa Las nubes están descansando (lit., 'sentados') sobre la cima del cerro. \sem weather \xrb mox \qry Check for possible metaphoric meanings. I have never heard this used in plural. \ref 00784 \lxa moya:wa \lxac kimoya:wa \lxo moya:wa \lxoc kimoya:wa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to spread out on the ground (e.g., seeds to be dried, wares to be sold, etc.) \ssao extender sobre la tierra (p. ej., semillas para secar, mercancía para vender, etc.) \pna Nika:n nitlamoya:was, tlawe:i. \pea I will spread things out here, there's a large open space. \psa Aquí voy a extender mis cosas, hay mucho campo. \pna Xikmoya:wa tlayo:lhi para ma kwahli kaxili to:nahli! \pea Spread out the maize so that the sun directly strikes it! \psa ¡Extiende el maíz (sobre un petate) para que le pegue bien el sol! \pna O:kimoya:w tli:n kinamaka. \pea He spread out his wares. \psa Expuso (extendiendo sobre una superficie plana) su mercancía. \seao to cloud or muddy (water, e.g., by stirring it up) \ssao enturbiar (agua) \xrb moya: \dis moya:wa; nelowa \nse Moya:wa differs from nelowa in regard to liquids in that the former is used to refer to the action of 'stirring up,' i.e., stirring a liquid so that sediments on the bottom rise and cloud the mixture. Nelowa, on the other hand, refers to the stirring of a mixture with no sediment, such as food being stirred so that it doesn't burn. \qry Check for other meanings, such as dirtying up the water. \ref 05269 \lxa moya:wak \lxac moya:wak \lxo moya:wak \lxoc moya:wak \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \se to be muddied (e.g., a river during the rainy season); stirred up and dirty (e.g., a liquid with sediment) \ss estar revuelto y sucio (p. ej., un río durante la temporada de lluvias, un líquido tener su poso, etc.) \pna Moya:wak a:tl, xnima:ti:sneki. \pea The water (or river) is dirty (from having sediment on the bottom stirred up), I don't want to go swimming. \psa El agua (o río) está sucio (por estar revuelto con sedimento), no me quiero bañar. \pna Xchipa:wak un tra:goh, moya:wak. \pea That drink isn't clean, its dirty. \psa Ese trago no está limpio, está revuelto y sucio. \xrb moya: \ref 02009 \lxa moya:wi \lxac moya:wi \lxo moya:wi \lxoc moya:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran Compl \se to get muddy or cloudy (water with sediment that has been agitated) \ss enturbiarse (agua, como el río durante la temporada de lluvias cuando se ensucia por el lodo que se lleva por el corriente) \pna O:moya:w a:tl, chika:wak notlalowa. \pea The water got muddied, the current is strong. \psa Se enturbió el agua, está fuerte la corriente. \xrb moya: \ref 05728 \lxa moya:wtok \lxac moya:wtok \lxo moya:htok \lxoc moya:htok \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be spread out on a flat surface (e.g., grain on a petate to dry in the sun, merchandise on the ground or a table to sell in a market, etc.) \ss estar esparcido sobre una superficie plana (p. ej., granos para secarse sobre un petate, mercancía para vender sobre el suelo o una mesa, etc.) \pna Xtepayolo, ma:ka sayhkó:n moya:wtok! \pea Gather then together in a pile (e.g., beans), don't leave them just lying there spread out (e.g., to dry in the sun)! \psa ¡Júntalos en un montoncito (p. ej., frijoles), que no estén así nada más de regados (p. ej., para secarse en el sol)! \xrb moya: \qry Check to determine whether /moya:wi/ as an intransitive can have this sense of 'becoming spread out' (like grain or merchandise) as with the stative. Also, can water/river be /moya:wtok/, or is the perfective /o:moya:w/ more preferably used. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. \ref 04463 \lxa moyo:naltia \lxac kimimoyo:naltia \lxo moyo:naltia \lxoc kimoyo:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to cause or make swarm \ss hacer enjambrarse \pna O:kimimoyo:naltih chi:lpameh. \pea He made the wasps swarm and buzz about. \psa Hizo que las avispas se enjambraran. \equivao moyo:nia \xrb moyo: \xvbao moyo:ni \nse Apparently moyo:naltia is synonomous with moyo:nia although the possibility of semantic difference should be explored. \qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be checked. \ref 05115 \lxa moyo:ni \lxac moyo:ni \lxo moyo:ni \lxoc moyo:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl; +Caus \infv class-3a \se to swarm (small insects) \ss enjambrar (insectos pequeños) \pna Yo:pe:w moyo:nin, mitskwa:skeh. \pea They've started to swarm about (e.g., wasps after being disturbed), they're going to bite you. \psa Ya empezaron a enjambrar (p. ej., avispas al ser molestadas), te van a morder. \xrb moyo: \xvcao moyo:naltia \xvkao momoyoka \nse The verb moyo:ni refers to the swarming action of animals such as ants, bees, mosquitos, moyotes, wasps, etc. that starts to move about and swarm after being disturbed and before calming down. This verb can also be used to refer to people who are bustling about, as when they are busy doing a job. \ref 04026 \lxa moyo:nia \lxac kimimoyo:nia \lxo moyo:nia \lxoc kimimoyo:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to cause or make swarm \ss hacer enjambrarse \equivao moyo:naltia \xrb moyo: \nse Apparently moyo:naltia is synonomous with moyo:nia although further investigation might reveal some differences. Given the semantics of moyo:nia the citation form has the plural 3rd-person object kim with an epenthetic /i/ inserted before the nasal-initial verbal stem. \xvba moyo:ni \qry I am not sure why there are two forms, /moyo:nia/ and /moyo:naltia/ (there are other similar cases of two forms) and if there is any difference in their use and meaning. This should be checked. \ref 04929 \lxa mo:yo:tl \lxac mo:yo:tl \lxo mo:yo:tl \lxoc mo:yo:tl \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of biting mosquito (in Spanish zancudo) \ss zancudo, tipo de insecto que pica \sem animal \sem insect \cfao sa:yo:lin \xrb mo:yo: \nse The name of this insect might well be related to the verb moyo:ni, meaning 'to swarm,' although there is a difference in vowel length. \rt Phonotactics: Note and check possibility that /VCo:nV/ have a surface constraint on the length of the first vowel. Thus it might be that there is a prosodic template that fits roots into this pattern even when underlyingly the first vowel is long; and thus this first long vowel might show up elsewhere. \vl The vowel length here of the first /o/ seems short. But other words with /mo:yo:/ should be analyzed to determine whether this is indeed the case. \ref 03173 \lxa mo:yo:tlan \lxac mo:yo:tlan \lxo mo:yo:tlah \lxop mo:yo:tlan \lxoc mo:yo:tlah \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Loc \der N-loc-1-tlan \infn N1(loc) \se place infested with biting mosquitos (in Spanish zancudos) \ss lugar infestado de zancudos \xrb mo:yo: \xrl -tlan \ref 04477 \lxa mulah \lxac mulah \lxo mulah \lxoc mulah \dt 28/Jan/2002 \loan mula \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2); pl. mulas \seao female mule \ssao mula \sem animal \sem domes \nct yo:lki \ref 01106 \lxa mulatlama \lxac mulatlama \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08357 \lxa mumuwi \lxac mumuwi \lxo mómowí \lxoc mómowí \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): nímowí \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-rdp \se to be frightened or scared \ss sentir miedo o susto \pna Xtimumuwi? Ye tlaiwa! \pea Aren't you frightened? It's already dark (late at night)! \psa ¿No tienes miedo? ¡Ya es noche! \sem emotions \xrb mawi \dis mowi; momowi \nse The reduplicated form momowi is by far the most common use of this word, in fact several consultants from Oapan denied that the nonreduplicated form ?mowi was correct. However, the nonredupicated mowi has been documented in Ameyaltepec; see mowi for further discussion. \qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. \ref 01506 \lxa mumuwilistli \lxac mumuwilistli \lxo mómowilístli \lxoc mómowilístli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-is \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se fear, fright \ss miedo; susto; terror \pna O:ne:chasik se: mumuwilistli. \pea A fear took hold of me. \psa Me agarró un miedo. \xrb mowi \qry In phrase above, check for correctness of /se:/ as originally recorded in my notes. Check for other uses of this nominalization. Note that originally I had mumuwistli, but C. Flores corrected this to /mumuwilistli/. \ref 01994 \lxa mumuwtetl \lxac mumuwtetl \lxo mohtetl \lxoc mohtetl \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infn N1 \se scardy-cat; person who is easily frightened \ss miedoso; sacón \pna Xkanah ya:sneki ika yewahli, ke:n mumuwtetl. \pea He doesn't like to go anywhere during the night, he's a real scardy-cat. \psa No quiere ir a ningún lado en la noche, ¡qué sacón! \xrb mowi \xrb te \ref 03838 \lxa munye:koh \lxac munye:koh \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jun/2002 \loan muñeco \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea see kweskomatl de munye:koh \ssa véase kweskomatl de munye:koh \ref 02026 \lxa munye:kos \lxac munye:kos \lxo munye:kos \lxoc munye:kos \dt 15/Jun/2002 \loan muñecos \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se parts of a castillo, or firework display, referring to the batteries of fireworks set up at the four corners and that shoot fireworks across the castillo, from one side to the other \ss parte de un castillo de cohetes; se refiere a las baterías de cohetes que se colocan sobre el suelo en las esquinas donde se atan los lasos que aseguran el castillo y que tiran cohetes de una esquina a otra, atravesando donde está el castillo parado \ilustmp Illustrate \ref 02649 \lxa muwi \lxacpend *muwi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea to be frightened or scared \ssa sentir miedo o susto \sem emotions \syno mómowí \xrb mowi \dis mowi; momowi \nse Although mowi has been documented in the corpus of material from Ameyaltepec, it is rarely used. Much more common is the reduplicated momowi. However, one speaker mentioned that there was a difference between the two terms with the reduplicated form referring to a more specific cause and the unreduplicated form indicating a general state or character trait of a person. In Oapan only the reduplicated form, mómowí is used. \qry Check the difference between /mowi/ and /momowi/. \ref 00650 \lxa muwtia \lxac kimuwtia \lxo mohtia \lxoc kimohtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to scare \ss espantar \pna O:ne:chmuwtih kowatl. \pea The snake frightened me. \psa Me espantó la culebra. \se (refl.) to become frightened or scared \ss (refl.) quedar espantado \xrb mawi \xvba mowi \dis ma:muhtia \nse Muhtia is virtually equivalent to ma:muwtia; the second form is much more common. Nevertheless there seems to be a difference (that perhaps parallels that between muwi and mumuwi). My impression is that the unreduplicated form, muwtia, when referring to an animal refers to a nervous animal that is easily startled, whereas the form ma:muwtia seems to indicate more that the animals were frightened by something or something in particular. One speaker mentioned that muwtia is weaker than ma:muwtia. Thus if a child is afraid of a stranger one uses nomuwtia, but if one is walking alone in the hills and sees a snake: noma:muwtia or also, kima:muwtia, with more in the sense of 'to be scared' to 'to be startled' rather than 'to be frightened.' \nae Whereas in Ameyaltepec the base verbal form muwi is found, though rarely used, in Oapan the base form only exists with reduplication: mumuwi. \qry Re: difference between /ma:muhtia/ and /muhtia/: the distinction noted above may only be an impression and should be confirmed in usage and questioning. \ref 02969 \lxa n- \lxo n- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \der Pre-sub \se first person subject prefix (I) \ss prefijo de sujeto de primera persona (yo) \nse The prefix n- occurs before vowel-initial verb stems (its allomorph ni- may also occur in this context, but is less common) and before consonant-initial transitive verb stems with 3rd-person singular objects in the perfective and pluperfect (e.g., o:ntek for o:niktek, although the latter too occurs in more careful speech). Before predicate nouns and adjectives the personal prefix ni- is apparently commonly used before vowel-initial stems, e.g.nia:tlakwintsi:n instead of na:tlakwintsi:n, at times perhaps motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with the possessive (e.g., na:tlakwintsi:n 'my water boy.' Before consonant-initiatial predicates of any word class ni- is used: nitisi 'I grind corn' or nisowa:tl 'I am a woman.' In Ameyaltepec it is very common for the underlying subject-object sequence {n-mits} to surface as timits-, although one does also hear nimits-. \ref 00434 \lxa n- \lxac na:tekon \lxo n- \lxocpend \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Prefix \seao my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular \ssao mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular \nae The form no- is used before consonant-initial stems; n- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally no- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07354 \lxa na:chka:w \lxac na:chka:w \lxo na:chka:w \lxoc na:chka:w \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1(Poss) \seo term of address or greeting for a village elder \sso término para dirigirse a un hombre de edad avanzada y respetado dentro del pueblo \cfo ta:chka:w \xrb a:chka: \ref 06808 \lxa na:hka:n \lxac na:hka:n \lxo na:hka:n \lxoc na:hka:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se in four places \ss en cuatro lugares \pna Xna:hka:n o:tikwipa:n, san ye:xka:n tlawi:pa:nahli motlapech. \pea You didn't weave twine to hold the rods (tlapextli) of your bed in four places, it's only woven together in three places. \psa No les amarraste las varas de tu cama (de tlapextli) con cuerda entrelazándolas en cuatro lugares, está amarrada con cuerda entrelazada nada más en tres lugares. \xrb na:wi \xrl -ka:n \mod See illustration with file card. \qry Check here and elsewhere length of /i/ in /wipa:na/. It might be long. \ref 04623 \lxa na:hpa \lxac na:hpa \lxo na:hpa \lxoc na:hpa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \se four times \ss cuatro veces \sem Num \xrb na:wi \xrl -pa \nae The duration of the bilabial stop, particularly in the speech of Florencia Marcelino, is quite long, over 150 ms. \mod Check how to categorize in cat field. \ref 03167 \lxa -na:k \lxac i:na:k \lxo -na:k \lxoc i:na:k \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N(rel) \der N(rel) \infn N2(rel) \sea (~ [noun representing a human]) at the site (worksite, housesite, location, etc.) of; from \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un ser humano]) en el (sitio, lugar de trabajo, ubicación, etc.) de; en relación a \pna A: Ka:n tiaw? B: Niá:s te:tla:lpan. A: A:kinonina:k? B: I:na:k nomontah. \pea A: Where are you going? B: To work in someone's field. A: Whose is it? B: It's my father-in-law's. \psa A: ¿Dónde vas? B: A trabajar en una milpa ajena. A: ¿De quién? B: Es de mi suego. \pna Kwa:k timikis tiá:sina:k tota:tah. \pea When you die, you'll go to be with Our Father. \psa Cuando mueras, irás al lado de Nuestro Señor. \pna Niá:sina:k in na:nkah toba:leh. \pea I'm going to work for this here friend of ours. \psa Voy a ir a trabajar por este amigo aquí. \pna Nikma:tla:nis mona:k bwe:yesteh. No: nito:kasneki. \pea I will gain rights to use your oxen by working them in your fields. I also want to plant. \psa Voy a ganar el derecho de utilizar tus bueyes al trabajarlos en tu milpa. también quiero sembrar. \pna I niaw. Nimopepecho:s ina:k músikah. Melá:k nitlai:sneki, so:lo tlapi:tskeh we:i kipia tra:goh. \pea Now I'm going. I will head off to where the musicians are playing. I really want to drink and the musicians are the only ones with a lot of alcohol. \psa Ya me voy. Voy a acercarme a donde tocan los músicos. De veras quiero beber, los músicos son los únicos que tienen mucho trago. \sea (~ [noun representing an animal]) in an activity (e.g., hunting, gathering) related to [animal] \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) en una actividad (p. ej., cazando o juntando) relacionada con [animal] \pna O:nyekaina:k masa:tl. \pea I went deerhunting (but have now returned). \psa Fui a cazar venado (pero estoy de regreso). \pna Nontlatlamo:tlasina:k wi:lo:meh (= ika wi:lo:meh). \pea I'm going to go hunting huilotas. \psa Voy a ir a cazar huilotas. \sea (~ [noun representing a plant]) gathering [plant] \ssa (~ [sustantivo indicando un animal]) cortando, colectando [planta] \pna Niá:sina:k wa:xin. \pea I'm going to pick huajes. \psa Voy a ir a cortar huaje. \syna -na:wak \xrl -na:k \nse The relational noun -na:k is rarely used in Oapan, apparently only by a limited number of elders. For example, in the first phrase above, instead of asking Akinon i:nak?, someone from Oapan might ask ainoh i:tla:lpah, etc. \nae In Ameyaltepec this relational noun often appears as simply na:k with the 3rd-person possessive prefix (i.e., for ina:k). In transcriptions this is represented as 'na:k. \qry It appears that there is a difference between -tech and -na:k, although the precise nature of this difference needs to be further determined. It seems that -tech is used mostly to indicate physical proximity to things considered in their material aspect, whereas -na:k is used more in relation to activities or activities in relation to a particular person. Syntactically -na:k is used to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses that further clarify the nature of the predicate, which is often a verb indicating motion or activity. Thus note that in response to the question Ka:n tiyáw? one may respond Te:tla:lpan 'somebody's field.' The person who first asked might then ask again, "Akinon ina:k? 'Whose field?' (lit. 'in regard to/next to whom?') and be answered with, for example, ina:k Robe:rtoh 'Robert's (field).' In this context itech is unacceptable since it only communicates physical proximity to the possessor. Note also the use of ina:k in phrases such as ina:k masa:tl, which further clarifies the activity (in this case hunting) already mentioned in the predicate. \qry Marcial Camilo gave me the phrase /i:na:k a:tl/. I don't quite know the meaning of this. Check. \qry Note however, that the above phrase as /ina:k músikah/, cf. to the possible form (check) /itech músikos/. Finally, cf. /ina:k tota:tah/, vs. /itech tota:tah/? The full use of /-na:k/ needs to be determined. Check final vowel of /so:lo/ for possible /h/. \ref 00677 \lxa nakakwa \lxac nakakwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08471 \lxa nakapachiwi \lxac nakapachiwi \lxo nakapachiwi \lxoc nakapachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to get covered with flesh (e.g., a wound as it is healing) \ss taparse con piel (p.ej., una herida mientras que se compone y se alivia) \se to get more than ones fill of meat \ss llenarse de carne hasta estar bien satiado \se to get (ones eye) covered with a thin film (in Sp., the condition called carnosidad) \ss taparsele (el ojo) con una delgada capa blanca (en la condición llamada "carnosidad") \pna O:nakapachiw i:xtew. \pea His eye got covered with a thin film. \psa Tiene carnosidad en el ojo. \sem disease \xrb naka \xrb pach \qry Determine whether there is a transitive form of this verb, and whether it, or the intransitive, can refer to anything other than this eye condition. \ref 00244 \lxa nakapanwetsi \lxac nakapanwetsi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(ts) \der \se \ss \xrb naka \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \ref 08035 \lxa nakapanwetsi:tia \lxac kinakapanwetsi:tia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb naka \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \ref 08036 \lxa nakaskakaya:wa \lxac nonakaskakaya:wa \lxo naká:skayá:wa \lxocpend nonaká:skayá:wa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran +Refl/-Intrans \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \se to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist) \ss engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe) \xrb nakas \xrb kaya: \qry Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/. \ref 07700 \lxa nakaskaki \lxac kinakaskaki \lxo nakaskaki \lxoc kinakaskaki \dt 03/Dec/2001 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seao to hear of; to get wind of \ssao escuchar por casualidad \xrb nakas \xrb kaki \dis kaki \qry Check and inquire about difference between /kaki/ and /nakaskaki/. \ref 01011 \lxa nakasko \lxac i:nakasko \lxo nakasko \lxoc i:nakasko \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm Loc \der N-loc-k(o) \infn N2 \seo inside or concave part of the ear \sso parte interior o concava de la oreja \sem body \syna nakastekontitlan \xrb nakas \xrl -k(o) \ref 06207 \lxa nakaskoto:na \lxac kinakaskoto:na \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08454 \lxa nakaskoyo:nia \lxac kinakaskoyo:nia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \infv class-2a \tran -Intrans \sea to pierce the ears of \ssa perforar las orejas de \xrb nakas \xrb koyo: \ref 07879 \lxa nakaskoyo:nki \lxac nakaskoyo:nki \lxo nakaskoyo:nki \lxoc nakaskoyo:nki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be able to hear or to hear and understand; to not be deaf \ss poder escuchar o poder escuchar y entender; no ser sordo \pna Tli:n xtinakaskoyo:nki? Tle:ka xtikchi:wa tli:n yo:nimitsnawatih? \pea Are you deaf? Why don't you do what I ordered you to do? \psa ¿Eres sordo? ¿Por qué no haces lo que te mandé hacer? \pna Newa ninakaskoyo:nki! O:nkak. \pea I certainly have good hearing! I heard it. \psa ¡Yo escucho bien! Lo escuché. \xrb nakas \xrb koyo: \nse Refers generally to the ability to hear, but often used to admonish someone who does not obey what an elder says. Apparently given that this is figurative reference to listening ability, there is no reduplication of the verbal stems (*nakaskokoyo:nki) as would occur if the meaning were literal (see the many reduplicated words referring to eyes). \grm Reduplication: Note that this word does not have a reduplicated verbal stem, even though it refers to a part of the body that is plural. Cf. in this regard, the descriptions of eye characteristics, or hand and arm characteristics. The question is, then, perhaps why reduplication does not occur, i.e., why one does not find (or not often find, this should be checked) ?nakaskokoyo:nki. I would think that the reason for this is that the adjectival does not in fact modify the noun, but creates a lexical item based on metaphor. Thus there is never any reason to distinguish between someone who has one, as opposed to both, ears "punctured" (so that sound goes through them). A form such as ?nakaskokoyo:nki might be correct (and this should be checked) but it would seem to be too literal, too direct a reference to the actual physical aspects of the ear. But for questions of reduplication, cf. /nakastekakanak/. \ref 04975 \lxa nakaskukwa \lxac kinakaskukwa \lxo nakaskokowa \lxoc kinakaskokowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V \der V2-b \infv class-2b (Oa); irregular (Am), cf. kukwa \se bother or hurt (a loud or unpleasant sound) one's ears \ss lastimar o doler (un ruido o sonido fuerte) los oidos de uno \pna O:ne:chnakaskokoh motlatsotsonal, ke:n chika:wak tiktsotsona. \pea Your music hurt my ears, you really played it loud. \psa Tu música me hizo doler los oidos, de veras lo tocas fuerte. \xrb nakas \xrb kowa \nse Sounds that might cause this pain include loud music, shouting, etc., i.e., sounds that are bothersome and annoying, in fact, a sound that is literally almost painful. \nae The reduced form *kinaká:skówa is not acceptable. \grm Oapan phonology: with /nakaskokowa/ the reduced form *kinaká:skówa is not acceptable. \ref 05380 \lxa nakaskukwi \lxac nonakaskukwi \lxo naká:skwí \lxoc nonaká:skwí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-4a \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to scratch the inside of ones ear (generally with a small stick or zacate) \ss (refl.) rasgar la parte interior de la oreja (generalmente con un palito chiquito o un zacate) \pna Xmonakaskukwi! \pea Scratch the inside of your ear! \psa ¡Rasgate la parte interior de tu oreja! \xrb nakas \xrb kwi \qry Check to see if only the reduplicated form is used and if only the reflexive. Check for applicative. \ref 01655 \lxa nakaskwitlatl \lxac nakaskwitlatl \lxo nakaskwitlatl \lxoc nakaskwitlatl \dt 06/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn stem-final vowel loss; N1/2; Aln \se ear wax \ss cerilla \sem body \sem human \xrb nakas \xrb kwitla \ref 00613 \lxa nakasmomotsowa \lxac kinakasmomotsowa \lxo nakaste:motsowa \lxoc kinakaste:motsowa \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \aff Op. infix te-: nakastemomotsowa); Reduced rdp-s*(prev-te) \infv class-2b \se to grab and pull at the ears of (a person or animal) \ss agarrarle y jalarse las orejas a (una persona o animal) \pna Ma:ka xne:chnakastemomotso! \pea Don't grab my ears (in this instance, in talking to a baby who is grabbing at one's ears). \psa ¡No me jales las orejas (en este caso al hablar a un niño que le está agarrando las orejas). \cfao nakastila:na \xrb nakas \xrb mots \qry Determine whether the reduplication is only used when the action affects both ears (i.e., whether it indicates the plurality of the object), or whether it refers to the repetition of the action. Also determine the precise meaning of the intensifier /te-/ in this circumstance. Cf. /nakastila:na/. \vl Use first pronunciation of male. \ref 02548 \lxa nakastekakanak \lxac nakastekakanak \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap-wi-k \aff Lex. infix te-; Lex. rdp-s \sea person with sharp ears \ssa persona que puede escuchar sonidos muy ligeros \sea light sleeper \ssa persona que se despierta fácilmente, con el más ligero sonido \pna Tinakastekakanak, niman tihkaki tli:non. \pea You're a light sleeper, you hear anything (any sound that is made) right away. \psa Duermes muy ligeramente, luego luego escuchas cualquier cosa (ruido). \sea type of herbaceous plant still not identified \ssa tipo de planta herbácea todavía no identificado \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva i:nakas kone:joh \cfa nakastepalka \cfa nakastlantepalka \xrb nakas \xrb kana: \nse Literally "thin-eared" nakastekakanak refers to a person who wakes up at the slightest noice, or hears things even when sleeping. More generally, it may refer to a sharp hearer. Note that the reduplication of the verb stem reflects a general process noted in many other cases of events, qualities, etc. that affect pairs of a body part (in this case both ears). However, this is not always the case, as evidenced in nakaskoyo:nki in which the verb stem is not reduplicated (or at least has not been so documented). \qry Check possibility of forms such as /nakaskakanak/ and /nakastekakanaktik/, etc. \grm Reduplication: Note that the reduplication of the verb stem in /nakastekakanak/ reflects a general process noted in many other cases; however, it does differ from nakaskoyo:nki in which the verb stem is not reduplicated. \ref 03558 \lxa nakastekontitlan \lxac *i:nakastekontitlan \lxo nakastekontitlan \lxoa nakastekontitlah \lxoc i:nakastekontitlah, i:nakastekontitlan \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-loc-titlan \infn N2 \se inside or concave part of the ear (see Oapan synonym: nakasko) \ss parte interior o concava de la oreja (véase sinónimo de Oapan: nakasko) \seo concave area immediately behind the ear \sso área concava inmediatamente atrás de la oreja \sem body \xrb nakas \xrb tekom \xrl -titlan \nse The etymology of nakastekontitlan would seem to be related to that of, for example, a:xi:xtekon in which the -tekon element apparently refers to a container or round hollow location. \ref 06198 \lxa nakastekopi:na \lxac kinakastekopi:na \lxo nakastekopi:na \lxoc kinakastekopi:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-ni \tran No intransitive form documented. \aff Lex. te- \infv class-3a \seo to pull the handles off of (a jug or other objects that have "ears") \sso quitarle las "orejas" de (un jarro, jarra, cántaro, etc., objetos que tienen "orejas") \se (fig.) to pull strongly on the ear of \ss (fig) arrancarle un oreja a \xrb nakas \xrb kopi: \qry Determine whether form without intensifier can occur; also whether an intransitive exists (and what it would mean). Determine all material objects that have "ears" which can be pulled off. \ref 00998 \lxa nakastekukwitla \lxacpend nakastekukwitla \lxo naká:skwitlá \lxop naká:skwitla \lxocpend naká:skwitlá \dt 24/Jun/2003 \psm Adj \rdp Lex- \pa yes-rdp \seao to have a lot of wax in ones ears \ssao tener mucha cerilla por las orejas \xrb nakas \xrb kwitla \ref 08845 \lxa nakastepalka \lxac nakastepalka \lxo nakastepalka \lxoc nakastepalka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N(ap) \der N-ap \seao to be hard of hearing \ssao tener dificultades para oir \seao to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise because of "thick ears," like ceramic bowls) \ssao tener poca sensibilidad al ruido con tal de que duerme profundamente (el que no despierta fácilmente a pesar de mucho ruido porque tiene las orejas "gruesas" como tepalcates) \equiva nakastlantepalka \cfa nakastekakanak \xrb nakas \xrb tepalka \nae Given that nakastepalka lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as se:, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. \qry In my notes I also had /nakastepalkah/; I entered /nakastepalka/ here because of my understanding of the nature of apocopated nouns, which simply lose the absolutive. This should be checked. Also, check with Launey if this should be categorized as an adjective. \grm Adjectives; apocopated: Given that nakastepalka lacks many of the syntactic possibilities characteristic of nouns (it cannot be possessed, quantified or modified, take an article such as se:, etc., it has been categorized as an apocopated adjective. \ref 00592 \lxa nakasteteketsa \lxac nonakasteteketsa \lxo naká:stekétsa \lxoc nonaká:stekétsa \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-tran \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv class-3a(ts) \pa yes-rdp \se (refl.) to prick up ones ears to listen carefully (a person or animal) \ss (refl.) poner atención para escuchar bien (una persona o animal) \pna O:nonakastetekets, kikakisneki. \pea He pricked up his ears to listen carefully, he wants to hear it. \psa Puso atención para escuchar bien, lo queire escuchar. \xrb nakas \xrb te \xrb ketsa \nse Given that this action always involves both ears the verbal stem is reduplicated (in Oapan Nahuatl this results in pitch accent and lengthening on the final short vowel of the incorporated nominal stem). In addition, this is always a "one-person" event, hence only the reflexive forms have been documented. \ref 04343 \lxa nakastetepon \lxac nakastetepon \lxo nakastetepon \lxoc nakastetepon \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s* \se to have one ear shorter than the other (e.g., a donkey, dog, etc.); to have two short (cut) ears \ss tener una orjea más corta que la otra (p. ej., un burro, un perro, etc.); tener las dos orejas cortadas \xrb nakas \xrb tepon \nae The differences in the surface manifestation of final nasals in Oapan Nahuatl is apparent here. \qry Note the /tetepon/ seems to be lexicalized with reduplication; I do not recall having ever heard the nonreduplicated form ?tepon. \pqry Analyze the difference in final consonant of the two speakers. \vl Link second female and first male token. \ref 04062 \lxa nakastetitilak \lxaa nakastetetilak; nakastitilak \lxac nakastetitilak \lxo nakasté:tilák \lxocpend @nakasté:tilák \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der Adj-ap \aff Lex. infix te-; Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \seao folk generic name for several vines that grow close to the ground and are characterized by thick, fleshy leaves; to date (Sept. 2001) four plants of this name have been collected, three of the family Nyctaginaceae (Allionia choisya Standl.; Okenia hypogaea Schltdle. & Cham.; and Boherhavia coccinea Miller) and one of the Malvaceae family \ssao nombre genérico foklórico de varias enredaderas que crecen cerca del suelo y que se caracterizan por hojas gruesas y carnosas; hasta la fecha (sept. 2001) cuatro plantas de este nombre han sido colectadas, tres de la familia Nyctaginaceae (Allionia choisya Standl.; Okenia hypogaea Schltdle. & Cham.; y Boherhavia coccinea Miller) y una de la familia Malvaceae \pna Nakastetetilak | Titila:wakixiwyo, kipiaime:me:yahlo istá:k. \pea Nakastetetilak : Its leaves are thick, it has white sap. \psa Nakastetetilak : Sus hojas son gruesas, tiene la savia blanca. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb nakas \xrb tila: \nct xiwtli \cpl In a visit to Ameyaltepec Chen Díaz mentioned that the name of a potted plant on his porch was nakastetitilak. Later we found a wild plant that Cristino Flores also identified as nakastetitilak. I have heard the name of this plant given as both nakastetetilak and nakastitilak although apparently the most correct form is that given as a headword here. \ref 05739 \lxa nakaste:tsa:wia \lxac nonakaste:tsa:wia \lxo ---- \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-refl[ca] \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to hear or think one hears (sth, particularly voices) that is not there \ss (refl.) oir o pensar oir (algo, particularmente voces) que no existe en realidad \pna Nonakaste:tsa:wia, kikaki itlah tli:non, wan xmelá:k. \pea He thinks he hears something, he hears something or other and it's not really there. \psa Piensa escuchar algo, oye algo y no es de a de veras. \pna O:nonakaste:tsa:wih. Xka:wa, xmelák. \pea He thought he heard something (i.e., sb talking to him, sb coming along the road, etc.). Forget it, it wasn't real. \psa Pensó que escuchó algo (p. ej., algn hablándole, algn viniendo por el camino, etc.). No era así, no era cierto. \cfa nakaskakaya:wa \cfo naká:skayá:wa \xrb nakas \xrb te:tsa:w \nse The verbal base of this word is related to te:tsa:wtli, an omen. \qry Check to see if such an occurrence is taken as an omen, and if this is a good or bad omen. Note that I have only heard /nakaste:tsa:wia/ in the reflexive; the possibility of a transitive should be investigated. Check /cat coding \ref 04577 \lxa nakaste:tsa:wia \lxac nonakaste:tsa:wia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-Intrans \aff Reduced rpd-s(prev-s) \se to be fooled by a sound; to think one hears something (that does not exist) \ss engañarse por un sonido; creer escuchar algo (que no existe) \xrb nakas \xrb kaya: \qry Check to determine if transitive use exists. Check to determine difference between /nakaskakaya:wa/ and /nakaste:tsa:wia/. \ref 07726 \lxa nakastewe:weyaktik \lxac nakastewe:weyaktik \lxo nakastewe:weyahtik \lxoc nakastewe:weyahtik \dt 09/Jan/2003 \com N-Adj \der Adj-tik-k \aff Lex. infix te-; Lex. rdp-s* \se to be long-eared (an animal) \ss tener las orejas largas (un animal) \pna Melá kwaltsi:n mobeserri:toh, o:tla:kat nakastewe:weyaktik. \pea Your calf it really pretty, it was born with long ears. \psa Tu becerrito es de veras bonito, nació con las orejas largas. \xrb nakas \xrb weya \qry Check the possibility of a form without the intensifier /te-/. Also check the length of the reduplicated vowel. In general note and discuss the nature of adjectives ending in /-ktik/. I have varied constantly between a long and short vowel in the reduplicant. All lexemes with /weweyak/ reduplication should be checked and compared. \sj Check vowel length and presence of /h/. \grm Reduplication: /nakastewe:weyaktik/ 'long-eared (an animal)' The reason for the long-vowel reduplication here is not clear; certainly this should be checked with native speakers. But if it does turn out that the vowel length is correct as recorded, then an explanation should be attempted. \ref 03951 \lxa nakastila:na \lxac kinakastila:na \lxo nakastila:na \lxoc kinakastila:na \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a \se to pull on the ears of (a person or animal) \ss jalarle las orejas a (una persona o animal) \pna Ma:ka a:sta ihkón xne:chnakastitila:na! \pea Don't pull my ears like that (e.g., said by a child, complaining to a mother scolding him)! \psa ¡No me jales así las orejas (p. ej., dicho por un niño quejándose a su mamá quien le estaba regañando)! \cfa nakasmomotsowa \cfo nakaste:motsowa \xrb nakas \xrb tila:na \qry As in other cases, determine if short vowel reduplication is a reflection of either repetitive action or multiple places (i.e., both ears). Can this occur with long vowel reduplication? If so, check for Oapan reduplication reduction. \ref 00290 \lxa nakastlan \lxac i:nakastlan \lxo nakastlah \lxop nakastlan \lxoc i:nakastlah \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-com \infn N2(rel) \se at the side of \ss al lado de \pna Monakastlan ma nikochi. \pea Let me sleep by your side. \psa Déjame dormir a tu lado. \pna Nika:n ma niktla:liinakastlan, te:wan, pa ma ya. \pea Let me place it here by its side (e.g., of some object), let is be there with the rest. \psa Deja que lo coloque aquí a su lado (p. ej., de otra cosa), deja que esté allá con los demás. \pna I:nakastlan metlatl. \pea It is at the side of the metate. \psa Está al lado del metate. \pna Un ne:nkah tepe:tl,inakastlan. \pea That hill over there, at its side. \psa Ese cerro allá, a su lado. \xrb nakas \xrl -tlan \qry Determine whether this can be used with a noun instead of possessive prefix. Also determine whether unpossessed form (i.e., simply /nakastlan/) can be used. \grm Word order: /Monakastlan ma nikochi/ 'Let me sleep at your side.' Note that with single word adverbs the order is usually with the adverbial clause modifier before the predicate, as in this case. Use this as an example in the grammar. \ref 05802 \lxa nakastlantepalka \lxac nakastlantepalka \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj(ap) \com N-N(At) \der N-ap \sea to be hard of hearing \ssa tener dificultades en oir \sea to be a heavy sleeper (who sleeps through a lot of noise) \ssa ser una persona que duerme profundamente (a quien el ruido no despierta fácilmente) \pna Tinakastlantepalka. Tila:wak nomakas. \pea You are a heavy sleeper. You have thick ears. \psa Duermes profundamente (esto es, nada te despierta). Tienes los oidos gruesos. \syna nakastepalka \syno nakastepalka \xrb nakas \xrb tepalka \xrl -tlan \qry Confirm that /nakastepalka/ Oapan and /nakastlantepalka/ Ameyaltepec are synonyms. If needed create two entries. \ref 00092 \lxa nakastlantsotsomi:n \lxac nakastlantsotsomi:n \lxo nakastlantsótsomí:n \lxoc nakastlantsótsomí:n \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se to have bare or hairless ears (in reference to animals) \ss tener las orejas lampiñas, pelonas (en referencia a animales) \pna Nakastlantsotsomi:n, xok kipiaitomio. \pea It has bare ears, they no longer have any fur. \psa Tiene las orjeas pelonas, ya no tienen pelo. \xrb nakas \xrb tsomi:n \xrl -tlan \qry Check etymology. Possible relation of /tsomi:ni/ to /tsontli/? Check other words that have /tsomi:ni/ in them. NOte that whereas in other case the Oa cognate of the Am form is /té:mí:ntik/ or something similar, here uniquely the form /tsótsomí:n/ is given. \ref 04927 \lxa nakastli \lxac nakastli \lxo nakastli \lxoc nakastli \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se ears \ss orejas; oidos \pna ... tonakas \pea ... the (lit. 'our') ears \psa ... las (lit. 'nuestras') orejas \se handles (e.g., of a jug, mug, cup, etc.) \ss asas (p. ej., de un cántaro, taza, etc.) \pna ...inakas tso:tsokohli \pea ... the handles of a three-handled water jug \psa ... las asas de un cántaro con tres asas \sem body \xrb nakas \grm Possession: Intrinsice: /-yo/: Note that in general body parts when possessed, even when referring to a part of a material object, do not accept the use of /-yo/ (i.e., even when a part/whole). Thus even the handles ('ears') of a water jug are referred to as /i:nakas/ and not */i:nakasyo/. \ref 02561 \lxa nakatelowa \lxac kinakatelowa \lxo ---- \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \sea to strip; to take off ones clothes \ssa desvestirse; quitarse la ropa \pna O:nonakateloh, ye na:lti:s. \pea He took off his clothes, he's about to go swimming. \psa Se quitó la ropa, ya va a nadar. \xrb naka \xrb tel \nae The only documentation of this verb to date is in the reflexive. \qry The only example I have of this word is in the reflexive; check for nonreflexive use. \ref 02994 \lxa nakatetl \lxac nakatetl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se person who is naked or in the buff \ss persona desnuda \se bird without feathers (e.g., a newly born bird); animal without hair (a newly born animal) \ss pájaro o ave sin plumas (p. ej., un pájaro recién nacido); animal sin pelos (un animal recién nacido) \flao -tetl \syno a:latetl \xrb naka \xrb te \fl -tetl \qry Check to make sure the meaning 'without hair' is correct; I added it on my own based on the meaning 'without feathers' but do not have documentation of this use in my notes. \ref 03694 \lxa nakatl \lxac nakatl \lxo nakatl \lxoc nakatl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrins \se (alienable possession) meat \ss (posesión enajenable) carne \se (intrinsic possession) flesh (of ones body) \ss (posesión intrínseca) carne del cuerpo \pna Kipiainakayo. \pea It has flesh (e.g., a bone that still has flesh). \psa Tiene carne (p. ej., un hueso que todavía tiene carne, que es carnoso). \xrb naka \ref 04262 \lxa nakatlatliwa:tsahli \lxac nakatlatliwa:tsahli \lxo ---- \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \sea roasted meat, that is roasted directly on coals, or even on a clay griddle \ssa carne asada, sobre las brazas o hasta sobre un comal \src CF Am 901/03 \syno nakatliwa:hki \sem food \sem meat \xrb naka \xrb tli \xrb wa: \nse In Oapan nakatliwa:hki refers to meat that is fried in a pan; in Ameyaltepec nakatlatliwa:tsahli apparently refers to meat (beef, venison, chicken, etc.) that is cooked directly on coals or in a coal pit. \qry The /nse notes should be checked. Check for documentation of possessed form. \ref 00905 \lxa nakayoh \lxac nakayoh \lxo nakayoh \lxoc nakayoh \dt 26/Jan/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \seao to be fatty; to be chubby (a person) \ssao estar o ser gordo (una persona) \seao to be meaty; to be fleshy (an animal) \ssao ser carnoso (un animal) \xrb naka \ref 01079 \lxa nakayo:tia \lxac nonakayo:tia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2(refl) \der V2-d-yo:tia \infv class-2a \tran +Refl/-trans \se (refl.) for ones flesh to heal (e.g., after a wound) \ss (refl.) quedarsele la piel compuesta (p. ej., al recuperar de una herida) \sea (refl. + short vowel reduplication) (fig.) to lie down and rest after a heavy meal \ssa (refl. + reduplicación con vocal corta) (fig.) acostarse y descansar después de una comida \pna Ma nimonanakayo:titiwetsi. \pea Let me \psa \xrb naka \ref 07880 \lxa namaka \lxaa nemaka \lxac kinamaka \lxo namaka \lxoa nemaka \lxoc kinemaka, kinamaka \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv irregular, cf. maka, e.g., perfective: o:tlanamak; prog. tlanamakatok \se to sell \ss vender \pna Wel nitlanamaka. \pea I can sell things. \psa Puedo vender. \pna Kina:namakaitlayo:l. \pea He sells his maize here and there. \psa Vende su maíz por aquí y por allá. \xrb namaka \xvca namaki:ltia \nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am), the reduplicative pattern in both dialects apparently accepts both the reduplication of the verbal stem, e.g., tlanenemaka or tlane:nemaka (Am), or reduplication of the antipassive form, tla:tlanemaka, here apparently only a long vowel reduplicant is acceptable. According to Inocencio D \qry Check perfective plural: /o:kina:makeh/? Add to paradigm. \rt Check all words with /na:-/ as part of the root and determine whether any further analysis can be made. Here it would seem possible to divide /na:maka/ into /na: + maka/. And note that /na:-/ does enter into many words that seem to indicate some sort of returning action (e.g., /na:nkilia/, /-na:l/, etc.). \nse Conduct further analysis on root analysis of {na: + maka}. \vl Use first female token and second male token. \ref 02974 \lxa namaki:ltia \lxaa nemaki:ltia \lxac kinamaki:ltia \lxo namaki:ltia \lxoa nemaki:ltia \lxoc kinamaki:ltia \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to sell to or for \ss vender a o por \pna Mistlanamakilti:s ikaitepalkatsitsi:wa:n. \pea He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls. \psa Te va a vender sus ollas de cerámica. \pna Xne:chnamakilti o:me kwarti:yoh motlayo:l. \pea Sell me two cuartillos of your maize. \psa Véndeme dos cuartillos de tu maíz. \pna Xne:chnamakilti nokoya:res, san na:htetsi:n. \pea Sell my necklaces for me, just four of them. \psa Vende mis collares por mí, solamente cuatro de ellos. \se (with te:- object prefix) to sell (a given good or item) \ss (con prefijo de objeto te:-) vender (algún tipo de mercancía, etc.) \pna Kite:namakiltia xo:chitl. \pea He sells flowers \psa Vende flores. \xrb namaka \xvbao namaka \nae Namakiltia is unusual in that a causative ending (-ltia) has an applicative or benefactive meaning, 'to sell for' or 'to sell to.' For full discussion, see a:kiltia. \grm Antipassive: /Mistlana:makilti:s ika i:tepalkatsitsi:wan/ 'He'll sell to you his ceramic bowls.' Again, here we note a transitive verb with /tla-/ prefixed, followed by an oblique expression of the patient, what in other contexts would be the direct object. \ref 02843 \lxa na:mí: \lxo na:mí: \dt 17/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seo see na:miki \sso véase na:miki \cfo ní: \xrb na:miki \ref 08758 \lxa na:miki \lxac kina:miki \lxo na:miki \lxoa na:mi'i \lxoc kina:miki \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to meet \ss encontrar \pna Me:roh yewa te:na:miki ika músikah. \pea He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta). \psa Es él mero quien espera a los músicos (p. ej., recibiéndolos con mescal o bebida, por ejemplo, cuando llegan al pueblo durante una fiesta). \se to be right for; to be appropriate for; to be just compensation for \ss ser justo para; ser apropiado para; ser correcto para (dada las circumstancias); ser lo merecido para \pna Kwahli ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa:s i:n. \pea It suits me well to eat this. \psa Me queda bien comer este. \pna Xkina:miki. \pea It's not right (i.e., it's not the appropriate response or action in the circumstances, perhaps it was an overreaction). \psa No le es apropiado (p. ej., no es la reacción apropiada en las circumstancias). \pna Ihkón kina:miki. \pea That's what he deserves. \psa Esto es lo que merece. \pna Xkina:miki tli:n tikchi:wtok. \pea What you are doing is not appropriate. \psa No le viene lo que estás haciendo. \pna Seki niman kite:maka tli:n kipia, ya despwé:s xok kitlakwaltian, wa:niba:les niman kihlian, "ihkón mitsna:miki. Tle:ka niman o:tmak tli:n tikpia? \pea Some (in this case men) give away (to their children in inheritance) what they have right away. Later they (the children) don't feed him (the father) and his friends then say to him , "That's what you deserve. Why did you give him what you had right away? (i.e., you should have waited until you were on your deathbed). \psa Algunos (en este caso hombres) luego luego dan (a sus hijos en herencia) lo que tienen. Después ya no le dan de comer. Y sus amigos luego le dicen, "Así lo mereces. ¿Por qué le, diste lo que tenías luego?" (esto es, hubieras esperado hasta que estuvieras a punto de morir). \se to be the right size for \ss ser la talla correcta para \pna Ne:chna:miki nowera:ch, kwahli ne:chasi. \pea My sandal fits me, it's just the right size. \psa Me queda mi huarach, me queda bien. \pna Xkita deke kina:mikiite:ntsahka. \pea See if its top is the right size for it. \psa Ve si le queda su tapón. \se (recipr.) to meet; to meet up (persons) \ss (recipr.) encontrarse; reunir (personas) \pna Ne: timona:mikin. \pea We'll meet up there. \psa Allí nos encontramos. \se (recipr.) to border (e.g., one piece of property on the other) \ss (recipr.) compartir un lindero; encontrarse (dos terrenos, etc.) \pna Ne: nona:mikin un toba:les ikainkorrá:l. \pea There is where our friends' fences meet. \psa Allí es donde se encuentran las cercas de nuestros amigos. \pna Ka:sta nona:mikin? \pea Where exactly (how far away) do they meet (in this case the border between two pieces of land)? \psa ¿Precisamente hasta dónde se juntan (en este caso una límite entre dos terrenos)? \se (-wa:n plus refl.) to border on; to meet up with \ss (-wa:n con refl.) lindar con; encontrarse con \pna Tetetlan iwa:n nona:miki A:poye:ka:n. \pea Tetetlan borders on Apoyecan. \psa Tetetlan linda con Apoyecan. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to help out (in a task that requires that one is constantly helping another complete minitasks) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) ayudar (en una tarea que require que uno siempre está ayudando a otra persona acabar con repetidas tareas pequeñas) \pna Kinana:mikiii:joh. \pea His son helps him out (in this case in a task in which the son meets up with his father repeatedly, such as stripping corn leaves from the stalk, starting from the opposite end of each furrow and heading toward his father). \psa Su hijo le ayuda (en este caso a cumplir una tarea, yendo a encontrar a su padre una vez tras otra, por ejemplo en el zacateo, empezando al lado contrario del surco). \xrb na:miki \xvca na:miktia \xvco na:mihtia \cfa nana:mik \nae There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in tlanamá:s for tlanamakas, or tlapá:s for tlapa:kas. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with kiní: for kineki and kina:mí: for kina:miki. \qry /Me:roh yewa te:na:miki i:ka músikah./ 'He's the very one who greets the musicians (e.g., receiving them with, for example, drink or mescal as they enter a village for a fiesta).' Recheck the translation. Here /i:ka músikah/ refers to the object, the people received. In this sense it is much like an antipassive with /tla-/. However, another reading would have it being "he greets (people) with music" and here "music" would be the music and musicians who go out as part of the greeting party. The translation needs to be checked. \qry Check the example with short vowel reduplication (should it be long?). Also check whether a separate meaning sense is appropriate for long vowel reduplication. Check meaning of /ne:chna:na:miki para nihkwa i:n/ and if this would be correct without the reduplication with long vowel (or what the difference would be without any reduplication). \grm Oapan abbreviation/acopation: There are several verbs in Oapan that reduce the final two syllables to one in certain non-present tenses. Often this occurs in sequences of /-aka/ as in tlanamá:s for tlanamakas, or tlapá:s for tlapa:kas. However, there are other cases in which the reduction is not the result of a final /aka/ sequence and in which the verb form is also found in the present. This is the case with kiní: for kineki and kina:mí: for kina:miki. \rt Cf. entry under /na:maka/ in regards to root analysis and etymology. \ref 02413 \lxa na:miktia \lxac kina:miktia \lxo na:mihtia \lxoc kina:mihtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to marry off (a father or parent of a son or daughter) \ss casar (un padre a su hijo o hija) \pna A:man kina:miktiaite:lpo:ch (i:chpo:ch). \pea Today he is marrying off his son (his daughter). \psa Hoy casa a su hijo (su hija). \pna Ne:chna:mikti:s ika sibí:l. \pea He will give me away in marriage in a civil ceremony. \psa Me va a dar en casamiento en una ceremonia civil. \pna A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia. \pea Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter). \psa Hoy no alcanzas, vas a casar a un hijo (hijo o hija). \pna Ne:chna:mikti:s un tio:pixki. \pea That priest will marry me. \psa Ese sacerdote me va a casar. \se (refl.) to get married \ss (refl.) to get married \pna Nona:mikti:s. \pea He (or she) will get married. \psa El (o ella) se va a casar. \se to close; to place together (one side of an object with another, or one thing with another) \ss cerrar; hacer juntar (un lado de un objeto con otro, o una cosa con otra) \pna Xna:mikti un pwe:rtah! \pea Close the door (but without locking it, i.e., pulling it so that the sides of the door come together, in this case used in reference to a two-hinged door that closes in the middle)! \psa ¡Cierra esa puerta (pero no con llave, en este caso jalando una puerta doble para que los dos lados se junten en medio)! \pna Kina:na:miktia mokoto:n. \pea She sews together one part of your shirt with another. \psa Cose una parte de tu camisa con otra. \cfa i:xna:miktia \cfo i:xna:mihtia \xrb na:miki \xv1a tlana:miktia \xv1o tlana:mihtia \xvbao na:miki \nse The use of na:miktia with the sense of 'to marry off' refers to the action of a parent giving his or her child in marriage. It does not refer to the action of the bridegroom or bride, for which the verb a:na 'to marry' is used. However, na:miktia can also be used to refer to the actions of officials such as priests in conducting marriage ceremonies. Finally, note that na:miktia seems to be derived from a noun, na:miktli 'spouse' and is not a causative. Rather, it seems to have a sense of 'provide with spouse.' Na:miktia can also be used to indicate the action of placing one part of an object, or one object, in close proximity to another, i.e., to close or place next to, closing. This too is analyzed here as a denominal verb, given that the sense seems to be that of providing one side of an object, or one object, with its "partner" (na:miktli). In the phrase referring to the sewing of a shirt, the action indicated is that of sewing together fabric once and again, i.e. in putting together a shirt by sewing fabric together in various places. The argument that this is not a causative is also based on the fact that there is no increase in valency from na:miki to na:miktia. \grm Discuss case of /na:miktia/ in grammar in regards to causatives. \ref 03279 \lxa na:n \lxac na:n tikateh \lxo na:n \lxoc na:n \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se here; in this area; around here \ss acá, por acá \pna A:man na:n titlakwilo:skeh. \pea Now we'll write here. \psa Ahora, vamos a escribir acá. \cfa na:nkah \xrb na:n \nse Although probably derived from nika:n the form na:n appears to refer to a more extensive space, one less less precise or directly indicated than /nika:n/. Thus whereas in Spanish na:n might be translated as 'acá,' nika:n would perhaps be more precisely translated as 'aquí.' \mod For all such words that are unusual uttered alone, a new elicitation should be taken with context, e.g., /na:n tikchiaskeh/, etc. \rt Indicate that since /na:n/ might be derived from /nika:n/, the root /na:n/ should be cross-referenced with /ka:n/. \ref 05150 \lxa na:nah \lxac na:nah \lxo na:nah \lxoc na:nah \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \aff Lex. rpd-l \infn N0 \se (vocative) mother-in-law \ss (vocativo) suegra \se (vocative; rare) mother \ss (vocativo; raro) mamá \xrb na:n \nse Na:nah is used to address one's mother and, out of respect, it is usually extended to one's mother-in-law. The failure to do so is considered to show lack of respect for one's spouse's mother. According to the documentation to date, the possessive form *nona:nah is not acceptable. However, this needs to be rechecked. \qry Recheck etymology and final /h/. Also check to see if this term is used in addressing any other real or fictive kin. \ref 04198 \lxa nana:mik \lxac i:nana:mik \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea helper (in reference to one who helps by performing the same repeated task as the principal worker, helping again and again to complete each repetition, such as weeding rows in a cornfield) \ssa ayudante (generalmente en referencia a una persona que le ayuda a otra en una tarea que implica la repetición continua de una misma tarea, como limpiar los surcos en una milpa) \pna Kipia inana:mik. \pea He has his helper. \psa Tiene su ayudante. \xrb na:miki \nse In general nana:mik is used to refer to a child helper, who goes with an adult (often his father) and helps by starting at the other end of a chore (such as weeding a row of plants) and repeatedly comes to meet the principal worker. \nde Oapan has the verbal form, e.g., mí:sna:míki but not the nominalization. \qry I have never heard /-na:miki/ used in a nonpossessed form, though its possibility should be check. In general this word refers to someone, usually a child, who helps another in a task, particularly work in the "surcos," coming to help someone so that he does not lag behind the rest, who are faster. Cf. entry under /na:miki/. \ref 01920 \lxa nana:ntsi:n \lxac nana:ntsi:n \lxo náná:ntsi:n \lxoc náná:ntsi:n \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \se Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, tree of the family Malpighiaceae; some consultants from Ameyaltepec distinguish two types: nana:ntsi:n de kokostik and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi \ss Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, árbol de la familia Malpighiaceae; algunos consultantes de Ameyaltepec distinguen entre dos tipos: nana:ntsi:n de kokostik and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi \se fruit of the Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth \ss fruta del Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth \pna Nana:ntsi:n | Nokwaitla:kihlo. Bwe:noh paraitsontekon burrosi:yah noso kaba:yosi:yah, no: para trase:rah. \pea Nana:ntsi:n : Its fruit is eaten. It is good for the horn of a saddle for donkeys or for horses, also for its back. \psa Nana:ntsi:n : Se come su fruta. Es bueno para la parte de la silla de burro o caballo donde se agarra la riata, también para la parte de atrás donde el jinete se recarga. \sem plant \sem kohtli \sem edible \xrb na:n \nse Honorio de la Rosa (Am) distinguished two types of nana:ntsi:n: nana:ntsi:n de kokostik and nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi, something which consultants from other villages did not do. They have both tentatively been identified as Byrsonima crassifolia. According to Hoyo de la Rosa, however, the na> nana:ntsi:n de kokostik has fruit which turns yellow and becomes edible on the tree; the nana:ntsi:n xoxo:hka:iksi, however, falls off while still green (and this is how it is eaten). This is indeed the case, though whether these represent two distinct Latin species is not clear. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as of the family Malpighiaceae and genus/species Byrsonina crassifolia. Guizar and Sánchez (1991:148) identify this as the "nanche amarillo." They also give two other members of the Malpighiaceae family: Malpighia mexicana, the 'nanche rojo' or 'guajocote' and the Bunchosia lanceolata, the 'nanche de coyote' or 'nanche de zorra.' Schoenhals (1988) lists only the Byrsonina crassifolia (under nance and nanche) and the Bunchosia lanceolata (under capulincillo). Under nance: "(Byrsonima crassifolia) 'nanche,' 'pickle tree.' A tre with small, acid, red or yellow berries which are edible." Under capulincillo: "1. The term is used for bushes and trees of at least eight genera; most, if not all, have small berry-like fruits. 2. (Ribes spp., e.g., R. ciliatum) 'gooseberry.' A shrub with greenish-white, fragrant flowers and a berry-like fruit with several seeds. 3. (Rhamnus spp., e.g., R. serrata) 'buckthorn.' See capulín cimarrón. 4. (Pernettya cilata) '[family] heath.' A shrub of mountain savannas and meadows. The fruit resembles a blueberry and is very juicy. Also called arrayán, capiroto, lengua de vaca, lolito, tecapulín, tesguate. 5. (Conostegia xalapensis) 'tropical blueberry.' A small fruit with a good blueberry flavor. Also called conostegia, pupu. 6. (Karwinskia humboldtiana) 'Humboldt coyotillo.' See tullidora. 7. (Bunchosia lanceolata) '[family] malpighia.' A bush with climbing tendencies. Yellow flowers; fruit has one seed. Also called zapotillo de San Juan. 8. (Belotia spp., e.g., B. mexicana) '[family] basswood.' Tree is up to 30 m. tall. Violet flowers; fruit is a capsule covered with rigid hairs. Also called cerza, corcho colorado, cotomate, cuapetate, guacimilla, yaco de venado." \nct kohtli \qry Note that Ramírez (1991) has /nana:ntsi:n/. On my filecard I have simply /na:ntsi:n/, but on a list of trees I had /nanantsinkuhtli/. Since I seem to remember the reduplication this is how I have entered it for now. But it should be checked. Perhaps enter /burrosi:yah/ and /kaba:yosi:yah/ as headwords. Definitely determine what /itsontekon burrosi:yah/ refers to, and what the /trase:rah/ is. \ref 04418 \lxa nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik \lxac nana:ntsi:n de un kokostik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb \ref 08590 \lxa nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi \lxac nana:ntsi:n de un xoxo:hka:iksi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtli \xrb \ref 08589 \lxa nana:ntsi:nkuwtli \lxac nana:ntsi:nkuwtli \lxo nána:ntsi:nkóhtli \lxoc nána:ntsi:nkóhtli \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \aff Lex. rdp-s \pa yes-rdp \se Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, tree of the Malpighiacea family; see nana:ntsi:n (Am) / náná:ntsi:n (Oa) \ss Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, árbol de la familia Malpighiacea; véase nana:ntsi:n (Am) / náná:ntsi:n (Oa) \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb na:n \xrb kow \ref 04217 \lxa nana:ntsi:npepena \lxac nana:ntsi:npepena \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08112 \lxa na:nika \lxac na:nika \lxo na:nika \lxoa na:nyá \lxoc na:nika; na:nyá \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv \com Adv-Subord \der Adv-pl \se in this direction; over here \ss hacia acá; en esta dirección \pna Na:nika xwa:hla, ka:n tlase:waya:n! \pea Come over here, where there is shade! \psa ¡Ven acá, donde hay sombra! \pna Xmotsonakate:ka na:nika! \pea Lie down on your side facing this way! \psa ¡Acuéstate por el costado, mirando hacia acá! \xrb na:n \xrb -ka \nae This compound is clearly derived from the adverb na:n and probably the same ika that introduces subordinate and complement phrases, particularly those involving instrumentals. The absence of velarization after the final /n/ of na:n suggests an analysis of one, not two, words. In Oapan \qry Check etymology. Also confirm absence of final /h/. Perhaps related to the postposition /-ka/ or to the verb. Phonology; word division: Check and correct vowel length. I have made all entries with a long /i:/ given the probably derivation from the relational /-ka/ with the possessor prefix. But this should be checked. The absnece of velarization on the /n/ (i.e., not [na:ng i:ka]) suggests analysis as one word of this and all /i:ka/ forms. \vl Note that there are two sets of pronunciations: /na:nika/ and /na:nya/. The final entry should have both. \ref 03072 \lxa na:ni:tah \lxac na:ni:tah \lxo na:ni:tah \lxoc na:ni:tah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn NO/N2 (poss. vocativo) \se (vocative) ma'am (generally used, including by Ameyaltepequeños, to address elder women from Oapan) \ss (vocativo) señora (utilizado generalmente, también por mayores de edad, para dirigirse a mujeres de edad avanzada de oapan) \se (tona:ni:tah) elder woman from Oapan \ss (tona:ni:tah) señora de Oapan \pna Se: tona:ni:tah o:ne:chmak. \pea An older woman from Oapan gave it to me. \psa Una oapaneca adulta me lo dio. \cfao ta:ti:tah; ma:noh \xrb na:n \cfa tati:tah \nse This term is used to refer to older Oapan women, apparently either married or not. In general it is common for villagers from one village to use address terms from another village in referring to inhabitants from that village. \ref 03157 \lxa na:nkah \lxac na:nkah \lxo na:nkah \lxoc na:nkah \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv Irregular: na:n nunkah, na:n tunkah, na:nkah, na:n tikateh, na:n nankateh, na:n kateh \seao to be here \ssao estar aquí \pna Na:nkah! Xkwi:ka! \pea Here it is! Take it away! \psa ¡Aquí está! ¡Llévatelo! \se (i:n ~) this one here; the one that is here \ss (i:n ~) éste que está aquí; este mismo \pna In na:nkah a:matl, na:nkah a:chi kana:wak de iwa:n in na:nkah oksé, na:nkah ma:s tila:wak. \pea This piece of paper here, it is a little thinner here in comparison with this other one here, which is a little thicker. \psa Este papel aquí, está algo delgado en comparasión con este otro, que está más grueso. \pna In na:nkah kinene:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón. \pea This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it. \psa Este que está aquí es similar al otro allí, es parecido a él (es de la misma manera). \cfao na:n; ne:nkah \xrb na:n \xrb ka \nae Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: na:n tunkah 'you are here.' Note also that na:nkah may be used in a relative clause, nihkwis in na:nkah 'I'll take this one here' ('I'll take the one that is here'). Certainly the distribution, use, and function of na:nkah needs to be further researched. But for now it appears that na:nkah can be 'It is here' (i.e., in showing something) or, with in it can mean 'the one that is here.' \qry I have treated this as one word. In the example phrase /in na:nkah a:matl.../ the use of /na:nka/ as in /na:nka a:chi kana:wak/ should be checked, as should the use of /de iwa:n/. This phrase is recorded on DT #1, 048. Check length of /i:n/ and check and correct in all entries and texts. \grm Copula: Given the stress pattern [ná:nkah], this is treated as one word even though with an overt subject marker the adverb is preverbal: na:n tunkah 'you are here.' This suggests that the copula is at times to be considered a proclitic bound tightly to other parts of speech. Cf. Oapan's use of the future /yes/ in forms such as /tí:sowa:tíhyes/. \ref 00277 \lxa na:nkas \lxac xya san na:nkas \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm Adv \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07748 \lxa na:nkilia \lxac kina:nkilia \lxo na:nkilia \lxoc kina:nkilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to answer (a person, e.g., in response to a question) \ss contestar (a una persona, p. ej., en respuesta a una pregunta) \pna Xekah tlana:nkilia. \pea No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.). \psa Nadie contesta (el teléfono, la puerta, etc.). \se to respond affirmatively to; to answer in the affirmative; to agree with or to \ss contestar afirmativamente a \pna Xo:timitsna:nkilih pa:mpa nikoxtlatsiwtok. Xka:wa, nihkaktok. \pea I didn't answer you in the affirmative because I'm feeling lazy with sleep. But indeed (contrary to what you might think) I do hear it (what you are saying, asking). \psa No te contesté en lo afirmativo porque me siento flojo por el sueño. Pero si (contrariamente a lo que se podría pensar), lo estoy escuchando (lo que me dices). \pna Niman tlana:nkilia, ke:n tlatowa:ni. \pea He responds right away (in this case to a call for a town meeting), he is always ready to talk. \psa Luego luego responde (en este caso a una llamada para una junta del pueblo), está puesto para hablar. \se to talk back to; to give lip to; to stand up to; to face up to (sb, in challenging them) \ss contestar en forma desafiante; enfrentar; ser insolente a \pna Xkaman ne:chna:nkilia, kichi:wa tli:n nikna:watia. \pea He never answers me back (gives me lip), he does what I tell him to (in this case referring to the child of the speaker) \psa Nunca me desafía (nunca se opone), hace lo que le ordeno (en este caso se refiere al hijo del que habla) \pna Tiktla:tlawtia. Tle:ka xtikteuwi:teki? Xmistla:kamati, mitsnana:nkilia. \pea You pity him (in this case an insolent child). Why don't you give him a thrashing? He doesn't obey you, he gives you lip. \psa Le tienes lástima (en este casa a un niño insolente). ¿Por qué no le des una paliza? No te obedece, te es insolente. \se to echo; to resound \ss hacer eco a; resoñar \pna Kina:nkilia un tepe:tl pa:mpa chika:wak o:tsatsik. \pea That hill sends back an echo of his voice because he shouted loudly. \psa Ese cerro le hace eco porque gritó fuertemente. