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/home/cluster1/data/bu01/1121861/html/gram/ref_gram/000_16_adverbs.doc
ࡱ > 5@ " bjbj22 ( X X | | | L Q Q Q Q L R l L o T T T T T T T T o o o o o o o $ p R r 1o | W T T W W 1o | | T T Fo c c c W $ | T | T o c W o c * c c | | c T T 0$ Q b c d \o 0 o c s c s c T h T F 6 | | s | c T TU c U l FV T T T 1o 1o L L D. 5 D c L L 5 16: Adverbs of time, place, and manner Adverbs of time: Nahuatl expressionMeaningNotesa:mantsi:nright away, soon (ahorita)The semantic relationship among the forms a:man, a:mantsi:n, and, particularly, a:mani:n or a:man i:n is problematic as it differs between Ameyaltepec and Oapan. In Ameyaltepec the meanings are clearer: a:man today a:mantsi:n in a short time, soon a:mani:n probably A:mantsi:n is probably a calque from Spanish ahorita. The Ameyaltepec use of a:mani:n is exemplified by A:mani:n ya:lwa o:mik! He probably died yesterday. In Oapan note: a:man now a:mantsi:n in a short time, soon a:man:n probably a:mani:n today The difficulty is the difference in Oapan Nahuatl between a:mani:n meaning probably and meaning today. It is unclear if there is a prosodic difference or not. Preliminary research a:manahoraa:mani:ntodayya:lwayesterdaymo:stlatomorrowwi:ptlathe day after tomorrowi wi:ptlathe day before yesterdayi:na:hyo:pan (Oapan only)the day after the day after tomorrowi i:na:hyo:pan (Oapan only)the day before the day before yesterdaya:man chikwe:iin a weeki a:man chikwe:ia week agoa:man kaxto:hliin a fortnighti a:man kaxto:hlia fortnight agose:xtliin a year; the following yeari se:xtlia year ago, last yeari:pan [+ time period] i:pan se: me:stliin a monthThis is followed by a time period (usually a number plus a time period such as to:nahli, me:stli, xihpan)kwalka:ntomorrow in the early morningKwalka:n ya:s He will go tomorrow early in the morning Note that this is usually used the day before to indicate early in the morning of the following day.san kwalka:n(today, etc.) early in the morningSan kwalka:n o:yah He went (today) early in the morning Or ya:lwah san kwalka:n o:yah Yesterday he went early in the morning.tlaiwalast nightTlaiwa :yek He went (and has come back) last night Cf. to i tlaiwa it is already darktlakwalispanmidday, lunchtimetio:tlakafternoonTona:mikih ya: tio:tlak (Oa) We will see each other this afternoon (cf. mo:stla tio:tlak tomorrow in the afternoon)tlkokhduring the dayThis is the equivalent of ya: to:nahli.ya: to:nahliduring the daySee above.ya: yewahliduring the nightnimanright awayye:wa(tsi:n) (Am) ya:wa(tsi:n) (Oa)a short time agoma:ya, hma:yain a while (al rato)This is often used in the diminutive, e.g., ma:yatsi:n.san tlane:stok, san tlane:stikahat dawnMo:stla xwa:hla san tlane:stok.kemech (Am) kmch (Oa)just a short time ago (apenas)ke:chika (Am) kichi: (Oa)in the meantime (mientras)Kichi:xltami, xyatiwetsi! While he is finishing, go rapidly!kamantikaonce in a while (a veces, de vez en cuando)kamaya:n, kamaya:ntsi:nonce in while Adverbs of place: Nahuatl expressionMeaningNotes on use in Oapan (unless otherwise indicated)nika:nherena:nhereThe shortened form na:n is used in Ameyaltepec (along with nika:n), but rarely in Oapan. If there is a difference in meaning between nika:n and na:n, it is not immediately apparent.na:nika (Am, Oa) na:ny: (Oa)over here, in this direction (por aqu)Both Ameyaltepec and Oapan Nahuatl use ika after locatives to indicate in the general direction of or, more simply, toward. Thus na:nika is toward here (note that nika:n ika has not been documented). In Oapan most often speakers will reduce ika to a final accented y: ending in a long vowel.ne:thereThis is apparently used when there is a specific place in mind, often visible but not necessarily. Perhaps it is better understood as a specific place that is clear to the discourse participants.ne:chka (Oa)thereApparently the same as ne:.ne:ika (Am, Oa) ne:y: (Oa)over there, toward there (pa all)Thus is one says ne: xya! there is a specific place in mind. If one says ne:y: xya! the meaning is more of Go over there (go away)!ne:pa thereThis is often, if not always, used with ta (Spanish hasta). Apparently it indicates a great distance either in space or in the fact that the person is moving across a boundary. Others understand it to indicate a greater distance. However, note the difference in the following. Xwia ne: Mxico! Ve all a Mxico! But if one says I niaw Cuernavaca! a response might be, Ka:yoweh, xwia ta