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//usr/share/doc/bash-3.2/bash.0
BASH(1) BASH(1) NNAAMMEE bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS bbaasshh [options] [file] CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2005 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. BBaasshh also incor- porates useful features from the _K_o_r_n and _C shells (kksshh and ccsshh). BBaasshh is intended to be a conformant implementation of the Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification (IEEE Standard 1003.1). BBaasshh can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. OOPPTTIIOONNSS In addition to the single-character shell options documented in the description of the sseett builtin command, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it is invoked: --cc _s_t_r_i_n_g If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from _s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are arguments after the _s_t_r_i_n_g, they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with $$00. --ii If the --ii option is present, the shell is _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e. --ll Make bbaasshh act as if it had been invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). --rr If the --rr option is present, the shell becomes _r_e_s_t_r_i_c_t_e_d (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an interactive shell. --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be executed. [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These options must appear on the command line before the single-character options to be recognized. ----ddeebbuuggggeerr Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) and shell function tracing (see the description of the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee option to the sseett builtin below). ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- table object) file format. ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss Equivalent to --DD. ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- fully. ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----llooggiinn Equivalent to --ll. ----nnooeeddiittiinngg Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. ----nnoopprrooffiillee Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as sshh. ----ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). ----rreessttrriicctteedd The shell becomes restricted (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). ----vveerrbboossee Equivalent to --vv. ----vveerrssiioonn Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- dard output and exit successfully. AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or one started with the ----llooggiinn option. An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments and without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), or one started with the --ii option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. Tildes are expanded in file names as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. When a login shell exits, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- mand were executed: if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file name. If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run by the remote shell daemon, usually _r_s_h_d. If bbaasshh determines it is being run by _r_s_h_d, it reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to be read, but _r_s_h_d does not generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr A _t_o_k_e_n that performs a control function. It is one of the fol- lowing symbols: |||| && &&&& ;; ;;;; (( )) || <<nneewwlliinnee>> RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command: !! ccaassee ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the char- acter ||. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ || _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that specified by POSIX. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format string that specifies how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below. Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a subshell). LLiissttss A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the operators ;;, &&, &&&&, or ||||, and optionally terminated by one of ;;, &&, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. Of these list operators, &&&& and |||| have equal precedence, followed by ;; and &&,, which have equal precedence. A sequence of one or more newlines may appear in a _l_i_s_t instead of a semicolon to delimit commands. If a command is terminated by the control operator &&, the shell exe- cutes the command in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0. Commands separated by a ;; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The return status is the exit status of the last command executed. The control operators &&&& and |||| denote AND lists and OR lists, respec- tively. An AND list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status of zero. An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss A _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is one of the following: (_l_i_s_t) _l_i_s_t is executed in a subshell environment (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUU-- TTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT below). Variable assignments and builtin com- mands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. { _l_i_s_t; } _l_i_s_t is simply executed in the current shell environment. _l_i_s_t must be terminated with a newline or semicolon. This is known as a _g_r_o_u_p _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. The return status is the exit status of _l_i_s_t. Note that unlike the metacharacters (( and )), {{ and }} are _r_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s and must occur where a reserved word is permitted to be recognized. Since they do not cause a word break, they must be separated from _l_i_s_t by whitespace. ((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)) The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is evaluated according to the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If the value of the expres- sion is non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status is 1. This is exactly equivalent to lleett ""_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n"". [[[[ _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n ]]]] Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. Expressions are composed of the primaries described below under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. Word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the words between the [[[[ and ]]]]; tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution, and quote removal are performed. Condi- tional operators such as --ff must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries. When the ==== and !!== operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pattern and matched according to the rules described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (====) or does not match (!!==) the pat- tern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched as a string. An additional binary operator, ==~~, is available, with the same precedence as ==== and !!==. When it is used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an extended regular expres- sion and matched accordingly (as in _r_e_g_e_x(3)). The return value is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1 otherwise. If the regular expression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional expression's return value is 2. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. Substrings matched by parenthesized subexpressions within the regular expression are saved in the array variable BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The element of BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpres- sion. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence: (( _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n )) Returns the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. !! _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n True if _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is false. _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 &&&& _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 and _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 are true. _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 |||| _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 True if either _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 or _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 is true. The &&&& and |||| operators do not evaluate _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_2 if the value of _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n_1 is sufficient to determine the return value of the entire conditional expression. ffoorr _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of items. The variable _n_a_m_e is set to each element of this list in turn, and _l_i_s_t is executed each time. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omit- ted, the ffoorr command executes _l_i_s_t once for each positional parameter that is set (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following iinn results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. ffoorr (( _e_x_p_r_1 ; _e_x_p_r_2 ; _e_x_p_r_3 )) ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee First, the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_1 is evaluated according to the rules described below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. The arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_2 is then evaluated repeatedly until it evaluates to zero. Each time _e_x_p_r_2 evaluates to a non-zero value, _l_i_s_t is executed and the arithmetic expression _e_x_p_r_3 is evaluated. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. The return value is the exit status of the last command in _l_i_s_t that is executed, or false if any of the expres- sions is invalid. sseelleecctt _n_a_m_e [ iinn _w_o_r_d ] ; ddoo _l_i_s_t ; ddoonnee The list of words following iinn is expanded, generating a list of items. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If the iinn _w_o_r_d is omitted, the positional parameters are printed (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). The PPSS33 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the stan- dard input. If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then the value of _n_a_m_e is set to that word. If the line is empty, the words and prompt are dis- played again. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes _n_a_m_e to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable RREEPPLLYY. The _l_i_s_t is executed after each selection until a bbrreeaakk command is executed. The exit status of sseelleecctt is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t, or zero if no commands were executed. ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- sion, arithmetic substitution, command substitution, and process substitution. If the shell option nnooccaasseemmaattcchh is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. After the first match, no subsequent matches are attempted. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. Oth- erwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in _l_i_s_t. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t_; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed. Otherwise, each eelliiff _l_i_s_t is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding tthheenn _l_i_s_t is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the eellssee _l_i_s_t is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit sta- tus of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. wwhhiillee _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee uunnttiill _l_i_s_t; ddoo _l_i_s_t; ddoonnee The wwhhiillee command continuously executes the ddoo _l_i_s_t as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t returns an exit status of zero. The uunnttiill command is identical to the wwhhiillee command, except that the test is negated; the ddoo _l_i_s_t is executed as long as the last command in _l_i_s_t returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the wwhhiillee and uunnttiill commands is the exit status of the last ddoo _l_i_s_t command executed, or zero if none was executed. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: [ ffuunnccttiioonn ] _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above. _c_o_m_- _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name of a simple command. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already exists. When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- tive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, and double quotes. A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, when history expansion is enabled, !!. The characters $$ and `` retain their special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace \\ee an escape character \\ff form feed \\nn new line \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash \\'' single quote \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) \\cc_x a control-_x character The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$) will cause the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the cur- rent locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands. In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to or add to the variable's previous value. When += is applied to a vari- able for which the integer attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at one greater than the array's maximum index. When applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, it expands to a sin- gle word with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable. That is, "$$**" is equiva- lent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS is unset, the parameters are sepa- rated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. ?? Expands to the status of the most recently executed foreground pipeline. -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- shell. !! Expands to the process ID of the most recently executed back- ground (asynchronous) command. 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is set to the file name used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument zero. __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When check- ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- rently being checked. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The following variables are set by the shell: BBAASSHH Expands to the full file name used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bash execution call stack. The number of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bash execution call stack. The final parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) BBAASSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD The command currently being executed or about to be executed, unless the shell is executing a command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command executing at the time of the trap. BBAASSHH__EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN__SSTTRRIINNGG The command argument to the --cc invocation option. BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files corresponding to each member of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE. $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}} is the line number in the source file where $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i_f_P]]}} _w_a_s _c_a_l_l_e_d_. _T_h_e _c_o_r_r_e_s_p_o_n_d_i_n_g _s_o_u_r_c_e _f_i_l_e _n_a_m_e _i_s $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i]]}}.. UUssee LLIINNEENNOO ttoo oobbttaaiinn tthhee ccuurrrreenntt lliinnee nnuummbbeerr.. BBAASSHH__RREEMMAATTCCHH An array variable whose members are assigned by the ==~~ binary operator to the [[[[ conditional command. The element with index 0 is the portion of the string matching the entire regular expression. The element with index _n is the portion of the string matching the _nth parenthesized subexpression. This vari- able is read-only. BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE An array variable whose members are the source filenames corre- sponding to the elements in the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE array variable. BBAASSHH__SSUUBBSSHHEELLLL Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned. The initial value is 0. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO A readonly array variable whose members hold version information for this instance of bbaasshh. The values assigned to the array members are as follows: BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[0]] The major version number (the _r_e_l_e_a_s_e). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[1]] The minor version number (the _v_e_r_s_i_o_n). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[2]] The patch level. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[3]] The build version. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[4]] The release status (e.g., _b_e_t_a_1). BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIINNFFOO[[5]] The value of MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE. BBAASSHH__VVEERRSSIIOONN Expands to a string describing the version of this instance of bbaasshh. CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD An index into $${{CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS}} of the word containing the current cursor position. This variable is available only in shell func- tions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE The current command line. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT The index of the current cursor position relative to the begin- ning of the current command. If the current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the value of this variable is equal to $${{##CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE}}. This variable is available only in shell functions and external commands invoked by the pro- grammable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS The set of characters that the Readline library treats as word separators when performing word completion. If CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) consisting of the individ- ual words in the current command line. The words are split on shell metacharacters as the shell parser would separate them. This variable is available only in shell functions invoked by the programmable completion facilities (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommppllee-- ttiioonn below). DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing the current con- tents of the directory stack. Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the ddiirrss builtin. Assigning to members of this array variable may be used to modify directo- ries already in the stack, but the ppuusshhdd and ppooppdd builtins must be used to add and remove directories. Assignment to this vari- able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- tom-most element is "main". This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect and return an error status. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect and return an error status. If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal number representing the current sequential line number (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__EENNVV If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a file name. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant file name. CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for destination directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCOOLLUUMMNNSS Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the terminal width when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are saved on the history list. If the list of values includes _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, the command history is not saved when an interactive shell exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- cated, if necessary, by removing the oldest entries, to contain no more than that number of lines. The default value is 500. The history file is also truncated to this size after writing it when an interactive shell exits. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE The number of commands to remember in the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below). The default value is 500. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has no value, bbaasshh attempts to read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname completions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new- line>''. IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE This variable determines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE This variable determines the interpretation of characters and the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt builtin command to determine the column length for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a SIGWINCH. MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file name and the MMAAIILLPPAATTHH vari- able is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the arrival of mail in the specified file. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of file names to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may be specified by separating the file name from the message with a `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' BBaasshh supplies a default value for this variable, but the loca- tion of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/gnu/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt. PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an execution trace. The first character of PPSS44 is replicated mul- tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi- rection. The default is ``++ ''. SSHHEELLLL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari- able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. %%[[_p]][[ll]]UU The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode. %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is used. The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for input after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting for that number of seconds if input does not arrive. TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, BBaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which BBaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- tuting one string for another in the command. The default is `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss BBaasshh provides one-dimensional array variables. Any variable may be used as an array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned contiguously. Arrays are indexed using integers and are zero-based. An array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Only _s_t_r_i_n_g is required. If the optional brackets and subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax introduced above. Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- ments in the array. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to referencing element zero. The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename generation. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, removes the entire array. The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to specify an array. The rreeaadd builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion, parame- ter, variable and arithmetic expansion and command substitution (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname expansion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}" as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- ated. This mechanism is similar to _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, but the file- names generated need not exist. Patterns to be brace expanded take the form of an optional _p_r_e_a_m_b_l_e, followed by either a series of comma-sep- arated strings or a sequence expression between a pair of braces, fol- lowed by an optional _p_o_s_t_s_c_r_i_p_t. The preamble is prefixed to each string contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to each resulting string, expanding left to right. Brace expansions may be nested. The results of each expanded string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved. For example, a{{d,c,b}}e expands into `ade ace abe'. A sequence expression takes the form {{_x...._y}}, where _x and _y are either integers or single characters. When integers are supplied, the expres- sion expands to each number between _x and _y, inclusive. When charac- ters are supplied, the expression expands to each character lexico- graphically between _x and _y, inclusive. Note that both _x and _y must be of the same type. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any char- acters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. BBaasshh does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs} or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is unchanged. Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed. Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point, a level of variable indirection is introduced. BBaasshh uses the value of the vari- able formed from the rest of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!_p_r_e_f_i_x*} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to introduce indirec- tion. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. When not performing substring expansion, bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a parame- ter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn.. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r start- ing at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). _l_e_n_g_t_h must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero. If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is used as an offset from the end of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array name indexed by @ or *, the result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by at least one space to avoid being confused with the :- expan- sion. Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} The length in characters of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substi- tuted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substituted is the number of elements in the array. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pat- tern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and the longest match of _p_a_t_- _t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. If Ipattern _b_e_g_i_n_s _w_i_t_h //_, _a_l_l _m_a_t_c_h_e_s _o_f _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _a_r_e _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_d _w_i_t_h _s_t_r_i_n_g_. _N_o_r_m_a_l_l_y _o_n_l_y _t_h_e _f_i_r_s_t _m_a_t_c_h _i_s _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_d_. _I_f _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _b_e_g_i_n_s _w_i_t_h ##_, _i_t _m_u_s_t _m_a_t_c_h _a_t _t_h_e _b_e_g_i_n_n_i_n_g _o_f _t_h_e _e_x_p_a_n_d_e_d _v_a_l_u_e _o_f _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_. _I_f _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _b_e_g_i_n_s _w_i_t_h %%_, _i_t _m_u_s_t _m_a_t_c_h _a_t _t_h_e _e_n_d _o_f _t_h_e _e_x_p_a_n_d_e_d _v_a_l_u_e _o_f _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_. _I_f _s_t_r_i_n_g _i_s _n_u_l_l_, _m_a_t_c_h_e_s _o_f _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _a_r_e _d_e_l_e_t_e_d _a_n_d _t_h_e // _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _m_a_y _b_e _o_m_i_t_- _t_e_d_. _I_f _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable sub- scripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. CCoommmmaanndd SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n allows the output of a command to replace the com- mand name. There are two forms: $$((_c_o_m_m_a_n_d)) or ``_c_o_m_m_a_n_d`` BBaasshh performs the expansion by executing _c_o_m_m_a_n_d and replacing the com- mand substitution with the standard output of the command, with any trailing newlines deleted. Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during word splitting. The command substitution $$((ccaatt _f_i_l_e)) can be replaced by the equivalent but faster $$((<< _f_i_l_e)). When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by $$, ``, or \\. The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command sub- stitution. When using the $(_c_o_m_m_a_n_d) form, all characters between the parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially. Command substitutions may be nested. To nest when using the backquoted form, escape the inner backquotes with backslashes. If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the results. AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression and the substitution of the result. The format for arithmetic expan- sion is: $$((((_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n)))) The _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote inside the parentheses is not treated specially. All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string expansion, command substitution, and quote removal. Arithmetic expansions may be nested. The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN. If _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n is invalid, bbaasshh prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs. PPrroocceessss SSuubbssttiittuuttiioonn _P_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n is supported on systems that support named pipes (_F_I_F_O_s) or the //ddeevv//ffdd method of naming open files. It takes the form of <<((_l_i_s_t)) or >>((_l_i_s_t)). The process _l_i_s_t is run with its input or out- put connected to a _F_I_F_O or some file in //ddeevv//ffdd. The name of this file is passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the expansion. If the >>((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, writing to the file will pro- vide input for _l_i_s_t. If the <<((_l_i_s_t)) form is used, the file passed as an argument should be read to obtain the output of _l_i_s_t. When available, process substitution is performed simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg The shell scans the results of parameter expansion, command substitu- tion, and arithmetic expansion that did not occur within double quotes for _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g. The shell treats each character of IIFFSS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IIFFSS is unset, or its value is exactly <<ssppaaccee>><<ttaabb>><<nneewwlliinnee>>, the default, then any sequence of IIFFSS characters serves to delimit words. If IIFFSS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters ssppaaccee and ttaabb are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of IIFFSS (an IIFFSS whitespace character). Any character in IIFFSS that is not IIFFSS white- space, along with any adjacent IIFFSS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IIFFSS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IIFFSS is null, no word splitting occurs. Explicit null arguments ("""" or '''') are retained. Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of parameters that have no values, are removed. If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a null argument results and is retained. Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting is performed. PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn After word splitting, unless the --ff option has been set, bbaasshh scans each word for the characters **, ??, and [[. If one of these characters appears, then the word is regarded as a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names matching the pattern. If no matching file names are found, and the shell option nnuullllgglloobb is dis- abled, the word is left unchanged. If the nnuullllgglloobb option is set, and no matches are found, the word is removed. If the ffaaiillgglloobb shell option is set, and no matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not executed. If the shell option nnooccaasseegglloobb is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alpha- betic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiill-- gglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the list of matches. The file names ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGG-- NNOORREE to a non-null value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other file names beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is unset. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally. The special pattern characters have the following meanings: ** Matches any string, including the null string. ?? Matches any single character. [[......]] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of charac- ters separated by a hyphen denotes a _r_a_n_g_e _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n; any char- acter that sorts between those two characters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating sequence and character set, is matched. If the first character following the [[ is a !! or a ^^ then any character not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters in range expressions is determined by the current locale and the value of the LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE shell variable, if set. A -- may be matched by including it as the first or last charac- ter in the set. A ]] may be matched by including it as the first character in the set. Within [[ and ]], _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _c_l_a_s_s_e_s can be specified using the syntax [[::_c_l_a_s_s::]], where _c_l_a_s_s is one of the following classes defined in the POSIX standard: aallnnuumm aallpphhaa aasscciiii bbllaannkk ccnnttrrll ddiiggiitt ggrraapphh lloowweerr pprriinntt ppuunncctt ssppaaccee uuppppeerr wwoorrdd xxddiiggiitt A character class matches any character belonging to that class. The wwoorrdd character class matches letters, digits, and the char- acter _. Within [[ and ]], an _e_q_u_i_v_a_l_e_n_c_e _c_l_a_s_s can be specified using the syntax [[==_c==]], which matches all characters with the same colla- tion weight (as defined by the current locale) as the character _c. Within [[ and ]], the syntax [[.._s_y_m_b_o_l..]] matches the collating sym- bol _s_y_m_b_o_l. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following description, a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of one or more patterns separated by a ||. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol- lowing sub-patterns: ??((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns **((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns ++((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns @@((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches one of the given patterns !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches anything except one of the given patterns QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions are removed. RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN Before a command is executed, its input and output may be _r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_e_d using a special notation interpreted by the shell. Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the current shell execution environment. The following redirection operators may precede or appear anywhere within a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or may follow a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from left to right. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- direction refers to the standard input (file descriptor 0). If the first character of the redirection operator is >>, the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor 1). The word following the redirection operator in the following descrip- tions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expan- sion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting. If it expands to more than one word, bbaasshh reports an error. Note that the order of redirections is significant. For example, the command ls >> dirlist 2>>&&1 directs both standard output and standard error to the file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, while the command ls 2>>&&1 >> dirlist directs only the standard output to file _d_i_r_l_i_s_t, because the standard error was duplicated as standard output before the standard output was redirected to _d_i_r_l_i_s_t. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially when they are used in redirec- tions, as described in the following table: //ddeevv//ffdd//_f_d If _f_d is a valid integer, file descriptor _f_d is dupli- cated. //ddeevv//ssttddiinn File descriptor 0 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ssttddoouutt File descriptor 1 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ssttddeerrrr File descriptor 2 is duplicated. //ddeevv//ttccpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open a TCP connection to the corresponding socket. //ddeevv//uuddpp//_h_o_s_t//_p_o_r_t If _h_o_s_t is a valid hostname or Internet address, and _p_o_r_t is an integer port number or service name, bbaasshh attempts to open a UDP connection to the corresponding socket. A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail. Redirections using file descriptors greater than 9 should be used with care, as they may conflict with file descriptors the shell uses inter- nally. RReeddiirreeccttiinngg IInnppuutt Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from the expan- sion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for reading on file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. The general format for redirecting input is: [_n]<<_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg OOuuttppuutt Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for writing on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created; if it does exist it is truncated to zero size. The general format for redirecting output is: [_n]>>_w_o_r_d If the redirection operator is >>, and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d exists and is a regular file. If the redirection operator is >>||, or the redirection operator is >> and the nnoocclloobbbbeerr option to the sseett builtin command is not enabled, the re- direction is attempted even if the file named by _w_o_r_d exists. AAppppeennddiinngg RReeddiirreecctteedd OOuuttppuutt Redirection of output in this fashion causes the file whose name results from the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for appending on file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist it is created. The general format for appending output is: [_n]>>>>_w_o_r_d RReeddiirreeccttiinngg SSttaannddaarrdd OOuuttppuutt aanndd SSttaannddaarrdd EErrrroorr BBaasshh allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and the stan- dard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected to the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d with this construct. There are two formats for redirecting standard output and standard error: &&>>_w_o_r_d and >>&&_w_o_r_d Of the two forms, the first is preferred. This is semantically equiva- lent to >>_w_o_r_d 2>>&&1 HHeerree DDooccuummeennttss This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until a line containing only _w_o_r_d (with no trailing blanks) is seen. All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard input for a command. The format of here-documents is: <<<<[--]_w_o_r_d _h_e_r_e_-_d_o_c_u_m_e_n_t _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, or pathname expansion is performed on _w_o_r_d. If any characters in _w_o_r_d are quoted, the _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r is the result of quote removal on _w_o_r_d, and the lines in the here-document are not expanded. If _w_o_r_d is unquoted, all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion, com- mand substitution, and arithmetic expansion. In the latter case, the character sequence \\<<nneewwlliinnee>> is ignored, and \\ must be used to quote the characters \\, $$, and ``. If the redirection operator is <<<<--, then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the line containing _d_e_l_i_m_i_t_e_r. This allows here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a natural fashion. HHeerree SSttrriinnggss A variant of here documents, the format is: <<<<<<_w_o_r_d The _w_o_r_d is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input. DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- direction error occurs. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. Similarly, the redirection operator [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg The redirection operator [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- pound command. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not available until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in com- pound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 0 is unchanged. The first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical between a function and its caller with the exception that the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inher- ited unless the function has been given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett builtin (in which case all func- tions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps). Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. If the builtin command rreettuurrnn is executed in a function, the function completes and execution resumes with the next command after the func- tion call. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes. When a function completes, the values of the positional parameters and the special parameter ## are restored to the values they had prior to the function's execution. Function names and definitions may be listed with the --ff option to the ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppeesseett builtin commands. The --FF option to ddeeccllaarree or ttyyppee-- sseett will list the function names only (and optionally the source file and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. Functions may be recursive. No limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- variable post-increment and post-decrement ++++_i_d ----_i_d variable pre-increment and pre-decrement -- ++ unary minus and plus !! ~~ logical and bitwise negation **** exponentiation ** // %% multiplication, division, remainder ++ -- addition, subtraction <<<< >>>> left and right bitwise shifts <<== >>== << >> comparison ==== !!== equality and inequality && bitwise AND ^^ bitwise exclusive OR || bitwise OR &&&& logical AND |||| logical OR _e_x_p_r??_e_x_p_r::_e_x_p_r conditional operator == **== //== %%== ++== --== <<<<== >>>>== &&== ^^== ||== assignment _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If _b_a_s_e_# is omit- ted, then base 10 is used. The digits greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following unary or binary primaries. If any _f_i_l_e argument to one of the pri- maries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. --aa _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists. --bb _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a block special file. --cc _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a character special file. --dd _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a directory. --ee _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists. --ff _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a regular file. --gg _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is set-group-id. --hh _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --kk _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and its ``sticky'' bit is set. --pp _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a named pipe (FIFO). --rr _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is readable. --ss _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and has a size greater than zero. --tt _f_d True if file descriptor _f_d is open and refers to a terminal. --uu _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and its set-user-id bit is set. --ww _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is writable. --xx _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is executable. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --GG _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective group id. --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. --NN _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e True if shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. _s_t_r_i_n_g --nn _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is non-zero. _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if the strings are equal. == may be used in place of ==== for strict POSIX compliance. _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 !!== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if the strings are not equal. _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 << _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts before _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically in the current locale. _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 >> _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically in the current locale. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive or negative integers. SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- tion environment. Argument 0 is set to the name given, and the remain- ing arguments to the command are set to the arguments given, if any. If this execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a _s_h_e_l_l _s_c_r_i_p_t, a file containing shell commands. A subshell is spawned to execute it. This subshell reinitializes itself, so that the effect is as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the script, with the exception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent (see hhaasshh below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS) are retained by the child. If the program is a file beginning with ##!!, the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for the program. The shell executes the specified interpreter on operating systems that do not handle this exe- cutable format themselves. The arguments to the interpreter consist of a single optional argument following the interpreter name on the first line of the program, followed by the name of the program, followed by the command arguments, if any. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT The shell has an _e_x_e_c_u_t_i_o_n _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t, which consists of the follow- ing: +o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by redirections supplied to the eexxeecc builtin +o the current working directory as set by ccdd, ppuusshhdd, or ppooppdd, or inherited by the shell at invocation +o the file creation mode mask as set by uummaasskk or inherited from the shell's parent +o current traps set by ttrraapp +o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with sseett or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment +o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com- mand-line arguments) or by sseett +o options enabled by sshhoopptt +o shell aliases defined with aalliiaass +o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the value of $$$$, and the value of $$PPPPIIDD When a simple command other than a builtin or shell function is to be executed, it is invoked in a separate execution environment that con- sists of the following. Unless otherwise noted, the values are inher- ited from the shell. +o the shell's open files, plus any modifications and additions specified by redirections to the command +o the current working directory +o the file creation mode mask +o shell variables and functions marked for export, along with variables exported for the command, passed in the environment +o traps caught by the shell are reset to the values inherited from the shell's parent, and traps ignored by the shell are ignored A command invoked in this separate environment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro- nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca- tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi- ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment. If a command is followed by a && and job control is not active, the default standard input for the command is the empty file _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l. Otherwise, the invoked command inherits the file descriptors of the calling shell as modified by redirections. EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT When a program is invoked it is given an array of strings called the _e_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t. This is a list of _n_a_m_e-_v_a_l_u_e pairs, of the form _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e. The shell provides several ways to manipulate the environment. On invocation, the shell scans its own environment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking it for _e_x_p_o_r_t to child pro- cesses. Executed commands inherit the environment. The eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands allow parameters and functions to be added to and deleted from the environment. If the value of a parameter in the envi- ronment is modified, the new value becomes part of the environment, replacing the old. The environment inherited by any executed command consists of the shell's initial environment, whose values may be modi- fied in the shell, less any pairs removed by the uunnsseett command, plus any additions via the eexxppoorrtt and ddeeccllaarree --xx commands. The environment for any _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or function may be augmented temporarily by prefixing it with parameter assignments, as described above in PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS. These assignment statements affect only the envi- ronment seen by that command. If the --kk option is set (see the sseett builtin command below), then _a_l_l parameter assignments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. When bbaasshh invokes an external command, the variable __ is set to the full file name of the command and passed to that command in its envi- ronment. EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS For the shell's purposes, a command which exits with a zero exit status has succeeded. An exit status of zero indicates success. A non-zero exit status indicates failure. When a command terminates on a fatal signal _N, bbaasshh uses the value of 128+_N as the exit status. If a command is not found, the child process created to execute it returns a status of 127. If a command is found but is not executable, the return status is 126. If a command fails because of an error during expansion or redirection, the exit status is greater than zero. Shell builtin commands return a status of 0 (_t_r_u_e) if successful, and non-zero (_f_a_l_s_e) if an error occurs while they execute. All builtins return an exit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage. BBaasshh itself returns the exit status of the last command executed, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case it exits with a non-zero value. See also the eexxiitt builtin command below. SSIIGGNNAALLSS When bbaasshh is interactive, in the absence of any traps, it ignores SSIIGGTTEERRMM (so that kkiillll 00 does not kill an interactive shell), and SSIIGGIINNTT is caught and handled (so that the wwaaiitt builtin is interruptible). In all cases, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGQQUUIITT. If job control is in effect, bbaasshh ignores SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTTTTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. Non-builtin commands run by bbaasshh have signal handlers set to the values