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to tentatively answer (in the affirmative) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) contestar en lo afirmativo, pero tentativamente \pna Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia. \pea He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth). \psa Ya empezó a dejarse convencer (p. ej., poco a poco se deja convencer para hacer algo). \pna Ne:chna:na:nkilia, xe kwahli ne:chna:nkilia. \pea He's sort of agreed to do it for me, but he's still not given me a really good (positive) answer. \psa Tentativamente me ha dicho que sí, pero todavía no me contesta bien (en lo afirmativo). \se (with long vowel reduplication) to echo (repeatedly, back and forth); to reverberate or resound (e.g, between two walls or hills) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) hacer eco (una y otra vez); reverberar (p. ej., entre dos paredes o cerros) \pna Kina:na:nkilitok un tepe:tl. \pea It (in this case music played over a loudspeaker) is resounding (echoing) back and forth off that hill. \psa Se reverbera (hace eco) por aquel cerro (en este caso música que se toca por un altavoz). \pna Kina:na:nkilia un a:tlawtli, komo:ntok a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea That gourge makes (the floodwaters) resound back and forth, the floodwaters are making a booming sound. \psa Esa barranca hace resoñar (las aguas que van bajando del cerro), las aguas torrentiales están tronando. \xrb na:nki \nse In some case na:nkilia can refer to answering in the affirmative (xo:mitsna:nkilih? 'Did he respond (affirmatively)?') while in other cases it refers to answering in a challenging way, to standing up to, to challenging. Context determines the sense of the verb and the nature of the response (affirmative or challenging). \grm tla- /Xekah tlana:nkilia/ 'No one answers (the door, telephone, etc.). Again here note the use of tla- rather than te:- to indicate an action that certainly involves answering a person. Cf. to /A:man xtikaxili:s, titlana:miktia/ 'Today you won't have time, you are marrying off a child (i.e., a son or daughter).' in which tla- is also used to indicate the performance of an action with no specific object. Indeed, it seems rare that /te:-/ is used in this situation. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Yo:pe:w kina:na:nkilia/ 'He's started to come around to agreeing (e.g., he's slowly becoming convinced to do sth).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication to indicate an action that occurs once and again, yet slowly over time. The implication is of an incipient action, one that is partially completed once and again. Cf. to similar use in a construction such as /ko:kochi/ 'to nod off and on in sleep'. In general document use of long vowel reduplication. \rt The word na:nkilia apparently contains a stem na:n that perhaps is found in words like na:maka. \vl Note that the first sequence of four tokens here is incorrect. It is /kina:ki:lia/ and they should be tagged as 6430. NOTE: Kevin, when you get to these mention it to me as I'd like to check these. \ref 03827 \lxa na:ntia \lxac nona:ntia \lxo na:ntia \lxoc kinona:ntia \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-tia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to claim or treat as one's mother (e.g., a neice of the adult woman) \ss (refl.) reclamar o tratar como madre (p. ej., la sobrina de una mujer adulta) \xrb na:n \cfa ikni:wtia; suwa:wtia; tatia \cfo ihni:htia; siwa:wtia; tátiá \nae Although Classical Nahuatl (Molina) has nantia. nino 'tomar a alguna como madre' other similar forms include a specific object, e.g., tatia. nicno 'tomar a otro por padre.' This might well represent a simple error or variation in Classical, but it does perhpas reflect the tentative nature of overt marking of the specific object. Note that in Ameyaltepec the tendency is to not overtly represent the object, i.e., nona:ntia, whereas in Oapan this is overtly marked: kinona:ntia. \nde As expeced the Oapan form has both objects marked. The reflexive coreferences the subject, the child who takes an adult as a father, and the specific object references the adult. Thus one might have mitsnótatiía 'he takes you as a father.' \qry Check for /na:ntia/. Check for meaning of /tatia/; does it mean to take sb for ones father, or does it make to reclaim/recognize one as one's father. This is important. Perhaps both are correct. Check how specific object is incorporated, i.e., nimitsna:ntia or nimitsnona:ntia, etc. \ref 06225 \lxa na:ntli \lxac na:ntli \lxo na:ntli \lxoc na:ntli \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se mother (human or animal) \ss madre (humano o animal) \pna Me:roh yewa na:ntli, ke:n we:i ki:saikone:wa:n. \pea That very one is the mother (e.g., of my animals: pigs, burros, etc.), she has born a lot of children. \psa Esa mera es la mamá (p. ej., de mis animales: burros, marranos, etc.), le han salido muchos niños. \seo trunk (of a tree, i.e,. that which gives birth to the offshoots) \sso tronco (de un árbol, esto es, de donde nacen los retoños) \pno Yun na:nkah san te:kone:w, me:ro na:ntli katka yo:ntsontek. \peo The ones that are here are just offshoots, it was the trunk itself (of a tree) that I chopped down. \pso Los que aquí están son puros retoños, el que era el mero tronco, yo lo tumbé. \sea (i:tik or ara:joh + -na:ntsi:n) phrase used to make an insulting reference to ones mother \ssa (i:tik o ara:joh + -na:ntsi:n) frase empleada para hacer una referencia insultante a la madre de uno \pna Ara:johitikina:ntsi:n, xmelá:k! \pea Screw his mother, it's not true! \psa ¡Chinga su madre, no es verdad! \pna A:ra mona:ntsi:n (=itik mona:ntsi:n)! \pea Screw your mother! \psa ¡Chinga tu madre! \sem kin \xrb na:n \nse Apparently in Ameyaltepec the possessed diminutive, -na:ntsi:n, is often used in a negative or insulting sense. Or, in Oapan, it may be used interjectionally: A:y nona:ntsi:n!. \ref 05970 \lxa nanwameh \lxac nanwameh \lxo nó:méh \lxoc nó:méh \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes \se you all \ss ustedes; vosotros \xrb nanwa \ref 01393 \lxa na:palowa \lxac kina:palowa \lxo na:palowa \lxoc kina:palowa \dt 11/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi[x] \infv class-2b \se to hug; to hold in ones arms; to gather up in ones arms \ss abrazar; cargar en los brazos; juntar y cargar en los brazos \pna Kina:palotok ikone:w. \pea She is holding her child in her arms. \psa Está cargando su niño en los brazos. \pna O:hna:palo:to notlikoh. O:nikwa:hkik nika:n ka:n nitlatlama:malti:s. \pea I went to gather up my firewood in my arms. I brought it here where I will load up my animals. \psa Fui a traer mi leña en los brazos. Lo traje aquí donde voy a cargas mis bestias. \se (refl.) to hug oneself; to wrap ones arms around the body \ss (refl.) abrazarse; colocar los brazos alrededor del cuerpo \pna O:nimona:paloh pa:mpa nisekwi. \pea I hugged myself because I'm cold. \psa Me abracé porque tengo frío. \se to have sex with; to make love to (usually in reference to a man [subject] having sex with a woman) \ss hacer el amor con; tener relaciones sexuales con (usualmente en referencia a un hombre [sujeto] teniendo relaciones sexuales con una mujer) \pna Xkaman kina:palowa suwa:tl. \pea He never has sex with a woman. \psa Nunca hace el amor con una mujer. \se to pass over or extend from one side to another; to pass around the circumference (of a hill, of the back of a beast of burden, etc.) \ss extenderse de un lado a otro; extenderse alrededor de, por la orilla (de un cerrito, del lomo de una bestia, etc.) \pna Kina:palotok lo:mah. \pea It stretches over both sides of the hill (in this case a parcel of land that goes from one side of a hill, over the top and then down the other side). \psa Se extiende por los dos lados del cerro (en este caso una parcela de terreno que va de un lado a otro de un cerro, pasando por el punto más alto). \xrb na:pal \xvaao na:palowilia \qry Check to determine if there is an intransitive form, although I do not remember ever hearing one. \grm In general for a grammatical analysis it will be useful to determine which verbs of nondirected alternation are lacking either the transitive or intransitive form. \ref 01632 \lxa na:palowilia \lxacpend na:palowilia \lxo na:palowilia \lxocpend na:palowilia \dt 13/Jun/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2b \seao to cradle or hold a child for \ssao sostener o abrazar un niño para \xrb na:pal \xv2ao tlana:palowilia \ref 08812 \lxa na:wahli \lxac na:wahli \lxo na:wahli \lxoc na:wahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pl. Am.: na:na:walteh, Oa.: na:na:waltih \seao nahual; witch \ssao nahual; brujo \pna Tlaka ye tina:wahli. Xka:wa, saka ye tio:stli. \pea By goodness you're a nahual! No, it's not what I believed, it's just that you're pregnant (said in joke to a woman who was just showing her pregnancy). \psa ¡A poco eres un nahual! No, no es lo que creía, es solamente que estás embarazada (dicho en broma a una mujer a quien apenas se le estaba notando su embarazo). \xrb na:wa \nse Some people understand a na:wahli to be a person who can transform themself into something, usually an animal but also things such as a tla:lme:stli. However, others say that it refers to people who have an animal alterego, or companion animal. It seems that both are properties of na:na:walteh. \qry Note that the first recorded /a:/ is definitely long and should be recorded and written as such in all entries. Add texts on /na:na:walteh/. Check second vowel. \ref 01154 \lxa -na:wak \lxac mona:wak \lxo -na:wak \lxoc nimona:wak \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss \infn N2 \se (ritual) in the house of; near to (a person; used only in we:we:tlato:hli) \ss (ritual) en la casa de; junto a (una persona; empleado solamente en los we:we:tlato:hli) \pna ... mona:wak mawistla:katl ... \pea ... in your presence, honorable sir ... \psa ... en su presencia, respetable señor ... \synao -na:k \xrl -na:wak \nse Apparently -na:wak is equivalent in meaning to -na:k except that the former is found only in archaic and ritual speech. To date it has been documented only in the recorded we:we:tlato:hli of don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec. According to Luis Lucena (Am) -na:wak is used only as a greeting in these ritual speeches. According to Florencia Marcelino (Oa) in Oapan very few people use this form. One person she remembers hearing it from is Feliciano Domínguez, a former schoolteacher from Oapan, who would enter town meetings saying, nimona:wak ma:nomeh. Others would occasionally use this same greeting in the same context. \ref 00737 \lxa na:walchichi \lxac na:walchichi \lxo na:walchichi \lxoc na:walchichi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-ap \infn N1 \se person with a dog as his nahual \ss persona con un perro como su nahual \xrb na:wa:l \xrb chichi \qry Check for other animals that might be used in such compounds. Probably coyote would be so used, e.g., ?na:walko:yo:tl. Note that I originally had this with a long second vowel /na:wa:lchichi/ but have changed this to a short vowel given that I have /na:wahli/ with a short vowel. The words /na:wahli/, /na:walchichi/ and /na:walkwa/ should all be rechecked. \ref 01761 \lxa na:walkwa \lxac kina:walkwa \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \sea to eat the nahual of (i.e., for the nahual of one person [S] to eat that of another [O]) \ssa comer el náhual de (esto es, por el náhual de uno [S] comer el náhual de otro [O]) \xrb na:wal \xrb kwa \qry Originally I had this recorded as /na:wa:lkwa/ but have changed it based on my data that has a short second /a/ in /na:wahli/. This should be checked; see entry under /na:walchichi/. \ref 01351 \lxa na:wati \lxac na:wati \lxo na:wati \lxoc na:wati \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3d(ti) \se to utter a sound; to make oneself heard \ss hacer un sonido; hacerse escuchar \pna Niman o:na:wat. \pea He spoke up right away. \psa Luego luego se hizo escuchar. \pna Xekah na:wati, xekah mitsna:nkilia. \pea No one speaks up, no one answers you. \psa Nadie habla, nadie te contesta. \pna Ma:ka xna:wati, ye wa:hlaw tla:wa:nke:tl! \pea Don't make a sound, here comes a drunk (i.e., keep quiet so that he doesn't notice us)! \psa ¡No hagas ruido, acá viene un borracho (esto es, para que no se fije en nosotros)! \xrb na:wa \xvca na:watilia \qry Determine to what types of animals and sounds the word /na:wati/ can be applied. Note that I have checked several times and the initial /a:/ is definitely long. \ref 02190 \lxa nawatia \lxac kinawatia \lxo nawatia \lxoc kinawatia \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-b \infv class-2a \se to order (sb to do sth, etc.) \ss ordenar; mandar (a algn [OP] que haga algo [OS]) \pna Ne:chnawatian tekitl. \pea They order (request) me to do a job. \psa Me mandan (piden) hacer un trabajo. \pna Nimotekipachowa pa:mpa xniwelis tli:n ne:chnawatian. \pea I am worried because I won't be able to do what they order (tell) me. \psa Estoy preocupado porque no voy a poder hacer lo que me ordenan (dicen). \pno I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka. \peo His mother ordered him to wash the dishes. \pso Su mamá lo ordenó lavar los platos. \se to place an order for; to order (e.g., ceramics, a particular item to be bought) \ss hacer un pedido de (p. ej., cerámica, un objeto en particular que se va a comprar) \pna O:kinawatih xaxa:yakatl. \pea He ordered masks. \psa Hizo un pedido para máscaras. \pna Nontlanawati:s tepalkatl. \pea I'm going to order ceramic bowls. \psa Voy a ir a hacer un pedido de platos de cerámica. \xrb nawa \nae The valency and syntax of nawatia still needs further analysis. Apparently it is a a ditransitive; the secondary object may be a phrasal complement introduced by ma (e.g., I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka), or it may be the object ordered (e.g., tekitl or xaxa:yakatl in the above phrases. Nevertheless, this should be further analyzed. \qry Note that my notes state that this has a definite short vowel and should be recorded as such in all entries (thus even though recorded long in some instances, I checked several times and when focusing on this, it appeared short.). This brings up a problem of how to record the root in lexemes in which vowel length shifts with no apparent or obvious rule. Check the correctness of the nte statement 'The object of nawatia can either be the person who is ordered to do something, or an item requested.' Thus check /O:kinawatih xaxayakatl/ to determine if correct. \grm Causative: /I:na:n o:kinawatih ma tlá:pá:ka/ 'His mother ordered him to wash the dished.' Note that when I asked Florencia for the translation of 'Su mamá le hizo lavar los platos' she gave me the sentence here. Note absence of causative /tlapahpa:kiltia/, as in Classical. \grm Valency: note that it appears that one can say both /niknawatia tepalkatl/ or /nitlanawatia tepalkatl/. Recheck, but C. Flores said that both these are correct. \ref 03867 \lxa na:watilia \lxac nona:watilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to make a sound with ones voice; to make oneself be heard (with speech or other sounds) \ssa (refl.) hacer un sonido con la voz; hablar; hacerse oir (con palabras u otros sonidos) \pna Xmona:watili! \pea Say something! \psa ¡Di algo! \pna Xmona:watili! Ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlaiwatok! \pea Make a sound (in this case so that your location becomes apparent)! Don't let me step on you, it's dark! \psa ¡Haz ruido (en este caso para que tu ubicación se hace evidente)! ¡No dejes que te pise, está oscuro! \pna Ma:ka xmona:watili! \pea Don't make a sound! \psa ¡No hagas un sonido! \pna O:ne:chtsatsilikeh pero xo:nimona:watilih. \pea They shouted to me, but I didn't make a sound in response. \psa Me gritaron, pero no dije nada en respuesta. \pna O:pano:k, pero xo:nona:watilih. Xo:tlana:nkilih. \pea He passed by, but he didn't say a thing. He didn't answer (the calls out to him). \psa Pasó, pero no dijo nada. No contestó (lo que se le gritaba). \xrb na:wa \xvbao na:wati \nse Na:wati means, essentially, 'to make a sound,' usually with the voice, but also with something that may be used to signal. Thus one may say that one passed by a rattlesnake but xo:na:wat 'it didn't make a sound' (in reference to its rattle). Thus in the phrase xmona:watili! ma:ka mopan nicholo:s, tlayewatok the reference is understood to a sound made with the voice (but not necessarily speech), although it could possibly refer to other sounds made in order to warn of ones presence. My first inclination is that when applied to humans na:wati and na:watilia refer to the act of "uttering a sound" with ones mouth. For a child this may mean crying; for an adult it may mean speaking. With animals na:wati can refer to any sound, including those made by simple physical movement. Two consultants, Pánfilo Lorenzo and Juan Celedonio, said that nona:watilia is equivalent to nokakistilia. \nde In Oapan the simple intransitive na:wati is used here. \ref 02747 \lxa na:wi \lxac na:wi \lxo na:wi \lxoc na:wi \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Num \der Num-b \se four \ss cuatro \se (i:pan ~) the fourth time \ss (i:pan ~) la cuarta vez \pna I:pan na:wi to:kas. \pea He will plant on the fourth time (he passes the plow over the field). \psa Va a sembrar la cuarta vez (que pasa su arado sobre el terreno). \se (with short vowel reduplication) four by four; in fours \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cuatro por cuatro; en cuatros \pna San nana:wi xto:katiw! \pea Go along planting four (seeds) at a time! \psa ¡Ve sembrado de cuatro (semillas) en cuatro! \sem num \cfa nana:wi \xrb na:wi \encyctmp tla:hli; agriculture, Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. \nse Ameyaltepequeños commonly plant either the third or fourth time they plow a particular field; the more time one passes over the earth, the fewer weeds survive to compete with the maize plants but the greater the labor investment in farming. \ilustmp Give an account of the different way one plows if one plants on 3 or 4. See illustration with filecard for /o:meilia/. \grm pl. /na:wimeh/ (used for people, live animals that are counted). \grm Reduplication: Numerals: cf. Oapan /náná:wi/ "four by four" to /ka:dah chi:chikwe:i/ "each week." \ref 01876 \lxa na:wtetsi:n \lxac na:wtetsi:n \lxo ná:htetsí:n \lxoa ná:htetsí:h \lxoc ná:htetsí:n \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm Num \der Pr-num \se (just) four (objects, referring back to sth that is already a topic of discourse) \ss (solamente) cuatro (objetos, refiriéndose a algo que es tópico del discurso) \pna Xne:chnamakili nokoya:res, san na:wtetsi:n. \pea Sell my necklaces for me, but just four of them. \psa Vende mis collares para mí, pero solamente cuatro de ellos. \xrb na:wi \xrb te \nse The precise semantics (and morphophonology) of -tetsi:n still needs to be determined, i.e., the difference between na:wi and na:htetsi:n. The first element of the ending may be related to the old numerical classifier tetl, found in Classical Nahuatl. It also appears that whereas numerals may be used in a modifying function, the numerals with -tetsi:n may not. \nae The presence of pitch accent on the Nahuatl form for all numerals endings in tetsi:n is hard to explain. The easiest explanation would be if the underlying form were {na:wi + teh + tsi:n}. Note that all other numerals that in Oapan end in tetsi:n manifest a pitch-accent pattern suggestive of undering {h}. \qry Determine the possibility of /na:htetl/ and its meaning as opposed to /na:htetsi:n/. Finally, determine the use of /tetl/ with numerals, apparently only used to refer to inanimate objects: sentetsi:n, o:ntetsi:n, etc. \ref 02419 \lxa ne: \lxac ne: tia:skeh \lxo ne: \lxoc ne: tia:skeh \dt 30/May/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se there (referring to a distant place that is either visible or understood in the discourse) \ss allí (en referencia a un lugar distante que es visible o que se entiende por el discurso) \pna Ne: yaw! \pea There he goes (i.e., in reference to a visible place)! \psa ¡Allí va (en referencia a un lugar visible)! \xrb ne: \qry Apparently this refers to a distant place that is within view; check. \grm Sentential stress; extrametricality: Note that /yaw/ is extrametrical in both dialects. Thus /ne: yaw/ has intonational stress on /ne:/. \ref 05811 \lxa ne:ch- \lxac ne:chpale:wi:s \lxo ne:ch- \lxoc ne:cha:nas \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Pref(obj) \der Pr-pre-obj \se me (first person singular object marked directly on transitive predicates) \ss a mí (objeto de primera persona singular marcado directamente en predicados transitivos) \ref 03895 \lxa nechikowa \lxac kinechikowa \lxo nechikowa \lxoc kinechikowa \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture) \ss juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal) \pna To:pi:lekeh kimina:watian ma tlanechiko:ka:n ika tlayo:hli, dya kinechikowan. \pea The topiles, they are ordered to take up a collection of maize, and then they collect it. \psa Los topiles, se les ordenan hacer una colección de maíz, y luego lo juntan. \pna Tlanechiko:lo:tok jusga:doh ika tomi:n. \pea A collection of money is being taken up in the village meeting hall (i.e., to pay for a community expenditure). \psa Se está haciendo una colecta de dinero en el jusgado del pueblo (para pagar un gasto de la comunidad). \se (tlanenechikowa) to collect things and place them together (e.g., certain insects such as po:yo:limeh, wasps, etc.) \ss (tlanenechikowa) juntar cosas y ponerlas en un solo lugar (p. ej., ciertos insectos como po:yo:limeh, avispas, etc.) \xrb nechik \xvaa nechikowilia \nse This verb has been documented only in relation to things such as money and maize that are collected as part of a communal, village-wide project. It is common to final nechikowa used with the nonspecific object marker tla- (i.e., tlanechikowa) with a following oblique reference to the object or material collected. \qry Determine whether reflexive use exists in reference to persons (as it did in Classical) and if specific +human transitive objects are acceptable: ?te:chnechikowa. \mod Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not "nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic from words that for semantic reasons are missing one part of the nondirected pair. \grm Nondirected alternation: Re /nechikowa/. Note that this word is classified as a basic transitive and not "nondirected"; a scheme should be developed for distinguishing basic from words that for semantic reasons are missing one part of the nondirected pairs. \ref 04695 \lxa nechikowilia \lxac kinechikowilia \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to collect (e.g., money, grain, etc., in a cooperative community venture) for \ss juntar, hacer una colección (p. ej., de dinero, maíz, etc., en un proyecto o empresa comunal) para \xrb nechik \xvba nechikowa \qry Check meaning and used. \ref 07959 \lxa nehli \lxac nehli tiwi:ts \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-man \sea intensely; absorbedly \ssa mucho; intensivamente \pna Xwel one:wa, nehli te:wa:n nonono:tsa. \pea He can't take his leave, he's deeply absorbed in conversation. \psa No puede agarrar su camino, está muy metida en la pláctica. \pna Nehli okse: nikchi:wtoya, san o:nkak o:tlan un ke:soh. Nihkowaskia. \pea For being absorbed in doing something else, I just heard that the cheese was all gone. I should have bought some (earlier, before it was sold out). \psa Por estar clavado en hacer otra cosa nada más escuché que se había acabado el queso. Lo hubiera comprado (antes, cuando todavía había). \xrb nel \nse Gabriel de la Cruz gave the translation of nehli as 'por estar....' This seems to accord with its use to indicate absorbtion in a particular activity while something else happened or failed to happen. Cristino Flores suggested the phrase nehli tiwi:ts but said he was not quite certain of the meaning. It might not be the most common usage. \ref 03849 \lxa nekaxa:ni:hli \lxac nekaxa:ni:hli \lxo nekaxa:ni:hli \lxoc nekaxa:ni:hli \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn N1 \se general weakness and soreness of the back of the waist \ss una condición general de dolor y debilidad por la parte posterior de la cintura \se a condition affecting a woman who has had intercourse shortly after having given birth (i.e., within 4 to 6 months) and whose body has suffered the effects (lit., 'loosening') \ss una condición de una mujer quien ha tenido relaciones sexuales poco después de haber dado la luz (dentro de 4 a 6 meses) y cuyo cuerpo ha sufrido los efectos (lit., 'aflojamiento') \pna Kipia nekaxa:ni:hli de tla:katl, saniman o:kina:paloh. Xtikmatin tla: patis. O:nokaxa:nih un suwa:tl, o:kikaxa:nihiwe:wentsi:n, niman o:kina:paloh. \pea She is suffering from nekaxa:ni:hli induced by a man. He (the husband) slept with her right away (after birth). We don't know if she will recover. That woman got "loosened," her husband "loosened" her, he slept with her right away. \psa Sufre ella de nekaxa:ni:hli causado por un hombre. El (su esposo) se acostó con ella luego luego (poco después del parto). No sabemos si se va a aliviar. Esa mujer "se aflojó," la "aflojó" su esposo, luego luego se acostó con ella. \se Marsdenia aff. mexicana Decne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called by the same name nekaxa:ni:hli (the vine is also more commonly called nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl) \ss Marsdenia aff. mexicana Decne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición del mismo nombre nekaxa:ni:hli (más comunmente la enredadera se llama nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl) \pna O:kikwechoh nekaxa:ni:hli, kichapa:nili:skehipitsa:hka:n. \pea They ground up the vine called nekaxa:ni:hli, they will sprinkle it on the back of her waist. \psa Molieron la enredadera llamada nekaxa:ni:hli, se la van a rociar por la parte posterior de la cintura. \sem medicine \sem vine \xrb kaxa: \nct komekatl \mod Perhaps tape a discussion of this condition and its cure. \ref 05089 \lxa nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \lxac nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl \lxo nekaxa:ni:lkohmekatl \lxoc nekaxa:ni:lkohmekatl \dt 11/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se Marsdenia aff. mexicana Decne., vine of the Asclepiadaceae family used to cure the condition called nekaxa:ni:hli \ss Marsdenia aff. mexicana Decne., enredadera de la familia Asclepiadaceae que se utiliza para curar la condición llamada nekaxa:ni:hli \pna Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl | Kiki:xtianinelwayo, kikwe:chowan ipan metlatl dya kipepechowanipitsahka:n, tli:n noka:wa seki koni. Bwe:noh para yewa o:nokaxa:nih suwa:tl kwa:k o:note:kak. \pea Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl : They take its root out, they grind it finely on a metate and then stick it on his back (of the person who is hurting), what is left over some people drink. It is good for a woman who feels weak after having given birth. \psa Nekaxa:ni:lkomekatl : Sacan su raíz, la muelen finamente sobre un metate y depués le pegan a la cintura (del que se le duele la espalda), lo que se queda algunos se lo beben. Es bueno para esa mujer que se debilita después del parto. \sem plant \sem md \cfao nekaxa:ni:hli \xrb kaxa: \xrb ko \xrb me:ka \nse The plant name is derived from its medicinal effect in curing nekaxa:ni:hli. The root is ground on a metate and then placed on the back (ipitsa:hka:n) of a woman who has recently given birth, some 2 weeks later and after she has bathed following birth. At times this vine is also called nekaxa:ni:hli, although this is more properly the name of the physical condition of the body. \cpl Ramírez (1991) identifies this as the nekaxanilli, in Spanish necaxanil. There is no further identification by family, genus, or species. Nor is there a cognate term in Schoenhals (1988). \nct komekatl \vl Link 2nd female token. \ref 05186 \lxa neki \lxac kineki \lxo neki \lxoc kineki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se (~ + [optative phrase]) to want; to desire [that optative phrase occur] \ss (~ + [optative phrase]) querer; desear [that optative phrase occur] \pna Nikneki ma ne:chpale:wi:ki, nose:lti xniweli. \pea I want him to come help me. I can't (do it) by myself. \psa Quiero que venga a ayudarme. Yo solo no puedo. \se to be lacking; to be in need of \ss tener o sentir la falta de; necesitar \pna O:nosiahka:w nomi:l. A:chi:xtoya. Xotla:k, kwa:k me:roh kinektoya a:tl, xo:kiaw. \pea My cornfield got tired of waiting. It was waiting for rain. It didn't yield, when it was really in need of water, it didn't rain. \psa Mi milpa se cansó de esperar. Estaba esperando el agua. No rindió, cuando mero necesitaba agua, no llovió. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to cuddle; to pamper; to coddle; to embrace \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) apapachar; mimar \pna Mitsneneki, mitsna:palowa. \pea She cuddles you, she embraces you. \psa Te apapacha, te abraza. \pna Xneneki! \pea Embrace and fondle it (e.g. a cute baby)! \psa ¡Apapáchalo (p. ej., un niño mono)! \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be leaning toward (doing sth) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar a punto de (hacer algo) \pna Kine:neki. \pea He's debating it (i.e., whether he will do it; i.e., he appears to be on the verb of deciding but hasn't definitely made up his mind.) \psa Está debatiendo si lo quiere (esto es, si lo va a hacer, p. ej., parece que lo quiere hacer pero no está muy resuelto.) \se (refl. with long vowel reduplication) to be reluctant; to have a hard time (doing sth) \ss (refl. con reduplicación de vocal larga) renegarse; negarse; tener dificultad (en hacer algo) \pna None:nekilo. \pea People are reluctant (i.e., to work, etc.). \psa La gente se niega (p. ej., a trabajar, etc.) \pna Mone:neki, xwel kone:nemi. \pea She has trouble, she can't keep a child alive. \psa Se le dificulta, no puede mantener un niño con vida. \cfao kineki \xrb neki \nse With short vowel reduplication, neneki refers to affectionate actions, including that of pinching someone lightly and affectionately, e.g. on the chin or cheek. Reduplication with a long vowel, ne:neki, suggests a type of indecision, of an action on the verge of occurring. The reflexive form with a long vowel reduplication is used to indicate reluctance, almost to the point, with a member of the opposite sex, of teasing, or playing 'hard to get.' \qry Note that I have never heard /-neneki/ used reflexively (i.e., meaning 'to embrace oneself'); this should be checked. In one entry line I had /none:neki, xwel kone:nemi/ which was translated as "She is..." with the rest missing. Check original card file and fill in translation. It probably means something to the effect of "She is reluctant (i.e., in the sense that her body rejects the child/fetus), she cannot have children." CHECK Note that with short vowel reduplication the meaning can be 'to hug, to embrace, to coddle,' etc. \ref 04713 \lxa -neki \lxac tlakwa:sneki \lxo -neki \lxoc cho:kasneki \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Suf \seao suffix added to future single verbs to indicate want or desire \ssao sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar deseo \pna Nitlakwa:sneki, yo:wekaw xnitlakwa. \pea I want to eat, it's been a long time since I've eaten. \psa Quiero comer, ya se hace mucho tiempo que no como. \seao suffix added to future singular verbs to indicate that the verbal action is about to occur \ssao sufijo agregado a la forma futura singular de verbos para indicar que la acción verbal está a punto de ocurrir \pna Kiawisneki. Xkalakti motlake:n! \pea It's about to rain. Put your clothes inside! \psa Quiere llover (o, está a punto de llover). ¡Mete tu ropa! \xrb neki \ref 00237 \lxa neki:lia \lxaa nekilia \lxac kineneki:lia \lxo neki:lia \lxoc kí:nekí:lia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:nekília \infv class-2a \se to want for (e.g., to want sth to happen in a certain way) \ss desear para (p. ej., desear que algo ocurra a algo en cierta manera) \pna A: Tle:ka ihkón tike:kchi:wa? B: Sahki, pa:mpa ihkón o:nikneki:lih. \pea A: Why do you make it that way? B: No reason at all, just because that's they way I wanted it. \psa A: ¿Por qué lo fabricas así? B: Así nomás, solamente porque así lo quise. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to want or desire (sth) for (sb) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) desear o querer (algo) para (algn) \pna Kitlane:nekilia:ya isuwa:w, kitlasotlaya. \pea He desired things for his wife (e.g., always bringing her back things from the market), he loved her. \psa Deseaba cosas para su esposa (p. ej., siempre le traía cosas del mercado), de veras la amaba. \seo (with short vowel reduplication) to caress (e.g., the child) of (sb) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal corta) acariciar (p. ej., el niño desear (algo) para (algn) \xrb neki \xvba neki \nse The entry was first defined with an unreduplicated headword entry, nekilia, but almost all documented cases are of the reduplicated form. It remains to be determined the nature of the semantic distinction between the two forms. Note that whereas the Oapan headword entry is not reduplicated, the citation form (linked to the sound file) is of the reduced reduplicated form. \nae According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in kinenekilia un ichpokawah ikone:w 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: nikne:neki:lia ma weli 'I want him to learn.' \nse The reduplicated form is usually used in reference to buying things for or desiring things for another individual; it seems much more common that the unreduplicated form, though the latter also seems to be correct, perhaps with a different sense. \qry Determine whether /nekiltia/ exists. \mod Recheck vl of Oapan form. In pronunciation of Uriel Herrero the /i:/ was definitely long. Cf. note above re: Ameyaltepec. \pqry Note that during the recording session I seem to have heard the long /i:/ with C. Flores. Recheck and recheck Oapan data. \grm Applicatives; vowel length: According to Inocencio Díaz (Am) the same verb with a short vowel before the applicative ending can be used in the sense of 'to caress' as in kinenekilia un ichpokawah ikone:w 'he caresses the child of that young woman.' This can also be expressed as kineneki:lia un ichpokawah ikone:w. However, with the sense of 'to desire something for' only the long vowel form is used: nikne:neki:lia ma weli 'I want him to learn.' \ref 05061 \lxa nekoko:hli \lxac * nekoko:hli \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn N1 \sea pain (from an illness or disease, not from physical injuries such as cuts, broken bones, etc.) \ssa dolor (de una enfermedad, no de una herida, hueso roto, etc.) \pna Kipia nekoko:hli. Kwalo. \pea He is in pain. He is ill. \psa Tiene dolor. Está enfermo. \qry Cristino Flores rejected thsi form. \xrb kowa \ref 02191 \lxa neko:xtli \lxac neko:xtli \lxo neko:xtli \lxoc neko:xtli \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1 \seao crossbeam placed under heavy objects, such as large logs, two or more of which are used to enable several people to jointly carry the object \ssao travesano colocado abajo de un objeto pesado, como un tronco grande; dos o más de estos neko:xtli se utilizan para facilitar que varias personas puedan cargar el objeto \se rivet used to join the kabe:sas Am / kaltlama:stli Oa of a thatched roof hut together (also called a kalneko:xtli) \ss remache utilizado para rematar y juntar las kabe:sas Am / kaltlama:stli Oa de una casa de palma (también llamado kalneko:xtli) \cfa kalneko:xtli \xrb neko:ch \nse Thos who hold each end of a neko:xtli are called tlama:makeh, even though they might not necessarily carry the weight on their backs or shoulders. \qry Check both possession possibilities: /noneko:ch/ and /i:neko:chyo/. \ilustmp See illustration with original 3x5 filecard. \vl Check vowel length. \ref 00297 \lxa nekwahli \lxac nekwahli \lxo ne:nkwahli \lxoc ne:nkwahli \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn N1 \se type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \pna O:kisa:lokeh ika nekwahli. \pea They tied it with a hitch. \psa Lo ataron con un cabo de vuelta. \syn nekwahlo:tl \xrb kwa \nae The etymology of nekwahli is uncertain, but it would not be surprising if it derived from kwa, which in a reflexive use has the sense of something being placed close together (cf. the sense of te:pan nokwa). This knot is formed when the rope attached to something is placed around a stable object, usually a stick or rod. It is also used to tie pigs feet together when they are slaughtered. In house construction these knots are used to tie the tlapexteh (rods from the órgano) together in the action referenced by the verb nekwahlo:tia. The length of the first vowel of the Oapan form is uncertain (as is the presence of /n/) and needs to be checked. At least in some pronunciations it seems short and has, provisionally, been so marked. \qry Determine precisely what type of knot this is, perhaps with a diagram. Obtain names for other types of knots. \vl NOTE TO SELF: check vl of all forms of /nekwahli/, /ne:nkwahli/ ? or /nenkwahli/, etc. \ref 03077 \lxa nekwahlo:tia \lxac kinekwahlo:tia \lxo ne:nkwahlo:tia \lxoc kine:nkwahlo:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to tie with a certain type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss atar con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \pna O:kinekwahlo:tih \pea He tied it with a half (or clove) hitch. \psa Lo ató con un cabo de vuelta. \pna Kinekwahlo:tia, kisa:lowa ika nekwahli. \pea He hitches it to it, he ties it with a clove hitch. \psa Le pone un cabo de vuelta, lo ata con un cabo de vuelta. \xrb kwa \cfa nekwahli \ref 03704 \lxa nekwahlo:titok \lxac nekwahlo:titok \lxo ne:nkwáhlotók \lxop ne:nkwahlotok \lxoc ne:nkwáhlotók \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes \se to be tied with a certain type of knot (apparently a hitch or clove hitch) \ss estar atado con un tipo de nudo (aparentemente un cabo de vuelta) \pna Nekwahlo:titok, kwahli sa:liwtok. \pea It is tied with a hitch, it is well tied. \psa Está atado con un cabo de vuelta, está bien atado. \fla nekwahlo:tl \xrb kwa \grm Statives: Note that the stative nekwahlo:titok exists even though there is no intransitive and, moreover, the meaning of the transitive would not seem to accept an intransitive form. This suggests that in certain cases a transitive verb with the "progressive/stative" ending can be used without an object prefix as if it were an intransitive, thus deriving a stative in which the subject is in essence a patient (the object that undergoes the effects of the transitive action in order to arrive at the indicated state). Note that few true transitives act like this verb, nekwahlo:tia. In the case of /nekwahlo:titok/ the "stative" seems more like a resultative. \ref 01667 \lxa nekwahlo:tl \lxac nekwahlo:tl \lxo ne:nkwahlo:tl \lxoc ne:nkwahlo:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1 \se type of knot (apparently a half-hitch or clove hitch) \ss tipo de nudo (aparentemente un 'cabo de vuelta') \syna nekwahli \syno ne:nkwahlo \fla nekwahli \xrb kwa \nae The etymology of this noun, and related forms, is not clear. For now the Ameyaltepec and Oapan entries have been left as one, with the assumption that the difference between one and the other is phonetically motivated. However, they may reflect two different (re)interpretations. Ameyaltepec might be a nominalization of kwa used reflexively; Oapan may be a incorporated form with ne:n incorporated into the same verb kwa. Perhaps neighboring dialect form will clear up the nature of this. \nde No cognate has yet been found in Classical or other Nahuatl dialects. \sj Check SJ here and with all related forms. \vl Check length here and in all related forms. \ref 02165 \lxa nekwiliwi \lxac nekwiliwi \lxo nekwiliwi \lxoc nekwiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent; to become crooked or twisted (as in a long object that is bent in one direction or another) \ss torcerse; enchuecarse (como objetos largos que se tuercen o se doblan por un lado) \pna O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n. \pea My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I severely sprained my arm. \psa Se enchuecó mi brazo, se me destendió. \dis patiliwi \xrb nekwil \qry My feeling is that /ma:-/ is more likely to be stated in a nonincorporated form from /nekwiliwi/ than from /kelo:ni/, although of course the form /ma:nekwiliwi/ exists and has been entered in the dictionary. Probably /nekwilowa/ should be added to the dictionary. \grm /O:nekwiliw noma, o:nima:kelo:n/ 'My arm got crooked (from being out of joint), I dislocated my arm.' Note here how there are two verbs, and the topic is introduced in a nonincorporated form and then reexpressed as incorporated. This is a good example of the shift from non-incorporated to incorporated patient. Cf. to and check to see whether possible or highly marked: /o:nima:nekwiliw, o:kelo:n noma/? check with a speaker. \vl Link second token of each speaker. \ref 04362 \lxa nekwilkochi \lxac nekwilkochi \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc S(iwi)-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ch) \sea to sleep crookedly \ssa dormir chueco \pna O:ninekwilkoch, ne:chkukwa nokechpan. \pea I slept crookedly, my upper back hurts. \psa Dormí chueco, me duele la parte superior de la espalda. \syno kechnekwilkochi \xrb nekwil \xrb kochi \grm Determine how to record the morphology (com category) of these types of compounds. Perhaps /-iwi/ verbs that form adjectives in /-tik/ incorporate in this manner. I do not remember any cases of /-iwi/ verbs that incorporate with the /-ka:/ participial form. Nor, for example, does /kochi/ incorporate with a participial form. In general all X-V forms should be analyzed and then a determination on compounding should be made. Certainly the most common are N-V and V-ka:-V; but S-V (where S= not noun/not participal) should be investigated. \ref 02377 \lxa nekwilowa \lxac kinekwilowa \lxo nekwilowa \lxoc kinekwilowa \dt 09/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to pull to one side to make crooked (e.g., the neck of a head of cattle to be slaughtered) \ss jalar a un lado dejándolo chueco (p. ej., el cuello de un buey a ser matado) \cfa kechnekwilowa \xrb nekwil \dis patilowa; no:lowa; tolowa; etc. \ref 01250 \lxa nekwisti \lxac nekwisti \lxo ínekwísti \lxoc ínekwísti \dt 12/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to smell; to give off an odor; to be able to be smelled \ss oler; poder olerse \pna O:pe:w nekwisti, o:molo:niak. \pea It has started to smell, it got foul-smelling. \psa Empezó a oler, quedó hediondo. \pna Awiyá:k! Kikxititokeh, nekwisti. \pea It is fragrant! They are cooking it, it can be smelled. \psa ¡Es aromático! Lo están cocinando, se puede oler. \xrb hnekwi \nse Nekwisti has the same implications of the intransitives English 'to smell' and Spanish 'oler,' i.e., that the smell is bad. However, as one illustrative sentence demonstrates, the smell is not always foul. In this example awiá:k serves to indicate that nekwisti refers to a pleasant fragrance, not a foul odor. \nae Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would be expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations. \grmx Although the initial /i/ is epenthetic and therefore short, it does appear to have a duration in the pronunciation of Florencia Marcelino that is somewhat longer than would be expected. This might be an effect of the rising pitch along with the following nasal. Also, pitch continues to rise through part of the nasal in both pronunciations. \ref 03238 \lxa nekwtli \lxac nekwtli \lxo nehtli \lxoc nehtli; nonek \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln (nonekw (Am); nonek (Oa) \se honey \ss miel \se any sweet honey-like syrup (e.g., maple syrup) \ss cualquier jarabe dulce (como, p. ej., de maple) \ono nekwtli \xrb nekw \nse The following animals make honey: tetekomasol, obe:jas, tsi:kanekwteh, tla:lnekwteh, tenekwteh, koko:smeh, and pana:les (all given in Ameyaltepec forms. \qry Determine all animals that make honey. \pqry Check to make sure kw > h and k > h and w > h all yield same [h]. \vl There are two pronunciations here, both female and male should have one of each, yielding four total linked files: /nehtli/ and /nonek/ from a total of 8 tagged files. \grm Oapan phonology: Note how k > h in /nehtli/ but shows up as /k/ in the possessed: /nonek/. \ref 04826 \lxa neliwi \lxac neliwi \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der \infv class-3a(w) \se to get mixed up \ss \xrb nel \ref 08526 \lxa nelo:ltia \lxac kinelo:ltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der \sea to mix in (an ingredient into a food); to mix together \ssa mezclar (un ingrediente con otro); agregar (un ingrediente a una comida) \equivo neno:ltia \xrb nel \xvbo nelowa \ref 08231 \lxa nelowa \lxac kinelowa \lxo nelowa \lxoc kinelowa \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to stir (food, mud, a mixture such as cement); to mix (with a stick, a spoon, ones hand, etc.) \ss batir; revolver (comida, lodo, mezcla con un palo o cuchara, con la mano, etc.) \pna Kinelowa sokitl para kiki:xti:s xa:ntli. \pea He stirs around the mud (with water and brush, tlasohli) in order to make adobe. \psa Revuelve el lodo (con agua y tlasole) para hacer adobe. \pna Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas. \pea She continuously stirs it (e.g., atole, beans, etc.) so that it doesn't burn. \psa Lo bate continuamente (p. ej., atole, frijoles, etc.) para que no se queme. \se (refl. with i:ka [noun]) to get mixed together with [noun] \ss (refl. con i:ka [sustantivo]) mezclarse con [sustantivo] \pna Ye:lo:tamahli, tixtli nonelowa iwa:n ye:lo:tl, de to:tomoxtli. \pea For the ye:lo:tamahli, corn dough is mixed together with green corn. It (the tamal) is made in a corn husk (i.e., not wrapped in corn leaves as some tamales are). \psa Para el ye:lo:tamahli, masa hecha de nixtamal se mezcla con elote. Se hace (el tamal) con la cáscara de la mazorca (esto es, no se envuelve en hojas de maíz). \xrb nel \xvaao nelowilia \nse In general the action indicated by nelowa refers to stirring something, particularly things being boiled (atole, beans, meat, other foods) so that it gets cooked evenly and doesn't burn. However, it, and the 1applicative nelowilia, is at times used as a euphemism for sex, based on a metaphor that relates the "stirring" action of a penis in a vagina to the action of a stick in a pot. \qry Intransitive probably exists; check. \grm Reduplication: /Kine:nelowa para ma:ka tsoya:yas/ 'She continuously stirs it so that it doesn't burn (e.g., atole, beans, etc.).' Note the use of long vowel reduplication here to indicate an action that is repeated in its entirety, but at well spaced temporal intervals. Or, perhaps the meaning is that the action takes place slowly and steadily, continually. Check further. \ref 01403 \lxa nelowilia \lxac kinelowilia \lxo nelowilia \lxoc kinelowilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to stir for; to mix for \ss batir para; revolver para \pna Xne:cha:lnelowili na:to:l! \pea Reach over here and stir my atole for me! \psa ¡Báteme mi atole (al estirarte hacia acá)! \xrb nel \xvbao nelowa \nse Like the base verb nelowa, the applicative form preceded by the nonspecific object tla- has a vulgar sense, referring to sexual intercourse. The subject of such constructions is male and the primary object female, e.g., kitlanelowilia 'he screws her.' \ref 02476 \lxa neltoka \lxac kineltoka \lxo neltoka \lxoc kineltoka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \se to believe (sth such an occurrence or happening, a story, etc.) \ss creer (algo como un acontecimiento, que occurrió, un evento, historia, etc.) \pna Xkineltoka. \pea He doesn't believe it. \psa No lo cree. \se to believe (a person in what he says) \ss creer (a una persona en lo que dice) \pna Tle:ka xtine:chneltoka? \pea What don't you believe me (what I say)? \psa ¿Por qué no me crees (lo que digo)? \xrb nel \xrb toka \xvca tlaneltoktia \xvco tlaneltoltia \qry Recheck and determine that the object of this verb can be both the person who is believed as well as the thing believed. Apparently, from the example sentences I have, both are possible. Check /tlaneltoka/. If /neltoktia/ is not found without /tla-/ then change causative to /tlaneltoktia/. Check /tlaneltoktia/. \ref 03232 \lxa nelwatl \lxac i:nelwayo \lxo nelwatl \lxoc nelwatl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Intrin \seao root (of a plant) \ssao raíz (de una planta) \pna ...inelwayo mi:hli \pea ... the root of a maize plant \psa ... la raíz de una planta de maíz \pna Yewainelwayo. \pea It is its root. \psa Es su raíz. \se lineage (of); ancestors (of); roots (of one's family); offspring (of) \ss lineaje de; ancestros de; abolengo o raíz de (la familia de uno); descendientes de \pna Ne: San Juan, pa wa:le:wtok nonelwayo (=pa wa:le:wtok nelwatl). Umpa nikomekatl. \pea My roots come from there in San Juan. I am an offshoot (descendant) from there. \psa Allá en San Juan, de allá viene mis raíces (mis ancestros). De allá soy descendiente. \pna Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo. \pea He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live). \psa Es parte de mi familia, es mi linaje (lit., 'es mi raíz, es mi enredadera'; se dice de un hijo que ha ido a otro pueblo para vivir). \sem plant \sem part \xrb nelwa \ono kinship \dis nelwatl; kuhnelwatl \nse Note that nelwatl can mean both ones ancestors and ones descendents, with the key factor being that the persons referred to are in a direct line. \qry Determine the difference in use of /komekatl/ and /nelwatl/ in reference to kinship relations. Check to see if /nelwayo:tl/ is a word. \mod For /inelwayo mi:hli/, see diagram with /mi:hli/. \grm Possession /-yo/: Note /Yewa nonelwayo, yewa nokomekayo/ 'He is part of my family, he is my lineage (lit., 'he is my root, he is my vine'; said of a child who has gone to another pueblo to live).' In general note that terms referring to plant parts are possessed with /-yo/ (e.g., /i:xo:chio/, /i:nelwayo/, /i:xiwyo/, etc.). Also note that when such plant parts are verbalized, the /-yo/ is maintained: /xiwyoxi:ni/ 'to have leaves fall off (of tree [S])'. Note also that there seems to be a pattern that when plant parts are used to express human relations the /-yo/ is maintained; when human body parts are used to expressed relations of a plant to its part the /-yo/ is not used. Thus /-ma/ seems to be basically interpretable as primarily referring to 'hand' and is extended to trees to mean 'branches.' In reference to trees it is used in various verbalizations with related meanings: /mayowa/ 'to become 'branchy', etc. Also discuss here how 'yo:tia' is used as a verbalization pattern meaning 'to place NOUN as part of OBJECT' (ki:xteyo:ti:s me:stli) \ref 01228 \lxa nelwayo:koto:na \lxac kinelwayo:koto:na \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni \infv class-3a \se to cut the roots of (e.g., with a plow) \ss cortarle las raices a (p. ej., con un arado) \xrb nelwa \xrb koto: \qry Check meaning. I originally had 'for ones lineage/line to end.' This shoudl be rechecked. \ref 07836 \lxa nelwayo:tsonteki \lxac kinelwayo:tsonteki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08568 \lxa nemaxtia \lxaa namaxtia \lxac kinamaxtia \lxo nemaxtia \lxoc kinemaxtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. ne- \infv class-2a \se to accustom (sb) to (a particular situation) \ss acostumbrar a (algn, a una situación en particular) \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih. Sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You made me get accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you) I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido). Hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \xrb ne \xrb mati \nae Nemaxtia is derived from the reflexive of mati, which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or situation (e.g., nika:n nomati 'he has become accostumed here'). Nemaxtia is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a transitive. According to a belief in Oapan, one can be made to feel this way (with a desire to visit a certain person or place) by being fed a burro's ear (búrronakástli). \qry Determine whether the meaning of this word is simply to make someone become accustomed to something, or whether it refers = particularly to a desire to see the person (subject of verb). Cf. to RS who gives /nemachtia/ with /nite-/ as 'prevenir, avisar, advertir a alguien.' The meaning of /sa:chika/ is uncertain and other examples of this word must be obtained. \vl Link 1st male token. \grm Nemaxtia is derived from the reflexive of mati, which is used to indicate that the subject has become accostumed to a particular place or situation (e.g., nika:n nomati 'he has become accustomed here'). Nemaxtia is apparently the causative of this meaning, i.e., a causative of a transitive. \ref 05142 \lxa nemi \lxac nemi \lxo nemi \lxoc nemi \dt 04/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se (with an overt or implied locative or adverbial of place) to be present at; to be at \ss (con un locativo o un adverbial de lugar manifiesto o implícito) estar; estar presente a o en \pna Nika:n nemilo. \pea People live here (e.g., a house that is occupied, or a place that is inhabited). \psa Aquí vive gente (p. ej., una casa que está ocupada o un lugar que está habitada). \pna A:i:xko nemi. \pea It floats on the surface of the water. \psa Flota sobre la superficie del agua. \pna Xakah nemi, xakah a:k. \pea No one is around (here), no one is present. \psa Nadie está (aquí), nadie se encuentra. \pna Umpa ne:nemis. \pea He will be around there occasionally (i.e., not always or continuously, but at times). \psa Va a andar por allí ocasionalmente (esto es, no va a estar allí continuamente, pero solamente de vez en cuando). \se to be alive \ss estar vivo; vivir \pna Ok nemi motah? \pea Is your father still alive? \psa ¿Todavía vive tu papá? \se (~ i:pan + [noun]) to be engaged in (what [noun] signifies); to be doing a job in relation to (the indicated [noun]); to be concerned with (what [noun] signifies) \ss (~ i:pan + [sustantivo]) andar en (p. ej., un trabajo relacionado con [sustantivo]); hacer un trabajo relacionado con (el sustantivo expresado) \pna A:mantsi:n nemi ipan iswate:kilistli. \pea Now he is occupied in stripping the corn leaves from the stalks. \psa Ahorita anda en el zacateo. \pna Xi:pan tinemin, pero niktete:mo:s. \pea We aren't concerned with that right now (in this case two people are doing sth and one brings up sth such as a debt, which was not the topic of the conversation), but I'll look for it (i.e., money to repay the debt). \psa Ahorita no andamos en esto (en este caso dos personas trabajan y uno sale con algo, una deuda por ejemplo, que no venía directamente al caso), pero lo voy a buscar (p. ej., dinero con que pagar la deuda). \se (with intraverse directional) to be born \ss (con direccional intraversa) nacer \pna Ya:lwa o:nemiko. \pea He was born yesterday. \psa Nació ayer. \pna Tla:lme:stli, deke panowa motlampa, i:ksan o:tinemiko:ya. \pea A tla:lme:stli,' if it passes under you (i.e., between your legs) you were been born a long time ago (i.e., you will soon die). \psa Un tla:lme:stli', si pasa abajo de tí (esto es, entre tus piernas), ya hace mucho te naciste (esto es, pronto te vas a morir). \pna Ke:itlah xtiwa:lnemi (=xo:tinemiko). \pea It's as if you weren't born. \psa Es como si no hubieras nacido. \cfa nenemi \cfo nénemí \xrb nemi \xvcao nemi:tia \xvaao nemilia \cfa nenemi \nse Long vowel reduplication in a phrase such as pa ne:nemis indicates that the subject will be visiting, going here and there, to people's houses. Given the semantic difference, nenemi / nénemí is listed as a separate entry. \nae Oapan Nahuatl shows a double reduplication (reduced) of this verb with the meaning 'to live/reside.' Thus one finds né:nemí with the meaning of san wá:waká, i.e., 'to live spaced out/far apart.' \ref 02303 \lxa nemi \lxac nemi \lxo nemi \lxoc nemi \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-def \infv class-3a(m) \se (~ [adverb of place or locative]) to be located (at) \ss (~ [adverbio de lugar o locativo]) estar; estar ubicado (en) \pna Ma:ka te:ma:k nemi yes i:xkopi:nahlo! \pea Don't let her photo get into other people's hands! \psa ¡No vayas a dejar que su foto llegue a manos ajenas! \pna Xa:k. Nemi te:cha:n. \pea He's not around. He's visiting someone. \psa No está. Está en la casa de otra gente. \se (~ i:pan + [noun]) to be occupied in [activity associated with noun] \ss (~ i:pan + [sustantivo]) estar ocupado en [un actividad associado con sustantivo] \xrb nemi \nae The fact that nemi can occur with a separate copula inflected for tense suggests that it be analyzed as an adverbial particle indicating 'location at.' \qry Check for oblig. poss. form /nemia/. \ref 03988 \lxa nemilia \lxac kinemilia \lxo nemilia \lxoc kinemilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to think about \ss contemplar; ponderar; pensar sobre \pna Xok nikiyo:wia ke:n na:wiltia:ni! Xkinemilia para tekichi:was. \pea I can't put up with the way he fools around anymore! The the idea of working doesn't seem to cross his mind. \psa ¡Ya no le aguanto lo juguetón! No se le ocurre ponerse a trabajar. \pna Xnemili! \pea Think about it! \psa ¡Piénsalo! \pna Ne:si xkwahli tli:n kinemilitok. \pea It seems that he's not thinking about anything good. \psa Parece que no está bien lo que está pensando. \xrb nemi \xvbao nemi \ref 02223 \lxa nemilistli \lxac *nemilistli \lxo nemilistli \lxoc nemilistli \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1/2; Aln \sea life \ssa vida \pna Yewainemilis. \pea It is his life. \psa Es la vida de él. \seo (alienable possession) navel \sso (posesión enajenable) ombligo \pno Yo:nosemoya:w monemilis. \peo Your navel has spread out all over. \pso Tu umbligo se ha dispersado. \xrb nemi \mod Note that perhaps a new crossreference category should be added for nominalization-verbalization. E.g., in cases such as the present, the base verb should be given, whereas under /nemi/, nominalized forms should be given. \qry Further investigate the meaning of 'navel' in Oapan Nahuatl. \ref 05557 \lxa nemi:tia \lxac kinemi:tia \lxo nemi:tia \lxoc kinemi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to keep alive (a young offspring, in the sense of keeping it healthy with good prospects of surviving) \ss mantener vivo (un hijo pequeño, en el sentido de mantenerlo con salud y un buen prognóstico para sobrevivir) \pna Kinemi:tiaikone:w, xmiki, xkimiktia. \pea She cares for her child, he hasn't died, she hasn't had him die on her. \psa Cuida a su hijo, no se muere, no se le muere. \se (refl.) to make ones home; to establish ones residence (in a particular place, with the implication that this is a temporary situation) \ss (refl.) tomar o establecer residencia (en un lugar en particular, con la implicación que es temporal) \pna A:mantsi:n nika:n nimonemi:titok. \pea Right now I'm making my home here. \psa Por ahora establezco mi residencia aquí. \seo (sayá ~) to pester \sso (sayá ~) chinchear; preguntar repetidamente \pno Sayá tine:chnemi:tia, yo:nimitsihlih xtlah mpiya tomi:n. \peo You are just pestering me (e.g., by asking for money I owe), I've already told you that I don't have any money. \pso No más me estás chincheando con esto (p. ej., pidiéndome dinero), ya te dije que no tengo dinero. \xrb nemi \xv1a tlanemi:tia \xvba nemi \nse In the first aceptation, the causative nemi:tia is used in reference to a mother who is able to keep her children alive or, in the negative, one whom is plagued by the death of her children, e.g., xwel tlanemi:tia 'she cannot keep her offspring alive (i.e., the soon die on her).' \qry Explore the meaning of /nemi:tia/ in terms of keeping ones offspring alive. \vl There are 3 female and 2 male tokens. \grm Causative: Note that here the difference between the reflexive causative /nika:n nimonemi:tia/ and the basic verb, /nika:n ninemi/, is that the causative implies a temporary state. This difference should be added to the discussion of causatives in the grammar. Also important for an understanding of causatives is the "let" or mitigated causatives that are the implication of such verbs as /nemi:tia/ and /miktia/. Further explore the meaning of these words. \ref 06007 \lxa ne:neh \lxac ne:neh \lxo ne:neh \lxoc ne:neh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2); dim. ne:netsi:n \aff Lex. rdp-l \se (vocative) address term for children of either sex up to about 2 years \ss (vocativo) término para llamar a un niño hasta de aproximadamente 2 años \se (vocative) occasionally used between elder women \ss (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre mujeres de mayor edad \sea (vocative) occasionally used between two cousins, regardless of their sex, when there is great mutual affection and respect \ssa (vocativo) utilizado ocasionalmente entre dos primos, sin importar su sexo, cuando existe un cariño y respeto mutuo \nse The etymology of ne:neh is uncertain; possibly it is a loan. In Ameyaltepec, its use between cousins, though usually first cousins, it is slightly more respectful than the borrowed address terms pri:moh and pri:mah. It is occasionally used in a possessed form as a term of reference, much the same as pa:n is used in Ameyaltepec. Note that the diminutive in Oapan does not have the expected pitch-accent (ne:netsi:n) even though the non-diminutive form has a final /h/. \qry The precise meaning and use of ne:neh should be further researched, as the above definitions seem quite disperse in addressees, etc. \ref 05368 \lxa ne:neltia \lxac none:neltia \lxo ne:neltia \lxoc none:neltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia[refl] \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se (refl.) to sigh \ss (refl.) suspirar \pna None:neltia, me:dioh tlayo:koya. \pea He is sighing, he's feeling somewhat melancholy. \psa Suspira, se siente algo melancólico. \xrb nel \nse According to Cristino Flores (Am) this refers to a sound made when one is starting to go to sleep and tries to talk but can't. He also said that this verb may be used as an intransitive: ne:neltia, with the same meaning. \qry Given that no cognates have been found in other dialects, the meaning and use of /ne:neltia/ should be checked. Can it be used non-reflexively? Without reduplication? etc. And what animals can be subjects? \ref 00186 \lxa neneltsi:n \lxac *neneltsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \aff Lex. rdp-s \der N-tsi:n \se (san ~) just in joke \ss (san ~) solamente en broma \pna O:kitoh san neneltsi:n. \pea He said it just in joke. \psa Lo dijo solamente en broma. \xrb nel \ref 07841 \lxa nenemi \lxac nenemi \lxo nénemí \lxoc nénemí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:nemí \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes-rdp \se to walk \ss caminar \pna O:nenenkeh. \pea They walked (e.g., as opposed to going on a beast of burden) \psa Caminaron (p. ej., y no fueron sobre una bestia) \se to follow up (e.g., a matter of concern) \ss perseguir (p. ej., algún asunto) \pna Nanenemiskeh para noyo:ltla:li:s. \pea You all will follow up (i.e., continue to pursue sth, in this case the soothing of an irate father whose daughter had eloped) so that he (the novia's father) will calm down. \psa Vas a perseguir (p. ej., seguir tratando o tramitando algo, en este caso apaciguar un padre cuya hija se había fugado con su novio) para que él (el padre de la novia) se calme. \se (with long vowel reduplication, often in the imperative) to walk quickly \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga, a menudo en el imperativo) caminar rápidamente \pna Xne:nenemi! Weliwin xya! \pea Walk quickly! Hurry up! \psa ¡Camina rápido! ¡Apúrate! \pna Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k! \pea Walk quickly! Don't go slowly! \psa ¡Camine rápido! ¡No vayas despacio! } \sem motion \xrb nemi \nse Note that in o:nenenkeh the implication is that they walked 'there.' If one wanted to say 'they walked here' the form o:wa:lnenenkeh would be used. \grm Reduplication: long vowel reduplication with verbs of movement seem to indicate a rapidity of movement. Thus cf. /Xne:nenemi! Ma:ka yo:li:k!