ne:pa Mxico! No, go all the way to Mexico! The difference here appears to be that the person in movement is going further, past one place and then to another. Consultants distinguished between nepa/napa on the one hand and ne:pa on the other.nepa (Am, Oa) napa (Oa)there on the other side, there insideNapa kali, koxtok! He is sleeping there inside the house! This is used to indicate a barrier or division in cognitive space. napaika, napay:over there on the other sideThis seems to indicate a general direction over another barrier or cognitive division. Thus in Oapan, Xwia nepay: tlatsi:ntlah! Go there (to the barrio, of San Juan) below! One can also say nepay: tlahpahkopa toward the higher side (e.g., of a house); or nepay: i:kwa:tlan nokal over there above the head of the house.pathereIt is hard to state the difference between ne: and pa, but there is a clear difference that needs further exploration. At present it seems that pa is used in discourse to refer to places that are already topics. Thus if one says, Notah tekiti Cuernavaca, and another asks, Ka:no:n cha:nti? the answer would be Yo mpa cha:nti Cuernavaca, He lives there in Cuernavaca. As opposed to pa (mpa), ne: is used for places that are in sight or known in its spatial aspect to the participants. Thus one can come into a house and, pointing to a field, say ne: tekipanotok notah my father is working over there.pay:No: (m)pay: tekipanowa notah! My father also works over there.pontlahpakhigh up (arriba)Tlahpak xtla:li Put it high up!panion top ofPani, xtla:li! Put it on top of it This is virtually equivalent to Tlapani xtla:li! Put it on top. Note also that pani can be used to refer to shallowness (e.g., of water). For further discussion and list of adverbs of location, see the summary sheet on locative constructions. Adverbs of manner Nahuatl expression OapanNahuatl Expression AmeyaltepecMeaningNotesihknihknin that way For further discussion and list of adverbs of location, see the summary sheet on locative constructions. Note that my original notes for nepay had a long vowel, ne:pay. However, subsequent information called doubt to this, and it may be a short vowel. This needs to be checked along with the general distinction between ne:pa and napa/nepa. ( 9 : [ \ P S Y b e g q # T W Y _ f i k u w κκκ±ακκκακαΜ h@ h@ 6CJ aJ h@ CJ aJ hc6[ 6CJ aJ mH sH hc6[ 6CJ aJ hu CJ aJ hc6[ hc6[ 6CJ aJ hc6[ CJ aJ hnP hp 5CJ aJ hp CJ aJ hS hp 5CJ aJ hp 5CJ aJ 7 ' ( 9 : M U [ ' v: ' v: ' v: ' v: l v: v: v: T $If ]T gd `$If ]`gdp `]`gdp $`]`a$gdp ! 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B! C! G! H! L! M! Q! R! V! ! ! ! h+# hJk hp CJ aJ hJk hJk CJ aJ hnP hp 5CJ aJ hp CJ aJ hp 5CJ aJ hK hp 5CJ aJ G v: Q ` 6 v: 6 v: v: v: kdd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a `$If ]`gdp ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd^ $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kdX $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kdR $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kdL $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kdF $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd@ $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd: $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! ! ! ! ! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! !! "! #! $! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd4 $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a $! %! &! '! (! )! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a )! *! +! ,! -! .! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd. $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a .! /! 0! 1! 2! 3! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd( $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a 8! 9! :! ;! <! =! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a =! >! ?! @! A! B! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd" $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a B! C! D! E! F! G! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a G! H! I! J! K! L! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a L! M! N! O! P! Q! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a Q! R! S! T! U! V! ^ u: Q 6 v: Q 6 v: Q v: Q v: `$If ]`gdp kd! $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a V! W! X! ! ! ! ! " " " ^ u: U ' v: U ' v: U ' v: U ' v: S ' Q ' v: S S ' `]`gdp kd! $$If l \ < 0* t 0 *6 4 4 l a ! ! 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