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<resultset num_results='20' page='1'>
<search_string>reproduction</search_string>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"male reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What is the active form of testosterone and where is it activated?</question>
<answer>Testosterone is activated in accessory sex organs which contain 5alpha-reductase. This enzymes converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the active form.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 275</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"male reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Describe the up-regulatory pathway of testosterone beginning with the role of the hypothalamus and ending with the effects on the individual cells of the testes.</question>
<answer>1) The arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus release GnRH which in turn stimulates the anterior pitutitary to secrete FSH and LH.<br/>2) FSH acts on Sertoli cells to maintain spermatogenesis.<br/>3) LH acts on Leydig cells to promote testerone synthesis.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 275</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"male reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Describe the actions of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.</question>
<answer>1) Prenatal differentiation of the Wolffian ducts (testosterone) and external gentitalia (DHT).<br/>2) Development of secondary sex characteristics at puberty.<br/>3) Pubertal growth spurt (testosterone).<br/>4) Maintains spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells (paracrine effect of testosterone).<br/>5) Increaes seize and secretory activty of accessory sex organs (DHT).<br/>6) Increases libido (testosterone).</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 276</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"male reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Determine whether each of the following are T/F:</question>
<multiple_choice>

<choice>In childhood, hormone levels are lowest and LH > FSH.</choice>
<choice>At puberty and during reproductive years, hormone levels increase and LH > FSH.</choice>
<choice>In senescence, hormone levels are lowest and FSH > LH.</choice>
</multiple_choice>
<answer>(False) In childhood, hormones levels are lowest BUT FSH is greater than LH.<br/>(True) At puberty and during reproductive years, hormone levels increase and LH>FSH.<br/>(False) In senescence, hormone levles are HIGHEST and FSH>LH.</answer>
<resources>BRS2nd: p. 276</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>

<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What is the precursor of estrogen? Where and how is this precursor converted to estrogen?</question>
<answer>Theca cells produce testerone (stimulated by LH) and diffuses into nearby granulosa cells. Here, aromatase convertes testerone to 17B-estradiol (stimulated by FSH).</answer>
<resources>BRS2nd: p. 276</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>

<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What are the four major effects of FSH and LH in females?</question>
<answer>1) Steroidogenesis in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum.<br/>2) Follicular development beyond the antral stage.<br/>3) Ovulation<br/>4) Luteinization</answer>
<resources>BRS2nd: p. 276</resources>

<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What are the primary actions of estrogen?</question>
<answer>1) Has both negative and positive feedback effects on FSH and LH secretion.<br/>2) Causes maturation and maintenance of female accesory sex organs.<br/>3) Causes development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty.<br/>4) Causes development of breasts.<br/>5) Up-regulates estrogen, LH, and progesterone recepters.<br/>6) Causes proliferation and development of ovarian granulosa cells.<br/>7) Maintains pregnancy<br/>8) Lowers uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during prenancy.<br/>9) Stimulates prolactin secretion (but then blocks its action on the breast).</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 278</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What are the primary actions of progesterone?</question>
<answer>1) Has negative feedback effects on FSH and LH secretion during luteal phase.<br/>2) Maintains secretory activity of the uterus during the luteal phase.<br/>3) Maintains pregnancy<br/>4) Raises the uterine threshold to contractile stimuli durin pregnancy.<br/>5) Participates in development of breasts.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 278</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Describe the follicular phase. Include time length, hormone levels and actions and status of egg.</question>
<answer>1) Days 1-14<br/>2) Primordial follcile develops to graafian stage, atresia of all other follicles.<br/>3) LH and FSH receptors upregulated in theca and granulosa cells.<br/>4) Estradiol levels increase and cause proliferation of uterus.<br/>5) FSH and LH levels are suppressed as estradiol inhibits their release from anterior pituitary.<br/>6) Progesterone levels are low.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 278-9</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Describe ovulation. Include time length and hormone levels and actions.</question>
<answer>1) Occurs 14 days before menses, regardless of cycle length.<br/>2) Burst of estradiol causes secretion of FSH and LH surge.<br/>3) LH surge casues ovluation.<br/>4) Estrogen levels decrease just after ovulation.<br/>5) Cervical mucus increases in quantity; becomes less viscous.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>Describe a luteal phase which does not end in pregnancy. Include time length and hormone levels and actions.</question>
<answer>1) Last 14 days of menstrual cycle.<br/>2) Corpus luteum begins to develop and synthesize estrogen and progesterone.<br/>3) Vascularity and secretory activity of endometrium increase.<br/>4) Basal body temperature increases (progesterone effect on hypothalamic thermoregulatory center).<br/>5) If no fertilization, corpus luteum regresses bt end of phase causing estradiol and progesterone levels to decrease abruptly.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What prevents the degradation of the corpus luteum when fertilization occurs?</question>
<answer>Human chorionoic gonadotropin (HCG), produced by the placenta,  sustains the corpus luteum.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What is the corpus luteums primary function?</question>
<answer>To produce estradiol and progesterone which maintain the endometrium, suppress ovarian follicular function (inhibit FSH and LH) and stimulate breast development.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>In the second and third trimesters, what produces progesterone?</question>
<answer>The placenta produces the progesterone.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>In the second and third trimesters, where and how are estrogens produced?</question>
<answer>The fetal adrenal gland syntehsizes dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) which is hydroxylated in the fetal liver. These intermediates go to the placenta where enzymes convert them to estrogens.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 280</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>What opposing effects does estrogen have on lactation during pregnancy?</question>
<answer>During pregnancy, estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin. However, lactation does not occur becasue estrogen (and progesterone) block the action of prolactin on the breast.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 280</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>How does prolactin act to suppress ovulation?</question>
<answer>1) Inhibits hypothalmic GnRH secretion<br/>2) Inhibits actino f GnRH on anterior pituitary, inhibiting LH and FSH secretion.<br/>3) Opposes action of LH and FSH on ovaries.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 281</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
<q_set>
<subject>physiology</subject>
<section>endocrinology</section>
<keywords>"female reproduction"</keywords>
<difficulty>1</difficulty>
<question>When does menses occur and what causes it?</question>
<answer>Menses occurs during days 1-4 of the menstrual cycle. It results due to the sudden decrease in estradiol and progesterone.</answer>

<resources>BRS2nd: p. 279</resources>
<type>review</type>
</q_set>
</resultset>