/ 'Walk quickly! Don't go slowly! The reason for this meaning in long vowel reduplication is unclear; nor am I aware that it is has been properly researched up to the present. There are other incidents of this usage: /xcho:cholo/. Also check /to:toka/ or /toto:ka/ (I don't remember which at present). \ref 03985 \lxa nenemia \lxac i:nenemia \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-dvb-ya \infn N2 \sea way of walking of \ssa manera de caminar de \pna Ihkón inenemia, pachiwtiw. \pea That's the way it walks (in this case a certain four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. \psa Así es su manera de caminar (en este caso un cierto un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. \xrb nemi \qry Make sure that the accent is not on the final /i/. If so, then change to /nenemiya/. \ref 02962 \lxa nenemi:ltia \lxac kinenemi:ltia \lxo nénemí:ltia \lxoc kí:nemí:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref) \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to pursue (a lawsuit, petition, etc., keeping it going despite any possible delays or setbacks) \ss proseguir (un litigio, etc. al mantenerlo en proceso a pesar de cualquier demora o \pna O:kikoto:n plei:toh. Xok o:kinek kinenemi:lti:s. \pea He broke off the suit. He didn't want to pursue it any longer. \psa Dejó de litigar. Ya no lo quiso proseguir. \se to help walk (e.g., a young child just learning) \ss ayudar a caminar (p. ej., un niño chiquito apenas aprendiendo a caminar) \xrb nemi \xvba nenemi \nae nenemi has two causative constructions: nenemi:tia and nenemi:ltia. \qry Make sure to carefully compare the two causatives in meaning. \grm Causative: The difference between causative /nenemi:ltia/ and /nenemi:tia/ is interesting and perhaps sheds some light on the subject. Also, cf. /axi:tia/ and /axi:ltia/, which might follow this same pattern. With /nenemi/, the "regular" causative with /-tia/ is the standard "to make S do Pr" That is, the subject of the intransitive in /nenemi/ becomes the patient in /nenemi:tia/, but is still an agent. That is, /-tia/ converts the agent of an intranstive (in an unergative verb) into a patient of a transitive. On the other hand, /-ltia/ seems to convert the "patient" of an unaccusative into the patient of a transitive. This is eminently clear in cases such as /patla:ni/ and /patla:naltia/, or /poso:ni/ and /poso:naltia/. Clearly more examples of the /-ltia/ and /-tia/ alternation should be explored, both with intransitives (cf. above) and with transitives (cf. the analysis proposed by Launey). However, the difference in /nenemi/ causatives does suggest that /-tia/ is the classical 'to make S do Pr" whereas the /-ltia/ ending seems to simply transitivize. \ref 01467 \lxa nenemintsi:n \lxac nenemintsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n; N-bb \infn N0 \sea little walker (vocative used in speaking to babies) \ssa caminantito (vocativo empleado en hablar a bebés) \sem baby \xrb nemi \nse The use of -ntsi:n to indicate a child agentive is not uncommon (cf. a:tlakwintsi:n) and this use here seems to parallel the agentive. Yet at the same time is reflects the occasional use of -tsi:n with verbs (cf. poliwitsi:n). Apparently, then, nenemi:ntsi:n is a type of vocative used to address little children who are just beginning to walk; the presence of /n/ before -tsi:n suggests that at some level this is a nominal and not verbal form. \qry Check length of penultimate /i:/. \mod See and add Gram 1984-10-16.1 \grm Oapan baby talk; reduplication: Note the form /ne:nentsi:n/; here it appears that the long vowel reduplication. It would appear that this is related to forms such as /che:ncheh/, etc. in which a long vowel reduplication is used in baby talk. \vl The first female and male token is /ne:ne:tsi:n/ (all long vowels). These two tokens (one female and one male) should be tagged with #7697 and linked there. Then there follow 4 tokens of /ne:ne:ntsi:n/. I am not sure if this is a different term or not. It should be tagged to 7698. I will have to determine whether this is the same as /ne:ne:tsi:n/, or Am /nenemi:ntsi:n/. Do not confuse /ne:ne:tsi:n/ > 7697 with /ne:ne:ntsi:n/ 7698. \ref 04396 \lxa nenemi:tia \lxac kinenemi:tia \lxo nénemí:tia \lxoc kí:nemí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:nemí:tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \seao to help or make walk (especially a young child just learning); to speed up (e.g., a beast of burden, so that it walks quicker) \ssao ayudar a o hacer caminar (especialmente un niño que apenas está aprendiendo a caminar); apurar (p. ej., una bestia, para que camine más rápido) \pna Xnenemi:ti mokone:w. \pea Help your child walk (e.g., by leading him by the hand). \psa Ayuda a tu hijo a caminar (p. ej., al agarrarlo por la mano). \pna Xkita! Kinenemi:tia ikone:w, xkima:ma. \pea Look! She makes her child walk, she doesn't carry him. \psa ¡Ve! Hace caminar a su niño, no lo carga. \pna Kinenemi:tia chika:wak iburroh. \pea He makes his donkey walk fast. \psa Hace caminar rápido a su burro. \seao (with short vowel reduplication: kí:nemí:tia (Oa)) to keep going (a process such as litigation, official paperwork, etc.) \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta: kí:nemí:tia (Oa)) mantener en pie a o dar seguirmiento a (un asunto como un trámite, un litigio, etc.) \se to hurry up (e.g., a task) \ss apurrar (p. ej., una tarea al hacerla) \se to help send onto death (e.g., a sick person, particularly through prayer, so that he doesn't suffer) \ss ayudar a encaminar hacia la muerte (p. ej., un enfermo, particularmente por medio de la oración, para que no sufra) \pna Xnenemi:ti nokokoxka:w! Ke:n yo:tlayo:wih. \pea Pray so that my sick family member goes on his way! He has suffered greatly. \psa ¡Reza para que se encamine mi pariente enfermo! Ha sufrido tanto. \xrb nemi \xvba nenemi \nse Note the metaphoric use of nenemi:tia to mean 'to pray for someone's recovery [from an illness].' \qry Check the phrase /O:tlanenemi:tih/ 'It gave a good birth (said of an animal that has not aborted).' and determine whether one can say /o:tlanemi:tih/. If both are correct, check for the difference between /o:tlanemi:tih/ and /o:tlanenemi:tih/. Also, perhaps assign a separate entry to the /tla-/ form. \ref 00174 \lxa nenenke:tl \lxac nenenke:tl \lxo nénenké:tl \lxoc nénenké:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \aff Lex. rdp-s(pref): ní:nenké:tl \seo walker \sso caminante \xrb nemi \ref 06254 \lxa ne:nepaniwtok \lxac ne:nepaniwtok \lxo ne:nepanihtok \lxoc ne:nepanihtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv Durative \se to be piled one on top of another (e.g., sacks, ceramic tiles for roofs, etc.) \ss estar apilado, uno sobre otro (p. ej., costales, teja para techos, etc.) \fl nepaniwi \xrb nepan \nse This stative is only documented with long-vowel reduplication. Note that although several people in Ameyaltepec used tekpa:ntok with this same sense, this latter word is more properly used for things placed in a line or row, whereas ne:nepaniwtok describes things piled up, one on top of the other. \qry Check for unreduplicated form ?nepaniwtok. \ref 03851 \lxa ne:nepantsi:n \lxac ne:nepantsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea type of plant known for its flower, still not identified (apparently this is another variety of the zinia, also known as ka:ka:waltsi:n) \ssa tipo de planta conocida por su flor, todavía no identificada (aparentemente es otra variedad de la zinia, también conocida como ka:ka:waltsi:n) \sem plant \sem fl \equivo sásanmigé:ltsi:n \xrb nepan \nse This is also known as ka:ka:waltsi:n de ne:nepantsi:n, it just recently started to appear, probably as the result of some seeds that got loose in the area. \nct xiwtli; xo:chitl; ka:ka:waltsi:n \ref 02792 \lxa nenepi:hli \lxac nenepi:hli \lxo nenepi:hli \lxoc nenepi:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infn N1/2; Aln \se tongue (of an animal) \ss lengua (de cualquier animal) \sem body \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \nae The absence of pitch-accent in the Oapan lexeme reflects the lack of an underlying {h}. There is apparently never any reduction of the "reduplicated" initial syllable of nenepi:hli. \pqry The /i:/ is definitely long as marked; this was checked with an acoustic analysis of the Oapan tapes. \rt In root entry note that this is possible related to /pi:l/ as it occurs in other contexts. \ref 00500 \lxa nenepi:lkwa \lxac nonenepi:lkwa \lxo nenepi:lkwa \lxoc nonenepi:lkwa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-1 \se (refl.) to bite one's tongue (literally) \ss (refl.) morderse la lengua \pna O:nimonenepi:lkwah, ne:chkukwa. \pea I bit my tongue, it hurts. \psa Me mordí la lengua, me duele. \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \xrb kwa \nae Only a reflexive use is documented in the corpus. Note also that the lexicalized reduplication (or at least apparent reduplication) is not reduced onto the preceding syllable in Oapan Nahuatl. \qry Check to make only reflexive is used. \pqry This is a good word to exemplify short vowels. \ref 05183 \lxa nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxac nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxo nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \lxoc nenepi:ltso:tso:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-3d(ti) \se to have or get pimples on one's tongue \ss salirsele granitos en la lengua a uno \xrb nene \xrb pi:l \xrb tso:tso: \nse Nenepi:ltso:tso:ti refers, in particular, to the pimples that form on ones tongue from eating certain foods, such as things that are very sweet. \nae The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli and in nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for nenepi:hli and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for nenepi:hli and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for nenepi:hli) and 251 and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of course this represents the figures for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of "compressing" of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \pqry The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli and in nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for nenepi:hli and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for nenepi:hli and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for nenepi:hli) and 251 and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of course this represents the figures for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of "compressing" of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \grm Phonetics; vowel duration: The duration of the vowels in the nominal stem nenepi:l is interesting, in that as a compound in a long word, the vowel durations are significantly less than those found in the isolated noun. The following is an account of vowel lengths of nenepi:l in nenepi:hli and in nenepi:ltso:tso:ti for both Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. For Florencia the lengths are 82-69-129 and 91-70-125 for nenepi:hli and 51-63-137 and 51-70-108 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. For Inocencio the corresponding figures are 73-68-100 and 80-70-118 for nenepi:hli and 77-58-88 and 64-69-84 for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti. If we looked at the combined times for the three sequences, the figures are: Florencia Marcelino 280 and 286 (for nenepi:hli) and 251 and 229 (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti); Inocencio Jimenez 241 and 268 (for nenepi:hli) and 223 and 217 for (for nenepi:ltso:tso:ti). Of course this represents the figures for only one word, but there is the suggestion that absolute vowel duration decreases in long words. The process of "compressing" of sound durations in long words has been documented in other languages. \ref 04281 \lxa nenepoch \lxac nenepoch \lxo nenepoch \lxoc nenepoch \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \se to have a lisp, or a speech impediment that impedes good pronounciation \ss tener un siseo, hasta que sea difícil hablar y pronunciar bien \apao nenepoxtik \equiva kamanenepoch \equiva kamanenepoxtik \equivo kamanenepoch \equivo tláto:lnenépoch \xrb nene \xrb poch \nse The plural of nenepoch is nenepochmeh, which perhaps suggests an analysis as a nominal. \nae The etymology of nenepoch is unclear, but it probably includes the same element nene that is found in nenepi:hli 'tongue,' and perhaps poch, which would be related to the same sequence in verbs like pochi:ni 'to become fuzzy (like cotton).' \ref 04304 \lxa nenepochiwi \lxac nenepochiwi \lxo nenepochiwi \lxoc nenepochiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran -Trans \infv class-3a(w) \se to speak with a lisp; to pronounce poorly \ss sisear; malpronunciar las palabras \pna Ninenenpochiwi pa:mpa kaxa:ni notlan, xma:s wel nikpanki:xtia tlato:hli. \pea I have poor pronunciation because my teeth are loose, I can't pronounce words very well. \psa Malpronuncio porque tengo los dientes flojos, I can't pronounce words too well. \xrb nene \xrb poch \qry Check to see if there is a transitive form. \ref 04148 \lxa nenepoxtik \lxac nenepoxtik \lxo nenepoxtik \lxoc nenepoxtik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to have a lisp, a speech impediment that prevents one from pronouncing words well \ss tener una dificultad para hablar y pronunciar bien, haciendo que uno sisea \apao nenepoch \equiva kamanenepoch \equiva kamanenepoxtik \equivo kamanenepoch tláto:lnenépoch \xrb nene \xrb poch \ref 01406 \lxa ne:ne:wia \lxac kine:ne:wia \lxo ne:ne:wi \lxoc kine:ne:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia (Am) \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \se to be just like (sb or sth else) \ss ser tal como; ser parecido o igual a (otra persona o cosa) \pna I:n na:nkah kine:ne:wia un ne:nkah, no: ihkón. \pea This one here is similar to that one over there, it's just like it. \psa Este que está aquí es similar al otro allí, es parecido a él (es de la misma manera). \xrb ne: \nse The etymology of this word is unclear, but the form nenewilia is found in Tetelcingo, Morelos and in Classical (perhaps as ne:newilia, cf. the discussion in FK). It appears that the applicative formation involves a human agent who is comparing one thing to another; the form ne:ne:wia (Am) / ne:ne:wi (Oa) has one of the two items being compared as subject. This verb is used, for example, to refer to one animal that is lame like another, a person who, like another, is learning a task, a person who is the same age as another, a house that is as ugly or nice as another, etc. \qry Recheck vowel length. Check to see if /nene:wilia/ also exists. \ref 04386 \lxa ne:nkah \lxac ne:nkah \lxo ne:nkah \lxoc ne:nkah \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adv-V1 \der V1-b \se to be there \ss estar allí \pna Un ne:nkah, nihkwi:s. \pea I'll take that one over there. \psa Voy a tomar aquel que está allá. \pna Ne:nkah tla:katl, xkwahli. \pea That man over there, he is no good. \psa Aquel hombre que está allá, no es bueno. \xrb ne:n \xrb kah \nse Ne:nkah is used when the object is visible, and the speaker usually will point at it. Compare ne: onkah 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to on ne:nkah 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' \grm Compare ne: onkah 'it is over there (as opposed to over here)' to on ne:nkah 'that one (which is) over there (as opposed to this one which is over here).' \vl Use second male token. \ref 03065 \lxa ne:nka:wa \lxac none:nka:wa \lxo ne:nka:wa \lxoc none:nka:wa \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \sea (with tla- (Am)) to leave unfinished (a task or job) \ssa (con tla- (Am)) dejar sin terminar (una tarea o trabajo) \pna Nika:n nitlane:nka:was, pero ma:ski, timitsompale:wi:s. \pea Here I will (have to) leave what I was doing unfinished, but never mind, I will go to help you. \psa Aquí voy a (tener que) dejar sin terminar lo que estaba haciendo, pero ni modo, te voy a ir a ayudar. \pna Tlane:nka:was, okse: la:doh ya:s. \pea He will leave without finishing, he's going to go somewhere else (e.g., to work). \psa Va a dejar sin terminar, va a ir a otro lado. \seo (refl.) to give up in vain \sso (refl.) rendirse; dejarse vencer \pno Xnone:nka:wa, ma:si xweli, ta a:man yaw. \peo He doesn't give up in vain, even though he can't (do it) up to now he continues to go (e.g., to class). \pso No se deja vencer, aunque no puede (con ello) hasta hoy sigue yendo. \xrb ne:n \xrb ka:wa \qry Check to make sure that form without /tla-/ is OK. Cf. to definition in RS. \ref 05901 \lxa ne:nkwahli \lxac ne:nkwahli nankateh? \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08445 \lxa ne:ntekitl \lxac ne:ntekitl \lxo ne:ntekitl \lxoc ne:ntekitl \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \se just in case; just to be sure \ss por si acaso; por si las dudas \pna Ne:ntekitl xkitati! \pea Just in case, go take a look at it! \psa Por si las dudas, ¡ve a verlo! \pna San ne:ntekitl o:nikitoh. \pea I said it just in case (e.g., just in case it might have an effect). \psa Lo dije por si acaso (esto es, si acaso tuviera un efecto). \xrb ne:n \xrb teki \nse Most speakers translate this as 'a ver si acaso.' Besides the prosodic reasons for analyzing this as one word, there is the existence of the related verb ne:ntekiwia (Am) and ne:ntekiwiya (Oa). \qry A check should be run to determine whether there are instances of /ne:n/ used in isolation. \ref 03113 \lxa ne:ntekiwia \lxac none:ntekiwia \lxo ne:ntekiwia \lxof [ne:n te ki 'wi a] \lxoc none:ntekiwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \se to do just in case (e.g., just in case it might work, have positive results, etc.) \ss hacer por si acaso, por si si las dudas (p. ej., hacer o llevar a cabo algo simplemente para ver si resulta) \pna San nimone:ntekiwia:ya. \pea I did it just in case (e.g., to see if it would work). \psa Lo hacía solamente por si acaso (esto es, lo hice solamente para ver si resultara). \cfao ne:ntekitl \xrb ne:n \xrb teki \nse For example, one might ask someone if he would do something, or would agree to something, even though one thought that there was little chance of a positive response. One asks, as it were, "just in case." \qry Determine the way in which an adjunct or other phrase might be expressed here. ?nimone:ntekiwia:ya deke (or tla:?) kinekis. Etc. check for full use in a sentence. \ref 04727 \lxa ne:ntlamati \lxac ne:ntlamati \lxo ne:ntlamati \lxoc ne:ntlamati \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1 \infv Irregular; see mati \seao to be distressed; to be worried \ssao estar angustiado; estar preocupado \pna Nine:ntlamati. O:kelna:mik pero xnikmati deke wel nikchi:was. \pea I am distressed. He remembered it (e.g., sth I was to do) but I don't know if I can do it. \psa Estoy angustiado. El se acordó (p. ej., de algo que debía yo hacer) pero no sé si lo puedo hacer. \xrb ne:n \xrb mati \dis te:mati; ne:ntlamati \nse The precise meaning of ne:ntlamati needs to be further investigated. One short comment in my original notes reported a consultant's gloss for nine:ntlamati as 'mis pensamientos están allá,' apparently with the sense of worrying about an event that is taking place. Molina gives nentlamati. ni. 'estar descontento y afligido, o hazer lo que es ensí en algún negocio.' Other derivations refer to 'angustia, descontento, aflicción, etc.' \qry Get further examples of texts. \ref 00490 \lxa nepa \lxac nepa \lxo napa \lxoc napa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se over there (with no special place indicated) \ss por allí (sin ningún lugar en específico indicado) \pna Nepa! \pea Over there (i.e., in a general direction)! \psa ¡Por allí (en una dirección general)! \pna Nepa nikonchi:was un tekitl. \pea I'll do that job over there (no special place indicated). \psa Voy a hacer ese trabajo allí (pero no indicando ningún lugar en especial). \cfa nepaika \cfo napaika \encystmp adverbs of place \xrb ne: \xrl -pa \nse This adverbial form is related to the deictics ne: and -pa (as in ompa), with vowel shortening of ne:. \qry Determine the difference between forms such as /ompa/, /nepa/, /neyhka/, etc. apparently the latter is the most distant. In one note I have indicated that /nepa/ does not refer to any specific location, just "over there" in general. \mod Add onomasiological section of adverbial deictics of place. \ref 04911 \lxa nepahli \lxac nepahli \lxo nepahli \lxoc nepahli \dt 11/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \seo part of a palm that refers to a unit of face-to-face strips of palm \sso parte de la palma que se refiere a una unidad de dos tiras de palma que se encuentran como parte de un abanico \pno Óó:me nepahli nokwi para ya: nosa:lowa so:ya:patla:wak. \peo Two double-stranded strips of palm are used to tie flat palm (i.e., to kwihlo:tl in thatching a roof) \pso Dos tiras dobles de palma se emplean para atar la palma ancha (p. ej., al kwihlo:tl para hacer el techo de una casa de palma) \xrb nepal \ilustmp Create illustration or photo. \ref 06577 \lxa nepaika \lxac nepaika \lxo napaika \lxoa napayá; napáya; nepayá; nepáya; \lxoc napai:ka \dt 05/Apr/2003 \psm Adv(loc) \com Adv-N(rel) \der Adv-loc \pa yes-irregular \seao there (in a space cognitively separate from the space occupied by speaker); over there; over in that direction; over that way \ssao allá (en un espacio cognitivamente separado del espacio ocupado por él que habla); para allá; por allí en esa dirección \pna Nepai:ka onkah. \pea There are some over there. \psa Hay algunos por allá. \pna Niá:s nepai:ka. \pea I'n going over there (in that direction). \psa Voy allá (en esa dirección). \xrb ne: \xrb -pa; -ka \cfa na:nika \ono Adverbs of place \nse Nepa i:ka is used to indicate a distant place that is, cognitively, across a boundary. Thus it was used by Florencia Marcelino to indicate the other side of a divided highway. But at the same time she mentioned that it would be used to refer to the location of someone who has crossed the border from Mexico to the United States. Her usage seems to suggest that even if within eyesight nepayá (her most usual pronunciation, she also uses napa i:ka less often) may be used. In such cases it implies a boundary. However, it also seems that nepa i:ka would be used for things that are out of sight if visibility is the key element of discourse. In this sense it constrasts with nepa (cf. Oapan neyá or néya) that indicates a place within sight (unless the speaker choses to stress the existence of a boundary, such as occurs between two sides of a highway). Thus the locative used with verbs indicating a precise activity (such as chi:wa) would seem to be mostly nepa. Note that Oapan does not have the form *ne:yhka, which is found in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \qry Check difference between nepa and nepa ika. \mod In subsequent version discussion reasons for writing this as two (or one) words. \ref 00540 \lxa nepane:wi \lxac nepane:wi \lxo nepane:wi \lxoc nepane:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \infv class-3a(w) \se to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) \ss estar sobrepuesto; cruzar (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) \pna Yewa nepane:wis. \pea That one will lay across (in this case in reference to the part of a calzón, or its counterpart in a wrap-around skirt, that crosses over in front of the body) \psa Ese va a estar sobrepuesto (en este caso la parte de un calzón, o de una falda que se cierne sobre la cintura, que cruza enfrente y se coloca sobrepuesto a la otra parte) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \equivao nepaniwi \cfao nepaniwi \xrb nepan \nse See notes under nepaniwi. \vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here. \ref 02415 \lxa nepane:wtok \lxac nepane:wtok \lxo ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \sea (often with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ssa (a menudo con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \pna Ne:nepane:wtok kosta:les. \pea The sacks are piled up one on top of the other. \psa Los costales están apilados uno sobre el otro. \xrb nepan \nse See notes under nepaniwi. \vl One token of FM is mistaken: it is /nepaniwi/ and not /nepane:wi/, which is the entry here. \ref 07845 \lxa nepaniwi \lxac nepaniwi \lxo nepaniwi \lxoc nepaniwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to be on top of; to lay across or cross over the top of (p. ej., one piece of fabric that crosses over and on top of another) \ss estar puesto sobre; cruzar sobre (e.g., un pedazo de tela que cruza y se coloca sobre otro) \se (with long vowel reduplication) to be piled one on top of another \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar apilado o amontonado, uno sobre el otro \pna Yo:tlane:nepaniw ka:n te:to:kalo, xok tlawe:i. \pea People are now buried one on top of the other in the cemetery, there is no more free space. \psa Ya se sobreponen (los cuerpos) donde se entierra a la gente, ya no hay lugar. \equivao nepane:wi \xrb nepan \nse Both nepaniwi and nepane:wi, which apparently are identical in meaning, most often occur with long vowel reduplication although nonreduplicated forms have been documented (see entry under nepane:wi). \nde The intransitive nepaniui (or nepane:ui is not listed in Molina. However, RS gives for the former: 'Juntarse, unirse, concordar, confundirse, etc.; nepaniui in tlatolli, los discursos concuerdan, los pareceres son los mismos; amo nepaniui in tlatolli 'no hay acuerdo en los sentimientos, los pareceres son distintos.' \qry The possibility of other forms (nonreduplicated or with short vowel reduplication) should be checked. But note that under the entry for /nepane:wi/ I do have an example of an unreduplicated form. \ref 00700 \lxa nepanowa \lxac kinepanowa \lxo nepanowa \lxoc kinepanowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to place on top of; to pile on top of \ss poner sobre; apilar sobre \pna Xne:nepanotiw! \pea Pile them up as you go along (e.g., dishes being dried, documents being written, etc.)! \psa ¡Vélos apilando (p. ej., platos que uno está secando, documentos producidos y escriitos, etc.)! \se to join up with (a man or woman with a another of the opposite sex) in forming a household without marrying (usually one or both are widowed or have had children out of wedlock; they do not marry but simply live together) \ss juntarse (una persona) con (otra del sexo contrario) para formar una familia (generalmente uno, o los dos, es un viudo o ha tenido un niño; no se casan sino simplemente se juntan) \xrb nepan \nse In the form xne:nepanotiw the reference is to one who goes along (either temporally or spatially) piling things up, e.g. in drying dishes, in writing on sheets of paper, etc. With the sense of nepanowa as 'to join up with to form a household' either the subject may be of either sex, although it is more common for the man to be the subject. \ref 04603 \lxa nepantik \lxac nepantik \lxo nepantik \lxoc nepantik; ne:nepantik \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \seo to be folded over on itself \sso estar doblado sobre si mismo \seo to have two storeys (a building) \sso tener dos pisos (una casa) \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be layered \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener capas, una sobre otra (p. ej., el pastel llamado 'mil hojas') \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to have more than two storeys (a building) \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) tener más de dos pisos (un edificio) \seo (with long vowel reduplication) to be pleated \sso (con reduplicación de vocal larga) estar plegado; tener pliegues \seo (kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik) to have small narrow pleats \sso (kwe:xtsi:n ne:nepantik) tener muchos pliegues muy angostos \seo (wéwé:i ne:nepantik) to have large wide pleats \sso (wéwé:i ne:nepantik) tener varios pliegues anchos \xrb nepan \nse The nonreduplicated form nepantik is used in reference to a single pleat or place in which a material is folded over on itself. The reduplicated ne:nepantik is use for multiple occurrences, such as a pleated dress, a building with more than two storeys, etc. \vl The tokens for /nepantik/ are here at 06982. Originally I then had 06983, /ne:nepantik/ as a separate entry, but I have combined them. Thus there is no entry 06983 anymore and the tokens for /ne:nepantik/ which are there should be retagged as 06982. Note that there are 4 extra tokens at 7116. \ref 06982 \lxa nepantlah \lxac nepantlah \lxo nepantlah \lxoc nepantlah \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss \infn N2(rel) \se (unpossessed) in the middle \ss (no poseído) en medio \pna Nepantlah tikochis. \pea You will sleep in the middle (i.e., of two or more persons). \psa Vas a dormir en medio (p. ej., de dos o más personas). \pna Nepantlah unkah. \pea It is in the middle. \psa Está en medio. \se (alienable possession) in the middle of; at the midpoint of \ss (posesión no enajenable) en el medio de; en el punto medio de \pna I:nepantlah mi:hli, pakah a:tekomatl ika a:tl. \pea In the middle of the cornfield, there is a gourd canteen with water. \psa En medio de la milpa, allí hay un tecomate con agua. \se (with tla-) place or area in the middle (of an open space) \ss (con tla-) lugar en medio (de un espacio abierto) \pna Xkontla:li ompún, tlanepantlah! \pea Place it down right there, in the central area! \psa ¡Colócalo allí mero, en la área en medio! \xrl nepantlah \dis inepantlah vs. itlakotia:n \nae When possessed nepantlah functions as a relational noun; unpossessed it functions adverbially, modifying a predicate by indicating the location where the event takes place. Tlanepantlah refers to a space that is centrally located, e.g., the center of an area, a room, etc., though there is no direct or implied reference to a group of objects in whose middle the event occurs. In essence it functions as a headless relative clause. Note that it refers to the middle of an open space, not the midpoint of a particular object, in which case i:nepantlah or i:tlakotia:n would be used, with the possessor being the object whose middle is being referenced. Nepantlah often occurs with an incorporated noun stem, e.g., kalnepantlah 'in the middle of the house,' etc. Note that whereas tlanepantlah refers to a centrally located area or place, nepantlah functions when there is some contextual indication or topicality of the items in the middle of which the predicate event will occur, e.g., nepantlah nikochis or nepantlah onkah, when speaker and hearer have an idea of the objects that have a middle. \qry The difference between nepantlah and tlanepantlah. Check whether /tonepantlah/ is correct. \ref 05864 \lxa nepantli \lxac nepantli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se story (of a house) \ss piso (de una casa) \pna Nikpia nokal de o:me nepantli. \pea I have a house of two stories. \psa Tengo una casa de dos pisos. \se layer; sth stacked or layered over another of the same \ss capa; estrato; una cosa sobrepuesta sobre otra igual \cfao nepaniwi \cfo nepantik \xrb nepan \cfa nepaniwi \nse Apparenlty nepantli can refer to a layer in any type of object. \qry Check to determine what /nepantli/ can refer to (e.g., can it refer to a blanket in a stack of blankets?). \ref 02863 \lxa nesawahli \lxac nesawahli \lxo nesawahli \lxoc nesawahli \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn N1 \se fast (from not eating) \ss ayuno \pna O:kite:makaton nonesawal. \pea They went to give word of my fasting. \psa Fueron a dejar noticias de mi ayuno. \pna Kinekis nesawahli. Xmosawa para nokwiste:was mokokoxka:w! \pea It (e.g., a particular remedy or curing ceremony) needs (to be accompanied by) fasting. Fast so that the ill member of your family will get better! \psa Necesita (p. ej., un remedio o ceremonia en particular) que participe alguien en ayunas. ¡Ayuna tú para que se levante tu pariente que está enferma. \xrb sawa \nse The phrase o:kite:makaton nonesawal was uttered by a person who fasted halfoodays (till noon) every Wedensday and Friday, as is the custom with some during Lent, and whose children went to church on the Saturday after Good Friday to give word of this fasting to the village saint. The father had fasted so that he would not get sick, would have good luck, etc. \qry Check that /nesawahli/ can refer to the person who fasts. \grm O:kite:makaton nonesawal. 'They went to give word of my fasting.' Note that the object here is not something that is actually given, but something about which word is given. \ref 02161 \lxa nesawalpan \lxac nesawalpan \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08438 \lxa nesawaltia \lxac nonesawaltia \lxo nesawaltia \lxoc kinesawaltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \aff Lex. ne- \infv class-2a \se to order (sb) to fast; to make (sb) fast (i.e., to abstain from eating for a curing ceremony) \ss hacer u ordenar a (algn) esté en ayunas \xrb sawa \xvba sawa \grm Ne- in derivations; reflexive. /nesawaltia/, like /nemaxtia/ is a causative construction of a reflexive action (hence the use of the /ne-/ prefix for a reflexive action. Note that the reflexive here refers to an action undertaken by the patient of the causative, i.e., the person ordered to fast. Cf. Launey and other Classical grammars for the use of /ne-/ in such constructions. \ref 05939 \lxa nesawilia \lxac kinesawilia \lxo nesawilia \lxoc kinesawilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap(ne) \infv class-2a \se to fast for (i.e., so that sth, such as a curing ceremony, will proceed well); to fast for (a medicine, so that it takes effect) \ss ayunar para (p. ej., para que algo vaya bien, como una ceremonia para curar); ayunar para (un remedio, para que surta efectos) \pna Tiknesawili:s. \pea You will fast for it (in this case before using chikimolin to cure someone, so that the remedy "obeys" and takes effect). \psa Le vas a ayunar (en este caso antes de emplear el remedio chikimolin para curar a algn, para que el remedio "obedezca" y surta efectos). \pna Niknesawili:s un suwa:tl para kinekis. \pea I'll fast for that woman so that she will want to (marry me). \psa Me voy a poner en ayunas para esa mujer, para que vaya a querer (casarse conmigo). \xrb ne \xrb sawa \xvbao sawa \nse In fasting for a particular remedy, the hope is that by fasting the remedy will "obey" (te:tla:kamatis). In the phrase niknesawili:s un sowa:tl para kinekis, the action is of fasting for as many as 2 days, from sunrise to sunset and 2 days to noon only. Then one places a candle near an image of San José, only him, so that the girl will accept a marriage proposal. \ref 03168 \lxa ne:si \lxac ne:si \lxo ne:si \lxoc ne:si \dt 22/Mar/2002 \der Aux \se it seems; it appears that \ss parece \pna Ne:si xok te:cha:lpale:wi:s. \pea It appears that he will no longer come to help us. \psa Parece que ya no viene a ayudarnos. \xrb ne:si \ref 04409 \lxa ne:si \lxac ne:si \lxo ne:si \lxoc ne:si \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to appear; to turn up (e.g., sth lost) \ss aparecer (p. ej., algo perdido) \pna I:tekiw ne:sis. \pea It's bound to show up. \psa Ha de aparecer. \se to emerge (a solution to a problem, sb who will do sth that others are reluctant to do, etc.) \ss surgir (una solución a un problema, algn que va a hacer algo que otros niegan a hacer) \pna Xene:si a:kinon konka:was. \pea The person who will go leave it still hasn't shown up (e.g., no one has yet accepted the responsibility). \psa El que lo va a ir a dejar todavía no aparece (p. ej., nadie hasta el momento ha aceptado la responsabilidad). \se (with wa:l-) to pop up; to suddenly appear \ss (con wa:l-) aparecer de repente \pna O:wa:lne:s motomi:n. Ya:lwa xnikpiaya, a:man o:timitska:wili:ko. \pea Your money popped up (in this case the money owed to you). Yesterday I didn't have any (money), today I've come to drop some off for you. \psa De repente apareció tu dinero (en este caso que se te debía). Ayer yo no lo tenía, ahora te lo vine a dejar (pagando la deuda). \pna Wa:lne:ne:stokitomi:n, nochipa unkah. \pea His money turns up on occasion (when needed), there's always some around (i.e., he has a lot of money saved up and whenever he needs it, it is there). \psa Su dinero aparece ocasionalmente (cuando se necesita), siempre hay algo (esto es, tiene mucho dinero guardado and siempre cuando lo necesita, allí está). \se (with on- and i:pan) to reflect or be reflected on \ss (con on- y i:pan) reflejarse o estar reflejado en \pna Nika:n xmoteketsa! Tonesis ipan te:skatl. \pea Stand right here! You'll be reflected in the mirror. \psa ¡Párate aquí! te vas a reflejar en el espejo. \se (with a directional affix) to come into view (e.g., after having been hidden from sight such as what might occur when one is walking through woods or behind some large object) \ss (con un afijo direccional) aparecer; llegar a ser visible (p. ej., después de haber estado invisible como puede ocurrir si algn está camindo por un bosque o atrás de un objeto grande) \pna Ye wa:hlaw, o:ne:siko. \pea He is on his way here, he has come into view. \psa Ya viene, ya vino a aparecer. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to start up (i.e., a custom or pattern of behavior that starts to take hold) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) empezar poco a poco (p. ej., una tradición, un patrón de comportamiento nuevo) \pna San kemech o:nene:s. \pea It just started up recently (e.g., a custom or fad that starts to appear). \psa Apenas empezó (p. ej., una costumbre o moda que la gente ha empezado a hacer). \xrb ne:si \xvcao ne:xtia \xvcapao ne:xtilia \xv0ao tlane:si \ref 05138 \lxa ne:stok \lxac ne:stok \lxo ne:stok \lxoc ne:stok \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be visible; for there to be a mark (e.g., of sth having occurred, sth having passed through, etc.) \ss ser visible; haber o quedar señales (p. ej., de algo que ocurrió, de algn o algo que había pasado por un lugar, etc.) \pna Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah. \pea I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there. \psa Estoy andando mirando por aquí y por allá (en este caso en mi milpa). Estoy contento (con lo que veo). Cosas ya han empezado a ser visibles (esto es, las semillas que sembré ya empezaron a brotar y los retoños ya aparecen sobre la superficie de la tierra), en partes ya hay (algunas plantitas). \xrb ne:si \qry Check for use of /tla-/ with statives: ?tlate:ntok, tlatepachakahloh, tlakoto:ntok, etc. Check for /tlakiki:sa/ and contrast with /tlaki:sa/, etc. \qry Make sure that in the phrase /Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye oonkah./ the reduplicant has a short not long vowel. Check and change if necessary. \grm Reduplication; statives; /tla-/: /Nitla:tlachi:xtinemi. Nitlawelita. Yo:pe:w tlanene:stok, ye uunkah/ 'I am going around looking deliberately here and there (in this case in my milpa). I am content (with what I see). Things are starting to be visible (i.e., the seeds I planted have started to break the surface), already there are some (plants) here and there.' Note in this case again the use of /tla-/ with a stative to indicate the geographical dispersion of a state, in this case that of being visible. Perhaps the use of /tla-/ can be tested with all statives. Note also how there is a difference between /tlane:stok/, which indicates the progressive of an impersonal passive or zero valency verb, and /tlanene:stok/, which indicates the geographical extension of a stative. What /tla-/ does in /tlanene:stok/ is to remove any subject referent, although interestingly the reduplication carries the semantics of plurality. Thus /tlanene:stok/ can perhaps be considered a nonspecific subject intransitive/stative but in which plurality is still marked in a distributive sense. Perhaps check for the correctness of /tlakiki:sa/ (cf. /tlaki:sa/, which is a weather phenomenon). In general note that /tla-/ can be used with a variety of grammatical forms to indicate a spatial extension of a situation, state, etc. with no clear subject. Thus one has /tlateteyoh/, /tlakwalka:n/, etc. Cf. the difference of /tlanene:stok/, which is a reduplicated stative, and /tlatlane:si/, which is a reduplicated form of the intransitive /tlane:si/. \ref 05958 \lxa netechowa \lxac kinetechowa \lxo netechowa \lxoc kinetechowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to place near together (two or more objects); to put close to (one object to another) \ss acercar (dos o más objetos); colocar juntos o cerca (uno objeto al otro) \pna Xne:netecho! \pea Put them closer together (e.g., a series of rods, things that are interwoven, etc., one group after another)! \psa ¡Colócalos juntos (p. ej., una serie de varas que están en línea, algo entretejido, etc.)! \pna Xmonetecho:kan! \pea Place yourselves close together (e.g., people in a crowded place, two people lying down, etc.)! \psa ¡Acérquense (p. ej., varias personas en un lugar apretado, dos personas acostadas juntas, etc.)! \xrb netech \qry Check for intransitive. Perhaps this is another case of an anticausative for the intransitive. \rt There seems to be a clear relationship of the root netech to the relational noun -tech and to the reflexive particle ne. An effort should be made to determine all instances in which ne and tech are found in roots. \ref 03158 \lxa netextik \lxac netextik \lxo netextik \lxoc netextik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \tran -Base \se to be close together \ss estar juntos; estar pegados; estar cercanos uno al otro \pna Netextik xtla:li! \pea Place them close together (e.g., two sacks of maize, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlos pegados unos a otros (p. ej., dos costales de maíz)! \pna Ma:ka we:weka xtla:li, ne:netextik! \pea Don't place them far apart, place them close together! \psa No los coloques muy apartados (o abiertos), pónlos pegaditos (cerca unos a otros)!. \xrb netech \nse Netextik refers to things such as the rods in a roof of a house, mesh wiring, etc. that are placed or woven close together. \nae Although the transitive netechowa has been documented in both dialects, the associated intransitive ?netechiwi has not been noted, either in conversation or in any extant text. Classical Nahuatl likewise has netechoa but not ?netechiui. \qry Check all the things to which /netextik/ can be applied; also check to determine whether the nonreduplicated form can be used, although one of sentences above has such a usage (recheck). Finally, check for verbal forms. See illustration on original filecard. \mod Cf. diagram with netestik \grm Adjectival derivation from intransitive: Statives marked -x are those for which a corresponding intransitive does not exist, although the meaning of the stative and the derivational process in general is based on intransitives (and unaccusatives). Apparently, as /netextik/ demonstrates, this situation can also occur with adjectivals. That is, the form /netextik/ is apparently related to an intransitive ?netechiwi. This verb has not been found in the corpus, though perhaps it will be. At any rate, the question is whether the derivational process illustrated here can be related to "intransitives" that do not exist in the lexicon. Or, viewed another way, are all adjectivals forms from -iwi/-owa verbs based simply on a stem (withouth the -iwi/-owa) or should they be considered derived from the intransitive. It will be important to determine for all Adj-part-wi-tik adjectivals whether the intransitive exists. Hence: check for ?netechiwi. \ref 01999 \lxa newa \lxaa nowa \lxac newa \lxo náwá \lxoa néwá \lxoc náwá \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Pr(ind) \der Pr-ind \pa yes-lex \se I (emphatic pronoun, 1st-person singular) \ss yo (pronombre enfático de primera persona) \cfo no \xrb nehwa \nae Often pronounced with a raised and backed vowel [nowa]. Note that this same backing of the first vowel occurs with other independent pronouns: tewa, yewa, tewameh, and yewameh. Although an accoustic analysis is pending, this vowel seems to be a mid-to-high central vowel, and most likely an underlying /e/, found in other neighboring dialects, has been backed. Note that older speakers seem to have a more fronted vowel [e] than younger speakers [o]. When I asked Luis Lucena, a consultant who was then between 60 and 70 years of age, to write the first person singular pronoun, he wrote nehua, using an /e/. \qry It is still unsure how to record this sound. Note that the independent pronouns may be use to focus on possessors, in which case they translate more like "my." See grammar. \vl There are four additional tokens from 02810. These should be tagged with #3938, but they should not be linked as the later tokens recorded here at 3938 are better. \ref 03938 \lxa nexa:yo:tl \lxac nexa:yo:tl \lxo nexa:yo:tl \lxoc nexa:yo:tl \dt 15/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1 \se yellow water formed by nextamal after it has been soaking in boiled water \ss agua amarrilla del nextamal que se ha dejado remojar en agua hervida \cfo nexkwitlatl \xrb nex \xrb a: \encyctmp tisi \qry Check to determine possessed form. \mod Include a description of maize and tortilla preparation, mention all the associated tools (e.g., /kuhburroh/, /a:chi:wi:ltepalkatl/, /metlatl/ and its types, etc. \grm Note how the abstract suffix /-yo:tl/ is here used to indicate the abstract form of a part/whole relationship. Apparently the /-yo:tl/ here marks a possessive relationship (part/whole) of /a:tl/ to /nex-/. One wonders why the form /nexa:tl/ is not found. Cf. to other forms that end in simply /a:tl/. Here the /-yo:tl/ seems to be not so much "abstraction" as part/whole. Compare to other words that end in this. RS has /nexa:tl/ as 'lejía' (apparently, 'bleach'). \ref 01523 \lxa nexe:wi \lxac nexe:wi \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[x] \infv class-3a(w) \sea to get dusty \ssa empolvorearse \sea to fade or become faded (e.g., cloth or other dyed items) \ssa desteñirse (p. ej. ropa u otros materiales teñidos) \sea (with tla-) see tlane:si \ssa (con tla-) véase tlane:si \syno mónexé:wi \xrb nex \nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, did not accept the form *nexiwi. Apparently monexe:wi and nexe:wi are synonyms, although my sense at this time is that monexe:wi is much more usual. \qry Check whether /monexe:wi/ and /nexe:wi/ are synonyms. Also try to determine what the /mo/ element is. Check to determine whether /te-/ can be used ?tenexe:wi and if the meaning is equivalent. Also check for occurrence of /-iwi/ form and of transitive /nexowa/. The who nature of /mohnexe:wi/ needs to be investigated. \ref 01147 \lxa nexi:ko:leh \lxac nexi:ko:leh \lxo nexi:ko:leh \lxoc nexi:ko:leh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-posr-eh \aff Nom. ne- \infn N1 \seao person who is selfish, self-centered o egotistic \ssao persona que es egoísta \pna Nexi:ko:leh, tli:n kipia xkite:tlane:wtia. \pea He is selfish, what he has he doesn't lend out (i.e., he wants to be the only one who has it). \psa Es egoísta, lo que tiene no lo quiere prestar (esto es, quiere ser el único quien lo tenga). \pna Nexi:ko:leh, xkineki ma tlanamakalo. \pea He is selfish, he doesn't want any selling to take place (e.g., in a market place where he has rights, he wants to be the only one selling). \psa Es egoísta, no quiere que haya venta (p. ej., en un mercado donde tiene derecho a vender, él quiere ser el único vendiendo). \seao person who is envious or jealous (e.g., of the success, wealth, good fortune, etc., of others) \ssao persona envidiosa o celeosa (p. ej., del éxito, dinero, suerte, etc., de otros) \sem emotions \xrb xi:ko \nse Nexi:ko:leh refers to a person who is selfish, particularly one who refuses to let others share a certain materal object or right (such as a permit to sell in a given location). Thus a person who refuses to lend out something that another person needs, or who uses his influence to prevent others from obtaining permits to sell is called nexi:ko:leh. It might refer to someone who has a nice house and doesn't want others to build equally nice homes. Or it can be used to refer to someone who begrudges the success of others, who sees others who have made money, have a lot of friends, etc. and is jealous. The derivation of nexi:ko:l is clearly related to the verb xi:kowa plus the reflexive prefix ne-, used here to refer to changes that affect the emotions or physical state of a person. \grm Possessor with -wah and -eh: Note that care should be taken to mention that the forms ending in /-wah/ and /-eh/ often function as "adjectives." \ref 00979 \lxa nexi:ko:listli \lxac nexi:ko:listli \lxo nexi:ko:listli \lxoc nexi:ko:listli \dt 27/Jan/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1 \seao selfishness; self-centeredness; enviousness \ssao egoísmo; envidia \flao nexi:ko:leh \xrb xi:ko \qry Check for possessed form. \ref 00883 \lxa nexketsa \lxac nexketsa \lxo nexketsa \lxoc nexketsa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to prepare nextamahli by placing maize kernels in a bucket (nexko:ntli) of lime water that has been boiled and just taken off the hearth \ss preparar nixtamal al meter maíz dentro de una cubeta agua con cal (nexko:ntli) que ha sido hervida y apenas sacada del fogón \xrb nex \xrb ketsa \nse Nexketsa refers to the entire action of preparing nextamal from the moment the bucket of lime water is placed on a hearth. \ref 05573 \lxa nexko:ntli \lxac nexko:ntli \lxo nexko:ntli \lxoc nexko:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se pot (now usually an old metal bucket) used for making nextamahli \ss olla (ahora generalmente una vieja cubeta de metal) que se emplea para hacer nixtamal \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot for making nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to eat a couple of tamales! \psa ¡Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más un par de tamales. \xrb nex \xrb ko:m \encyctmp cooking \nse The phrase Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! makes sense given the way dough for tamales is prepared, as opposed to the dough used in making tortillas. For regular masa the lime water is brought to a boil in the nexko:ntli, which is then removed from the fire before the maize is added. For tamales, however, the maize is placed in lime water as it is boiling. \vl There is an additional female token at 5738 that should be tagged here with 2868. \ref 02868 \lxa nexkuwtli \lxac nexkuwtli \lxo nexkohtli \lxoc nexkohtli \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \com S-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of tree not found near Ameyaltepec, but apparently found near Ahuelicán; still not collected nor identified \ss tipo de árbol no hallado cerca de Ameyaltepec aunque si, aparentemente, cerca de Ahuelicán; todavía no colectado ni identificado \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb nex \xrb kow \nse Luis Lucena mentioned that he had heard the name of this tree but would not be able to recognize it. There are none near Ameyaltepec although, he thought, this tree is found near Ahuelicán. \nct kohtli \vl The first female token is mistaken, it is /nexko:ntli/ and should be tagged as #2868. The rest are correct. Of these, link the last female token and last male token. \ref 05738 \lxa nexpachowa \lxac kinexpachowa \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \sea to cover with hot ash (from the hearth, in cooking sth) \ssa tapar o cubrir con ceniza caliente (del hogar, en cocinar algo) \xrb nex \xrb pach \ref 07867 \lxa nextamahli \lxac nextamahli \lxo nextamahli \lxoc nextamahli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se maize soaked in boiled water with lime, which causes the maize to expand and loose its husk (in Spanish nixtamal); the nextamahli is then ground up for making tortillas \ss nixtamal, maíz remojado en agua hervida con cal, que se abulta y pierde su cáscara; después el nixtamal se muele para hacer tortillas \sem food-maize \xrb nex \xrb tamal \cfa po:so:hli de next \ono tlaxkahli \qry Check whether /nextli/ still exists as a noun, as it did in classical. \mod Produce page on the preparation of tortillas, including references to: making of nextamal, types of tools used in preparation of tortillas (komal, achiwiltepalkatl, etc). \ref 01335 \lxa nextamalkwa \lxac kinextamalkwa \lxo nextamalkwa \lxocpend kinextamalkwa \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \seo to eat (e.g., a pig, cow, etc.) the nextamahli of \sso comerle (p. ej., un marrano, vaca, etc. [S]) el nixtamal a \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb kwa \ref 07850 \lxa nextamalkwa \lxac nextamalkwa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08474 \lxa nextamalkwitla \lxac nextamalkwitla \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08567 \lxa nextamalpa:ka \lxac nextamalpa:ka \lxo nextamalpa:ka \lxoc nextamalpa:ka \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \seo to clean nextamahli in a tla:lchikihtli \sso limpiar nixtamal en un tla:lchikihtli \xrb nex \xrb tamal \xrb pa:ka \ref 07030 \lxa nextamalxo:chitl \lxac nextamalxo:chitl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem kuwtsi:ntli \xrb \ref 08559 \lxa ne:xtia \lxac kine:xtia \lxo ne:xtia \lxoc kine:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to find; to locate (an object) \ss hallar; encontrar; localizar (un objeto) \pna Xok kine:xti:s,itekiw yo:poliw. \pea He won't find it anymore, surely it's gotten lost. \psa Ya no lo va a encontrar, seguro ya se perdió. \pna Sana:man kinotla:nilia, sana:man kine:ne:xtiaitomi:ntsi:n. \pea He quickly earns it for himself, right away he turns up a little money here and there. \psa Rápidamente lo gana para si mismo, luego luego va encontrando su dinerito por ahí. \se to guess at (for example, the answer to a riddle) \ss adivinar (p. ej., la respuesta a una adivinanza) \pna Xne:xti ke:ch nokone:wa:n! \pea Guess how many children I have! \psa ¡Adivina cuantos hijos tengo! \se to solve; to find (a solution to a problem) \ss solucionar; encontrar (la solución a un problema) \pna Xtiknexti:s ke:non, xtiwelis. \pea You won't find a way (to do sth, to solve a problem), you won't be able (to do it). \psa No le vas a solucionar, no vas a poder. \se (refl.) to become or get wealthy \ss (refl.) hacerse o volverse rico \pna Sana:man riko:ti, kemech none:xtitok. \pea He got rich right away, he is just now getting wealthy. \psa Luego luego se enriqueció, apenas se está volviendo rico. \xrb ne:si \xvbao ne:si \ref 02047 \lxa ne:xtilia \lxac kine:xtilia \lxo ne:xtilia \lxoc kine:xtilia \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to find for \ss hallar para (algn) \pna Ke:skipa deke nitlachwas. Xok nikchi:was, san tine:chne:xtilitok tekitl. \pea How can you believe that I will dig? I won't do it anymore, you are just finding work for me to do! \psa ¡Pero cuándo voy a excavar! Ya no lo voy a hacer, nada más me estás echando trabajo (para que tenga algo que hacer). \se to divine (sth, often a sentential complement) for \ss adivinar (algo, a menudo un complemento sentential) para \pna Xne:chne:xtili. Timistlaxtla:wili:s. \pea Divine it for me (said to a soothsayer)! I'll pay you. \psa ¡Adivínalo para mí (dicho a un curandero)! te voy a pagar. \xrb ne:si \xvbao ne:stia \ref 04875 \lxa nexto:n \lxac nexto:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/. \ref 08487 \lxa nexto:nah \lxac nexto:nah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 16/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08325 \lxa nexto:ntik \lxac nexto:ntik \lxo \lxocpend \dt 27/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Recheck vowel lenght of /o:/. \ref 08324 \lxa nexwah \lxac nexwah \lxo nexwah \lxoc nexwah \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \seao type of snake, apparently grey- or ashen-colored, not yet identified \ssao tipo de culebra, aparentemente color gris o de ceniza, todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem sn \xrb nex \xrb wah \nse One consultant, don Luis Lucena, described this snake as tekwitlanextik (i.e., 'ashen' or 'grey') and as te:muhtih ('fierce' or, in Spanish, 'bravo'. \nae Although the etymology of nexwah is uncertain, it apparently contains the element nex 'ash' and a termination -wah that is found with other snake names, e.g., a:palwah, which apparently comprises this same 'snake' root wah. \encyctmp kowatl \ref 01993 \lxa ne:yhka \lxac ne:yhka \dt 20/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se over there (in reference to a place that is distant and not visible) \ss allí (en referencia a un lugar distante, no visible) \pna Te:wa:n yo:nopo:w ne:yhka tlikohtli. \pea It got counted with the other firewood over there. \psa Se contó con la demás leña que está allá. \pna Ne:yhka ne:xtete:ne:wa. Iwa:n nicha:ntoya pero ne:si san ne:chistla:ko:ko. \pea He bad mouths me behind my back (i.e., there, out of earshot). I used to live with him but it appears he only came (to live with me) in order to check me out (e.g., how I live, what I eat, etc., only later to gossip to others about it). \psa Habla mal de mi por ahí. Vivía con él, pero parece que nada más vino a husmear (p. ej., cómo vivo, qué como, etc., para después contárselo a la gente). \syno ne:ika; ne:yá \cfo ne:chka \xrb ne: \xrb iw \nse This is not the same as Oapan ne:chka FK notes in regard to nechca: "there / allí (M). According to C[arochi] this points to a place in sight, albeit distant." \nse \ref 05141 \lxa ni- \lxac nipa:ki \lxo ni- \lxoc nipa:ki \dt 18/Nov/2001 \psm Pref(sub) \der Pre-sub \se see n- \ss véase n- \ref 00615 \lxa nika:n \lxac nika:n \lxo nika:n \lxoc nika:n \dt 30/Jan/2003 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se here \ss aquí; acá \se (de ~) from here (accepts plural: de nika:meh) \ss (de ~) de aquí (admite el plural: de nika:meh) \pna A:kinono:meh wa:hlaweh? De nika:meh? \pea Who are coming? Are they from here? \psa ¿Quiénes vienen? ¿son de aquí? \xrb ni- \xrb ka:n \nse Note the use of a plural marker on nika:n in the Ameyaltepec phrase de nika:meh. This suggests that whereas de should be considered a predicate 'to be of,' (cf. de newa 'it is mine', lit., 'it is of me') or 'to be from' (cf. nide Oapan 'I am from Oapan') nika:n may be considered almost like a headless relative 'the place that is here'. Perhaps this would explain its ability to take a plural marker, a characteristic that might apply to several other adverbs of location. \grm Pluralization and clticiziation: In the phrase De nika:meh note the use of the plural. This suggests that de nika:n should be considered functionally like a headless relative clause: de nika:n 'a person from here' and de nika:meh 'people from here.' In this instance the plural marker acts as a clitic, pluralizing the relative clause on its rightmost element. In the same vein note the use of the subject marker on relative clauses: /ni de nika:n/ 'I am from here.' It might be possible to consider /de/, therefore, as potentially a predicate, 'to be of' or 'to be from' Thus /de newa/ would be analyzed as {0-de newa} 'it is of me'. What is clear from this example and from more totally Nahuatl clauses such as /niwe:i chichi/ is that person and number marking can occur at the level of the predicative clause, even though words can be distinguished morphosyntactically (e.g., /tiwe:imeh chichimeh/ in which the plural marker with /we:i/ indicates that it is not incorporated into /chichi/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note velarization of final /n/ in the pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez. \rt The root ka:n seems obvious in nika:n although the remaining element is of unclear status, sort of like a "cran" morpheme. The key is how to reference such roots. I think that the way noted here is fine, include them as if they were regular roots, and then add a commentary to the root dictionary. \ref 06026 \lxa nika:nkah \lxac nika:nkah \lxo nika:nkah \lxoc nika:nkah \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a \se to be here \ss estar aquí \pna 1) Nika:n kah Luis? 2) Ke:mah, nika:n kah! \pea Is Luis here? Yes, he's here! \psa ¿Está aquí Luis? ¡Si, está aquí! \xrb ni- \xrb kah \xrl -ka:n \mod Perhaps develop a coding system and analysis for combinations of locatives with /kah/. \ref 02761 \lxa niman \lxac niman \lxo niman \lxoc niman \dt 03/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se right away; soon \ss luego luego; pronto \pna Xtlasiwi:ti, niman niá:s. \pea Hurry it up! I'm leaving soon. \psa ¡Apúrale! Ya mero me voy. \se as well as; and also \ss y luego; tanto como; además de \pno Notla:lko:nchi:wilia pitso, niman chichi. \peo Pigs hollow out depressions in the ground (e.g., to give birth), and also dogs. \pso Las marranas excavan sus pocitos en el suelo (p. ej., para parir), y luego las perras. \xrb niman \nse The use of niman to mean 'as well as' or 'and also,' might be a calque from the use of luego in Spanish. The term niman is often used in the diminutive, apparently with little if any change in meaning. It is also occasionally used with long vowel reduplication and the diminutive, again, with little change in meaning, although perhaps there is some indication of a slightly earlier hour: ni:nimantsi:n. This reduplicated form is used both in Oapan and in Ameyaltepec, although perhaps somewhat more often (though still rarely) in the former. \ref 05679 \lxa ni:n \lxacpend ni:n \lxo ni:n \lxoc ni:n se: \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm Coord \der Coord \se (~ + [negative predicate|) not even; neither \ss (~ + [predicado negativo]) ni \pna Tlantetekpa:ntok, ni:n se: xwetsiitlan. \pea His teeth are all lined up, not even one has fallen out. \psa Tiene todos los dientes alineados, ni uno se ha caído. \pna Xnihkwa nakatl, ni:n de pionakatl. \pea I don't eat meat, not even chicken. \psa No como carne, ni pollo. \pna Ni:n "a" wa:n ni:n "e" xweli. \pea He doesn't even know his abc's (i.e., he can't read or write). \psa Ni sabe "a" ni sabe "b" (esto es, no sabe leer ni escribir). \pna Motech yo:welkeh moyo:lka:wa:n, ne:si ni:n se: xmiki. \pea Your animals reproduced under your care, it appears that not even one has died. \psa Tus animales se reprodujeron bajo tu cuidado, parece que ni uno se murió. \pna Mejó:r xtlatlani un ne:nkah tla:hli ka:n tlawe:i. Ni:n xkipia tetl, wa:n ni:n xtlakaltech. \pea It would be better to ask for that there land in the open. It doesn't have rocks and it isn't steeply inclined. \psa Sería mejor pedir esa tierra allá donde hay campo. No tiene piedras y ni está inclinada. \se (~ tli:n) not a thing; nothing \ss (~tli:n) ni una cosa; nada en absoluto \pna Ni:n tli:n weli. \pea He can't do a thing (i.e., he doesn't know how to do anything). \psa No puede (sabe) hacer ni una cosa. \pna Ni:n tli:n xnikmati. \pea I know nothing whatsoever. \psa No sé absolutamente nada. \pna Ni:n tli:n, xtlah o:ntlaxtlaw. \pea Not I thing, I didn't pay anything. \psa Ni nada, no pagué nada. \seao (~ se:) not even one; neither \ssao (~ se:) ni uno ni otro; ninguna \pna Ni:n se: nikwelita. \pea I don't like not even one (not any of them). \psa Ni uno me gusta (o, ninguna me gusta). \syna niun \xrb ni:n \nse The phrase ni:n tli:n xnikmati contains a double negative; ni:n tli:n weli does not. Apparently both forms are acceptable though the double negative is perhaps more common. \nae In Ameyaltepec the form niun, apparently a loan from Spanish ni un is perhaps more common with the sense of 'not even...' \qry Check forms such as /ni:n tli:n weli/ vs. /ni:n tli:n xweli/ and /ni:n se: nikwelita/ vs. ?/ni:n se: xnikwelita/. \ref 03341 \lxa ni:siw \lxac ni:siw \lxo ni:sik \lxoc ni:sik \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \seao nearby; close by \ssao cerca \pna Ni:siw onkah, xkwiti! \pea It is close by, go get it! \psa Está cerca, ¡ve por ello! \pna Ni:siw niá:s. \pea I'm going nearby. \psa Voy cerca. \se (with long vowel reduplication) close together (in reference to the ordered placement of various objects) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) cercano; juntos (en referencia a la colocación de varios objetos puestos en orden) \pna Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka. \pea The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart. \psa Las varas de órgano están colocadas cercas unas a otras (p. ej., en el techo de una casa), no están distantes. \pna Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin. \pea They live (i.e., their houses are) close together. \psa Viven cerca (esto es, sus casas están cerca, una a otra). \xrb ni:siw \nae The etymology of ni:siw is uncertain although it seems to be clearly related to Classical forms such as ici and iz. Molina gives in the Spanish to Nahuatl section 'cerca, preposición' çaniz. çan nican. amo ueca; the çaniz form (from çan + iz) suggests a possible basis for Balsas Nahuatl ni:siw, although vowel length differs. \qry Check to see if /nini:siw/ is correct and, if so, what the difference between /ni:ni:siw/ and /nini:siw/ is. \grm Word order: adverbs. In the phrases under ni:siw note the word order, with the one-word adverb preverbal. This is a general pattern in Nahuatl. \grm Reduplication: long vowel. Note the following phrases: /Ni:ni:siw tlapexteh, xwe:weka/ 'The cactus rods are close together (e.g., as part of the roofing of a house), they are not far apart.' and /Ni:ni:siw cha:ntin/ 'They live (i.e., their houses are) close together.' In general note how with adverbs indicating location long vowel reduplication is used to indicate the repetition of the spatial pattern over various examples of the same object. Thus in house contruction, if one places the rods that run the length of the house close together, with row after row showing this pattern, then the long vowel reduplication is used: /ni:ni:siw/ Note how with /weka/ the same is found: /xwe:weka/. Query if /nini:siw/ is also correct and, if so, in what circumstances. \ref 01096 \lxa ni:siwtsi:n \lxac ni:siwtsi:n \lxo ni:sihtsi:n \lxoc ni:sihtsi:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl-tsi:n \se very close \ss muy cerca, pegaditos \xrb ni:siw \nse Ni:siwtsi:n indicates a distance that is less than that indicated by ni:siw. \mod Note that it is unclear whether these diminutives should have separate entries; the same would apply to /wekatsi:n/. But since it is hard to predict which adverbs accept the diminutive, perhaps it is best to give them separate entries. Note that /ni:siwtsi:n/ is closer than /ni:siw/. \ref 04308 \lxa nito:tike:tl \lxac nito:tike:tl \lxo nító:tiké:tl \lxoc nító:tiké:tl \dt 02/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se dancer (in a religious dance) \ss danzante (en un baile religioso) \encyctmp danzas \xrb hto:ti \ilus http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/nahuatl/images/danza.jpg \nse Among the regional dances performed in the area are da:nsah de koro:nah, mo:ros, da:nsah de bolah, bake:ros, and many others. \nae The Oapan form nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern (culminative stress). The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absent in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable or morphological structure. On the one hand, although nító:tiké:tl has only four syllables, it has six morae. On the other hand, nító:tiké:tl, unlike tlakwátasí, has no compounding morphology. Both these factors, metrical and morphological, might well enter into the lack of pitch suppression in nító:tiké:tl and its occurrence in tlakwátasí. \qry Note that form *nito:tiki is not acceptable. \pqry The Oapan form nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern. The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although nító:tiké:tl has only four syllables, it has six morae. This might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent : Note the stress pattern in this word (which should be checked in a speech analyzer program): /nító:tiké:tl/. The Oapan form nító:tiké:tl has three high-pitched syllables, two from coda {h} (i.e., {nihto:tihke:tl}) and one from the normal phrasal intonational pattern. The fact that all three high pitched syllables are present in the surface form (whereas they are absence in a word such as tlakwátasí from {tlakwah + tahsi}) suggests that rules of pitch readjustment and collapse are highly dependent on syllable structure. Thus although nító:tiké:tl has only four syllables, it has six morae. This might well be a factor in pitch accent patterns. \ref 05398 \lxa niun \lxacpend niun \dt 03/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \sea not even \ssa ni \pna Niun xa:tli. \pea He doesn't even drink water. \psa Ni toma agua. \syno ni: \nae Although close to Nahuatl ni:n this form is apparently borrowed from Spanish ni un. It is used in Ameyaltepec but not in Oapan to mean 'not even,' although it is often followed by se: as in niun se: tlaxkahli kikwa 'he doesn't even eat one tortilla.' One also finds, e.g., niun o:me itlaxkal xkikwa. According to Inocencio Díaz this form, niun, is used much more commonly than ni:n, which is more common in Oapan. \mod Get sound file for Ameyaltepec with /ni:n/. Switch. \ref 08849 \lxa ni:was \lxac ni:was \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \pqry Check vowel length, \ref 08145 \lxa ni:xkwi:ti:hli \lxac ni:xkwi:ti:hli \lxo ni:xkwiti:hli \lxoc ni:xkwiti:hli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas-ne \infn N1 \se illustrative object or event that serves as an example and lesson particularly of a religious event (ni:xkwi:ti:hli include events such as Passion plays, scenes from the bible painted on church walls or reproduced in illustrated books, etc.) \ss objeto o evento ilustrativo que sirve como ejemplo y lección, particularmente en referencia a un acontecimiento religioso (ni:xkwi:ti:hli incluye a las representaciones de la pasión de Cristo, o escenas de la biblia pintadas en las paredes de la iglesia o reproducidas en libros ilustrados) \pna Ni:xkwi:ti:hli pa:mpa o:nochi:w ye weka:wi. \pea It is a ni:xkwi:ti:hli (in this case in reference to a scene painted on a church wall) because it is (about) something that occurred a long time ago. \psa Es un a ni:xkwi:ti:hli (en este caso en referencia a una escena pintada sobre la pared de una iglesia) porque pasó ya hace mucho tiempo. \syna ni:xkwi:tilistli \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nae The duration of the /i/ in the syllable /kwi/ seems short in Oapan despite expected length based on the phonology of the causative kwi:tia. For this reason it should be rechecked with several speakers. \ref 03124 \lxa ni:xkwi:tilistli \lxac ni:xkwi:tilistli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis-ne \infn N1 \sea see ni:xkwi:ti:hli (Am) / ni:xkwiti:hli \ssa véase ni:xkwi:ti:hli (Am) / ni:xkwiti:hli (Oa) \cfo i:xkwi:tia \xrb i:x \xrb kwi \nse Consultants gave ni:xkwi:tilistli as equivalent to ni:xkwi:ti:hli, although perhaps the latter refers more to the object from which example is taken while the former might indicate the action itself of taking example from something. \nde Molina has neixcuitiliztli 'exemplo que tomamos de otros' and neixcuitilli 'dechado, o exemplo.' This suggests a possible difference that should be apparent if a full context could be obtained for each word. \qry Check penultimate /i/ which, apparently, should be long. Check all and standardize, check all xref. Note that in the elicitaiton C. Flores did give /i:xkwi:ti:hli/ even though he had previously denied that this was a word. Check! \ref 01558 \lxa no- \lxac nokal \lxo no- \lxocpend \dt 18/Jul/2002 \psm Prefix \seao my; possessive prefix for 1st person singular \ssao mí; prefijo posesivo de 1a persona singular \nae The form no- is used before consonant-initial stems; n- is used before vowel-initial stems, although occasionally no- may also be used in such contexts. \ref 07353 \lxa no: \lxac no: kakisti \lxo no: \lxoc no: ya:s \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm PM \der Adv-b \seao also; too; as well; likewise \ssao también \pna No: ya:s. \pea He will go too. \psa También va él. \pna A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:. \pea Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant. \psa Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar. \pna No: ihkón niweli. \pea I can also do it like that. \psa También lo puedo hacer así. \pna No: ihkón nikchi:wa. \pea I also do it that way. \psa También lo hago así. \pna No:! \pea That too! \psa ¡Eso también! \xrb no: \cfa no:hki \qry Check here and everywhere /ihkón/ to determine whether it actually has a short vowel. Correct as necessary. Also check length of /o:ksehka:n/. Definitely decide whether to write /no: ihki/ or /no:yhki/, or perhaps even /no:ihki/. Also, perhaps even this should be /no:hki/. Check in texts. \qry To get minimal pair, check and compare /no: posteki/ 'it also breaks' to /noposteki/ 'it gets broken'. \grm Word order: /a:man niaw o:ksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:/. 'Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant' Note the placement of /no:/ in phrase-final position. My feeling is that placement could be /ka:n no: nito:kas/. However, this suggests that single word adverbs are more likely to be placed in post-verbal position in subordinate rather than main clauses. Whether this observation will prove true through an examination of a corpus remains to be seen. \ref 00707 \lxa no: ihkí:n \lxac no: ihkí:n \lxo no: kíi:n \lxoc no: kíi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \pa yes \se in this way too \ss también de esta manera \pna No: ihkí:n tikchi:was. \pea You will also do it just like this. \psa También lo vas a hacer precisamente así. \cfa ihkí:n \cfo kíi:n \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb i:n \pqry Recheck this and cf. to the entire set of token from 4495. Make sure that it is /no: hki:i:n/. With 4495 the penultimate male token seems clearly /no:hki:i:n weli/. Check. \vl Link second female token and first male token. \grm Oapan phonology: The spectrogram of this word is interesting in that it shows the manner in which amplitude shifts (in this case between the two /i/s) creates a syllable boundary, the lengthening of the final vowel before the nasal coda, and the step-like increase in the 3rd formant over the final two syllables ([-ki í:n]), a characteristic that seems to affect all speakers/tokens (check). \ref 03616 \lxa no: ihkón \lxaa no:hkón \lxac no: ihkón \lxo no: kió:n \lxoc no: kió:n \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-man \seao in that way too \ssao también de esa manera \pna No: ihkón niweli. \pea I can also do it that way. \psa Así (de esa manera) también lo puedo hacer. \pna No: ihkón nikchi:wa. \pea I also do it that way. \psa También lo hago así. \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb on \qry Check whether this should be /no:hkón/. \ref 00405 \lxa no: sekneka \lxac no: sekneka \lxo no: sehneka \lxoc no: sehneka \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \seo in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object) \sso en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro) \equiva ok sekneka \cfo sehneka \xrb no: \xrb sekneka \cfa sekneka \nse The etymology of o:ksekneka is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others. \qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked. \ref 05071 \lxa no: sekneka \lxaa no:k sekneka \lxac no: sekneka \lxo no: sehneka \lxoc no: sehneka \dt 25/Jul/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-b \se different; another different \ss diferente; otro diferente \pna No: sekneka ito:ka. \pea He has a different name. \psa Tiene otro nombre diferente. \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \cfa okse: \nse No:kse: functions as an adjective to modify or restrict a following noun, indicating that it is different than previously thought, than one already introduced in the discourse, etc. However, with a final stressed syllable, no:ksé: the grammatical category is pronominal and the meaning is a full predication: 'it is another one.' \qry Determine proper grammatical category. Note compounding, perhaps code as such. \pqry In my original Am notes I had /nokse:/ with a short /o/. However, I have changed this based on Oapan evidence and etymology. Nevertheless, it should be checked. Determine whether Oapan is /no: sehneka/ or /no:hsehneka/. Check again.