inherited by the shell from its parent. When job control is not in effect, asynchronous commands ignore SSIIGGIINNTT and SSIIGGQQUUIITT in addition to these inherited handlers. Commands run as a result of command substi- tution ignore the keyboard-generated job control signals SSIIGGTTTTIINN, SSIIGGTT-- TTOOUU, and SSIIGGTTSSTTPP. The shell exits by default upon receipt of a SSIIGGHHUUPP. Before exiting, an interactive shell resends the SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs, running or stopped. Stopped jobs are sent SSIIGGCCOONNTT to ensure that they receive the SSIIGGHHUUPP. To prevent the shell from sending the signal to a particular job, it should be removed from the jobs table with the ddiissoowwnn builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) or marked to not receive SSIIGGHHUUPP using ddiissoowwnn --hh. If the hhuuppoonneexxiitt shell option has been set with sshhoopptt, bbaasshh sends a SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an interactive login shell exits. If bbaasshh is waiting for a command to complete and receives a signal for which a trap has been set, the trap will not be executed until the com- mand completes. When bbaasshh is waiting for an asynchronous command via the wwaaiitt builtin, the reception of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the wwaaiitt builtin to return immediately with an exit sta- tus greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is executed. JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL _J_o_b _c_o_n_t_r_o_l refers to the ability to selectively stop (_s_u_s_p_e_n_d) the execution of processes and continue (_r_e_s_u_m_e) their execution at a later point. A user typically employs this facility via an interactive interface supplied jointly by the system's terminal driver and bbaasshh. The shell associates a _j_o_b with each pipeline. It keeps a table of currently executing jobs, which may be listed with the jjoobbss command. When bbaasshh starts a job asynchronously (in the _b_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d), it prints a line that looks like: [1] 25647 indicating that this job is job number 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline associated with this job is 25647. All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job. BBaasshh uses the _j_o_b abstraction as the basis for job control. To facilitate the implementation of the user interface to job control, the operating system maintains the notion of a _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _t_e_r_m_i_n_a_l _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _g_r_o_u_p _I_D. Members of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID) receive keyboard- generated signals such as SSIIGGIINNTT. These processes are said to be in the _f_o_r_e_g_r_o_u_n_d. _B_a_c_k_g_r_o_u_n_d processes are those whose process group ID differs from the terminal's; such processes are immune to keyboard-gen- erated signals. Only foreground processes are allowed to read from or write to the terminal. Background processes which attempt to read from (write to) the terminal are sent a SSIIGGTTTTIINN ((SSIIGGTTTTOOUU)) signal by the ter- minal driver, which, unless caught, suspends the process. If the operating system on which bbaasshh is running supports job control, bbaasshh contains facilities to use it. Typing the _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typ- ically ^^ZZ, Control-Z) while a process is running causes that process to be stopped and returns control to bbaasshh. Typing the _d_e_l_a_y_e_d _s_u_s_p_e_n_d character (typically ^^YY, Control-Y) causes the process to be stopped when it attempts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned to bbaasshh. The user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the bbgg command to continue it in the background, the ffgg command to continue it in the foreground, or the kkiillll command to kill it. A ^^ZZ takes effect immediately, and has the additional side effect of causing pending output and typeahead to be discarded. There are a number of ways to refer to a job in the shell. The charac- ter %% introduces a job name. Job number _n may be referred to as %%nn. A job may also be referred to using a prefix of the name used to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line. For exam- ple, %%ccee refers to a stopped ccee job. If a prefix matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. Using %%??ccee, on the other hand, refers to any job containing the string ccee in its command line. If the substring matches more than one job, bbaasshh reports an error. The symbols %%%% and %%++ refer to the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b, which is the last job stopped while it was in the foreground or started in the back- ground. The _p_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _j_o_b may be referenced using %%--. In output per- taining to jobs (e.g., the output of the jjoobbss command), the current job is always flagged with a ++, and the previous job with a --. A single % (with no accompanying job specification) also refers to the current job. Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the foreground: %%11 is a synonym for ````ffgg %%11'''', bringing job 1 from the background into the foreground. Similarly, ````%%11 &&'''' resumes job 1 in the background, equivalent to ````bbgg %%11''''. The shell learns immediately whenever a job changes state. Normally, bbaasshh waits until it is about to print a prompt before reporting changes in a job's status so as to not interrupt any other output. If the --bb option to the sseett builtin command is enabled, bbaasshh reports such changes immediately. Any trap on SSIIGGCCHHLLDD is executed for each child that exits. If an attempt to exit bbaasshh is made while jobs are stopped, the shell prints a warning message. The jjoobbss command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an interven- ing command, the shell does not print another warning, and the stopped jobs are terminated. PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) \\hh the hostname up to the first `.' \\HH the hostname \\jj the number of jobs currently managed by the shell \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format \\@@ the current time in 12-hour am/pm format \\AA the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde \\!! the history number of this command \\## the command number of this command \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters The command number and the history number are usually different: the history number of a command is its position in the history list, which may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of commands executed during the current shell session. After the string is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. To turn off line editing after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. When using the form kkeeyynnaammee:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, _k_e_y_n_a_m_e is the name of a key spelled out in English. For example: Control-u: universal-argument Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is \\CC-- control prefix \\MM-- meta prefix \\ee an escape character \\\\ backslash \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace \\dd delete \\ff form feed \\nn newline \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess Readline has variables that can be used to further customize its behav- ior. A variable may be set in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file with a statement of the form sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- ilar to _e_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. eennaabbllee--kkeeyyppaadd ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will try to enable the application key- pad when it is called. Some systems need this to enable the arrow keys. eexxppaanndd--ttiillddee ((OOffff)) If set to oonn, tilde expansion is performed when readline attempts word completion. hhiissttoorryy--pprreesseerrvvee--ppooiinntt ((OOffff)) If set to oonn, the history code attempts to place point at the same location on each history line retrieved with pprreevviioouuss--hhiiss-- ttoorryy or nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy. hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssccrroollll--mmooddee ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, makes readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input horizontally on a single screen line when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a new line. iinnppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will enable eight-bit input (that is, it will not strip the high bit from the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The name mmeettaa--ffllaagg is a synonym for this variable. iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss ((````CC--[[CC--JJ'''')) The string of characters that should terminate an incremental search without subsequently executing the character as a com- mand. If this variable has not been given a value, the charac- ters _E_S_C and _C_-_J will terminate an incremental search. kkeeyymmaapp ((eemmaaccss)) Set the current readline keymap. The set of valid keymap names is _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_- _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, completed directory names have a slash appended. mmaarrkk--mmooddiiffiieedd--lliinneess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, history lines that have been modified are dis- played with a preceding asterisk (**). mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, completed names which are symbolic links to direc- tories have a slash appended (subject to the value of mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess). mmaattcchh--hhiiddddeenn--ffiilleess ((OOnn)) This variable, when set to OOnn, causes readline to match files whose names begin with a `.' (hidden files) when performing filename completion, unless the leading `.' is supplied by the user in the filename to be completed. oouuttppuutt--mmeettaa ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. ppaaggee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((OOnn)) If set to OOnn, readline uses an internal _m_o_r_e-like pager to dis- play a screenful of possible completions at a time. pprriinntt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss--hhoorriizzoonnttaallllyy ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will display completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down the screen. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss ((OOffff)) This alters the default behavior of the completion functions. If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--aallll--iiff--uunnmmooddiiffiieedd ((OOffff)) This alters the default behavior of the completion functions in a fashion similar to sshhooww--aallll--iiff--aammbbiigguuoouuss. If set to oonn, words which have more than one possible completion without any possi- ble partial completion (the possible completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- pletions. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoonnddiittiioonnaall CCoonnssttrruuccttss Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used. $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters are required to isolate it. mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be used in conjunction with the sseett kkeeyymmaapp command, for instance, to set bindings in the _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d and _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x keymaps only if readline is starting out in emacs mode. tteerrmm The tteerrmm== form may be used to include terminal-specific key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the == is tested against the both full name of the ter- minal and the portion of the terminal name before the first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific program. For instance, the following command adds a key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: $$iiff Bash # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $$eennddiiff $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff command. $$eellssee Commands in this branch of the $$iiff directive are executed if the test fails. $$iinncclluuddee This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads commands and bindings from that file. For example, the follow- ing directive would read _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c: $$iinncclluuddee _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_p_u_t_r_c SSeeaarrcchhiinngg Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see HHIISSTTOORRYY below) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: _i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l and _n_o_n_-_i_n_c_r_e_m_e_n_t_a_l. Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, read- line displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in the value of the iisseeaarrcchh--tteerrmmiinnaattoorrss variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incremental search. Control-G will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the history list, type Control-S or Control-R as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a _n_e_w_l_i_n_e will termi- nate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two Control- Rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used. Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line. RReeaaddlliinnee CCoommmmaanndd NNaammeess The following is a list of the names of the commands and the default key sequences to which they are bound. Command names without an accom- panying key sequence are unbound by default. In the following descrip- tions, _p_o_i_n_t refers to the current cursor position, and _m_a_r_k refers to a cursor position saved by the sseett--mmaarrkk command. The text between the point and mark is referred to as the _r_e_g_i_o_n. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMoovviinngg bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--aa)) Move to the start of the current line. eenndd--ooff--lliinnee ((CC--ee)) Move to the end of the line. ffoorrwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--ff)) Move forward a character. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--cchhaarr ((CC--bb)) Move back a character. ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--ff)) Move forward to the end of the next word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd ((MM--bb)) Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are composed of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits). cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the screen. rreeddrraaww--ccuurrrreenntt--lliinnee Refresh the current line. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr MMaanniippuullaattiinngg tthhee HHiissttoorryy aacccceepptt--lliinnee ((NNeewwlliinnee,, RReettuurrnn)) Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list according to the state of the HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL variable. If the line is a modified history line, then restore the history line to its original state. pprreevviioouuss--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--pp)) Fetch the previous command from the history list, moving back in the list. nneexxtt--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--nn)) Fetch the next command from the history list, moving forward in the list. bbeeggiinnnniinngg--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--<<)) Move to the first line in the history. eenndd--ooff--hhiissttoorryy ((MM-->>)) Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently being entered. rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--rr)) Search backward starting at the current line and moving `up' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((CC--ss)) Search forward starting at the current line and moving `down' through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--rreevveerrssee--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--pp)) Search backward through the history starting at the current line using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. nnoonn--iinnccrreemmeennttaall--ffoorrwwaarrdd--sseeaarrcchh--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--nn)) Search forward through the history using a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the user. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. hhiissttoorryy--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, insert the _nth word from the previous command (the words in the previous command begin with word 0). A negative argument inserts the _nth word from the end of the previous command. Once the argument _n is computed, the argument is extracted as if the "!_n" history expansion had been specified. yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg ((MM--..,, MM--__)) Insert the last argument to the previous command (the last word of the previous history entry). With an argument, behave exactly like yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg. Successive calls to yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg move back through the history list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn. The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument, as if the "!$" history expansion had been specified. sshheellll--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--CC--ee)) Expand the line as the shell does. This performs alias and his- tory expansion as well as all of the shell word expansions. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. hhiissttoorryy--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee ((MM--^^)) Perform history expansion on the current line. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. mmaaggiicc--ssppaaccee Perform history expansion on the current line and insert a space. See HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below for a description of history expansion. aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform alias expansion on the current line. See AALLIIAASSEESS above for a description of alias expansion. hhiissttoorryy--aanndd--aalliiaass--eexxppaanndd--lliinnee Perform history and alias expansion on the current line. iinnsseerrtt--llaasstt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--..,, MM--__)) A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any argument is ignored. eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xxCC--ee)) Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$FFCCEEDDIITT, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If point is at the beginning of the line, there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not bound to ddeelleettee--cchhaarr, then return EEOOFF. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) Drag the character before point forward over the character at point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--kk)) Kill the text from point to the end of the line. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. kkiillll--rreeggiioonn Kill the text in the current region. ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count for the next command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward through the list. This command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) Attempt filename completion on the text before point. ppoossssiibbllee--ffiilleennaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx //)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a command name. Command completion attempts to match the text against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......)) If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line. rreevveerrtt--lliinnee ((MM--rr)) Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the uunnddoo command enough times to return the line to its initial state. ttiillddee--eexxppaanndd ((MM--&&)) Perform tilde expansion on the current word. sseett--mmaarrkk ((CC--@@,, MM--<<ssppaaccee>>)) Set the mark to the point. If a numeric argument is supplied, the mark is set to that position. eexxcchhaannggee--ppooiinntt--aanndd--mmaarrkk ((CC--xx CC--xx)) Swap the point with the mark. The current cursor position is set to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the mark. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh ((CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of that character. A negative count searches for previous occur- rences. cchhaarraacctteerr--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd ((MM--CC--]])) A character is read and point is moved to the previous occur- rence of that character. A negative count searches for subse- quent occurrences. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt ((MM--##)) Without a numeric argument, the value of the readline ccoomm-- mmeenntt--bbeeggiinn variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line. If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn, the value is inserted, other- wise the characters in ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn are deleted from the begin- ning of the line. In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed. The default value of ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn causes this command to make the current line a shell comment. If a numeric argument causes the comment character to be removed, the line will be executed by the shell. gglloobb--ccoommpplleettee--wwoorrdd ((MM--gg)) The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, with an asterisk implicitly appended. This pattern is used to generate a list of matching file names for possible completions. gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd ((CC--xx **)) The word before point is treated as a pattern for pathname expansion, and the list of matching file names is inserted, replacing the word. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. gglloobb--lliisstt--eexxppaannssiioonnss ((CC--xx gg)) The list of expansions that would have been generated by gglloobb--eexxppaanndd--wwoorrdd is displayed, and the line is redrawn. If a numeric argument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname expansion. dduummpp--ffuunnccttiioonnss Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the read- line output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the out- put is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--vvaarriiaabblleess Print all of the settable readline variables and their values to the readline output stream. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. dduummpp--mmaaccrrooss Print all of the readline key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. ddiissppllaayy--sshheellll--vveerrssiioonn ((CC--xx CC--vv)) Display version information about the current instance of bbaasshh. PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn When word completion is attempted for an argument to a command for which a completion specification (a _c_o_m_p_s_p_e_c) has been defined using the ccoommpplleettee builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the pro- grammable completion facilities are invoked. First, the command name is identified. If a compspec has been defined for that command, the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions for the word. If the command word is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is searched for first. If no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to find a compspec for the portion following the final slash. Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of matching words. If a compspec is not found, the default bbaasshh comple- tion as described above under CCoommpplleettiinngg is performed. First, the actions specified by the compspec are used. Only matches which are prefixed by the word being completed are returned. When the --ff or --dd option is used for filename or directory name completion, the shell variable FFIIGGNNOORREE is used to filter the matches. Any completions specified by a filename expansion pattern to the --GG option are generated next. The words generated by the pattern need not match the word being completed. The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable is not used to filter the matches, but the FFIIGGNNOORREE variable is used. Next, the string specified as the argument to the --WW option is consid- ered. The string is first split using the characters in the IIFFSS spe- cial variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described above under EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN. The results are split using the rules described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg. The results of the expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching words become the possible completions. After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command specified with the --FF and --CC options is invoked. When the command or function is invoked, the CCOOMMPP__LLIINNEE and CCOOMMPP__PPOOIINNTT variables are assigned values as described above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess. If a shell function is being invoked, the CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDSS and CCOOMMPP__CCWWOORRDD variables are also set. When the function or command is invoked, the first argument is the name of the command whose arguments are being completed, the second argument is the word being completed, and the third argument is the word preceding the word being completed on the current command line. No filtering of the generated completions against the word being completed is performed; the function or command has complete freedom in generating the matches. Any function specified with --FF is invoked first. The function may use any of the shell facilities, including the ccoommppggeenn builtin described below, to generate the matches. It must put the possible completions in the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. Next, any command specified with the --CC option is invoked in