- \vl Link 2nd female and first male token. \ref 04569 \lxa nochi \lxac nochi \lxo nochi \lxoc nochi \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm Num \der Adj-b \se everything; all (of any particular items or objects); entire or all (time period); everyone; all of (people [S]) \ss todo (de cualquier cosa o grupo de objetos); todos (en cuanto a personas [S]); entero o todo el (periodo de tiempo); \pna Nochi nikneki. \pea I want everything (it all). \psa Lo quiero todo. \pna Tekiti nochi yewahli. \pea He works all night. \psa Trabaja toda la noche (durante la noche entera). \pna Nochimeh tekitin. \pea They all work. \psa Todos trabajan \pna Tinochimeh tia:skeh. \pea All of us will go. \psa Todos nosotros vamos a ir. \se during all or the entire (in reference to a time period) \ss durante todo (en referencia a un periodo temporal) \se (i:ka ~; often with yo:hlo) with all (often, 'ones heart') \ss (i:ka ~; a menudo con yo:hlo) con todo (a menudo, 'el corazón') \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with all my happiness. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. \xrb nochi \nse The plural nochimeh is used when referring to animate objects: humans and some animals. Note that like other quantifiers (such as numerals), nochi can be used pronominally, as in the phrase nochi nikneki 'I want all (of them)' as well as predicatively tinochimeh 'all of us' (lit., 'we are all'). According to Cristino Flores some Ameyaltepequeños say timochimeh, mochipa, etc., although I have not documented this. He said that Hoyo de la Rosa, Maximo Reyna, Pedro García and a few others use these terms. \qry The exact context of plural use should be explored. Phrase with /-yo:hlo/ and /-pa:killis/ should be reentered under each of these latter words. \ref 01341 \lxa no:chilia \lxac kino:chilia \lxo no:chilia \lxoc kino:chilia \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to speak to (sb [SO]) in representation of or for (sb [PO]); to speak to (sb [PO]) about (sb or sth) \ss hablar o placticar a (algn [OS]) de parte de [algn [OP]; hablar a (algn [OP]) sobre (algn o algo) \pna Xne:chno:chili un suwa:tl, newa xwel nikno:tsa! \pea Speak to that woman for me (in this case in order to court her), I can't speak to her myself! \psa ¡Háblale a esa mujer de mi parte (en este caso para cortejarla), yo no le puedo hablar! \se (refl. with te:- prefix) to speak (to people) about oneself or ones affairs \ss (refl. con el prefijo te:-) hablar (a la gente) acerca de si mismo o los asuntos de si mismo \pna Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika i:n tekitl. \pea I've already spoken to people about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job. \psa Ya he hablado con gente acerca de este asunto mío para que me ayuden con este trabajo. \pna Timote:no:chili:s para ma mitspale:wi:kan. \pea You will tell people about yourself (in this case a particular problem) so that they help you. \psa Vas a hablar a la gente acerca de tí (en este caso sobre un problema en particular) para que te ayuden. \xrb no:tsa \xvbao no:tsa \grm Impersonal; nonspecific subjects and specific objects: Note the following phrase: /Yo:nimote:no:chilih para ne:chpalewi:skeh ika in tekitl/. 'I've already spoken to people about this matter of mine so that they will help me with this job.' The interesting thing in this phrase is the interaction between specific and nonspecific subjects and objects. In /nimote:no:chilia/ there is a specific (1st person) Agent, a nonspecific Goal/Addressee (/te:-/) and a specific (first person) theme (the reflexive). The structure of this word reflects the possibility of having a specific Subject (Agent) with a nonspecific Primary Object (Goal/Addressee). However, in the following clause the situation is reversed: the specific Subject becomes the specific Object of the transitive /pale:wia/. However, since the object is specific, it is not possible to have a nonspecific Subject, at least not marked by the nonspecific suffix /-lo/. One could perhaps have used /te:pale:wi:lo:s/ or /tlapale:wi:lo:s/, but here the 3rd person is used with an impersonal, nonspecific significance. In Classical perhaps one would have had a passive construction here: /nipale:wi:lo:s/ (e.g., with a full meaning of both phrases something like 'I've given word so that I get help with this task'). \ref 04196 \lxa nochipa \lxac nochipa \lxo nochipa \lxoc nochipa \dt 12/Nov/2001 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao always; all the time \ssao siempre; todo el tiempo \pna Nochipa mitspale:wia. \pea He always helps you. \psa Siempre te ayuda. \xrb nochi \xrl -pa \ref 00315 \lxa nochiwiá:n \lxac nochiwiá:n \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \sea everywhere; in all parts or places \ssa por todos lados; por todas partes \pna Kwa:k ye unkah, nochiwiá:n unkah. \pea When there finally is some (e.g., a fruit during its season), there is some everywhere. \psa Cuando por fin hay, hay en todos lados. \equiva nowiá:n \equivo nowiya:n \xrb nochi \xrl -ya:n \nae The origin of wi in words such as nochiwiá:n, no:wiá:n, or towiá:n is not entirely clear. \pqry Check vowel length here and in /nowiá:n/. C \grm The origin of wi in words such as nochiwiá:n, no:wiá:n, or towiá:n is not entirely clear. It might be epenthetic or it might represent some morpheme, either diachronically or synchronically relevant. All such words should be isolated and compared, however, it seems to occur only before /-yá:n/ as a final, accented morpheme. \ref 00132 \lxa no:hki \lxac no:hki \lxo no:hki \lxoc no:hki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(pro) \der Adv-complex \se likewise; as well \ss también; asimismo \pna Newa no:hki! \pea Me as well (i.e., I will also do it, include me in, etc.)! \psa ¡Yo también (esto es, yo también lo voy a hacer, etc.)! \cfa ihki \xrb no: \xrb iw \encyctmp Distinguish /no:/, /no:ihki/, /no:ihkí:n/, /no:ihkón/, etc. \nse No:ihki although literally meaning 'also in this way' is also used to simply mean 'likewise.' It is a pro-adverb in the sense that it refers back to a verbal predication and indicates that another subject will perform the same predication (i.e., verbal act) in the same manner. Thus it is different from the adverbial no: ('also,' 'too,' etc.) which can occur directly before a verbal predicate. For example, newa no: nikchi:was 'I will also do it,' as opposed to newa no:ihki nikchi:was 'I will also do it in that way,' in which no:ihki refers back to a certain way already mentioned. However, in general the use of both no: and no:ihki needs to be further investigated. Also needing clarification is the difference between no:ihki and no:ihkí:n, this latter being similar in meaning and function to no:ihkón, although with distinct deixis. These final two words are both marked references to another event. Thus in viewing how a certain person carries out an action, one might say, speaking to a third party, No: ihkón tikchi:was 'You will also do it that way.' The deictic complement of No: ihkón is No: ihkí:n 'In this way also.' However, the precise differences between no:, no:ihki, no:ihkí:n, and no:ihkón, etc., needs to be distinguished. \qry Check to see if /no: ihkí:n/ is correct. \ref 01374 \lxa no:hki \lxac no:hki \lxo no:hki \lxoc no:hki \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-uncl \se likewise; also in the same way or manner \ss también de esa o de la misma manera \pna San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chitsi:n ok sekneka. \pea It (e.g., how sb is doing sth) is just the same as you are doing it, it's not even a little bit different. \psa Es (p. ej., la manera como algn hace algo) de la misma manera que tú lo está haciendo, ni un poco diferente. \xrb no: \xrb iw \qry Check difference between /no:/ and /no:yhki/ as in /newa no:/ and /newa no:yhki/. Check pronunciation as perhaps this is /no:ihki/ or even two words /no: ihki/. Recheck /o:ksekneka/. \vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan. \ref 01775 \lxa no:hkón \lxacpend no:hkón \lxo no:hkón \lxoc no:hkón \dt 17/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(man) \der Adv-uncl \se likewise; like that; also in the same way or manner as that \ss también de esa o de la misma manera que aquel o que eso; como eso \xrb no: \xrb iw \xrb on \nse Although the final diectic element in no:hkón and no:hki are different, the senses are close, the major difference being the reference \vl Check for /no:hki/ or /no:yhki/. Apparently the former for Oapan, but unsure for Ameyaltepec. Also check vl in Oapan. \ref 08901 \lxa no:ksé: \lxac no:ksé: \lxo no:sé: \lxoc no:sé: \dt 05/Apr/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes-irregular \se a different one \ss uno distinto \pna No:ksé:! \pea It is a different one (altogether)! \psa ¡Es uno (completamente) distinto! \pna No:kse:itah! \pea He has a different father! \psa ¡Tiene un padre distinto! \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \nae The high pitch on the final syllable is reflective of the pronominal function of this element. If followed by a noun the final syllable is not stressed (e.g., no:se: tlá:katl (Oa). The final vowel seems clearly long, even in phrase-final position. \ref 05069 \lxa no:ksehka:n \lxac no:ksehka:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n-com \infn N1(loc) \se another different place \ss otro lugar diferente o distinto \xrb no: \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -ka:n \ref 07960 \lxa nokwa me:stli \lxac nokwa me:stli \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \sea see me:stli (in Oapan: tlami me:stli) \ssa véase me:stli (en Oapan: tlami me:stli) \ref 01749 \lxa nokwa to:nahli \lxac nokwa to:nahli \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jul/2002 \sea see to:nahli \ssa véase to:nahli \syno tlami to:nahli \ref 00097 \lxa no:liwi \lxac no:liwi \lxo no:liwi \lxoc no:liwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to become bent, curved, wavy, or crooked (sth long and pliable such as a branch of a tree, a soft piece of wood, a soft metal bar, a wire, a candle, a switch, a line or row of things, etc.) \ss encorvarse; doblarse; torcerse (algo largo y flexible como la rama de un árbol, un pedazo de madera suave, una vara de metal maleable o de madera, un alambre, una vela, una fila o línea de objetos, etc.) \pna Wel no:liwi, yema:nki. \pea It can be bent, it is soft. \psa Se puede encorvar, es suave. \pna O:no:no:liw. \pea It bent in several places (e.g. a stick or rod that becomes wavy over time). \psa Se enchuecó en varios lugares (p. ej., una vara que por el tiempo queda algo ondulada) \cfao chikino:liwi \xrb no:l \nse No:liwi and derived words apparently refer to the crookedness of things like an old knarled piece of wood, i.e., sort of wavy and crooked. It also is used often to refer to the bending that occurs with things that are long and pliable, not stiff, like thick wires for sandals, a wax candle, a switch or long stick, or even a beam of soft wood. \ref 05410 \lxa no:liwtok \lxac no:liwtok \lxo no:lihtok \lxoc no:lihtok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to be bent, curved, crooked (sth long and pliable) \ss estar encorvado, torcido, o chueco (algo largo y maleable) \xrb no:liw \qry Determine all those things that can be described with the word /no:liwtok/. \qry Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two such adjectival constructions. \ref 05702 \lxa no:lowa \lxac kino:lowa \lxo no:lowa \lxoc kino:lowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make crooked; to bend; to make wavy (sth long, soft, and pliable such as wire for a sandal, a candle, a rod or switch, etc.) \ss enchuecar; torcer; encorvar (algo largo, suave, y maleable como alambre para un huarache, una vela, una vara, etc.) \pna O:tikino:loh mosurkoh. \pea You laid the furrows of your field down crookedly. \psa Dejaste chuecos los surcos (que estabas arando). \pna Xno:lo! \pea Bend it! \psa ¡Dóblalo! \xrb no:l \grm Paradigms: note that the root /no:l/ provides a good case of various forms: Intransitive /no:liwi/, transitive /no:lowa/, stative /no:liwtok/, and adjectival /no:ltik/. An attempt should be made to determine the difference between the last two and this should be discussed in the grammar. \ref 03431 \lxa no:ltik \lxac no:ltik \lxo no:ltik \lxoc no:ltik \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be bent, curved, crooked, wavy \ss estar encorvado, doblado, chueco, ondulado \pna No:no:ltik un tlako:tl, tiktekiskia yewam peya:stik. \pea That switch (rod) is curved in various places, you should have cut one that was straight. \psa Esa vara está chueca en varios lugares, hubieras cortado una que estuviera derecha. \sem shape \encystmp patiliwi, kotsoliwi, no:liwi, chikino:liwi, etc. \xrb no:l \qry Check exactly what type of crookedness is implied by this as opposed to other similar words. Determine if there is a difference between /no:ltik/ and /no:liwtok/. Both seem to refer to the same state and objects, but perhaps there is a difference, e.g. in the permanence of the state, etc. If there is a difference, this might apply to the general difference between two such adjectival constructions. Also check difference between /no:ltik/ and /chikino:ltik/. \mod Determine differences between all words that refer to some sort of crookedness: /patil-/, /no:l-/, /kwepal-/, /nekwil-/, /chikino:l-/, etc. \ref 04915 \lxa nomaxtike:tl \lxac nomaxtike:tl \lxo nomáxtiké:tl \lxoc nomáxtiké:tl \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes \se cantor (of a church); one who leads prayer \ss cantor (de la iglesia); uno que encabeza las oraciones religiosas \se student \ss estudiante \xrb mati \nse The most common acceptation of nomaxtike:tl is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way to express the concept of 'student' is simply through the reflexive: Nomaxtia nokone:w 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Perhaps this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. \nae *Nomaxtiki was not accepted by any consultant. \qry Check for possible possessed form. \grm Note that nomaxtike:tl uses the reflexive particle for verbs, and not the form used in nominalizations, ne. Check to determine whether ?nemaxtike:tl is acceptable. Also interesting is the use of /no-/ in the nominalized form, as opposed to /ne-/. This should be discussed in the grammar. The most common acceptation of nomaxtike:tl is that of 'cantor.' In fact, the most common way in which the concept of 'student' is expressed is simply through the reflexive: 'my son studies (i.e., is a student).' Apparently this is because an agentive is used more for permanent statuses and being a student is a temporary state. \ref 02259 \lxa nomuwti:hli \lxac nomuwti:hli \lxo nemohti:hli \lxoc nemohti:hli \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N \seo fear \sso miedo \syno mahka:listli \syna mahka:listli \xrb mawi \nae As would be expected from Classical grammars and forms, Oapan Nahuatl manifests the use of ne- in nominalizations. (Note that the length of the final vowel should be further examined for final determination. \grm Nominalization/deverbalization: Note the use of /ne-/ in /nemuhti:hli/, from Oapan, but /no/ in Ameyaltepec. \ref 02607 \lxa nona:ntsi:n \lxac Ay nona:ntsi:n \lxo nona:ntsi:n \lxoc Ay nona:ntsi:n! \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm Interj \der Interj \se my God! goodness me! \ss mamacita! ay! \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n! Tle:ka ihkón tikchi:wa? \pea Oh my goodness! Why did you do it that way (sth bad)? \psa ¡Ay mamacita! ¿Por qué lo hiciste así (algo mal)? \pna Ay nona:ntsi:n, o:tiki:xpoloh! \pea Oh my goodness, you ruined it! \psa ¡Ay mamacita, lo echaste a perder! \sem Gender-female \xrb na:n \nse Given the lexicalized status of nona:ntsi:n, it has been accorded a separte entry. The exclamation Ay nona:ntsi:n is only used by female speakers. \vl Although Inocencio Jiménez uttered this in the recording session, it is an expression/interjection that is never uttered (at least in Oapan) by males. Thus link only the female token (uttered twice) to the dictionary. \ref 03033 \lxa nona:ntsi:n \lxac nona:ntsi:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 23/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \sea address term used for the Virgen Mary \ssa término para dirigirse a la Virgen María \xrb na:n \ref 07857 \lxa no:ntia \lxac no:ntia \lxo no:ntia \lxoc no:ntia \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \seao to become unable to speak or mute (from a fright, illness, etc.) \ssao quedarse mudo; perder la facultad de hablar (por un susto, enfermedad, etc.) \pna O:no:ntiak, xok wel tlatowa, ye tlanawi. \pea He's gotten so that he can't speak, he can't talk anymore, he's in a grave state. \psa Quedó sin poder hablar, ya no puede decir nada, ya está grave. \pna Deke tikitas suwa:teyowah, tino:ntias, xok wel titlato:s ma:ski deke tipa:ktok. \pea If you see a sowa:teyowah (type of evil female supernatural being, all dressed in black), you will become mute, you won't be able to talk even if you are healthy. \psa Si ves a una sowa:teyowah (tipo de ser supernatural feminino, vestido siempre de negro) te vas a quedar mudo, no vas a poder hablar aunque estés bien de salud. \syna tlato:lka:wa \syno tláto:lká:wa \xrb no:n \xvaa no:ntilia \nde Classical Nahuatl (see Molina) has the form no:nti with the same meaning. \qry Check for other uses of this root. Check to see if /no:ntli/ exists. I only remember hearing an "adjectival" form, /no:ntik/. Molina does list /nontli/ 'mudo.' Check for use of /te-/, which I think is possible. If I remember correctly /no:ntia/ refers to a temporary state and /teno:ntia/ to sth more permanent. But check (as well as with nominal forms). \ref 00214 \lxa no:ntik \lxac no:ntik \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be mute (by nature, from illness, etc.) \ssa ser mudo (de por si, a causa de una enfermedad, etc.) \cfa tenono:ntik \cfo ténonó:ntik \xrb no:n \nse Apparently whereas no:ntik refers to muteness that is the result of a congenital problem or disease, the reduplicated tenono:ntik refers to muteness that is the result of a reluctance to speak. This should, however, be confirmed. Finally, note that according to Florencia Marcelino, a consultant from Oapan, *no:ntik is not used in this speech community although ténonó:ntik (or té:nó:ntik) is. \qry Recheck reasons for which one might be /no:ntik/. Although in my original notes here I had stated that /no:ntik/ can be used to refer to someone who is mute simply from not wishing to speak (a veces solamente por no querer hablar). Recheck the Oapan data \ref 00318 \lxa no:ntilia \lxac kino:ntilia \lxo no:ntilia \lxoc kino:ntilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to leave mute, unable to speak; to leave dumbstruck (and unable to speak) \ssao dejar mudo; asombrar tanto que se quede mudo \pna O:kino:ntilih, xo:wel o:tlatoh. \pea It left him dumbstruck, he was unable to speak. \psa Lo dejó mudo de asombro, no podía hablar. \xrb no:n \qry With this verb and others containing the root /no:n/, determine the nature of the muteness... how long, what caused by, etc. \ref 01118 \lxa no:ntsi:n \lxac no:ntsi:n \lxo no:ntsi:n \lxoc no:ntsi:n \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao mute \ssao mudo \sem physical \xrb no:n \nse No:ntsi:n is one of very few nouns that are documented only with the diminutive/reverential ending -tsi:n. \qry Recheck for possibility of ?no:ntli. \ref 00570 \lxa nopih \lxac nopih \lxo nopih \lxoc nopih \dt 29/Jan/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1(Poss-N2) \seao see -pih \ssao véase -pih \xrb pih \ref 02039 \lxa noso \lxac tiá:s noso niá:s \lxo noso \lxoc noso \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Coord \der Coord \se coordinator joining two sentences, noun phrases, etc. in disjunction, often translated as 'or' \ss coordinator para juntar dos claúsulas, frases nominales, etc. en disjuncción, generalmente traducido como 'o' \pna Tli:non o:nitoh? Sahkó:n, noso tsatsis a:katl? \pea What was said? Will it be simple (e.g., a wedding with only pork), or will there be a fancy wedding with musicians, bread and chocolate? \psa ¿Qué se dijo? ¿Va a ser sencilla (una boda con sólo carne de puerco) o más bien va a ser algo en grande con música, pan y chocolate? \pna Kitsi:npa:chichi:na ipanitiyo:ltsi:n mi:hli kwilin noso kwe:tla, wan wa:ki. \pea Worms or kwe:tlan suck liquid from the bottom of the maize flower's stamen, and the plant then dries up. \psa Gusanos o kwe:tlan chupan el líquido de la parte inferior del estambre de la flor del maíz, que entonces se seca. \pna Yo:tine:chnemaxtih, sa: chika niwa:hlaw o:kpa noso ye:xpa ipan se: to:nahli. \pea You got me accostumed to it (in this case to visiting you); indeed I come a lot, twice or three times a day. \psa Ya me acostumbraste (en este caso a visitarte seguido), hasta vengo dos o tres veces en un día. \xrb noso \pqry Note: check whether there is a difference between the reflexive verb /noso/ and this function word /noso/. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05198 \lxa no:sta \lxac no:sta \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan (part) hasta \psm Adv \der Adv-uncl \sea and even; to boot; as well \ssa hasta también \pna No:sta tisani! \pea To boot, you're an early riser too! \psa ¡Además, eres un madrugador también! \xrb no: \nse No:sta appears to be derived from Nahuatl no: cojoined to Spanish hasta. No:sta is used often in a response or comment to a situation that one did not at first believe but that, after all, is seen to be true. For example, one may see someone who is sickly looking but is, nevertheless, a hard worker. One might then comment No:sta tekitini 'after all he's a hard worker too' or 'he's even a hard worker as well.' \qry Check for final /h/ and the length of /o:/. Also recheck meaning. \ref 01838 \lxa notekwixtok \lxac notekwixtok \lxo notékwixtók \lxop notekwixtok \lxoc notékwixtók \dt 09/Apr/2003 \psm Stat \der Stat-refl \aff Lex. te- \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \seao to be wrapped up (e.g., a person in a blanket) \ssao estar envuelto (p. ej., una persona en una cobija) \pna Koxtok, notekwixtok. \pea He is sleeping, he is wrapped up (e.g., in a blanket, because of the cold) \psa Está durmiendo, está envuelto (p. ej., en una cobija, a causa del frío) \xrb hkwiya \nae According to Florencia Marcelino the reflexive stative is used for humans that have wrapped themselves up in a blanket or similar object; the nonreflexive tékwixtók is used (i.e., as a resultative) for material objects that have been wrapped up. Note that the prefixes change according to person (e.g., nimotekwixtok). The initial te- has been analyzed as related to the intensifier with the same form. \mod Determine how to enter reflexive statives. There are few of these and perhaps with /no-/ is the best. \grm Statives and progressives: Statives and progressives seem to fall into several groups. Most important is the distinction between unaccusative and unergative intransitives. As a basic rule of thumb, the /-tok/ suffix on unergative verbs conveys a progressive sense (this is in accord with the agentive nature of these verbs). Indeed, one might consider that one of the diagnostics of unergativity is precisely the fact that /-tok/ added to a verb is progressive for intransitives only if these intransitives are unergative. If the meaning is stative, then the diagnostic has failed and the intransitive is unaccusative. Yet whereas unergatives cannot acquire a stative meaning with /-tok/, unaccusatives can acquire a progressive meaning. One way is through the adverbial modifier /ye/. Thus /koto:ntok/ is a resultative 'it is snapped'; however, /ye koto:ntok/ indicates a more ongoing event, and this is given a progressive interpretation. Another way to give a progressive meaning is through /-tiw/ in a temporal sense. The is an example of such a use in this corpus. The second parameter is the use of /-tok/ with transitive verbs. Some of these are the transitive form of nondirected alternation. In such cases, perhaps, one may assume that an intransitive form did at one time exist, and the stative is actually built on this. Or one may consider the /-tok/ ending as a detransitivizer. This might be the case with /a:ntok/, /kweptok/, /mela:wtok/, etc. All these have been coded as Stat-x. There is then the problem of transitives and statives vs. progressives. In general in most cases a transitive verb will form a progressive with /-tok/ if there is full saturation of the argument slots. Thus with the transitive /kwepa/ one has /tlakweptok/ 'he is turning (sth) over.' In other cases of verbs that seem to manifest nondirected alternation, /-tok/ has a stative interpretation either because: 1) it is built on an intransitive that has been lost in all but the stative; or 2) the /-tok/ ending effectively detransitivizes the transitive verb. However, this leaves aside one important class of verbs: reflexives that indicate actions performed on oneself, and how to express the state of being in the result of this event (having done XVerb to oneself). A verb such as /mela:wa/ has two statives: /mela:wtok/ and /nomela:wtok/, the difference between the two is not entirely clear and needs to be explored. However, other statives (and adjectivals, such as those ending in -kayoh) seem to not accept a detransitivized or intransitive source. One example seems to be /notekwixtok/ 'to be wrapped up.' Thus the example in this sense above /koxtok, notekwixtok/ manifests a stative with a reflexive object. On the other hand, another sentence with /pa:ntalonkwixtok/ does not have the reflexive. These forms should be investigated and discussed. \ref 00011 \lxa no:tsa \lxac kino:tsa \lxo no:tsa \lxoc kino:tsa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to speak to; to talk to \ss hablar con (algn) \pna Xne:chno:tsa, ne:xtlawe:lita. \pea He doesn't speak to me, he hates me. \psa No me habla, me odia. \pna Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas! \pea He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him! \psa ¡Está tomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar1 \se to pay a call on; to want to speak to (e.g., in knocking on a door, calling by telephone, etc.) \ss llamar; querer hablar con (p. ej., al tocar la puerta, hablar por teléfono, etc.) \pna Mitsno:tsan, ne:si o:mik se: mowa:kax. \pea They want to speak to you (e.g., sb at the door), it seems that one of your cows has died. \psa Te llaman (p. ej., algn que está tocando la puerta), parece que se murió uno de tus ganados. \pna Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:non. \pea Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him). \psa Al llegar allí le voy a hablar (por teléfono), yo sé donde (lo puedo encontrar). \se (with short vowel reduplication; refl. with short vowel reduplication + -wa:n) to carry on a conversation with; to converse with \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta; refl. con reduplicación de vocal corta + -wa:n) placticar con; conversar con \pna Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiyowak tlayo:hli. \pea They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price. \psa Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subió de precio. \pna Mowa:n nimonono:tsa. \pea I'm having a conversation with you. \psa Estoy placticando contigo. \pna Te:wa:n nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai. \pea He wants to talk to people, he's started to drink. \psa Quiere conversar, ya empezó a beber. \se (recipr.) to carry on a conversation; to talk together \ss (recipr.) placticar \pna Nonono:tsan, kwahli nowi:kan. \pea They are talking with each other, they get along well. \psa Están placticando, se llevan bien. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to give advice to (as a parent to a child, or an elder to a younger person) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) aconsejar; dar consejos a (como un padre o madre a su hijo, o un viejo a un joven) \pna Ne:chno:no:tsa nona:n para ma:ka itlah nikchi:wa. \pea My mother gives me advice so that I don't do anything (bad). \psa Mi mamá me aconseja para que no haga nada (mal). \pna Yo:pe:w kino:no:tsaina:n para te:wa:n kwahli yatia:s. \pea His mother has started to counsel him so that he gets along well with people. \psa Su mamá ya le empezó a dar consejos para que se vaya llevando bien con la gente. \sem communicate \xrb no:tsa \xvaao no:chilia \qry The phrase /Te:wan nonono:tsasneki, yo:pe:w tlai/ I made up to illustrate the short vowel reduplication. Check. Confirm that this is correct and not /te:wan nono:tsasneki/. \grm Directional; deixis; aspectual: /Pa nikono:stasi te:cha:n, nikmastok ka:non/ 'Upon arriving there I will give him a call (by telephone), I know where (I can find him).' Note that in this construction /-tasi/ indicates subject movement, with the subject carrying out an action upon arriving 'there' in a given location. The directional prefix /on-/ indicates the movement of the experience (i.e., the speech). Note that if one goes to a given location (e.g., sb's house) and talks to a person there directly, then /on-/ would not be used: /nikno:stasis/. \ref 04969 \lxa nowiá:n \lxac nowiá:n \lxo nowia:n \lxoc nowia:n \dt 10/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se everywhere; in all parts or places \ss por todos lados; por todas partes \equiva nochiwiá:n \xrb no: \xrl -ya:n \nae The vowel length of the initial /o/ is difficult to determine although it seems to have quite a short duration in three of the four speech tokens that were recorded. In the forth the duration seems to be 100 ms (within the range of long vowels) although length is at times variable before a semivowel. \vl Link 1st female and 1st male tokens. In regard to vowel length of this word, FK notes: "In C[arochi] the vowel of the initial syllable is marked long, but in B[ancroft dialogues] it is specifically marked short. T[etelcingo, Morelos] has the reflex of a short vowel, and in Z[acapoaxtla] the vowel is unmarked for length." \ref 04957 \lxa nowitike:tl \lxac nowitike:tl \lxo nówitíké:tl \lxop nowitike:tl \lxoc nówitíké:tl \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ke:tl \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se passer-by, traveler; person who passes by or through a given place \ss caminante; persona que pasa por un lugar sin quedarse \pna O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl. O:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl. \pea I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield). He plucked off some green corn as he went by. \psa Me chingó un caminante (en este caso algn que pasó por mi milpa); arrancó unos elotes al pasar. \cfa owitia \xrb oh \nae Nowitike:tl is a nominalized form of (o)witia. The form *nowitiki does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface wítiké:tl here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the wi syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from wi to ti because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., nówí-). Or the middle accent is retained on tí because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to wi (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pitch accent on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., te:máxtiké:tl) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on ti. \qry I have one entry which gives simply /owitikeh/, rather than /nowitikeh/. This is probably in error. Check for acceptability of nowitiki. Check short /i/ before the causative. \grm Antipassive: /O:ne:xchinga:rotiki:s nowitike:tl, o:tlauwepe:wtiki:s ika ye:lo:tl/ 'I got screwed over by some passer-by (in this case on a path through my cornfield), he plucked off some green corn as he went by.' Note again, as in many other examples, how the nonspecific /tla-/ is used and then an oblique phrase introduces the object, that which was affected by the action of the verb. \grmx Oapan phonology; pitch accent: Note the form /nówitíké:tl/ in Oapan. Here the underlying form is {nohwitihke:tl}. If high p-a is on the nucleus with {h} coda, then there is no readjustment here: /nówitíké:tl/. Nowitike:tl is a nominalized form of (o)witia. The form *nowitiki does not occur in the corpus and is probably not acceptable. In regard to Oapan pitch accent, note that there are two syllables with {h} as coda. This yields three pitch accents on this four-syllable, five-morae word. Note that whereas normally an underlying ending such as {-witihke:tl} would yield surface wítiké:tl here this is not the case. The pitch accent cannot fall on the wi syllable because of clash avoidance. There are two ways to analyze this. Either the middle pitch accent shifts from wi to ti because the sequence of two pitch accents on a bisyllabic trimoraic sequence is less infelicitous than two pitch accents on a bisyllabic bimoraic sequence (i.e., nówí-). Or the middle accent is retained on tí because it is more infelicitious to shift it left to wi (which would otherwise occur if there were no pre-existing pitch accent on the initial syllable as it does in other agentives, e.g., te:máxtiké:tl) resulting in two consecutive pitch accents on two monomoraic syllables, than it would be to maintain the pitch accent on ti. \sj Check this and similar words (e.g., /nowitia/) in SJ. \vl It will be very important to get the pitch-accent contour on the Oapan word since there are two p-a forming segments {nohwitihke:tl}. Check. \vl For #1534, since deleted, Florencia Marcelino gave two different pronunciations for this word. I believe that the one recorded was nówítiké:tl while the other was nówitíke:tl. However, this should be checked. If both are there, add to /lxoa field and /grm \grm Agentive; reflexive: Note that according to C. Flores the 1st person is /nimowitike:tl/ and the 2nd is /timowitike:tl/. NOTE WELL. \ref 02113 \lxa noxi:kwa:n- \lxac noxi:kwa:nyo:lki \lxo noxi:kwa:n- \lxoc noxi:kwa:ntlatki \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-ap \se (~ [noun]) damn [noun] \ss (~ [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo]; [sustantivo] escandaloso \pna Noxi:kwa:nyo:lki! Xkineki notlama:malti:s. \pea Damn ! He doesn't want to be loaded up. \psa ¡Pinche animal! No se deja cargar. \pna Noxi:kwa:nkone:tl! \pea Damn kid! \psa ¡Pinche niño! \cfa noxi:kwa:ni \xrb xi:kwa: \nse Noxi:kwa:n is a term (basically a reflexive verbal form used as a modifier) affixed to a noun and meaning something like 'God-damn' or 'Damn.' In Ameyaltepec I have heard it used as noxi:kwa:nyo:lki and noxi:kwa:nkone:tl, as the above examples indicate. In Oapan the only documented form to date is noxi:kwa:ntlatki; Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez Clearly noxi:kwa:ni thus used is an apocopated form of noxi:kwa:ni, a name used for the Devil. The loss of the final /i/ of the "agentive" or "eventual" -ni is not uncommon is derivations from these forms (as is a modifying use). \nde In Oapan only the form noxi:kwa:ntlatki is used. \ref 02016 \lxa noxi:kwa:ni \lxac noxi:kwa:niikone:w \lxo noxi:kwa:ni \lxoa noxi:kwa:ne \lxoc noxi:kwa:ni \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-ag-ni \infn N1 \se Devil \ss Diablo \pna Noxi:kwa:ni mitskone:w. \pea You are the child of the Devil. \psa Eres el hijo del Diablo. \pno Noxi:kwa:ni, yo:ne:xtla:n! \peo To the Devil, I missed it (in this case a bus)! \pso ¡Al diablo, me ganó (en este caso camión)! \se person who is selfish, invidious \ss persona envidiosa, egoísta \pna Namoxi:kwa:nimeh, melá:k nantsotsokameh. \pea You all are invidious, you really are cheap (i.e., do not share things with others). \psa Ustedes son envidiosos, son muy mezquinos (esto es, no quieren compartir con otros). \seo (as attributive + [noun]) damn [noun] \sso (como atributivo + [sustantivo]) pinche [sustantivo] \pna Noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah! \pea Damn bus! \psa ¡Pinche camión! \xrb xi:ko \nse In Ameyaltepec noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w is used as an vocative, e.g., noxi:kwa:ni i:kone:w, xyatiwetsi. It is not particularly insulting but rather indicates anger and affection. \nae It appears that noxi:kwa:ni is related to the verb xi:kowa that, used reflexively, refers to being jealous or mad at somebody. Thus RS has tetech ninoxicoa 'estar irritado contra alguien, estar celoso de él.' He also has the transitive of the same verb (i.e., xicoa. nite as 'burlarse, befar a alguien.' The phonological shift from xi:kowa to xi:kwa would not be unusual for Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (and the Nahuatl of nearby villages). However, the question is whether the root of noxi:kwa:ni is the same as the root of modern Ameyaltepec xi:kowa, which has the sense of 'endure.' \qry Check to see full uses of /noxi:kwa:ni/, i.e., can it refer to humans. Recheck presence of /i/ before nouns (as in /noxi:kwa:ni fle:chah/, or should it be /noxi:kwa:nfle:chah/. Also check if the verb /xi:kwa/ exists; and if /xi:kowa/ has the same meaning of jealously as in Molina when used reflexively. \ref 05905 \lxa no:xtli \lxac no:xtli \lxo no:xtli \lxoc no:xtli \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1 \seao inside fibers of the ó:rganoh cactus that remain when its fleshy exterior dries away \ssao fibras interiores del cactus conocido como ó:rganoh que se quedan cuando la parte carnosa de la planta se seca \syna teono:xtli \xrb no:ch \fl teono:xtli \qry Recheck length of first /o/ in /teono:xtli/. Check possible types of possession; ?nono:ch?, i:no:chyo? etc. \ref 00356 \lxa o:- \lxac o:kitek \lxo o:- \lxoc o:kakistik \dt 30/Jun/2002 \psm Prefix \der Pref-inflect \se clitic used to mark the perfective and past perfective aspect \ss clítico empleado para marcar el aspecto perfectivo y perfectivo pasado \pna O:nitlakwah. \pea I ate. \psa Comí. \pna O:nitlakwaka. \pea I had eaten (and then got hungry again). \psa Yo había comido (y después otra vez tuve hambre). \nse Compare the present tense tlakwa with the perfective o:tlakwah in which the perfective is marked by final -h and o:. The past perfective is similarly marked and most often indicates an action the effects of which are no longer present. In careful speech the o:- is always present in the appropriate aspects although it does occasionally disappear in conversational discourse. \ref 01832 \lxa obe:jah \lxac obe:jah \lxo obeji:tah \lxoc obeji:tah \dt 04/Apr/2003 \loan abeja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \infv pl. obe:jas (Am) / obeji:tas (Oa) \se bee (often in plural) \ss abeja (a menudo en el plural) \pna Te:kwa:ni, mitskwa:s ikaitsi:nkoli:tah. Umpa noka:wa ka:n o:mitskwah, o:mistsopi:nih, dya tsi:nkopi:ni, dya saniman miki. \pea It stings (the bee), it stings with its stinger. It (the stinger) becomes detached there where it stung you, where it penetrated you, and then its stinger comes out, and then it dies right away. \psa Pica (la abeja), pica con su aguijón. Allá se queda (el aguijón) donde te picó, donde te penetró, y luego se desprende, y entonces luego luego se muere. \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp nekwtli; bees \cpl This is a type of bee that makes honey and stings. It is larger than the tetekomasol but rounder. Like piñas, this word is often used in the plural, even in the rare event it refers to a single bee. \qry The possibility of using the singular should be checked. \ref 06066 \lxa o:hka:n \lxac o:hka:n \lxo o:hka:n \lxoc o:hka:n \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n \infn N1(loc) \se in two places \ss en dos lugares. \pna O:hka:n onkah. \pea There are some in two places. \psa En dos lugares hay. \pna O:hka:n niá:s. \pea I will go to two places. \psa Voy a ir a dos lugares. \xrb o:k \xrl -ka:n \rt The root o:k is suppletive of o:me. \vl Disregard first mistaken female utterance before final four correct token. \ref 02751 \lxa o:ilia \lxac ko:ilia \lxo o:ilia \lxoc ko:ilia; kó:iliá \dt 01/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to shell (maize, with an o:lo:tetl or teo:lo:tl) for \ss desgranar (maíz, con un o:lo:tetl o teo:lo:tl) para \pna O:ne:xtlao:ilikeh nokone:wa:n. \pea My children shelled (maize) for me. \psa Mis hijos desgranaron para mí. \se (with short vowel reduplication) to shell (maize, by hand) for \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) desgranar (maíz) para \xrb o:ya \xvbao o:ya \nae In both the base form o:ya and the applicative form o:ilia, reduplication is used to indicate shelling by hand, and nonreduplicated form is used to indicate shelling by a tool made of corncobs tightly bound together. However, it is not yet clear how the reduplication manifests itself. For the base verb, for example, Ameyaltepec tlatlao:ya is realized in Oapan as tlaó:ya (in other words, the reduplication in Ameyaltepec is of the nonspecific prefix, in Oapan of the vowel-initial verbal stem). Unfortunately for the applicative the nature of reduplication in Ameyaltepec has not yet been determined. For Oapan it remains, as with the base verb, reduplication of the vowel-initial stem. \vl Make sure the sequence /ko:ilia/ /kó:iliá/ is uttered, first these two words by the female, then by the male. Note that on the sound tape the first set of four is the first pronunciation, the second set of four is the second (reduplicated with pitch-accent) pronunciation. Probably the sound files of two words will have to be joined together for each speaker before linking to the lexicon. \ref 02483 \lxa ok \lxac ok toto:nki \lxo oh \lxop ok \lxoc oh a:tli \dt 21/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \se still \ss todavía \pna Ok toto:nki. \pea It is still hot. \psa Todavía está caliente. \pna Oh ki:sas. \pea It will still give results (turn out). \psa Todavía va a salir (bien). \se (~ + [imperative]) first [+ imperative] \ss (~ + [imperativo]) primero [+ imperativo] \pna Ok xkoxte:ka mokone:w para wel titekichi:was. \pea First put your child to bed so that you will be able to get some work done. \psa Primero acuesta a tu niño para que puedas trabajar. \se (~ + [verbal predicate in optative]) first let [+verbal predicate] (in Oapan chia + [verbal predicate in optative]) \ss (~ + [predicado verbal en el optativo]) deja que primero [+predicado verbal] (en Oapan chia + [predicado verbal en el optativo]) \pna Ok ma nima:lti, kwa:kon tia:skeh! \pea Let me first bathe, then we will go! \psa Deja que primero me bañe, entonces iremos. \pna Xne:schia! Ok ma nikpochi:na in noi:ch para nihkopi:nas i:loh. \pea Wait for me! Let me first fray my hemp fiber so that I can pull it off in threads (i.e., to make a rope)! \psa ¡Espérame! deja que primero deshaga mi fibra de maguey para que le pueda arrancar hilitos (p. ej., para hacer una soga). \cfao xok \xrb ok \nae The clitic nature of ok in Ameyaltepec is suggested by the phonological change to final /h/ in oh ki:sas. Nevertheless, by orthographic convention it is always written as a separate word. In Oapan ok appears as such only at a phrase boundary that, given that ok is only (or virtually used before a predicative phrase) does not seem to occur. Yet the underlying nature of the final sound is revealed in xok, which unlike ok may occur in isolation, where the {k} appears. Note that whereas in Ameyaltepec the {k} of ok appears before vowel-initial words, in Oapan the rule k > h is operative, and one finds, for example, oh a:tli 'he is still drinking.' \qry Re: vowel length, this should be checked; cf. entry under /o:kpa/. \vl Note that after /oh a:tli/ there follows a sequence of 4 tokens of /xok/. This should be marked as 5443. I added this word at this time in order to check on final /k/, even though it was not in the lexicon at this point. \ref 03810 \lxa okichka:wahli \lxac okichka:wahli \lxo oichka:wahli \lxoc oichka:wahli \dt 11/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1; pl. oichka:ka:waltih \seo widower \sso viudo (masculino) \syna ka:wahli \xrb okich \xrb ka:wa \nse Although oichka:wahli is used in Oapan to mean 'widower,' the unmarked form ka:wahli may indicate both widow and widower, without reference to sex. \ref 06248 \lxa okichko:lo:tl \lxac okichko:lo:tl \lxo okichko:lo:tl \lxoc okichko:lo:tl \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea constellation of stars identified as identical to i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl \ssa constelación de estrellas identificables como i:ko:lah ko:lo:tl \seo type of small scorpion not yet identified (said to be male partner of ko:lo:tl) \sso tipo de alacrán pequeño todavía no identificado (dicen ser el compañero macho del ko:lo:tl) \sem heavens \sem animal \xrb okich \xrb ko:lo: \nse Marcelo Venancio, who admitted he knew little about stars, identified this constellation as okichko:lo:tl, though no other person I consulted knew of this identification. Thus it should be thoroughly checked as it might be a mistaken on Marcelo's part. \ref 05899 \lxa okichyo:yotli \lxac okichyo:yotli \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se folk generic name for two species of trees: okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl (Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC.) and okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl (Thevetia pinifolia (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), both of the Apocynaceae family \ss nombre foklórico de género que incluye a dos especies: okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl (Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC.) y okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl (Thevetia pinifolia (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams), ambos de la familia Apocynaceae \pna Okichyo:yotli | Kipia ixo:chio kokostik, pero xnoka:wa tio:pan. On kuwtli san para tlikuwtli. \pea Okichyo:yotli : It has yellow flowers but they are not left in the church (as offerings). The tree is just used for firewood. \psa Okichyo:yotli : Tiene flores amarillas pero no se dejan en la iglesia (como ofrenda). Ese árbol es solamente para leña. \sem plant \sem kohtli \xrb okich \xrb yoh \nse The okichyo:yotli is sometimes called toto:roh, after the name of its fruit. \cpl Ramírez (1991) has an entry for yoyotli, in Spanish yoyote, which is identified as of the family Apocinaceae, species and genus Thevetia thevetioides. Schoenhals (1988) under yoyote has "(Thevetia spp. e.g. T. peruviana) 'yellow oleander', 'luckynut' Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Bright yellow, large flowers. Wood is usually white and flowers fragrant. Seeds are called codo de fraile. San and seeds are poisonous when ingested and the sap is also an irritant. The seeds are carried as health charms. Latex is used for toothache and to treat sores and ulcers. Also called codo de fraile, copa de oro, narciso amarillo, trompeta, yucacaca." According to both Silvestre Pantaleón and Inocencio Díaz the /okichyo:yotli/ has both a male and a female variety. In addition there is the tree called simply /yo:yotli/ which only has a female variety; as Inocencio Díaz mentioned, it is a widow (/ka:wahli/) \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \ref 05314 \lxa okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl \lxac okichyo:yotli de susuwa:tl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \seo Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC., a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh \sso Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC., árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo yó:yotlí yón sísiwá:tl \xrb okich \xrb yoh \xrb sowa: \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \grm Relative clauses: Note that the relative marker in ON is /yún/. It always seems to receive stress, i.e., /yó:yotlí yún sísiwá:tl/. \ref 07749 \lxa okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl \lxac okichyo:yotli de tlatla:katl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-complex \der N-b \se Thevetia pinifolia (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, a tree of the Apocynaceae family with fruit called toto:roh \ss Thevetia pinifolia (Standl. & Steyerm.) J.K. Williams, árbol de la familia Apocynaceae con fruta que se llama toto:roh \sem plant \sem kohtli \equivo yó:yotlí yón tla:katl \xrb okich \xrb yoh \xrb tla:ka \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \qry Etymology uncertain, perhaps a lexicalized reduplication. Speakers should be asked if the name has anything to do with a characteristic of the tree. Check for the difference between /yo:yotli/ and /okichyo:yotli/, if there is one. Again check difference between /kostik/ and /kokostik/, or is this just a pluralization. \ref 07607 \lxa okixtli \lxac okixtli \lxo okixtli \lxoc okixtli \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn ch-to=x; N1/2; Aln \seao male (as opposed to female animal) \ssao macho (opuesto a hembra) \pna Xne:chmaka se: motskwintsi:n, pero newa nikneki okixtli! \pea Give me one of your puppies, but I want a male! \psa ¡Dame uno de tus cachorritos, pero quiero un macho! \se (alienable possession) husband \ss (posesión enajenable) esposo \pna Ma:ka itlah tikihli:s, kipia iyokich! \pea Don't say anything to her (in terms of courting), she has a husband! \psa ¡No le digas nada (para cortejarla), tiene su esposo! \nse In the Ameyaltepec compound kichkone:tl, the root okich (missing the initial /o/) is used as a modifier, indicating the sex of the nominal head. In contrasts with the use of sowa:, as in sowa:kone:tl. \xrb okich \ref 00099 \lxa okokuwtli \lxac okokuwtli \lxo o:kokohtli \lxoc o:kokohtli \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se dried wood of the ocote tree \ss madera seca del ocote \pna Okokuwtli | Bwe:noh para ika titlatlati:s. \pea O:kokohtli : It is good to start a cooking fire. \psa O:kokohtli : Es bueno para prender un fuego para cocinar. \xrb o:ko \xrb kow \nct kohtli \mod Apparently trees that end in /-kuhtli/ can refer to the wood of the tree or as a marked term for the tree itself. \qry Check meaning of /para ika titlatlati:s/. Does it only refer to cooking fires? \vl Be careful: the first 3 male tokens (of 5) are /ó:kokóhtli/ with high pitch on the first syllable. This is an erroneous pronunciation. Tag it anyway with 5444 as I will use it as evidence of this type of mistake. However, the final two of the five male tokens are correct: /o:kokohtli/ with no pitch accent on the first syllable. These two should be tagged as 5444 and one of the two selected for the link. There are 6 female tokens, one is simply /o:kotl/ and it should be tagged as #4933. Of the 5 others, chose the best to link here as /o:kokohtli/. \ref 05444 \lxa okokuwyoh \lxac okokuwyoh \lxo \lxocpend \dt 06/Jul/2002 \psm \der \sea pine forest \ssa bosque de pinos \xrb oko \xrb kow \ref 08033 \lxa o:kotl \lxac o:kotl \lxo o:kotl \lxoc o:kotl \dt 08/Aug/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se type of pine tree still not identified, not found near Ameyaltepec \ss ocote, tipo de árbol que no se halla cerca de Ameyaltepec \pna O:kotl | Bwe:noh para ta:blas, para mori:yos. Ameya:ltepe:k xtlah. \pea O:kotl : It is good for planks, for beams. There are none in Ameyaltepec. \psa O:kotl : Es bueno para tablas, para morillos. En Ameyaltepec no hay. \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \xrb o:ko \pqry Recheck vowel length of first /o/: it appears long in most utterances, but short in others. Check. C. Flores seems to have a short vowel. Recheck. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. There is one additional token of this at 5444; it should be tagged as 4933 but not chosen to be linked. \ref 04933 \lxa o:kpa \lxac o:kpa \lxo o:hpa \lxoc o:hpa \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm Adv(tm) \der Adv-tm \seao twice \ssao dos veces \se (ika ~) second time \ss (ika ~) segunda vez \pna A:man ika o:kpa nochi:wa. \pea Today it is done for the second time. \psa Hoy se hace por segunda vez. \se (i:ka o:kpa + [possessed lineal kinterm]) great [possessed kinterm] \ss (i:ka o:kpa + [poseído término de parentesco lineal]) bis [término de parentesco] \pna ... ika o:kpa nokoko:l (nolo:lah, noxwiw) \pea ... my great-grandfather (great-grandmother, great-grandchild) \psa ... mi bisabuelo (bisabuela, bisnieto) \se (ika o:kpa + possessed term for spouse) half [possessed kinterm] \ss (ika o:kpa + poseído término para esposo o esposa) segundo [término poseído] \pna ... ika o:kpa nosuwa:w \pea ... my second wife \psa ... mi segunda esposa \se (i:ka o:kpa + [possessed term for sibling]) half [possessed kinterm] \ss (i:ka o:kpa + [poseído término para hermano o hermana]) medio [término poseído] \pna Nikpia ika o:kpa nokni:w, nokseina:n, newa nokse nona:n. \pea I have a half-sibling, s/he has one mother and I have another. \psa Tengo un medio hermano(a), el(la) tiene una mamá y yo tengo otra. \se (~ [numeral]) twice times [numeral] (a method of counting higher numbers used when Nahuatl-speaking sellers wish to avoid using Spanish numerals in front of a potential customer; otherwise the Spanish loan is used) \ss (~ [numeral]) dos veces [numeral] (un método para contar números mayores cuando hablantes de náhuatl quieren evitar un cliente potencial se de cuenta de los números, en otras situaciones los préstamos del español se emplean) \pna ... o:kpa ma:tlaktli \pea ... twenty \psa ... viente \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nse In reference to the use of o:kpa with kinships terms note that ye:xpa may also be used, as could also other higher numbers, although a situation that would require their use is undoubtedly rare. Note also that there is a relatively free variation between forms such as i:ka o:kpa nokoko:l and noo:kpakoko:l; i:ka o:kpa nokniw and noo:kpaikniw; and i:ka o:kpa nosowa:w and noo:kpasowa:w, although the first in each of these pairs seems much more common. Finally, in regard to counting, multipliers such as o:kpa or ye:xpa may occasionally be used in front of non-Nahuatl speaking clients so that they do not understand numbers that otherwise would be expressed in Spanish. Thus 'fifteen' might be ye:xpa makwihli, etc. \qry This applies across forms: /o:kpakoko:hli/, /o:kpalolatli/, /o:kpaixwiwtli/, etc. With siblings (/ikniwtli/) the use of /ika o:kpa/ apparently refers to children who have one parent in common; this should be checked, as should the possibility of saying /noo:kpaikniw/. \qry Vowel length needs to be checked. Under one entry for /oksepa/ I have written "This [long] vowel length is definite and all such entries should be recorded as such." This would suggest that I had checked /oksepa/ and found the first /o:/ to be definitely long. This would seem to apply to /o:kpa/ as well. Thus for now I have written all manifestations of /o:kpa/ with a long initial vowel, with the understanding that this should be checked. However, the first vowel in /ok/ and /xok/ I have consistently recorded as short. These two should also be rechecked. \ref 01157 \lxa o:kpa ixwi:wtli \lxac ika o:kpa ixwi:wtli \lxo o:kpaixwi:htli \lxoc o:kpaixwi:htli \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \com Adj-N \der N-b \infn w-to-h; N1/2; Aln \seao great-grandchild (male or female) \ssao bisnieto o bisnieta \pna Yewa noo:kpaixwiw. \pea He/she is my great-grandson/daughter. \psa El/ella es mi bisnieto (o bisnieta). \sem kin \xrb o:k \xrb ixwi:w \xrl -pa \cfa o:kpa \nse The expressions noo:kpaixwiw and i:ka o:kpa noxwiw are equivalent. The term o:kpaixwiwtli (Am) and o:kpaixwihtli are rarely found in unpossessed form. Cristino Flores stated that the form used in Ameyaltepec is ika o:kpa noxwiw and not ?noo:kpaixwiw \nae As with other terms including ixwiwtli, the possessed marker has been grammaticalized as part of the nominal stem. \ref 00054 \lxa o:kpatilia \lxac ko:kpatilia \lxo o:hpatilia \lxoc ko:hpatilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to repeat; to do again \ss repetir; volver a hacer \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nse It is not entirely clear at this point whether the object of o:kpatilia is a noun the receives the effect of a repeated action, a verbal predicate (action) that is repeated, or, potentially, both. \qry Get range of potential objects, can it be a noun, or must it be a verbal predicate. \pqry Check with phonetician precise characteristics of initial transition in Oapan /ko:hpa-/. \vl Link 2nd female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 05917 \lxa o:kpawia \lxac ko:kpawia \lxo o:hpawia \lxof [o:h pa 'wi a] \lxoc ko:hpawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der V2-d-wia \seao see -pawia \ssao véase -pawia \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \ref 04104 \lxa okse: \lxac okse: tla:katl \lxo ---- \dt 03/Jul/2002 \com Adj-Adj \der Adj-b \sea different \ssa diferente; distinto \pna Okse: suwa:tl tisis. \pea Another (different) woman will grind corn. \psa Otra mujer (distinta, diferente) va a moler maíz. \se (~ [day of the week]) the following [day of the week] \ss (~ [día de la semana]) el otro [día de la semana] \pna ... okse: sá:badoh \pea ... the following Saturday (i.e., the Saturday after this upcoming one) \psa ... el otro sábado (esto es, el que le sigue a este) \se (~ bi:dah or simply se: bi:dah) the afterlife \ss (~ bi:dah o simplemente se: bi:dah) el otro mundo \pna Okse: bi:dah (=se: bi:dah) nikchi:was. \pea I'll do it in the afterlife. \psa Lo voy a hacer en el otro mundo. \syno sápa sé: \xrb ok \xrb se: \cfa oksé \qry Check and determine whether two entries for /okse:/ should be created: adjectival and pronominal. I think that only one would be fine, as occurs with numerals. \ref 03059 \lxa oksé: \lxac oksé: \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se a different one \ss uno diferente; uno distinto \pna Xne:chmaka oksé:! \pea Give me a different one! \psa ¡Dáme otro diferente! \pna Oksé: nikneki. \pea I want a different one. \psa Quiero otro diferente. \pna Momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n oksé:. Nikimpatlatok. \pea Every day I put on a different piece of clothing, I change them. \psa Cada día me pongo ropa diferente. La cambio. \equivo sápa sé: \xrb o:k \xrb se: \nae The final stress characteristic of o:ksé suggests that this "lexeme" is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on sé:, i.e., o:k sé:. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to o:k se: and the absence of a stressed final element can be related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl 'I will speak to another man' (vs. nikno:tsas o:ksé 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)"). \qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and /no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function. In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/ "I want another one" and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/ "I want a distinct/different one." This too should be checked. \vl Tag /sápa sé:/ to 6268 \ref 04531 \lxa okse: bi:dah \lxaa se: bi:dah \lxac okse: bi:dah \lxo se: bi:dah \lxoc se: bi:dah \dt 23/Jun/2002 \loan (part) vida \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se (in the) afterlife \ss (en la) vida después de la muerte \pna Okse: bi:dah (=se: bi:dah) nikchi:was. \pea I'll do it in the afterlife. \psa Lo haré después de la muerte. \pna Timitsmakas se: bi:dah. \pea I'll give it to you in the afterlife. \psa Te lo voy a dar en la otra vida. \qry Check to see if use is /se: bi:dah/ or /okse: bi:dah/. Recheck the correctness of /timitsmakas se: bi:dah/ 'I'll give it to you in the afterlife.' \ref 04230 \lxa oksehka:n \lxac oksehka:n \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-loc-1-ka:n-com \infn N1(loc) \se a different place \ss una lugar diferente o distinto \pna A:man niaw oksehka:n, ka:n nito:kas no:. \pea Today I'm going to a different place, a place where I will also plant. \psa Hoy voy a otro lugar diferente, un lugar donde también voy a sembar. \equivo sápa séhnek \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -ka:n \qry My original filecard had a short initial /o/. At one point I lengthened this but have since gone back to the short /o/. My decision at one time to lengthen was based information from other words beginning with /o:k/. which I have lengthened based on my notes for other words beginning with /o:k/. Nevertheless, this and all words so beginning should be checked. Finally, the reason for the /h/ is unclear. Obviously it comes from a double /k/, confirmed by Moliina's entry /occeccan/. In general there seems to be an alternation between /se:/ and /se(:)C/, where the consonant is often a nasal but may apparently be a consonant such as /k/. \ref 07640 \lxa okseki \lxac okseki \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Pr \der Pr-indef \infv pl. o:ksekimeh \se still another; more still; a little more \ss otro todavía; otro más \pna Okseki xne:xte:kili! \pea Serve me still a little more (e.g., food, drink, etc.)! \psa ¡Sírveme un poquito más todavía (p. ej., comida, bebida, etc.)! \pna Nihkowas okseki. \pea I'll buy some others still. \psa Voy a comprar otros más todavía. \cfao seki \xrb ok \xrb seki \nse Whether or not okseki can function in a modifier capacity in prenominal position is not clear; more texts are needed to clarify this situation. Note that at present I have two entries for seki, one as a pronominal and the other as a term modifier. \qry Check vl for future and elicit. \ref 02567 \lxa oksekneka \lxac oksekneka \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \se in a different way (an event or action that is carried out); distinct (an object, from another object) \ss en una manera distinta (un evento o acción llevado a cabo); diferente; distinto (un objeto de otro) \pna Oksekneka. \pea It is distinct (e.g., an object than how one thought it might be). \psa Es distinto (p. ej., un objeto, de como se pensaba o se creía). \pna San no:hki ke:n tikchi:wa, ni:n a:chichi:n oksekneka. \pea It is (to be done) just the same as you do it, not even a teeny bit different. \psa Es (de hacerse) iguala a como tú lo haces, ni un poquitito de otra manera. \pna Oksekneka xiktla:li! \pea Do it (set it down) in a different way! \psa ¡Házlo (pónlo) de otra manera! \equivo no: sehneka \cfa sekneka \xrb ok \xrb sekneka \nse The etymology of oksekneka is still unclear as is the precise meaning. Apparently it refers pronominally to events or actions that have occurred or been carried out in a distinct manner, or to the state of an object or objects that is different from others. \qry The length of the first /o/ was recorded as short; however, given the case with other similar words (that have a long initial /o:/), perhaps /oksekneka/ should again be checked. \ref 07732 \lxa oksepa \lxac oksepa \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-tm \sea once again \ssa otra vez \pna Mo:stla oksepa niá:s ipan tekitl. \pea Tomorrow I will go to work once again. \psa Mañana otra vez voy a ir a trabajar. \pna Oksepa xkito! \pea Say it again! \psa ¡Dílo otra vez! \sea (~ yes) (it'll be) another time \ssa (~ yes) (va a ser) otra vez \pna O:ne:chwisok pero nimokwepi:lti:s, oksepa yes. \pea He beat up on me, but I'll get back, there'll be another time. \psa Me golpeó pero me voy a vengar, habrá otra vez. \equiva sepa \equivo sápá \xrb ok \xrb sek \xrl -pa \nde Although in Ameyaltepec oksepa has a single /p/, it is equivalent to Classical occeppa (which Molina glosses as 'otra vez'). \qry In the filecard I have this recorded with a short vowel. However, for /o:kpa/ I have a note saying that the vowel for /o:kpa/ is definitely long and should be changed to such in all entries. Probably this does not apply to /oksepa/, with a different /ok/, but this should be checked. At any rate, the long vowel here (as in all words beginning with /ok/ or /o:k/, is provisional and should be checked. Check length of /wisoki/ in phrase above and correct if necessary. \vl This entry was changed and Oapan /sápá/ is a separate entry. Tag the 4 tokens here for association with entry 02110. There then follow several tokens of /kiawi:lo/ which for reasons I don't understand are here. Obviously the original entry was changed. These should all be tagged as 00191, with the relevant continuations. \ref 03577 \lxa oksepa se: \lxaa oksepa okse: \lxac oksepa se: \lxo sápa sé: \lxoc sápa sé: \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Pr(indef) \der Pr-indef \pa yes \seo a different one \sso uno diferente; uno distinto \pna Xne:chmaka sápa sé:! \pea Give me a different one! \psa ¡Dáme otro diferente! \xrb sepa \xrb se: \nae The final stress characteristic of o:ksé suggests that this "lexeme" is in fact two words that always occur in phrase-final position, thus motivating the stress on sé:, i.e., o:k sé:. In fact, the same two-word analysis could be applied to o:k se: and the absence of a stressed final element can be related to the fact that this pair of words modifies a nominal head that follows (and thus is assigned stress): nikno:tsas o:kse tla:katl 'I will speak to another man' (vs. nikno:tsas o:ksé 'I will speak to a different one (i.e., person)"). \qry Note that in at least one case I have recorded /o:ksé/ with stress on the final syllable. My understanding of the difference (which should parallel the difference between /no:kse:/ and /no:ksé:/ is that the first is adjectival and the second pronominal. This should, however, be checked. Certainly when pronounced alone the final syllable is stressed, which suggests an analysis of two words /o:k se:/ which would by general rule lead to stress on the final word. Moreover, when uttered in isolation this would seem to have a clear pronominal function. In the phrase /momo:stla niktla:lia notlake:n o:kse:, nikimpatlatok/ note the placement of /o:kse:/. I did not originally record stress on /o:kse:/ in this occurrence, but have added it in the above phrase based on my understanding of the meaning of this word. This should be rechecked. Finally, I think that there might be a different between /o:kse: nikneki/ "I want another one" and /o:ksé: nikneki/, or /nikneki o:ksé:/ "I want a distinct/different one." This too should be checked. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word from 4531 which should be tagged as 6268. \ref 06268 \lxa oksepatipan \lxac oksepatipan \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 04/Apr/2002 \psm N \pss Adv(tm) \der N-loc-1-tipan \infn N1 \se once (i.e., another time in the past) \ss una vez (esto es, otra vez en el pasado) \seo just once \sso solamente una vez \equivo sa sápatípan \xrb o:k \xrb sek \xrl -pa \ref 07665 \lxa okwihloh \lxac okwihloh \lxo kwikwihloh \lxoc kwikwihloh \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \se to be full of or covered with worms (e.g., often used to refer to an animal that has been bitten or has another skin-piercing injury that has gotten worms or maggots in it) \ss agusanado; lleno o cubierto de gusanos (p. ej., empleado a menudo para referirse a un animal que ha sido mordido o que tiene otro tipo de herida que se ha llenado de gusanos) \pna Oksepa katoto:nilwi:skeh un nakatl de pio pa:mpa okwihloh. \pea They're going to pour scalding water again on that piece of chicken because it has gotten worms. \psa Otra vez van a echarle agua hirviendo a este pedazo de pollo porque tiene gusanos. \xrb okwil \nae The reason for the kwikwil- sequence at the beginning of Oapan words having to do with 'worms' (root: okwil) is unclear. Perhaps it reflects a tendency in this dialect to avoid certain initial sound sequences. Thus, for example, omitl, 'bone,' is found as komitetl. \sj Check for reduplication. \ref 03254 \lxa okwihlowa \lxac okwihlowa \lxo kwikwihlowa \lxoc kwikwihlowa \dt 17/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \seo to get full of worms \sso agusanarse \syna okwihlowa \cfo kwikwilxi:ni \xrb okwil \nae Oapan kwikwihlowa, which occurs in various compounds, shows reduplication without a final {h} in the coda of the reduplicant (at least as suggested by the absence of pitch accent, a reflex of coda {h}. The reason for this is not clear. \qry Check for the occurrence of a transitive form. Check for the possibility of reduction /ni:kwihlowa/??. \sj Check for /h/ in kwikwihlowa/ or /kwihkwihlowa/, etc. \ref 02601 \lxa okwilkalaki \lxac okwilkalaki \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(k) \se [new word from June] \xrb okwil \xrb kalak \ref 07868 \lxa okwiltixtli \lxac okwiltixtli \lxo kwikwiltixtli \lxoc kwikwiltixtli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-dvb-perf \aff Lex. rdp-s* (Oa) \infn N1 \se eggs left by xiwsa:yo:lin (Am) / ixisa:yo:lin (Oa) that become maggots (particularly in open wounds, it decaying flesh, etc.) \ss huevos dejados por los xiwsa:yo:lin (Am) / ixisa:yo:lin (Oa) que nacen como gusanitos (particularmente en heridas, carne pudrida y descompuesta \pna On xiwsa:yo:lin o:pe:w kixi:xa okwiltixtli. Xte:kili a:tl para ma:ka tlatsi:nis! \pea The flies have started to lay their eggs (i.e., larvae in a cut or wound). Pour water on it (the wound) so that they don't hatch! \psa Las moscas han empezado a dejar sus huevos (en una cortada o herida). ¡Echale agua (a la herida) para que no nazcan! \sem animal \sem worm \xrb okwil \xrb tisi \vl Link 1st female and 2nd male tokens. \ref 04893 \lxa okwilxi:ni \lxac okwilxi:ni \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \tran -Trans \infv class-3a \sea to get worms \ssa agusanarse \syna okwihlowa \cfo kwikwihlowa; kwikwilxi:ni \xrb okwil \xrb xi: \dis okwihlowa; okwilxi:ni \nde Oapan has the cognate kwikwilxi:ni but this refers to worms falling off an infected animal, such as a dog as it enters a house, and not worms infesting an animal, as Ameyaltepec okwilxi:ni indicates. \qry Determine the difference between /okwilxi:ni/ and /okwihlowa/. My documentation at this point only has a stative form /okwilxi:ntok/. Check to make sure that /okwilxi:ni/ exists as an intransitive verb; check also to see if a transitive form exists ?okwilxi:nia. \ref 01909 \lxa okwilxi:ntok \lxac okwilxi:ntok \lxo ---- \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \se to have or be infested by worms or maggots \ss tener o estar infestado de gusanos \pna Okwilxi:ntok un nakatl, o:kitlate:milikeh. \pea That meat has gotten worms (maggots), flies laid their eggs in it. \psa Esa carne se agusanó, moscas le depositaron sus huevos. \pna Xkitati mobese:rroh, san okwilxi:ntok. \pea Go take a look at your calf, it has worms (e.g., in a wound)! \psa ¡Ve a ver tu becerro, tiene gusanos (p. ej., en una herida). \syno kwikwihloh \xrb okwil \xrb xi: \nse An animal may get worms after being castrated, in its navel, where a bat bit it, or in other types of skin wounds. \qry For queries, see entry under /okwilxi:ni/. Check this with speech analyzer. \grm /Okwilxi:ntok/ is interesting in two respects. The first is that I have only heard it with /-tok/ although it would probably exist also in forms without the "progressive" ending. Second, and more significant, is the thematic roles of subject and incorporated noun. The subject is the location upon which the action or even occurs and the incorporated noun is the patientive theme (or what would be the subject of an unaccusative, in this case /xi:ni/). Note also, and more importantly, that in this case the subject is an experiencer or patient and the incorporated noun stem is a subject. This is further discussed in the grammatical notes. \sj kwikwilxi:ntok \ref 05676 \lxa ola:n \lxac i:ola:n \lxo jola:nyo \lxoc i:jola:nyo \dt 15/Jul/2002 \loan ? \psm N \der N-loan \infn N2; Intrin(yo) \seao part of an apron, the lowest part just below i:kwe:yo and that cover from the upper thighs to the knees \ssao parte de un delantal, la parte más abajo que se cose a i:kwe:yo y cubre desde la muslo superior a las rodillas \equiva te:nola:n \ono tlake:ntli \ref 06779 \lxa o:li:ni \lxac o:li:ni \lxo o:li:ni \lxoc o:li:ni \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ni(a) \infv class-3a \seao to tremble; to move back and forth (as the Earth does during an earthquake); to swing from one side to another (like a pendulum or a hammock) \ssao temblar; mover en una forma oscilante (como la tierra durante un terremoto); mecerse; columpiarse (como el movimiento de una hamaca) \pna O:li:nis tla:hli. \pea There will be an earthquake (lit., the earth will move back and forth). \psa Va a haber un tremor (lit., se va a mover la tierra de un lado a otro). \se to flare up (e.g., a pain or disease) \ss recrudecer (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad) \pna Wa:le:wa o:li:ni. \pea At times it flares up (e.g., a pain or sickness, an old wound, dislocation, or other injury). \psa De vez en cuando recrudece (p. ej., un dolor o enfermedad, una vieja herida, dislocación, etc.). \pna Kwa:k selik me:stli, pe:wa o:li:ni, oksepa pe:was mitskoko:s. \pea When the moon is young it begins to flare up (in this case an old injury), it will start to hurt you once again. \psa Cuando la luna está creciento, empieza a recrudecer (una vieja herida), te va a empezar a doler otra vez. \xrb o:li: \qry I seem to remember a use of /o:li:ni/, or perhaps a transitive form, indicating movement of a person, a departure, etc. Check. RS gives as a meaning of /olini/: seguir su camino. Check. \grm Note the discussion here of /o:nipitsahka:noli:ni/, etc. \ref 00079 \lxa o:li:nia \lxac ko:li:nia \lxo o:li:nia \lxoc ko:li:nia; kó:lí:nia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ni(a) \tran Compl \infv class-2a \se to rock (e.g., in a cradle or hammock) \ss mecer (p. ej., en una hamaca o cuna) \pna Ma timitso:li:ni! xkoxtiwetsi! \pea Let me rock you! Go to sleep quickly! \psa ¡Déjeme mecerte! ¡Duérmete de una vez! \seo (refl.) to swing (as a child on a swing) \sso (refl.) columpiar (como a un niño por un columpio) \se (refl. with short vowel reduplication) to head out (e.g., to work) \ss (refl., con reduplicación de vocal corta) tomar camino (p. ej., al ir a trabajar) \xrb o:li: \nse In Oapan Nahuatl the unreduplicated ko:li:nia is used to refer to the action of rocking a baby to sleep. The reduplicated nó:lí:nia refers to children playing on a swing (e.g., a rope hung from a tree). \vl Florencia Marcelino first says /kó:lí:nia/. She and Inocencio then give /ko:li:nia/ with no pitch accent and then /kó:lí:nia/, with pitch accent. The final sequence should have four tokens, F-M and F-M in the order given in the lxoc field. \ref 04142 \lxa olo:chowa \lxac kolo:chowa \lxo olo:chowa \lxoc kolo:chowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \seao to scoop up with both ones hands (e.g., earth, or small scattered objects such as beans, maize, etc.) \ssao juntar en puñadas con las dos manos (p. ej., la tierra o objetos esparcidos sobre el suelo, tales como frijoles, maíz, etc.) \xrb olo:ch \obj tla:hli \obj tlasohli \dis sentla:lia; xoto:ntetla:lia, ma:olo:chowa; tepayolowa \nse Apparently olo:chowa is equivalent or nearly equivalent to ma:olo:chowa. Both verbs refer to the action of scooping up something such as grains, earth, pebbles, etc. with both ones hands in order to place these things someplace else (e.g., in a sack or bucket). Zacapoaxtla has an apparent cognate in olo:chtli meaning 'juntos,' olo:chtatzotzona:nij meaning 'grupo de músicos,' and olo:chtli meaning 'grupo, unidos.' \qry Check for intransitive. \ref 00080 \lxa o:lo:tetl \lxac o:lo:tetl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \sea instrument used to shell maize consisting of upright corncobs bound together in a tight circle with a metal band (cincho) or rope \ssa instrumento para desgranar maíz que consiste en un círculo de olotes puestos verticales que amarrados apretadamente con un cincho de metal o una soga \sem tool \syno teo:lo:tl \xrb o:lo: \xrb te \ilustmp See illustration on original filecard. \grm There is a fascinating discussion relevant to reduplication here by C. Flores. \ref 07552 \lxa o:lo:tl \lxac o:lo:tl \lxo o:lo:tl \lxoc o:lo:tl \dt 19/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln \se corncob (having been stripped of its kernels) \ss olote \se (intrinsic possession) corn cob of (an elote) \ss (posesión intrínseca) olote de (un elote) \xrb o:lo: \qry Check whether intrinsic possession is acceptable (?/-o:lo:yo/). \ref 03585 \lxa o:lo:wia \lxac ko:lo:wia \lxo o:lo:wia \lxof [o: lo: 'wi a] \lxoc kó:lo:wía, ko:lo:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to use a corncob on (e.g., wet clay of a ceramic bowl to smooth it before firing) \ss aplicar un olote a (p. ej., para alisar la arcilla de una cerámica antes de cocerla) \pna Axtopa niko:lo:wi:s tepalkatl para petsiwis. \pea First I'll go over the bowl with a corncob so that it becomes smooth. \psa Primero voy a frotar un olote sobre la superficie del plato hondo para que se alise. \xrb o:lo: \nae Apparently the speech token of Florencia Marcelino (Oa) manifests pitch accent on the initial syllable. This is the result of reduplication, reduced onto the first vowel-initial syllable of the verbal stem. However, the speech token of Inocencio Jiménez does not seem to manifest this pitch pattern. It would seem, then, that the two have given different forms. Florencia gave a reduplicated form, undoubtedly because the action signified by o:lo:wiya is one that repeats itself constantly, as the agent rubs the cob back and forth over a surface. Nevertheless, Inocencio seems to have given an unreduplicated form (no pitch accent), a form that perhaps indicates a single application of the cob to a surface. This should be checked. \pqry Check the four tokens of this word for the correctness of my percent that Florencia has pitch accent/reduplication while Inocencio does not. \ref 04499 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl \lxoc o:lo:xo:chitl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se generic name for a type of weed that includes two species (both apparently of the Amaranthaceae family), one that has white flowers and is wild and one that has purple flowers and is domestic (at least in Oapan); apparently both are of the family Amaranthaceae \ss nombre genérico para un tipo de maleza que incluye dos especies (aparentemente las dos de la familia Amaranthaceae), una que tiene flores blancas y es silvestre y otro que tiene flores moraditas y crece nada más en los pueblos (por lo menos Oapan) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \nse The wild white-flowered o:lo:xo:chitl is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl (Am). \pqry Note that the duration of the initial vowel does vary significantly. Thus the 1st female token is about 77 ms for the first vowel whereas the second token is 103. The male tokens are well within the long vowel range. \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote. \nct xiwtli \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male tokens. \ref 05054 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl istá:k \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \lxocpend o:lo:xo:chitl ista:k \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se Gomphrena serrata L. one of two species of the folk generic category o:lo:xo:chitl, in the Amaranthaceae family; this one is wild, has white flowers, and is eaten by donkeys and pigs \ss Gomphrena serrata L., una de dos especies dentro del género folk o:lo:xo:chitl, en la familia Amaranthaceae; esta es silvestre, con flores blancas y se come por los burros y los marranos \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb sta \nse The wild white-flowered o:lo:xo:chitl is eaten by donkeys and pigs. At times it is called xiwtli de o:lo:xo:chitl (Am). \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote. \nct xiwtli \ref 07426 \lxa o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxac o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxo o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \lxocpend o:lo:xo:chitl mora:doh \dt 22/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \se one of two species of the folk generic category o:lo:xo:chitl, although not yet collected this species is also probably in the Amaranthaceae family; it has purple instead of white flowers and grows only in villages (to date only seen in Oapan) \ss una de dos especies de la categoría folk genérica o:lo:xo:chitl, aunque todavía no has sido colectada probablemente es de la familia Amaranthaceae; tiene flores moraditas y crece solamente en los pueblos (hasta ahora ha sido documentado unicamente en Oapan) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb o:lo: \xrb xo:chi \xrb sta \cpl Ramírez and Dakin (1979) identify this as the flor de olote. \nct xiwtli \ref 07428 \lxa o:me \lxac o:me \lxo o:me \lxoc o:me \dt 02/Jul/2003 \psm Num \der Num-b \infa pl. o:memeh \seao two (as numerical modifier) \ssao dos (como modificador numérico) \seao two (of them) \ssao dos (de ellos) \pna De o:me ika onkah, kalakis, tla: xkalakis. \pea There are two possibilities, either he will accept the office (into his "cargo" as juez, etc.) or he won't. \psa Hay dos posibilidades, o va a aceptar el cargo, o no lo acepta. \se (with short vowel reduplication) two by two; in twos; in pairs \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) dos por dos; en doses; en pares \pna Ne:si astah oo:meikxi o:kontla:litiah, ke:n we:weka. \pea It appears that he went along planting every two steps (i.e., dropping maize seeds every two steps), that is really far apart. \psa Parece que iba sembrando cada dos pasos (esto es, dejando caer las semillas de maíz cada dos pasos), es muy apartado (una mata de otra). \pna Oo:memeh iswate:kan. \pea They are working in pairs stripping the corn leaves from the stalks (i.e., one principal worker and inana:mik). \psa Están zacateando en grupos de dos (esto es, un trabajador principal y inana:mik). \pna Nankitla:lili:skeh oo:me kartó:n. \pea You all will each contribute with two cases of beer. \psa Cada uno de ustedes va a contribuir con dos cartones de cerveza. \se (ka:dah ~ (with short vowel reduplication)) every other \ss (ka:dah ~ (con reduplicación de vocal corta) cada dos (o cada tercer como algunos cuentan) \pna Ka:dah oo:me xihpan mi:xiwtiw noba:kah. \pea Every two years my cow gives birth. \psa Cada dos años pare mi vaca. \xrb o:me \nae As with other numerals, pluralization is restricted to human subjects, e.g. Oapan nio:memeh 'you'all are two' or 'there are two of you.' \qry As in all cases, check reduplication of numbers for meanings: two by two, in twos, etc. \ref 06070 \lxa o:melia \lxac ko:melia \lxo ó:meliá \lxoc kó:meliá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-lia \infv class-2a \pa yes \se to do a second time (e.g., to pass over a field with a plow a second time before planting; see o:ntetilia; or to put double sticking in a cloth) \ss hacer por una segunda vez (p. ej., pasar con el arado sobre el terreno por la segunda vez; see o:ntetilia; o poner una costura doble al coser una tela, etc.) \pna Kemech niko:meli:s (=nikoo:meli:s) notla:l. \pea I will soon plow over my field for the second time. \psa Pronto pasaré el arado la segunda vez sobre mi terreno. \pna Tlao:melia. \pea He is going over it (e.g., his field with a plow) for a second time. \psa Le está haciendo por segunda vez (p. ej., arar su terreno antes de sembrar). \pna Xko:meliitlake:n! Xtlakalili o:me i:loh! \pea Put a double stitch in his clothes (e.g., in the seam)! Put two threads in it! \psa ¡Pónle doble costura! ¡Pónle dos hilos! \cfa ye:ilia; ye:itilia \cfo ye:tetilia \xrb o:me \nse In Ameyaltepec, only fields and clothes have been documented as objects of the transitive verb o:melia. In Oapan the plowing of a field for the second time is referred to by the verb ó:ntetília. The verb ó:meliá, in this latter village, is used to refer to the first time the plow is used to weed after the maize has sprouted. It is equivalent to tla:lwia (Oa) or xihki:xtia (Am). For a fuller account, see the notes under teki. \qry Check for other possible objects of /o:melia/. \mod For a diagram of the different ways in which one goes over a field the second time, depending on whether one will plant on the third pass (/ipan ye:i to:ka/) or on the fourth pass (/ipan na:wi to:ka/), see the illustration with /o:melia/). \grm Applicative/causative: Note the use of the /-lia/ suffix with numbers to indicate doing sth to an object for the second time. With adjectives such as /we:i/ and /yema:nki/ there is an inchoative (/we:iya/ and /yema:nia/) and a causative (/we:ilia/ and /yema:nilia/) in which the /-lia/ substitutes for the inchoative /-ya/. However, the basic pattern is that of Adjective + lia indicating a causative (i.e., inducing a state change to occur). With numerals this is not quite the case, since the object of /o:melia/ is not being forced to 'become two.' Rather, in seems that with numerals the /-lia/ ending has more of an applicative sense: the object is the benefactive in a sense, being benefited by having the action on it repeated X number of times (with the x number being the base of the verbalization). Since there is no other verbal form to be considered (unlike the -lia causatives that have an inchoative), forms such as /o:melia/ are considered deadjectival verbs. However, it appears that there is an inchoative form of numerals + ya as in /o:mexkayo:tl/ 'sth from two years ago'. Note that the /x/ reflects an underlying {y} and thus perhaps it is possible to assume a form ?o:meya 'to become two'. But check to see if a straight form exists: ?o:meya, etc. \vl Link first female token. \ref 03698 \lxa o:mema:wia \lxac ko:mema:wia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \infv class-2a \der V2-denom-wia \sea to use two hands on \ssa utilizar las dos manos de o para \xrb o:me \xrb ma: \ref 08228 \lxa o:meme:sti \lxac o:meme:sti \lxo o:meme:sti \lxoc o:meme:sti \dt 10/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \inc Num-V1 \der V1-d-ti \seao see -me:sti \ssao véase -me:sti \xrb o:me \xrb me:s \ref 04778 \lxa o:mexiwti \lxac o:mexiwti \lxo o:mexihti \lxoc o:mexihti \dt 09/Apr/2002 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V1-d-ti \seao see -xiwti (Am) / -xihti (Oa) \ssao véase -xiwti (Am) / -xihti (Oa) \xrb o:me \xrb xiw \ref 05219 \lxa o:mexiwtilia \lxac ko:mexiwtilia \lxo o:mexihtilia \lxoc ko:mexihtilia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \dt 13/Nov/2001 \psm V2 \inc Num-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao see -xiwtilia \ssao véase -xiwtilia \xrb o:me \ref 00552 \lxa o:mexkayo:tl \lxac o:mexkayo:tl \lxo o:mexkayo:tl \lxoc o:mexkayo:tl \dt 02/Feb/2002 \psm N \der N-d-kayo:tl \infn N1 \seao see -xkayo:tl \ssao véase -xkayo:tl \xrb o:me \xrb xiw \xrb kayo: \qry Check vowel length of the final /o:/. Perhaps it should be short. \ref 02625 \lxa omitetl \lxac omitetl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \se soup bone; bone (usually of a pig or cow) with meat on it used for soup \ss un hueso con carne (generalmente de puerco o res) que se utiliza para hacer caldo \equivo komitetl \xrb omi \xrb te \nse In Oapan komitetl is used for 'bone' in general and for 'soup bone.' \qry Check to see if this can be possessed and, if so, how possession is marked (/-w/ or /-yo/). \ref 07741 \lxa omitl \lxac omitl \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln/Intrin: noomiw, noomio \se (alienable possession) bone (that one possesses, e.g., a dog eating his bone, etc.) \ss (posesión enajenable) hueso (que uno posesiona, p. ej., un perro comiéndose su hueso, etc.) \se (intrinsic possession) bone (of ones body) \ss (posesión intrínseca) hueso (del cuerpo de uno) \equivo komitetl \xrb omi \nae In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of variation in vowel length among speakers. A more complete survey, however, is needed. \grm Phonology: In the speech of don Luis Lucena the initial /o:/ was definitely long, although in the speech of others it was definitely short. This indicates the possibility of variation in vowel length among speakers. \ref 05210 \lxa ompeti \lxac ompeti \lxo ompeti \lxoc ompeti \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \dt 12/Jun/2002 \seao see peti \ssao véase peti \nae In tense/aspect inflection ompeti manifests an alternation between directional prefixes and suffixes: ompetis for the future, for example, and o:petito for the perfective. \ref 00853 \lxa ompunkah \lxac ompunkah \lxo omponkah \lxoc yó ompónkah \dt 20/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv=V1 \der V1-b \se to be right over there (within the sight of speaker); the one that is right over there \ss él que está allí mero (a la vista del hablante); él que está allí mismo \pna Ompunkah! Xtlapo! Pakah! \pea It is right over there! Open it! There it is! \psa ¡Está allí mismo! ¡Ábrelo! ¡Allí está! \pna Ompunkah, ma:ka tihkwis! Tlatio:chi:wahli! \pea The one that is right over there, (in this case some palm), don't use it! It is blessed! \psa ¡Ese que está allá (en este caso algo de palma), no lo vayas a usar! ¡Está bendicho! \xrb on \xrb -pa; on; ka \ono Adverbs \nae It is not clear whether Ameyaltepec ompunkah can function both verbally, indicating existence in a certain location, and as a headless relative clause, indicating 'the one that is right over there.' It may need a relativizer for this latter function and the correct pronunciation might be yo ompunkah, as in Oapan. If it can be used as a headless relative, then it would differ from constructions such as nika:nkah and na:nkah, which consist of an adverbial modifier and the verb of existence kah. Note that in the Oapan version the use as a relative clause requires a preceding relativizer, yó as in yó ompúnkah 'that one over there!' \qry Check following statement: "However, note that whereas other subjects are possible with these latter two modified predicates (e.g., nika:n tunkah) with ompunkah no such possibility exists (i.e., ?ompun tunkah; rather one finds pun tunkah)." Check whether ?/ompun tunkah/ is correct, etc. \mod Compare /ompún/ and /ompa/ as well as /sampa/, /nepa/, etc. Compare all with forms having the copula: /ompunkah/, /ompakah/, /na:nkah/, /nika:nkah/, /pakah/, etc. Get a complete list. \ref 01191 \lxa ompún \lxac ompún \lxo ---- \dt 23/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se right there (in the sight of speaker) \ss allí mero; allí mismo (en la vista del hablante) \pna Ompún xtla:li! \pea Place it right over there! \psa ¡Pónlo allí mero! \equiva pon \equivo páo:n \xrb on- \xrb on \xrl -pa \cfa pon \nse Apparently ompón is a contraction of ompa and on. The difference between ompón and omponkah on the one hand, and ompa and ompakah on the other is not entirely clear at this point. Apparently the former refer to a more precise location, within sight of the speaker who is indicating the place either directly or indirectly. On the other hand, ompa and ompakah seem to indicate a more general direction or place away from speaker. \qry Compare this and /ompún/ to /ompa/ and /ompakah/. In general the difference between /ompa(kah)/ and /ompún(kah)/ should be determined, as should the precise meaning of many of these deictics. See entry under /ompa/. Apparently /ompunkah/ refers to a place within the sight of the speaker who is looking or otherwise indicating it. \vl The Oapan entry here has been removed as a duplicate of a previous entry for this word. The 4 tokens here at 4228 should be tagged with number 1924. \ref 04228 \lxa ompún \lxac ompún \lxo ---- \dt 20/Jul/2003 \psm Adv \com Adv-demon \der Adv-pl \sea right there! \ssa ¡allí! \cfa sampún \cfo páon \xrb on \xrl -pa \vl Give the four Oapan tokens here the number 01917 and add to the tokens for this word already isolated. \ref 03214 \lxa on- \lxaa o- \lxocpend ontlakwa \lxo on- \lxoa o- \lxocpend ontlakwa \dt 09/Jul/2003 \psm Dir \der \seao directional prefix that indicates movement away from a deictic reference point \ssao prefijo direccional que indica movimiento partiendo de un punto de referencia deíctico \xrb on \nae An explanation of this prefix is found in the grammar. Before stems that have an initial nasal the final nasal of on- assimilates and is reduced, e.g., onemis 'he will go live there.' \ref 08874 \lxa onaki \lxac onaki \lxo onaki \lxoc onaki \dt 26/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V2-alt-ki(a) \tran -Trans (Oa) \infv class-3a(k) \se to fit into (implicitly, a tight space, or a narrow space such as a bed) \ss caber dentro de un lugar (implícitamente ajustado o apretado, incluyendo cosas como camas) \pna Xtonakiskeh. \pea We won't fit (e.g., in a small car). \psa No vamos a caber (p. ej., en un coche pequeño). \pna Xo:nonak. \pea I didn't fit (in given reduced space). \psa No cupe (en un espacio reducido). \se to be appropriate (to a situation) \ss ser apropriado para (una situación) \pna Umpa xonaki un tlato:hli. \pea That word is not correctly used (not appropriate) there. \psa Esa palabra no es apropiada allí (no le queda allí). \cfa akia \cfo onahtok \xrb on- \xrb ak \dis kalaki \nse In Ameyaltepec onaki refers to objects or persons that fit into a relatively tight space (e.g., people in a car, a crowded room, papers in a drawer, etc.). Kalaki, on the other hand, does not have this sense of "fitting"; rather it seems most often to refer to material objects or animate beings that enter into a large space, such as a person walking into a room or a drawer entering a chest. \nae The intransitive form aki occurs only with the "directional" prefix element on-; it does not accept wa:l-, i.e. *wa:laki is not acceptable. Note that where as Ameyaltepec has a transitive form akia, Oapan does not, instead using only the verb kalahtia to indicate the act of placing an object (or animate being) inside something. \qry Make sure that /wa:laki/ is not correct. Make sure that Oapan does not have /akia/ as a transitive. \ref 01982 \lxa onaktok \lxac onaktok \lxo onahtok \lxoc onahtok \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \seao (kwahli ~) to be a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole) \ssao (kwahli ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero) \cfao ontestok \cfao onaki \xrb on- \xrb ak \ref 05690 \lxa one:stok \lxac one:stok \lxo one:stok \lxoc one:stok \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm Stat \com Dir-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao (with -pan) to be reflected on \ssao (con -pan) estar reflejado sobre \pna Tone:stok ne:, ipan te:skatl. \pea You are reflected there, in the mirror. \psa Estás reflejado allí, en el espejo. \xrb ne:si \qry Recheck correctness of this. The phrase is taken from my memory of a conversation with Florencia Marcelino on this verb. \ref 00346 \lxa one:wa \lxac one:wa \lxo one:wa \lxoc one:wa \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc Dir-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \se to depart; to leave or take ones leave; to head out \ss partir; salir \pna Mo:stla tone:waskeh. \pea Tomorrow we'll head out. \psa Mañana salimos. \pna Xwel one:wa, kinono:tsan. \pea He can't take his leave, they are talking to him. \psa No puede salir, le están hablando. \pna De ka:non tone:was? \pea Where will you leave from? \psa ¿De dónde vas a salir? \sem motion \cfao e:wa; wa:le:wa \xrb on- \xrb e:wa \xvcao e:wi:tia \xvcao one:wi:ltia \nse The verb e:wa as an intransitive occurs only with a directional prefix, which can be either on- or wa:l-, depending on the spatial arrangement of the actors and speakers. One:wa indicates movement away from a particular point of reference; wa:le:wa indicates movement toward a particular point of reference. \qry I do not have /one:wi:tia/ in my corpus, but I seem to remember that it exists. Add this and /wa:le:wi:tia/ if found. \ref 03513 \lxa one:wi:ltia \lxac kone:wi:ltia \lxo one:wi:ltia \lxoc kone:wi:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send (sb) on their way (moving away from a deictic reference point) \ss encaminar o mandar (sb) hacia allá (en sentido extraversa en referencia o un punto deíctico) \pna Niá:s, nikone:wilti:s. Ma yatiwetsi! \pea I will go to send him on his way there. He should go right away! \psa Voy a ir a hacer que vaya hacia allá. ¡Qué vaya de una vez! \pna Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti! Ma yatiwetsi! \pea Friend, go there to send him on his way (in this case so that he goes to the speaker's milpa)! I'd like him head out right away! \psa ¡Amigo, vete a ver que tome su salida (en este caso para ir a la milpa del que habla)! ¡Debe ir de una vez! \sem motion \xrb e:wa \xvbao one:wa \xvaao one:wi:ltilia \cfa wa:le:wiltia \nse One:wi:ltia is a lexicalized form of the causative e:wi:ltia with the directional prefix on- and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)." In the illustrative phrase Ba:leh, xkone:wi:lti:ti the speaker is asking a friend to go to the house of a third person, who had agreed to work in the speaker's field. The addressee is to make sure that this worker heads out to the field as he had promised. In the verb compound xkone:wi:lti:ti, therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The directional suffix -ti indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix on- refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart to work in the speaker's field, as had been previously arranged. \qry Check length of /i/ in causative of /one:wiltia/. \grm Directionals: Note the use of two directionals. One:wi:ltia is a lexicalized form of the causative e:wi:ltia with the directional prefix on- and with the meaning 'to cause to depart (toward a deictic reference point)." In the verb compound xkone:wi:lti:ti therefore, there are two directionals, as well as two points of reference. The suffix -ti indicates the movement of the primary object, the person who is sent off by the speaker's command. The prefix on- refers to the movement of the secondary object, in this case the worker who is being admonished to depart for work in the speaker's field, as in this case had been previously arranged. Such dual deictic points seldom occur, it seems here that this is due to the lexicalization of /one:wa/. One would probably also find /xkwa:le:wi:lti:ti/ 'go and send him on his way (back) here.' \ref 02853 \lxa one:wi:ltilia \lxac kone:wi:ltilia \lxo one:wi:ltilia \lxoc kone:wi:ltilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc Dir-V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \seao to send (sb) on the way there for \ssao encaminar o mandar (algn) hacia allá para \pna Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s, saniman nikonixiti:s. \pea I'll send him on for you right away (in this case making sure that a hired worker goes to the field), I'll go wake him up right away. \psa Te lo voy a mandar luego luego (en este caso un trabajador contratado para que vaya al trabajo), luego luego lo voy a ir a despertar. \seao to take (sth) there for \ssao llevar (algo) allá para \pna Saniman timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal. \pea I will take your tortillas to you right away. \psa Luego luego te voy a llevar tus tortillas. \sem motion \xrb e:wa \xvbao one:wi:ltia \dis onti:tlanilia; one:wi:ltilia \nse Apparently Timitsone:wi:ltili:s motlaxkal is the virtual equivalent of Timitsonka:wili:s motlaxkal. In both cases the subject personally takes the object (here tortillas) to the recipient. A different situation occurs with Timitsonti:tlanili:s motlaxkal; in this case the tortillas are simply being sent along with someone else, such as a child who is told to take food out to the field. Note, however, that when the secondary object is human (and thus volitional) it is sent and moves by itself, e.g., Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n 'I will send your worker on his way (there) for you.' \qry Check for /wa:le:wi:ltilia/. Check Timitsone:wi:ltili:s mopió:n meaning. \ref 00017 \lxa one:wi:tia \lxac kone:wi:tia \lxo one:wi:tia \lxoc kone:wi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to send on ones way (e.g., sb one does not want to see) \ssao mandar salir (p. ej., algn que uno no quiere ver); despachar (a algn, para que se vaya) \xrb e:wa \ref 04999 \lxa oni \lxac koni \lxo oni \lxoc koni \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc Dir-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a(oni) \seao to drink \ssao beber \pna Nikoni:s se: refre:skoh. \pea I'm going to drink a soda. \psa Voy a beber un refresco. \pna Ma tikoni:kan. \pea Let's drink it (the Nahuatl equivalent of 'To your health!,' 'Cheers!,' etc.)! \psa ¡Vamos a beberlo! (en náhuatl equivalente a '¡Salud!', etc.) \pna Tlaoni:tok. \pea He is drinking (a liquid other than water or an alcoholic beverage). \psa Está bebiendo (un líquido que no sea agua o una bebida alcohólica). \se (usually reduplicated with short vowel) to absorb or soak up (a liquid by a porous material, such as certain paper [S]) \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) absorber o chupar (un líquido por algo espongoso o absorbente, como ciertos papeles [S]) \pna Kooni tlapahli, pochi:nki. \pea It absorbs paint (in this case an amate), it has a fuzzy surface. \psa Chupa pintura (en este caso un amate), su superficie es velluda. \xrb on- \xrb i: \xvcao oni:tia \xvcao oni:ltia \xvaa oni:lia \fla tlai \nse The verb i never appears without the directional prefix on- except in the lexicalized form tlai. With a specific object prefix the verb oni can refer to the act of imbibing any liquid at all: water, soda, beer, etc. However, when referring to the act of drinking an alcoholic beverage in general, the nonspecific prefix tla- is used without the directional prefix: tlai. For example, if someone says about another, o:pe:w tlai the meaning is 'he's started to drink' in the same sense as 'drink' would here have in English: to drink an alcoholic drink. Thus the following conversation could occur: A: Xkoni! B: Ka, xkaman nitlai! A: Drink it! B: No, I never drink! Or, often the impersonal passive tlai:lo is used to refer to the drinking that takes place during parties and fiestas; a coming wedding party may be referred to as Mo:stla tlai:lo:s 'There will be drinking tomorrow.' However, the tla- prefix can be used with oni. In this case tlaoni also has a specific meaning in that it refers to drinking a non-alcoholic beverage. Moreover, given that the specific term a:tli exists to refer to drinking water, tlaoni seldom refers to drinking water. For example, after eating if one wants to take a drink of water from the water jug, one would say Ma na:tli and not ?Ma nitlaoni. \qry Determine difference, if any, between /oni:tia/ and /oni:ltia/. \ref 00444 \lxa oni:lia \lxac koni:lia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \sea to drink (a liquid, e.g., blood) of or from \ssa beber (un líquido, p. ej., sangre) de \pna Mo:yo:tl mitsoni:li:s moyesio. \pea Mosquitos will drink your blood. \psa El zancudo te bebe la sangre. \xrb i: \xvba oni \ref 07902 \lxa oni:ltia \lxac *koni:ltia \lxo oni:ltia \lxoc koni:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give to drink to \ss dar de beber a \pna Koni:ltian kuwtekomatl deke itiko:tsiliwi un mi:xihke:tl. \pea They give the cuatecomate (fruit) to drink to a woman who has just given birth if she has stomach cramps. \psa Kuhtekomatl : Le dan de beber del cuatecomate (su fruta) a una mujer recién parida si tiene calambres en el estómago. \equivao oni:tia \xrb i: \xvbao oni \grm Causative: Note the variation in the causative form: /oni:ltia/ and /oni:tia/ for Oapan. \vl Note that I mistakenly changed the elicitation. There is thus only one female token for this word. This should be tagged and linked. The forms /koni:tia/ should be tagged with the ref. # 1288. \ref 03631 \lxa oni:tia \lxac koni:tia \lxo oni:tia \lxoc koni:tia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \inc Dir-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \seao to give to drink to \ssao dar a beber a \pna Te:choni:ti:s refre:skoh. \pea He will give us a soda to drink. \psa Nos va a dar un refresco para beber. \pna Te:xtlaoni:ti:s. \pea He will give us something to drink (agua fresca, soda, occasionally a beer, but not usually water, for which a:tli:tia is more often used; tlai:tia is used for alcoholic beverages where there is a chance of getting drunk). \psa Nos va a dar algo para beber (agua fresca, un refresco, de vez en cuando una cerveza, pero generalmente no agua, en cuyo caso es más común utilizar a:tli:tia; tlai:tia se emplea para bebidas alcóholicas cuando hay una posibilidad de emborracharse). \equivao oni:ltia \xrb on- \xrb i: \xvbao oni \qry Check use of /tlai:tia/, /tlaoni:tia/ and /a:tli:tia/. \vl There are added tokens for this word at 3631. Note that the latter words have less echo, so perhaps these are better for linking. \ref 01288 \lxa onkawia \lxac konkawian \lxo onkawia \lxof [on ka 'wi a] \lxoc konkawiah \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to gang up on; to jointly undertake (i.e., two people who join forces to complete a task such as carrying a heavy load between them, to attack a lone individual, etc.); to knock off (a task, together) \ss juntarse para (esto es, dos personas que reunen fuerzas para terminar una tarea como cargar con algo pesado, o para atacar un individuo solo, etc.); acabarse con \pna Sepan tikonkawi:skeh pa:mpa yetí:k. \pea We will knock it off together (in this case carrying a heavy load) because it is heavy. \psa Nos lo vamos a caer juntos (en este caso la tarea de cargar algo pesado) porque está pesado. \pna Tikonkawi:skeh. \pea Together we two are going to take care of it. \psa Lo vamos a hacer nosotros dos juntos. \pna O:mitsonkawi:kon. \pea They came and ganged up on you (beating you up). \psa Juntos vinieron para caerte encima (golpeándote). \xrb on- \xrb ka \nse The etymology of onkawia (Am) and onkawiya (Oa) is uncertain. One interpretation would have the directional on- as fully lexicalized into a verb. Thus other directionals can be used, e.g., o:konkawi:ton and and kwa:lonkawi:skeh. However, speakers tended to reject the use of on-: Pánfilo Lorenzo rejected *kononkawi:skeh. Luis Lucena first rejected but then accepted this form. It therefore appears that although on- has been incorporated into the verb there is a tendency not to accept the addition of a clearly directional on- even though the general acceptance of a form such as o:konkawi:to suggests that an extraverse directional is accepted as a suffix. Perhaps this reflects an unwillingness to have a sequence onon, or perhaps it indicates that onkawia contains some semantic elements of an extraverse directional (unlike forms such as oni). Note that RS has an entry for oncaquixtia, which he analyzes as oncan plus quixtia having the sense of 'doblar, poner una cosa en dos' (Molina defines this, given as two words, as 'duplicar cartas, o cosas semejantes'); RS also has oncauitinemi, analyzed as cauia and nemi, which is used reflexively and means 'ir o vivir juntos, hablando de dos personas.' Thus although the first vowel of onkawia is short, the meaning of this verb might be related to o:me, meaning 'two.' Yet it might also be related to forms such as ompa, etc. in which the initial on- or om appears to be a deictic signaling 'there.' \pqry Check vowel length. It is uncertain in Oapan and, probably in Am. Both dialects should be checked. \ref 04525 \lxa ontestok \lxac ontestok \lxo ontestok \lxoc ontestok \dt 14/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \se (san kwahli ~) to be in a good, tight fit (in a small given space, such as a peg in a hole) \ss (san kwahli ~) caber bien apretado (en un espacio reducido, como una estaquilla o clavija en un agujero) \pna San kwahli ontestok, xkaxa:ntok. \pea It is a good fit, it isn't loose. \psa Justamente cabe, no está flojo. \pna Xikxixi:ma se: klabi:jah, san kwahli ma ontesto (=ma tili:nto, ma tili:ntia, etc.)! \pea Cut a rivet that is a good, tight fit! \psa ¡Corta un remache que va a caber bien apretado! \cfo onaktok \xrb on- \xrb tes \nae The etymology of ontestok is uncertain. On- is clearly a deictic prefix, referring to the fact that the fitting is 'in there.' However, given the fact that in Ameyaltepec /ts/ before /t/ becomes /s/, the underlying root may be either tes or tets. To date no comparative evidence has been found that might resolve this question. Ontestok (which takes any of the inflections found with -tok) refers to an object, the grammatical subject, that fits tightly into a space. Apparently ?wa:ltestok does not exist. \qry In one of my notes I have /san kwahli ontestoya/, which I have noted as the same as /san kwahli ontestiah/ 'it went to fit right in'. Determine whether the /-tiah/ ending is the past of /-tiw/ and, if so, whether /-tiw/ may also be used, as in /ontestiw/. Check if /ontestitiw/ is correct. \ref 02435 \lxa o:ntetsi:n \lxac o:ntetsi:n \lxo ó:ntetsí:n \lxoc ó:ntetsí:n \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Num \der Adj-num \se (san ~) just two \ss (san ~) sólo dos \pna Xkukwalatsa monexko:n, mo:stla tihkwa:skeh ma:s san o:ntetsi:n tamahli! \pea Bring your pot of nextamahli to a rapid boil, tomorrow we're going to a couple of tamales! \psa Haz hervir bien tu olla de nixtamal, mañana vamos a comer aunque sea nada más dos tamales. \cfa sentetl \dis o:me; o:ntetl (or o:ntetsi:n) \xrb o:me \xrb te \nse Although in the analysis of sentetl it was suggested that the numerical form ending in -tetl is a predicate and not a modifier, the present example with o:ntetsi:n demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between o:me and o:ntetl and between se: and sentetl is still not completely clear. \qry Determine the difference between /o:ntetl/ and /o:me/. Check whether Oapan has /sa ó:ntetsí:n/ or /san ó:ntetsí:n/. If n > 0 is correct, then the former should be the case. \pqry Try to determine the motive / basis for pitch accent \sj Get SJ form to see if there is an /h/ that could be the motive for Oapan p-a. \grm Numbers: Although in the analysis of sentetl it was suggested that the numerical form ending in -tetl is a predicate and not a modifier, the present example with o:ntetsi:n demonstrates that such forms can also be modifiers. Thus the syntactic or semantic difference between o:me and o:ntetl and between se: and sentetl is still not completely clear. \ref 04651 \lxa onye:wi \lxac onye:wi \lxo one:wi \lxocpend one:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(w) \seao see ye:wi \ssao véase ye:wi \xrb e:wi \ref 07764 \lxa oo:lo:tsi:n \lxac oo:lo:tsi:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem xiwtli \xrb \ref 08587 \lxa oomitetl \lxac oomitetl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 19/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \sea flower of the yepakihli tree \ssa flor del árbol llamado yepakihli \sem plant \sem flower \xrb omi \xrb te \ref 07888 \lxa oo:xin \lxac oo:xin \lxo ---- \dt 15/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b-in \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea fruit of the oo:xkuwtli \ssa fruta del oo:xkuwtli \sea by extension, the tree that bears this fruit \ssa por extensión, el árbol que da este fruto \sem plant \sem kohtli (pending) \apa oo:xkohtli \xrb o:x \cpl This tree is not found near Ameyaltepec; consultants mentioned that it grows near Coacoyula. \nct kohtli \mod Apparently it is common for fruit trees to mark the tree as opposed to the fruit with /kuhtli/. Thus /wa:xin/ and /wa:xkuhtli/, etc., etc. This does not seem to occur with other trees, e.g., /kuhxio:tl/. Check. However, /kuhtli/ might refer to the wood itself also, e.g., of trees whose wood is commonly used. Check all this. \ref 02513 \lxa oo:xkuwtli \lxac oo:xkuwtli \lxo ---- \dt 07/Jul/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \aff Lex rdp-s \sea tall tree as yet unidentified that bears a fruit called oo:xin \ssa árbol grande todavía no identificado que da un fruto llamado oo:xin \sem plant \sem kohtli \apa oo:xin \xrb o:x \xrb kow \nct kohtli \ref 05670 \lxa opilo:ni \lxac *opilo:ni \lxo ---- \dt 03/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-instr-ni \infn N1 \sea (ritual) young girl who is chosen, indicated, selected (referring to a adolescent girl who has been selected by a boy for courtship) \ssa (ritual) muchacha que es la escogida, seleccionada, indicada (en referencia a una joven que ha sido escogida por un muchacho) \sem ritual \xrb pi \nse The etymology of this word (as indeed it precise form) in open to doubt. It is mentioned in a we:we:tlahlo:hli by don Plutarco Ramírez of Ameyaltepec in the following phrase: Kas yewatsi:n iswalo:ni, opilo:ni. Kas na:nika o:mapiloh. Don Pascual García said of opilo:ni kito:sneki o:tikma:pilwilih, 'it means that you pointed it out to him/her.' Yet the meaning and correct pronunciation is still in doubt. The initial /o/ might reflect /on-/ and the /pil/ element (which might have either a long or short vowel) could refer to pointing. However, pilo might be the passive of the transitive verb pi which can have the sense of 'to pluck or to pick.' This would be in accord with other metaphors in the speech that refer to a young ear of corn (the potential bride) being plucked off the stem. \qry Check with native speakers on pronunciation, meaning, and derivation. \ref 03343 \lxa organi:toh \lxac organi:toh \lxo ---- \dt 18/Jul/2002 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of cactus of those used for live fences, a member of the Cactaceae family and the Opuntia genus \ssa tipo de cactaceae que se emplea para cercas vivas, miembro de la familia Cactaceae y el género Opuntia \equivo tó:mokóhtli pepeya:stik san para korral \sem plant \sem cactus \encyctmp órgano \nct to:motli \ref 05151 \lxa ó:rganoh \lxac ó:rganoh \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea generic name for two large cactus plants: ó:rganoh para tlapextli and ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo \ssa nombre genérico para dos cactus grandes: ó:rganoh para tlapextli and ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo \sea ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo a type of large cactus with edible fruit, also called ó:rganoh we:i \ssa ó:rganoh de uwe:i i:to:moyo tipo de cactus grande con fruta comestible, también llamado ó:rganoh we:i \pna O:rganoh | Nokwa itla:kihlo, to:motli, ino:chio, iteono:chio bwe:noh para china:ntli, bwe:noh para tikikxiti:s pan, para tenexko:ntli. \pea O:rganoh : Its fruit is edible. It is a to:motli, its inner rods are good for woven fences, they are good for (firewood used in) baking bread, in lime ovens. \psa O:rganoh : Su fruta se come. Es un to:motli, sus varas interiores son buenas para hacer las cercas de chinamitl, son buenas para cocer pan, para hornos de cal. \sem plant \sem xiwtli \cfa to:motli \nse Another word for the generic type is to:motli. There are the following types of ó:rganoh: ó:rganoh, to:moiswatl, to:motsotsohli, to:moichkatl, to:motlaxkahli, and ó:rganoh de tlapextli. According to Eusebio Díaz all of the preceding bear the fruit called to:motli except the ó:rganoh de tlapextli, in regards to which he was not sure. Finally, in one entry I have distinguished organi:toh from ó:rganoh we:i. This might well be different, in which case both should be listed under the group glossed ó:rganoh or to:motli. Thus it is unclear if there are three lexemes with ó:rganoh (organi:toh, ó:rganoh, and ó:rganoh we:i) or only two. \qry Check to make sure that /ó:rganoh/ is a synonym of /to:motli/. \cpl Under órgano, Schoenhals (1988) has "1. (Pachycereus marginatus formerly Marginatocereus marginatus) 'organ cactus' Cultivated as fences almost everywhere in drier climates. 2. (Cereus thurberi) 'organ-pipe cactus' See pitahaya dulce." And under pitahaya dulce, she has written "(Cereus spp., e.g., C. thurberi) 'organ-pipe cactus' Cactus from the northwest with a very sweet fruit. Also called marismeña, órgano." \nct to:motli \ref 02546 \lxa ó:rganoh de un we:i \lxaa ó:rganoh de uwe:i ito:moyo \lxac ó:rganoh de un we:i \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \lxt ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan órgano \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of large cactus \ssa órgano, tipo de cactus grande \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo tó:mowéwé:i \encyctmp ó:rganoh \nct to:motli \ref 07777 \lxa ó:rganoh para tlapextli \lxac ó:rganoh para tlapextli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 29/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \sem plant \sem cactus \xrb \ref 08584 \lxa o:stia \lxac ko:stia \lxo o:stia \lxocpend @ko:stia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \se to impregnate; to get or make pregnant (a female animal) \ss empregnar (a una hembra de cualquier animal) \equiva kone:watia \equivo koné:watiá \xrb o:ts \dis kone:watia \vl I think there is a mistake here. Both speakers give /kostia/. This might well be a different word as I hear the vowel short whereas in the nominal /o:stli/ it is clearly long. Therefore, for now tag the four tokens here with 7736. \nse Although the propositional content of o:stia and kone:watia appears to be the same, the latter is considered more decent and is more frequently used for humans. In Oapan, in fact, it seems that o:stia is reserved for reference to animals and koné:watiá for humans. Perhaps one might say that o:stia is more equivalent to English 'impregnate' and kone:watia to 'to get pregnant.' \nae Comparative evidence reveals that the underlying final consonant of the stem is {ts}. The length of the first vowel seems clearly long from the nominal form o:stli. \nde Pipil (Campbell, p. 555) has the equivalent of a short initial vowel but Tetelcingo, Morelos, reports it long. \ref 04371 \lxa osto:cha:neh \lxac osto:cha:neh \lxo osto:cha:neh \lxoa osto:cha:nih \lxoa osto:k cha:neh \lxoc osto:cha:neh, osto:cha:nih \dt 03/Jul/2003 \psm N \com N-N \der N-posr-eh \infn N1 \seo the Devil \sso el Diablo \sem religion \syno totioh \xrb osto: \xrb cha:n \nse One also hears totioh osto:cha:neh in reference to the fact that the Devil is considered to have been a brother of God. \vl Link 2nd female and 1st male. \ref 06855 \lxa osto:k \lxac osto:kitlachichi:wal \lxo osto:k \lxoc osto:k \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-loc-1-k(o) \infn N1 \seao (~ cha:neh) the Devil (in Ameyaltepec, by extension, some speakers might simply say ostó:k, with this same sense) \ssao (~ cha:neh) el diablo (en Ameyaltepec, por extensión, algunos hablantes a veces dicen simplemente ostó:k, con el mismo sentido) \pna Osto:kixina:ch! \pea (You) child of the Devil! \psa ¡Hijo del diablo! \sea god-dam \ssa ¡diablo! ¡pinche! \pna Osto:k kone:tl. \pea God-dam kid! \psa ¡Pinche niño! \seo in the cliffs \sso en los peñascos \xrb osto: \xrl -k(o) \ono diablo \nse Ostó:k is a trope for the Devil based on where he lives; he more completely referred to as ostó:k cha:neh. In Ameyaltepec a phrase such as ostó:k kone:tl or ostó:k i:xina:ch is used to insult or berate, para ika te:uwikalti:lo. Note that in Oapan osto:h cha:neh is the surface realization of this form given the phonology rule for weakening of final /k/. \qry Check final stress in /ostó:k/ in all cases (i.e., as part of an insulting phrase, as used alone to signify the devil, and in a compound phrase such as ostó:k cha:neh. \ref 05109 \lxa osto:kakahli \lxac osto:kakahli \lxo \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb osto: \xrb kal \ref 08212 \lxa o:stoma:wa \lxac noo:stoma:wa \lxo \lxocpend \dt 24/Jul/2002 \psm \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07921 \lxa osto:te:ntli \lxac osto:te:ntli \lxo osto:te:ntli \lxoc osto:te:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \se edge of a cliff \ss orilla de un precipicio \pna Ma:ka timoteketsas pon itech osto:te:ntli, tla:mo tonwetsis. \pea Don't stand right there next to the edge of the cliff, if you do, you'll fall off. \psa No te vayas a parar allí por la orilla del precipicio, si lo haces, te vas a despeñar. \xrb osto: \xrb te:n \qry Note use of /tla:mo/ in the example sentence. This should be checked. If the usage is incorrect this phrase should be deleted from the entry for /tla:mo/. \ref 04116 \lxa osto:tl \lxac osto:tl \lxo osto:tl \lxoc osto:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se cliff; precipice; steep drop off of a hill or mountain \ss precipicio \seo cave \sso cueva \xrb osto: \nse In Ameyaltepec Nahuatl osto:tl refers to a cliff or steep drop, not to a cave, although it is recognized that in these cliffs there are caves, and it is in these caves that the Devil may live. \qry I have checked the first vowel several times and it appears that it is short in the basic noun and in all derivations; thus one entry card states that "the vowel pattern is definitely correct having been checked with a large number of informants." Nevertheless, this should be rechecked. Note that in Ameyaltepec it appears that /osto:tl/ is used to refer to a cliff or steep drop-off, not to a cave although perhaps, and this should be checked, it may also refer to a cave. Check for possessed forms / \ref 01510 \lxa osto:tsi:n \lxac osto:tsi:n \lxo osto:tsi:n \lxoc osto:tsi:n \dt 14/Aug/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \seao grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) \ssao zorra; zorra gris (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) \sem animal \sem mammal \xrb osto: \nse The species identification, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, is taken from Leopold (1959:408). \nct yo:lka:tsi:n \pqry I have rechecked the length of the first vowel and found it short. Nevertheless, it should be checked again. \vl Link 1st male token. \ref 05239 \lxa osto:wia \lxac noosto:wia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \tran +Refl/-trans \infv class-2a \sea (refl.) to fall off of a cliff or precipice (and, by extension, to fall off anything from very high up) \ssa (refl.) despeñarse (y, por extensión, caerse desde cualquier lugar muy alto) \syno tepexiwiya \xrb osto: \dis tepe:xiwia; osto:wia \nse The use of this Ameyaltepec word is close to that of tepexiwia (note that in Oapan only has tepe:xiwiya, and not osto:wiya, are used. However, whereas osto:wia, when reflexive, refers to the action of falling off something such as a cliff and hitting the ground upon landing, in Ameyaltepec tepexiwia is used to refer to the action of falling down a hill or mountain and rolling, rather than falling off something, such as a cliff, and hitting the ground. Nevertheless, note that Molina gives for tepexiuia. nite. 'despeñar a otro.' Oapan only has tepe:xiwiya, not osto:wiya. \qry Note the use of a derivation with /-wia/ that is not, strictly speaking, an instrumental. Check Launey for his treatment of these forms. The full extension of /-wia/ derivations should be explored. One speaker, Rey de la Cruz (Am) understood this to mean that a person, standing under a cliff, is hit or covered by parts that come loose. However, he said that perhaps others use this word to refer to a person who falls off a cliff along with a piece of the edge that comes loose. \ref 00801 \lxa osto:xiwtli \lxacpend *osto:xiwtli \lxo ---- \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm N \com N-N \der N-b \infn N1 \sea weeds that grow on cliffs \ssa hierbas o maleza que crecen sobre los precipicios \sem plant \sem xiwtli(gen) \xrb osto: \xrb xiw \nct xiwtli \nse This word was heard as a general descriptive comment on certain types of cliff-inhabiting plants. How common such a reference is still needs to be determined. \qry It is not completely certain taht this refers weeds that grow on cliffs in general, or to a particular type of weed that grows on cliffs, i.e., whether it refers to simply the location where weeds grow. If this is the case, determine other possible words involving /xiwtli/ and a 'locative' (such as /tepe:xiwtli/, etc.) \ref 01148 \lxa osto:yoh \lxac osto:yoh \lxo ---- \lxocpend \dt 26/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea area of the terrain characterized by cliffs and steep drops \ssa área del terreno caracterizado por peñascos y riscos \pna I:pan osto:yoh tia:skeh. \pea We are going to go along terrain that has a lot of cliffs. \psa Vamos a ir por terrenos que tienen muchos riscos y peñascos. \xrb osto: \ref 08214 \lxa o:stli \lxac o:stli \lxo o:stli \lxoc o:stli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se female animal, or woman, that is pregnant \ss animal encinta; mujer embarazada o con niño \xrb o:ts \nse Although acceptable, it is considered somewhat in poor taste to use this word in reference to a human female. \pqry Check 04371 for another example of this word. \vl One male token has very low levels. \grm Prefixation; subject: Note that in a Oapan workshop the form /nio:stli/ was accepted but not */no:stli/. This concurs with other information that I have to the effect that /ni-/ as a subject prefix maintains the /i/ before vowel-initial verbs, but not vowel-initial nouns. \ref 05945 \lxa o:tlatl \lxac o:tlatl \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 05/Aug/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; pos. noo:tlaw \se otate, a type of reed-like plant not yet collected nor definitively identified \ss otate, tipo de planta como carrizo, todavía no identificado plenamente \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equivo wítlátl \xrb ohtla \nae San Juan Tetelcingo has ohtlatl, hence the pitch accent in Oapan Nahuatl. \xrb ohtla \pqry Recheck the length of the initial /o/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl. \cpl Schoenhals (1988) states under otate: "1. (Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Arundinaria longifolia, Bambusa spp., e.g., B. arundinacea) 'wild cane' Any of the small bamboos with solid stalks which are used for beds. In some areas, otate is applied to the types of cane or bamboo with solid stalks and carrizo to those that are hollow. Also called caña brava, cuilote. 2. (Genera Lasiacis, Panicum, Bromus) See carricillo." \ref 07556 \lxa otli \lxac otli \lxo ótlí \lxoc ótlí \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1/2; Aln; irregular: noowi (Am), nóowí (Oa) \pa yes-lex \se path \ss senda; vereda; camino \pna Ne: ipan moowi, san ke:nkah umpa tlakaltok. \pea There on the path that you take, it's lying there on the ground as always. \psa Allí en el camino que tomas, como siempre está allí tirado. \pna O:kasik otli. \pea He took off. \psa Agarró su camino. \se channel (where water or any other liquid flows) \ss canal (donde pasa el agua o cualquier otro líquido) \pna San i:xmantok a:tl, o:te:niowi. \pea The water is spread out flat (over a plain or some level ground), its channels got filled (and the water overflowed onto the land). \psa El agua está tendida sobre el suelo cubre todo, se llenó su canal (y por eso inundó una area a su alrededor). \se (fig.) way; manner (in which sth should be done) \ss (fig.) manera; camino (metafóricamente, en cuanto a como se hace o debe hacer algo) \pna Xtla:ke:wa, yewa kimastok ke:non mistlatete:mili:s, ke:non yes, ke:non tikchi:was. Mitsakas otli. \pea Hire him, he knows how he will explain it to you, how it will be, what you will do it. He will show you the way. \psa Contrátolo a él, él sabe como te lo va a explicar, como va a ser, como lo vas a hacer. El te enseñará la manera de hacerlo. \se (san se: ~) directly; without detour or delay (i.e., in going someplace) \ss (san se: ~ ~) directo; sin desviación ni demora (esto es, en ir a algún lugar) \pna Xkaman noteltia, san se: otli yaw. \pea He never stops (on his way somewhere), he goes straight without any detour or delay. \psa Nunca se para (en ir a algún lugar), va derecho sin desviación ni demora. \cola xo:panotli \cola xo:pan po:cho:tl \colo xo:pánotlí \colo xo:pan po:cho:tl \xrb oh \ref 03568 \lxa owitia \lxac nowitia \lxo ówitiá \lxoc nówitiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \tran +Refl/-Intrans \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se (refl. + adverb of place) to pass through (a given place [expressed adverbially], e.g., a person who passes through or along a particular path, such as along the banks of a river, through a mountain pass, etc.); to make ones way through or along (e.g., a particular path) \ss (refl. + adverbio de lugar) encaminarse por (un lugar dado [expresado adverbialmente], p. ej., una persona que pasa por una senda en particular, o por las orillas de un río, etc.); pasar por (un lugar, una senda o camino, etc.) \pna Nika:n nowitian. \pea They pass through here. \psa Pasan por aquí. \pna Ka:non nowiti:lo? \pea Where do people go through (i.e., what is the path that people take)? \psa ¿Dónde pasa la gente (esto es, donde está el camino preferido)? \pna O:nimowitih ne:,ite:nko nomi:l. \pea I took the path there, at the edge of my milpa. \psa Tomé el camino allá, por la orilla de mi milpa. \pna Ne: xmowiti! \pea Go through there (e.g., a small break in a fence)! \psa ¡Pásate por allí (p. ej., un pequeño espacio en una cerca)! \se (refl.) to flow through (e.g., water in a channel, or along and through a depression in the ground, a ditch, etc.) \ss (refl.) fluir; correr; manar (p. ej., un líquido por una depresión en la tierra, por un canal o zanja, etc.) \xrb oh \nae It seems clear that as with owimati, owitia is derived from the nominal root {oh} 'path' or 'road.' This would explain the pitch accent in the Oapan form. \qry Since Ameyaltepec does not manifest underlying {h} this word should be checked in other nearby dialects and the root (for this entry and for others such as /nowitike:tl/) changed if needed. \ref 03212 \lxa owitika \lxac owitika \lxo ówitíkah \lxoc ówitíkah \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \der *V1-Stat \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be difficult \ss ser difícil \pna Owitika, xniwelis. \pea It is difficult, I won't be able (to do it). \psa Es difícil, no lo voy a poder (hacerlo). \syna owitok \xrb owih \nse Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects. Although owitikah and owitok are synonyms, the former seems slightly more common in everyday speech. \nae The placement of the glottal stop at the end of the second syllable of the root is based on FK's comments under this word. \grm Phonology: Vowel length variation: /Although Gabriel de la Cruz definitely pronounced this with a long /o:/ most others I have heard use a short /o/, which appears to be more common across dialects/. This suggests (as does another case I can't remember with Luis Lucena) that occasionally with a village/dialect vowel length may vary in certain words. \pqry Check final sound in both dialects. My impression is that C. Flores has a final glottal stop (automatically inserted after vowels that are phrase final) and that the Oapan pronunciation is with final /h/, a reflex of classical glotal stop and Am. /n/. \sj owitikah; check for presence of /h/. \vl Check for final /h/. \ref 01495 \lxa o:ya \lxac ko:ya \lxo o:ya \lxoc ko:ya \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(y) \seao to shell maize \ssao desgranar maíz \pna Nitlao:xtok ika pio:nes. \pea I am shelling maize with some hired helpers. \psa Estoy desgranando maíz con unos peones. \pna O:niko:x nosin. \pea I shelled my maize. \psa Desgrané mi maíz. \cfa tsi:ntla:tlaka:lowa \xrb o:ya \xvaao o:ilia \nse The verb o:ya is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling "stone" made of corn cobs (o:lo:tetl in Ameyaltepec and teo:lo:tl) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., tlaó:yá 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the tla- prefix (i.e., tlatlao:ya 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. \qry Check to see if the same meaning associated with reduplication occurs in Ameyaltepec; in this case one would have /tlaoo:ya/ 'to shell maize with ones hands.' Recheck that Am has /tlatlao:ya./ NB. \grmx Reduplication: The verb o:ya is most often used with the nonspecific object tla-. The way in which the maize is shelled is signified by reduplication. If a shelling "stone" made of corn cobs (o:lo:tetl in Ameyaltepec and teo:lo:tl) is used then the unreduplicated form is used, in both villages. However, if shelling is done by hands, a reduplicated form is used. In Oapan the verb root is reduplicated, causing it to acquire high pitch given that it is a word-initial long vowel (i.e., tlaó:yá 'he shells maize with his hands'). In Ameyaltepec reduplication occurs on the tla- prefix (i.e., tlatlao:ya 'he shells maize with his hands'). The reduplication is apparently used to reflect the fact that the action with ones hands is repeated many times. \ref 01141 \lxa pa \lxac pa tekiti \lxo pa \lxoa mpa \lxoa ompa \lxoc pa tekiti \dt 20/Nov/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \se there (preclitic used most often with verbs of existence or motion to indicate existence at a distant location outside of sight or extraverse movement, most often in a direction away from speaker) \ss allí (preclítico utilizado con verbos de existencia o movimiento para indicar existencia en un lugar distante o desplazamiento dejando atrás un punto deíctico, que generalmente está en una dirección alejada del hablante) \pna Pa yaw! Pero milá:k xtila:nili! \pea Here it goes (in this case an alcoholic drink being passed around)! But take a good hearty swig of it! \psa ¡Ahí va (en este caso una bebida alcohólica al pasarse de una persona a otra)! pero de veras, ¡Chúpatela bien! \xrb pa \nse The adverbial preclitic pa is probably related to the postclitic pa that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., nepa 'toward there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., o:kpa 'two times.' Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g., nika:n (for example, in response to a question Ka:non ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?' the response might be Nika:n. 'Here'), pa= cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb although following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a separate word before a verb. \qry Note to self from above: [Note to self: continue discussion here under /lxa /ompa/]. Check other uses of /pa/ as an unbound morpheme: /pa nemi/, etc. Check with non 3rd person: /pa niaw/, /pa nies/? etc. Check things like /pa nitlakwa:s/, /pa nitekitis/, etc. Perhpas /ompa nitekitis/, etc. \grm Orthography: clitics are written with following predicates if these are one syllable. Thus: The adverbial preclitic pa is probably related to the postclitic =pa that with adverbials means 'toward' (e.g., nepa 'toward there') while with quantifiers means 'times' (e.g., o:kpa 'two times.' Note that whereas adverbials of location can often occur independently, e.g., nika:n (for example, in response to a question Ka:non ticha:nti? 'Where do you live?' the response might be Nika:n. 'Here'), pa= cannot occur indepently but is precliticized to the verb: payaw, though this is written pa yaw in boh Oapan and Ameyaltepec.. Following orthographic convention, this particle is written as a separate word before a verb with two or more syllables. \vl Use second female token for link. \ref 03316 \lxa pachakahlo:tl \lxac pachakahlo:tl \lxo pachakahlo:tl \lxoc pachakahlo:tl \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-d-yo:tl \infn N1/2; Intrin \se sediment; grinds (of coffee that settle to the bottom); undissolved particles (that can be filtered in a sieve or that settles to the bottom of a liquid mixture) \ss sedimento; asientos o posos (de algo como café); partículas no disueltas (en una mezcla que o se pueden filtrar o que se asientan en el fondo de un líquido) \pna Noka:waipachakahlo. \pea Its grinds are left behind (in this case in reference to a pot of coffee). \psa Se quedan los asientos (en este caso en referencia a una olla de café). \xrb pachaka \nae The etymology of pachakahlo:tl is uncertain, but this root of this word is probably related to that of pachiwi. The relationship of both to words such as pa:chakatl (Am) / pa:chika:tl still needs to be determined. \qry Note that the vowel length of /pachakahlo:tl/ should be checked as should the words containing /pa:chaka:-/ (see following entries). For now the etymology has been left at /pachaka/. Check to make sure that /pachakahli/ does not exist and that /pachakahlo:tl/ does (and that the latter is not always found in possessed form). \qry Check whether /pachakahli/ is a word. \ref 04745 \lxa pachakaliwi \lxac pachakaliwi \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \tran -Trans \sea to acquire a rough surface (e.g., a tepalkatl that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake) \ssa quedar con una superficie áspera (p. ej., un tepalkatl que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse) \syna tesontia \xrb pachakal \ref 07937 \lxa pachakaltik \lxac pachakaltik \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 27/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-tik \sea to have a rough surface (e.g., a tepalkatl that is not submerged in water and whose surface starts to flake) \ssa tener una superficie áspera (p. ej., un tepalkatl que no se mete en agua y empieza a descascararse) \syna tesontik \xrb pachakal \ref 07939 \lxa pa:chaka:ti \lxac pa:chaka:ti \lxo pa:chika:ti \lxoc pa:chika:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \se to shrivel and dry up (particularly objects that had been full and often somewhat meaty; fruits that lose their juices, particularly those are formed within pods or similar objects, limbs that shrivel and wither after an accident, an eye that seems to dry up inside its socket) \ss marchitarse y secarse (particularmente objetos que estaban llenos y algo carnosos; fruta que pierde su jugo, especialmente las que se forman dentro de una vaina, un ojo que se seca dentro de la cuenca del ojo, una extremedad del cuerpo que se seca y se muere dejando solamente el hueso) \pna Pa:chaka:tis moma, o:tiuwets de fie:roh. \pea Your arm will shrivel up and die (leaving virtually pure bone behind), you really had an ugly fall. \psa Se va a quedar marchitado el brazo (dejando casi puro hueso), te caiste feo. \pna O:pa:chaka:t i:xtew. \pea His eye shriveled up and died (e.g., from a blow, blood stopped circulating and the eye died). \psa Se secó su ojo (e.g., a causa de un golpe se dejó de circular sangre y se murió el ojo). \pna Wel pa:chaka:tiitla:kihlo komo:chitl. \pea The fruit of a guamúchil tree can remain puny and poorly developed in the pod (and for this reason inedible). \psa La fruta del guamúchil se puede quedar vano (sin formarse o mal formada dentro de la vaina, y por eso no comestible). \fla pa:chaka:tl \xrb pa:chaka: \dis me:tsikwalo:; pa:chaka:ti \nse In regards to an eye, pa:chaka:ti refers to the eye itself disappearing and drying up, causing blindness. In regards to a fruit (such as that of the guamúchil) the reference is usually to a seed or some bean that is poorly formed inside the pod, that is small, dry, and inedible. \mod Create a single entry/discussion under the root /pa:chaka:/ or /pa:chika:/. \rt The root here might well best be analyzed as /pa:chi/ or /pa:chika:/. Check and compare. \ref 01936 \lxa pa:chaka:tik \lxac pa:chaka:tik \lxo pa:chika:tik \lxoc pa:chika:tik \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \se to be underdeveloped; to be immature and poorly formed (particularly in reference to seeds or beans that are puny and dry, and thus inedible) \ss ser poco desarrollado; ser inmaduro y mal formado (en particular para referirse a semillas o legumbres que son chiquitos y secos, las semillas sin carne adentro y los legumbres secos dentro de una vaina) \pna Pa:chaka:tikiyo:ltsi:n ayutli. \pea The squash seeds are underdeveloped (and have no fleshy part inside). \psa Las semillas de calabaza quedaron vanas (no tienen nada de carne adentro). \xrb pa:chaka: \ref 05760 \lxa pa:chaka:tl \lxac pa:chaka:tl \lxo ---- \dt 04/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \sea improperly formed seed or seed pod, one that does not come to maturity; the seed may lack flesh or the pod might have seeds inside that are small and dry \ssa semilla o vaina mal formada, que no llega a fruición; le puede faltar carne a la semilla o la vaina puede tener adentro semillas que no llegaron a sazón, quedándose secos y pequeños \pna Xo:chika:w ayuwextli, pa:chaka:tl. \pea The squash seeds did not mature, they have no meat inside of them \psa Las semillas de calabaza no llegaron a sazón, no tienen carne adentro. \cfo pa:chika:tik \xrb pa:chaka: \nse This noun refers to items that should but don't have anything inside of them: squash seeds, the fruit of the guamuchil tree, beans, watermelon and melon seeds, even human eyes. This word does not refer to the fruit itself, i.e., does not refer to a poorly formed Note, however, that in referring to mazorca, ciruela, \nse The etymology of pa:chaka:tl is unclear. It might contain the root for 'water' pa: or it might be related to the verb pachiwi, although the vowel length is different. The verbalization pa:chaka:ti is interesting for all the objects to which it may apply, from limbs that are injured and shrivel up and die, to beans that stay small and dry within their pods. \nde There are few cognates in other dialects. However, Northern Puebla (which doesn't record vowel length) has pachacatl glossed as 'vacío' and exemplified by Inon cacahuatl oquis nochin pachacatl 'Estos cacahuates salieron todos vacíos.' \qry The etymology of this word is not clear. Moreover, vowel length should be rechecked. Perhaps it has an "agentive" ending /-ka:tl/; it might also have the archaic root for water: *pa:. Check for cognates. Etymology uncertain; recheck vowel length, although in all similar words I believe I have consistently recorded the pattern given here. Check for Oapan word. There should be a noun here, but it wasn't recorded. However, it is found in derivatives. Check thoroughly. \ref 05088 \lxa pa:chichi:na \lxac kipa:chichi:na \lxo pa:chi:na \lxoc kipa:chi:na \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3a \se to suck on (e.g., a sweet, a popsicle, or even the end of a cigarrette if it is not lit) \ss chupar (p. ej., un dulce, una paleta, o hasta el cabo de un cigarro, si no está encendido) \xrb pa: \xrb chi:na \dis pa:chichi:na; pipi:na; chi:chi \nae Pa:chichi:na (Am) and pa:chi:na (Oa) have the archaic root for water pa: and probably chi:(na), which is perhaps related to chi:chi 'to suckle (e.g., as a baby on its mother's breast).' \vl Link first female and second male token. \ref 03323 \lxa pa:chih \lxac pa:chih \lxo ---- \dt 09/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment for father, son, grandson, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather \ssa término cariñoso para el padre, hijo, nieto, sobrino, y a veces el abuelo \pna Pakah topa:chih! \pea There's our father! \psa ¡Allí está nuestro papá! \pna Xia ka:n topa:chih! \pea Go to where our father is! \psa ¡Ve hasta donde está nuestro papá! \equiva pá:n \cfa ma:chih \xrb pa:n \nse The etymology of pa:chih is uncertain but it appears to represent the common vocative for male relations pá:n followed by what may be considered a suffix of endearment, -chih (perhaps a palatalization of -tsi:n). It appears that pa:chih and pá:n are identical in meaning, though the former might be more a term of endearment. Note that pa:chih may be possessed as a term of reference (as in some of the preceding illustrative sentences). \qry Check meaning of /pa:chih/ and /pa:n/ to see if they are the same. It is unclear whether this term can be used possessed as a reference term like /pa:n/. This should be checked. Apparently the palatalization of the diminutive ending yields /-chih/. Check enter range of kinship relations for which this may be used. Etymology/roots are uncertain (i.e., can it be used for ritual kinship terms), but obviously this is related to a general sequence of /pa:(n)/ for female kinwomen. \ref 05761 \lxa pachiwi \lxac pachiwi \lxo pachiwi \lxoc pachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to get pressed down; to become or be bent over \ss doblarse; apachurarse; agacharse \pna O:pachiwima:wa:n wa:xkohtli, melá:k o:tla:k. \pea The branches of the guaje tree have bent down toward the ground, it (the tree) is really laden with fruit. \psa Las ramas del guaje se doblaron hacia el suelo, rindió mucha fruta. \pna Ihkón inenemia, pachiwtiw. \pea That's the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over. \psa Así es su manera de caminar (un animal de cuatro patas), va agachado. \xrb pach \nse In reference to trees and their branches, pachiwi is used in reference to any fruit-bearing tree or bush (e.g., a guamúchil or chile) whose branches droop down from an abundance of fruit. \qry Determine what other subjects can be used with this verb. In one filecard I had /Ihkó:n inenemia, pachiwtik/ 'That is the way it walks (a four-legged animal), it goes along bent over.' I think this was probably a typo and haven't entered this word. However, it should be checked. \ref 01608 \lxa pachiwi:tia \lxac kipachiwi:tia \lxo pachiwi:tia \lxoc kipachiwi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to send home or away (a suitor's family and representatives [O] told to leave by a girls father [S], etc.) \ss mandar a casa (p. ej., los parientes y representantes de un pretendiente [O] por el papá renegante de la novia [S]) \pna Deke xtikmati, kwa:kon nite:pachiwi:ti:s. \pea If you don't know (a father speaking to a daughter as to whether she wants to marry a suitor), then I'll get rid of them (i.e., tell the suitor's representatives and father to leave and not come back). \psa Si no sabes (un padre preguntando a su hija si acepta casarse con su pretendiente), los voy a despedir (a los representantes y parientes del pretendiente, diciéndoles que se vayan y que no regresen). \se to allow to or let leave; to send home (e.g., a group of hired hands [O] after a day's work) \ss despachar o dejar ir (p. ej., a un grupo de trabajadores [O] después de un día de trabajo) \pna Ye tio:tlak wan xe te:chpachiwi:tia. \pea It's already late in the afternoon and he hasn't let us (in this case workers in sb's field) go home. \psa Ya es tarde y todavía no nos deja ir (en este caso trabajadores en el sembradío de otra persona). \se to fire (from a job); to relieve of a responsibility \ss despedir (de un trabajo); eximir de una responsabilidad \se to deny to (sb, a right or privilege to) \ss negar o vetar a (algn, un derecho o privilegio) \pna Ma:ka san tikwa:hkis a:tl, o:mitspachiwi:tikeh. \pea Don't try to come take any more water (e.g., at a communal well), they've closed it off to you (in this case because you've reached your cuota they won't allow you to take anymore). \psa No vayas a venir para llevarte agua (p. ej., en un pozo comunal), ya te lo vetaron (in este caso porque ya alcanzaste tu cuota y no te van a dejar sacar más). \se (with tla-) to take ones leave \ss (con tla-) despedirse \pna Ne nitlapachiwi:tia. \pea I take my leave. \psa Me despido. \se (recipr.) to take leave of each other \ss (recipr.) despedirse \pna A:man ye niaw nocha:n, xoh kaman timotaskeh, nika:n timopachiwi:tian. \pea Now I'm going home, we won't see each other anymore, here is where we take leave of each other. \psa Ahora ya me voy a ir a casa, ya no nos vamos a ver, aquí nos despedimos. \se (-wa:n + refl.) to take leave of \ss (-wa:n + refl.) despedirse de \pna Mo:wa:n ye nimopachiwi:ti:s, ne:xchian nocha:n \pea I will take leave of you now, they are waiting for me at home. \psa Ya me voy a despedir de tí, me están esperando en la casa. \xrb pach \qry In /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ check whether the /ne/ is correct and whether it is an apocapated form of /newa/. Also recheck the translation of /ne nitlapachiwi:tia/ which I have translated as "I take my leave." Perhaps /nitlapachiwi:tia/ means 'I let people go (e.g., workers whose day has come to an end).' Check. \rt Probably the root /pach/ here should be reanalyzed as homophonous to the root of /pachiwi/, cf. /pachiwi/ 'to press down on st.' However, this is still not clear, as it might be a metaphoric extension of the same root. \ref 05632 \lxa pachiwtok \lxac pachiwtok \lxo pachihtok \lxoc pachihtok \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be pressed down; to be dobled over (an object that has been knocked down or over) \ss estar apachurado; estar doblado (un objeto que ha sido derribado) \pna O:yeyekawi:lo:k, sa: pachiwtok mi:hli. \pea The corn plants got knocked over by the wind, the maize plants are just pressed down against the ground. \psa La milpa se derribó a causa del viento, ya queda nada más bien apachurada contra el suelo. \xrb pach \ref 00253 \lxa pa:cho:tl \lxac pa:cho:tl \lxo pa:cho:tl \lxoc pa:cho:tl \dt 18/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \se quick sauce made of water with chopped onion, fresh chopped-up corriander, chopped-up chile, salt, and lemon (chopped red tomatoes may be added if available) \ss salsa de preparación rápida hecha con agua y cebolla, cilantro verde y chile (todo picado), con sal y limón (se le puede agregar jitomates picados, si hay) \pna I:pan se: pla:toh note:ka a:tl, kipoye:lian, dya kiko:kotonan sila:ntroh wan xonakatl. Deke unkah xi:tomatl no: kiko:koto:nilian wan chi:hli. Yewa pa:cho:tl. Pe:wa xtlakwa! \pea Water is poured into a bowl, salt is added and then cilantro is shredded along with onion. If there are red tomatoes, they are also chopped up and added with chile. That's pa:cho:tl. Start eating! \psa se echa agua a un plato hondo, se le pone sal y entonces pican cilantro y ceballa. si hay jitomate, también se le agrega con chile. Esto es pa:cho:tl, ¡Empieza a comer! \sem food \xrb pa:cho: \nae The etymology of pa:cho:tl is unclear, but the archaic root for water, pa: may be present. Pa:cho:tl is made as a quick way to add flavor to tortillas when there is no time to prepare a more elaborate meal. It is also considered a food characteristic of poor people. \ref 05383 \lxa pachowa \lxac kipachowa \lxo pachowa \lxoc kipachowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to force down (e.g., stalks of a plant or the branches of a bush to be chopped) \ss doblar; apachurar (p. ej., el tallo de una planta, o las ramitas de un arbusto que se van a cortar) \se to press down on (e.g., a button used to activate a machine) \ss oprimir (p. ej., un botón para activar algúna máquina) \se (i:pan + refl.) to knead (dough, clay for ceramics, etc.) \ss (i:pan + refl.) amasar (masa para pan, lodo para cerámica, etc.) \se (refl.) to double over (e.g., a person in an effort to get through a low door) \ss (refl.) agacharse; doblarse (p. ej., una persona para pasar por una puerta baja) \pna Nopachotiw, tlakwiste:wa. \pea He is going along bent over, he is uprighting the maize and other plants (behind the plow). \psa Va agachándose, está enderezando el maíz y otras plantas (atrás de la yunta). \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to give a massage to \ss (a menudo reduplicado con vocal corta) dar masaje a; sobar \pna Wel te:pachowa. \pea He knows how to give massages (mostly in reference to a massage given to cure people of body aches or of illnesses such as a stomach ache). \psa Sabe dar masajes (generalmente en referencia a la acción de sobar para curar personas de dolores de cuerp o de condiciones como un fuerte dolor del estómago). \pna Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan. \pea The one over there, they are giving him a massage. \psa Aquel que está allí, lo están sobando. \pna Kipapachowa pa:mpa kikukwaitik. \pea She gives him a massage because his belly hurts. \psa Le da masaje porque le duele la barriga. \xrb pach \xv1ao tlapachowa \xvaao pachowilia \nae With the sense of 'to massage' the verb pachowa is almost always reduplicated. An exception often occurs, however, with the nonspecific +human object prefix te:- as in the phrase Wel te:pachowa. The phenomenon of the absence of expected reduplication with nonspecific objects is discussed in the grammar. Thus Wel te:pachowa is not unexpected. However, the phrase Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan is slightly unexpected. Whether this refers to the fact that the massage was applied for a short time to a single spot, is not clear. \qry Check to see if one can use forms such as /ne:chpachowan ika tekitl/ or whether one must use an applicative /ne:chpachowilian ika tekitl/. Cf. comments in gram field for following entry. \grm Reduplication: Note that in the phrase Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan there is no reduplication even though there is a specific object (often repetitive actions do not show morphological reduplication with a nonspecific object, e.g., tlate:mowa). However, Yewa ne:nkah, kipachowan was taken from conversation and seems to indicate a rare instance when this meaning of 'to give massage' does not show verbal reduplication. Note that there may be a relationship between reduplication and specificity of the object. This is in accord with Hopper and Thompson's transitivity hierarchy. In this interpretation, reduplication is more likely to take place when a specific object is affected because reduplication references specific cases of the repetition of an action. Thus when no object is specified, perhaps there is less direct reference and this might induce speakers to be less prone to use a reduplicated verb stem. This should be checked in discourse. \2links Link to 04977 \ref 03262 \lxa pachowilia \lxac kipachowilia \lxo pachowilia \lxoc kipachowilia \dt 22/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to press the button of (e.g., a botton [SO] on an electrical appliance [PO] so that it starts) \ss oprimirle (p. ej., un botón [OS] a una máquina [OP] para que prenda) \pna Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas. \pea Push down on it (e.g., a button on a radio) so that it turns on and plays. \psa Oprímeselo (p. ej. un botón a un radio) para que se prenda y suene. \se (~ [noun]) to overwhelm with [noun] (e.g., work, responsibilities, etc.) \ss (~ [sustantivo]) abrumar con [sustantivo] (p. ej., trabajo, responsabilidades, etc.) \pna Ne:xtekipachowan, ne:chpachowilian tekitl. \pea They heap work on me, they overwhelm me with work. \psa Me cargan mucho trabajo, me abruman con trabajo. \xrb pach \xvbao pachowa \qry What, if any (or are both correct?) is the difference between /ne:chpachowilia tekitl/ and /ne:chpachowa ika tekitl/. \grm Applicative; Noun Incorporation: The verb /pachowilia/ is a good example of the variation in the meaning of the applicative. In /Xpachowili, ma tlikwi para tlatsotsonas/ the affected, primary object is the radio or electronic gadget that is being turned on. However, it probably can also refer to the person, e.g., /xne:chpachowili/ 'press down on it (e.g., a button in an elevator) for me.' In /kipachowilia itlake:n/ the primary object is undoubtedly the benefactive, the person whose clothes are being ironed. \grm Reduplication with long vowel: /Kipachowilia itlake:n, kite:techikilia ika pla:nchah para ma petsiwi/ 'She irons her clothes for her, she rubs an iron back and forth on them so that they get smooth.' Note the long vowel reduplication which refers to the steady and slow complete repetition of the action. \ref 04130 \lxa pá:h \lxaa pá:n \lxac pá:h \lxo ---- \dt 15/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea term of endearment to address a close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather) \ssa término de cariño para dirigirse a un pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo) \pna Tiaweh pá:h! \pea Let's go son (or dad, grandson, etc.)! \psa ¡Vámonos hijo (o papá, nieto, etc.)! \sea (alienable possession) close male relative (e.g., father, son, nephew, grandson, and occasionally grandfather) \ssa (posesión enajenable) pariente masculino cercano (p. ej., al padre, hijo, sobrino, nieto y a veces al abuelo) \pna I:wa:n niá:s nopá:h. \pea I'm going with my son (or father, grandson, etc.). \psa Voy con mi hijo (o padre, nieto, etc.). \syna pa:chih \cfo ta:tah \xrb pa:n \nse Besides its use as a vocative, pá:n may be possessed, e.g. nopá:n 'my father.' As a vocative it is equivalent to pa:chih. \qry One speaker said that /pá:n/ may only be possessed in the first person plural. This does not seem to be the case since I have an example of first person singular possessed usage. However, it would seem reasonable and consistent with the data that this is never used as possessed in second or third person. This should be checked. Possessed /pa:chih/ and /pá:n/ may have the same referents as unpossessed. Check whether this has a final /n/ (which would be velarized) or only a nasalized vowel. Note that /pa:n/ is stressed when possessed: /nopá:n/. \mod Note that occasionally young men will refer to a woman's genitals as /i:pá:n/. \ref 05235 \lxa pa:hka:kwa \lxacpend kipa:hka:kwa \lxo pa:hka:kwa \lxocpend kipa:hka:kwa \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm V2 \inc Part-V2 \der V2-b \infv class-1 \seao to eat with gusto or relish \ssao comer con gusto y muchas ganas \xrb pa:ki \xrb kwa \ref 08726 \lxa pa:hka:tlai \lxac pa:hka:tlai \lxo pa:hka:tlai \lxoc pa:hka:tlai \dt 13/Jan/2003 \psm V1 \inc Part-V1 \der V1-b \infv irregular: tlai \se to drink (an intoxicating beverage) out of happiness (with the implication of drinking a lot, enough to get drunk) \ss beber (una bebida alcohólica) por estar feliz (con la implicación de beber mucho, bastante para emborracharse) \pna O:pa:hka:tlai:k pa:mpa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh. \pea He drank out of pure happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost). \psa Bebió de puro placer porque halló los animales (p. ej., mulas, ganado, etc. que se habían perdido). \xrb pa:ki \xrb i \grm Number: /O:pa:hka:tlai:k pampa o:kine:xtih yo:lka:meh/ 'He drank out of happiness because he found some animals (i.e., mules, cattle, etc. that had gotten lost).' Note lack of number agreement on the verb marking with the noun phrase: /o:kine:xtih/ has a singular object, but /yo:lka:meh/ is plural. This dissonance between verbal marking and NP number is apparently not uncommon. Apparently it is more common to mark plurality on nouns that as objects on verbs. \ref 05697 \lxa pai \lxac pai \lxo páí \lxoc páí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V2 \der V1-b \infv irreg. cf. oni \pa yes-lex \se to drink a herbal remedy \ss beber un brebaje medicinal \pna Pai:tok, ma:ka tikno:tsas! \pea He is taking herbal medicines, don't talk to him! \psa ¡Está tomando un brebaje medicinal, no le vayas a hablar! \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvca pai:tia \xvco 'paí:tia \nse Pai is used in reference to taking certain types of local herbal medicines, "de monte," such as chikimolin or sese:ktsi:n, which affect ones senses and are used to combat the effects of witchcraft. \qry Determine precisely those medicines that are considered to be taken and referred to by the verb /pai:/. This is definitely a short /a/ and derived from /pahtli/, as evidenced in the pronunciation in S. Juan Tetelcingo: /-pahi:/ and /pahi:tia/. \vl Use first token from Florencia (FM). \ref 02402 \lxa pai:hli \lxac pai:hli \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-pas \infn N1 \sea medicinal brew made of a ground-up plant (different according to the medicinal remedy) steeped in water \ssa brebaje medicinal hecho una planta (diferente según el remedio y enfermedad) que se muele y se deja remojar en agua \pna Kite:maka pai:hli, te:pai:tia. \pea He gives medicinal brews to people, he gives herbal medicine to people. \psa Le da brebajes medicinales a la gente, da brebajes a la gente. \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvca pai:tia \cfa tlanechiko:hli \nse In preparing a pai:hli, the powerdered plant is placed in a glass of water to be drunk by the person who is ill. It appears that the difference between pai:hli and tlanechiko:hli is that in the former apparently only one plant is used while in the latter a concoction is elaborated from various plants. \ref 01286 \lxa paika \lxac paika \lxo payá \lxoa paika \lxoc payá; paika \dt 05/Apr/2003 \psm Adv \der Adv-pl \pa yes-irregular \se over there; over in that direction; over that way \ss para o hacia allá; por allí en esa dirección; por ese rumbo \pna Paika iye:wtok, ka:n timitsihlia. \pea It's stored over there, where I'm telling you. \psa Por allá está guardado, donde te digo. \pna Kipiaikal paika. \pea He has his house over there in that direction. \psa Tiene su casa por ese rumbo. \xrb pa \xrb ika \encystmp Adverbs of place \nse The difference between nepaika and paika is unclear, as is the difference of these two words with paikón. It seems to be that nepaika indicate a place that is across some sort of spatial boundary, whereas paika involves no such crossing. The precise and distinct meaning of paikón is unclear. \vl There are extra speech tokens of this word, the variant pronunciation /paika/ from entry 6068, which has been deleted. The original sound tokens recorded at 6068 should be tagged as 4235 and then two of each pronunciation selected for linking (4 total). \ref 04235 \lxa pai:kún \lxac pai:kún \lxo payáon \lxop payáon \lxoa pai:káon \lxoc payáon \dt 13/Feb/2003 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-loc \pa yes \seao over there; over that way (with a specific place in mind) \ssao allí; por allí (con un lugar específico en mente) \pna Ma:ka tiá:s pai:kún, pakah wi:wih! \pea Don't go over there, there's a creepy-crawler (bug) over there! \psa ¡No te vayas allí, allá hay un animalito! \xrb pa \xrb -ka; on \encyctmp Or, in grammar, a whole section on adverbs, locatives, etc. \nse The difference between adverbs such as nepai:ka, pai:ka, and pai:kún is unclear. The deictic demonstrative un seems to indicate a more specific location. That is, whereas pai:ka and nepai:ka seem to indicate a general direction, pai:kún apparently is more specific, perhaps more like 'right over there.' \qry Determine the difference of /pa ika/ and /pa ikún/. Recheck if /pa ika/ exists. The etymology of /pa ikún/ is uncertain, as is whether it should be written as one or two words. Here it would seem that the deictic /un/ is added, perhaps as an emphatic. Determine how these words should be written (as one or two) Check for this phonology of Am /na:ni:ka/. \vl Check vowel length for all locatives/deictics ending in /-ika/ or /-i:ka/. \ref 00621 \lxa pai:tia \lxac kipai:tia \lxo 'paí:tia \lxoc kípaí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to give a drink of a medicinal herbal to \ss dar una bebida de una yerba medicinal a \pna A:man ne:chpai:ti:skeh. \pea Now they are going to give me a herbal medicine to drink. \psa Ahora me van a dar un yerba medicinal para tomar. \fl pai:hli \xrb pah \xrb i: \xvba pai \xvbo páí \pqry The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible, a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write V > V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or /pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel length, except perhaps in certain cases (e.g., frequentatives, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.). Ask SG to analyze this. \grmx Vowel length; orthography; Oapan phonology: The sequence [paí:] is underlyingly {pah + i:}. The underlying coda {h} has its reflex in the high pitch of the nucleus to which it is a coda. Thus the sequence would have a short /a/. However, acoustic measurements of the vowel sequence /ái:/ suggest that the duration is in accord with two long vowels (e.g., one of Inocencio Jiménez's tokens has this syllable with 239 ms). This suggests that perhaps a combination of factors (pitch accent and a following long vowel) might affect the duration of short vowels. This is relevant to the question of the length of /a/ in /tepai:liwi/. All /ai/ sequences should thus be checked and, if possible, a phonological rule for Oapan Nahuatl that write V > V: / ___ [+pitch]V (or sth equivalent). Then the question is one of orthography, i.e., should it be written /pai:/ or /pa:i:/. My opinion is that in general an effort should be made to preserve a morphological/morphophonemic spelling for vowel length, except perhaps in certain cases (e.g., frequentatives, /xokotl/ and /xoko:ya/, etc.) \ref 04109 \lxa pa:ka \lxac kipa:ka \lxo pa:ka \lxoc kipa:ka \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-3a(k) \se to wash (particularly clothes) \ss lavar (ropa en particular) \se (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops); to rinse out (ones mouth, a container, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas); enjuagar (la boca, un recipiente, etc.) \pna Xpapa:ka mokamak! \pea Rinse out your mouth! \psa ¡Enjuágate la boca! \xrb pa:ka \xvaao pa:kilia \nae In Ameyaltepec the pronunciation of the reduplicated papa:ka is occasionally heard as pupa:ka. \qry Determine whether there is a causative ?pa:kaltia. \ref 03581 \lxa pakah \lxac pakah \lxo pakah \lxoa paah \lxoc pakah \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc Adv(loc)=V1 \der V1-b \se to be there (in a definite place known through discourse) \ss estar allá (en un lugar definido por el discurso) \pna Pakah nokni:w Cuernavaca. \pea My brother is there in Cuernavaca. \psa Mi hermano está allá en Cuernavaca. \pna Pakah. Ompón iye:wtok. \pea It is over there. It is stored right over there. \psa Allá está. Está guardado allí mismo. \cfao pa \flao kah \ref 01631 \lxa pa:ki \lxac pa:ki \lxo pa:ki \lxoc pa:ki \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus \infv class-3a(k) \se to be happy; to be content \ss estar feliz; estar contento \pna Pa:ki, yo:yekok itah. \pea He is happy, his father has arrived. \psa Está feliz, ya llegó su papá. \pna Pa:ki mosuwa:w pa:mpa o:tekok. \pea Your wife is happy because you've arrived. \psa Tu esposa está feliz porque llegaste. \pna Nochipa nampa:ktokeh, xkaman namokwala:nian. \pea You all are always content, you never get angry with each other (in this case referring to a man and his wife). \psa Ustedes siempre están contentos, nunca se enojan (en este caso un hombre y su esposa). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to be excited; to be jubilant \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) estar emocionado \pna Papa:kinikone:wa:n, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli. Tla:ki. \pea His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them, he took them to take a look at how the maize is. It is bearing fruit. \psa Sus hijos están emocionados, los llevó (su papá), los llevó a asomar como andaba el maíz. Está rindiendo. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to start to feel better or recover, little by little (physically) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) empezar a recuperarse, aliviarse o mejorarse, poco a poco (físicamente) \pna Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati. \pea Little by little he's started to get somewhat better, he's already come above, he's already getting well. \psa Poco a poco se va mejorando, ya está conciente, ya se mejora. \pna Kwalowa:ya. A:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n. \pea He used to be ill. Now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better. \psa Estaba enfermo. Ahora poco a poco ya empezó a aliviarse, ya está un poquito mejor. \sem emotions \xrb pa:ki \xvca pa:ktia \xvco pa:htia \nse The verb pa:ki means, in difference contexts and different tenses and aspects, 'to be happy' and 'to be healthy.' Most generally, the form with a "progressive/stative" ending -tok indicates a state of healthiness: nipa:ktok 'I am healthy.' This applies to other tenses such as nipa:ktos, etc. On the other hand, this verb without a "progressive/stative" ending often means 'to become happy.' Thus nipa:kis is most often 'I will be happy.' Nevertheless, occasionally this division in meaning is not applicable. Thus with long vowel reduplication as in Yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye tlachia, ye pati the reference of pa:pa:ki is to health, as clearly established by the meaning of what follows, ye tlachia, ye pati. \qry Check to see if applicative exists: /nikpa:kilia notah/, etc. \vl There are 3 female tokens. Do not link the first, used 2nd or 3rd. \grm Tsi:-n diminutive: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note the case of /-tsi:n/ being used with a verb (apparently in its stative aceptation). Very few verbs take this endings (perhaps check), and the only one I can remember in the corpus is /poliwitsi:n/. \grm Causative; directional /Papa:kin ikone:wan, yo:kinwi:kak, yo:kintlachialti:to ke:non unkah mi:hli, tla:ki./ 'His children are happy and excited, he (their father) took them, he took them too see how the maize is. It is bearing fruit.' This phrase is interesting for several reasons. The first concerns the use of /tlachialtia/, a causative of an intransitive /tlachia/. The latter means 'to take a peek at' when used with a directional, e.g., /xtlachiati/ 'go take a look' or /xontlachia/ 'take a peek out (e.g., of a window).' In the causative note that apparently the directional suffix continues to have this semantic sense of 'to take a look over there' 'to take a peek at,' etc. But now, with the causative, the directional suffix effectively indicates a movement of the object (patient), in this case the children being moved. This counters the idea that the suffix always indicates subject (at times called purposive) movement. Syntactically, the question here is the formal process of derivation. However, it seems that at least at some semantic level the reading is "cause to take a look at," i.e., [tlachia+extraverse directional] + causativization. \ref 04614 \lxa pa:kilia \lxac kipa:kilia \lxo pa:kilia \lxoc kipa:kilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \seao to wash (particularly clothes) for \ssao lavar (ropa en particular) para \pna Ne:chtlapa:kilia, wan newa nihkokowilia. \pea She washes clothes for me, and I chop firewood for her. \psa Ella lava para mí, y yo le corto leña. \pna Timitsonpa:kili:s motlake:n, ma:ka xkwala:ni! \pea I'm going to wash your clothes for you, don't get mad! \psa Voy a ir a lavarte la ropa, ¡no te vayas a enojar! \seao (with short vowel reduplication) to wash off (dishes, metate, table tops) for \ssao (con reduplicación de vocal corta) limpiar; lavar (platos, metates, mesas) para \pno Xwel ninotlá:pa:kília. \peo I can't wash (dishes) for myself. \pso No puedo lavar (platos) por mi mismo. \xrb pa:ka \xvbao pa:ka \qry Perhaps the /tla-/ forms of each of these verbs should be given a separate entry. Check for the form used in washing nixtamal. I can't remember if it is /papa:kilia/ or /pa:kilia/ (and the respective non-applicative forms). \ref 00653 \lxa pa:kilismaka \lxac nopa:kilismaka \lxo pa:ilismaka \lxoc nopa:ilismaka \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm V2 \inc N-V3 \der V3-b \tran +Refl/-trans \infv irregular; see maka \seo (refl.) to make oneself happy (e.g., in painting something that one takes pleasure in) \sso (refl.) hacerse feliz (p. ej., al pintar algo que le gusta a uno) \xrb pa:ki \xrb maka \grm Oapan phonology: k-deletion. Note the intervocalic deletion of /k/ in /pa:ilismaka/. \ref 06214 \lxa pa:kilistlami \lxac pa:kilistlami \lxo pa:ilistlami \lxoc pa:ilistlami \dt 24/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(m) \se to become fully content or satisfied \ss llegar a ponerse completamente contento o satisfecho \pna A:man nipa:kilistlamis pa:mpa melá:k niknekia nikchi:was wa:n a:man nikchi:wtok. \pea I will be fully content now because I truly wanted to do it (e.g., a job or activity) and now I'm doing it. \psa Ahora voy a estar completamente contento porque de veras lo quería hacer (p. ej., un trabajo, una actividad) y ahora lo estoy haciendo. \pna Yo:pa:kilistlan pa:mpa yo:weka:w xtlai. Kwa:k xpa:kilistlami momo:stla ihkón onkah. \pea He's had his heart's content because he has been on the wagon (not drinking) for a long time. When he isn't satisfied, everyday he's like that (drunk). \psa Ya quedó contento porque ya tiene mucho tiempo que no bebe. Cuando no se satisface, cada día anda así (de borracho). \xrb pa:ki \xrb tlami \xvca pa:kilistlami:ltia \qry Make sure this means 'to become fully content or satisfied' and not 'for ones happiness to end' (as might be suggested by the meaning of /tlami/. Also make sure that the verb is /pa:kilistlami/ and not /pa:kilistlamia/. Get further examples of use. \ref 02930 \lxa pa:kilistlami:ltia \lxac kipa:kilistlami:ltia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \sea to overwhelm (sb, by giving an abundance of something desired) \ssa abrumar a (algn, al dar algo deseado en demasia) \pna O:timitspa:kilistlami:ltih, ihkón ke:n tiknekia. \pea I gave you much more of what you wanted. \psa Te di en demasia lo que querías. \xrb pa:ki \xrb tlami \xvba pa:kilistlami \nse The sense of pa:kilistlami and pa:kilistlami:ltia is 'too much of a good thing.' For example, if a person asks the meaning of a word and is answered, but then while he is writing the person continues to talk and talk, giving other examples and meanings, then pa:kilistlami:ltia is appropriate. In Oapan this is not used in the transitive. \ref 06015 \lxa pa:kilistli \lxac pa:kilistli \lxo pa:ilistli \lxoa pa:kilistli \lxoc pa:ilistli \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-lis \infn N1/2; Aln \se happiness; joy; contentment \ss felicidad; alegría \pna Newa nunkah ika pa:kilistli, xkaman timokwala:nian. \pea I am living in happiness, we (a household) never get angry with each other. \psa Estoy con felicidad, nunca nos enojamos (yo y los que viven en mi casa). \pna Nika:n nimotlakwa:nkestok, ika nochi noyo:hlo, ika nochi nopa:kilis. \pea I am kneeling here, with all my heart, with complete joy. \psa Aquí estoy de rodillas, con toda mi corazón, con toda felicidad. \xrb pa:ki \ref 05333 \lxa pa:ktia \lxac kipa:ktia \lxo pa:htia \lxoc kipa:htia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to make happy \ss hacer feliz a \pna Xne:chpa:ktia, xnikwelita. \pea It doesn't make me happy, I don't like it. \psa No me hace feliz, no me gusta. \xrb pa:ki \xvbao pa:ki \qry Determine if this can also mean 'to make healthy' /ne:chpa:ktia reme:dioh/? \ref 02181 \lxa pa:ktok \lxac pa:ktok \lxo pa:htok \lxoc pa:htok, pa:ktok \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \se to be healthy or well (physically or mentally) \ss estar sano; estar bien de salud (física o mentalmente) \pna Xpa:ktok pa:mpa nokukwa, me:dioh kwalo. \pea He is not well because he hurts, he's a little sick. \psa No está bien de salud, duele, está medio mal. \pna Pa:ktok, xkwalo. \pea He is healthy, he's not sick. \psa Está sano, no está enfermo. \flao pa:ki \xrb pa:ki \nse Note that whereas pa:ki refers to a mental state of happiness, pa:ktok refers to a physical or mental state of good health. As far as I have been able to determine, a word such as xpa:ktok would not be used to refer to a person who is simply not happy although pa:ki may at times refer to health (see pa:ki). \qry In Inocencio Jimenez's pronunciation I believe there is /pa:ktok/. \grm Re: /pa:ktok/ 'to be healthy or well (physically or mentally)' Note how the semantics of the verb changes with the use of the progressive/stative. \vl Use first male token /pa:ktok/ with /k/. \ref 03257 \lxa pakyo:tl \lxac pakyo:tl \lxo pakyo:tl \lxoc pakyo:tl \dt 16/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-yo:tl \se type of fencing made with cross-bars onto which thorny branches are thrown \ss tipo de cerca hecha con travesanos ("lata") sobre los cuales se avientan ramas espinosas \syno witspakyo:tl \xrb pak \nse RS has an entry for pacyotl 'trama.' He gives no etymological analysis. \ref 07842 \lxa -pal \lxac ipal \lxo -pal \lxoc ipal \dt 10/Jan/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \seao by the grace of; with the help of; depending on \ssao con la ayuda de; dependiendo de \pna Te:pal nonkah. \pea I'm dependent on other people. \psa Soy dependiente de otra gente. \pna San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh. \pea He is making do at my expense (i.e., sb poor, without money or maize, who is living off me), we are feeding him here. \psa Se la está pasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz, que vive con mi ayuda), le estamos dando de comer. \pna Nopal onkah, ke:n tlatski! \pea He is living off me, what a lazy person! \psa Se está manteniendo por mi cuenta, ¡qué flojo es! \se (tlakwa:w ~) to hell with [Poss] \ss (tlakwa:w ~) al diablo con [Pos] \pna Tlakwa:w mopal! Timistlake:waya, xo:tiknek. Xka:wa! newa milá:k niknekiya para tikchi:waskia un tekitl. \pea The hell with you! I wanted to hire you, you didn't accept. What a surprise! I really wanted you to do that job. \psa ¡Al diablo contigo! Estaba por alquilarte, no quisiste. ¡Vaya! yo de veras quería que hicieras ese trabajo. \cfa te:palwia \cfa te:palkochi \xrl -pal \nae There are a few cases in which -pal is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are a:xi:xpal and kochpal. Note also that the relational form te:pal can occur either verbalized, as te:palwia or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in te:palkochi. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of te:pal, as in nite:palkochi, although the non-incorporated form is also correct (te:pal nikochi). \qry Disambiguate /koxtetl/ from /koxpal/ and, in the process, /-tetl/ from /-pal/. \grm Relational nouns: See discussion under /te:palkochi/. There are a few cases in which -pal is combined with a nominal stem to indicate what is essentially an abundance of the quality or object indicated by the stem. Cases of this are a:xi:xpal and kochpal. Note also that the relational form te:pal can occur either verbalized, as te:palwia or incorporated into a verbal matriz, as in te:palkochi. In the latter case incorporation is indicated by the fact that the subject prefix is to the left of te:pal, as in nite:palkochi, although the non-incorporated form is also correct (te:pal nikochi). \ref 00773 \lxa pa:lah \lxac pa:lah \lxo pa:lah \lxoc pa:lah \dt 28/Feb/2002 \loan pala \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se shovel \ss pala \pna Pa:lah, ika titla:lxi:ni:s. \pea It is with a shovel that you shovel earth. \psa Es con una pala que paleas tierra. \ref 03518 \lxa pa:lakachiwi \lxac pa:lakachiwi \lxo pa:lakachiwi \lxoc pa:lakachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to whirl around; to spin around on an axis (e.g., like propellers of a plane) \ss darse vueltas en círculo; girar (p. ej., como las astas de un avión) \pna Tarabi:yah, so:lo yewa wel pa:lakachiwi. \pea The tarabi:yah, it is the only thing that spins around (by itself). \psa La tarabilla, es la única cosa que da vueltas (solo). \xrb pala:kach \nde Also, in Oapan, 'to turn to the side (as a monitor of a computer so that others can see). \ref 01021 \lxa pa:lakachowa \lxac kipa:lakachowa \lxo pa:lakachowa \lxoc kipa:lakachowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to spin (an object) in a circle, around a center point; to make gyrate \ss girar o hacer (a algn) dar vueltas en círculos, alrededor de un punto en medio \pna Nopa:lakachotok kabai:tos, ipan titleko:s. \pea The merry-go-round is spinning around, you'll get on it. \psa Está dando vueltas el tiovivo, vas a subir. \pna Se: kone:tsi:ntli, kasin ipanima:tsitsi:wa:n dya wel kipa:pa:lakachowan. \pea A little child, they grab him by his arms and then they can spin him around and around (i.e., either with his feet flying around in a circle, or spinning around while standing on the ground). \psa Un niño, lo agarran por las manitas y entonces lo pueden hacer girar (o con sus pies volando hacia afuera, o bien girando con los pies en el suelo). \sem motion \xrb palakach \dis pa:lakachowa; kwepa; malakachowa. \nse The \qry Check vl for the Am form; Oa is definitely long. \ref 02210 \lxa pa:lakatechó:n \lxac pa:lakatechó:n \lxo ---- \dt 25/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-dvb-uncl \infn N1 \sea ring of of children who spin around \ssa rueda de niños que dan vuelta fuerte y rápidamente \pna Ma tiktla:li:ka:n pa:lakatechón! \pea Let's form a ring that spins around and around! \psa ¡Vamos a hacer una rueda que da vueltas y vueltas! \xrb pa:lakach \nae Pa:lakatechon refers to the ring that playing children form, each child holding the hands of the two others on each side, with the entire group spinning around as in "ring-around-the-rosy." Pa:lakatechon is clearly related to the verbal stem pa:lakach, which has a clear sense of circling around or spinning (e.g., i:xpa:lakachiwi and kwa:pa:lakaxtli). Yet the derivational process is not clear since the relationship between a root pa:lakach and the entry form pa:lakatechon is not clear (e.g., whether -chon is some sort of suffix or whether, perhaps, -te- has somehow become infixed into the root. It might also be the case that the root is in effect simply pa:laka and the /ch/ of forms such as pa:lakachiwi related to some other element. If this were true, then the entire sequence -techon of palakatechon might be a semantic unit of some sort. \qry The word or stem palaka(ch) might relate to malaka as in malakatl. Note that my original filecard entry has a short vowel /palakatechon/ but I have changed the first /a:/ to a long vowel given the probable etymology. This should be checked. Check also stress pattern. \pqry Check first and final vowels of /pa:lakatechón/. \ref 00310 \lxa pala:naltia \lxac kipala:naltia \lxo pala:naltia \lxoc kipala:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca(ni/ltia) \infv class-2a \se to rot; to cause to rot (e.g., water that gets into wood) \ss pudrir; hacer pudrir (p. ej., agua que le entra a madera) \pna O:kipala:naltih a:tl. \pea The water rotted it. \psa El agua lo hizo pudrir. \se to let (through carelessness) spoil or rot (particularly edible things but not prepared food itself) \ss dejar (por descuido) que se eche a perder, que se pudra (particularmente cosas comestibles pero no comida preparada) \pna O:titlapapala:naltih. \pea You let things rot. \psa Dejaste algunas cosas pudrir. \xrb pala: \xvbao pala:ni \dis Distinguish /pala:ni/, etc. from /itlaka:wi/ or /itlakowa/. \grm Causative: The ways in which the causative can indicate either fairly direct causality or a more mediated process captured by the English auxiliary 'let' is indicated by /pala:naltia/ and two example sentences above: /O:kipala:naltih a:tl/ 'The water rotted it.' and /O:titlapapala:naltih/ 'You let things rot.' In the first sentence the water is the direct causal agent of the process. This is the prototypical causative construction: Inchoative: 'the wood rots'; Causative 'water MAKES the wood rot'. In the second phrase the subject is not the causal agent but, in effect, the accomplice, the entity that allows something to take place by not intervening (e.g., to dry sth, in this case). Givón and others have talked about "let" and causatives.This verb can be perhaps used as an example. \ref 01911 \lxa pala:ni \lxac pala:ni \lxo pala:ni \lxoc pala:ni \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus/-Trans \infv class-3a \se to rot (wood that has gotten wet, plants that are lying on the ground) \ss echarse a perder; pudrirse (madera que se moja, plantas que están tiradas por el suelo) \pna Tlapala:ni ika iswatl. \pea There's been some rotting of the corn leaves. \psa Se ha pudrido algo de las hojas de maíz. \xrb pala: \xvca pala:naltia \qry Check to determine if ?pala:nia exists. Determine all things that can be incorporated. Determine whether intensifier can be used. \ref 01997 \lxa pala:nki \lxac pala:nki \lxo pala:nki \lxoc pala:nki \dt 06/Mar/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-ki \se to be rotten (e.g., wood, grass, thatching, etc.) \ss estar pudrido (p. ej., madera, pasto, zacate, palma, etc.) \xrb pala: \dis pala:nki; pala:ntok (if the latter exists). \ref 03670 \lxa pale:wia \lxac kipale:wia \lxo pale:wia \lxoc kipale:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to help (another person) \ss ayudar a (una persona) \pna Tine:chpale:wi:s kwalka:ntipan. \pea You will help me tomorrow in the morning. \psa Me vas a ayudar mañana en la mañana. \pna San kipa:pale:witiá:s. \pea He will just go along helping him now and then. \psa Va a ir ayudándolo de vez en cuando. \se to act in favor of; to be a help to; to help out (a particular situation or event [S]) \ss favorecer a; ayudar a (una situación o evento en particular [S]) \pna Ne:chpale:wia ika tewa xo:tikwala:n, xo:tine:chte:i:xpantih. \pea The fact that you didn't get mad helped me out, you didn't lodge a complaint against me. \psa El hecho de que no te enojaste me ayudó, no me denunciaste. \se (refl.) to give birth (women; not used in reference to animals) \ss (refl.) dar a luz (mujeres; no empleada en cuanto a animales) \pna O:nopale:wih un suwa:tl, pero saniman o:mik. \pea That woman gave birth, but she died right away. \psa Esa mujer dio a luz, pero luego ella se murió. \se (Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi) Cheers! (lit., 'may God help you,' a phrase addressed to sb about to take a swig of strong alcohol) \ss (Ma Dió:s mitspale:wi) ¡Salud! (lit., 'Qué Diós te ayude! una frase dicho a algn que apenas va a tomar un trago de una fuerte bebida alcohólica) \xrb pale: \nse When used as a reflexive to indicate giving birth, pale:wia refers simply to the act of birth, even though the woman may have died shortly thereafter. \rt The etymology of /pale:wia/ is uncertain. Given that the verb is classified as basic, the stem is considered to be /pale:wi/. However, it might well be that the stem is related to /pal/, the relational noun. \ref 03511 \lxa pa:lia \lxac *kipa:lia \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \sea to mix (sth) into (a liquid such as a broth, etc.) \ssa agregarle (algo) a (un líquido, como un caldo) \pna Yechi:la:tl, weli de ista:kyetl noso kaxtiltsi:n. Kipia chi:hli, xonakatl, sila:ntroh, istatl. Kamantika kipa:lian komi:nos ika kaxtiltsi:n pero xika ista:kyetl. \pea The bean broth called yechi:la:tl, it can be made with ista:kyetl or kaxtiltsi:n. It has chile, onions, cilantro, salt. Sometimes they mix in cloves with kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl. \psa El caldo de frijol llamado yechi:la:tl, se puede hacer con ista:kyetl o kaxtiltsi:n. Tiene chile, cebolla, cilantro, sal. A veces se le agregan cominos al kaxtiltsi:n but not with ista:kyetl. \xrb pa: \nae Although this word was uttered in an unelicited context, the base transitive from which it derives has not been documented. \qry Meaning is highly uncertain and should be checked. It is only found in one example sentence for /yechi:la:tl/ and there was no separate file card. Check! \ref 04940 \lxa palo:mah* \lxac palo:mah \lxo palo:max* \lxoc palo:max \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan paloma \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1; pl. palo:mas (Am); palo:maxtih (Oa) \se a variety of dove that is raised domestically for food by a few people \ss tipo de paloma o pichón criado domesticamente por algunos como comida \sem animal \sem bird \nct to:to:tl \ref 05712 \lxa palowa \lxac kipalowa \lxo palowa \lxoc kipalowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran -Intrans \infv class-2b \se to sop or scoop up (e.g., a dish of food with a tortilla); to dunk in and eat (e.g., bread or doughnuts in coffee) \ss sopear (p. ej., una caldo, salsa, frijoles, etc., con una tortilla; café con pan o una dona) \pna Xikpalo un tlakwahli. \pea Dip your tortilla into that food (to eat it). \psa Sopéa esa comida con tu tortilla (para comertela). \pna Seki kipalowan kafé:h ika pa:n. \pea Some people sop up their coffee with bread. \psa Algunos sopean el café con pan. \pna Xtlikonexpo:poxo un to:toltetl! San tikpalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis. \pea Push that egg into the hot ashes of the fireplace! We'll just sop it up (the soft-boiled egg), it won't get fully cooked. \psa ¡Mete ese huevo en las cenizas calientes del hogar! Nada más lo vamos a sopear, no se va a cocinar bien (esto es, no se va a quedar duro). \se (with short vowel reduplication) to lick \ss (con reduplicación de vocal corta) lamer \pna Ye nokwiste:wasneki ikone:tsin, pe:wa kipapalowa. \pea It's child (in this case a calf) wants to stand up (just after birth), she (the mother) is starting to lick him. \psa Su hijo (en este caso un becerrito) se quiere levantar, ya empieza (su mamá) a lamerlo. \pna Xotpix kwida:doh, yo:kipapalo:ko chichi. \pea You weren't careful, a dog came and licked it. \psa No tuviste cuidado, un perro vino a lamerlo. \pno Nó:palówa íkwá:k nokokowa i:pa i:xi. \peo It licks itself when its leg hurts. \pso Se lame cuando le duele la pierna. \pna Deke tlai:xwi:lo kone:tsi:ntli, para ki:sa tlai:xwi:hli kipapalowilian i:xkwa:tetsi:n, ixa:yaktsi:n, ipan ima:tsitsi:wa:n, a:kin te:i:xwia. Seki kitowa poyé:k un tlai:xwi:hli, seki xokó:k. \pea If a little child has been given the evil eye, so that the evil eye goes away he should have his forehead, his face, his arms, licked by the person who gives evil eye. Some say that evil eye tastes salty, some say that it is bitter. \psa Si un niñito ha sido afectado por mal de ojo, para que desaparezca debe ser lamido por la frente, la carita, las manitas por él que echa mal de ojo a la gente. Algunos dicen que el mal de ojo sabe salado, otros que es amargo. \xrb pal \nse Note that the reduplicated form of palowa is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however nó:kwáh and a person licking his lips noté:mpalówa. \qry Check vowel length of /o:tpix/. Note that originally in /Xtlikonexpo:poxo on to:toltetl! San tiktepalo:skeh, xkwahli iksis./ I had /te/, but C. Flores said this was incorrect. It has thus been changed, particularly given that this form with /te/ seems unusual here. \grm Oapan reduplication: Note that the reduplicated form of palowa is used in Oapan to indicate the action of an animal that licks itself all over, or on the face. Chickens, however nó:kwáh and a person licking his lips noté:mpalówa. Note in /noté:mpalówa/ how reduplication reduces on a long vowel of an incorporated noun. Again, however, note how the heavy syllable had a nasal as a coda (a characteristic of those heavy syllables that accepted reduced reduplication manifested by p-a. \ref 02157 \lxa paltia \lxac paltia \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-tia \infv class-4c(tia) \se to get soaked or drenched (e.g., in the rain, but with ones clothes on) \ss quedar empapado (p. ej., en o por la lluvia, pero con la ropa puesta) \syno kapa:ni \xrb pal \xvca paltilia \dis paltia; patsiwi \qry Check to see if the cognate intransitive /palti/ exists. According to one person this refers to getting soaked or drenched, e.g. in the rain, but getting wet with ones clothes on. This should be checked. Check other possible subjects. \rt The etymology of paltia is not entirely clear; it may be related to the archaic stem for 'water' with vowel shortening for some undetermined reason. \ref 05084 \lxa paltilia \lxac kipaltilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to soak or drench \ss empapar \pna Milá:k a:wixtlan. O:ne:chpaltilih, san puroh a:wixtli. \pea There was a lot of dew all over. It got me soaked, it was just all dew. \psa Había mucho rocío por todos lados. Me empapó, fue puro rocío. \pna O:timopaltilih. \pea You got yourself soaked (e.g., in drinking water from a gourd you let it drip all down your clothes). \psa Te dejaste empapar (o mojar, p. ej., al tomar agua de una jícara, se te escurrió el agua por el cuerpo). \syno kapa:naltia \xrb pal \xvba paltia \qry Check final /h/ in /puroh/. \ref 05320 \lxa pa:mpa \lxac pa:mpa nikneki \lxo ---- \dt 01/Jul/2003 \psm Subord \der Subord \se because \ss porque \pna Chaktlatowa pa:mpa o:tlapa:n. \pea It makes a hollow ringing sound (e.g., a ceramic bowl) because it is fissured (which inhibits a solid ringing sound). \psa Suena hueco (p. ej., un plato hondo de barro) porque está roto (no completamente sino con una fisura que hace que no resuene bien). \sea (ika ~) because, given that \ssa (ika ~) dado que, a causa de que, porque \pna Ika pa:mpa newa no: xniá:s, xte:ihlitasi! \pea Given that I will not go, tell people when you arrive there! \pso Dado que yo no voy a ir, díselo a la gente al llegar! \cfo ya \xrb pa:mpa \nse Pa:mpa is used occasionally to introduce subordinate adverbial clauses indicating a reason or cause of a particular event. In Ameyaltepec ika is also used to introduce an adverbial clause of reason or cause. In Oapan apparently pa:mpa is rarely if ever used as a subordinator: O:niwa:hlah ya o:tine:chihlih 'I came because you told me' (Florencia Marcelino would not accept pa:mpa here). However, pa:mpa is used with a possessor prefix to indicate 'for,' 'in the place of,' etc. In Oapan the element pa:mpa, common in Ameyaltepec, is seldom used, and when it is it might well be a "borrowing" from Ameyaltepec. Thus in a testimonial by Juan Abraham Hernández, who utilizes many Ameyaltepec forms in his speech, there are frequent uses of the phrase yeka pa:mpa. Other Oapan consultants mentioned that they had not heard this form. \nde Pipil has a long /a:/ like in the Balsas region; in Tetelcingo, Morelos, there is a short /a/. A recheck should be done on the Ameyaltepec form and vowel length. \ref 05867 \lxa -pa:mpa \lxac nopa:mpa \lxo -pa:mpa \lxocpend @nopa:mpa \dt 06/Jun/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se in the stead of; for \ss de parte de; por \pna Nopa:mpa tekiti pa:mpa xna:k, tla:mo ne:chtsakwaskian. \pea He works in my stead because I'm not around, if he hadn't (done this), they would have locked me up. \psa Trabaja de mi parte porque no estoy, si no (lo hubiera hecho), me hubieran encarcelado. \pna Nopa:mpa nemi te:tla:lpan pa:mpa nikte:wi:kilia:ya. \pea He (e.g., a family member, a close friend, etc.) is working in my stead in other people's fields because I owed it (in this case labor) to people. \psa Está trabajando (p. ej., un miembro de la familia, un amigo cercano, etc.) de mi parte en terrenos ajenos porque debía (en este caso trabajo) a la gente. \xrb pa:mpa \nae Several acoustic measurements have strongly suggested that the initial /a:/ is long. In my original notes I stated that in the speech of Luis Lucena (Am) the /a:/ of pa:mpa is definitely long. However, given the comparative evidence from all other dialects (which manifest a short /a/) this needs to be carefully checked. If the vowel is indeed found to be long, the word should be corrected in all transcriptions and example sentences. \vl Check vowel length and standardize in all entries, as vl varies in my transcriptions/notes. \ref 01130 \lxa -pan \lxac ipan \lxo -pan \lxoc i:pan \dt 10/Apr/2003 \psm N(rel) \der Rel-stem/poss-sim \infn N2(rel) \se on; on top of (i.e., directly on top of, mounted on an animal, etc.) \ss sobre; encima de (esto es, directamente sobre o encima de, montado sobre un animal, etc.) \pna Xtla:li ipan tetl! Ma:ka sapan tla:hli! \pea Place it on a rock, not just on the ground! \psa ¡Pónlo sobre una piedra, no simplemente sobre la tierra! \pna Ipan xkontla:li! \pea Place it on top of it (e.g., a table, rock, etc.)! \psa ¡Pónlo encima de él (p. ej., una mesa, una piedra, etc.)! \pna Ipan tleko:s un burroh. \pea He'll get on that donkey. \psa Va a subir a ese burro. \pna Ipan xiya! \pea Go on it (e.g., a burro, horse, etc.)! \psa ¡Vaya sobre él (un burro, caballo, etc.)! \pna O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w. \pea I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own). \psa Salté de esa pared (donde estaba), me dejé bajar (intencionalmente). \se (~yeko or ~asi) to arrive (here or there) where (sb) is \ss (~ yeko o ~ asi) llegar (aquí o allá) donde (está algn) \pna Xyatiw! Mopan nasis. \pea Get going! I'll catch up with you there (i.e., arrive there where you'll be). \psa ¡Vete yendo! Voy a alcanzarte allí donde estarás. \se (~nochi:wa or wetsi) to happen to; to affect (sb) \ss (~nochi:wa o wetsi) sucederle; pasarle (a algn); caer sobre o encima de (algn, p. ej., una desgracia) \pna Nopan o:wets kokolistli. \pea A disease hit me. \psa Me cayó una enfermedad encima. \se (~one:wa or wa:le:wa) to head toward; to go in the direction of (e.g., a blow) \ss (~one:wa o wa:le:wa) ir hacia; ir para (p. ej., un golpe) \pna Xpia kwida:doh, tla:mo mopan one:was (wa:le:was)! \pea Take care (in this case of what you say to him), if you don't it (e.g., a blow) will be coming your way! \psa ¡Ten cuidado (en este caso. de lo que le dices), si no, te va a caer (p. ej., un golpe) encima! \se (~ [+ verb]) to [verb] on top of, in relation to, etc. \ss (~ [+ verbo]) [verbo] encima de, en relación a, etc. \pna Yo:timoma:kaxa:nih! Xtili:ni moma, nika:n o:pe:w ko:ko:tsi:liwi, xok kwahli note:katiw in i:loh, san te:pan noma:matilotiw. \pea You've let your arm go slack (in this case not pulling tight on a taravía used to make cord)! Hold your arm tight! Here it's begun to twist up, the threads are no longer laying out nice and flat (i.e., the strands on each other), they go twisting over and around each other in places. \psa ¡Dejaste aflojar el brazo! ¡Apriétatelo! Aquí ya empezó a quedar torcido en varios lugar, ya no se va quedando plano el hilo, más bien se va enredando, se va enroscando sobre si mismo en algunos lugares. \se (i:pan [number + time period]) on; in [number + time period] \ss (i:pan [número + periodo de tiempo]) en [número + periodo de tiempo] \pna Ipan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s. \pea I'll come, then, on the day after tomorrow. \psa Vengo, pues, pasado mañana. \se ([number] i:pan [number]) after (in telling time, e.g., five after five) \ss ([número] i:pan [número]) después de (en términos de la hora, p. ej., cinco después de las cinco) \pna Si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh? \pea How many minutes after five is it? \psa ¿Cuántos minutos después de las cinco estamos? \xrl -pan \nse In i:pan ye:i to:nahli teh, niwa:hla:s the counting system used in Nahuatl is that of Spanish where en tres días indicates 'the day after tomorrow.' The forms -pan yeko and -pan asi indicate that one person (the possessor of the relational noun) moves to a destination where the second person (the subject of the verb of movment) will later arrive. \nae The difference between the length the intial i:- possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form ipan and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of ilakastik demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \nde In Ameyaltepec the difference between mopan nasi and mopan asi is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of mopan is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun -pan is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of -pan deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopá así]. \qry Note that in the phrase /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch tikateh?