an envi- ronment equivalent to command substitution. It should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standard output. Backslash may be used to escape a newline, if necessary. After all of the possible completions are generated, any filter speci- fied with the --XX option is applied to the list. The filter is a pat- tern as used for pathname expansion; a && in the pattern is replaced with the text of the word being completed. A literal && may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. Any completion that matches the pattern will be removed from the list. A leading !! negates the pattern; in this case any completion not match- ing the pattern will be removed. Finally, any prefix and suffix specified with the --PP and --SS options are added to each member of the completion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion code as the list of possible completions. If the previously-applied actions do not generate any matches, and the --oo ddiirrnnaammeess option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted. If the --oo pplluussddiirrss option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. By default, if a compspec is found, whatever it generates is returned to the completion code as the full set of possible completions. The default bbaasshh completions are not attempted, and the readline default of filename completion is disabled. If the --oo bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt option was sup- plied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, the bbaasshh default com- pletions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches. If the --oo ddeeffaauulltt option was supplied to ccoommpplleettee when the compspec was defined, readline's default completion will be performed if the compspec (and, if attempted, the default bbaasshh completions) generate no matches. When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desired, the programmable completion functions force readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to directories, subject to the value of the mmaarrkk--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable, regardless of the setting of the mmaarrkk--ssyymmlliinnkkeedd--ddiirreeccttoorriieess readline variable. HHIISSTTOORRYY When the --oo hhiissttoorryy option to the sseett builtin is enabled, the shell provides access to the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _h_i_s_t_o_r_y, the list of commands previously typed. The value of the HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE variable is used as the number of commands to save in a history list. The text of the last HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE com- mands (default 500) is saved. The shell stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and variable expansion (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN above) but after history expansion is performed, subject to the values of the shell variables HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE and HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. On startup, the history is initialized from the file named by the vari- able HHIISSTTFFIILLEE (default _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y). The file named by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is truncated, if necessary, to contain no more than the number of lines specified by the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE. When an inter- active shell exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the his- tory list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), the lines are appended to the history file, otherwise the history file is over- written. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is unset, or if the history file is unwritable, the history is not saved. After saving the history, the history file is truncated to contain no more than HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE lines. If HHIISSTTFFIILLEE-- SSIIZZEE is not set, no truncation is performed. The builtin command ffcc (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) may be used to list or edit and re-execute a portion of the history list. The hhiiss-- ttoorryy builtin may be used to display or modify the history list and manipulate the history file. When using command-line editing, search commands are available in each editing mode that provide access to the history list. The shell allows control over which commands are saved on the history list. The HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL and HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE variables may be set to cause the shell to save only a subset of the commands entered. The ccmmddhhiisstt shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to save each line of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The lliitthhiisstt shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. See the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for information on setting and unsetting shell options. HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not perform history expansion by default. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read- ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history expansion character. Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin), and rreeaadd-- lliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed history sub- stitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for correc- tion. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess). EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- tory list. !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command line minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g Refer to the most recent command starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] Refer to the most recent command containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trail- ing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a new- line. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ Quick substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMoodd-- iiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. $$ The last argument. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing file name component, leaving only the head. tt Remove all leading file name components, leaving the tail. rr Remove a trailing suffix of the form _._x_x_x, leaving the basename. ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at bbllaannkkss and newlines. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event line. SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the options. For example, the ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, file names in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_- _n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVV] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--rr _k_e_y_s_e_q] bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Read key bindings from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. --qq _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n Query about which keys invoke the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. --uu _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n Unbind all keys bound to the named _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n. --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is entered. The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when bbrreeaakk is executed. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccdd [--LL||--PP] [_d_i_r] Change the current directory to _d_i_r. The variable HHOOMMEE is the default _d_i_r. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r. Alternative directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not used. The --PP option says to use the physical directory structure instead of following symbolic links (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links to be fol- lowed. An argument of -- is equivalent to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD. If a non- empty directory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard output. The return value is true if the directory was success- fully changed; false otherwise. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins. With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, and source file corresponding to that position in the current execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv option causes a single word indicating the command or file name used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro- grammable completion code had generated them directly from a completion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is speci- fied, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [_n_a_m_e ...] Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The process of applying these completion specifications when word completion is attempted is described above under PPrroo-- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess Tell readline that the compspec generates file- names, so it can perform any filename-specific processing (like adding a slash to directory names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss After any matches defined by the compspec are generated, directory name completion is attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy Directory names. May also be specified as --dd. ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn Names of shell functions. ggrroouupp Group names. May also be specified as --gg. hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. uusseerr User names. May also be specified as --uu. vvaarriiaabbllee Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t The filename expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being com- pleted. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com- pletions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY array variable. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for filename expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a loop when ccoonnttiinnuuee is executed. ddeeccllaarree [--aaffFFiirrttxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaffFFiirrttxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used, additional options are ignored. The --FF option inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where the function is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option implies --ff. The following options can be used to restrict out- put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari- ables attributes: --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN )) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the environment. Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exception that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- able. When used in a function, makes each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command. If a variable name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is set to _v_a_l_u_e. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to assign a value to an array variable without using the compound assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] Without options, displays the list of currently remembered directories. The default display is on a single line with directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes entries from the list. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. --ll Produces a longer listing; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] Without options, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is removed from the table of active jobs. If the --hh option is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. The return status is always 0. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option is given, interpreta- tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpretation of these escape char- acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace \\cc suppress trailing newline \\ee an escape character \\ff form feed \\nn new line \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aaddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- ning of the zeroth arg passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option eexxeeccffaaiill is enabled, in which case it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can- not be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all names that are exported in this shell is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- tion. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--nnllrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t is selected from the history list. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur- rent command number). If _l_a_s_t is not specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t otherwise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not spec- ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last com- mand. If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. The return value is that of the command placed into the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and nnaammee is set to ?. ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] For each _n_a_m_e, the full file name of the command is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remembered. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is used as the full file name of the command. The --rr option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e arguments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be displayed in a for- mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. The --ss option restricts the information displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0 unless no command matches _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] hhiissttoorryy --cc hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. --aa Append the ``new'' history lines (history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session) to the history file. --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history file into the current history list. These are lines appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. --rr Read the contents of the history file and use them as the current history. --ww Write the current history to the history file, overwrit- ing the history file's contents. --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and display the result on the standard output. Does not store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT is set, the time stamp information associ- ated with each history entry is written to the history file. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is supplied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. jjoobbss [--llnnpprrss] [ _j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... ] jjoobbss --xx _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ _a_r_g_s ... ] The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. --rr Restrict output to running jobs. --ss Restrict output to stopped jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- tion and its children. With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for- mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) for- mats, %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t (except that \\cc terminates output, backslashes in \\'', \\"", and \\?? are not removed, and octal escapes beginning with \\00 may contain up to four digits), and %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. The --vv option causes the output to be assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--uu _f_d] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [_n_a_m_e ...] One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second _n_a_m_e, and so on, with leftover words and their interven- ing separators assigned to the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty values. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into words. The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol- lowing meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array variable _a_n_a_m_e, starting at 0. _a_n_a_m_e is unset before any new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input. --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t Display _p_r_o_m_p_t on standard error, without a trailing new- line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. This option has no effect if rreeaadd is not reading input from the terminal or a pipe. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- able RREEPPLLYY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aappff] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to arrays. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the vari- able is set to _w_o_r_d. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a func- tion. rreettuurrnn [_n] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by _n. If _n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but during execution of a script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of the last command executed within the script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a function and not during execution of a script by .., the return status is false. Any command associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execution resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCHHPP] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_a_r_g ...] Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, only shell variables are listed. The output is sorted according to the current locale. When options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the fol- lowing meanings: --aa Automatically mark variables and functions which are modified or created for export to the environment of subsequent commands. --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. --ee Exit immediately if a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not exit if the command that fails is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return value is being inverted via !!. A trap on EERRRR, if set, is executed before the shell exits. --ff Disable pathname expansion. --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is on by default for interactive shells on systems that support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). Background pro- cesses run in a separate process group and a line con- taining their exit status is printed upon their comple- tion. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: aalllleexxppoorrtt Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. eerrrrttrraaccee Same as --EE. ffuunnccttrraaccee Same as --TT. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. hhaasshhaallll Same as --hh. hhiisstteexxppaanndd Same as --HH. hhiissttoorryy Enable command history, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff The effect is as if the shell command ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. nnoocclloobbbbeerr Same as --CC. nnooeexxeecc Same as --nn. nnoogglloobb Same as --ff. nnoolloogg Currently ignored. nnoottiiffyy Same as --bb. nnoouunnsseett Same as --uu. oonneeccmmdd Same as --tt. pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill If set, the return value of a pipeline is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the current option settings is displayed on the standard output. --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables as an error when performing param- eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. --PP If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and commands executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav- ior. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all set- table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, the dis- play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec- tively. Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- ter, and one character too many. If a correction is found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com- mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- UUMMNNSS. ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- not execute the file specified as an argument to the eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), a call to rreettuurrnn is simulated. 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRROORR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd If set, the history list is appended to the file named by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- tory substitution are not immediately passed to the shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. llooggiinn__sshheellll The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it was checked, the message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands. nnuullllgglloobb If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- ggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn above) are enabled. This option is enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. The --ff option says not to complain if this is a login shell; just suspend anyway. The return status is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and operand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. _e_x_p_r_1 -oo _e_x_p_r_2 True if either _e_x_p_r_1 or _e_x_p_r_2 is true. tteesstt and [[ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. 0 arguments The expression is false. 1 argument The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the first and third arguments as operands. If the first argument is !!, the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result is the one-argument test of the second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false. The --aa and --oo operators are considered binary operators in this case. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is executed before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a simple command has a non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a &&&& or |||| list, or if the command's return value is being inverted via !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt option. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a child process when it is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, not necessarily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell func- tion lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if any of the arguments are found, false if none are found. uulliimmiitt [--SSHHaaccddeeffiillmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxx [_l_i_m_i_t]] Provides control over the resources available to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is specified, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol- lows: --aa All current limits are reported --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory --mm The maximum resident set size --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) --pp The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set) --qq The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell --xx The maximum number of file locks If _l_i_m_i_t is given, it is the new value of the specified resource (the --aa option is display only). If no option is given, then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for --tt, which is in seconds, --pp, which is in units of 512-byte blocks, and --nn and --uu, which are unscaled values. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [_n_a_m_e ...] For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If no options are supplied, or the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari- able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub- sequent commands. If any of RRAANNDDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta- tus is true unless a _n_a_m_e is readonly. wwaaiitt [_n _._._.] Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta- tus. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If _n specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd +o setting or unsetting the values of SSHHEELLLL, PPAATTHH, EENNVV, or BBAASSHH__EENNVV +o specifying command names containing // +o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command +o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- ion operators +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command +o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command +o turning off restricted mode with sseett ++rr or sseett ++oo rreessttrriicctteedd. These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE _s_h(1), _k_s_h(1), _c_s_h(1) _e_m_a_c_s(1), _v_i(1) _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e(3) FFIILLEESS _/_b_i_n_/_b_a_s_h The bbaasshh executable _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e The systemwide initialization file, executed for login shells _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e The personal initialization file, executed for login shells _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file AAUUTTHHOORRSS Brian Fox, Free Software Foundation bfox@gnu.org Chet Ramey, Case Western Reserve University chet@po.cwru.edu BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_b_a_s_h_/. Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: The version number of bbaasshh The hardware and operating system The compiler used to compile A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to _c_h_e_t_@_p_o_._c_w_r_u_._e_d_u. BBUUGGSS It's too big and too slow. There are some subtle differences between bbaasshh and traditional versions of sshh, mostly because of the PPOOSSIIXX specification. Aliases are confusing in some uses. Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Commands inside of $$((...)) command substitution are not parsed until substitution is attempted. This will delay error reporting until some time after the command is entered. For example, unmatched parentheses, even inside shell comments, will result in error messages while the construct is being read. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. GNU Bash-3.2 2006 September 28 BASH(1)