/ the hour is expressed before /ipan/. Determine if this is always true, i.e., ask how one says "ten after five": /si:nkoh ipan die:s/ or /die:s ipan si:nkoh/. Note the relevance of which one is correct for the interpretation of /si:nkoh ipan ke:ch?/. \pqry Check with phonetician on the status of the two /i/'s. Get acoustic analysis of patterns. \grm Directionals; relational nouns/locatives: /O:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli, o:niwa:lmoma:ka:w/ 'I jumped down off of that wall (where I was), I let myself down (on my own).' Note how although /ipan/ often gives the significance of 'on' here the state of being 'on' the wall is the state or position from which the action began. Thus note the difference /o:nitsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped onto the wall' and /o:niwa:ltsikwi:n ipan un tepantli/ 'I jumped from off the wall.' \grm Oapan phonology: In Ameyaltepec the difference between mopan nasi and mopan asi is that in the second, before a vowel-initial verb, the final /n/ of mopan is velarized, whereas in the former expression there is no velarization. In Oapan the situation is more complicated. The relational noun -pan is often pronounced [pah] although it may also end in a nasal (or, with some speakers, even a velarized nasal). However, when followed by a vowel-initial word the final consonant of -pan deletes. Thus /mopan nasi/ is pronounced as [mopán así] whereas /mopan asi/ is pronounced [mopá así]. \grm Oapan phonology: The difference between the length the intial i:- possessor prefix in the pronunciations of Florencia Marcelino and her husband Inocencio Jiménez (both of Oapan) is quite marked, with her vowel appearing short and his long. This might reflect grammaticalization of the form ipan and consequent vowel shortening, but this might well not be the case, with shortening due to other factors. However, as an analysis of the initial /i/ of ilakastik demonstrates, the might be a generalizable difference in the length of initial vowels in the speech of Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 00162 \lxa pa:n \lxac pa:n \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan pan \psm N \der N-loan \se bread \ss pan \syno semi:tah \mod Apparently the vulgar use of pa:n to mean "pussy" is limited to Ameyaltepec women, who at times use it among themselves. In Oapan the absolutive form pa:ntli is occasionally used among men with the same meaning, but is considered vulgar. The vulgar meaning has been put in another dictionary: censored. \qry This borrowing is used as an "albur" with the meaning of "pussy" or "cunt." I have only heard it used among women. This should be checked. \ref 05919 \lxa pana:deroh \lxac pana:deroh \lxo ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \loan panadero \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se baker \ss panadero \equivao pa:nchi:hke:tl \equivo semí:tachí:hke:tl \nse In Ameyaltepec panade:roh is much more commonly used than pa:nchi:hke:tl. \ref 05341 \lxa pana:les \lxac pana:les \lxo pana:les \lxoc pana:les \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan panal \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se type of honey-making insect still unidentified \ss tipo de insecto que hace miel todavía no identificado \sem animal \sem insect \encyctmp nekwtli \nse Pana:les, which is only documented in the plural, build large nests in thorn bushes; they bite and make honey. In size pana:les are like the tetekomasol (Am) / tekómasólih (Oa), but fatter, boboli:tas. \ref 04674 \lxa panawia \lxac kipanawia \lxo panawia \lxof [pa na 'wi a] \lxoc kipanawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-2a \se to pass; to overtake (e.g., in walking, driving, running, etc.) \ss rebasar (p. ej., en caminar, correr, manejar, etc.) \pna Tikpanawi:skeh, yo:li:k nenemi. \pea We will pass him, he walks slow. \psa Lo vamos a rebasar, camina despacio. \pna San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa. \pea You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it possible that you hate me? You don't speak to me. \psa Sólo pasas enfrente de mí, una y otra vez. ¿Quizá me odias? No me hablas. \se to supercede; to overtake (e.g., in wealth, in age, etc.) \ss superar; rebasar; adelantarse a; tomarle la delantera a (p. ej., en cuanto a riqueza, edad, tamaño) \pna Se: ri:koh miák kipia wa:kax. O:kitakeh un okse: tla:katl xma:s kipiaya, pero sana:man o:ri:kot. O:kipanawitiki:s, o:kipanawih un se: ma:s kipiaya, o:noka:wtiki:s, o:noka:w. \pea A rich person, he had a lot of cattle. They saw another man who didn't have very many, but he (the latter man) got rich quickly. He passed right by him (the first man), he overtook that one who had more, he got left behind in the process, he stayed behind. \psa Un hombre rico tenía mucho ganado. Vieron a otro que no tenía más, pero luego luego se enriqueció (este segundo), rebasó al otro en el camino (de enriquecerse), rebasó al que tenía más. El (el primero) se quedó atrás (durante este proceso), quedó rezagado. \se to cross (a river) \ss atravesar (un río) \pna Tikpanawi:s a:te:ntli (= ta:pano:s) para tasis imi:hlan. \pea You will (have to) cross the river to arrive at his cornfield. \psa Vas a (tener que) cruzar el río para llegar a su milpa. \se (recripr.) to pass each other (e.g., two people walking in opposite directions); to intersect; to cross (e.g., two perpendicular streets) \ss (recirp.) rebasarse (p. ej., dos personas caminando en direcciones contrarias); cruzarse (p. ej., dos calles perpendiculares) \pna Ne: ka:n nopanawian ka:yes. \pea There where the streets cross. \psa Allí donde se cruzan las calles. \xrb pana \nse Panawia (Am) / panawiya (Oa) obviously is related to the same root as panowa and its causative pano:ltia. However, it is not clear if this is because of a historical association or some derivational process not understood. For now the root here is analyzed as pana. \grm Reduplication with long vowel. Note the following case: /San tine:chpa:panawia. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. Xtine:chno:tsa./ 'You just pass back and forth in front of me. Is it possible that you hate me. You don't speak to me.' Note how the long vowel reduplication is used here; and in many other cases, to indicate motions that repeat themselves in their entirety and in a measured manner. \ref 04218 \lxa pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxac pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxo pa:nchi:hke:tl \lxoc pa:nchi:hke:tl \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan pa:n \psm N \com N-Ag(V2) \der N-ag-ke:tl \se baker \ss panadero \equiva panade:roh \equivo semí:tachí:hke:tl \xrb chi:wa \nse Pa:nchi:hke:tl is now rarely used, having given way to the Spanish loan panade:roh. Apparently *pa:nchi:hki is not acceptable. \ref 04004 \lxa pa:nchoh \lxac pa:nchoh \lxo pa:nchoh \lxoc pa:nchoh \dt 17/Jun/2002 \loan pancho \psm N \der N-loan \aff dimin. panchi:toh, panchi:tah; Gender : pa:nchah \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se cat \ss gato \se (fig.) person who like delicious food (such as eggs, in reference to a cat's supposed predilection for such food); one fussy in what he eats \ss (fig.) persona a quien le gusta la buena comida (como huevos, en referencia a la supuesta preferencia de los gatos por tal comida); persona muy particular en comer; cuzca \pna Tipa:nchoh. \pea You like good foods. \psa Te gusta la comida buena \nse It is not clear either why pa:nchoh, a diminutive of Francisco, is used to refer to cats. However, in Ameyaltepec, when applied to humans, pa:nchoh refers to those who have what is assumed to be a characteristic of cats: their predilection for tasty foods. Given the local diet, however, this is often used to refer to someone who particularly likes to eat eggs. \ref 03132 \lxa pancholwia \lxac kipancholwia \lxo panchalwia \lxoa pancholwia \lxof [pan chal 'wi a] \lxoc kipanchalwia, kipancholwia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to pass or step over (e.g, a child lying on the ground) \ss pasar o pisar sobre (p. ej., un niño acostado por el suelo) \pna O:tpancholwih nopo:tsi:n, a:man xiktoma para ma we:ia! \pea You stepped over my little daughter (lying on the ground). Now undo it (i.e., step back over her in the opposite direction) so that she will grow up big! \psa Pasaste sobre mi hijita (que estaba acostada en el suelo). ¡Ahora deshazlo (esto es, pasa otra vez sobre ella) para que crezca! \xrb pan \xrb chol \nse It is thought by some that if one steps over a child lying on the ground, the child will not get big. Thus people who do this are told to undo it, and its effects, by stepping back over the child the opposite direction. \nae Pronunciation in Oapan varies and speakers are often well aware of minor variations in pronunciation and can cite individuals who speak differently. Before recording Florencia Marcelino mentioned that she uses panchalwiya while her husband uses pancholwiya. This is evidenced in the speech tokens linked to the headword. \vl Note that in first repetition of 4 male and female are the same; in the second set of 4, use final (2nd in this set, 4th overall) male token. Use the second female token of the first set. \ref 03023 \lxa pani \lxac pani \lxo pani \lxoc pani \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adv(loc) \der Adv-pl \se on the surface \ss en o sobre la superficie \pna Teto:kioh motla:l. Pani xne:si tetl, kipia tlaitik. \pea Your land is full of embedded rock. On the surface the rocks can't be seen, they are inside (of the earth). \psa Tu terreno está lleno de piedras enterradas. No aparecen en la superficie, las tienen adentro (de la tierra). \se shallow (water, e.g., in a river) \ss poco profundo (agua, p. ej., en un río) \pna Panitsi:n. Wel ta:pano:skeh. \pea It is shallow. We'll be able to go across the river. \psa Es poco profundo. Vamos a poder cruzar el río. \xrb pani \qry Note that whether to classify this as a verb or not is a difficult decision. It seems more like a locative, although the morphology suggests a verb. Moreover, whereas /-pan/ can combined with pronouns and nouns, /pani/ functions more like an auxiliary. Check Launey who, I believe, has a discussion of these verbs. \nde In Oapan the form tlapani also exists. The difference between tlapani and pani is not clear. \ref 03801 \lxa panitsi:n \lxac panitsi:n \lxo panitsi:n \lxoc panitsi:n \psm Loc \der Loc-tsi:n \dt 20/May/2002 \se see pani \ss véase pani \xrb pan \mod Examine Launey's treatment of these words; I believe he mentions /i/ as a locative, as in /kali/ and /pani/. Thesis, p. 750ff. \ref 01314 \lxa panki:xtia \lxac kipanki:xtia \lxo panki:xtia \lxoc kipanki:xtia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \tran -Intrans \infv class-2a \se to audibly and clearly pronounce (a word) \ss pronunciar claramente (una palabra) \pna San popoloxtik. Xkipanki:xtia tlato:hli, xtihkakis tli:n kiitowa. \pea He mumbles. He doesn't pronounce his words clearly, you won't understand what he says. \psa Habla entre dientes. No pronuncia bien las palabras, no puedes entender lo que dice. \pna Kipanki:xtia kwahli, xsan nenepoxtik. \pea He has good pronunciation, he does not just mumble (or have a lisp, stutter, etc.). \psa Tiene buena pronunciación, no es que habla entre dientes (o sisea, tartamudea, etc.) \pno De yon tlapanki:xtia, waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero yon xtlapanki:xtia ... wa:xnema:ke:tl. \peo With someone who pronounced well, it is waka:xnema:ke:tl, but someone who doesn't pronounce clearly ... wa:xnema:ke:tl. \pso De alguien que pronuncia bien, es waka:xnema:ke:tl, pero de alguien que no pronuncia bien, ... wa:xnema:ke:tl. \xrb pan \xrb ki:sa \qry Determine whether the correct entry should be /panki:xtia/, as here recorded, or /ipanki:xtia/. Perhaps check for initial vowel with an applicative. Check, indeed, if there is an applicative. Check also for an intransitive; I have temporarily indicated in the /tran field that there is none. Check. \ref 02671 \lxa pankokone:tl \lxac pankokone:tl \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08151 \lxa panoche:ros \lxaa tsikatl de panoche:ros \lxac panoche:ros \lxo ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \loan panochero \psm N \der N-complex \infn N1 \sea type of dark-colored ant, of those known as tsi:katl \ssa tipo de hormiga color oscuro, de los que se conocen como tsi:katl \sem animal \sem insect \xrb tsi:ka \ono hypo tsi:katl \cpl The tsi:katl panoche:roh is not red but dark, poyaktik. \ref 04397 \lxa pano:ltia \lxac kipano:ltia \lxo pano:ltia \lxoc kipano:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to take from one side to another (e.g., from one side of a river to another, across a street or highway, through a dangerous place, etc.) \ss llevar de un lado a otro (p. ej., cruzando un río, de un lado de la calle a otro, atravesando un lugar peligroso como un bosque, etc.) \pna Xne:chompano:lti! Pakateh chichimeh, ke:n te:muwtikeh! \pea Take me across (in this case your yard or patio)! There are dogs there, they are really fierce! \psa ¡Llévame al otro lado (en este caso de tu patio)! Hay perros, ¡son muy bravos! \pna Nikimpano:lti:s nobaki:tas. A:man xnikaxilia, kichi:was te:tlakwali:skeh. \pea I'm going to move my cattle to the other side (in this case placing them inside a fenced area). Today I don't have time, (and I'm worried that) they well might eat people's maize (in the fields). \psa Voy a pasar mis vaquitas al otro lado (en este caso metiéndolas en un potrero). Hoy no me da tiempo (y estoy preocupado que) es posible que le van a comer la milpa a alguien. \se (reduplicated with short vowel) to continually pass over (e.g., lines in painting) \ss (reduplicado con vocal corta) rebasar repetidas veces (p. ej., líneas en pintar) \pna Ma:ka tikpapano:lti:s, nikna:makasneki! \pea Don't go over the lines (in this case painting an amate), I want to sell it! \psa ¡No vayas a estar rebasando (en este caso líneas al pintar un amate), lo quiero vender! \seao (refl.) to make ends meet \ssao (relf.) mantenerse \pna Xwel panowa, tlatski, xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:n pano:s. \pea He can't get by, he's lazy, he can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by. \psa No puede arreglarselas, es flojo, no puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas. \xrb pano: \xvbao panowa \xvaao pano:ltilia \ref 00565 \lxa pano:ltih \lxac pano:ltih \lxo ---- \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm Interj \der Interj \infv pl. pano:ltikeh \se Good mourning (from midmorning to noon) \ss Buenos días (desde mediados de la mañana hasta mediodía) \syno a:ti \xrb pano: \encyctmp greetings: e.g., tlapoya:wilih \qry Check for final /h/ in this and other terms. Check for verbal form. \ref 02686 \lxa pano:ltilia \lxac kipano:ltilia \lxo pano:ltilia \lxoc kipano:ltilia \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to pass to; to relay to; to cede to (a material object [SO]); to relate or pass on (a message [SO]) to \ss pasar o ceder (un objeto [SO]) a; relatar (un mensaje [SO]) a \pna Xne:cha:lpano:ltili un pla:toh, ne:nkah xkipia ite:ko! \pea Pass me that plate over there, it doesn't belong to anyone! \psa ¡Pásame ese plato alla, no le pertenece a nadie (lit., 'no tiene su dueño)! \pna Xne:chka:wili, newa nikpano:ltili:s. Nikihli:s ika yo:tiwa:hlah. \pea Leave it to me, I'll pass it on to him! I'll tell him that you've already come. \psa ¡Déjamelo, yo se lo voy a relatar! Le voy a decir que ya veniste. \pna Xne:chpano:ltili motla:l! \pea Give your land to me (in a sale)! \psa ¡Dáme tu terreno (en una venta)! \pna A:man bwe:noh tine:chimpano:ltili:skia un tobaki:tas para no: newa nikimpias. \pea Now is a good time for you to pass some of our cows on to me, so that I can also take care of them (in this case said by a man to his elder brother after their father's death, given that the elder brother had been caring for all the cattle by himself). \psa Ahora es bueno ahora que me pases algunas de nuestras vacas para que yo también las pueda cuidar (en este caso dicho por un joven a su hermano mayor que había estado cuidando todas las vacas que su recién fallecido padre les había dejado). \xrb pano: \xvbao pano:ltia \ref 02001 \lxa panowa \lxac kipanowa \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4c \sea to be at a given place (during a fiesta or holiday) \ssa pasar (una fiesta o dia festivo) \pna O:kipano:k fie:stah nika:n. \pea He was here during the fiesta. \psa Pasó la fiesta aquí. \sea to pass a moment (either well or poorly, depending on the context); to have a (hard or easy) time of it \ssa pasarselas (bien o mal, según el contexto) \pna Xmi:xkwi:ti ina:k un ne:nkah tla:katl, ke:n kichi:wtok! A:man kipano:tok xkwahli. \pea Take example (or warning) from how that that there man is doing it! Now he is having a hard time of it. \psa ¡Toma ejemplo (o toma aviso) de como lo está haciendo ese hombre! Ahora se la está pasando mal. \xrb pano: \nse In Oapan one would say, for example, nika:n nipano:s fie:stah \ref 04324 \lxa panowa \lxac panowa \lxo panowa \lxoc panowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b \tran +Caus; +Appl/Caus \infv class-4c \se to pass by; to go through (usually an animate subject, but may also refer to a material object, such as a fence, that passes through a given location) \ss pasar; atravesar (usualmente en referencia a un ser animado, pero también puede referirse a un objeto, como una cerca, que pasa por un sitio dado) \pna Pano:lo! \pea Someone is passing by (e.g., in playing basketball in Ameyaltepec, when a woman walks near the court the players shout Pano:lo, a signal for everyone to stop playing while the woman walks by along the edge of the court)! \psa ¡Pasan (p. ej., en jugar basketból en Ameyaltepec, cuando una mujer pasa por la cancha, o por su orilla, los jugadores gritan pano:lo, un señal que todos deben parar y esperar hasta que pase la mujer)! \pna A: Yo:pano:k? B: Ka, xe panowa fle:chah, xne:xtla:ni! \pea A: Has it gone by yet? B: No, the bus hasn't yet gone by, I haven't missed it! \psa A: ¿Ya pasó? B: No, todavía no pasa el camión, ¡no me gana! \pna Xkitaki i:n, ke:n pano:tokeh miák tlapayawto:to:meh! \pea Come take a look at this, how a lot of swallows are flying by! \psa ¡Ven a ver este, como muchas golondrinas están pasando! \pna San tipa:panowa, xtine:chno:tsa. Kas tine:chtlawe:lita. \pea You just pass back and forth (i.e., in front of me), you don't speak to me. Could it be that you despise me? \psa Simplemente pasas de un lado a otro (enfrente de mí), no me hablas. ¿Puede ser que me odias? \pna San itlampa o:papano:k tla:lme:stli. \pea The tla:lme:stli just passed back and forth between his legs. \psa El tla:lme:stli pasaba entre sus piernas de un lado a otro. \pna Ye pano:tok kokolistli. \pea The epidemic is already passing. \psa Ya está pasando la epidemia. \pna Mo:stla nika:n pano:s tlayo:hli. Tihkowaskeh. \pea Tomorrow corn will pass by (i.e., a person selling corn). We're going to by some. \psa Mañana va a pasar el maíz (esto es, una persona vendiéndolo). Vamos a comprarlo. \pna Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l. \pea Go to see us (in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land! \psa ¡Ve a vernos (en este caso dicho a las autoridades del pueblo, pidiéndoles que fueran a ver el lugar de una disputa sobre tierra), como va pasando en varios lugares a mi terreno! \pna Yo:pano:k a:tl, ye tiaweh! \pea The rains have passed, let's go! \psa Pasaron las lluvias, ¡ya nos vamos! \se to take place; to occur; to be over (e.g., an event or situation) \ss suceder; acaecer; pasar (p. ej., un evento o situación) \pna Yo:pano:k, xok tikitaskeh. \pea It's already taken place, we're not going to see it anymore. \psa Ya pasó, ya no lo vamos a ver. \pna Ma pano ilwitl, nia:s Te:jas. \pea After the fiesta is over, I'm going to Texas. \psa Pasando la fiesta, voy a Tejas. \pna Xokitlah ye:lo:tl, yo:pano:k. \pea There's no more fresh green corn left, it (the season for it) has gone by. \psa Ya no hay elotes, ya pasó (la temporada). \pna Yo:chika:w, yo:pano:k, xok xaxa:ltik un sándiah, yo:pala:n itik. \pea It's started to get past ripeness, it's passed the season, the watermelon is no longer crunchy, it is rotten inside. \psa Ya está muy madura, ya pasó de sazón, la sandía ya no está firme adentro, ya se pudrió. \pna Yo:pano:k, xok nona:mikti:s, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea It's too late (i.e., the opportunity has passed), he will no longer get married, he's already old. \psa Ya pasó (la oportunidad), ya no se va a casar, ya es viejo. \se to get by; to be making do or surviving (in terms of living) \ss arreglarselas; sobrevivir (en el sentido económico) \pna Xwel panowa, tlatski. Xwel nopano:ltia. Xkitilia ke:non pano:s. \pea He can't get by, he's lazy. He can't make ends meet. He can't figure out how to get by. \psa No puede arreglarselas, es flojo. No puede mantenerse. No ve la manera de arreglarselas. \pna San nopal pano:tok, nika:n tiktlakwaltitokeh. \pea He is making do at my expense (i.e., living off me, sb poor, without money or maize), we are feeding him here. \psa Se la está pasando por mi cuenta (p. ej., viviendo con mi ayuda, algn pobre, sin dinero ni maíz), le estamos dando de comer. \se (~ de [noun] ) to have too much [noun] (e.g., of a spice added to a food) \ss (~ de [sustantivo]) pasar; tener demasiado [sustantivo] (p. ej., de una especie agregada a una comida) \pna A:jos molo:nki, o:pano:k de a:xos. \pea It smells of garlic (a food), it has too much garlic. \psa Huele a ajo (una comida), tiene demasiado ajo. \se (with a directional affix) to cross to the other side (e.g., of a river) \ss (con afijo direccional) pasar o ir al otro lado (p. ej., de un río) \pna Yo:pano:to. \pea He's already passed over to the other side (e.g., of a river). \psa Ya pasó al otro lado (p. ej., de un río). \sem motion \xrb pano: \nse Pano:tok seems to have a sense similar to Spanish pasarselas; the sense is one of living, but on the margins, barely. Thus nika:n nipano:tok seems to have the sense of 'I'm here making do' or a near equivalent. With directional affixes there are potential contrasts between, for example, o:wa:lpano:k and o:pano:ko. See the grammar for a detailed explanation. \xrb pano: \xvcao pano:ltia \grm Directionals; deictics: Note the position of the deictic reference point in the following example sentence (from above): 'Xte:chitati ke:n pa:panowa ipan notla:l.'Go to see us (in this case said to village officials, asking them to go to the location of a land dispute), how he is crossing over here and there onto my land!' This is interesting in that the 'we' is not the present location of the speaker (talking to the village officials) but another location in which the speaker is involved in a dispute with a third party. This usage is not uncommon. \ref 04553 \lxa pantalo:ntekoyak \lxac pantalo:ntekoyak \lxo pantalo:ntekoyak \lxoc pantalo:ntekoyak \dt 15/Jul/2002 \loan (part) pantalón \psm Adj(ap) \com N-Adj(ap) \der Adj-dvb-ni-k[ap] \seo to have baggy pants \sso tener los pantalones holgados \syna ikxikokoxok \xrb koya: \ref 06714 \lxa pantalo:ntetekwia \lxac nopantalo:ntetekwia \lxo pantaló:ntekwía \lxof [pan ta 'lo:n te 'kwi a] \lxoc nopantaló:ntekwía \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc N-V2 \der V2-b \tran +Refl/-trans \aff Lex. rdp-s (Am) \infv class-3c(pia) \pa yes-lex \se (refl.) to roll up ones trousers \ss (refl.) arremangarse los pantalones \equiva ikxitetekwia \equivo ixitékwiyá \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nae Although the Ameyaltepec form pantalontetekwia manifests lexicalized short vowel reduplication, it appears that the pitch accent in Oapan pantaló:ntekwíya is not the result of a reduced reduplicant but rather of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem {tehkwiya}. Note that in the synonomous forms ikxitetekwia (Am) and ixitékwiyá the Ameyaltepec form also manifests reduplication while the Oapan form does not (as evidenced by the lack of lengthening on the short vowel of the incorporated noun ixi-). The pitch accent in ixitékwiyá is also the result of the underlying {h} in the verbal stem. \pqry Check all VL for Am and Oa here and in all words with /pantalon/. \ref 05465 \lxa pa:ntalontetekwixtok \lxac pa:ntalontetekwixtok \lxo pantaló:ntekwíxtok \lxoc pantaló:ntekwíxtok \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Stat \com N-Stat \der *V1-Stat \aff Reduced rdp-s(prev-s) \infv Durative \pa yes-lex \se to be with ones trousers rolled up \ss estar con los pantalones enrollados y subidos \pna Niktetemo:lti:s nopantalón, xohkó:n nipantalontetekwixtos. \pea I'm going to roll down my trousers, I won't have them rolled up like that anymore. \psa Voy a desenrollar mis pantalones, ya no los voy a tener arremangados así. \syno ixikasó:ntekwíxtok \xrb te \xrb hkwiya \nse This stative has only been documented in reduplicated form, as given in the headword. \qry Note that with /ma:tetekwia/ I have this documented as a reflexive (and possibly transitive). Since my only documented example of /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/ is the stative, check the form /pa:ntalontetekwia/ and if it is intransitive or transitive/reflexive. If the former, change Stat-x to Stat. \qry Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. \pqry Here check vowel length carefully, both dialects. I seem to have heard the first /a:/ as longest in the pronunciation of C. Flores. \grm Check /pa:ntalontetekwixtok/. If only a reflexive/transitive exists along with the stative, then add a section in the grammar on clearly transitive verbs that form a stative without any saturation of the valency or argument slots. However, this should be compared to a reflexive stative that I have documented elsewhere: /koxtok, notekwixtok/. Check to see if /nimopa:ntalontetekwixtos/ is also correct. \ref 02594 \lxa panwetsi \lxac panwetsi \lxo powetsi \lxoc powetsi \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-3a(ts) \se to arrive at the top (e.g., of a hill); to overflow (a river its banks) \ss llegar a la cima (p. ej., de un cerro); desbordarse (un río su lecho) \pna Xwel nipanwetsi, yo:nisiaw, we:i tlakaltech. \pea I can't make it to the top (in this case of a hill), it is a long steep slope. \psa No puedo llegar a la cima (en este caso de un cerro), es una larga subida muy inclinada. \pna Xtsikwi:nalti mokaba:yoh, ma panwetsi ipan tla:losto:tsi:ntli! \pea Make your horse jump so that it leaps up on that small ledge of ground! \psa ¡Haz brincar a tu caballo, que alcance subir a ese pedazo saliente de tierra! \pna Yo:panwets a:tl itik nomi:l. \pea The water (of a river) overflowed into my milpa. \psa El agua (de un río) desbordó entrando mi milpa. \pna Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:cha:ltila:na! \pea I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up! \psa No puedo llegar arriba (en este caso de una pared alta), es muy alta. ¡Estírate hacia acá para jalarme arriba! \se (fig.) to make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to become wealthy; to emerge from poverty \ss (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); salir de la pobreza; hacerse rico \pna Sana:man o:panwets. Xka:wa, melá:k tlayo:wia:ya, a:man miák iyo:lka:wa:n. \pea He got rich in a hurry. Who would have thought it, he used to really suffer, now he has a lot of animals. \psa Se hizo rico rápido. ¿Quién lo iba a creer? sufría mucho, ahora tiene muchos animales. \se to show up on the surface (e.g., pimples from a rash, foam on water, etc.) \ss manifestarse sobre la superficie (p. ej., granitos de una alergia que aparecen sobre la piel, espuma en el agua, etc.) \pna Yo:panwets tso:tso:tl, tlaxwistli. \pea Sores, boils, have appeared on my skin. \psa Granos, furúnculos salieron sobre mi piel. \pna Xkita moko:n! Yo:panwets ipoposokio, xkii:xtlakukwi:li:ki. \pea Take a look at your pot! It's foam has risen to the surface, come and skim it off the top! \psa ¡Ve tu olla! su espuma ya salió a la superficie, ¡ven a espumarlo (esto es, el líquido que está adentro)! \pna Yo:panwets ipoposokio a:tepe:ya:tl. \pea Foam has formed on the top of the torrent of water. \psa Espuma salió por la superficie de este torrente de agua. \se (often with an intraverse directional) to come up (a seedling); to come out or break the surface; to appear on the surface (sth from underwater or underground) \ss (a menudo con una direccional intraversa) brotar o germinar (una semilla saliendo a la superficie de la tierra); salir a flote (algo que aparece en la superficie del agua o la tierra) \pna Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kemech ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko. \pea The corn plants have not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface. \psa Las plantas de maíz no han salido, apenas van a germinar, (sin embargo) algunos ya salieron a la superficie. \pna Xmotlalo, xma:tlakali! Xkita ke:n miák michin yo:panwetsikon (=yo:panwetskeh)! \pea Run, throw yourself into the water! Look how many fish have come to the surface (after having used a máquina to fish, stunning them so they float to the surface)! \psa ¡Corre, aviéntate al agua! ¡Ve que tantos peces ya salieron a la superficie (p. ej., después de usar una "máquina" para pescar, dejándo a los peces aturdidos)! \pna Yo:panwets noara:doh, xok tla:laki, melá:k chika:wak tla:hli. \pea My plow has come up to the surface, it's no longer (going along) in the earth, the ground is really hard. \psa Salió mi arado por la superficie, ya no va dentro de la tierra, el suelo es de veras muy duro. \pna Xkitati, yo:polak! Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes! Ka, yo:panwetsiko. \pea Take a look, he's gone underwater! Maybe he's drowned! No, he's come up to the surface. \psa ¡Ve, ya se metió abajo del agua! A lo mejor se ahogó! No, ya salió a flote. \xrb -pan; wetsi \xvca panwetsi:tia \xvca panwetsi:ltia \xvco powetsi:tia \xvco powetsi:ltia \grm Future; copula; modal Note the use of the future copula with a perfective formation to indicate doubt: /Kas yo:a:mi:mik yes!/ \grm Directional: /Xwel nipanwetsi, ke:n tlakpak. Xne:chwa:ltila:na!/ 'I can't make it to the top (in this case of a high wall), it's really high. Reach down and pull me up!' In this example the /wa:l-/ indicates that the action is taking place toward a deictic reference point, but does not involve subject movement. The action that occurs is that of the A (already at the top of the wall) reaching toward the O (also down to the ground) and pulling him up to the top of the wall. Note another use of directionals; here intraverse directionals to indicate the piercing of a plane, and the passing from one side to another. Cf. /Xewa:lpanwetsi mi:hli, kimich ixwa, seki o:panwetsiko/ 'The corn plants have not sprouted yet, they are about to, (yet) some have broken through the surface.' Here the maize plants break the surface of the ground, as the seedlings come up. This same use of directionals is found in /chichipini/, /peti/, etc. It is very obvious is sth like /pilkatok/ 'to be hanging down' vs. /wa:lpilkatok/ 'to be hanging down through.' Nevertheless, perhaps it will be good to further explore the difference between /o:panwetsiko/ and /o:panwets/. \grm Oapan phonology: Note that in /powetsi/ apparently the etymology is /pon/ with loss of /n/. This loss of /n/ is not uncommon in Oapan. \ref 04322 \lxa panwetsi:ltia \lxac kipanwetsi:ltia \lxo powetsi:ltia \lxoc kipowetsi:ltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to bring to the top; extract (by bringing to the top) \ss hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner arriba) \pna Kipanwetsi:ltia a:tl, kontila:na itik po:soh. \pea He brings the water to the top (as he draws water from the well), he pulls it up from the inside of the well. \psa Sube el agua hasta arriba (al sacar agua del pozo), lo jala desde adentro del pozo. \pna A:man ma kalaki oksé para kipanwetsi:lti:s un tla:hli! \pea Now let another person get in (in this case to a trench being dug) so that he can take out the soil (pitching it up to the ground)! \psa Ahora que entre otra persona (en este caso en una zanja que se está excavando), para que pueda sacar la tierra (echándola con la pala hacia la superficie). \equiva panwetsi:tia \equivo powetsi:tia \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \nae The first vowel of Oapan powetsi:ltia is between an /o/ and /u/. Florencia Marcelino's pronunciation [o] is somewhat lower and further back than that of her husband Inocencio Jiménez [u]. Nevertheless, it has been transribed as /u/. \qry Apparently /panwetsi:ltia/ and /panwetsi:tia/ are equivalent, though this needs to be thoroughly checked. \ref 04093 \lxa panwetsi:tia \lxac kipanwetsi:tia \lxo powetsi:tia \lxoc kipowetsi:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \se to bring to the top; to extract (by bringing to the top) \ss hacer que llegue arriba; sacar (al poner o llevar arriba) \se (fig.) to help (sb) make it to the top (in terms of wealth, professional standing, etc.); to enrich; to take out of poverty \ss (fig.) llegar a la cima (en cuanto a riqueza, posición profesional, etc.); enriquecer; sacar de la pobreza \pna O:ne:chpanwetsi:tih un í:dolos, miák o:hne:xtika. Xka:wa, ke:n nitlayo:wia:ya. \pea The prehispanic figurines made me rich, I found a lot of them. You wouldn't believe it, I used to be poor. \psa Las figuras prehispánicas me hicieron rico, encontré muchos. No es para creer, pero antes estaba muy pobre. \equiva panwetsi:tia \equiva panwetsi:ltia \equivo powetsi:ltia \xrb pan \xrb wetsi \xvba panwetsi \xvbo powetsi \qry Cf. /panwetsi:ltia/ and check for equivalence or lack of between the two causative forms. \pqry Note raising of back vowel to [u]. In general include this in a description of the phonology/phonetics of Nahuatl; orthographically I think that /o/ should be written, to facilitate interdialect communication through written material. \ref 04959 \lxa papachka \lxac papachka \lxo papachka \lxoc papachka \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-s* \infv class-4a \se to seep or filter through (particularly water, e.g., slowly from a well or spring) \ss filtrar o transminar (particularmente auga, p. ej., al manar muy lentamente de un manantial) \pna San papachkatok, xmelá:k me:ya. \pea It's just seeping through (in this case water from a well in the earth), it's not really springing forth. \psa Solamente se está transminando (en este caso agua en un pozo), no está manando de a de veras. \se to sweat profusely \ss sudar profusamente \pna Sa: papachkatok, to:nalmiki. \pea He's sweating a lot, he's hot. \psa Está sudando mucho, tiene calor. \dis ito:nia \xrb pachka \qry Check etymology and derivation process of this verb /papachka/. Cf. /pa:tska/ and check vowel length of this latter verb which, I believe, has a long vowel. The phonological shape /-Cka/ is interesting. Note again that Tetelcingo has "transmina." In regard to the phrase /sa: papachkatok/ check meaning. /sa:/ usually refers to a reduced state, so this state of sweating might be because of some illness or "reduced" state of health. \ref 04723 \lxa pa:pah \lxac pa:pah \lxo pa:pah \lxoc pa:pah \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-bb \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se tortilla \ss tortilla \pna Ma tihkwa:ka:n se: topa:pah! \pea Let's eat one or our tortillas! \psa ¡Vamos a comer una de nuestras tortillas! \sem baby \nse The etymology of pa:pah is uncertain, but is also found in other dialects. The term is used mostly in talking to babies during feeding. \qry Gram 1984-10-16.1 \ref 04216 \lxa papa:ka \lxaa pupa:ka \lxac kipupa:ka \lxo pápá:ka \lxocpend kí:pá:ka \dt 27/Jun/2003 \psm V2 \der \se see pa:ka \ss véase pa:ka \xrb pa:ka \ref 07975 \lxa papa:kiltia \lxaa pupa:kiltia \lxac kitlapupa:kiltia \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm V3 \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 07797 \lxa pa:pali:noh \lxac pa:pali:noh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan padrino \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \sea godfather (from baptism, confirmation, or medida) \ssa padrino (de bautismo, confirmación, o medida) \sem kin \syno ta:tah \sem kin \nse Besides its use as a vocative, this term can also be possessed and used in reference, although as a possessed term with a reference of 'godfather' kompa:ltah is perhaps more common than pa:pali:noh. In Oapan the term pa:pali:noh is not used. Occasionally some people address there godfather with the same address term as for father: ta:tah. \qry Check for list of relations addressed with this term, i.e., who one considers ones "padrino." \ref 01359 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tl \lxac pa:pa:lo:tl \lxo pa:pa:lo:tl \lxoc pa:pa:lo:tl \dt 13/Jul/2002 \psm N \der N-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \se generic term for butterfly \ss nombre genérico para mariposa \se generic term for moths (particularly those that fly around lights at night) \ss nombre genérico para polilla (particularmente las que vuelan por las luces durante la noche) \se (intrinsic possession) bugs of (e.g., i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli, 'the moths or bugs that get into maize') \ss (posesión intrínseca) polilla de (p. ej., i:pa:pa:lo:yo tlayo:hli, la polilla del maíz) \sem animal \sem insect \cfa pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \xrb pa:lo: \qry Check to see if there are any specific types of butterflies, or if there is a way to distinguish to which the word, in a particular instance, is referring to. The diminutive is used to refer to moths. \ref 03455 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \lxac pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 20/May/2002 \psm N \der N-complex \sea generic term for the small bugs that develop in stored maize \ssa nombre genérico para los pequeños insectos que salen del maíz almacenado \pna Pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli, kwa:k tiktlapowa nokweskon, ki:san. \pea The insects known as pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli, when you open your granary, they come out. \psa Los insectos conocidos como pa:pa:lo:tl de tlayo:hli, cuando abres tu troje, salen. \sem animal \sem insect \syno tlayo:lpa:pa:lo:tl \xrb pa:lo: \xrb o:ya \ref 07550 \lxa pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxac pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxo pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \lxoc pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-tsi:ntli \aff Lex. rdp-l \infn N1 \seao moth \ssao palomilla o mariposa de la luz \seao term used generically for any very small flying insect not specifically named \ssao término utilizado genericamente para referirse a cualquier insecto que vuela que no tiene nombre propio \xrb pa:lo: \nse The diminutive pa:pa:lo:tsi:ntli has been given a separate entry from pa:pa:lo:tl based on semantic considerations: it is used to denote small flying insects such as moths or other bugs and not small butterflies per se. In particular, it is used to refer to small unnamed insects that fly around things, such as those that get into corn, or which fly around lights at night. \mod Make sure that an account of pluralization of /tsi:n/ and /tsi:ntli/ nouns is in the grammar. \ref 00438 \lxa pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxac pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxo pa:pa:lo:yoh \lxoc pa:pa:lo:yoh \dt 12/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \seo to have a lot full of poorly formed seeds (squash seeds) \sso tener muchas semillas mal formadas (semilla de calabaza) \xrb pa:lo: \nse The term pa:pa:lo:yoh is used for a large quantity of squash seeds in which many are poorly formed. Apparently this is because when the seeds are tossed around (nó:tselówa) to remove the chaff, the lighter, poorly formed seeds fly off like butterflies. \ref 06446 \lxa pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxac pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxo pa:pa:lo:yowa \lxoc pa:pa:lo:yowa \dt 14/Jul/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Trans \infv class-4a \seo to become full of moths (e.g., maize stored in a granary) \sso llenarse de polilla (p. ej., maíz guardado en una troje) \xrb pa:lo: \ref 06239 \lxa pa:pankwi \lxac kipa:pankwi \lxo pa:pankwi \lxoc kipa:pankwi \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4a \se to pick over (sth, taking only what one wants); to do (a job) in bits and pieces or partially \ss rebuscar en (algo, para encontrar lo que uno quiere); hacer (un trabajo) poco a poco o parcialmente \pna San kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki. \pea He just picks out things here and there, he gives you what he wants to. \psa Solamente escoge de aquí y de allá, te da lo que quiere. \pna Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san kipa:pankwi. \pea He doesn't tell him what they told him, he just tells bits and pieces (i.e., chosing to tell only what he wishes). \psa No le dice lo que le dijeron, solamente revela partes escogidas. \se to do crassly or carelessly only hitting the right spots far apart (not paying the proper attention, e.g., in plowing a field and leaving the furrows spaced wide apart, in grinding nixtamal coarsely, pushing the mano de metate down on the nixtamal only at points spread wide apart) \ss hacer burdamente y sin cuidado atinándole muy de vez en cuando (no prestando la atención adecuada o apropiada, p. ej., en arar un terreno dejando los surcos muy abiertos, en moler maíz toscamente, colocando la mano de metate en puntos muy abiertos sobre el nixtamal) \pna San kipa:pankwi, totoma:wak un surkos. \pea He just plows the land crassly, the furrows are spaced far apart. \psa Solamente ara el terreno toscamente, los surcos están muy esparcidos. \pna San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik. \pea She just coarsely grinds the nixtamal. It's not finely ground, it's coarse. \psa Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No está bien molido, está muy gruesa. \equiva pa:pankwia \xrb -pan; kwi \nse Pa:pankwi and pa:pankwia have only been documented in reduplicated form with a long vowel. In general this verb refers to performing an action that consists, literally or figuratively, in coming down on some object at points widely dispersed. This is the unifying theme between actions such as picking and choosing what to tell or what to sell, and performing an action such as plowing and grinding at points far apart on the surface of the material (earth or nixtamal) being affected. In reference to grinding nixtamal, pa:pankwi refers to grinding with a metlapile in large, spaced out motions, grinding the nixtamal first in one place and then placing the metlapile down quite a bit above the original place, so that the dough remains coarse. And in the phrase Xkihlia tli:n o:kihlikeh, san kipa:pankwi the reference is to a situation in which a messenger is told to communicate something but then delivers only part of the message, telling perhaps only the part he wishes to. Or finally, in the phrase san kipa:pankwi, mitsmaka tli:n kineki the situation might be that someone has asked another to borrow wood and the potential lender picks through the pile just taking out the pieces he wants to give. \qry Check for short vowel reduplication /papankwi/ or no reduplication at all (pankwi). \pqry This is an excellent example of long vowel reduplication. A quick measure shows that the first two vowels are 143:66 and 141:68 for Florencia Marcelino, and 110:64 and 101:50 for Inocencio Jiménez. \ref 04630 \lxa pa:pankwia \lxac kipa:pankwia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-2a \sea see pa:pankwi \ssa véase pa:pankwi \equivao pa:pankwi \xrb kwi \xrl -pan \nse Pa:pankwia has been documented in Ameyaltepec. It is equivalent to, but much less common than, pa:pankwi. In fact it might be determined that this is an error and that the record should be eliminated. \qry This entry might be an error. Check! \ref 00705 \lxa papantalo:ntsi:n \lxac papantalo:ntsi:n \lxo pápantaló:ntsi:n \lxocpend pápantaló:ntsi:n \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan pantalón \psm N \der N-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \sea Passiflora sp. L., spectacularly flowering vine of the Passifloraceae family so called because of the shape of its leaves (which are like small pairs of trousers) \ssa Passiflora sp. L., bejuco pequeño de la familia Passifloraceae con flores espectaculares, así llamado por la forma de sus hojas (que son como pantalones de hombre) \sem plant \sem xiwtli \equiva mama:xtlatsi:n \equiva kakaltso:ntsi:n \equivo kákasó:ntsi:n \nct xiwtli \ref 07695 \lxa pa:pa:ntsi:n \lxac pa:pa:ntsi:n \lxo ---- \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \infn N1 \sea ear of maize that remained small, poorly formed, and immature (in reference to an ear still on the stalk, or even already cooked) \ssa elote que quedó mal formado, pequeño e inmaduro (en referencia a un elote todavía sobre la planta o hasta cuando ya se coció) \pna Pa:pa:ntsi:n, xo:chika:w, kwe:xtik itlayo:ltsitsi:wa:n. Pero wel nokwepa de ye:lo:tl, kikxitian itik ko:ntli. \pea It is a small, poorly formed ear of maize, it did not mature, its kernels are small. But it can become an elote, they are cooking it in a pot. \psa Es un elote mal formado y pequeño, no maduró, sus granos son pequeños. Pero se puede volver elote, lo están cociendo en una olla. \pna Papa:ntsi:n pa:mpa o:kitlakal yeyekatl kwa:k ye:lo:tl katka. Xo:chika:w. \pea It is a poorly formed immature ear of corn because the wind knocked it to the ground when it was just an elote. It didn't get fully ripe. \psa Es un elote mal formado e inmaduro porque el viento lo tiró al suelo cuando era solamente un elote (esto es, antes de que madurara). No maduró bien. \equivo sempa:pa:ntsi:n \xrb pa:n \nse Because the kernels of the pa:pa:ntsi:n are small, it is not shelled. Often pa:pa:ntsi:n are given whole to pigs to eat. However, they are sometimes cooked in boiling water and the kernels become like those of an elote. Note that pa:pa:ntsi:n refers to these ears of corn both before and after they are cooked. The etymology of this word is unclear, perhaps its root is related to that found in pa:ya:ni. \qry Check vowel length. \ref 03712 \lxa pa:pastiw \lxac pa:pastiw \lxo pa:pastiw \lxoc pa:pastiw \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \inc V1-asp \der V1-b \aff Lex. rdp-l \se to go along walking in small and uneven steps (like a drunk or a child just learning to walk) \ss caminar en pasos pequeños y poco seguros (como un borracho o un niño apenas aprendiendo a caminar) \pna Sa: pa:pastiw, yo:tla:wa:n. \pea He is just going along with small, uneven steps, he's gotten drunk. \psa Ya no más anda con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya se emborrachó. \pna Sa: pa:pastiw, xe ma:s wel nenemi. \pea He is just going along with small uneven steps, he still hasn't learned to walk. \psa Va no más en pequeños e inseguros pasos, todavía no sabe caminar. \xrb pas \nae Pa:pastiw has only been documented with the aspectual ending -tiw, or related inflectional forms. The etymology and underlying stem is not clear. Complicating the matter is the fact that with the phonological rule in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl affecting affricates, it is not clear whether the /s/ in pa:pastiw represents underlying {s} or {ts}. Also unclear is whether other cognate forms exist. \ref 03281 \lxa papatia \lxac kipapatia \lxo pápatiá \lxoc kí:patiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:patiá \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to patch up; to fix by replacing worn out areas or parts; to touch up (e.g., large areas, such as walls, by painting the parts that need it) \ss remendar; arreglar al reponer o remplazar las partes desgastadas; retocar (áreas grandes como paredes, p. ej., al pintar los lugares que lo necesitan) \pna Nikpapati:s nokal, yo:isoliw, yo:kokoyo:n, kalaki a:tl. \pea I will patch up (the roof of) my house, it's gotten worn out, it has holes in it, water gets in. \psa Voy a reparar (el techo de) mi casa, ya se hizo viejo, se agujereó en varios lugares, entra el agua. \pna Kipapatia, xkipatla nochi. \pea He patches it up (in places that are worn), he doesn't replace it all (e.g., a palm roof). \psa Le remienda en partes (donde está gastado), no lo cambia todo. \pna Nikpapati:s deke o:xi:pe:w. \pea I'll touch it up (with paint) if it's peeled. \psa Lo voy a retocar (con pintura) en caso de que se desconchó. \xrb pa \xvaa papatilia \xvao pápatília \nse Papatia (Am; pápatiá (Oa)) refers to replacing or changing the worn out sections of any material object: the palm roof of a house, the worn out threads of a a sack that has had some threads break and come apart, leaving an opening, or the peeled off parts of a wall with whitewash or paint. \nae Apparently the stem for papatia (Am) is not found in nonreduplicated form (i.e., *patia does not exist in this sense). However, the root of papatia, a reduplicated form, is probably the same as that in patla 'to exchange.' Thus there would seem to be two transitive forms: patla for unreduplicated use and papatia for the reduplicated form. \nde Since this verb always seems to take a 3rd-peson object prefix, it is not found with a prefix with a long vowel. Thus the headword entry pápatiá is simply the underlying form. \ref 03741 \lxa pa:patia \lxac pa:patia \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-denom-tia \aff Lex. rdp-l \infv class-4c(tia) \sea for ones hair to form curled ringlets and small balls (a naturally occurring phenomenon of some people's hair) \ssa quedarsele el cabello enroscado en pequeñas bolitas (algo que ocurre naturalmente) \xrb pa:pa \ref 07987 \lxa papatilia \lxac kipapatilia \lxo pápatília \lxoc kí:patília \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ca \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): kí:patília \infv class-2a \pa yes-rdp \se to patch up or fix (sth that has identical parts that need replacing, such as the thatching a house, or the wornout threads of a hammock, etc.) para \ss remender o arreglar (algo [OS] que tiene partes que se necesitan remplazar como el techo de palma de una casa o los hilos desgastados de una hamaca, etc.) \pna Nikpapatili:s i:n o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik. \pea I'll replace some of the worn out parts of this o:lo:tetl for him, the olotes are they are no longer even, some are short. \psa Voy a remplazar algunos de los olotes de este o:lo:tetl para él, ya no están parejos, algunos se quedan cortos. \xrb pa \xvba papatia \xvbo pápatiá \fl papatia \nse This verb has only been documented in reduplicated form; see papatia (Am) / pápatiá. It appears that the object of the applicative is the human benefactive, however, this needs to be checked (the primary object might perhaps be also the object that has its parts replaced). \ref 05758 \lxa papa:toh \lxac papa:toh \lxo ---- \dt 29/Jun/2002 \loan pato \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan \aff Lex. rdp-s \sea to be barely able to walk (perhaps from stiff legs, from drunkenness, etc.) \ssa estar apenas capaz de caminar (quizá a causa de piernes tiesas y adoloridas, por estar borracho, etc.) \apa papa:totik \nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, pa:toh. \qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck). \ref 04827 \lxa papa:toti \lxac papa:toti \lxo ---- \dt 10/Dec/2003 \loan pato \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Lex. rdp-s; Op. prefix te- \infv class-3d(ti) \sea to walk unsteadily and unevenly; to wobble along \ssa caminar tambaleándose y inseguramente \pna Tepapa:toti, xok nenemi ke:n tla:katl. \pea He walks wobbly and unsteadily, he can't walk like a man anymore. \psa Camina inseguramente, tambaleándose, ya no puede caminar como hombre. \qry Probably derived from Spanish "pato" although this should be checked. Determine if there is an /h/, e.g., in Tetelcingo or Oapan. \ref 03492 \lxa papa:totik \lxac papa:totik \lxo pápa:tótik \lxoc pápa:tótik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \loan pato \psm Adj(ap) \der Adj-loan \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): ní:pa:tótik; Op. prefix te- \pa yes-rdp \se to be barely able to walk well, only slowly and in seemingly painful steps (e.g., sb old, a drunk, etc.) \ss apenas poder caminar bien, solamente despacio y, aparentemente, con dolor (p. ej., algn viejo, un borracho, etc.) \pna Sa: tepapa:totik, xok wel nenemi, ye we:wentsi:n. \pea He is just barely able to walk (with slow, deliberate steps), he can't walk anymore, he's already an old man. \psa Ya camina con pasos pequeños e inseguros, ya no puede caminar (bien), ya es viejo. \apa papa:toh \nse The reduplication seems to indicate a metaphoric extension of the base noun, pa:toh. \qry Check for final /h/; should this be /papato/? My original card had /papa:to/, but I have temporarily changed this to /papa:toh/, pending clarification. Also redetermine etymology; is this really a borrowing from Sp. pato (duck). \qry Determine the potential subjects: are these old people, do they include drunks, etc. \ref 05369 \lxa pa:patla \lxac pa:patla \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm N \der N-ap \infn N1 \aff Lex. rdp-l \sea type of edible plant of the Asteraceae family, still not identified \ssa tipo de planta comestible de la familia Asteraceae todavía no identificada \sem plant \sem edible \syno pá:paloh \syno tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \xrb patla: \nse The etymology of pa:patla is uncertain, but it seems to be an apocapated and reduplicated form of the root patla:. One consultant identified the Spanish name for this plant as pápalo.. Another consultant mentioned that it is called xoxolin in Ahuehuepan. This has not been confirmed. Florencia Marcelino gave the name of this as pá:paloh, which she and her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, stated was Spanish. Silvestre Pantaleón identified it later, during botanical fieldwork, as tsómakíhli de té:sokoyá:k \cpl Schoenhals (1988) has an entry for pápaloquelite: (Porophyllum spp., e.g., P. coloratum) 'odora' Aromatic and edible herb which is also used medicinally for rheumatism and other ailments. Also called hierba del venado." FK identifies this, based on Tetelcingo, Morelos, as quequesque. Schoenhals has quequexte: "(Xanthosoma spp. e.g., X. robustom 'elephant ears', 'yautia' Gigantic leaves of up to two meters across which are used as umbrellas. The milky sap can coagulate the latex of the rubber tree. Also called capote, hoja elegante, mafafa, tarabundí". However, from the fact that this is an edible plant, probably the identification with Porophyllum is correct. Ramírez (1991) has for pa:patla the Spanish pápalo, with no further identification. \nct xiwtli \ref 07604 \lxa papatlaka \lxac papatlaka \lxo papatlaka \lxoc papatlaka \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \infv class-4a \se to flap repeatedly (e.g., from the wind or from the movement of the subject); to make a noise of flapping and rustling \ss revoltear o aletear repetidamente (p. ej., por el viento, por el movimiento del sujeto); hacer el sonido de un revolteo \pna Melá:k papatlakatiw nokoto:n pa:mpa nimotlalotiw. \pea My shirt is really flapping around because I am running along. \psa Mi camisa se va revolteando mucho porque voy corriendo. \pna Tlapapatlaka. \pea There is a fluttering sound all over (e.g., of wings as many birds take flight at the same moment). \psa Hay un sonido de revolteo por todos lados (p. ej., de alas cuando muchos pájaros toman vuelo al mismo tiempo). \xrb patla: \xvnao patla:ni \nae In Oapan one can reduce the reduplication of the impersonal: ta tla:patlaka 'there's even a fluttering of wings all over.' \vl Link last two. \ref 02289 \lxa papa:ya:nemi \lxac papa:ya:nemi \lxo pápaya:némi \lxop papa:ya:nemi \lxoc pápaya:némi \dt 03/Aug/2003 \psm V1 \inc N-V1 \der V1-b \aff Op. prefix te-: tepapa:ya:nemi \infv class-3a(m) \pa yes \se to bum around (a person who doesn't want to work and just goes around looking for people who will invite him to eat) \ss holganazar (una persona que no quiere trabajar y nada más anda buscando a quien le regale comida) \se (with prefix te-) to be or wander around in a stupor (a fumigated bug) \ss (con prefijo te-) estar o andar soporífero o atarantado (un insecto fumigado) \pna Tikone:xti:s seki yo:mik wan seki sahkon tepapa:ya:nemin. \pea You'll find that some have died (e.g., fumigated bugs) and others are just in a stupor. \psa Vas a hallar que algunos (p. ej., insectos fumigados) murieron y otros nada están como atarantados. \xrb pa:ya: \xrb nemi \nae The etymology of this form is unclear as is, at this point, the vowel length. My understanding is that the pitch accent pattern in Oapan is as indicated, pápá:ya:némi. Originally, I had analyzed this as the reduplicated (short vowel reduplicant with coda {h}) form of ?pa:ya:nemi. This would account for ?pápa:ya:némi. However, it seems that there are two pitch accented syllables (pápá:ya:némi), and the vowel length is uncertain. Indeed, it seems that the Oapan form is pápáya:némi; this suggests an underlying form of {pah + pahya: + nemi}. All should be rechecked. Comparative evidence from San Juan Tetelcingo should reveal the placement of {h}. \qry Check to see if unreduplicated form exists. Recheck very carefully the stress pattern and the pitch accent sequence. \pqry The vowel length of this in particular, and all words with /papa:ya:/ should be checked. \sj The reason for what appears to be two pitch accented syllable in the Oapan form /pápá:ya:némi/ is unclear. Check the SJ form. \ref 03667 \lxa papayetsa \lxac kipapayetsa \lxo papaitsa \lxoc kipapaitsa \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-ka/tsa[freq.] \tran -Intrans \infv class-3a(ts) \se to grind up (maize) in the mouth and eat only a little, letting the rest fall to the ground (a pig that cannot eat well because it is tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol) \ss pulverizar (maíz) en la boca y comer poco, dejando lo demás caer al suelo (un marrano que no puede comer bien porque tomayoh i:pan i:kwitlaxkol) \pna San tlapapayetsa, xwel tlakwa un pitso. \pea That pig just grinds things up (in this case maize it is fed), it can't eat. \psa Ese marrano nada más pulveriza el maíz, no puede comer. \seo to tingle (e.g., the feeling given by a small insect walking on the skin of [O]; cf. Ameyaltepec pepeyotsa) \sso causar un sentir de hormiguero (p. ej., el sentimiento que causa un insecto que camina por la piel de algn; véase Ameyaltepec pepeyotsa) \xrb paya: \xvnao paya:ni \nse Papayetsa is undoubtedly a variation of the expected papayatsa; perhaps the very short /a/ simply got slightly fronted and raised. This might have been idiosyncratic to the speaker who pronounced this word when I first head it. \nae The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtik has the te- "dummy morpheme" that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \qry Check O use of /papayetsa/ C. Flores says it should be /pepeyotsa/. \pqry Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.). The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtik has the te- "dummy morpheme" that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \vl There are 4 additional tokens of this word at 5746. These should be tagged here and perhaps two of them should be chosen for the linked tokens. \grmx Oapan reduplication; phonology: The reduplication in Oapan papaitsa does not yield a pitch accented word, as would be expected in a frequentative form in which the reduplicant does not have coda {h}. But note that the adjectival té:paíxtik has the te- "dummy morpheme" that is often used to provide a short vowel onto which a reduplicant can reduce. However, it is not clear why in this case the reduplicant motivates pitch accent. This question needs to be further researched. \sj papayetsa \ref 03688 \lxa papayextik \lxac papayextik \lxo té:paíxtik \lxoc té:paíxtik \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \aff Lex. prefix te- Reduced rdp-s(prev-te) \pa yes-rdp \se to be coarsely ground (e.g., corn dough, masa, used for tortillas) \ss estar molido gruesamente (p. ej., masa para tortillas) \pna San kipa:pankwi tixtli. Xkwe:xtik, papayextik. \pea She just coarsely grinds the nextamahli. It's not finely ground, it's coarse. \psa Solamente muele burdamente el nixtamal. No está bien molido, está muy grueso. \se to be coarsely woven, with a very open weave (e.g., jute) \ss tener un tejido basto o burdo (p. ej., yute) \pna Tlake:ntli papayextik, ke:n yuteh, xkwe:xtik. \pea The cloth is like a coarse mesh, it is like yute, it isn't finely (woven). \psa La tela es burda, es como yute, no está finamente tejida. \xrb paya: \nae The etymology of papayextik is not certain, but it is apparently related to paya:na. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final verbs) is found with Classical cualaxtli from qualani and palaxtli from palani. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the elicitation forms, papaitsa is not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the reduplicant does not have a coda {h}) whereas the present entry té:paíxtik does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this variation is not clear. \pqry Check penultimate vowel /e/. Finally, check for possible intransitive: /papayaka/ or /papayeka/. For the Oapan forms, check vl as well. It appears that the length of a dipthong of vowel and glide is longer than two short vowels together because the transition from one point to the other is vocalic rather than consonantal. It will be important to determine how to measure this (cf. e.g., /pa:i/, etc.). \grmx Oapan phonology: Cf. Am /papayextik/ to Oapan /té:payítik/ and note the use of /te-/ for the reduplication. The etymology of papayextik is not certain, but it is apparently related to paya:na. A similar type of nominalization (/x/ before /-tik/ in /-ni/-final verbs) is found with Classical cualaxtli from qualani and palaxtli from palani. In the present case, however, there is an additional vowel change of /a/ to /e/. Note that at least for the elicitation forms, papaitsa is not marked by pitch accent (indicating, as would be expected in a frequentative, that the reduplicant does not have a coda {h}) whereas the present entry té:paíxtik does have pitch accent (indicating a reduplicant with a coda {h}). The reason for this variation is not clear. \ref 05658 \lxa papayoh \lxac papayoh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 08/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-denom-yoh \sea crazy; to have lost ones senses \ssa loquito; que ha perdido los estribos \equiva kwa:papayoh \cfo pápayótsí:n \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base has not been determined. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \ref 07531 \lxa papayoti \lxac papayoti \lxo pápayótí \lxoc pápayótí; tí:páyotís \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): tí:páyotís \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex; yes-deriv \seo to become crazy, having lost ones senses \sso quedar loco; habiendo perdido los estribos \equiva kwa:papayotia \xrb pahpa \nae The etymology of kwa:papayoh is not apparent, and it is classified as a denominal adjective even though the nominal base is not immediately apparent. The kwa:- element, the compositional form for 'head' and the adjectival -yoh are transparent. This leaves papa, which, like papayoh and related forms, is not attested in any of the sources examined. If it is a reduplicated root, then the unreduplicated form would be pa, which is also unattested. Nor is there a nominal form *papatl or *patl. It is conceivable that papayoh derives from a reinterpretation of pa:ya:tl, which has a similar meaning in combination (e.g., kwa:pa:ya:tl), but this interpretation also presents several problems of analysis. In sum, then, the main element of kwa:papayoh and papayoh, as well as all related derivations, needs to be examined. \mod Note that there are two forms: /payoh/ indicates craziness. In Oapan this is generally used as a verb ending in /-ti/ and perhaps other forms should be removed from the next version of the dictionary. This word should be compared to /papa:ya:tik/ which indicates foolishness. Correct all entries. \qry Check particularly for vowel length of /papayoh/, etc. \pqry For a long time I have assumed that words such as Oapan /pápayótí/ were underlyingly {pahpayohti}. However, they might be {pahpahyoti}. If this is the case, then all the root xrefs for these words should be changed from /pahpa/ to /pahpah/. Check in San Juan. Indeed, if the root is /pahpah/ this might explain the meaning as 'drugged' i.e., having been affected by /pahtli/. \grmx Oapan phonoloyg; reduplication; pitch accent: The word /pápayótí/ is interesting in that it manifests 3 pitch accented syllables in one word (predicate). Two of the pitch accents derive from underlying {h} and one from phrasal intonation. Unfortunately, it is not clear where the underlying {h} is. Certainly one is in the reduplicant: {pah}. However, the other may either be part of the verbal stem {pahyoti} from {pah} the root for medicine/poison, or it might be from the adjectival ending {yoh}. Only comparative evidence from San Juan or other villages will determine whether the underlying form is {pahpahyoti} or {pahpayohti}. The former seems, in fact, more likely. If so all root analyses for this word should be changed to {pah}. \sj pahpahyoti or pahpayohti. Check. \ref 06657 \lxa papayotik \lxac papayotik \lxo pápáyotík \lxoc pápáyotík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-tik-yoh \pa yes-lex \se to be crazy; to have lost ones senses \ss estar loco; haberse perdido los estribos \sem emotion \syna kwa:papayotik \syno kwá:papáyotík \fl kwa:papayoh \xrb pahpa \nae The pitch accent pattern for Oapan Nahuatl pápáyotík is derived from an underlying {h} closing two syllables (the third pitch accent is intonational/phrasal): {pah + payoh + tik}. \mod Note that this does not refer to 'crazy' but more to foolishness. \pqry Check for /papayoh/ as possible word (note: I have added /papayoh/ through analogy with /kwa:papayoh/, etc.) Recheck stress pattern for this Oapan word and all related ones. Cf. /tí:páyotsí:ntik/. Note that the second female token is particularly revealing for pitch accent. Moreover, the 1st and 2nd male tokens should definitely be compared. It seems possible that the first is /pápáyotík/ while the second is more like /pápayótík/. However, this needs to be carefully checked. I would tentatively state that the rightward shift in the last token is perhaps due to emphasis and semantic stress. \vl Link 2nd female token and 1st male token. \ref 04711 \lxa papayotsi:n \lxac papayotsi:n \lxo pápáyotsí:n \lxop papayotsi:n \lxoa pápayótsí:n \lxoc pápáyotsí:h; pápayótsí:h \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-tsi:n \aff Reduced rdp-s(pref): tí:páyotsí:h \infn N1 \pa yes-rdp \seo someone who is crazy; someone who has lost his senses \sso loco; persona que ha perdido los estribos \syna kwa:papayoh \xrb pahpa \qry Check for /papayotl/; however, in general this seems to be paired with /papayotik/. Check vowel length. \sj Check: either /pahpahyotsi:n/ or /pahpayohtsi:n/. If the former change to /pahpah/ , or better, /pah/ as root, with redupicant yielding /pahpah/. \nae Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in tétéyotík. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí:n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked. \qry Check for /payoh/ and /payo:tl/. Cf. my query under /wetsa/ regarding these words. Check for presence or absence of stress on first /pa-/. \grmx Pitch accent; stress reassignment. Note that /pápáyotsí:n/ has 3 high pitches on a 4 syllable (5 mora) word. Whereas apparently Florencia Marcelino (Oa) gives two identical pronunciations of /pápáyotsí:n/, her husband, Inocencio Jiménez, gives two slightly distinct forms: /pápáyotsí:n/ and /pápayótsí:n/. The location of {h} in the underlying form is not entirely clear. Probably the reduplicant has a coda {h}, and another underlying {h} closes the penultimate syllable. This would yield underlying {pah pa yoh tsi:n}. If this is the case, one would expect that the more common surface form, /pápáyotsí:n/ reflects stress readjustment in the common pattern that is also found in tétéyotík. However, it appears that in one pronunciation of Inocencio Jiménez there is no leftward shift of pitch accent off the penultimate syllable, and the surface form is left at /pápayótsí:n/. The differences are difficult to hear and an analysis and graphic representation of the fundamental frequency seems the best way to document the two forms. Nevertheless, the utterances/speech tokens should be carefully rechecked. \ref 02427 \lxa papayowa \lxac papayowa \lxo ---- \dt 14/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran -Adj; -Trans \aff Lex. rdp-s \infv class-4a \sea to become or go crazy; to lose ones senses \ssa enloquecerse; perder los estribos \equiva kwa:papayotia \equivo pápayótí \xrb pahpa \nae Although the meaning of papayowa would seem to be related to words such as pa:ya:ti and kwa:pa:ya:ti, there is no evidence of the /ya:/ syllable nor of a long vowel in the second /pa:/. Thus the etymology of papayowa remains uncertain. \qry Recheck vowel length, although this appears to be correct. Cf. to the words, with somewhat similar meaning, such as /pa:ya:ti/ or /kwa:pa:ya:ti/, etc. As always, determine transitive form /-papayo:tia/? Cf. to /kwa:papayoh/ and /kwa:papayo:tia/. \ref 06016 \lxa para \lxac \lxacpend para \lxo para \lxocpend para \dt 20/Jan/2003 \psm Conj \der Conj-loan \seao in order that; for \ssao para \seao to be for \ssao ser para \nse In Oapan and Ameyaltepec para can be used predicatively with xtlah, which is fronted: xtlah nipara 'I'm not good for anything,' / 'No soy para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence nipara xtla in which ni- is the subject preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause para xtlah ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but the fact that Nahuatl accepts such predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that the Spanish loan de can also function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec nide San Juan 'I am from San Juan.' \grm Predication: In Oapan, at least, para can be used predicatively with xtlah, which is fronted: xtlah nipara 'I'm not good for anything,' / 'No soy para nada'. The analysis of this form is not entirely clear, but it may be derived from a basic or underlying sequence nipara xtla in which ni- is the subject preclitic placed at the beginning of the clause para xtlah ('para nada'). This seems to be clearly a calque from the Spanish, but the fact that Nahuatl accepts such predicate forms is interesting and perhaps indicates a basic tendency to accept predication in a wide variety of circumstances. Note that the Spanish loan de can also function or be used in a similar vein, as in Ameyaltepec nide San Juan 'I am from San Juan.' \ref 08769 \lxa parai:soh \lxac parai:soh \lxo parai:soh \lxoc parai:soh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan paraíso \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1/2; Aln(1=2) \se Melia azederach L., domesticated tree of the Meliaceae family, noted for its flowers \ss Melia azederach L., árbol domesticado de la familia Meliaceae conocido por sus flores \sem plant \sem kohtli \cpl Schoenhals (1988) under paraíso states "1. (Melia azedarach) 'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' See lilaila." And under lilaila: "(Melia azedarach) 'chinaberry,' Indian lilac,' 'bead tree.' Originally introduced from Asia. Great clusters of lilac-like blooms. Abundant fruits the size of a cherry; stones can be used as beads. Also called granillo, hacinto, lila, paraíso, pasilla." \nct kohtli \nfc xo:chitl \ref 05892 \lxa para:kah \lxac para:kah \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \loan paraca \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of tree of the family Leguminosae, called in Spanish paraca \ssa tipo de árbol de la familia Leguminosae \pna Para:kah | Bwe:noh para ti:mbreh. Kitetsotsonan para xixi:pe:wi. Ki:sa ikakawayo, konamakan ika kosta:les ina:k kurtidó:r. \pea Para:kah : It is good for timbre. They pound it with a rock so that it peels. Its bark comes off, they go sell it in sacks to a leather worker. \psa Para:kah : Es bueno para timbre. Lo golpean con una piedra para que se pele. Sale su cáscara, la van a vender en costales a un curtidor. \sem plant \sem kohtli \nse This tree is found in the higher regions around Ameyaltepec. Thus although during fieldwork in September 2001 a small tree of this type was found by the river at A:molo:nka:n, the consultants at that time (Silvestre Pantalón, Inocencio Díaz, and Asención Marcelo) all agreed that the seed must have been washed down from the hills to the north during the rainy season. \cpl This name is common in the Nahuatl of the region, though it is a borrowing from Spanish. Ramírez (1991) gives this as of the family Leguminosae, of the genus/species Cassia sp. and, in Spanish, paraca. Guizar and Sánchez (1991) give a tree named paraca of the family Leguminosae; caesalpinioideae and the scientific name Senna (ex Cassia) skinneri. Schoenhals (1988) does not list this species, but does have several other trees of the genus Cassia. \nct kohtli \ref 02279 \lxa pare:jah \lxac pare:jah \lxo ---- \dt 10/Jan/2003 \loan pareja \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea (i:pan ~) in a race (foot or horserace) \ssa (i:pan ~) en una carrera (de pie o de caballo) \pna I:wa:n xmotla:ni ipan pare:jah! Tihkwenti:s. \pea Race against him (e.g., in a foot race, horse race, etc.)! You will beat him. \psa ¡Echate una carrera contra él (corriendo o montado sobre caballo, etc.)! Le vas a ganar. \ref 03968 \lxa pare:joh \lxac pare:joh \lxo pare:joh \lxoc pare:joh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan parejo \psm Adj(+PM) \der Adj-loan \se to be equal (in length or height) \ss ser iguales (en lo largo o lo alto) \pna Nikpapatili:s in o:lo:tetl, xok pare:jos, seki pi:pitik. \pea I will replace parts (taking out old, worn-out cobs and putting new ones in) of this o:lo:tetl, they (the cobs) are no longer even, some are small. \psa Voy a remplazar parte de este o:lo:tetl (poniendo olotes nuevos por unos que están desgastados), ya no están parejos (los olotes, en tamaño), algunos son cortitos. \se (~ + yaw in plural) to be even; to be neck and neck; to be going at the same pace; to be of the same size \ss (~ + yaw en plural) ser parejas; ser iguales; tener el mismo paso (al estar en movimiento); ser del mismo tamaño \pna Noma:xiw. Xtimotla:nin, san pare:jos tiaweh. \pea He's my equal with what he can do with his hands (or arms). We don't compete, we just go (working along) at the same pace. \psa Es mi igual con lo que puede hacer con las manos (o los brazos). No hacemos competencia, vamos trabajando al mismo ritmo. \nse Apparently as a predicate modifier with the sense of 'even; neck and neck; at the same pace; of the same size' pare:joh can be used with various verbs of motion, e.g. notlalowah. \ref 01198 \lxa parie:nteh \lxac i:parie:nteh \lxo parie:nteh \lxoc i:parie:nteh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan pariente \psm N \der N-loan \infn N0/2; Aln(0=2) \se (alienable possession) relative of \ss (posesión enajenable) pariente de \se (vocative) address term for distant relatives whose tie is not overtly coded in a specific lexeme (e.g., pri:moh) \ss (vocativo) término de dirigirse o saludo a parientes lejanos cuyas relaciones no se cubren por un término específico (p. ej., pri:moh) \pna Ka:n tiaw parie:nteh? \pea Where are you going relative? \psa ¿A dónde vas pariente? \nse An alternate way of expressing a kinship relation between two individuals is through the transitive verbal construction ke:n -ita as in yewa xke:n nikita 'I'm not related to him.' \ref 04057 \lxa Pa:skwah \lxac Pa:skwah \lxo Pa:swan \lxoa Pa:swah \lxoc Pa:swan \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan Pascua \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se Christmas \ss Natividad \pna I:pan Pa:skwah titla:wi:lo:skeh. tiktla:wi:lwi:skeh Niño Dió:s. \pea On Christmas Eve we will light candles (in the church), we will hold candles near the Child of God (in reference to the ceremony at midnight on Christmas when candles are lit in front of the Child of God in order to await the Christmas Day). \psa En la víspera de Navidad vamos a prender velas (en la iglesia), vamos a poner velas cerca del Niño Diós (en referencia a la ceremonia de medianoche cuando velas se prenden en frente del Niño Diós para esperar el día de la Natividad). \vl Note that later in the tape Florencia states that her pronunciation of /Pa:skwah/ is mistaken (the first token of the first series of 4; nevertheless, tag this mistaken pronunciation, but don't link, use other tokens). The two speakers then repeat the word correctly 4 times total. \ref 03468 \lxa pa:smoh \lxac pa:smoh \lxo ---- \dt 12/Jun/2002 \loan pasmo \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea severe infection associated with convulsions; tetanus \ssa severa infección asociada con convulsiones; tétano \sea (kasi ~) to get an infection \ssa (kasi ~) infectarse \pna O:ne:chasik pa:smoh. Ne:chkukwa nokxi. \pea I got an infection. My foot hurts me. \psa Me agarró una infección. Me duele el pie. \cfa pa:smayowa \cfo pa:smarowa \qry Check definition and further define. The definition above is taken from the Real Academia definition of 'pasmo.' Check vl in verbal forms here xref'd and change if needed. \ref 02122 \lxa pa:smoyowa \lxac pa:smoyowa \lxo pasma:rowa \lxoc pasma:rowa \dt 08/Jul/2002 \loan (Nah) pasmo \psm V1 \der V1-d-owa \infv class-4a \se to become severely infected, leading to convulsions; to get tetanus \ss infectarse severamente, causando convulsiones; tener tétano \fla pa:smoh \qry See /pa:smoh/; check definition. My original spelling had /pa:smayowa/, perhaps it should be /pa:smoyowa/. Check. \ref 05703 \lxa pasoliwi \lxac pasoliwi \lxo pásolíwi \lxoc pásolíwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. pref. te-: tepasoliwi (Am); tépasolíwi (Oa) \infv class-3a(w) \pa yes-lex \se to become tangled; to get knotted up (thread, string, etc.) \ss enredarse; enmarañado (hilo, cuerda, etc.) \pna O:tepasoliw noi:loh. \pea My string got all tangled up. \psa Se enmarañó mi hilo. \se to become disheveled and tangled (hair, particularly of women whose braids become undone, or who don't brush their hair for several days) \ss desarreglarse y despeinarse; enredarse (pelo, particularmente de mujeres a quienes se le desatan las trenzas o quienes no cepillan su cabello por varios días) \pna O:pasoliw itson un suwa:tl, o:pe:w xixi:kopi:ni. Xnotsonchichi:hka:yoh, kwa:tepasol. \pea That woman's hair is a mess, it's started to come undone (where it was tied or braided). She doesn't have her hair fixed (e.g., its been 2 or 3 days since she's combed and arranged it), it's disheveled. \psa Esa mujer tiene el cabello todo despeinado, se empezó a desatar (las trenzas o donde estaba amarrado). No tiene el pelo arreglado (esto es, ya pasaron dos o tres días que no se arregla el pelo), está todo despeinada. \pna O:pasoliw itson, xnotsonchichi:wa. \pea Her hair has become disheveled, she doesn't do her hair (i.e., by combing or braiding it). \psa Está desarreglado su pelo, no se arregla el cabello (esto es, al cepillarlo o ponerlo en trenzas). \se to annoy or bother one another (several people in close proximity over long periods of time) \ss molestarse unos con otros (varias personas que están encimadas por un largo tiempo) \pna Yo:pe:w pasoliwin. Xka:wa, xkaman nokwala:nia:yan. \pea They've started to annoy each other (e.g., people in one household). You'd never have thought it, they never used to get angry with each other. \psa Ya empezaron a molestarse (p. ej., varias personas en una sola casa). No se hubiera pensado, no solían enojarse antes. \se to get mixed up (in a task one is performing); to get sidetracked; to stop progressing in a certain direction or manner (e.g., for a person or a plant to stop growing) \ss confundirse (en la realización de una tarea); distraerse; desviarse (de una dirección en que va; p. ej., una planta que deja de crecer) \pna Ikwa:k tlakwa kwilin, pe:wa pasoliwi mi:hli, xok tla:ki. \pea When worms start to eat, the corn plants begin to stop growing, they don't produce a yield. \psa Cuando empiezan a comer los gusanos, el maíz empieza a dejar de crecer, ya no rinde. \xrb pahsol \qry Determine precise meaning of /pasoliwi/ when referring to plants, to what plants this can refer. My first understanding was that /pasoliwi/ was used here because it referred to the leaves become meshed and tangled together. But on reflection the use of /pasoliwi/ seems to refer to a process becoming metaphorically "entangled," i.e., stopped, to become sidetracked in a particular task. Check phrases like /yo:pe:w pasoliwin/ 'they've started to annoy each other' and check whether /yo:pe:w nopasolowan/ would be more "accurate." Certainly the use of the intransitive here seems unusual. Also check dif. between /pasoliwi/, /papasoliwi/ and /tepasoliwi/, etc. \ref 02219 \lxa pasoliwtok \lxac pasoliwtok \lxo pásolíhtok \lxoc pásolíhtok \dt 11/Apr/2003 \psm Stat \der V1-Stat \infv Durative \aff Op. prefix te- \pa yes \se to be tangled; to be knotted up (string, cord) \ss estar enredado; estar emmarañado (hilo, cuerda, pelo, etc.) \se to be disheveled (hair) \ss estar desarreglado; estar enmarañado (cabello) \se to be jumbled or mixed up together; to be a mess (e.g., dried corn husks lying on the ground) \ss estar revuelta; estar hecho un revoltijo (p. ej., hojas secas de la mazorca tiradas por el suelo) \xrb pahsol \qry Note meaning of 'all jumbled together' (apparently things lying on the ground in a mess) and check, e.g., can this be applied to clothes, ropes, etc. Check whether /pasoliwtok/ and /tepasoliwtok/ are different. \mod Change or insert Durative for all statives. \ref 04546 \lxa pasolowa \lxac kipasolowa \lxo 'pasolówa \lxop pasolowa \lxoc kipásolówa, kípasolówa \dt 30/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \pa yes-lex \se to confuse; to sidetrack; to bother (e.g., in terms of hindering the performance of a task or the completion of an action) \ss confundir; desviar; molestar (p. ej., en cuanto a estorbar la realización de una tarea o la terminación de una acción) \pna Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia. \pea The loud music bothers me, I can't think. \psa La música fuerte me molesta, no puedo pensar. \se to get in the way of (physically blocking a path); to block (e.g., the vision or sight line of sb) \ss estorbar (p. ej., la vía en que va uno, o la vista de algn) \pna Ne:chpasolowa i:n. Xkekwani! \pea This thing gets in my way (e.g., bothers me, blocks my view, etc.). Move it! \psa Esta cosa me estorba (p. ej., no me deja ver, lo me permite ir donde quiero ). ¡Quítalo! \se (with prefix te-) to entangle (threads, hair, etc.) \ss (con prefijo te-) enredar; enmarañar (hilos, cuerdas, pelo, etc.) \se (with prefix te-) to make a mess of; to scatter all around \ss (con prefijo te-) desarreglar; desparramar; dejar en desorden \pna Yo:kipasoloh yeyekatl un monto:nes de wistli. \pea The wind has already made a mess of the piles of cleared thorn bushes. \psa El viento ya hizo todo un desorden de los montones de espinas. \pna Yo:kimpasoloka itlake:n. \pea He had made a mess of his clothes (e.g., leaving them scattered about). \psa Había dejado su ropa en un desorden (p. ej., dejando todo tirado). \xrb pahsol \qry The following phrase /Ne:chpasolowa ke:n chika:wak tlatsotsona, xwel nitlanemilia/ was thought up by me during the data entry phrase to illustrate a particular meaning; check and correct if necessary. Make sure that it is correct, change if necessary. \vl Check p-a pattern for Oapan Nahuatl. In my entry found upon review there was no p-a market, but their probably is some pitch-accent that should be expressed or registered in the lexicon. \ref 01592 \lxa pasoltik \lxac pasoltik \lxo pásoltík \lxoc pásoltík \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \pa yes-lex \se to be tangled up (e.g., thread, yarn, string, hair, branches, etc.) \ss estar enmarañado (p. ej., hilo, estambre, cuerda, pelo, ramas, etc.) \se to be scattered about without order; in a mess (e.g., branches, clothes, etc. lying tangled up on the ground) \ss estar hecho un desorden (p. ej., cosas tiradas y enredadas por el suelo) \xrb pahsol \qry Check use of /te-/, ?tepasoltik. With this and other words classified as Adj-part-wi-tik check possibility of /tla-/ prefix: ?tlapasoltik. Or perhaps ?tlapasoltihka:n. Again, check for all Adj-part-wi-tik. \ref 02980 \lxa pa:stik \lxac pa:stik \lxo pa:stik \lxoc pa:stik \dt 09/Jan/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be wet; to be moist \ss estar húmedo; estar mojado \pna Ok nipa:stik. \pea I've still wet (e.g, haven't dried off from the rain). \psa Todavía estoy mojado (p. ej., todavía no me he secado bien de la lluvia). \se to be fresh (meat in a marketplace) \ss estar fresca (carne en el mercado) \pna Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man ika o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh (=o:temotso:lihkeh). \pea When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up. \psa Cuando estaba fresca la(s tiras de) carne, eran largas. Ahora por haberlas puestas a secar en el sol, se encogieron. \se to be green; to not be dried (grains such as beans, firewood, etc.) \ss estar verde; no estar seco (granos como frijoles, leña, etc.) \pna Pa:stik yetl, xe wa:ki. \pea The beans are still fresh, they haven't yet dried. \psa Los frijoles están verdes, todavía no se secan. \xrb pa:ts \grm Number agreement: /Kwa:k pa:stik katka un nakatl, we:weyak katka. A:man i:ka o:tikto:naya:nwikeh, o:tso:lihkeh (=o:temotso:lihkeh)./ 'When the (strips of) meat were fresh they were long. Now that they've placed them in the sun to dry, they've shrunken up.' Note the variation in number agreement. The first phrase is in the singular and there is no evidence of plurality until the second phrase, in the adjective /we:weyak/. Thus there is disagreement between the subject of the verb /pa:stik/ and the adjective. It appears from this (and from other evidence) that adjectives are the most prone to showing number, particularly through reduplication. The second sentence shows a singular object on /o:tikto:naya:nwikeh/ and a plural subject of /o:tso:lihkeh/. Clearly the reference in both cases is the same. This and other examples (e.g. /nikpia o:me nokone:wan/ suggest that plural object marking is the least likely to show up in the case of plural referents, particularly if these referents are several tokens of a type. \ref 01810 \lxa Pasto:res \lxac Pasto:res \lxo Pasto:ra:s \lxoc Pasto:ra:s \dt 20/May/2002 \loan pastor \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \se little girls who dress up as shepherds during the Christmas season and carry a ka:ka:xtli on their backs \ss niñas que se visten como pastoras durante las fiestas navideñas y llevan un ka:ka:xtli a cuestas \ilustmp Make illustration. \ref 04365 \lxa pata:dah koyo:teh \lxac pata:dah koyo:teh \lxo ---- \lxocpend ---- \dt 24/Jun/2002 \loan patada coyote \psm N \der N-loan \sea type of children's game played in Ameyaltepec, still not described \ssa tipo de juego de niños en Ameyaltepec, todavía no descrito \ref 07917 \lxa pati \lxac pati \lxo pátí \lxoc pátí \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-4a \irregv In Ameyaltepec this verb is a class 3d(ti) verb, with loss of final vowel in the perfective o:pat but maintenance in the progresive patitok, as in Oapan. See also we:weti. \pa yes-lex \se to get better, to recover ones health \ss aliviarse, recuperarse; convalecer \pna Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n. \pea He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better. \psa Estaba enfermo, ahora poco a poco ya empezó a convalecer, ya está un poquito mejor. \xrb pah \nae The phonological rule eliminating surface /h/ in Ameyaltepec Nahuatl (i.e., {pahti} > /pati/) has affected the verbal class of this verb by feeding the rule for perfective (short) stem formation. Given that after {h} deletion the final sequence of the verb is no longer CCV, the perfective (short) stem is formed by simply deleting the final vowel: o:pat 'he got better' (Am). In Oapan, however, the deletion is "not complete" in the sense that it creates a pitch accent on the syllable nucleus. This apparently prevents stem shortening and the Oapan perfective (short) stem is ó:patík. The dialect in both communities uses the lexical stem for the durative and aspectual forms: patitok, patitiw (Am) and pátitók, pátitíw (Oa). \qry Check for other meanings of /pati/. \grm Diminutive with verbs: /Kwalowa:ya, a:man yo:pe:w pa:pa:ki, ye patitsi:n/ 'He used to be ill, now bit by bit he's started to recover, he's a little better.' Note that this verb is one of the few (cf. /poliwi/) that accepts the diminutive /-tsi:n/ in the present indicative. This should be noted in the grammar. \grm Inflection: perfective The fact that /pati/ is now in Ameyaltepec inflected as /o:pat/ for the perfective demonstrates that the underlying or historical {h} has been completely lost, as otherwise one would find the unallowed *{o:paht}, and that this loss has occurred in such a way so as to permit loss of /t/ in these circumstances. \ref 06111 \lxa pa:ti \lxac pa:ti \lxo pa:ti \lxoc pa:ti \dt 10/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-d-ti \infv class-3d(ti) \seao to melt (ice, lead heated up, chocolate left in the sun, etc.) \ssao derritirse (hielo, chocolate dejado en el sol, etc.); fundirse (p. ej., plomo al calentarse, etc.) \se to erode or partially wash away (from water, e.g., adobe with a heavy rain) \ss erosionarse (a causa de agua, p. ej., adobe después de una fuerte lluvia) \src CF Am 901/00:38 \pna $00901_02_am$Deke pa:tsiwi, tikito:s "O:pa:t noxa:n!" pa:mpa un, o:pa:tsiw. Ya pa:ti ke:itlah kwe:chiwi teh. \pea If it (adobe) gets wet you'd say, "My adobe has eroded!" because, it, it got wet. And it erodes, like it sort of crumbles, y' know. \psa Si se moja (el adobe) dirás, "¡Se derritió mi adobe!" porque ese, se mojó. Ya se derrite pues, como que se desmorona. \se to rot and fall apart from being very wet and soggy \ss pudrirse y deshacerse por estar muy mojado y empapado \src CF Am 901/00:09 \pna $00901_01_am$Ke a:man un sila:ntroh kwa:k kite:man, ya ka:te:kian, niman deke xkonwi:teki to:nahli sa: xkita yo:pe:w pa:ti. Papala:ni seki ya sa: wewekatsitsi:n noka:wa. \pea Now corriander, when they put seeds on the ground, and they water them, if the sun doesn't beat down on them right away, just look and they´ve started to fall apart. Some rot and the rest are just left there spaced far apart from each other. \psa Ahora cilantro, cuando ponen sus semillas en la tierra, y le echan agua, si no le pega el sol luego luego, ve nada más, ya empezó a derritirse. Pudren algunos y los demás se quedan nada más esparcidos lejos, unos de otros. \pna Yo:pe:w kwitlati notlapacho:l, yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni. \pea My seed garden has started to rot; it's started to get wet and putrid because its seedlings have fallen over (i.e. the seedlings got a blight and fell over onto the ground, starting to rot). \psa Ya se empezó a pudrirse mi huertita, ya comenzó a disolverse y pudrirse porque se cayeron las plantas del semillero (esto es, se doblaron al suelo al enfermarse). \se to lose skin tone (e.g., in getting old) \ss perderse el tono de la piel (p. ej., al envejecerse) \pna O:tlan pa:ti noma:xi:lo:w. \pea My biceps have started to loose their skin tone. \psa Mi bicéps ya empezaron a perder su forma. \nse The primary meaning of pa:ti seems to refer to things that melt in the heat, such as ice, chocolate, etc. However, it is quite often to refer to things that turn to sludge from contact with water, such as adobe in heavy rains or a seed garden that becomes soggy and putrid, as might occur with rotting hay or straw in a seedbed garden called tlapacho:hli. \qry Check for precise meaning of /xi:ni/ in /yo:pe:w pa:ti ika xi:ni/; also check for other things that might be the subject of /pa:ti/. \ref 00901 \lxa patia \lxac kipatia \lxo 'patiá \lxoc kípatiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to cure (sb, an animal, etc.) \ss curar (a algn, un animal, etc.) \xrb pah \ref 06573 \lxa pati:l \lxac i:pati:l \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm \der \sea (arch.) price \ssa (arc.) precio \xrb pati \pqry Check vowel length of final /i:/. \ref 08219 \lxa patile:wi \lxac patile:wi \lxo patile:wi \lxoc patile:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \se to go or lean over to one side; to slip out of line (e.g., a wall that is leaning over, a leg or foot that twists, for instance as one missteps on a rock or edge) \ss ladear; ponerse o quedar chueco o no recto (p. ej., una pared a punto de caer, una pierna o pie que se desliza y va por un lado como cuando algn pisa una piedra suelta) \pna Mopan wetsis mokaltsi:n, yo:patile:w. \pea Your little house will fall down on you, it's leaning over crooked. \psa Se te va a caer encima tu casita, ya quedó chueco por un lado. \se (with long vowel reduplication and -tiw or other similar aspectual markers) to go wobbling along, walking crookedly or swaying from one side to another (e.g., sb very sick, drunk, etc.) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga y -tiw u otros similares marcadores de aspecto) ir tambaleándose, andar yendo de lado a lado (p. ej., algn muy enfermo, un borracho, etc.) \pna Pa:patile:wtiw (=pa:patiliwtiw) yo:tla:wa:n. \pea He goes along on wobbly feet (swaying and walking crookedly), he's gotten drunk. \psa Va tambaleándose (caminando o yendo de un lado a otro), ya se emborrachó. \equivao patiliwi \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \nse Patile:wi, and other roots with the same stem, apparently refers to situations in which something goes off to one side, such as a wall that is about to fall over, a leg that slips on a rock, a drunk trying to walk straight and upright, etc. The meaning, then, seems to indicate things that go off-line. \qry Check possibility of transitive form and, in general, transitives of verbs that show /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation in the intransitive. Check for use of /te-/ intensifier. Check dif. with other verbs or stems with similar meaning. \ref 03199 \lxa patile:wtok \lxac patile:wtok \lxo patile:htok \lxoc patile:htok \dt 17/Apr/2002 \psm Stat \der V1-tok \infv Durative \se to be crooked; to be leaning to one side \ss estar chueco o ladeado \pna Patile:wtok notlapech, ma nike:kchi:wa! \pea My bed is crooked (leaning to one side), let me fix it! \psa Mi cama está chueca (yendo a un lado), ¡deja que la arregle! \equiva patiliwtok \equivo patilihtok \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \ref 03451 \lxa patilia \lxac kipatilia \lxo patilia \lxoc kipatilia \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to exchange (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO]); to switch (sth [SO]) for (sb [PO]) \ss trocarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP]); cambiarle (algo [OS]) a (algn [OP]) \pna O:ne:chpatilih. Xonikitak, a:man yo:kwi:kak. \pea He switched it on me. I didn't notice, now he's taken it away. \psa Me lo cambió. No lo vi, ahora ya se lo llevó. \se to replace (one part of sth for another) \ss remplazar (una parte de algo para otro) \pna Nikimpapatili:s imekayowa:n noburroh, yo:isolihkeh. \pea I'm going to switch the ropes (and tether) on my burro, they have gotten worn out. \psa Le voy a cambiar los lasos y sogas a mi burro, ya se desgastaron. \seao (recipr. + ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [noun]) to swap [noun] \ssao (recipr. + ika (Am) / ya (Oa) [sustantivo]) intercambiar [sustantivo] \pna Timotlapatili:skeh ika tosombre:ros. \pea We will swap hats. \psa Vamos a intercambiar sombreros. \se (refl. + -wa:n) to switch or exchange places with; to miss (sb e.g., as each person departs to see the other at the same time) \ss (refl + -wa:n) no encontrarse con; desencontrarse con (otra persona cuando cada uno sale a ver el otro); intercambiar lugares \pna I:wa:n o:timopatilih. Xo:tikitak, deke iwa:n timona:mikiskia, tikitaskia ipan otli. \pea You missed him (i.e., you came to see him here and he went to see you there). You didn't see him, if you had run into him you would have seen him on the road. \psa No lo encontraste (esto es, lo veniste a ver y él ya se había ido a verte allí). No lo viste, si lo hubieras encontrado, lo hubieras visto en el camino. \xrb pa \xvbao patla \qry Determine the difference between /titlapatlaskeh ika X/ and /timotlapatili:skeh ika X/, if there is one. \ref 04634 \lxa patiliwi \lxac patiliwi \lxo patiliwi \lxoc patiliwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi[e] \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao see patile:wi \ssao véase patile:wi \equivao patile:wi \xrb patil \ref 02140 \lxa patiliwtok \lxac patiliwtok \lxo patilihtok \lxoc patilihtok \dt 30/Apr/2002 \psm Stat \inc V1-Stat \der Stat \infv Durative \seao see patile:wtok \ssao véase patile:wtok \xrb patil \ref 00183 \lxa patilowa \lxac kipatilowa \lxo patilowa \lxoc kipatilowa \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \tran Compl \se to push over to one side (making sth, usually standing vertically, become crooked or out of line) \ss empujar hacia un lado (haciendo que algo, generalmente parado o en posición vertical, quede inclinado o chueco) \pna Xpatilo! Xma:pe:wa! \pea Make it lean over to one side! Push it! \psa ¡Empújale hacia un lado! ¡Empújalo! \pna O:tsi:npatiliw noburroh, o:kipatiloh yeyekatl. \pea The hind part of my donkey went off to one side, the wind pushed it off course. \psa La parte trasera de mi burro se fue chueco, el viento lo empujó a un lado. \se to twist (making sth that should be straight not straight); to make crooked \ss hacer chueco (algo que debe estar derecho) \pna Yo:tikpatiloh mosurkoh. \pea You've laid down your furrows crookedly (that is, you've plowed poorly and lelt the furrows crooked as a result). \psa Dejaste chuecos tus surcos (esto es, al trabajar el arado no surcaste el terreno bien sino que ibas en parte por un lado, dejando el surco chueco). \xrb patil \dis patiliwi; kwepaliwi, nekwiliw, no:liwi, etc. \flr patiliwi \qry Check to see if /te-/ can be used here. \grm Note that in words with /e:wi/ ~ /iwi/ alternation, apparently there is only one transitive, in /-owa/. This should be checked. \ref 00181 \lxa patiltik \lxac patiltik \lxo patiltik \lxoc patiltik \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be inclined; to be leaning over \ss estar inclinado; estar fuera de vertical \se to be crooked (not in a straight line) \ss estar chueco (no derecho o recto, p. ej., cosas en línea) \pna Patiltik mokorra:l. \pea Your fence is crooked (not in a straight line). \psa Tu cerca está chueca (no en una línea recta). \pna Patiltik ikxi, wi:loh. \pea His leg is crooked, he is lame. \psa Tiene la pierna chueca, está cojo. \se (often reduplicated with short vowel) to be poorly pronounced or constructed (words or speech by one who is not fluent) \ss (a menudo reduplicado tener vocal corta) estar mal pronunciado y formado (palabras o un discurso de algn que no domina la lengua) \pna Sam papatiltik itlato:l, san ke:n ihki yo:ki:itoh. \pea His speech is off-base, he uttered his words in just any which way. \psa Sus palabras no son derechas, dijo sus palabras como cualquier cosa. \xrb patil \ref 01622 \lxa patioh \lxac patioh \lxo patioh \lxoc patioh \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \se expensive; pricey \ss caro; costoso \pna Tlapatioh. \pea Everything is expensive. \psa Todo es caro. \pna Ma:s patioh kitlaxtla:wan. \pea They pay a higher price for it. \psa Pagan un precio más alto por ello. \xrb pati \nse Although no nominal base exists from which the adjectival patioh is derived, Classical does have a noun: Molina lists patio:tl 'paga, o el precio que se da porlo que se compra, rescate.' Ameyaltepec does have an obligatorily possessed noun -patil, e.g., i:patil 'its price,' but the possible nominal form ?patihli has not been documented. \grm tla- impersonal. Note the use of the /tla-/ prefix in /tlapatioh/ 'Everything is expensive.' The reference is to nonspecified objects that are all expensive, whereas a form such as /patiokeh/ would involve specified objects. Check for general use of /tla-/ with denominal adjectives in /-yoh/. \ref 03084 \lxa patio:tia \lxac kipatio:tia \lxo patio:tia \lxoc kipatio:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-2a \seao to raise the price of \ssao encarecer; subir el precio de \pna Kipatio:tia tli:n kinamaka. \pea He raises the price on what he sells. \psa Encarece lo que vende. \xrb pati \xvaao patio:tilia \nde Molina has patiotia. nitla 'pagar, o dar el precio delo que se compra.' \ref 00103 \lxa patio:tilia \lxac kipatio:tilia \lxo patio:tilia \lxoc kipatio:tilia \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap[ca] \infv class-2a \se to raise the price (of sth) on \ss encarecerle a; subirle el precio (de algo) a \pna O:ne:chpatio:tilih, xok nihkowas. \pea He raised the price of it on me, I'm not going to buy it anymore. \psa Me subió el precio de ello, ya no lo voy a comprar. \xrb pati \xvbao patio:tia \qry Determine whether the applicative listed here can be used with a /tla-/. I would imagine that /ne:chtlapatio:tilia/ is correct. Note also that I had /patio:tia/ and /patio:tilia/ originally with a short /o/ in my notes. I now think that this is in error and have changed it. \mod The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now given that not all such paradigms "end" with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases should be changed to V-3-para-h/wa/tia \vl Link 2nd female token. \grm The applicative /patio:tilia/ is an applicative of the causative /patio:tia/, which is itself part of the paradigmatic set /patioh/, /patiowa/ and /patio:tia/. However, for now given that not all such paradigms "end" with an applicative, the applicatives have not been added to this set. Perhaps they should. In this even this and other similar cases should be changed to V-3-para-h/wa/tia. For the grammar, however, it will be important to note under this paradigm that the final form of a trivalent applicative is possible. \ref 04561 \lxa patiowa \lxac patiowa \lxo patiowa \lxoc patiowa \dt 17/May/2002 \psm V1 \der V1-para-h/wa/tia \tran Compl \infv class-4a \se to become more expensive; to rise in price \ss encarecerse; subir de precio \pna Ne:chnono:tsan, kitowan yo:patiowak tlayo:hli. \pea They talk to me, they say that maize has already gone up in price. \psa Me plactican, dicen que el maíz ya subió de precio. \xrb pati \ref 04829 \lxa pa:to \lxacpend pa:to \lxo a:pato \lxoc a:pato \dt 06/Jun/2003 \loan (part) pato \psm N \com N-N \der N-loan \infn N1 \src Roberto Mauricio, Oapan, from Howell and Webb, 1995: Pl. \seo type of duck, which looks like the Sungrebe, Heliornis fuliaca, but is probably a member of the Anas genus. \sso tipo de pato, pájaro pequeño que se clava abajo del agua; parece al "Sungrebe," Heliornis fuliaca, aunque probablemente es del género Anas. \sem animal \sem bird \xrb a: \ref 07141 \lxa patrio:tah \lxac *patrio:tah \lxo ---- \dt 21/Jun/2002 \loan patriota \psm N \der N-loan \infn N1 \sea type of banana \ssa plátano manzano \sem plant \sem domesticated \encyctmp plá:ntanoh \qry One Ameyaltepec consultant identified the patrio:tah as the type of banana known in Spanish as manzano.. However, this should be checked given that I also have an entry for Ameyaltepec mansa:noh. \ref 03868 \lxa patla \lxac kipatla \lxo patla \lxoc kipatla \dt 07/Jul/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \tran -Trans; check for antipassive \seao to change (i.e., replacing one thing or person with another); to relieve (of an obligation, by putting another person in charge) \ssao cambiar (esto es, remplazando una cosa o persona con otra); relevar (de una obligación al poner otra persona en su lugar) \pna O:kipatlak isuwa:w, okse: suwa:tl yo:kwi:kak. \pea He changed wives, he took another woman as his wife. \psa Cambió de esposas, tomó otra mujer como esposa. \pna O:kipatlak iko:chin. \pea He's changed cars (i.e., bought a new one). \psa Cambió de coches (esto es, se compró uno nuevo). \pna Xenopatla. \pea He still has not been relieved (or replaced, i.e., of a job, service in a cargo, etc.). \psa Todavía no se ha relevado (o remplazado, esto es, de un trabajo o cargo, etc.). \pna Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros. \pea We will exchange hats. \psa Vamos a trocar sombreros. \pna Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya. \pea You've changed addresses (i.e., changed where you live). \psa Cambiaste de dirección (esto es, donde vives). \pna A:man o:kipatlak ika:yeh, okse: la:doh nowitia. \pea Now has has changed his route (lit. 'his street'), he takes himself through another part (of town). \psa Ahora ha cambiado su ruta (lit., 'su calle'), pasa por otro lado. \seao to take the place of (i.e., with one human agent [S] taking the place of another [O]) \ssao tomar el lugar de; remplaza a (esto es, con un agente humano [S] tomando el lugar de otro [O]) \pna O:kipatlak ikni:w. \pea He took his brother`s place (e.g., in a cargo position, in a job, etc.). \psa Tomó el lugar de su hermano (p. ej., en un cargo, en un trabajo, etc.). \pna Newa nikito:s para tite:patlas, newa ne:chkakin. \pea I'll be the one to see to it that you take someone's place, they listen to me (what I say). \psa Voy a ser yo quien verá que vas a remplazar a alguien, a mi me hacen caso. \pna Na:nkah, yewa te:patlas. \pea This one here, he will take someone's place. \psa Este que esté acá, el tomará el lugar de alguien. \pna Yo:nkak tewa timitspatlas. \pea I've heard that it is you who I will replace. \psa Oí que eres tu a quien voy a remplazar. \pna Te:patlalo:s. \pea New people will be selected as replacements (e.g., for cargo offices, dances, etc.). \psa Se va a cambiar la gente (p. ej., en sus cargos, en las danzas religiosas, etc.). \xrb patla \xvbao patilia \nse With a human subject and object patla may mean 'to take (someone's) place.' That is, in addition to relieving someone from a position, obligation, etc., it is the agent that then takes the place of the person removed. Thus timitspatlas may mean both 'I will replace you (with someone else)' and 'I will replace you (with myself)' or 'I will take your place.' With non-human objects, of course, the meaning is limited simply 'to replace' or 'to (ex)change.' The ambiguity is manifest with nonspecific objects. Nite:patlas means both 'I will take someone's place' and 'I will change one person (or some people) for another (or others).' Nitlapatlas always simply means 'I will exchange (things).' \qry Check difference between /titlapatlaskeh i:ka sombre:ros/ and /tikpatlaskeh sombre:ros/. \grm Headless relative clause: /Yo:tikpatlak ka:n ticha:ntiya/ 'You've changed addresses.' Here /ka:n ticha:tiya/ seems to function as a headless relative clause, a NP that is the object of /tikpatla/. It is perhaps best interpreted as 'the place where you live.' \grm Antipassive: /Titlapatlaskeh ika tosombre:ros/ 'We will exchange hats.' \ref 00704 \lxa pa:tla \lxac kipa:tla \lxo pa:tla \lxoc kipa:tla \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-d-tla \infv class-4a \se to melt down (wax, lead, etc.) \ss fundir (cera, plomo, etc.) \pna Nika:n nikpa:tlatok nose:rah para nitla:lti:s. \pea I'm melting down my wax here in order to make candles. \psa Aquí estoy derritiendo mi cera para hacer velas. \se to mix (with water and other ingredients, as in making cement or mortar, adobe, etc.) \ss mezclar o revolver (con agua y otros ingredientes, como en hacer mezcla o cemento, lodo para adobe, etc.) \pna Kipa:tla sokitl para xa:ntli. \pea He is mixing up mud (with water and zacate) to make adobe. \psa Está revolviendo lodo (con agua y zacate) para hacer adobe. \se (refl.) to dissolve \ss (refl.) disolvers \pna San nopa:tla. \pea It just dissolves. \psa Solamente se disuelve. \se to stir in (various ingredients into a watery mixture) \ss agregar y revolver (varios ingredientes a una mezcla aguada) \pna Nikpa:tlas nolimo:na:tl. \pea I will mix up my lemonade (i.e., stir in sugar and ice). \psa Voy a revolver mi limonada (esto es, agregando azúcar y hielo). \xrb pa: \nse Whereas pa:ti refers to things that melt, such as ice, the anticausative nopa:tla refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee. \qry Check the difference between /san nopa:tla/ and, if it is correct, /san pa:ti/. I.e., what happens to sugar, for example, in coffee: /pa:ti/ or /nopa:tla/. \mod Although I originally categorized the alternation /pa:ti/ and /pa:tla/ as a nondirectional alternation, with a /-ti/ ~ /-tla/ alternation (/pa:ti/ and /-pa:tla/), I have since changed this to a denominal verb, even though the original nominal stem is now archaic (/pa:/). Note that nopa:tla seems, therefore, to be an anticausative (like /notsakwa/). \vl Tag all 3 female and 2 male tokens, but don't link the first female token. \grm Anticausative Whereas pa:ti refers to thinks that melt, such as ice, nopa:tla refers to things that dissolve, such as sugar in coffee. Note the apparently the form nopa:tla is an anticausative. It is important to keep this difference in mind and perhaps use it as an example in the grammar. \ref 04387 \lxa patlach \lxac i:patlach \lxo ---- \dt 01/Apr/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N2 \sea broad and flat side of (e.g., of a 2 x 4, the 4-inch. side, or of a bundles of maize leaves (iswatl) tied and left on the ground, the flat, pressed side that had been lying face down) \ssa lado ancho y plano de (p. ej., de una table de 2 x 4 pulgadas, el lado de 4 pulgadas, o de un manojo de zacate, el lado que había estado pegado junto al suelo) \pna Xtla:li ika ipatlach, ma:ka tikteketsas! \pea Place it down on its flat side (e.g., a 2 x 4), don't stand it up! \psa ¡Acuéstala por su lado ancho (p. ej., una tabla de madera), no vayas a ponerlo parado! \pna ... ipatlach iswatl \pea ... the wide side of a bundle of maize leaves (tied together) \psa ... el lado ancho y plano de un manojo de zacate \xrb patlach \qry Check for use as a vulgar term to refer to a woman's crotch. This is now in the censored part of the dictionary. \ref 00678 \lxa patlachiwi \lxac patlachiwi \lxo patlachiwi \lxoc patlachiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to get flattened and widened \ss aplanarse y ensancharse; prensarse \pna Nika:n o:patlachiw se: imeló:n. Yo:iksika:mik. \pea One of his melones got flattened here. It got overripe. \psa Aquí se aplanó uno de sus melones. Pasó de maduro. \xrb patlach \dis pa:xiwi; patlachiwi (particularly when referring to fruit) \qry Determine what things can be subjects of /patlachiwi/. \ref 01840 \lxa patlachowa \lxac kipatlachowa \lxo patlachowa \lxoc kipatlachowa \dt 12/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-2b \seao to flatten and widen (e.g., a piece of wood planed and shaved, for a sawhorse, an ax or other handle, tixtli in making an itakatl, etc.) \ssao aplanar y ensanchar (e.g., un pedazo de madera cepillada y aplanada, para una burra, la manga de una hacha u otra cosa, masa para hacer un itakatl, etc.) \pna Tewa! Xkwa:lpa:patlacho notakatsi:n. \pea You! Reach over here and flatten out my itakatl (by lightly pressing down on it once and again in even and determined motions). \psa ¡Tu! Estírate la mano hacia acá para aplanar mi itakatl (al golpearlo ligeramente, una y otra vez, en movimientos despacios y determinados)! \se to squash (e.g., an animal under a stone) \ss aplaster (p. ej., un animal bajo una piedra) \xrb patlach \nse Patlachowa refers to various ways of flattening things. They can be made flat with a tool as in wood, or with ones hands as in making an itakatl. They can also be flattened, or squashed, with a stone, as in crushing an animal. \ref 00781 \lxa patla:hwia:n \lxac i:patla:hwia:n \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jul/2002 \psm N(loc) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08148 \lxa patlaktsatsi \lxac patlaktsatsi \lxo patláhtsátsi \lxoc patláhtsátsi \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm V1 \inc S-V1 \der V1-b \infv class-4a \pa yes-lex \se to scream loudly in pain \ss gritar fuertemente de dolor \pna Patlaktsatsi. Kwi:tekin. \pea He screams in pain. They are whipping him. \psa Grita de dolor. Le están dando látigos. \sem sound-human \xrb patla: \xrb tsahtsi \xvca patlaktsatsi:tia \xvco patláhtsatsí:tia \nae Patlaktsatsi is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem patlak (as in tepatlaktik), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which patla:wi has a stem form patlak that enters into compounds. \qry Determine difference between /patlaktsatsi/ and /tsatsi/, as well as other types of shouting. Get any other words that might begin with /patlak-/ as a modifier. Document whether /tepatlaktik/ exists, if so enter and xref to nse field above. \qry Check meaning; also check for /patlaktsatsilia/. \grm Stem; verbs as modifiers: Patlaktsatsi is probably related to the reduced adjectival stem patlak (as in tepatlaktik), relating to a meaning of 'to be wide.' Note that there are two reduced verbal stems that are used in modifying capacity in Balsas Nahuatl. The first derives from verbs that end in /iwi/. Here the stem is that which is left when the entire /-iwi/ ending is removed. The second derives from verbs that end in /-V:wi/ and reduce to /-Vk/. This is the present case, in which patla:wi has a stem form patlak that enters into compounds. \vl Use first female token and second make token. \ref 02968 \lxa patlaktsatsi:tia \lxac kipatlaktsatsi:tia \lxo patláhtsatsí:tia \lxop patlahtsatsi:tia \lxoc kipatláhtsatsí:tia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \inc S-V2 \der V2-d-ca \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to make (sb) scream loudly (e.g., from pain) \ss hacer gritar (a algn) fuertemente (p. ej., de dolor) \sem sound-human \fla patlaktsatsi \xrb patla: \xrb tsahtsi \xvba patlaktsatsi \ref 01398 \lxa patla:naltia \lxac kipatla:naltia \lxo patla:naltia \lxoc kipatla:naltia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-ca[ni] \tran from nondirected alternation \infv class-2a \se to blow or carry away (e.g., the wind [S] of an object) \ss hacer volar (p. ej., el viento [S] a un objeto) \pna O:kipatla:naltih yeyekatl, o:postek. \pea The wind carried it away, it broke. \psa Por el viento lo hizo volar, se rompió. \cfo chipatla:naltia \xrb patla: \xvbao patla:ni \nse In Oapan most often instead of patla:naltia one often hears kí:wí:ka yéyé:katl if something, particularly something light, is simply carried away by the wind (e.g., feathers, etc.). If a heavier object is blown away chipatla:naltia is used. \ref 02797 \lxa patla:ni \lxac patla:ni \lxo patla:ni \lxoc patla:ni \dt 08/Jul/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-b(ni/ltia) \tran +Caus \infv class-3a \sem motion \se to fly \ss volar \pna To:to:tl, wel patla:ni. \pea Birds are able to fly. \psa Los pájaros pueden volar. \se to be blown away by the wind \ss llevarse por el viento \pna O:patla:n, xo:tsa:loh. \pea It got blown away by the wind, you didn't tie it down. \psa Se llevó por el viento, no lo amarraste. \xrb patla: \xvcao patla:naltia \nse With the meaning 'to get blown away by the wind' patla:ni differs from yeyekawi:lo (Oa yéye:kawí:lo) in that the latter indicates a more devastating or harmful action to things such as crops wehreas the former can include almost any type of material object \ref 04576 \lxa patla:wa \lxac kipatla:wa \lxo patla:wa \lxoc kipatla:wa \dt 13/Jun/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \infv class-3a(w) \se to widen (e.g., clay being kneaded and spread out flat to make ceramics) \ss ensanchar (p. ej., barro al golpearlo sobre una piedra en hacer cerámica) \seao to lay out flat (e.g., sth rolled or bunched up, such as a petate) \ssao abrir y dejar plano (p. ej., algo enrollado como un petate) \pna Xpatla:wa un korti:nah, ma:ka san ma xoto:nto! \pea Spread out those curtains so that they aren't just all bunched up! \psa ¡Abre bien esas cortinas (para que estén abiertas en forma ancha), que no estén todo fruncido. \xrb patla: \ref 01357 \lxa patla:wak \lxac patla:wak \lxo patla:wak \lxoc patla:wak \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-k \seao to be wide (e.g., a road or path, piece of cloth, wooden board, table, tortilla, etc.) \ssao estar ancho (p. ej., un camino o senda, una corte de tela, una tabla, una mesa, etc.); ser amplio (en cuanto a anchura) \pna Patla:wak itlaxkal. \pea Her tortillas (the ones she makes) are wide. \psa Sus tortillas (las que hacen) son anchas. \pna Papatla:wak (=kokoya:wak) kwentli. \pea The furrows are wide (i.e., wide and spaced far apart). \psa Los surcos están anchos (esto es, anchos y muy separados entre si). \xrb patla: \nse The phrase papatla:wak kwentli, which is synonymous to kokoya:wak kwentli, indicates that the furrows were plowed far apart, i.e., that the space between the furrows is wide. The antonym of both these expressions is pipi:stik kwentli. \ref 01056 \lxa patla:wi \lxac patla:wi \lxo patla:wi \lxoc patla:wi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran +ND \infv class-3a(w) \seao to become wide; to widen out \ssao ensancharse \pna Ye patla:wtiw otli. \pea The road is getting wider as it goes. \psa El camino se va ensanchando. \xrb patla: \ref 00936 \lxa patlaxtik \lxac patlaxtik \lxo patlaxtik \lxoc patlaxtik \dt 20/May/2002 \psm Adj \der Adj-dvb-wi-tik \se to be flat and wide (an itakatl (Am) / ítakátl (Oa) or tortilla, a cockroach, certain types of bricks, and some ceramic canteens) \ss ser ancho y plano (un itakatl o tortilla, una cucaracha, ciertos tipos de tabiques y algunas cantimploras de cerámica) \xrb patlach \ref 04488 \lxa patli \lxac patli \lxo pátlí \lxoc pátlí \dt 05/Mar/2003 \psm N \der N-b \infn N1 \pa yes-lex \se venom; poison (particularly that used to kill tsi:kameh) \ss veneno (particularmente la que se emplea para matar a los tsi:kameh) \se natural remedy \ss remedio natural \seao natural fertilizer of bat dung (see tsina:kankwitlatl (Am)) \ssao fertlizante natural del estiercol de murciélago (véase tsina:kankwitlatl (Am)) \xrb pah \nse When I asked Gabriel de la Cruz how it is that the same word is used for both 'medicine' and poison' he responded wistli saka wistli ki:sas 'a thorn is removed by another thorn.' \ref 02641 \lxa pa:tsiwi \lxac pa:tsiwi \lxo pa:tsiwi \lxoc pa:tsiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to get wet or soaked \ssao mojarse; empaparse \pna O:pa:tsiwilo:k. \pea People got wet. \psa Se mojó la gente. \pna Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih. \pea Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor). \psa Todo se mojó bien parejo, le eché agua bien (en este caso sobre un piso de tierra). \xrb pa:ts \grm Impersonal passive: Note the following phrase: /Kwahli o:tlapa:tsiw, kwahli o:nika:te:kih/ 'Everything got evenly wet, I evenly sprinked water on it (in this case on the earthen floor).' The first thing to note is how /kwahli/ is a predicate modifier and refers to the evenness of the 'becoming wet.' However, note that despite the fact that the first phrase is an impersonal, with no specific referent, the second clause has a specific object, obviously that which 'became wet.' \ref 00038 \lxa pa:tska \lxac kipa:tska \lxo pa:tska \lxoc kipa:tska \dt 05/Aug/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-b \infv class-4a \seao to squeeze (particularly to get water or other liquid out of, e.g., of wet clothes, fruits, etc.) \ssao exprimir (particularmente para sacarle agua u otro líquido a, p. ej, a ropa mojada, frutas, etc.) \pna Nikpa:tska notlake:n para ma ki:sa a:tl. \pea I squeeze my clothes so that the water comes out. \psa Exprimo mi ropa para que salga el agua. \se to milk (e.g, a cow) \ss ordeñar (p. ej., una vaca) \xrb pa:tska \xv1ao tlapa:tska \xvaao pa:tskilia \obj ba:kah \obj momapil para ma yeski:stiwetsi \nae RS and FK (perhaps taken from RS) give a causative form pa:tzcaltia; however, this has not been located in Molina and the original citation for this form is not given in either of the two secondary sources. \ref 00062 \lxa pa:tskilia \lxac kipa:tskilia \lxo pa:tskilia \lxoc kipa:tskilia \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V3 \der V3-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to squeeze for (sb) or onto (e.g., sth onto a dish of food) \ss exprimir para (algn) o sobre (p. ej., algo a un guisado) \pna Xpa:tskili limó:n un nakatl! \pea Squeeze lemon (juice) onto that meat! \psa ¡Exprímele (jugo de) limón a esa carne! \se to milk for (a cow or other mammals to get their milk) \ss ordeñar para (una vaca u otra mamalia para sacar leche) \se to squeeze or pull the trigger of (a pistol) \ss jalar el gatillo de (una pistola) \pna O:kipa:tskilih ipisto:lah. \pea He squeezed the trigger on his pistol. \psa Le jaló el gatillo a su pistola. \xrb pa:tska \xvbao pa:tska \ref 03171 \lxa pa:tsmiki \lxac pa:tsmiki \lxo \lxocpend \dt 25/Jun/2003 \psm V1 \infv class-3a(k) \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08084 \lxa pa:tsowa \lxac kipa:tsowa \lxo pa:tsowa \lxoc kipa:tsowa \dt 20/May/2002 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \infv class-2b \se to make wet (particularly by soaking) \ss mojar; empapar (particularmente al colocar un objeto dentro del agua) \pna Deke xo:kipa:tsokeh, pe:wa xixi:pe:wi. \pea If they didn't soak it (in this case a newly fired ceramic), it's surface will begin to flake off. \psa Si no lo mojaron (en este caso una cerámica recién cocida), se va a empezar a descascarar. \xrb pa:ts \qry Check for applicative. \ref 04236 \lxa pawia \lxac kipawia \lxo páwiá \lxop pawia \lxof ['pa wi 'a] \lxoc kipáwiá \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \pa yes-lex \se to sprinkle poison on (e.g., an anthill to kill the ants); to sprinkle pesticide on (plants) \ss echar o rociar veneno a (p. ej., un hormiguero para matar a las hormigas); echar o rociar pesticida a (plantas) \pna Kipawi:s un tsi:kameh. \pea He's going to sprinkle poison on those ants. \psa Va a rociarle veneno a esas hormigas. \se to poison; to give poison to (e.g., animals such as dogs) \ss envenenar (p. ej., a animales como perros) \se to fertilize; to place fertilizer on or around (plants; particularly with tsina:kankwitlatl or tsontekwitlatl) \ss fertilizar; echar fertilizante a (plantas; particularmente con tsina:kankwitlatl o tsontekwitlatl) \pna Kipawi:s ichi:l. \pea He will place fertilizer on his chile. \psa Le va a echar fertilizante a su chile. \xrb pah \encyctmp agriculture (perhaps have a special section on fertilizers, etc.) \nse In Ameyaltepec pawia is used most commonly to refer to the action of sprinkling some sort of poison on an anthill of tsi:kameh in order to kill them, or on other animals to kill them or make them go away. One may also use pawia to refer to the action of poisoning a dog, with patli. Note that pawia refers to the action of killing something with "yerba" and not to the action of curing with medicine. However, it is also used to indicate the action of fertilizing a plant, apparently by sprinkling fertilizer at its roots (much as one does with pesticide). Finally, note that Florencia Marcelino gave Oapan pátlí as the semantic equivalent of Ameyaltepec tsina:kankwitlatl. \qry On one file card I mention that when ants are poisoned, they are poisoned with /patli/, which consists of panela and tlayoltixtli. Check this. \grm Oapan orthography: A distinction should be made between the orthography used in the lexicon and the practical orthography. One convention might be for p-a lexical items that are two-place predicates (or transitive verbs). When these are consonant initial then it seems that a preceding apostrophe might be appropriate as the p-a will always fall on the preceding morpheme (usually an object marker). \ref 02392 \lxa -pawia \lxac ko:kpawia \lxo -pawia \lxof [pa 'wi a] \lxoc ko:hpawia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \se to do to (sb) the number of times indicated by an incorporated numeral (e.g., to assign a task to, perform an activity, to serve food to, etc.) \ss hacer a (algn) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado (p. ej., darle una tarea, servirle comida, etc.) \pna O:ne:cho:kpawih. \pea He served me a second time (in this case food and drink). \psa Me sirvió una segunda vez (en este caso comida y bebida). \pna Ma te:cho:kpawi:ka:n! \pea Let them serve us another time! \psa ¡Qué nos sirvan de comida otra vez! \pna O:ne:cho:kpawikeh wan un oksé:, san ke:nkah xkinawatian. \pea They (in this case the village authorities) gave me work a second time, and that other one there, as usual they don't give him orders (i.e., he was assigned only one shift of communal labor). \psa Ellos (en este caso los comisarios del pueblo) me asignaron trabajo una segunda vez y a aquel como siempre no le ordenan (esto es, le dieron solamente una tanda). \pna Yo:ne:chye:xpawikeh, xok na:pismiki. \pea They've served me three times now, I'm no longer hungry. \psa Ya me sirvieron (de comida) tres veces, ya no tengo hambre. \se to do (a chore or activity) the number of times indicated by the compounded numeral \ss hacer (una tarea o actividad) el número de veces que se indica por un número incorporado \pna Niko:kpawi:s, xkwahli o:noka:w. \pea I'm going to do it again, it didn't wind up right. \psa Lo voy a hacer otra vez, no quedó bien. \xrb o:k \xrl -pa \nde In Oapan this construction is only used with numbers above 1. \qry Check /-pawiya/ or /pawia/ and /paye:witia/, which is documented in Oapan, an entry 3276 as /ki-ye:xpaye:witia/. \pqry Check duration of /a/. It is particularly hard for me to measure vowel length before and after glides. A system must be developed. \vl Link 2nd female token and 2nd male token. \grm Dervations with -wia: In the verb /o:kpawia/, note the use of the instrumental ending /-wia/ here with an adverb, /o:kpa/. In general for the grammar all uses of /-wia/ should be extracted from the lexicon in order to determine the types of stems on which this suffix can be placed. \ref 05307 \lxa pa:wia \lxac kipa:wia \lxo pa:wia \lxof [pa: 'wi ya] \lxoc kipa:wia \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-d-wia \infv class-2a \seao to masticate and thereby soften food for (sb, particularly a baby, though also occasionally old people with no teeth, before giving it to the person to eat) \ssao masticar y ablandar comida para (algn, particularmente un bebé antes de darsele a comer, pero también a gente de mayor edad sin dientes) \pna Nikpa:wia nopo:tsi:n, xe wel tlakwa. \pea I chew my baby daughter's food for her before giving it to her to eat, she still cannot eat. \psa Le mastico la comida a mi hijita antes de darsela a comer, todavía no puede comer. \xrb pa: \nse Semantically pa:wia is similar to an applicative, since the object (the child, for example) benefits from the action. \nae Note that while pa:wia might well be derived from the archaic root pa: 'water,' the wia ending is not precisely the same 'instrumental' ending found with some other denominal verbs (e.g., a:mo:lwia, teposwia, etc.) However, it is similar to perhaps other denominal verbs of this form (e.g., kochwia, cha:nwia). Thus given the wide range of meaning of the -wia verbalizing suffix, it might well be that pa:wia is from this verbalizing suffix on the archaic noun stem pa:. \ref 00909 \lxa paxia:lowa \lxac paxia:lowa \lxo paxia:lowa \lxoc paxia:lowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \loan (Nah) pasear \psm V1 \der V1-b \infv class-2b \se to go for a walk; to walk around \ss pasear \se to visit (a pueblo or settlement) \ss pasear; visitar (un pueblo o asentamiento) \pna San o:nipaxia:lo:ko. \pea I just came to visit. \psa Solamente vine a pasear. \se (with long vowel reduplication) to get out and around; to get around; (e.g., a young person who has a lot of friends of the opposite sex) \ss (con reduplicación de vocal larga) pasear por acá y por allá; andar saliendo (p. ej., un joven que tiene muchos amigos del sexo contrario) \pna San pa:paxia:lowa, kitetemowa ino:biah. \pea He (in this case a young man) is going around here and there, he's looking for a girlfriend. \psa El (en este caso un joven) anda paseando por acá y por allá, está buscando novia. \pna On ichpokawah melá:k yo:pa:paxia:loh, miak tla:katl yo:kimamastinen. \pea That girl has really gotten around, she's gone around getting to "know" a lot of men. \psa Esa muchacha de veras anda saliendo, ha andado "conociendo" a muchos hombres. \cfao tsi:npaxia:l \xrb paxia:l \xvaa paxia:lowilia \rt Despite the fact that paxia:l is originally a loan, because of its extensiveness in the lexicon and incorporation into Nahuatl inflectional and derivational morphology, it has been considered a root for cross-referencing purposes. \ref 03042 \lxa paxia:lowilia \lxac kipaxia:lowilia \lxo ---- \dt 13/Dec/2003 \loan (Nah) pasear \psm V2 \der V2-d-ap \infv class-2a \se to pay a visit to; to stop by and visit \ss visitar \pna Deporsí nimitsonpaxia:lowili:s. \pea For sure I will go stop by and visit you. \psa De por si, te voy a ir a visitar. \cfo ita \xvba paxia:lowa \nse In Oapan the applicative is not used since paxia:lowa has the sense of 'to go around (without detaining oneself in any place).' The applicative paxia:lowilia is, however, used in villages such as Ameyaltepec and, according to Florencia Marcelino and Inocencio Jiménez, in Ahuelicán. In Oapan one uses the verb ita as in sápá nimita:litas 'I will come visit you (see you) again.' \ref 05217 \lxa pa:xiwi \lxac pa:xiwi \lxo pa:xiwi \lxoc pa:xiwi \dt 13/Dec/2003 \psm V1 \der V1-alt-wi \aff Op. prefix te- \tran Compl \infv class-3a(w) \seao to implode; to collapse upon itself (e.g., sth hollow such as a plastic container that gets softened by heat and whose sides collapse toward the center); to collapse or sink down (soft land that forms a depression); to get or become crushed or squashed (e.g., soft fruit or sth soft yet solid) \ssao implosionar; apachurarse (p. ej., algo hueco como un recipiente de plástico que se calienta y cuyos lados implosionan hacia adentro); sumirse (tierra blanda, el suelo al formarse una depresión en la superficie de la tierra); aplastarse o apachurarse (p. ej., fruta o algo blando y sólido) \pna O:pa:xiw na:tekon. \pea My (plastic) water bottle got crushed. \psa Mi botella de agua (de plástico) implosionó. \pna O:tepapa:xiw (o:tepa:xiw) fle:chah. \pea The bus got smashed (e.g., in an accident). \psa El camión se aplastó (p. ej., en un accidente). \pna O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh. \pea Your banana got crushed. \psa Se aplastó tu plátano. \pna O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos. \pea Your bananas got crushed. \psa Se aplastaron tus plátanos. \pna Tla:lkalaki, pa:xiwi. \pea The ground sinks in, it softens and collapses. \psa Se hunde la tierra, se ablanda y se sume. \seao to deflate; to become flat (e.g., a tire that becomes flat) \ssao desinflar; ponchar (p. ej., una llanta que quede ponchada) \pna O:pa:xiw ya:ntah. \pea The tire got flat. \psa Se ponchó la llanta. \xrb pa:x \nae According to Luis Lucena in the phrase o:pa:xiw ya:ntah the intensifier te- cannot be used (i.e., *o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. \qry According to Luis Lucena in the phrase o:pa:xiw ya:ntah the intensifier cannot be used (i.e., *o:tepa:xiw ya:ntah). The precise circumstances in which the intensifier can be used is still not fully documented. Check with other cases of this same verb and others. \grm Reduplication; pluralization. The use of reduplication of a verb or adjective to indicate plurality is clear in the following: /O:pa:xiw moplá:ntanoh/ 'Your banana got crushed.' vs. /O:tepapa:xiw moplá:ntanos/ 'Your bananas got crushed.' The preceding were taken from conversation. One certain question is whether /o:pa:xihkeh moplá:ntanos/ is also correct. If so, check the difference between the plural marker and the reduplication to indicate pluralization/distribution. It seems to me that the reduplication indicates pluralization of many different points on one object, or very many tokens of one type. The plural suffix, on the other hand, seems to indicate greater separation and more specificity. Thus a hotel with all its rooms filled is /tete:ntok/, but many hotels filled is described by /te:ntokeh/. \ref 00064 \lxa paxko:nah \lxaa paxko:nah \lxac paxkó:nah \lxo \lxocpend \dt 28/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \der \se \ss \xrb \ref 08263 \lxa paxko:ntik \lxac paxko:ntik \lxo ---- \dt 05/Jul/2002 \psm Adj \com N-Adj \der Adj-denom-tik \sea to be pot-bellied; to be fat (particularly in the belly) \ssa ser panzón; ser gordo (por la panza en particular) \xrb pax \xrb ko:m \qry The etymology of /paxko:ntik/ is uncertain; also check vowel length of /a/. Perhaps root is /pach/. Note that in neither Molina, RS, FK, of RJC is there a root /pax/ or anything that seems similar. \ref 05329 \lxa pa:xowa \lxac kipa:xowa \lxo pa:xowa \lxoc kipa:xowa \dt 04/Apr/2003 \psm V2 \der V2-alt-wi \tran Compl \aff Op. prefix te- \infv class-2b \se to flatten (a container, a hollow ball, etc.) \ss aplastar (un recipiente, una pelota u otra cosa hueca) \se to crush (sugar cane and other such items so processed) \ss triturar; apachurar (caña y otros objetos así procesados) \pna Kipa:xowan uwatl, kiki:xtian pano:chah. \pea They crush up cane to make panocha. \psa Trituran caña para hacer panocha. \pna Kipa:xo:s un mexkahli de un yo:iksik para konxi:ni:s itik ti:nah. \pea He will pound and flatten out that maguey that has already been boiled so that he can throw it into a caldron (where it will be cooked, notokia). \psa Va a triturar y apachurar el maguey que ya se coció para ech